Genetic vectors. Medical search

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.

Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another.

The introduction of functional (usually cloned) GENES into cells. A variety of techniques and naturally occurring processes are used for the gene transfer such as cell hybridization, LIPOSOMES or microcell-mediated gene transfer, ELECTROPORATION, chromosome-mediated gene transfer, TRANSFECTION, and GENETIC TRANSDUCTION. Gene transfer may result in genetically transformed cells and individual organisms.

The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

A family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (MASTADENOVIRUS) and birds (AVIADENOVIRUS) or both (ATADENOVIRUS). Infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases.

A genus of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, which are dependent on a coinfection with helper adenoviruses or herpesviruses for their efficient replication. The type species is Adeno-associated virus 2.

A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species.

Arthropods, other than insects and arachnids, which transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.

Learning algorithms which are a set of related supervised computer learning methods that analyze data and recognize patterns, and used for classification and regression analysis.

Genes that are introduced into an organism using GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) that are known vectors of MALARIA.

Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc.

Members of the class Arachnida, especially SPIDERS; SCORPIONS; MITES; and TICKS; which transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.

Viruses which enable defective viruses to replicate or to form a protein coat by complementing the missing gene function of the defective (satellite) virus. Helper and satellite may be of the same or different genus.

A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. YELLOW FEVER and DENGUE are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus.

The reduction or regulation of the population of mosquitoes through chemical, biological, or other means.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The very first viral gene products synthesized after cells are infected with adenovirus. The E1 region of the genome has been divided into two major transcriptional units, E1A and E1B, each expressing proteins of the same name (ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS and ADENOVIRUS E1B PROTEINS).

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.

The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects through chemical, biological, or other means.

Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.

A family of the order DIPTERA that comprises the mosquitoes. The larval stages are aquatic, and the adults can be recognized by the characteristic WINGS, ANIMAL venation, the scales along the wing veins, and the long proboscis. Many species are of particular medical importance.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

A species of mosquito in the genus Anopheles and the principle vector of MALARIA in Africa.

A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) commonly found in tropical regions. Species of this genus are vectors for ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS as well as many other diseases of man and domestic and wild animals.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS, causing a wide range of diseases in humans. Infections are mostly asymptomatic, but can be associated with diseases of the respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems. Serotypes (named with Arabic numbers) have been grouped into species designated Human adenovirus A-F.

Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.

A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Insertion of viral DNA into host-cell DNA. This includes integration of phage DNA into bacterial DNA; (LYSOGENY); to form a PROPHAGE or integration of retroviral DNA into cellular DNA to form a PROVIRUS.

The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The genetic unit consisting of three structural genes, an operator and a regulatory gene. The regulatory gene controls the synthesis of the three structural genes: BETA-GALACTOSIDASE and beta-galactoside permease (involved with the metabolism of lactose), and beta-thiogalactoside acetyltransferase.

Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Small, hairy, moth-like flies which are of considerable public health importance as vectors of certain pathogenic organisms. Important disease-related genera are PHLEBOTOMUS, Lutzomyia, and Sergentomyia.

A genus of PSYCHODIDAE which functions as the vector of a number of pathogenic organisms, including LEISHMANIA DONOVANI; LEISHMANIA TROPICA; Bartonella bacilliformis, and the Pappataci fever virus (SANDFLY FEVER NAPLES VIRUS).

A genus of the subfamily TRIATOMINAE. Several species are vectors of TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A family of biting midges, in the order DIPTERA. It includes the genus Culicoides which transmits filarial parasites pathogenic to man and other primates.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The development by insects of resistance to insecticides.

Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.

A class of enzymes that inactivate aminocyclitol-aminoglycoside antibiotics (AMINOGLYCOSIDES) by regiospecific PHOSPHORYLATION of the 3' and/or 5' hydroxyl.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) arising during the propagation of S37 mouse sarcoma, and causing lymphoid leukemia in mice. It also infects rats and newborn hamsters. It is apparently transmitted to embryos in utero and to newborns through mother's milk.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.

The active insecticidal constituent of CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIIFOLIUM flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

A large order of insects characterized by having the mouth parts adapted to piercing or sucking. It is comprised of four suborders: HETEROPTERA, Auchenorrhyncha, Sternorrhyncha, and Coleorrhyncha.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

An Ig superfamily transmembrane protein that localizes to junctional complexes that occur between ENDOTHELIAL CELLS and EPTHELIAL CELLS. The protein may play a role in cell-cell adhesion and is the primary site for the attachment of ADENOVIRUSES during infection.

Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS associated with respiratory and enteric infections in primate hosts.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Number of individuals in a population relative to space.

Theory and development of COMPUTER SYSTEMS which perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. Such tasks may include speech recognition, LEARNING; VISUAL PERCEPTION; MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING; reasoning, PROBLEM SOLVING, DECISION-MAKING, and translation of language.

Several species of the genus Simulium (family Simuliidae) that act as intermediate hosts (vectors) for the parasitic disease ONCHOCERCIASIS.

Species of GAMMARETROVIRUS, containing many well-defined strains, producing leukemia in mice. Disease is commonly induced by injecting filtrates of propagable tumors into newborn mice.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21.

Nucleotide sequences repeated on both the 5' and 3' ends of a sequence under consideration. For example, the hallmarks of a transposon are that it is flanked by inverted repeats on each end and the inverted repeats are flanked by direct repeats. The Delta element of Ty retrotransposons and LTRs (long terminal repeats) are examples of this concept.

The heritable modification of the properties of a competent bacterium by naked DNA from another source. The uptake of naked DNA is a naturally occuring phenomenon in some bacteria. It is often used as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

Genus of non-oncogenic retroviruses which establish persistent infections in many animal species but are considered non-pathogenic. Its species have been isolated from primates (including humans), cattle, cats, hamsters, horses, and sea lions. Spumaviruses have a foamy or lace-like appearance and are often accompanied by syncytium formation. SIMIAN FOAMY VIRUS is the type species.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.

The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.

CAR-dependent and CAR-independent pathways of adenovirus vector-mediated gene transfer and expression in human fibroblasts. (1/23054)

Primary fibroblasts are not efficiently transduced by subgroup C adenovirus (Ad) vectors because they express low levels of the high-affinity Coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor (CAR). In the present study, we have used primary human dermal fibroblasts as a model to explore strategies by which Ad vectors can be designed to enter cells deficient in CAR. Using an Ad vector expressing the human CAR cDNA (AdCAR) at high multiplicity of infection, primary fibroblasts were converted from being CAR deficient to CAR sufficient. Efficiency of subsequent gene transfer by standard Ad5-based vectors and Ad5-based vectors with alterations in penton and fiber was evaluated. Marked enhancement of binding and transgene expression by standard Ad5 vectors was achieved in CAR-sufficient fibroblasts. Expression by AdDeltaRGDbetagal, an Ad5-based vector lacking the arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) alphaV integrin recognition site from its penton base, was achieved in CAR-sufficient, but not CAR-deficient, cells. Fiber-altered Ad5-based vectors, including (a) AdF(pK7)betagal (bearing seven lysines on the end of fiber) (b) AdF(RGD)betagal (bearing a high-affinity RGD sequence on the end of fiber), and (c) AdF9sK betagal (bearing a short fiber and Ad9 knob), demonstrated enhanced gene transfer in CAR-deficient fibroblasts, with no further enhancement in CAR-sufficient fibroblasts. Together, these observations demonstrate that CAR deficiency on Ad targets can be circumvented either by supplying CAR or by modifying the Ad fiber to bind to other cell-surface receptors. (+info)

C-myc overexpression and p53 loss cooperate to promote genomic instability. (2/23054)

p53 monitors genomic integrity at the G1 and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints. Cells lacking p53 may show gene amplification as well as the polyploidy or aneuploidy typical of many tumors. The pathways through which this develops, however, are not well defined. We demonstrate here that the combination of p53 inactivation and c-myc overexpression in diploid cells markedly accelerates the spontaneous development of tetraploidy. This is not seen with either N-myc or L-myc. Tetraploidy is accompanied by significantly higher levels of cyclin B and its associated cdc2 kinase activity. Mitotic spindle poisons accelerate the appearance of tetraploidy in cells either lacking functional p53 or overexpressing c-myc whereas the combination is additive. Restoration of p53 function in cells overexpressing c-myc causing rapid apoptosis, indicating that cells yet to become tetraploid have nonetheless suffered irreversible genomic and/or mitotic spindle damage. In the face of normal p53 function, such damage would either be repaired or trigger apoptotis. We propose that loss of p53 and overexpression of c-myc permits the emergence and survival of cells with increasingly severe damage and the eventual development of tetraploidy. (+info)

Telomerase activity is sufficient to allow transformed cells to escape from crisis. (3/23054)

The introduction of simian virus 40 large T antigen (SVLT) into human primary cells enables them to proliferate beyond their normal replicative life span. In most cases, this temporary escape from senescence eventually ends in a second proliferative block known as "crisis," during which the cells cease growing or die. Rare immortalization events in which cells escape crisis are frequently correlated with the presence of telomerase activity. We tested the hypothesis that telomerase activation is the critical step in the immortalization process by studying the effects of telomerase activity in two mortal SVLT-Rasval12-transformed human pancreatic cell lines, TRM-6 and betalox5. The telomerase catalytic subunit, hTRT, was introduced into late-passage cells via retroviral gene transfer. Telomerase activity was successfully induced in infected cells, as demonstrated by a telomerase repeat amplification protocol assay. In each of nine independent infections, telomerase-positive cells formed rapidly dividing cell lines while control cells entered crisis. Telomere lengths initially increased, but telomeres were then maintained at their new lengths for at least 20 population doublings. These results demonstrate that telomerase activity is sufficient to enable transformed cells to escape crisis and that telomere elongation in these cells occurs in a tightly regulated manner. (+info)

Stabilization of poly-L-lysine/DNA polyplexes for in vivo gene delivery to the liver. (4/23054)

We are developing a self-assembling non-viral in vivo gene delivery vehicle based on poly-l-lysine and plasmid DNA. We have characterized poly-l-lysines of different chain lengths for DNA condensation and strength of DNA binding. Poly-l-lysine chains >20 residues bound DNA efficiently in physiological saline, while shorter chains did not. Attachment of asialoorosomucoid to PLL increased the PLL chain length required for efficient DNA binding in saline and for efficient DNA condensation. By electron microscopy, poly-l-lysine/DNA polyplexes appeared as toroids 25-50 nm in diameter or rods 40-80 nm long; conjugation of asialoorosomucoid to the polylysine component increased the size of resulting polyplexes to 50-90 nm. In water, poly-l-lysine and asialoorosomucoid-PLL polyplexes have effective diameters of 46 and 87.6 nm, respectively. Polyplexes containing only poly-l-lysine and DNA aggregated in physiological saline at all charge ratios and aggregated at neutral charge ratios in water. Attachment of asialoorosomucoid lessened, but did not eliminate, the aggregation of PLL polyplexes, and did not result in efficient delivery of polyplexes to hepatocytes. Conjugation of polyethylene glycol to poly-l-lysine sterically stabilized resulting polyplexes at neutral charge ratios by shielding the surfaces. For efficient in vivo gene delivery, polyplexes will need to be sterically stabilized to prevent aggregation and interaction with serum components. (+info)

Deletion of multiple immediate-early genes from herpes simplex virus reduces cytotoxicity and permits long-term gene expression in neurons. (5/23054)

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has many attractive features that suggest its utility for gene transfer to neurons. However, viral cytotoxicity and transient transgene expression limit practical applications even in the absence of viral replication. Mutant viruses deleted for the immediate early (IE) gene, ICP4, an essential transcriptional transactivator, are toxic to many cell types in culture in which only the remaining IE genes are expressed. In order to test directly the toxicity of other IE gene products in neurons and develop a mutant background capable of longterm transgene expression, we generated mutants deleted for multiple IE genes in various combinations and tested their relative cytotoxicity in 9L rat gliosarcoma cells, Vero monkey kidney cells, and primary rat cortical and dorsal root neurons in culture. Viral mutants deleted simultaneously for the IE genes encoding ICP4, ICP22 and ICP27 showed substantially reduced cytotoxicity compared with viruses deleted for ICP4 alone or ICP4 in combination with either ICP22, ICP27 or ICP47. Infection of neurons in culture with these triple IE deletion mutants substantially enhanced cell survival and permitted transgene expression for over 21 days. Such mutants may prove useful for efficient gene transfer and extended transgene expression in neurons in vitro and in vivo. (+info)

Inducible long-term gene expression in brain with adeno-associated virus gene transfer. (6/23054)

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors hold promise for treating a number of neurological disorders due to the ability to deliver long-term gene expression without toxicity or immune response. Critical to these endeavors will be controlled expression of the therapeutic gene in target cells. We have constructed and tested a dual cassette rAAV vector carrying a reporter gene under the control of the tetracycline-responsive system and the tetracycline transactivator. Transduction in vitro resulted in stable expression from the vector that can be suppressed 20-fold by tetracycline treatment. In vivo experiments, carried out to 6 weeks, demonstrated that vector-transduced expression is sustained until doxycycline administration upon which reporter gene expression is reduced. Moreover, the suppression of vector-driven expression can be reversed by removal of the drug. These studies demonstrate long-term regulated gene expression from rAAV vectors. This system will provide a valuable approach for controlling vector gene expression both in vitro and in vivo. (+info)

Adenoviral gene transfer into the normal and injured spinal cord: enhanced transgene stability by combined administration of temperature-sensitive virus and transient immune blockade. (7/23054)

This study characterized gene transfer into both normal and injured adult rat dorsal spinal cord using first (E1-/E3-) or second (E1-/E2A125/E3-, temperature-sensitive; ts) generation of replication-defective adenoviral (Ad) vectors. A novel immunosuppressive regimen aimed at blocking CD4/CD45 lymphocytic receptors was tested for improving transgene persistence. In addition, the effect of gene transfer on nociception was also evaluated. Seven days after treatment, numerous LacZ-positive cells were observed after transfection with either viral vector. By 21 days after transfection, beta-galactosidase staining was reduced and suggestive of ongoing cytopathology in both Ad-treated groups, despite the fact that the immunogenicity of LacZ/Adts appeared less when compared with that elicited by the LacZ/Ad vector. In contrast, immunosuppressed animals showed a significant (P < or = 0.05) increase in the number of LacZ-positive cells not displaying cytopathology. In these animals, a concomitant reduction in numbers of macrophages/microglia and CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes was observed. Only animals that received LacZ/Adts and immunosuppression showed transgene expression after 60 days. Similar results were observed in animals in which the L4-L5 dorsal roots were lesioned before transfection. Gene transfer into the dorsal spinal cord did not affect nociception, independent of the adenovirus vector. These results indicate that immune blockade of the CD4/CD45 lymphocytic receptors enhanced transgene stability in adult animals with normal or injured spinal cords and that persistent transgene expression in the spinal cord does not interfere with normal neural function. (+info)

Antitumor effect of allogenic fibroblasts engineered to express Fas ligand (FasL). (8/23054)

Fas ligand is a type II transmembrane protein which can induce apoptosis in Fas-expressing cells. Recent reports indicate that expression of FasL in transplanted cells may cause graft rejection and, on the other hand, tumor cells may lose their tumorigenicity when they are engineered to express FasL. These effects could be related to recruitment of neutrophils by FasL with activation of their cytotoxic machinery. In this study we investigated the antitumor effect of allogenic fibroblasts engineered to express FasL. Fibroblasts engineered to express FasL (PA317/FasL) did not exert toxic effects on transformed liver cell line (BNL) or colon cancer cell line (CT26) in vitro, but they could abrogate their tumorigenicity in vivo. Histological examination of the site of implantation of BNL cells mixed with PA317/FasL revealed massive infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and mononuclear cells. A specific immune protective effect was observed in animals primed with a mixture of BNL or CT26 and PA317/FasL cells. Rechallenge with tumor cells 14 or 100 days after priming resulted in protection of 100 or 50% of animals, respectively. This protective effect was due to CD8+ cells since depletion of CD8+ led to tumor formation. In addition, treatment of pre-established BNL tumors with a subcutaneous injection of BNL and PA317/FasL cell mixture at a distant site caused significant inhibition of tumor growth. These data demonstrate that allogenic cells engineered with FasL are able to abolish tumor growth and induce specific protective immunity when they are mixed with neoplastic cells. (+info)

Viral vectors are tools commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells. This process can be ... Hybrid vectors are vector viruses that are genetically engineered to have qualities of more than one vector. Viruses are ... The choice of a viral vector to deliver genetic material to cells comes with some logistical problems. There are a limited ... Plant viruses can be used to engineer viral vectors, tools commonly used to deliver genetic material into plant cells; they are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_vector

"Biochemistry & Biophysics - University of Rochester Medical Center". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis, Griffiths et al., 7th ... Almost all commonly used S. cerevisiae vectors are shuttle vectors. Yeast shuttle vectors have components that allow for ... A shuttle vector is a vector (usually a plasmid) constructed so that it can propagate in two different host species. Therefore ... There are also adenovirus shuttle vectors, which can propagate in E. coli and mammals. Shuttle vectors are frequently used to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_vector

Maloy S. "Expression vectors". San Diego State University. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Genetic promoter regions. ... Some cases of many genetic diseases are associated with variations in promoters or transcription factors. Examples include: ... Promoters are important gene regulatory elements used in tuning synthetically designed genetic circuits and metabolic networks ... December 2020). "Automated design of thousands of nonrepetitive parts for engineering stable genetic systems". Nature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)

Concerns over the transfer of bacterial or viral genetic material into the plant however have led to the development of vectors ... Examples of yeast expression vector in Pichia are the pPIC series of vectors, and these vectors use the AOX1 promoter which is ... Examples of mammalian expression vectors include the adenoviral vectors, the pSV and the pCMV series of plasmid vectors, ... and these vectors are called shuttle vectors. An expression vector must have elements necessary for gene expression. These may ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_vector

The black fly, Simulium tribulatum, is reported as a putative vector. Human Cases The number of reported human zoonotic O. lupi ... "Morphologic and genetic characterization of Onchocerca lupi infecting dogs." Veterinary parasitology 102.4 (2001): 309-319. ... "Human ocular filariasis: further evidence on the zoonotic role of Onchocerca lupi." Parasit Vectors 5.1 (2012): 84. Egyed, Z., ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onchocerca_lupi

"Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Taenia asiatica: a systematic review". Parasites & Vectors. 7 (1): 45. doi:10.1186/1756- ... "Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Taenia asiatica: a systematic review". Parasites & Vectors. 7 (1): 45. doi:10.1186/1756- ... In 2005 the first complete sequence of its mitochondrial genome was published, and genetic comparison (Cox1gene) with those of ... Bowles, J; McManus, DP (1994). "Genetic characterization of the Asian Taenia, a newly described taeniid cestode of humans". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taenia_asiatica

"Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Taenia asiatica: a systematic review". Parasites & Vectors. 7 (1): 45. doi:10.1186/1756- ... Parasit Vectors. 11 (1): 569. doi:10.1186/s13071-018-3153-5. PMC 6208121. PMID 30376899. Somers, Kenneth D.; Morse, Stephen A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeniasis

The binary vector is a shuttle vector, so-called because it is able to replicate in multiple hosts (e.g. Escherichia coli and ... Plant Biotechnology the genetic manipulation of plants. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. Bevan M (November 1984). "Binary ... The pGreen vector, which was developed in 2000, is a newer version of the binary vector that allows for a choice of promoters, ... T-DNA is located on the binary vector (the non-T-DNA region of this vector containing origin(s) of replication that could ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_DNA_binary_system

Vector Control Assocn., pp. 330-356. Asman SM, McDonald PT and T. Prout. (1981) Field studies of genetic control systems for ... She applied genetic methods to mosquitoes with the aim of reducing their ability to carry viruses that can cause disease in ... The research demonstrated that there were genetic determinants for how likely mosquitoes were to carry the viruses that caused ... Parasites and Vectors. 14: 114. Retrieved 1 April 2022. Delmas, Peggy M. (2020). "Foremothers in STEM: Celebrating the work of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Asman

Meng Qi, Zilin Wei, Ying Zhang, Qiyuan Zhang, Juanfeng Li, Longxian Zhang, Rongjun Wang (11 January 2020). "Genetic diversity ... of Blastocystis in kindergarten children in southern Xinjiang, China". Parasites & Vectors. 13 (15): 15. doi:10.1186/s13071-020 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poskam_County,_Xinjiang

Artificially constructed plasmids may be used as vectors in genetic engineering. These plasmids serve as important tools in ... Preston A (2003). "Chapter 2 - Choosing a Cloning Vector". In Casali N, Preston A (eds.). E. Coli Plasmid Vectors: Methods and ... Plasmids are the most-commonly used bacterial cloning vectors. These cloning vectors contain a site that allows DNA fragments ... Other types of plasmids are often related to yeast cloning vectors that include: Yeast integrative plasmid (YIp), yeast vectors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid

Tim Ravenscroft (2008-06-15). "Are Lentiviral Vectors on Cusp of Breakout?". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. Mary Ann ... "HIV-2 and SIV Vector Systems." Lentiviral Vector Systems for Gene Transfer. Ed. Gary L. Buchschacher. Georgetown, TX: Eurekah. ... Gammaretroviral and lentiviral vectors have so far been used in more than 300 clinical trials, addressing treatment options for ... Cockrell, Adam S.; Kafri, Tal (2007-07-01). "Gene delivery by lentivirus vectors". Molecular Biotechnology. 36 (3): 184-204. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentivirus

A viral vector vaccine is a vaccine that uses a viral vector to deliver genetic material (DNA), which can be transcribed by the ... The genetic material it delivers does not integrate into a person's genome. Viral vector vaccines enable antigen expression ... Both doses are non-replicating vectors and carry the genetic code of several Ebola virus proteins. The rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine is an ... Viral vector vaccines use a modified version of one virus as a vector to deliver to a cell a nucleic acid coding for an antigen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_vector_vaccine

Piraino, Stefano (2015). "Genetic connectivity of Pelagia noctiluca populations reveal spatial and temporal reproductive ... subunits". marine-vectors.eu. Retrieved 30 June 2019. Johnson, F.H.; O. Shimomura (1968). "The Chemistry of Luminescence in ... Miller, B.J.; S. von der Heyden; M.J. Gibbons (2012). "Significant population genetic structuring of the holoplanktic ... Even North Atlantic and South Atlantic populations show significant genetic differences. A comprehensive taxonomic review is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagia_noctiluca

"Evolutionary insights into duffy gene in mammalian taxa with comparative genetic analysis". J Vector Borne Dis. 46 (3): 230-6. ... The genetic basis for the Fy(a-b-) phenotype is a point mutation in the erythroid specific promoter (a T -> C mutation at ... The mouse gene is located on chromosome 1 between the genetic markers Xmv41 and D1Mit166. The mouse gene has two exons (100 and ... Chiaroni J, Touinssi M, Frassati C, Degioanni A, Gibert M, Reviron D, Mercier P, Boëtsch G (August 2004). "Genetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy_antigen_system

ISBN 978-1-4398-2750-5. {{cite book}}: ,first1= has generic name (help) Zach N., Adelman (2015). Genetic Control of Malaria and ... 2008). Transgenesis and the management of vector-borne disease ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). New York, NY: Springer Science + Business ... ISBN 978-0-12-800405-0. Jones, editors, P.G. Weintraub & P. (2009). Phytoplasmas : genomes, plant hosts and vectors ([Online- ... Genetic Control of Malaria and Dengue. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-800405-0. Miller, edited by Kostas Bourtzis, Thomas A. ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaia

Rubin, G.; Spradling, A. (1982). "Genetic transformation of Drosophila with transposable element vectors". Science. 218 (4570 ... Related to his genomics work, Rubin's lab is notable for development of genetic and genomics tools and studies of signal ... Xu, T; Rubin, G. M. (1993). "Analysis of genetic mosaics in developing and adult Drosophila tissues". Development. 117 (4): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_M._Rubin

"Genetic transformation of Drosophila with transposable element vectors". Science. 218 (4570): 348-353. Bibcode:1982Sci...218.. ... From this research came work from other scientists on transposons as a tool for genetic alterations in organisms. In 2003 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_C._Spradling

"I don't care if it's a weed or a blight, people still are going to say this is way too massive a genetic engineering project ... One possible application is to genetically modify mosquitoes, mice, and other disease vectors so that they cannot transmit ... "Biologists create new genetic systems to neutralize gene drives". phys.org. Retrieved 8 October 2020. Xu, Xiang-Ru Shannon; ... introduce a genetic modification in wild populations. Gene drives constitute a major development that makes possible previously ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_drive

... or their vectors. Examples of such virus resistance mechanisms and their genetic basis are given below: Immunity A cultivar is ... Both are transmitted by contact and by insect vectors. Unlike the previous viruses, the vectors in these two cases are not ... Thus, the vectors are aphids in the case of AMV and PAMV, and nematodes in the case of TFISV and TBRV. This virosis is quite ... Genetic resistance incorporated into cultivars allows the farmer to keep cultivars free or with low virus incidence for a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_diseases_of_potato

Wise de Valdez MR, Nimmo D, Betz J, Gong HF, James AA, Alphey L, Black WC (March 2011). "Genetic elimination of dengue vector ... Genetic modification of the myxoma virus has been proposed to conserve European wild rabbits in the Iberian peninsula and to ... The genetic modification is an RNA molecule that prevents the virus reproduction by mimicking the region of the flu virus ... However, the genetic material will be stored at the Canadian Agricultural Genetics Repository Program. In 2006, a pig was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_animal

Optimal feature selection for support vector machines. Pattern Recognition, 2010. Santana R. (2011) R. Santana. Estimation of ... Proceedings of the 13th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation, 2011. Wuchty S. (2010). Gene ... Regression: least squares, ridge regression, least angle regression, elastic net, kernel ridge regression, support vector ... Support Vector Machines (SVM), Diagonal Linear Discriminant Analysis (DLDA), Golub Classifier, Parzen-based, (kernel) Fisher ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlpy

A transformation protocol has been established and RNAi vectors are available. This makes molecular genetic studies much easier ... "Genetic and phenotypic characterization of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae) accessions". Journal of Phycology (43 ... "Genetic and phenotypic characterization of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae) accessions". Journal of Phycology. 43 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeodactylum_tricornutum

Bridging laboratory and fields research for genetic control of disease vectors. In proceedings of the joint WHO/TDR, NIAID, ... Anopheles mosquito - malaria vector, example Anopheles arabiensis. Tsetse fly (Glossina spp.) - vector of sleeping sickness in ... IAEA and Frontis workshop on bridging laboratory and field research for genetic control of disease vectors, Nairobi, Kenya 14- ... Sex separation can be difficult, though this can be easily performed on a large scale where genetic sexing systems have been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterile_insect_technique

... development of new vectors for delivery of drugs and genetic material; development of biomaterials for stem cell-based ... genetic screening of diseases; structure-function relation of proteins with biomedical or biotechnological interest; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Neuroscience_and_Cell_Biology

... scAAV is an attractive vector for use in gene therapy for many reasons. Its parent vector, AAV, is already being used in ... Parvovirinae, Genetic engineering). ... Like all vector-based approaches to gene therapy, one obstacle ... "Self-complementary recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors: packaging capacity and the role of rep proteins in vector purity ... Hillestad, ML; Guenzel, AJ; Nath, KA; Barry, MA (Oct 2012). "A vector-host system to fingerprint virus tropism". Hum Gene Ther ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-complementary_adeno-associated_virus

Schaffer, J. David (1984). "Multiple Objective Optimization with Vector Evaluated Genetic Algorithms". In G.J.E Grefensette; J. ... F. Kursawe, "A variant of evolution strategies for vector optimization," in PPSN I, Vol 496 Lect Notes in Comput Sc. Springer- ... ISBN 978-0-19-509971-3. Haupt, Randy L. Haupt, Sue Ellen (2004). Practical genetic algorithms with CD-Rom (2nd ed.). New York: ... In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Genetic Algorithms. Czech Republic. pp. 176-182 Binh T. (1999) A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_functions_for_optimization

The genetic information can be stored within lambda phage and plasma vectors. The National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences ... DNA banks allow for conservation of genetic material and comparative analysis of an individual's genetic information. Analyzing ... This system makes it possible to rule out or confirm the verdict of a suspect based on their personal genetic code. Once an ... DNA banking is the secure, long term storage of an individual's genetic material. DNA is most commonly extracted from blood, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_bank

"Overcoming pre-existing adenovirus immunity by genetic engineering of adenovirus-based vectors". Expert Opinion on Biological ... Gene therapy vectors (such as viruses) can be PEG-coated to shield them from inactivation by the immune system and to de-target ... Kreppel F, Kochanek S (January 2008). "Modification of adenovirus gene transfer vectors with synthetic polymers: a scientific ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol

... s have been explored as vectors in gene delivery and genetic immunization. Poly (propyleneimine) dendrosome based ... dendrimer and dendrosome based genetic immunization against Hepatitis B.". Vaccine. 26 (27-28): 3389-3394. doi:10.1016/j. ... genetic immunization against Hepatitis B was found to be highly effective as compared to Dendrimer-Plasmid DNA complex. It has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrosome

The viral genetic material is contained in a linear double-stranded DNA consisting of 202,182 tightly packed base pairs. The ... The camelpox virus is spread in three ways: direct contact, indirect contact, and insect vectors.[citation needed] In direct ... Eventually, the viral core dissolves, and the genetic material is bare within the cytoplasm. When all of the structural ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelpox

If a "phagemid" vector is used (a simplified display construct vector) phage particles will not be released from the E. coli ... Many genetic sequences are expressed in a bacteriophage library in the form of fusions with the bacteriophage coat protein, so ... The protein displayed corresponds to the genetic sequence within the phage. This phage-display library is added to the dish and ... ISBN 978-0-87969-740-2. Breitling F, Dübel S, Seehaus T, Klewinghaus I, Little M (August 1991). "A surface expression vector ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_display

This produces an observation vector. The feature is then compared to all sequences of the speech recognition units. These units ... and in particular genetic information. They have since become an important tool in the probabilistic modeling of genomic ... Again we then normalize to give an updated initial vector. Finally we repeat these steps until the resulting probabilities ... to find the maximum likelihood estimate of the parameters of a hidden Markov model given a set of observed feature vectors. Let ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baum–Welch_algorithm

The key to cloning a DNA fragment is to link it to a vector DNA molecule that can replicate within a host cell. After a single ... Here, DNA fragmentation is a molecular genetic technique that permits researchers to use recombinant DNA technology to prepare ... For the purposes of DNA cloning, purified DNA ligase is used to covalently join the ends of a restriction fragment and vector ... Only relatively small DNA molecules can be cloned in any available vector. Therefore, the long DNA molecules that compose an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragmentation_(cell_biology)

The BBC also made it clear that the genetic sequences of the virus, as far as is known, date back to a West African strain. On ... Do environmental conditions in the UK support the natural reservoirs or vectors of disease? Outcome: yes. Quality of evidence: ... Genetic evidence suggest the outbreak likely started in Nigeria. Given the unusually high frequency of human-to-human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_monkeypox_outbreak

However, virus-encoded genetic elements have the ability to antagonize the IFN response contributing to viral pathogenesis and ... RNA interference technology tools such as siRNA or vector-based reagents can either silence or stimulate interferon pathways. ... "Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance". Nature. 461 (7262): 399-401. Bibcode: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon

The two major vectors of R. rickettsii in the United States are the American dog tick and the Rocky Mountain wood tick. ... Deficiency of G6PD is a genetic condition affecting about 12 percent of the Afro-American male population. Deficiency in this ... He and others characterized the basic epidemiological features of the disease, including the role of tick vectors. Their ... rickettsii or serve as experimental vectors in the laboratory. These species are likely to play only a minor role in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever

C M Thomas, and C A Smith: "Incompatibility Group P Plasmids: Genetics, Evolution, and Use in Genetic Manipulation", Annual ... "Construction and use of a versatile set of broad-host-range cloning and expression vectors based on the RK2 replicon", Appl. ... An increase in copy number is useful for genetic engineering applications to increase the production yield of recombinant ... which makes it suitable as a genetic engineering tool. It is capable of transfer, replication, and maintenance in most genera ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RK2_plasmid

see also Viral neuronal tracing) In order to trace projections from a specific region or cell, a genetic construct, virus or ... Over the recent years viral vectors have been developed and implemented as anterograde tracers to identify the target regions ... Those can also be genetic or molecular tracers. Recently manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) has been used to ... Chamberlin NL, Du B, de Lacalle S, Saper CB (May 1998). "Recombinant adeno-associated virus vector: use for transgene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterograde_tracing

... studies of mitochondrial DNA show that the divergence between each of the three chipmunk groups is comparable to the genetic ... and are an important vector for dispersal of the spores of subterranean sporocarps (truffles) which have co-evolved with these ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipmunk

"The Gut Microbiome of the Vector Lutzomyia Longipalpis Is Essential for Survival of Leishmania Infantum." MBio, vol. 8, no. 1, ... Studies involving isoenzyme electrophoresis, genetic polymorphism assessments of DNA and mRNA, cytogenetics, analysis studies ... Vectors. 9 (1): 580. doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1866-x. PMC 5109651. PMID 27842601. Lima, L., Mesquita, M., Skrip, L. et al. DNA ... the vector of Leishmania donovani chagasi Cunha & Chagas and its significance to kala-azar distribution in South America". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutzomyia_longipalpis

"Evolution of Resistance to Insecticide in Disease Vectors". In Tibayrenc, Michel (ed.). Genetics and Evolution of Infectious ... that result from reduced sensitivity of the nervous system caused by point mutations in the insect population's genetic makeup ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockdown_resistance

Models and algorithms based on the principle of competitive learning include vector quantization and self-organizing maps ( ... 2003). Neural networks, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithms : synthesis and applications. Pai, G. A. Vijayalakshmi. (Eastern ... Learning Vector Quantisation, Self-Organising Feature Map, Adaptive Resonance Theory Stochastic - Boltzmann Machine, Cauchy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_rule

Ullrich purified the insulin mRNA from this sample and cloned it into a vector that he inserted into E coli. Thus, he produced ... In some tumours, (the cancerous state), some receptor tyrosine kinases tend to be over-active, due to genetic changes. Ullrich ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Ullrich

In 1922, he discovered the aphid "Aphis maidis", the vector of the mosaic of sugar cane. He was also the first Puerto Rican to ... Genetic Roadmap Targets Drug Therapies Archived September 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine from Hartford Business Review ... a genetics-related company and now the bio-tech anchor of Hartford Hospital's Genetic Research Center; he also serves as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_scientists_and_inventors

The activity of SINEs however has genetic vestiges which do not seem to play a significant role, positive or negative, and ... SINEs can be transferred between individuals or species via horizontal transfer through a viral vector. SINEs are known to ... The distribution of SINEs to genes was significantly more similar than that of other non-coding genetic elements and even ... SINEs are also implicated in certain types of genetic disease in humans and other eukaryotes. In essence, short interspersed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_interspersed_nuclear_element

In functional analysis, an important class of vector spaces consists of the complete normed vector spaces over the real or ... "Genetic analyses from ancient DNA." Annu. Rev. Genet. 38, 645-679 (2004). Jensfelt, Annika (14 January 2001). Svenska Dagbladet ... A Schauder basis or countable basis is similar to the usual (Hamel) basis of a vector space; the difference is that for Hamel ... This result was generalized to other norms on the vector space of homogeneous polynomials. Of these norms, the most used has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Enflo

The method for SMGT uses the sperm cell, a natural vector of genetic material, to transport exogenous DNA. The exogenous DNA ... Skepticism arises based on the assumption that evolutionary chaos could arise if sperm cells could act as vectors for exogenous ... Nevertheless, despite some successes and its potential utility, SMGT is not yet established as a reliable form of genetic ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genetic engineering). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm-mediated_gene_transfer

Hard-bodied ticks of the genus Ixodes are the vectors of Lyme disease (also the vector for Babesia). Most infections are caused ... The Lyme-related Borrelia species are collectively known as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and show a great deal of genetic ... Companion Vector-Borne Diseases. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2019. Eisen L, Eisen RJ (September ... In North America, the black-legged tick or deer tick (Ixodes scapularis) is the main vector on the East Coast. The lone star ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease

Sühs; Somavilla; Putzke; Köhler (2009). "Pollen vector wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi ( ... "Does kin recognition and sib-mating avoidance limit the risk of genetic incompatibility in a parasitic wasp?". PLOS ONE. 5 (10 ... Pollen vector wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil]. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp

The goal is to find a vector x that violates as few relations as possible, while satisfying all the others. Min-ULR[≠] is ... ISBN 978-0-7167-1044-8. Koehler, Gary J. (November 1991). "Linear Discriminant Functions Determined by Genetic Search". ORSA ... An m-by-1 vector b. The linear system is given by: A x R b. It is assumed to be feasible (i.e., satisfied by at least one x). ... The goal is to find an n-by-1 vector x that satisfies the system A x R b, and subject to that, contains as few as possible ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_relevant_variables_in_linear_system

Hypercomplex analysis Vector calculus Complex dynamics List of complex analysis topics Monodromy theorem Real analysis Riemann- ... In aerospace engineering In Biomedical sciences In Brain mapping Genetic mapping Geodesics In Geometry In Geophysics In Google ... González-Matesanz, F. J.; Malpica, J. A. (2006-11-01). "Quasi-conformal mapping with genetic algorithms applied to coordinate ... as a vector-valued function from X into R 2 . {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}.} Some properties of complex-valued functions ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_analysis

In 2007, he was one of the founding members of the Imagine Institute of Genetic Diseases. In 2008, he received the Inserm Grand ... The trial is restarted in 2004, according to a modified protocol using better retroviral vectors, and will be stopped again in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Fischer

... in addition to managing the vector presence as well. Genetic Resistance: Partial resistance to BPMV is available in some ... There are genetic, cultural, and chemical options which should be used together in an integrated pest management plan, ... If the virus is present but the insect vector is not, spraying insecticides will not be effective in managing the disease. ... In the North Central Region, the bean leaf beetle (Cerotoma trifurcate) is the most influential vector, by feeding on infected ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean_pod_mottle_virus

... has a direct life cycle as it infects a single host without requiring an intermediate or vector to complete its ... efforts into learning about this genus must be done such as cross-transmission testing as well as biochemical and genetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retortamonas

Viral vector based gene delivery uses a viral vector to deliver genetic material to the host cell. This is done by using a ... These synthetic vectors have the ability to electrostatically bind DNA or RNA and compact the genetic information to ... Chemical vectors usually enter cells by endocytosis and can protect genetic material from degradation. One of the simplest ... This vector overcomes traditional barriers to gene delivery by combining E. coli with a synthetic polymer to create a vector ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_delivery

Researchers at University Sains Malaysia are examining variability in the genome of the pathogen and its genetic variability is ... it remains unproven whether they can be effective vectors. Although it is a soil-borne pathogen, it does not compete well ... of gametes showed relatively high disequilibrium and another a high degree of correlation between independent genetic markers, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._cubense

In 2013 Potrykus met the Pope who offered his personal blessing to Golden Rice although the Pope was concerned that genetic ... in plants of two bacterial antibiotic resistance genes after protoplast transformation with a new plant expression vector. ... Potrykus began thinking about using genetic engineering to improve the nutritional qualities of rice in the late 1980s. He knew ... In 1976 he transferred to Basel, Switzerland to establish the area of plant genetic engineering at the Friedrich Miescher ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingo_Potrykus

... the constitutive expression of proteins at different levels over a range of three orders of magnitude and in different genetic ... Yeast vectors for the controlled expression of heterologous proteins in different genetic backgrounds Gene. 1995 Apr 14;156(1): ... The 32 expression vectors created by this strategy provide a powerful tool for the convenient cloning and the controlled ... An expression system for Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) has been developed which, depending on the chosen vector, allows the ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7737504/?dopt=Abstract

Download this Free Vector about Genetic scientists conducting research and experiment, and discover more than 41 Million ... www.freepik.com/free-vector/genetic-scientists-conducting-research-experiment_3226122.htm. ...

https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/genetic-scientists-conducting-research-experiment_3226122.htm

1977)‎. Genetic aspects of developing insecticide resistance of malaria vectors / by D. A. Muir. World Health Organization. ... Genetic aspects of developing insecticide resistance of malaria vectors / by D. A. Muir. ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/65752

Abnormalities and Fraud Electric Meter Detection using Hybrid Support Vector Machine & Genetic Algorithm K.S. Yap, I.Z. Abidin ... Support Vector Machine, Genetic Algorithm, Dynamic Crossover Point, PrePopulated Database, Dual Lagrangian Optimization ... Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to search for the best parameter of SVM classification by using combination of random and pre- ... This paper presents an intelligent system to reduce Non Technical Loss (NTL) using hybrid Support Vector Machine (SVM) and ...

https://www.actapress.com/Abstract.aspx?paperId=30200

... and centralized facilities necessary to carry out complex genetic engineering and to create genetically modified mice. ... Viral Vector Core. The mission of the Genetic Engineering Technologies (GET) group is to provide The Jackson Laboratorys ... Other service offerings include genetic engineering consultation, training, custom genetic engineering projects, and provision ... We are fully competent taking a project from concept to delivery of live mice and performing genetic engineering in our ...

https://www.jax.org/research-and-faculty/resources/scientific-research-services/get-and-reproductive-sci-and-tgs/genetic-engineering-technologies

Genetic variation of enhancer sequences is known to influence phenotypes, but the effect of enhancer variation upon enhancer ... In the African malaria vector, Anopheles coluzzii, we identified candidate enhancers in the proximity of genes relevant for ... which may help explain important differences between individuals or populations for malaria transmission efficiency and vector ... Influence of genetic polymorphism on transcriptional enhancer activity in the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii Luisa Nardini 1 ...

https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02619362

Information on vector control interventions used to reduce malarias impact including larval control and other vector control ... Genetic Modification of Malaria Vectors. Genetic modification aims to develop mosquitoes that are not susceptible to the ... Anopheles gambiae, one of the primary vectors of malaria in Africa, breeds in numerous small pools of water that form due to ... Larval Control and Other Vector Control Interventions. ... Other Vector Control Interventions. Fogging (area spraying) ...

https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/malaria_worldwide/reduction/vector_control.html

Aedes aegypti on Madeira Island (Portugal): genetic variation of a recently introduced dengue vector. Memórias do Instituto ... Aedes aegypti on Madeira Island (Portugal): genetic variation of a recently introduced dengue vector. Memórias do Instituto ... mutations exploring the colonisation history and the genetic diversity of this insular vector population. ... aegypti population from Madeira showed extremely low mtDNA genetic variability, with a single haplotype for COI and ND4. We ...

https://ghtm.ihmt.unl.pt/publications/aedes-aegypti-on-madeira-island-portugal-genetic-variation-of-a-recently-introduced-dengue-vector-memorias-do-instituto-oswaldo-cruz/

... we should deploy cadres of high-impact vectors, reducing collateral damage while overcoming the toughest therapeutic challenges ... Rather than unleash hordes of low-impact vectors, ... Viral vectors now carry genetic material in diverse ... adenoviral vectors, and retroviral vectors. Adeno-associated vectors and adenoviral vectors can transduce both dividing and ... Viral vectors in vaccines. In the gene therapy field, much effort has been made to discover or create vectors for which there ...

https://www.genengnews.com/insights/better-outfitted-and-screened-viral-vectors-are-safer-and-more-effective/

The Particle Swarm Optimization-Genetic Algorithm (PSO-GA) method was used to optimize the parameters of the Support Vector ... The Particle Swarm Optimization-Genetic Algorithm (PSO-GA) method was used to optimize the parameters of the Support Vector ... The Particle Swarm Optimization-Genetic Algorithm (PSO-GA) method was used to optimize the parameters of the Support Vector ... The Particle Swarm Optimization-Genetic Algorithm (PSO-GA) method was used to optimize the parameters of the Support Vector ...

https://scholar.ui.ac.id/en/publications/lung-cancer-classification-using-support-vector-machine-and-hybri

This system should facilitate the generation of multiple genetic variants by eliminating the need for time-consuming plaque ... When the vectors are used for delineating protein function, several viruses, each containing a mutated version of the transgene ... Thus, recombinant adenovirus vectors can be produced very simply, rapidly and with little to no contaminating wild-type ... In this report, we show that a novel backbone plasmid, when cotransfected with routinely used shuttle vectors into HEK293 cells ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/3301197?error=cookies_not_supported&code=e94e4e6f-6ba9-4583-81f3-0e2d59d8bd07

Genetic aspects of developing insecticide resistance of malaria vectors / by D. A. Muir Muir, D. A; World Health Organization ... Genetic aspects of developing insecticide resistance of malaria vectors / by D. A. Muir Muir, D. A; World Health Organization ... Vector resistance to insecticides : a review of its operational significance in malaria eradication and control programmes ... The practical implication of resistance of malaria vectors to insecticides / by A. R. Zahar, G. Davidson Zahar, A. R; ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/discover?rpp=10&etal=0&group_by=none&page=3&filtertype_0=subject&filtertype_1=subject&filtertype_2=author&filter_relational_operator_1=equals&filter_relational_operator_0=equals&filter_2=World+Health+Organization&filter_1=Malaria&filter_relational_operator_2=equals&filter_0=Insecticide+Resistance

Population genetic structure of malaria vector Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae).. Authors: Gakhar, S K. Sharma, ... Vector control is essential for malaria prevention strategies. Knowledge of population genetic structure is pre-requisite for ... Population genetic structure of malaria vector Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Indian Journal of Experimental ... Population genetic study can predict level of gene flow between different populations. Anopheles stephensi Liston is urban ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/147592

In vector quantization (VQ), minimization of mean square error (MSE) between code book vectors and training vectors is a non- ... Krishna, K and Ramakrishnan, KR and Thathachar, MAL (1997) Vector Quantization using Genetic K-Means Algorithm for Image ... This paper addresses the problem of designing a globally optimum code book using genetic algorithms (GAs). A hybrid GA called ... the genetic K-means algorithm (GKA) that combines the advantages of gradient descent algorithms and GAs have been proposed ...

https://eprints.iisc.ac.in/6399/

The RNA platform is a type of genetic vaccines. Instead of delivering immunogenic proteins, genetic vaccines provide the ... Vector uncoating limits adeno-associated viral vector-mediated transduction of human dendritic cells and vector immunogenicity ... New vector and vaccine platforms: mRNA, DNA, viral vectors : Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS. ... Virus vectors come in many different shapes and forms. Vectors can carry single or double stranded nucleic acids, RNA or DNA ...

https://journals.lww.com/co-hivandaids/Fulltext/2022/11000/New_vector_and_vaccine_platforms__mRNA,_DNA,_viral.3.aspx

An efficient protocol has been developed for the genetic manipulation of Streptomyces fradiae NCIMB 8233, which produces the 2- ... Construction of new vectors for high-level expression in actinomycetes.. *C. Rowe, J. Cortés, S. Gaisser, J. Staunton, P. ... An efficient protocol has been developed for the genetic manipulation of Streptomyces fradiae NCIMB 8233, which produces the 2- ... The neomycin biosynthetic gene cluster of Streptomyces fradiae NCIMB 8233: genetic and biochemical evidence for the roles of ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-neomycin-biosynthetic-gene-cluster-of-fradiae-a-Fan-Huang/58196ea160ba8ed2248940a3d3e75c7a8e7aef54

Palese P, Roizman B. Genetic engineering of viruses and of virus vectors: A preface. Proceedings of the National Academy of ... Palese, P. ; Roizman, B. / Genetic engineering of viruses and of virus vectors : A preface. In: Proceedings of the National ... Palese, P., & Roizman, B. (1996). Genetic engineering of viruses and of virus vectors: A preface. Proceedings of the National ... Genetic engineering of viruses and of virus vectors : A preface. / Palese, P.; Roizman, B. ...

https://scholars.mssm.edu/en/publications/genetic-engineering-of-viruses-and-of-virus-vectors-a-preface-2

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GAPscreener: An automatic tool for screening human genetic association literature in PubMed using the support vector machine ... GAPscreener: An automatic tool for screening human genetic association literature in PubMed using the support vector machine ... Title : GAPscreener: An automatic tool for screening human genetic association literature in PubMed using the support vector ... Genetic Linkage Genome, Human Humans Natural Language Processing Pattern Recognition, Automated Periodicals As Topic PubMed ...

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/3359

Large-Scale Comparative Analyses of Tick Genomes Elucidate Their Genetic Diversity and Vector Capacities.. Jia, Na; Wang, ... We explored the genetic basis common to ticks, including heme and hemoglobin digestion, iron metabolism, and reactive oxygen ... Among arthropod vectors, ticks transmit the most diverse human and animal pathogens, leading to an increasing number of new ... genomes of six ixodid tick species and further resequenced 678 tick specimens to understand three key aspects of ticks genetic ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/saudepublica/resource/pt/mdl-32814014

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... "vectors" that can enter certain cells. Vectors carry genetic instructions to specific cells. Once delivered, the new genetic ... A certain type of vector, called an adeno-associated virus, or AAV, dissolves after delivering its genetic instructions. These ... as its vector. The AAV5 vector carries the Padua gene variant of Factor IX (FIX-Padua), which generates FIX proteins that are ... genetic instructions remain in the target cells, but never actually become a part of a persons own DNA. ...

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Recombinant adenoviruses are useful vectors for basic research. (nature.com)
In this report, we show that a novel backbone plasmid, when cotransfected with routinely used shuttle vectors into HEK293 cells allowed for production of recombinant viruses in an average of 14 days. (nature.com)
Thus, recombinant adenovirus vectors can be produced very simply, rapidly and with little to no contaminating wild-type particles. (nature.com)
Design of recombinant DNA molecules for genetic modification. (irbbarcelona.org)
My colleagues and I have several active projects, including a study on the generation and use of recombinant AAV vectors expressing Factor IX to treat hemophilia B. In particular, we are investigating novel methods of delivering vector to target tissues, and are also exploring the use of alternate serotypes and optimized expression cassettes in order to maximize gene expression. (upenn.edu)

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are the leading vectors for gene delivery. (genengnews.com)
To date, most of the vectors used for gene therapy have been derived from the adeno-associated virus (AAV). (genengnews.com)
A certain type of vector, called an adeno-associated virus, or AAV, dissolves after delivering its genetic instructions. (biospace.com)
Identify, for a particular delivery strategy (adeno-associated virus vectors), the importance of the various serotypes available. (sfn.org)

Viral vectors that are frequently used to deliver gene therapy include adeno-associated vectors, adenoviral vectors, and retroviral vectors. (genengnews.com)
Adeno-associated vectors and adenoviral vectors can transduce both dividing and nondividing cells. (genengnews.com)
Adenoviral vectors, particularly human serotype 5 (of 58 individual serotypes), are widely used for gene therapy due to versatile tropism, large transgene capacity and ability to achieve efficient transgene without risk of insertional mutagenesis. (ukri.org)
To fully understand this interaction we will assess the role of other capsid proteins, fiber and penton base by using a range of chimeric adenoviral vectors. (ukri.org)

The purpose of this review is to share the excitement of new developments in the field of vaccine vector modalities against infectious diseases. (lww.com)
And unlike attenuated and subunit vaccines that require a new process for each vaccine, emerging technologies require only the genetic sequence for parts of a target virus. (bioprocessintl.com)
We have two types of vaccines - the adenovirus vector vaccine by Johnson & Johnson and RNA/ mRNA vaccines. (legalreader.com)
The other vaccine contains an adenovirus vector. (legalreader.com)
However, the Novavax vaccine leverages the older vaccine development techniques , where the injection introduces the protein and not the genetic recipe. (legalreader.com)
Dr. Richard Currie explained how rapid genomic tests can be used to benchmark vaccine administration in poultry flocks vaccinated with next generation vector vaccines. (wattagnet.com)
A new genomic test provides feedback on uniformity of vector vaccine administration in poultry flocks and another can provide data on the level of field virus challenge on a farm. (wattagnet.com)
Dr. Richard Currie, CEO, Rapid Genomics , said that a pair of new diagnostic tests for HVT vector vaccine verification and virus exposure characterization have been developed to help poultry producers manage their vaccine administration programs and provide insight into the level of disease challenge present on their farms. (wattagnet.com)
On February 26, 2021, Health Canada authorized the use of a third COVID-19 vaccine from AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1-S). This new vaccine is a viral-vector based vaccine which uses a harmless virus, in this case an adenovirus, to deliver the genetic information (DNA) that instructs the body on how to make the surface spike protein of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). (mssociety.ca)
E1 deleted adenoviruses are considered to be replication-defective and are used as shuttle vectors in gene therapy or vaccination for gene therapy and vaccine immunization. (medicaltrend.org)
However, since there is a chance that many people may have already been exposed to the viruses being used as vectors, some may be immune to it, making the vaccine less effective. (gavi.org)
In the absence of a vaccine, vector control is the mainstay for dengue prevention and control. (who.int)
Given the lack of a dengue vaccine, control of dengue depends on vector control. (who.int)
Poxviruses are currently being developed as vaccine vectors and cancer therapeutic agents. (researchgate.net)
as vaccine vectors and cancer therapeutic agents. (researchgate.net)
What is a viral vector vaccine? (medlineplus.gov)
The Johnson & Johnson vaccine, which is a viral vector vaccine, works in a similar way. (medlineplus.gov)

Sandflies are important insect vectors that transmit many species of Leishmania , bacteria and viruses. (plos.org)
American Trypanosomiasis, Chagas Disease: One Hundred Years of Research, Second Edition, provides a comprehensive overview of Chagas disease and discusses the latest discoveries concerning the three elements that compose the transmission chain of the disease, the host, the insect vectors, and the causative parasite. (elsevier.com)

Several genetic subunit vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated protection against severe disease, obtained Emergency Use Authorization and scaled their production to billions of doses. (lww.com)
Emerging genetic vaccines eliminate the complexity and risk of working with live viruses. (bioprocessintl.com)
Viral-vector vaccines use engineered viruses to enter host cells and deliver DNA that yields expression of tailored antigenic proteins. (bioprocessintl.com)
These vaccines inject the genetic recipe into the body cells, and those cells, in turn, produce the protein so that our immunity can fight the disease. (legalreader.com)
Next generation vector vaccines for poultry can be administered in the hatchery and are minimally interfered with by maternal antibodies, are safer to use than live attenuated whole virus vaccines and offer the potential for lifetime immunity for the bird. (wattagnet.com)
Next generation vector vaccines utilize a virus, such as a turkey herpes virus (HVT), which serves as a carrier for the genetic material from viruses which cause a poultry disease, such as Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease, Marek's disease or infectious bronchitis. (wattagnet.com)
Inactivated vaccines use viruses whose genetic material has been destroyed so they cannot replicate, but can still trigger an immune response. (gavi.org)
Nucleic acid vaccines use genetic material - either RNA or DNA - to provide cells with the instructions to make the antigen. (gavi.org)
Viral vector vaccines also work by giving cells genetic instructions to produce antigens. (gavi.org)
Viral vector vaccines can mimic natural viral infection and should therefore trigger a strong immune response. (gavi.org)
Both mRNA and viral vector COVID-19 vaccines deliver instructions (genetic material) to our cells to start building protection against the virus that causes COVID-19. (ca.gov)
mRNA and viral vector vaccines are the two types of currently authorized COVID-19 vaccines available. (ca.gov)
Matica Biotechnology, Inc. is a contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO) specializing in the production of virus-based cell & gene therapeutics, oncolytic vectors, and vaccines for their clients. (providenceparkbcs.com)
Zoetis discovers, develops, manufactures and commercializes medicines, vaccines and diagnostic products, which are complemented by biodevices, genetic tests and precision livestock farming. (providenceparkbcs.com)
For instance, valine to control vector-borne diseases is still the main interven- glycine in domain II (V1016G) is associated with resistance tion although efforts to introduce licensed vaccines have to type I and type II pyrethroids, such as permethrin progressed greatly. (who.int)
This different virus, called a 'viral vector,' carries the same type of important instructions that mRNA vaccines do. (medlineplus.gov)

Vector Competence of Aedes caspius and Ae. (cdc.gov)
Aedes aegypti on Madeira Island (Portugal): genetic variation of a recently introduced dengue vector. (unl.pt)
2 The most important dengue vector in the Western Pacific Region is Aedes aegypti ( Stegomyia aegypti ), which is predominately found in densely populated urban areas. (who.int)
Dengue outbreaks have also been associated with Aedes albopictus , particularly in China, 3 and several other Aedes species found in South Pacific countries and areas may also be competent dengue vectors. (who.int)
Dengue is endemic in Saudi Arabia especially in Jeddah, Makkah, Asir, and Jazan areas where pyrethroids are widely used to control the vector, Aedes aegypti . (who.int)

Knowledge of population genetic structure is pre-requisite for determining prevention strategies, particularly using transgenic mosquitoes. (who.int)
Help with cloning protocols and reagents required to generate gene targeting and transgenic vectors. (irbbarcelona.org)
TMV-MP-expressing transgenic plants exhibited a root-to-shoot ratio that was approximately 40% below that of transgenic vector control plants. (usda.gov)

Viruses have been evolving for millions of years, improving their ability to transfer genetic material to the hosts they infect. (genengnews.com)
So, it's no wonder that viruses-or rather, viral vectors derived from viruses-have been harnessed to accomplish gene transfer in the name of science and medicine. (genengnews.com)
Viruses are diverse, and so are viral vectors. (genengnews.com)
When the vectors are used for delineating protein function, several viruses, each containing a mutated version of the transgene are compared at the same time. (nature.com)
Palese, P & Roizman, B 1996, ' Genetic engineering of viruses and of virus vectors: A preface ', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , vol. 93, no. 21, pp. 11287. (mssm.edu)
Gene therapy has the potential to make more normal clotting ability possible in hemophilia B. Gene therapy achieves this with modified non-infectious viruses called "vectors" that can enter certain cells. (biospace.com)
Certain viruses are used as vectors because they can deliver the material by infecting the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
Researchers are developing newer technologies that can deliver genetic material or gene-editing tools without using viruses. (medlineplus.gov)
Sandflies are well known vectors for Leishmania but also transmit a number of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). (plos.org)
Adenoviruses are a family of related viruses which cause mild infections in people and which have been converted into gene transfer vectors by blocking their ability to replicate in cells. (ukri.org)

The polymorphic regions on the genes for merozoite surface proteins 1 and 2 ( msp1 and msp2 ) were amplified in 118 pre-treatment samples to identify the genetic diversity of the infected parasites. (researchsquare.com)
Researchers from the Institut Pasteur, CNRS and IRD, in collaboration with scientific teams from four African countries and the United States, have identified a genetic marker that helps detect malaria-susceptible mosquitoes which are more likely to be infected with Plasmodium parasites in the wild, thereby having greater chance to transmit the disease to humans. (pasteur.fr)
New approaches to the identification of parasites and their vectors : proceedings of a symposium on application of biochemical and molecular biology techniques to problems of parasite and vector identification held in Geneva, Switzerland, 8-10 November, 1982 / edited by B. N. Newton and F. Michal. (who.int)

Approaches including those based on viral vectors, DNA plasmids, and messenger RNA (mRNA) produce viral antigens inside patient cells. (bioprocessintl.com)

Genetic variation of enhancer sequences is known to influence phenotypes, but the effect of enhancer variation upon enhancer functional activity and downstream phenotypes has barely been examined in any species. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Here we sequenced and assembled high-quality genomes of six ixodid tick species and further resequenced 678 tick specimens to understand three key aspects of ticks genetic diversity , population structure, and pathogen distribution. (bvsalud.org)
We explored the genetic basis common to ticks , including heme and hemoglobin digestion , iron metabolism , and reactive oxygen species , and unveiled for the first time that genetic structure and pathogen composition in different tick species are mainly shaped by ecological and geographic factors . (bvsalud.org)
In the present study, cytochrome b (cyt b) gene sequences were determined in 13 species circulating in Peru to establish a basis for analysis of the genetic structure, and the intraspecific genetic diversity was assessed in the Lutzomyia (Lu. (edu.pe)
peruensis, a main vector species of Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana in Peruvian Andes. (edu.pe)
Several findings promoted experimental BLU research (3,10): the showing of the plurality of strains (23), the successful use of the propagation of BLU inembryonated chicken eggs(1), the development of cell culture as a neutralization assay system (8), and the demonstration for wild and colonized populations of C. variipennis that this species was a biological vector of bluetongue virus(7). (cdc.gov)
2007. Genetic diversity analysis in Vicia species using retrotransposon-based SSAP markers . (hutton.ac.uk)
Recent focus on Culicoides species diversity in Thailand was prompted by a need to identify vectors responsible for the transmission of African Horse Sickness in that country. (edu.au)
To assist rapid genetic identification of species, we sampled mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) DNA barcodes (N = 78) from 40 species of Culicoides biting midge from Thailand, including 17 species for which DNA barcodes were previously unavailable. (edu.au)
Comparison with published BINs also revealed genetic evidence of divergent population processes and or potentially cryptic species in 16 described taxa, flagged by their high levels of COI sequence difference among conspecifics. (edu.au)

In the African malaria vector, Anopheles coluzzii, we identified candidate enhancers in the proximity of genes relevant for immunity, insecticide resistance, and development. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Anopheles gambiae , one of the primary vectors of malaria in Africa, breeds in numerous small pools of water that form due to rainfall. (cdc.gov)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Population genetic structure of malaria vector Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). (who.int)
Anopheles stephensi Liston is urban vector of malaria in Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. (who.int)
Called the 2La inversion, this marker is a frequent and geographically widespread genetic difference found in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, the major African malaria vector. (pasteur.fr)
In Anopheles mosquitoes, this genetic variation is present in two forms: the 2La genetic sequence and the 2L+ a genetic inversion. (pasteur.fr)
Genetic and morphological identification of female Anopheles spp. (cdc.gov)

Vectors for transcription factor cloning and target site identification by means of genetic selection in yeast. (wikigenes.org)
We describe the construction of a number of vectors that can be used in yeast genetic selection systems for cloning of transcription factors or other DNA-binding proteins and for identification of the target sites recognized by transcription factors. (wikigenes.org)
Genetic screening of a yeast genomic library in a high-copy-number vector identified the normally single-copy tRNA CCU Arg gene as one of the genes that reduces Ty1 transposition frequency when overexpressed. (nyu.edu)

This paper presents an intelligent system to reduce Non Technical Loss (NTL) using hybrid Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). The main motivation for this research is to assist Sabah Electricity Sdn. (actapress.com)
Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to search for the best parameter of SVM classification by using combination of random and pre-populated genomes from Pre-Populated Database (PPD). (actapress.com)
This involved using the CT Scan dataset obtained from Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia, and the application of the Particle Swarm Optimization-Genetic Algorithm-Support Vector Machine (PSO-GA-SVM) method of classification. (ui.ac.id)
The Particle Swarm Optimization-Genetic Algorithm (PSO-GA) method was used to optimize the parameters of the Support Vector Machine. (ui.ac.id)
A hybrid GA called the genetic K-means algorithm (GKA) that combines the advantages of gradient descent algorithms and GAs have been proposed previously. (iisc.ac.in)
Furthermore, a hybrid model based on the genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to simultaneously optimize the prototype construction and the SVM kernel parameters setting to enhance the classification accuracy. (nycu.edu.tw)
Their typical similarity metric is modified to a weighted Euclidean metric and automatically adjusted by a genetic algorithm, a heuristic search (optimization) technique. (bvsalud.org)

Malaria epidemiology is associated with drug resistance in parasite and differential distribution and insecticide resistance in vector. (who.int)
It is important to continue to monitor IR in PNG and develop proactive insecticide resistance management strategies in primary disease vectors to retain pyrethroid susceptibility especially in the malaria vectors for as long as possible. (biomedcentral.com)
Insecticide resistance (IR) monitoring in mosquitoes is important for ensuring continued efficacy of insecticide-based vector control interventions and for guiding the selection and application of the most appropriate combinations of products and active ingredients (AIs) [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Gene therapy requires gene transfer vectors to deliver the therapeutic gene to the relevant target cell. (ca.gov)
However, the levels of therapeutic gene expression is consistantly controlled by insertion promoter of viral vector. (ca.gov)

The 32 expression vectors created by this strategy provide a powerful tool for the convenient cloning and the controlled expression of genes or cDNAs in nearly every genetic background of the currently used Sc strains. (nih.gov)
Our study establishes the first genetic evaluation based on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes [cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4)] and knockdown resistance ( kdr ) mutations exploring the colonisation history and the genetic diversity of this insular vector population. (unl.pt)
During the critical period from the low-transmission to the pre-elimination phase, this study tracked the dynamic changes in the genetic diversity in Plasmodium falciparum , the distribution of antimalarial drug-resistance genes, and the treatment outcomes in patients to provide insights for the prevention of rebounded malaria in STP. (researchsquare.com)
This allows the adenoviral vector to be used for gene therapy (the use of genes to treat human disease). (ukri.org)
In fact, adenoviruses are one of the most common vectors in use in gene therapy clinical trials because they are easy to work with, safe and are efficient at delivering genes to cells and tissues in the body. (ukri.org)

Genetic changes in microbes, animal vectors, and humans were included. (cdc.gov)
It's both a tickborne disease and a zoonotic disease, so that could be related to other, you know, changes occurring in climate or in animal vectors. (cdc.gov)

Gene transfer therapy introduces new genetic material into cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Efficient delivery of the virus is the major factor restricting further progress of many important new adenoviral gene therapies, largely because certain properties of the vector have not been optimised for gene transfer. (ukri.org)
Current Gene Therapy publishes full-length/mini reviews and original research on the latest developments in gene transfer and gene expression analysis, vector development, cellular genetic engineering, animal models and human clinical applications of gene and cell therapy for the treatment of diseases. (eurekaselect.com)

SINV is present throughout the primary vectors ( 21 ). (cdc.gov)

With such diversity, is there any way to guarantee that viral vectors are safe and effective? (genengnews.com)
Large-Scale Comparative Analyses of Tick Genomes Elucidate Their Genetic Diversity and Vector Capacities. (bvsalud.org)
Genetic diversity of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in Lutzomyia spp. (edu.pe)
Analysis of intraspecific genetic diversity in the cyt b gene sequences from 36 Lu. (edu.pe)
Dive into the research topics of 'Genetic diversity of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in Lutzomyia spp. (edu.pe)
Genetic diversity and relationships among Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus field isolates from Colombia and Venezuela. (ajtmh.org)
Background: Two of the problems of malaria parasite vector control in Nigeria are the diversity of Anopheline vectors and large size of the country. (bvsalud.org)

Another vector in which genetics apparently plays a part involves the sense of taste and how flavours are perceived in the brain. (maggiejs.ca)

Over the next month, a highly effective collaboration ensued between the Indian Health Service, the University of New Mexico School of Medicine, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, leading not only to the successful isolation of the virus, but also to the identification of the reservoir and vector for the disease, Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse). (medscape.com)
Huntington's disease is an example of an autosomal dominant genetic disorder. (genome.gov)
Dive into the research topics of 'Comparative Effectiveness of Intracerebroventricular, Intrathecal, and Intranasal Routes of AAV9 Vector Administration for Genetic Therapy of Neurologic Disease in Murine Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. (umn.edu)
Comparative Effectiveness of Intracerebroventricular, Intrathecal, and Intranasal Routes of AAV9 Vector Administration for Genetic Therapy of Neurologic Disease in Murine Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I . Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience , 14 , [618360]. (umn.edu)
Fixing or compensating for disease-causing genetic changes may recover the role of these important proteins and allow the body to function as expected. (medlineplus.gov)
In 2019, Zolgensma was priced at $2.1 million as a treatment for spinal muscular atrophy, a fatal genetic disease affecting infants and young children. (medscape.com)
It targets the cause, the genetic defect behind a disease, swapping out faulty code or even inserting a gene that's missing. (medscape.com)
More than half (23 of 39) of the articles represent epidemiologic studies including candidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) examining genetic effect modification on disease risk. (cdc.gov)
Occupational exposures involving crystalline silica and multiwalled carbon nanotubes were also studied in relation to genetic damage and initiation of disease processes. (cdc.gov)
Thus alphavirus-glycoprotein pseudotypes hold a potential as suitable vectors for gene therapy/ transfer in Niemann Pick's Disease-Type A, a genetic lipid-storage disorder. (purdue.edu)
and strengthen prevention of tropical and vector-borne disease outbreaks in epidemic-prone Member States by 2030. (who.int)
Rosenberg's Molecular and Genetic Basis of Neurologic and Psychiatric Disease, Sixth Edition: Volume One, provides a comprehensive introduction and reference to the foundations and key practical aspects relevant to neurologic and psychiatric disease. (amoscassidyauthor.com)

They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS . (bvsalud.org)

These results demonstrate the existence of naturally polymorphic A. coluzzii enhancers, which may help explain important differences between individuals or populations for malaria transmission efficiency and vector adaptation to the environment. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
mosquito populations from Europe are screening legs, and transmission rates by screening saliva, competent vectors for Zika virus ( 3,4 ). (cdc.gov)
Population genetic study can predict level of gene flow between different populations. (who.int)
The present study indicated that the middle region of the cyt b gene is useful for the analysis of genetic structure in sand fly populations. (edu.pe)

The primary goal of vector control activities is to reduce vector population density to levels that are believed to correlate with a lower dengue transmission risk. (who.int)
5,6 A model employing all three parameters of dengue transmission, vector density, human cases and vector infection rate, would probably be the most accurate in determining outbreak thresholds for early outbreak prediction. (who.int)
Dengue should be suspected in individuals who present with high fever (104°F/40°C), retro-orbital headache, muscle and joint pain, nausea, lymphadenopathy, vomiting, and rash and who have traveled within 2 weeks of symptom onset to an area where appropriate vectors are present and dengue transmission may be occurring. (medscape.com)

This paper addresses the problem of designing a globally optimum code book using genetic algorithms (GAs). (iisc.ac.in)

Shenk T . Group C adenoviruses as vectors for gene therapy. (nature.com)
Adenoviruses have high genetic stability and low pathogenicity. (medicaltrend.org)
These experiments will help our further understanding of adenoviruses and ultimately lead to more optimal and safe vectors for all adenoviral gene therapy approaches. (ukri.org)

however, retroviral vectors of the lentiviral subtype may transduce both dividing and nondividing cells. (genengnews.com)
Genome-wide approaches to epidermal function include short interfering RNA-based genetic screens in cultured human epidermal cells 8 and RNA interference-mediated gene knockdown via in utero microinjection of lentiviral vectors 9 . (nature.com)

Other work focuses on safety problems, including determinants of the immune response to the transgene product, and assessment of risk of germline transmission of vector sequences. (upenn.edu)
Two were inferred from genetic sequences detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in lung tissue from HPS patients. (cdc.gov)

This system should facilitate the generation of multiple genetic variants by eliminating the need for time-consuming plaque purification and the need to manipulate and screen very large plasmids. (nature.com)

The instructions for making proteins are carried in a person's genetic code, and variants (or mutations) in this code can impact the production or function of proteins that may be critical to how the body works. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations or abnormalities in this genome lead to genetic disorders. (purdue.edu)

AAV vectors are the go-to vectors because they have a record of preclinical and clinical success. (genengnews.com)
More recently we have pioneered safe and effective clinical translation of genetic therapies for inherited disorders. (upenn.edu)
Thus, with limited information of preclinical data and vector production, the number of clinical trials conducted worldwide did not rise steadily from 1999 to 2015 (32). (swfinstitute.org)
Furthermore, funding of the actual clinical trial was not guaranteed even vectors have been produced and certified for human use at significant cost. (swfinstitute.org)
The content covers all aspects essential to the practice of neurogenetics to inform clinical diagnosis, treatment and genetic counseling. (amoscassidyauthor.com)

Named 2La, this marker is the first widespread genetic variation for malaria infection reported in the wild vector population. (pasteur.fr)

The large amount of genetic information accumulated in the post-genomic era needs to be transformed into knowledge 1 . (nature.com)

For example, the company participates in upstream and downstream process development for AAV, AV, and LV manufacture, and it has active R&D projects in the areas of AAV and LV vector optimization focused on clinically compliant vector designs. (genengnews.com)
The results showed that the classification using PSO-GA-SVM had better performance compared to Support Vector Machine without parameter optimization. (ui.ac.id)

We are fully competent taking a project from concept to delivery of live mice and performing genetic engineering in our laboratories, including allele design, construct development, microinjection, and genotyping of founder mice. (jax.org)
competent vectors ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 22(4):573-605, 2021. (upenn.edu)

Among arthropod vectors , ticks transmit the most diverse human and animal pathogens, leading to an increasing number of new challenges worldwide. (bvsalud.org)

2007. Delivery of macromolecules to plant parasitic nematodes using a tobacco rattle virus vector . (hutton.ac.uk)

The genetic divergence caused by genetic drift and/or selection is suggested to affect the vectorial capacity and insecticide susceptibility of sand flies, as well as other arthropods. (edu.pe)
A genetic selection program for oral susceptibility to BLUdeveloped two highly susceptible and a resistant line from the baseline colony of C. variipennis (Sonora strain) that was only 30% susceptible (16). (cdc.gov)

Viral vectors now carry genetic material in diverse applications, helping to correct genetic defects, prevent infections, and cure cancer. (genengnews.com)
Vectors carry genetic instructions to specific cells. (biospace.com)

Usutu virus is maintained in an enzootic cycle involving mosquitos as vectors and birds as the main amplifying hosts. (cdc.gov)
Usutu-BONN has not led to massive deaths among birds and has not yet been found in other hosts or mosquito vectors, it seems evident that this strain was recently introduced into Germany and evolved in another geographic region, probably Africa. (cdc.gov)
Yes, the NAU junior biology major says, insects can be "gross," but she is fascinated by the dynamic and complex role they play as vectors carrying plague to human hosts: "I think diseases are really cool, in a sadistic way, the way they infect people. (facesoftrif.org)

others leave their genetic material outside the genome. (genengnews.com)
Instead of adding new genetic material, genome editing introduces gene-editing tools that can change the existing DNA in the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
Genome editing technologies allow genetic material to be added, removed, or altered at precise locations in the genome. (medlineplus.gov)

However, there was no production of virus-derived piRNAs and only mild changes in the expression of vector miRNAs in response to infection. (plos.org)
We know very little about how this insect vector responds to viral infection. (plos.org)
activity of sandfly vectors for TOSV occurs during sum- mer, along with most cases of TOSV infection (7). (cdc.gov)
While insufficient to accurately predict the risk of human infection, dengue vector surveillance employs several entomological indicators that have been developed to assess the risk of outbreaks occurring. (who.int)

220 897 dengue fever cases, and 25 064 Rift Valley fever cases among arboviruses or vector-borne diseases reported in 2020. (who.int)
Special Issue: Highlights of Genetic Programming 2020 Events. (upenn.edu)
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 21(3):375-397, 2020. (upenn.edu)

Some types of virus, such as retroviruses, integrate their genetic material (including the new gene) into a chromosome in the human cell. (medlineplus.gov)
Retroviruses are popularly used gene therapy/transfer vectors. (purdue.edu)

Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition. (bvsalud.org)
2007. Genetic polymorphisms in the human selenoprotein P gene determine the response of selenoprotein markers to selenium supplementation in a gender-specific manner (the SELGEN study) . (hutton.ac.uk)
All ship command codes have been transferred and encrypted your genetic markers. (voices.com)

Pyrethroid-only bed nets are currently the only programmatic vector control tool used in PNG. (biomedcentral.com)
protein, which block pyrethroid and DDT action (genetic makeup) ( 4 ). (who.int)

Vector control is essential for malaria prevention strategies. (who.int)
With effective vector control and case management, substantial progress has been made in the elimination of malaria on the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe (STP). (researchsquare.com)
This includes the choice of products for long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), indoor residual spraying and other vector control tools. (biomedcentral.com)
Today, I will talk about the work that we have carried out in the lab during the last 10 years in an effort to develop a CRISPR-based suppression drive for vector control against malaria. (hstalks.com)
The next slide shows you why we are interested in developing a vector control measure against malaria. (hstalks.com)
The integrated framework builds on progress made in the last two decades in the control, elimination and/or eradication of tropical and vector-borne diseases and addresses major programme deficiencies that drive the persistently high burden of these diseases and the lost momentum towards the 2030 targets. (who.int)
In this paper we describe vector surveillance and vector control in the Western Pacific countries and areas. (who.int)
Vector surveillance and control strategies used by countries and areas of the Western Pacific Region vary. (who.int)
Vector control strategies include chemical, biological and environmental management that mainly target larval breeding sites. (who.int)
The use of insecticides targeting larvae and adult mosquitoes remains the mainstay of vector control programmes. (who.int)
Existing vector control tools have several limitations in terms of cost, delivery and long-term sustainability. (who.int)
Any vector control strategy should be selected based on evidence and appropriateness for the entomological and epidemiological setting and carried out in both inter-epidemic and epidemic periods. (who.int)
Vector control is best achieved through management of breeding sites. (who.int)
In this paper we describe dengue vector surveillance and control practices in the Western Pacific Region and provide a perspective for future dengue control. (who.int)
Vector control methods and strategies differ across countries and areas in the Western Pacific Region ( Table 2 ). (who.int)

One such technique uses special structures called nanoparticles as vectors to deliver the genetic material or gene-editing components into cells. (medlineplus.gov)

Autosomal dominant is a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic disorders. (genome.gov)
Autosomal recessive is a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic disorders. (genome.gov)

aegypti population from Madeira showed extremely low mtDNA genetic variability, with a single haplotype for COI and ND4. (unl.pt)

Anatomy6

Organisms27

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs20

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Phenomena and Processes27

Information Science6

Health Care7

CAR-dependent and CAR-independent pathways of adenovirus vector-mediated gene transfer and expression in human fibroblasts. (1/23054)

C-myc overexpression and p53 loss cooperate to promote genomic instability. (2/23054)

Telomerase activity is sufficient to allow transformed cells to escape from crisis. (3/23054)

Stabilization of poly-L-lysine/DNA polyplexes for in vivo gene delivery to the liver. (4/23054)

Deletion of multiple immediate-early genes from herpes simplex virus reduces cytotoxicity and permits long-term gene expression in neurons. (5/23054)

Inducible long-term gene expression in brain with adeno-associated virus gene transfer. (6/23054)

Adenoviral gene transfer into the normal and injured spinal cord: enhanced transgene stability by combined administration of temperature-sensitive virus and transient immune blockade. (7/23054)

Antitumor effect of allogenic fibroblasts engineered to express Fas ligand (FasL). (8/23054)

Genetic Vectors

Insect Vectors

Disease Vectors

Gene Transfer Techniques

Transduction, Genetic

Adenoviridae

Dependovirus

Lentivirus

Arthropod Vectors

Support Vector Machines

Transgenes

Anopheles

Retroviridae

Base Sequence

Transfection

Molecular Sequence Data

Cloning, Molecular

Gene Expression

Cell Line

Green Fluorescent Proteins

Genetic Engineering

Arachnid Vectors

Helper Viruses

Aedes

Mosquito Control

Promoter Regions, Genetic

Adenovirus E1 Proteins

beta-Galactosidase

Insect Control

Luminescent Proteins

Culicidae

Genes, Reporter

Anopheles gambiae

Culex

Recombination, Genetic

Escherichia coli

Adenoviruses, Human

Insecticides

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

DNA, Recombinant

Malaria

Amino Acid Sequence

Virus Integration

Gene Targeting

Recombinant Proteins

Lac Operon

Transformation, Genetic

Virus Replication

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Psychodidae

Phlebotomus

Triatoma

Cells, Cultured

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Ceratopogonidae

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Vaccines, Synthetic

DNA Primers

Insecticide Resistance

Defective Viruses

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Kanamycin Kinase

Gene Expression Regulation

Moloney murine leukemia virus

DNA

Transcription, Genetic

DNA, Viral

Capsid Proteins

Pyrethrins

Mutation

Restriction Mapping

Genes, Bacterial

Hemiptera

RNA, Messenger

Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor-Like Membrane Protein

Adenoviruses, Simian

HeLa Cells

Population Density

Artificial Intelligence

Simuliidae