The splitting of an ancestral species into daughter species that coexist in time (King, Dictionary of Genetics, 6th ed). Causal factors may include geographic isolation, HABITAT geometry, migration, REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION, random GENETIC DRIFT and MUTATION.
Mechanisms that prevent different populations from exchanging genes (GENE FLOW), resulting in or maintaining GENETIC SPECIATION. It can either prevent mating to take place or ensure that any offspring produced is either inviable or sterile, thereby preventing further REPRODUCTION.
The change in gene frequency in a population due to migration of gametes or individuals (ANIMAL MIGRATION) across population barriers. In contrast, in GENETIC DRIFT the cause of gene frequency changes are not a result of population or gamete movement.
The genetic process of crossbreeding between genetically dissimilar parents to produce a hybrid.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.
In evolutionary theory, overlapping geographic distribution of diverging species. In sympatric GENETIC SPECIATION, genetic diversion occurs without geographic separation.
The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)
Common name for perch-like fish of the family Cichlidae, belonging to the suborder Labroidei, order PERCIFORMES.
Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.
Changes in biological features that help an organism cope with its ENVIRONMENT. These changes include physiological (ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL), phenotypic and genetic changes.
The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.
The discipline studying genetic composition of populations and effects of factors such as GENETIC SELECTION, population size, MUTATION, migration, and GENETIC DRIFT on the frequencies of various GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES using a variety of GENETIC TECHNIQUES.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.
A field of study concerned with the principles and processes governing the geographic distributions of genealogical lineages, especially those within and among closely related species. (Avise, J.C., Phylogeography: The History and Formation of Species. Harvard University Press, 2000)
Slender-bodies diurnal insects having large, broad wings often strikingly colored and patterned.
Sexual activities of animals.
The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.
Analysis of the energy absorbed across a spectrum of x-ray energies/wavelengths to determine the chemical structure and electronic states of the absorbing medium.
The branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their ENVIRONMENT, especially as manifested by natural cycles and rhythms, community development and structure, interactions between different kinds of organisms, geographic distributions, and population alterations. (Webster's, 3d ed)
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
The detection of RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS by selective PCR amplification of restriction fragments derived from genomic DNA followed by electrophoretic analysis of the amplified restriction fragments.
The selection or choice of sexual partner in animals. Often this reproductive preference is based on traits in the potential mate, such as coloration, size, or behavioral boldness. If the chosen ones are genetically different from the rejected ones, then NATURAL SELECTION is occurring.
The ceasing of existence of a species or taxonomic groups of organisms.
Members of the group of vascular plants which bear flowers. They are differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). Angiosperms represent approximately 80% of all known living plants.
A theorem in probability theory named for Thomas Bayes (1702-1761). In epidemiology, it is used to obtain the probability of disease in a group of people with some characteristic on the basis of the overall rate of that disease and of the likelihood of that characteristic in healthy and diseased individuals. The most familiar application is in clinical decision analysis where it is used for estimating the probability of a particular diagnosis given the appearance of some symptoms or test result.
An arsenical that has been used as a dermatologic agent and as an herbicide.
The chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of CHROMOSOMES; includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy (symbol: 4N), etc.
A widely distributed order of perching BIRDS, including more than half of all bird species.
The inanimate matter of Earth, the structures and properties of this matter, and the processes that affect it.
The fluctuation of the ALLELE FREQUENCY from one generation to the next.
A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters.
Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.
Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment.
A large family of fruit flies in the order DIPTERA, comprising over 4,500 species in about 100 genera. They have patterned wings and brightly colored bodies and are found predominantly in the tropical latitudes.
The longterm manifestations of WEATHER. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The family Gryllidae consists of the common house cricket, Acheta domesticus, which is used in neurological and physiological studies. Other genera include Gryllotalpa (mole cricket); Gryllus (field cricket); and Oecanthus (tree cricket).
Remains, impressions, or traces of animals or plants of past geological times which have been preserved in the earth's crust.
Cytochromes of the b group that have alpha-band absorption of 563-564 nm. They occur as subunits in MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III.
Inorganic or organic compounds that contain arsenic.
*Medical Definition:* 'Lizards' are not typically defined in the field of medicine, as they are a type of reptile and not a medical condition or healthcare-related concept; however, certain lizard species such as the Gila monster and beaded lizards possess venomous bites, which can lead to medical emergencies like envenomation requiring medical attention.
The science of the earth and other celestial bodies and their history as recorded in the rocks. It includes the study of geologic processes of an area such as rock formations, weathering and erosion, and sedimentation. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).
The custard-apple plant family of the order Magnoliales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. Some members provide large pulpy fruits and commercial timber. Leaves and wood are often fragrant. Leaves are simple, with smooth margins, and alternately arranged in two rows along the stems.
The pattern of any process, or the interrelationship of phenomena, which affects growth or change within a population.
In some animals, the jaws together with their horny covering. The beak usually refers to the bill of birds in which the whole varies greatly in form according of the food and habits of the bird. While the beak refers most commonly to birds, the anatomical counterpart is found also in the turtle, squid, and octopus. (From Webster, 3d ed & Storer, et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p491, 755)
A species of toxic plants of the Compositae. The poisonous compounds are alkaloids which cause cattle diseases, neoplasms, and liver damage and are used to produce cancers in experimental animals.
Periodic movements of animals in response to seasonal changes or reproductive instinct. Hormonal changes are the trigger in at least some animals. Most migrations are made for reasons of climatic change, feeding, or breeding.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of CHLOROPLASTS.
The external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population.
Inland bodies of still or slowly moving FRESH WATER or salt water, larger than a pond, and supplied by RIVERS and streams.
A great expanse of continuous bodies of salt water which together cover more than 70 percent of the earth's surface. Seas may be partially or entirely enclosed by land, and are smaller than the five oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic).
A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of SNAILS and slugs. The former have coiled external shells and the latter usually lack shells.
This single species of Gorilla, which is a member of the HOMINIDAE family, is the largest and most powerful of the PRIMATES. It is distributed in isolated scattered populations throughout forests of equatorial Africa.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but there seems to be a misunderstanding as "South America" is not a medical term and cannot have a medical definition. It is a geographical term referring to the southern portion of the American continent, consisting of twelve independent countries and three territories of other nations.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.
Spectrophotometric techniques by which the absorption or emmision spectra of radiation from atoms are produced and analyzed.
The geographical area of Africa comprising BURUNDI; DJIBOUTI; ETHIOPIA; KENYA; RWANDA; SOMALIA; SUDAN; TANZANIA; and UGANDA.
Organic matter in a state of advanced decay, after passing through the stages of COMPOST and PEAT and before becoming lignite (COAL). It is composed of a heterogenous mixture of compounds including phenolic radicals and acids that polymerize and are not easily separated nor analyzed. (E.A. Ghabbour & G. Davies, eds. Humic Substances, 2001).
A plant genus of the family CRUCIFERAE.
A plant genus of the family ACERACEAE, best known for trees with palmately lobed leaves.
A genus of orangutans in the family HOMINIDAE, comprising two species. Among the PRIMATES, the orangutan is second in size only to the gorilla (GORILLA GORILLA).
Processes occurring in various organisms by which new genes are copied. Gene duplication may result in a MULTIGENE FAMILY; supergenes or PSEUDOGENES.
Geographic variety, population, or race, within a species, that is genetically adapted to a particular habitat. An ecotype typically exhibits phenotypic differences but is capable of interbreeding with other ecotypes.
The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.
Structures within the CELL NUCLEUS of insect cells containing DNA.
Group of fish under the superorder Acanthopterygii, separate from the PERCIFORMES, which includes swamp eels, mullets, sticklebacks, seahorses, spiny eels, rainbowfishes, and KILLIFISHES. The name is derived from the six taxa which comprise the group. (From http://www.nanfa.org/articles/Elassoma/elassoma.htm, 8/4/2000)
Warm-blooded VERTEBRATES possessing FEATHERS and belonging to the class Aves.
The homologous chromosomes that are dissimilar in the heterogametic sex. There are the X CHROMOSOME, the Y CHROMOSOME, and the W, Z chromosomes (in animals in which the female is the heterogametic sex (the silkworm moth Bombyx mori, for example)). In such cases the W chromosome is the female-determining and the male is ZZ. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Reconstructing the origin of Helianthus deserticola: survival and selection on the desert floor. (1/1185)

The diploid hybrid species Helianthus deserticola inhabits the desert floor, an extreme environment relative to its parental species Helianthus annuus and Helianthus petiolaris. Adaptation to the desert floor may have occurred via selection acting on transgressive, or extreme, traits in early hybrids between the parental species. We explored this possibility through a field experiment in the hybrid species' native habitat using H. deserticola, H. annuus, H. petiolaris, and two populations of early-generation (BC(2)) hybrids between the parental species, which served as proxies for the ancestral genotype of the ancient hybrid species. Character expression was evaluated for each genotypic class. Helianthus deserticola was negatively transgressive for stem diameter, leaf area, and flowering date, and the latter two traits are likely to be advantageous in a desert environment. The BC(2) hybrids contained a range of variation that overlapped these transgressive trait means, and an analysis of phenotypic selection revealed that some of the selective pressures on leaf size and flowering date, but not stem diameter, would move the BC(2) population toward the H. deserticola phenotype. Thus, H. deserticola may have originated from habitat-mediated directional selection acting on hybrids between H. annuus and H. petiolaris in a desert environment.  (+info)

On the dependence of speciation rates on species abundance and characteristic population size. (2/1185)

The question of the potential importance for speciation of large/small population sizes remains open. We compare speciation rates in twelve major taxonomic groups that differ by twenty orders of magnitude in characteristic species abundance (global population number). It is observed that the twenty orders of magnitude's difference in species abundances scales to less than two orders of magnitude's difference in speciation rates. As far as species abundance largely determines the rate of generation of intraspecific endogenous genetic variation, the result obtained suggests that the latter rate is not a limiting factor for speciation. Furthermore, the observed approximate constancy of speciation rates in different taxa cannot be accounted for by assuming a neutral or nearly neutral molecular clock in subdivided populations. Neutral fixation is only relevant in sufficiently small populations with 4N(e)v < 1, which appears an unrealistic condition for many taxa of the smaller organisms. Further research is clearly needed to reveal the mechanisms that could equate the evolutionary pace in taxa with dramatically different population sizes  (+info)

The ecological genetics of homoploid hybrid speciation. (3/1185)

Our understanding of homoploid hybrid speciation has advanced substantially since this mechanism of species formation was codified 50 years ago. Early theory and research focused almost exclusively on the importance of chromosomal rearrangements, but it later became evident that natural selection, specifically ecological selection, might play a major role as well. In light of this recent shift, we present an evaluation of ecology's role in homoploid hybrid speciation, with an emphasis on the genetics underlying ecological components of the speciation process. We briefly review new theoretical developments related to the ecology of homoploid hybrid speciation; propose a set of explicit, testable questions that must be answered to verify the role of ecological selection in homoploid hybrid speciation; discuss published work with reference to these questions; and also report new data supporting the importance of ecological selection in the origin of the homoploid hybrid sunflower species Helianthus deserticola. Overall, theory and empirical evidence gathered to date suggest that ecological selection is a major factor promoting homoploid hybrid speciation, with the strongest evidence coming from genetic studies.  (+info)

Assessing the origin of species in the genomic era. (4/1185)

Advances in genomics have rapidly accelerated research into the genetics of species differences, reproductive isolating barriers, and hybrid incompatibility. Recent genomic analyses in Drosophila species suggest that modified olfactory cues are involved in discrimination that is reinforced by natural selection.  (+info)

Contrasting patterns of polymorphism and divergence on the Z chromosome and autosomes in two Ficedula flycatcher species. (5/1185)

In geographic areas where pied and collared flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca and F. albicollis) breed in sympatry, hybridization occurs, leading to gene flow (introgression) between the two recently diverged species. Notably, while such introgression is observable at autosomal loci it is apparently absent at the Z chromosome, suggesting an important role for genes on the Z chromosome in creating reproductive isolation during speciation. To further understand the role of Z-linked loci in the formation of new species, we studied genetic variation of the two species from regions where they live in allopatry. We analyzed patterns of polymorphism and divergence in introns from 9 Z-linked and 23 autosomal genes in pied and collared flycatcher males. Average variation on the Z chromosome is greatly reduced compared to neutral expectations based on autosomal diversity in both species. We also observe significant heterogeneity between patterns of polymorphism and divergence at Z-linked loci and a relative absence of polymorphisms that are shared by the two species on the Z chromosome compared to the autosomes. We suggest that these observations may indicate the action of recurrent selective sweeps on the Z chromosome during the evolution of the two species, which may be caused by sexual selection acting on Z-linked genes. Alternatively, reduced variation on the Z chromosome could result from substantially higher levels of introgression at autosomal than at Z-linked loci or from a complex demographic history, such as a population bottleneck.  (+info)

Genetic mapping of species boundaries in Louisiana irises using IRRE retrotransposon display markers. (6/1185)

Genetic mapping studies provide insight into the pattern and extent of genetic incompatibilities affecting hybridization between closely related species. Genetic maps of two species of Louisiana Irises, Iris fulva and I. brevicaulis, were constructed from transposon-based molecular markers segregating in reciprocal backcross (BC1) interspecific hybrids and used to investigate genomic patterns of species barriers inhibiting introgression. Linkage mapping analyses indicated very little genetic incompatibility between I. fulva and I. brevicaulis in the form of map regions exhibiting transmission ratio distortion, and this was confirmed using a Bayesian multipoint mapping analysis. These results demonstrate the utility of transposon-based marker systems for genetic mapping studies of wild plant species and indicate that the genomes of I. fulva and I. brevicaulis are highly permeable to gene flow and introgression from one another via backcrossing.  (+info)

Signatures of reproductive isolation in patterns of single nucleotide diversity across inbred strains of mice. (7/1185)

Reproductive isolation is often caused by the disruption of genic interactions that evolve in geographically separate populations. Identifying the genomic regions and genes involved in these interactions, known as "Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities," can be challenging but is facilitated by the wealth of genetic markers now available in model systems. In recent years, the complete genome sequence and thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from laboratory mice, which are largely genetic hybrids between Mus musculus and M. domesticus, have become available. Here, we use these resources to locate genomic regions that may underlie reproductive isolation between these two species. Using genotypes from 332 SNPs that differ between wild-derived strains of M. musculus and M. domesticus, we identified several physically unlinked SNP pairs that show exceptional gametic disequilibrium across the lab strains. Conspecific alleles were associated in a disproportionate number of these cases, consistent with the action of natural selection against hybrid gene combinations. As predicted by the Dobzhansky-Muller model, this bias was differentially attributable to locus pairs for which one hybrid genotype was missing. We assembled a list of potential Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities from locus pairs that showed extreme associations (only three gametic types) among conspecific alleles. Two SNPs in this list map near known hybrid sterility loci on chromosome 17 and the X chromosome, allowing us to nominate partners for disrupted interactions involving these genomic regions for the first time. Together, these results indicate that patterns produced by speciation between M. musculus and M. domesticus are visible in the genomes of lab strains of mice, underscoring the potential of these genetic model organisms for addressing general questions in evolutionary biology.  (+info)

A test of founder effect speciation using multiple loci in the auklets (Aethia spp.). (8/1185)

Whether speciation results more frequently from the genetic consequences of founder events or from gradual genetic divergence of large populations is a matter of debate. In this study, multiple analyses were applied to data from three loci (cytochrome b, alpha-enolase intron VIII, and MHC class II B) to test for founder effects associated with speciation in Aethia (Aves: Alcidae), a genus of seabirds thought to have undergone a rapid founder-induced radiation. Effective population sizes (N(e)) were derived from estimators of based on allelic diversity and the coalescent and from data on trans-species polymorphism. Results indicated that N(e) has been on the order of 10(5)-10(6) individuals throughout the evolutionary histories of least and crested auklets (A. pusilla and A. cristatella, respectively) and that N(e) of the ancestral species was at least 16,000 individuals. Computer simulations of MHC evolution indicated that a single-generation bottleneck at speciation could not have involved <85 individuals for each species. More moderate simulation scenarios indicated that population size could not have dropped below 2000 individuals at the time of species founding. Demographic history appears to have been stable for the auklets throughout the past several million years, and a founder effect associated with their speciation is unlikely.  (+info)

Genetic speciation is not a widely used term in the scientific literature, but it generally refers to the process by which new species arise due to genetic differences and reproductive isolation. This process can occur through various mechanisms such as mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection, or chromosomal changes that lead to the accumulation of genetic differences between populations. Over time, these genetic differences can result in the development of reproductive barriers that prevent interbreeding between the populations, leading to the formation of new species.

In other words, genetic speciation is a type of speciation that involves the evolution of genetic differences that ultimately lead to the formation of new species. It is an essential concept in the field of evolutionary biology and genetics, as it explains how biodiversity arises over time.

Reproductive isolation is a concept in reproductive biology and evolutionary biology that refers to the mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between two populations of organisms, leading to their genetic separation and potential speciation. These mechanisms can be prezygotic (preventing the formation of a viable zygote) or postzygotic (preventing the successful development of offspring). Prezygotic isolation includes temporal isolation (different mating times), behavioral isolation (different courtship behaviors), mechanical isolation (physical incompatibility between gametes), and gametic isolation (inviable or non-functional gametes when crossed). Postzygotic isolation includes hybrid inviability (hybrid offspring die early) and hybrid sterility (hybrid offspring are unable to reproduce). Reproductive isolation is crucial for the formation of new species and the maintenance of biodiversity.

Gene flow, also known as genetic migration or gene admixture, refers to the transfer of genetic variation from one population to another. It occurs when individuals reproduce and exchange genes with members of other populations through processes such as migration and interbreeding. This can result in an alteration of the genetic composition of both populations, increasing genetic diversity and reducing the differences between them. Gene flow is an important mechanism in evolutionary biology and population genetics, contributing to the distribution and frequency of alleles (versions of a gene) within and across populations.

Genetic hybridization is a biological process that involves the crossing of two individuals from different populations or species, which can lead to the creation of offspring with new combinations of genetic material. This occurs when the gametes (sex cells) from each parent combine during fertilization, resulting in a zygote with a unique genetic makeup.

In genetics, hybridization can also refer to the process of introducing new genetic material into an organism through various means, such as genetic engineering or selective breeding. This type of hybridization is often used in agriculture and biotechnology to create crops or animals with desirable traits, such as increased disease resistance or higher yields.

It's important to note that the term "hybrid" can refer to both crosses between different populations within a single species (intraspecific hybrids) and crosses between different species (interspecific hybrids). The latter is often more challenging, as significant genetic differences between the two parental species can lead to various reproductive barriers, making it difficult for the hybrid offspring to produce viable offspring of their own.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Biological evolution is the change in the genetic composition of populations of organisms over time, from one generation to the next. It is a process that results in descendants differing genetically from their ancestors. Biological evolution can be driven by several mechanisms, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation. These processes can lead to changes in the frequency of alleles (variants of a gene) within populations, resulting in the development of new species and the extinction of others over long periods of time. Biological evolution provides a unifying explanation for the diversity of life on Earth and is supported by extensive evidence from many different fields of science, including genetics, paleontology, comparative anatomy, and biogeography.

Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.

For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.

Molecular evolution is the process of change in the DNA sequence or protein structure over time, driven by mechanisms such as mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection. It refers to the evolutionary study of changes in DNA, RNA, and proteins, and how these changes accumulate and lead to new species and diversity of life. Molecular evolution can be used to understand the history and relationships among different organisms, as well as the functional consequences of genetic changes.

Sympatry is a term used in biology and ecology, including in the study of human health and disease, to describe the situation where two or more species or populations coexist in the same geographical area and often interact with each other. In medical contexts, sympatry may refer to the co-occurrence of two or more diseases or pathogens within a particular population or geographic region.

For example, in epidemiology, sympatric distribution of infectious diseases can occur when multiple pathogens are transmitted by the same vector or host species, leading to overlapping distributions and potential interactions between the diseases. This can have implications for disease surveillance, control, and prevention efforts.

It is important to note that sympatry should not be confused with symbiosis, which refers to a close and often long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, typically involving mutual benefits or cooperation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geography" is not a term that has a medical definition. Geography is a field of study that deals with the location and distribution of physical and cultural features on Earth's surface, as well as how humans interact with and affect those features. It is not a concept that is typically used in a medical context. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!

Cichlids are a family (Cichlidae) of freshwater and brackish fish that include several well-known aquarium species. They are found primarily in tropical regions of Africa, Central America, and South America. Cichlids exhibit a wide range of body shapes, sizes, colors, and behaviors, making them popular among aquarists. Some cichlid species are also important sources of food in their native habitats. It is worth noting that cichlids are not typically classified as having medical relevance, but rather they are studied for their ecological, evolutionary, and ornamental significance.

Genetic variation refers to the differences in DNA sequences among individuals and populations. These variations can result from mutations, genetic recombination, or gene flow between populations. Genetic variation is essential for evolution by providing the raw material upon which natural selection acts. It can occur within a single gene, between different genes, or at larger scales, such as differences in the number of chromosomes or entire sets of chromosomes. The study of genetic variation is crucial in understanding the genetic basis of diseases and traits, as well as the evolutionary history and relationships among species.

Biological adaptation is the process by which a organism becomes better suited to its environment over generations as a result of natural selection. It involves changes in an organism's structure, metabolism, or behavior that increase its fitness, or reproductive success, in a given environment. These changes are often genetic and passed down from one generation to the next through the process of inheritance.

Examples of biological adaptation include the development of camouflage in animals, the ability of plants to photosynthesize, and the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Biological adaptation is an important concept in the field of evolutionary biology and helps to explain the diversity of life on Earth.

Reproduction, in the context of biology and medicine, refers to the process by which organisms produce offspring. It is a complex process that involves the creation, development, and growth of new individuals from parent organisms. In sexual reproduction, this process typically involves the combination of genetic material from two parents through the fusion of gametes (sex cells) such as sperm and egg cells. This results in the formation of a zygote, which then develops into a new individual with a unique genetic makeup.

In contrast, asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes and can occur through various mechanisms such as budding, fragmentation, or parthenogenesis. Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent organism.

Reproduction is a fundamental process that ensures the survival and continuation of species over time. It is also an area of active research in fields such as reproductive medicine, where scientists and clinicians work to understand and address issues related to human fertility, contraception, and genetic disorders.

Genetic selection, also known as natural selection, is a fundamental mechanism of evolution. It refers to the process by which certain heritable traits become more or less common in a population over successive generations due to differential reproduction of organisms with those traits.

In genetic selection, traits that increase an individual's fitness (its ability to survive and reproduce) are more likely to be passed on to the next generation, while traits that decrease fitness are less likely to be passed on. This results in a gradual change in the distribution of traits within a population over time, leading to adaptation to the environment and potentially speciation.

Genetic selection can occur through various mechanisms, including viability selection (differential survival), fecundity selection (differences in reproductive success), and sexual selection (choices made by individuals during mating). The process of genetic selection is driven by environmental pressures, such as predation, competition for resources, and changes in the availability of food or habitat.

Population Genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with the genetic composition of populations and how this composition changes over time. It involves the study of the frequency and distribution of genes and genetic variations in populations, as well as the evolutionary forces that contribute to these patterns, such as mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection.

Population genetics can provide insights into a wide range of topics, including the history and relationships between populations, the genetic basis of diseases and other traits, and the potential impacts of environmental changes on genetic diversity. This field is important for understanding evolutionary processes at the population level and has applications in areas such as conservation biology, medical genetics, and forensic science.

Genetic models are theoretical frameworks used in genetics to describe and explain the inheritance patterns and genetic architecture of traits, diseases, or phenomena. These models are based on mathematical equations and statistical methods that incorporate information about gene frequencies, modes of inheritance, and the effects of environmental factors. They can be used to predict the probability of certain genetic outcomes, to understand the genetic basis of complex traits, and to inform medical management and treatment decisions.

There are several types of genetic models, including:

1. Mendelian models: These models describe the inheritance patterns of simple genetic traits that follow Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. Examples include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked inheritance.
2. Complex trait models: These models describe the inheritance patterns of complex traits that are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. Examples include heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.
3. Population genetics models: These models describe the distribution and frequency of genetic variants within populations over time. They can be used to study evolutionary processes, such as natural selection and genetic drift.
4. Quantitative genetics models: These models describe the relationship between genetic variation and phenotypic variation in continuous traits, such as height or IQ. They can be used to estimate heritability and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that contribute to trait variation.
5. Statistical genetics models: These models use statistical methods to analyze genetic data and infer the presence of genetic associations or linkage. They can be used to identify genetic risk factors for diseases or traits.

Overall, genetic models are essential tools in genetics research and medical genetics, as they allow researchers to make predictions about genetic outcomes, test hypotheses about the genetic basis of traits and diseases, and develop strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

An "ecosystem" is not a term that has a specific medical definition, as it is a concept that is more commonly used in the fields of ecology and environmental science. However, I can provide you with the general ecological definition of an ecosystem:

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment, including both biotic factors (plants, animals, microorganisms) and abiotic factors (climate, soil, water, and air). These interactions create a complex network of relationships that form the foundation of ecological processes, such as energy flow, nutrient cycling, and population dynamics.

While there is no direct medical definition for an ecosystem, understanding the principles of ecosystems can have important implications for human health. For example, healthy ecosystems can provide clean air and water, regulate climate, support food production, and offer opportunities for recreation and relaxation, all of which contribute to overall well-being. Conversely, degraded ecosystems can lead to increased exposure to environmental hazards, reduced access to natural resources, and heightened risks of infectious diseases. Therefore, maintaining the health and integrity of ecosystems is crucial for promoting human health and preventing disease.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the genetic material present in the mitochondria, which are specialized structures within cells that generate energy. Unlike nuclear DNA, which is present in the cell nucleus and inherited from both parents, mtDNA is inherited solely from the mother.

MtDNA is a circular molecule that contains 37 genes, including 13 genes that encode for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, a process that generates energy in the form of ATP. The remaining genes encode for rRNAs and tRNAs, which are necessary for protein synthesis within the mitochondria.

Mutations in mtDNA can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, including mitochondrial diseases, which can affect any organ system in the body. These mutations can also be used in forensic science to identify individuals and establish biological relationships.

Phylogeography is not a medical term, but rather a subfield of biogeography and phylogenetics that investigates the spatial distribution of genealogical lineages and the historical processes that have shaped them. It uses genetic data to infer the geographic origins, dispersal routes, and demographic history of organisms, including pathogens and vectors that can affect human health.

In medical and public health contexts, phylogeography is often used to study the spread of infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, influenza, or tuberculosis, by analyzing the genetic diversity and geographic distribution of pathogen isolates. This information can help researchers understand how diseases emerge, evolve, and move across populations and landscapes, which can inform disease surveillance, control, and prevention strategies.

"Butterflies" is not a medical term, but rather a colloquial or informal term that is often used to describe a feeling of nervousness or excitement in the stomach. It is thought to be due to the release of adrenaline and the increased heart rate and breathing that can occur when someone is anxious or excited. The sensation may be caused by the contraction of the muscles in the stomach, which can feel like fluttering or flips. This feeling is not a medical condition and does not typically require treatment, but if it is severe or persistent, it may be helpful to speak with a healthcare provider to address any underlying anxiety or stress.

Sexual behavior in animals refers to a variety of behaviors related to reproduction and mating that occur between members of the same species. These behaviors can include courtship displays, mating rituals, and various physical acts. The specific forms of sexual behavior displayed by a given species are influenced by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors.

In some animals, sexual behavior is closely tied to reproductive cycles and may only occur during certain times of the year or under specific conditions. In other species, sexual behavior may be more frequent and less closely tied to reproduction, serving instead as a means of social bonding or communication.

It's important to note that while humans are animals, the term "sexual behavior" is often used in a more specific sense to refer to sexual activities between human beings. The study of sexual behavior in animals is an important area of research within the field of animal behavior and can provide insights into the evolutionary origins of human sexual behavior as well as the underlying mechanisms that drive it.

Biodiversity is the variety of different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms that live in an ecosystem. It also includes the variety of genes within a species and the variety of ecosystems (such as forests, grasslands, deserts, and oceans) that exist in a region or on Earth as a whole. Biodiversity is important for maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems, providing resources and services such as food, clean water, and pollination, and contributing to the discovery of new medicines and other useful products. The loss of biodiversity can have negative impacts on the functioning of ecosystems and the services they provide, and can threaten the survival of species and the livelihoods of people who depend on them.

X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) is a type of element-specific spectroscopic technique used in physics, chemistry, and materials science to study the electronic structure and local chemical environment of a material. It works by measuring the absorption of X-rays by the material as a function of energy. The X-ray absorption spectrum provides information about the unoccupied density of states above the Fermi level and the spatial distribution of the absorbing atom's electrons. This technique is particularly useful for studying materials with complex electronic structures, such as catalysts, batteries, and geological samples. There are several types of XAS, including X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS).

Ecology is not a medical term, but rather a term used in the field of biology. It refers to the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment. This includes how organisms interact with each other and with their physical surroundings, such as climate, soil, and water. Ecologists may study the distribution and abundance of species, the flow of energy through an ecosystem, and the effects of human activities on the environment. While ecology is not a medical field, understanding ecological principles can be important for addressing public health issues related to the environment, such as pollution, climate change, and infectious diseases.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis is a molecular biology technique used for DNA fingerprinting, genetic mapping, and population genetics studies. It is based on the selective amplification of restriction fragments from a total digest of genomic DNA, followed by separation and detection of the resulting fragments using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

In AFLP analysis, genomic DNA is first digested with two different restriction enzymes, one that cuts frequently (e.g., EcoRI) and another that cuts less frequently (e.g., MseI). The resulting fragments are then ligated to adapter sequences that provide recognition sites for PCR amplification.

Selective amplification of the restriction fragments is achieved by using primers that anneal to the adapter sequences and contain additional selective nucleotides at their 3' ends. This allows for the amplification of a subset of the total number of restriction fragments, resulting in a pattern of bands that is specific to the DNA sample being analyzed.

The amplified fragments are then separated by size using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by staining with a fluorescent dye. The resulting banding pattern can be used for various applications, including identification of genetic differences between individuals, detection of genomic alterations in cancer cells, and analysis of population structure and diversity.

Overall, AFLP analysis is a powerful tool for the study of complex genomes and has been widely used in various fields of biology, including plant and animal breeding, forensic science, and medical research.

Mating preference in animals refers to the selection of specific individuals as mates based on certain characteristics or traits. These preferences can be influenced by various factors such as genetic compatibility, physical attributes (e.g., size, color, health), behavioral traits (e.g., dominance, aggression), and environmental conditions.

Mating preferences play a crucial role in the process of sexual selection, which is one of the main mechanisms driving evolutionary change. They can lead to assortative mating, where similar individuals are more likely to mate with each other, or disassortative mating, where dissimilar individuals are more likely to mate.

Mating preferences can also contribute to reproductive isolation between different populations or species, ultimately leading to speciation. In some cases, these preferences may be hard-wired into an animal's behavior, while in others, they might be more flexible and influenced by learning and experience.

"Extinction, Biological" refers to the state or process of a species or taxonomic group becoming extinct, meaning that there are no surviving members remaining alive anywhere in the world. This can occur due to various factors such as environmental changes, competition with other species, overexploitation by humans, or a combination of these and other elements. It is an important concept in the field of biology and conservation, as the extinction of a species can have significant impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity.

Angiosperms, also known as flowering plants, are a group of plants that produce seeds enclosed within an ovary. The term "angiosperm" comes from the Greek words "angeion," meaning "case" or "capsule," and "sperma," meaning "seed." This group includes the majority of plant species, with over 300,000 known species.

Angiosperms are characterized by their reproductive structures, which consist of flowers. The flower contains male and female reproductive organs, including stamens (which produce pollen) and carpels (which contain the ovules). After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed, while the ovary matures into a fruit, which provides protection and nutrition for the developing embryo.

Angiosperms are further divided into two main groups: monocots and eudicots. Monocots have one cotyledon or embryonic leaf, while eudicots have two. Examples of monocots include grasses, lilies, and orchids, while examples of eudicots include roses, sunflowers, and legumes.

Angiosperms are ecologically and economically important, providing food, shelter, and other resources for many organisms, including humans. They have evolved a wide range of adaptations to different environments, from the desert to the ocean floor, making them one of the most diverse and successful groups of plants on Earth.

Bayes' theorem, also known as Bayes' rule or Bayes' formula, is a fundamental principle in the field of statistics and probability theory. It describes how to update the probability of a hypothesis based on new evidence or data. The theorem is named after Reverend Thomas Bayes, who first formulated it in the 18th century.

In mathematical terms, Bayes' theorem states that the posterior probability of a hypothesis (H) given some observed evidence (E) is proportional to the product of the prior probability of the hypothesis (P(H)) and the likelihood of observing the evidence given the hypothesis (P(E|H)):

Posterior Probability = P(H|E) = [P(E|H) x P(H)] / P(E)

Where:

* P(H|E): The posterior probability of the hypothesis H after observing evidence E. This is the probability we want to calculate.
* P(E|H): The likelihood of observing evidence E given that the hypothesis H is true.
* P(H): The prior probability of the hypothesis H before observing any evidence.
* P(E): The marginal likelihood or probability of observing evidence E, regardless of whether the hypothesis H is true or not. This value can be calculated as the sum of the products of the likelihood and prior probability for all possible hypotheses: P(E) = Σ[P(E|Hi) x P(Hi)]

Bayes' theorem has many applications in various fields, including medicine, where it can be used to update the probability of a disease diagnosis based on test results or other clinical findings. It is also widely used in machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms for probabilistic reasoning and decision making under uncertainty.

Cacodylic acid is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2AsO2. It is the simplest dialkyl arsenic acid and is classified as a toxic organoarsenic compound. Cacodylic acid was once used in various medical applications, but its use has been largely discontinued due to its high toxicity and environmental concerns.

It's important to note that cacodylic acid is not commonly encountered in modern medicine or clinical practice. Its historical medical uses included as a treatment for some parasitic infections, but it has since been replaced by safer and more effective alternatives. Nowadays, cacodylic acid is primarily used in research and industrial settings, where it serves as a precursor for the synthesis of other organoarsenic compounds.

Polyploidy is a condition in which a cell or an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes, unlike the typical diploid state where there are only two sets (one from each parent). Polyploidy can occur through various mechanisms such as errors during cell division, fusion of egg and sperm cells that have an abnormal number of chromosomes, or through the reproduction process in plants.

Polyploidy is common in the plant kingdom, where it often leads to larger size, increased biomass, and sometimes hybrid vigor. However, in animals, polyploidy is less common and usually occurs in only certain types of cells or tissues, as most animals require a specific number of chromosomes for normal development and reproduction. In humans, polyploidy is typically not compatible with life and can lead to developmental abnormalities and miscarriage.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Passeriformes" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in biology, specifically an order of birds that includes over half of all bird species. Passeriformes are often referred to as perching birds or songbirds because many of them have specialized feet for perching on branches and a wide variety of vocalization capabilities. Examples of Passeriformes include sparrows, finches, robins, and crows.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geological phenomena" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Geological phenomena refer to natural processes and features related to the earth's physical structure, composition, and the various changes it undergoes over time. This could include things like volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, rock formations, or the formation of fossil fuels. If you have a term that you would like me to provide a medical definition for, I'd be happy to help!

Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution that causes changes in the frequency of alleles (versions of a gene) in a population due to random sampling. It occurs when the sample size is small, and therefore the genetic variation may not reflect the population's genetic diversity as a whole. This can lead to the loss of certain alleles and an increase in others, even if those alleles are not necessarily advantageous or disadvantageous. Genetic drift can be a significant factor in shaping the genetic composition of small, isolated populations and can result in the fixation (complete loss or gain) of particular alleles over time.

Arsenic is a naturally occurring semi-metal element that can be found in the earth's crust. It has the symbol "As" and atomic number 33 on the periodic table. Arsenic can exist in several forms, including inorganic and organic compounds. In its pure form, arsenic is a steel-gray, shiny solid that is brittle and easily pulverized.

Arsenic is well known for its toxicity to living organisms, including humans. Exposure to high levels of arsenic can cause various health problems, such as skin lesions, neurological damage, and an increased risk of cancer. Arsenic can enter the body through contaminated food, water, or air, and it can also be absorbed through the skin.

In medicine, arsenic has been used historically in the treatment of various diseases, including syphilis and parasitic infections. However, its use as a therapeutic agent is limited due to its toxicity. Today, arsenic trioxide is still used as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), a type of blood cancer. The drug works by inducing differentiation and apoptosis (programmed cell death) in APL cells, which contain a specific genetic abnormality. However, its use is closely monitored due to the potential for severe side effects and toxicity.

"Likelihood functions" is a statistical concept that is used in medical research and other fields to estimate the probability of obtaining a given set of data, given a set of assumptions or parameters. In other words, it is a function that describes how likely it is to observe a particular outcome or result, based on a set of model parameters.

More formally, if we have a statistical model that depends on a set of parameters θ, and we observe some data x, then the likelihood function is defined as:

L(θ | x) = P(x | θ)

This means that the likelihood function describes the probability of observing the data x, given a particular value of the parameter vector θ. By convention, the likelihood function is often expressed as a function of the parameters, rather than the data, so we might instead write:

L(θ) = P(x | θ)

The likelihood function can be used to estimate the values of the model parameters that are most consistent with the observed data. This is typically done by finding the value of θ that maximizes the likelihood function, which is known as the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). The MLE has many desirable statistical properties, including consistency, efficiency, and asymptotic normality.

In medical research, likelihood functions are often used in the context of Bayesian analysis, where they are combined with prior distributions over the model parameters to obtain posterior distributions that reflect both the observed data and prior knowledge or assumptions about the parameter values. This approach is particularly useful when there is uncertainty or ambiguity about the true value of the parameters, as it allows researchers to incorporate this uncertainty into their analyses in a principled way.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fresh Water" is not a medical term. It is a term used to describe water that contains low concentrations of dissolved salts and other dissolved minerals. It is distinguished from saline water, which includes saltwater found in the ocean and brackish water found in estuaries. Fresh water is essential for many biological processes and is the primary source of water for human consumption, agriculture, and industrial use.

Pigmentation, in a medical context, refers to the coloring of the skin, hair, or eyes due to the presence of pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. These cells produce a pigment called melanin, which determines the color of our skin, hair, and eyes.

There are two main types of melanin: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Eumelanin is responsible for brown or black coloration, while pheomelanin produces a red or yellow hue. The amount and type of melanin produced by melanocytes can vary from person to person, leading to differences in skin color and hair color.

Changes in pigmentation can occur due to various factors such as genetics, exposure to sunlight, hormonal changes, inflammation, or certain medical conditions. For example, hyperpigmentation refers to an excess production of melanin that results in darkened patches on the skin, while hypopigmentation is a condition where there is a decreased production of melanin leading to lighter or white patches on the skin.

Tephritidae is a family of flies commonly known as "fruit flies" or "vinegar flies." The term "Tephritidae" is derived from the Greek word "tephra," which means "ash," likely referring to the often gray or sooty coloration of some members of this family.

Tephritidae includes over 4,000 species worldwide, many of which are important agricultural pests. These flies are known for their habit of laying eggs in or on fruits and vegetables, leading to the development of larvae that feed on the plant tissue and cause damage. Some well-known examples of Tephritidae include the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) and the apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella).

It is worth noting that "fruit flies" is also a common name for Drosophilidae, another family of small flies. While both families are sometimes referred to as "fruit flies," Tephritidae species tend to be larger and more brightly colored than Drosophilidae species.

Climate, in the context of environmental science and medicine, refers to the long-term average of weather conditions (such as temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, and other meteorological elements) in a given region over a period of years to decades. It is the statistical description of the weather patterns that occur in a particular location over long periods of time.

In medical terms, climate can have significant impacts on human health, both physical and mental. For example, extreme temperatures, air pollution, and ultraviolet radiation levels associated with certain climates can increase the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, heat-related illnesses, and skin cancer. Similarly, changes in climate patterns can affect the distribution and prevalence of infectious diseases, such as malaria and Lyme disease.

Climate change, which refers to significant long-term changes in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years, can have even more profound impacts on human health, including increased rates of heat-related illnesses and deaths, worsening air quality, and altered transmission patterns of infectious diseases.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

"Gryllidae" is not a medical term. It is the family designation for crickets in the order Orthoptera, which includes various species of insects that are characterized by their long antennae and ability to produce chirping sounds. The misinterpretation might have arisen from the fact that some scientific research or studies may reference these creatures; however, it is not a medical term or concept.

In medical terms, "fossils" do not have a specific or direct relevance to the field. However, in a broader scientific context, fossils are the remains or impressions of prehistoric organisms preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. They offer valuable evidence about the Earth's history and the life forms that existed on it millions of years ago.

Paleopathology is a subfield of paleontology that deals with the study of diseases in fossils, which can provide insights into the evolution of diseases and human health over time.

Cytochromes b are a group of electron transport proteins that contain a heme c group, which is the prosthetic group responsible for their redox activity. They play a crucial role in the electron transport chain (ETC) located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells.

The cytochromes b are part of Complex III, also known as the cytochrome bc1 complex or ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, in the ETC. In this complex, they function as electron carriers between ubiquinone (Q) and cytochrome c, participating in the process of oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP.

There are multiple isoforms of cytochromes b found in various organisms, with different numbers of subunits and structures. However, they all share a common function as essential components of the electron transport chain, facilitating the transfer of electrons during cellular respiration and energy production.

Arsenicals are a group of chemicals that contain arsenic, a naturally occurring element that is toxic to humans and animals. Arsenic can combine with other elements such as chlorine, sulfur, or carbon to form various inorganic and organic compounds known as arsenicals. These compounds have been used in a variety of industrial and agricultural applications, including wood preservatives, pesticides, and herbicides.

Exposure to high levels of arsenic can cause serious health effects, including skin damage, circulatory problems, and increased risk of cancer. Long-term exposure to lower levels of arsenic can also lead to chronic health issues, such as neurological damage and diabetes. Therefore, the use of arsenicals is regulated in many countries to minimize human and environmental exposure.

I apologize for any confusion, but "lizards" is not a term used in medical definition. Lizards are a group of scaled reptiles constituting the order Squamata, characterized by having skin covered with overlapping scales, external ears, and movable eyelids. They are found worldwide in a variety of habitats, ranging from desert to tropical environments. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I'd be happy to help!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geology" is not a medical term. It is a scientific discipline that deals with the Earth's physical structure and substance, its history, and the processes that act on it. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help!

Microsatellite repeats, also known as short tandem repeats (STRs), are repetitive DNA sequences made up of units of 1-6 base pairs that are repeated in a head-to-tail manner. These repeats are spread throughout the human genome and are highly polymorphic, meaning they can have different numbers of repeat units in different individuals.

Microsatellites are useful as genetic markers because of their high degree of variability. They are commonly used in forensic science to identify individuals, in genealogy to trace ancestry, and in medical research to study genetic diseases and disorders. Mutations in microsatellite repeats have been associated with various neurological conditions, including Huntington's disease and fragile X syndrome.

Annonaceae is a family of flowering plants, also known as custard apple family. It includes several genera and species of tropical trees and shrubs that are native to the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The plants in this family are characterized by their large, often fragrant flowers and fleshy fruits. Some of the commercially important crops in this family include cherimoya, soursop, custard apple, and pawpaw. Many species of Annonaceae have also been studied for their potential medicinal properties, including the presence of alkaloids with anticancer and anti-malarial activities.

Population dynamics, in the context of public health and epidemiology, refers to the study of the changes in size and structure of a population over time, as well as the factors that contribute to those changes. This can include birth rates, death rates, migration patterns, aging, and other demographic characteristics. Understanding population dynamics is crucial for planning and implementing public health interventions, such as vaccination programs or disease prevention strategies, as they allow researchers and policymakers to identify vulnerable populations, predict future health trends, and evaluate the impact of public health initiatives.

In medical terms, "beak" is not a term that is used as a general definition or diagnosis. However, there are some specific medical contexts where the term "beak" is used:

1. In forensic medicine, "beak" refers to the pointed end of a broken bone, which can occur when a bone is fractured in a certain way.
2. In respiratory medicine, "beaked nose" is a colloquial term used to describe a nose with a sharply pointed tip.
3. In maxillofacial surgery, "beak deformity" is a rare condition where the upper jaw protrudes excessively, giving the appearance of a bird's beak.
4. In veterinary medicine, "beak trimming" refers to the practice of trimming the beaks of birds to prevent them from injuring themselves or others.

It's important to note that these are very specific medical contexts and may not be relevant to your search for a general medical definition of "beak."

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Senecio" is not a medical term. It is actually the name of a genus of plants in the family Asteraceae, also known as the daisy or composite family. Some species of Senecio contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which can be toxic to livestock and potentially harmful to humans if ingested. However, there is no direct medical relevance of "Senecio" itself in the context of medical definitions.

Animal migration is a seasonal movement of animals from one place to another, typically over long distances, to find food, reproduce, or escape harsh conditions. This phenomenon is observed in various species, including birds, mammals, fish, and insects. The routes and destinations of these migrations are often genetically programmed and can be quite complex. Animal migration has important ecological consequences and is influenced by factors such as climate change, habitat loss, and human activities.

Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) refers to the genetic material present in the chloroplasts, which are organelles found in the cells of photosynthetic organisms such as plants, algae, and some bacteria. Chloroplasts are responsible for capturing sunlight energy and converting it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis.

Chloroplast DNA is circular and contains a small number of genes compared to the nuclear genome. It encodes for some of the essential components required for chloroplast function, including proteins involved in photosynthesis, transcription, and translation. The majority of chloroplast proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome and are imported into the chloroplast after being synthesized in the cytoplasm.

Chloroplast DNA is inherited maternally in most plants, meaning that it is passed down from the maternal parent to their offspring through the egg cell. This mode of inheritance has been used in plant breeding and genetic engineering to introduce desirable traits into crops.

The term "environment" in a medical context generally refers to the external conditions and surroundings that can have an impact on living organisms, including humans. This includes both physical factors such as air quality, water supply, soil composition, temperature, and radiation, as well as biological factors such as the presence of microorganisms, plants, and animals.

In public health and epidemiology, the term "environmental exposure" is often used to describe the contact between an individual and a potentially harmful environmental agent, such as air pollution or contaminated water. These exposures can have significant impacts on human health, contributing to a range of diseases and disorders, including respiratory illnesses, cancer, neurological disorders, and reproductive problems.

Efforts to protect and improve the environment are therefore critical for promoting human health and preventing disease. This includes measures to reduce pollution, conserve natural resources, promote sustainable development, and mitigate the impacts of climate change.

I'm happy to help, but it seems there might be some confusion in your question. "Lakes" is not a medical term that has a specific definition in the context of medicine or healthcare. It is a geographical term used to describe large bodies of water surrounded by land. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or healthcare, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oceans and Seas" are not medical terms. Generally speaking, an ocean is a large body of saltwater that covers a majority of the Earth's surface, and a sea is a smaller body of saltwater that may be partially enclosed by land. However, if you have any questions related to marine biology or environmental science, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Gastropoda is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in biology. It refers to a large and diverse class of mollusks, commonly known as snails and slugs. These animals are characterized by a single, spiral-shaped shell that they carry on their backs (in the case of snails) or an internal shell (in the case of some slugs).

While Gastropoda is not a medical term per se, it's worth noting that certain species of gastropods can have medical relevance. For instance, some types of marine snails produce toxins that can be harmful or even fatal to humans if ingested. Additionally, some species of slugs and snails can serve as intermediate hosts for parasites that can infect humans, such as rat lungworms (Angiostrongylus cantonensis), which can cause a form of meningitis known as eosinophilic meningoencephalitis.

"Gorilla gorilla" is the scientific name for the Western Gorilla, a subspecies of the Gorilla genus. Western Gorillas are divided into two subspecies: the Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and the Cross River Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli). Western Gorillas are native to the forests of central Africa, with Western Lowland Gorillas found in countries such as Gabon, Cameroon, Congo, and Equatorial Guinea, and Cross River Gorillas having a more restricted range along the border region of Nigeria and Cameroon.

Western Lowland Gorillas are the most numerous and widespread of all gorilla subspecies, but they still face significant threats from habitat loss, poaching, and disease. Cross River Gorillas are one of the world's 25 most endangered primates, with only a few hundred individuals remaining in the wild. Conservation efforts are underway to protect both subspecies and their habitats, including anti-poaching patrols, habitat restoration, and community education programs.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "South America" is not a medical term. It is a geographical term that refers to the southern portion of the Americas, which is a continent in the Western Hemisphere. South America is generally defined as including the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela, as well as the overseas departments and territories of French Guiana (France), and the Falkland Islands (UK).

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them for you.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic material present in the cells of all living organisms, including plants. In plants, DNA is located in the nucleus of a cell, as well as in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Plant DNA contains the instructions for the development, growth, and function of the plant, and is passed down from one generation to the next through the process of reproduction.

The structure of DNA is a double helix, formed by two strands of nucleotides that are linked together by hydrogen bonds. Each nucleotide contains a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. There are four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine, forming the rungs of the ladder that make up the double helix.

The genetic information in DNA is encoded in the sequence of these nitrogenous bases. Large sequences of bases form genes, which provide the instructions for the production of proteins. The process of gene expression involves transcribing the DNA sequence into a complementary RNA molecule, which is then translated into a protein.

Plant DNA is similar to animal DNA in many ways, but there are also some differences. For example, plant DNA contains a higher proportion of repetitive sequences and transposable elements, which are mobile genetic elements that can move around the genome and cause mutations. Additionally, plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, which are not present in animal cells, and these structures contain their own DNA.

Atomic spectrophotometry is a type of analytical technique used to determine the concentration of specific atoms or ions in a sample by measuring the intensity of light absorbed or emitted at wavelengths characteristic of those atoms or ions. This technique involves the use of an atomic spectrometer, which uses a source of energy (such as a flame, plasma, or electrode) to excite the atoms or ions in the sample, causing them to emit light at specific wavelengths. The intensity of this emitted light is then measured and used to calculate the concentration of the element of interest.

Atomic spectrophotometry can be further divided into two main categories: atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and atomic emission spectrophotometry (AES). In AAS, the sample is atomized in a flame or graphite furnace and the light from a lamp that emits light at the same wavelength as one of the elements in the sample is passed through the atoms. The amount of light absorbed by the atoms is then measured and used to determine the concentration of the element. In AES, the sample is atomized and excited to emit its own light, which is then measured and analyzed to determine the concentration of the element.

Atomic spectrophotometry is widely used in various fields such as environmental monitoring, clinical chemistry, forensic science, and industrial quality control for the determination of trace elements in a variety of sample types including liquids, solids, and gases.

"Eastern Africa" is a geographical term used to describe the eastern portion of the African continent. The United Nations defines Eastern Africa as consisting of the following countries: Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Réunion, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

In a medical context, "Eastern Africa" may be used to describe the epidemiology, distribution, or prevalence of various diseases or health conditions in this region. However, it is important to note that there can be significant variation in health outcomes and healthcare systems within Eastern Africa due to factors such as socioeconomic status, infrastructure, and cultural practices. Therefore, any medical definition of "Eastern Africa" should be used with caution and may require further qualification or specification depending on the context.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Humic Substances" are not considered medical terms with a specific clinical definition. They are organic compounds that are commonly found in soil, sediments, and water, formed by the decomposition and transformation of plant and animal materials over time. Humic substances can have various complex structures and properties, and they play important roles in nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and water quality. However, they are not typically discussed in the context of medical definitions or healthcare.

"Capsella" is the name of a genus of plants in the family Brassicaceae, also known as the mustard family. The most common species in this genus is "Capsella bursa-pastoris," which is commonly known as shepherd's purse. This plant is native to Europe and Asia, but it has been introduced widely throughout the world and can now be found growing in many different regions.

Shepherd's purse is a small annual herb that typically grows to a height of about 20-40 centimeters (8-16 inches). It has narrow, lobed leaves and small white flowers that bloom in the spring and summer. The fruit of the plant is a small, heart-shaped pod that contains several tiny seeds.

Shepherd's purse has been used traditionally in folk medicine as a treatment for various ailments, including wounds, bleeding, and urinary tract infections. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support these uses, and it is important to consult with a healthcare provider before using any herbal remedies.

"Acer" is a genus name in the plant kingdom, specifically for maple trees. It does not have a medical definition per se, as it is not a term used in human or animal medicine. Acer species are known for their beautiful and distinctive leaves, which can sometimes be used in herbal or traditional medicines, although these uses are not typically recognized by modern evidence-based medicine.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Pongo" is not a recognized medical term. It is sometimes used informally to refer to a human being, especially in the context of belonging to the species Homo sapiens. In zoological terms, "Pongo" is the genus name for orangutans. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I'd be happy to help answer those!

Gene duplication, in the context of genetics and genomics, refers to an event where a segment of DNA that contains a gene is copied, resulting in two identical copies of that gene. This can occur through various mechanisms such as unequal crossing over during meiosis, retrotransposition, or whole genome duplication. The duplicate genes are then passed on to the next generation.

Gene duplications can have several consequences. Often, one copy may continue to function normally while the other is free to mutate without affecting the organism's survival, potentially leading to new functions (neofunctionalization) or subfunctionalization where each copy takes on some of the original gene's roles.

Gene duplication plays a significant role in evolution by providing raw material for the creation of novel genes and genetic diversity. However, it can also lead to various genetic disorders if multiple copies of a gene become dysfunctional or if there are too many copies, leading to an overdose effect.

An ecotype is a population of a species that is adapted to specific environmental conditions and exhibits genetic differences from other populations of the same species that live in different environments. These genetic adaptations allow the ecotype to survive and reproduce more successfully in its particular habitat compared to other populations. The term "ecotype" was first introduced by botanist John Gregor Mendel in 1870 to describe the variation within plant species due to environmental factors.

Ecotypes can be found in various organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. They are often studied in ecology and evolutionary biology to understand how genetic differences arise and evolve in response to environmental pressures. Ecotypes can differ from each other in traits such as morphology, physiology, behavior, and life history strategies.

Examples of ecotypes include:

* Desert and coastal ecotypes of the lizard Uta stansburiana, which show differences in body size, limb length, and reproductive strategies due to adaptation to different habitats.
* Arctic and alpine ecotypes of the plant Arabis alpina, which have distinct flowering times and cold tolerance mechanisms that help them survive in their respective environments.
* Freshwater and marine ecotypes of the copepod Eurytemora affinis, which differ in body size, developmental rate, and salinity tolerance due to adaptation to different aquatic habitats.

It is important to note that the concept of ecotype is not always clearly defined or consistently applied in scientific research. Some researchers use it to describe any population that shows genetic differences related to environmental factors, while others reserve it for cases where there is strong evidence of local adaptation and reproductive isolation between populations.

Physiological adaptation refers to the changes or modifications that occur in an organism's biological functions or structures as a result of environmental pressures or changes. These adaptations enable the organism to survive and reproduce more successfully in its environment. They can be short-term, such as the constriction of blood vessels in response to cold temperatures, or long-term, such as the evolution of longer limbs in animals that live in open environments.

In the context of human physiology, examples of physiological adaptation include:

1. Acclimatization: The process by which the body adjusts to changes in environmental conditions, such as altitude or temperature. For example, when a person moves to a high-altitude location, their body may produce more red blood cells to compensate for the lower oxygen levels, leading to improved oxygen delivery to tissues.

2. Exercise adaptation: Regular physical activity can lead to various physiological adaptations, such as increased muscle strength and endurance, enhanced cardiovascular function, and improved insulin sensitivity.

3. Hormonal adaptation: The body can adjust hormone levels in response to changes in the environment or internal conditions. For instance, during prolonged fasting, the body releases stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline to help maintain energy levels and prevent muscle wasting.

4. Sensory adaptation: Our senses can adapt to different stimuli over time. For example, when we enter a dark room after being in bright sunlight, it takes some time for our eyes to adjust to the new light level. This process is known as dark adaptation.

5. Aging-related adaptations: As we age, various physiological changes occur that help us adapt to the changing environment and maintain homeostasis. These include changes in body composition, immune function, and cognitive abilities.

Chromosomes in insects are thread-like structures that contain genetic material, made up of DNA and proteins, found in the nucleus of a cell. In insects, like other eukaryotes, chromosomes come in pairs, with one set inherited from each parent. They are crucial for the inheritance, storage, and transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next.

Insects typically have a diploid number of chromosomes (2n), which varies among species. The chromosomes are present in the cell's nucleus during interphase as loosely coiled structures called chromatin. During cell division, they condense and become visible under the microscope as distinct, X-shaped structures called metaphase chromosomes.

The insect chromosome set includes autosomal chromosomes, which are identical in appearance and function between males and females, and sex chromosomes, which differ between males and females. In many insects, the males have an XY sex chromosome constitution, while the females have an XX sex chromosome constitution. The sex chromosomes carry genes that determine the sex of the individual.

Insect chromosomes play a vital role in various biological processes, including development, reproduction, and evolution. They are also essential for genetic research and breeding programs in agriculture and medicine.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Smegmamorpha" is not a recognized term in medical or scientific fields. It seems like it might be a made-up word, possibly a combination of "smegma," which refers to the secretions found in the genital area, and "-morpha," which is often used in taxonomy to denote a subgroup or form. However, I cannot find any legitimate scientific or medical use for this term.

I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "birds." Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves, characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, and lightweight but strong skeletons. Some birds, such as pigeons and chickens, have been used in medical research, but the term "birds" itself does not have a specific medical definition.

Sex chromosomes, often denoted as X and Y, are one of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes found in each cell of the body. Normally, females have two X chromosomes (46,XX), and males have one X and one Y chromosome (46,XY). The sex chromosomes play a significant role in determining the sex of an individual. They contain genes that contribute to physical differences between men and women. Any variations or abnormalities in the number or structure of these chromosomes can lead to various genetic disorders and conditions related to sexual development and reproduction.

Allochrony can be non-genetic;: 203 however genetic factors must be involved for isolation to lead to complete reproductive ... Allochronic speciation (also known as allochronic isolation, or temporal isolation) is a form of speciation (specifically ... Because allochronic speciation can occur in conjunction with other modes and forms of speciation, researchers must attempt to ... "Use of a genetic marker to examine genetic interaction among subpopulations of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)", Genetica ...
Julian Huxley divided speciation into three separate modes: geographical speciation, genetic speciation, and ecological ... Genetic drift has been widely researched from the 1950s onwards, especially with peak-shift models of speciation by genetic ... Hybrid speciation, also called polyploid speciation (or polyploidy) is speciation that results by an increase in the number of ... in which he formulated the genetic framework for how speciation could occur.: 2 He recognized that speciation was an unsolved ...
Genetic drift is often proposed to play a significant role in peripatric speciation. Case studies include Mayr's investigation ... If speciation takes place in the absence of natural selection, it might be referred to as nonecological speciation. New species ... Few speciation genes have been found. They usually involve the reinforcement process of late stages of speciation. In 2008, a ... Budding speciation has been proposed as a particular form of sympatric speciation, whereby small groups of individuals become ...
The founder effect is based on models that suggest peripatric speciation can occur by the interaction of selection and genetic ... In contrast to centrifugal speciation, peripatric speciation has sometimes been referred to as centripetal speciation (see ... This model contrasts with peripatric speciation by virtue of the origin of the genetic novelty that leads to reproductive ... Coyne and Orr conclude that selection's role in speciation is well established, whereas genetic drift's role is unsupported by ...
Hoelzel, A. R.; Dahlheim, M.; Stern, S. J. (1998). "Low genetic variation among killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the eastern ... Sympatric speciation is one of three traditional geographic modes of speciation. Allopatric speciation is the evolution of ... Heteropatric speciation is a special case of sympatric speciation that occurs when different ecotypes or races of the same ... Sympatric speciation is the evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species while both continue to inhabit the ...
... exhibits genetic differentiation of plants that flower at different times preventing hybridization. Allochrony may play a role ... Evidence for speciation by reinforcement has been gathered since the 1990s, and along with data from comparative studies and ... In Otte, D. and Endler, John A. (eds) Speciation and its Consequences, Sinauer Associates, pp. 158-179, ISBN 0-87893-657-2 J. H ... 1998). The relative rate of sympatric and allopatric speciation in fishes. In D. J. Howard and S. H. Berlocher (eds) Endless ...
Grant, V. (1971). Plant Speciation. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. Jones, D; Sneath, P H (March 1970). "Genetic transfer and ... Genetic transfer can occur across wide taxonomic levels in microorganisms and become stably integrated into the new microbial ... Lateral genetic transfer of photo-response genes between planktonic bacteria and Archaea has been evidenced in some groups, ... The alterations in genetic material upon symbiosis can occur via germline transmission or lateral transmission. Therefore, the ...
The speciation heuristic penalizes crossover between candidate solutions that are too similar; this encourages population ... Genetic programming List of genetic algorithm applications Genetic algorithms in signal processing (a.k.a. particle filters) ... These less fit solutions ensure genetic diversity within the genetic pool of the parents and therefore ensure the genetic ... Genetic algorithms are often applied as an approach to solve global optimization problems. As a general rule of thumb genetic ...
ISBN 3-443-26005-5 (3-443-26005-5) White M.J.D. (ed). Genetic mechanisms of speciation in insects. Symposia at the XIVth ... White, M.J.D. (1978). Modes of speciation. Freeman. White M.J.D. and Webb G.C. Blattodea, Mantodea, Isoptera, Grylloblattodea, ... His work was influential in the study of speciation in biology.[citation needed] White, M.J.D. (1973) [1937]. The chromosomes ( ...
... philodice butterflies have enough genetic compatibility to produce viable hybrid offspring. Hybrid speciation may have produced ... "Genetic Analysis of Florida's Invasive Pythons Reveals A Tangled Family Tree". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2019-12-01. "Jungle Corn ... This is a list of genetic hybrids which is limited to well documented cases of animals of differing species able to create ... This is a concern to wildlife authorities throughout the affected area, as it is seen as genetic pollution of the black duck ...
Northern Elephant Seal History Nei M (May 2005). "Bottlenecks, genetic polymorphism and speciation". Genetics. 170 (1): 1-4. ... Selective breeding to produce high-yielding crops has caused genetic bottlenecks in these crops and has led to genetic ... with a smaller genetic diversity, remains to pass on genes to future generations of offspring. Genetic diversity remains lower ... "Comparative genetic study confirms exceptionally low genetic variation in the ancient and endangered relictual conifer, ...
Introgression is a source of genetic variation, and can in itself facilitate speciation. There is evidence that introgression ... Hybrid speciation is a form of speciation where hybridization between two different species leads to a new species, ... Homoploid (diploid) speciation is another result of hybridization, but unlike polyploid speciation, it is observed less ... "Profound genetic divergence and asymmetric parental genome contributions as hallmarks of hybrid speciation in polyploid toads ...
Peripatric speciation Antigenic drift Coalescent theory Constructive neutral evolution Gene pool Meiotic drive Gould SJ (2002 ... One important alternative source of stochasticity, perhaps more important than genetic drift, is genetic draft. Genetic draft ... which claims that most of the genetic changes are caused by genetic drift acting on neutral mutations. The role of genetic ... Genetic drift, also known as random genetic drift, allelic drift or the Wright effect, is the change in the frequency of an ...
"Mechanisms of Speciation - A Population Genetic Approach", Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 12: 23-48, doi ... and can happen under any mode of speciation: 355 (e.g. geographic modes of speciation or ecological speciation). It ... In instances of peripatric speciation, reinforcement is unlikely to complete speciation in the case that the peripherally ... 367 Later population genetic and quantitative genetic studies were conducted showing that completely unfit hybrids lead ...
ISBN 978-0-387-52054-4. Hillig KW (2005). "Genetic evidence for speciation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae)". Genetic Resources and ... resulting in speciation. It remains controversial whether sufficient morphological and genetic divergence occurs within the ... In 2005, a genetic analysis of the same set of accessions led to a three-species classification, recognizing C. sativa, C. ... According to genetic and archaeological evidence, cannabis was first domesticated about 12,000 years ago in East Asia during ...
Without genetic exchange, geographically and reproductively isolated populations may undergo genetic drift. Such speciation is ... Substantial evidence for speciation due to natal philopatry has been gathered in studies of island-nesting albatross. Genetic ... Speciation through natal philopatry is a self-reinforcing process. Once genetic differences are sufficient, different species ... Abbott, Cathryn L; Double, Michael C (2003). "Genetic structure, conservation genetics and evidence of speciation by range ...
Palumbi, Stephen R. (1994). "Genetic Divergence, Reproductive Isolation, and Marine Speciation". Annual Review of Ecology and ... If the genetic variation between niches is high then there will be strong reproductive isolation. If genetic variation is below ... Genetic divergence is the process in which two or more populations of an ancestral species accumulate independent genetic ... see parapatric speciation). The genetic differences among divergent populations can involve silent mutations (that have no ...
Johnson, Ned K.; Zink, Robert M. (1983). "Speciation in sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus): I. Genetic differentiation". The Auk. 100 (4 ... It has low genetic diversity; about half that of most birds. In the United States, yellow-bellied sapsuckers are listed and ...
Johnson, Ned K.; Zink, Robert M. (October 1983). "Speciation in Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus): Genetic Differentiation" (PDF). The ... Genetic analysis has shown that the red-naped sapsucker is a sister species with (and very closely related to) the red-breasted ... However, there are significant genetic differences between this species and the yellow-bellied sapsucker, and the American ...
Palumbi, Stephen R. (1994). "Genetic Divergence, Reproductive Isolation, and Marine Speciation". Annual Review of Ecology and ... multilevel selection and indirect genetic effects on response to genetic selection". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 21 (5): ... The role of genetic drift is equivocal; though strongly supported initially by Dobzhansky, it was downgraded later as results ... Organisms inherit genetic material from their parents in the form of homologous chromosomes, containing a unique combination of ...
Falkow, Stanley (November 1, 1965). "Nucleic acids, genetic exchange and bacterial speciation". The American Journal of ... The two men worked together on isolating mobile genetic elements and the transfer of genes between E. coli and Salmonella and ... His early work in the 1960s focused on the genetic mechanisms, which enable bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics. He ... Falkow, Stanley; Rownd, R.; Baron, L. S. (December 1962). "Genetic Homology Between Escherichia Coli K-12 and Salmonella". ...
This rapid speciation is both observed in plants and vertebrates. Rapid speciation is explained by the ecology and social ... Carson, H. L. (1987). The genetic system, the deme, and the origin of species. Annual review of genetics, 21(1), 405-423. Bush ... This is called allopatric speciation and is generally a slow process. On the contrary, sympatric speciation can be more rapid ... Primates, for example, have the second highest speciation rate among mammals, with one speciation event per lineage every 3 ...
Karl W. Hillig (2005). "Genetic evidence for speciation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae)". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 52 (2 ... A recent genetic analysis included both the narrow-leaflet and wide-leaflet drug "biotypes" under C. indica, as well as ...
Baker, R.J.; Bradley, R.D. (2006). "Speciation in mammals and the Genetic Species Concept". Journal of Mammalogy. 87 (4): 643- ...
Patterson N, Richter DJ, Gnerre S, Lander ES, Reich D (2006). "Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and ... Callaway, Ewen (26 July 2012). "Hunter-gatherer genomes a trove of genetic diversity". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.11076. ... Stein, Richard A. (October 2015). "Copy Number Analysis Starts to Add Up". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. 35 (17): ... "Greenlandic Inuit show genetic signatures of diet and climate adaptation". Science. 349 (6254): 1343-1347. Bibcode:2015Sci... ...
May 2006). "Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees". Nature. 441 (7097): 1103-1108. Bibcode: ... fusing to form a genetic singular clonal colony that can cover hectares called a genet or just microscopical areas. For fungi, ...
Patterson, N; Richter, DJ; Gnerre, S; Lander, ES; Reich, D (2006). "Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and ... A broad study of African genetic diversity, headed by Sarah Tishkoff, found the San people had the greatest genetic diversity ... The genetic sequencing of a 40,000-year-old human skeleton from Romania showed that 11% of its genome was Neanderthal, implying ... Studies of the genetic basis show that some developed very recently, with Tibetans evolving over 3,000 years to have high ...
Diversity and speciation of semionotid fishes in Mesozoic rift lakes. In: Adaptive Speciation, U. Dieckman, M. Doebli, and J. A ... Using Genetic Networks and Homology to Understand the Evolution of Phenotypic Traits. Current Genomics 13(1): 74-84. Rabosky, D ... Recent speciation in sympatric Tanganyikan cichlid colour-morphs. Molecular Ecology 21: 3283-3292. McCune, A. R. and J. C. ... In: Endless Forms: Species and Speciation, D. Howard and S. Berloccher (eds.). Oxford University Press pp. 172-185. McCune, A. ...
Patterson N, Richter DJ, Gnerre S, Lander ES, Reich D (June 2006). "Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and ... do not statistically test their own null model of simple speciation before concluding that speciation was complex, and-even if ... However, genetic similarity, and thus the chances of successful hybridization, is not always correlated with visual appearances ... There is evidence for a complex speciation process for the Pan-Homo split. Different chromosomes appear to have split at ...
Complex speciation and incomplete lineage sorting of genetic sequences seem to also have happened in the split between the ... Patterson N, Richter DJ, Gnerre S, Lander ES, Reich D (June 2006). "Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and ... do not statistically test their own null model of simple speciation before concluding that speciation was complex, and-even if ... In human genetic studies, the CHLCA is useful as an anchor point for calculating single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rates in ...
Allochrony can be non-genetic;: 203 however genetic factors must be involved for isolation to lead to complete reproductive ... Allochronic speciation (also known as allochronic isolation, or temporal isolation) is a form of speciation (specifically ... Because allochronic speciation can occur in conjunction with other modes and forms of speciation, researchers must attempt to ... "Use of a genetic marker to examine genetic interaction among subpopulations of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)", Genetica ...
... in most models of speciation by sexual selection, divergent natural selection is also required; the latter acts to generate and ... which sets the stage for speciation by sexual selection. Tadpoles of strawberry poison frogs (Oophaga pumilio) are shown to ... imprint on adult coloration, affecting both male aggression biases and female preferences and setting the stage for speciation ... Being red, blue and green: the genetic basis of coloration differences in the strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio) *Ariel ...
Cryptic speciation in a Holarctic passerine revealed by genetic and bioacoustic analyses. / Toews, David P.L.; Irwin, Darren E ... Cryptic speciation in a Holarctic passerine revealed by genetic and bioacoustic analyses. Molecular ecology. 2008 Jun;17(11): ... Toews, David P.L. ; Irwin, Darren E. / Cryptic speciation in a Holarctic passerine revealed by genetic and bioacoustic analyses ... Toews, D. P. L., & Irwin, D. E. (2008). Cryptic speciation in a Holarctic passerine revealed by genetic and bioacoustic ...
Two Genetic Blows Against Darwinian Speciation. Animals have different ways of sharing information without having to invent it ...
Genetic Speciation * Jaw / anatomy & histology * Male * Models, Statistical * Phylogeny * Skull / anatomy & histology ...
... ... A quantitative genetic competition model for sympatric speciation. Doebeli, Journal of Evolutionary Biology 9(), 1996 ... Steinfartz S, Weitere M, Tautz D. Tracing the first step to speciation: ecological and genetic differentiation of a salamander ... S. Steinfartz, M. Weitere, and D. Tautz, "Tracing the first step to speciation: ecological and genetic differentiation of a ...
... genetic engineering; genomes; genes and development; evolution; speciation; diversity. ...
Genetic Revolution. * Speciation + Self-Directed Evolution. Copyright 2000 to 2023 © Prometheism Transhumanism Post Humanism , ...
The 2019 Gordon Research Seminar on Speciation (GRS) will be held in Ventura, CA. Apply today to reserve your spot. ... Genetic and Genomic Signatures of Speciation Discussion Leader: Anja Marie Westram (Institute of Science and Technology Austria ... The Role of Genetic Coupling in the Evolution of Perfume-Mediated Reproductive Isolation in Orchid Bees ... The Gordon Research Seminar (GRS) on Speciation is a unique forum for graduate students, post-docs, and other scientists with ...
We also discuss the segregational model of karyotype evolution and the chromosomal model of homoploid hybrid speciation. ... Genetic evidence for hybrid trait speciation in Heliconius butterflies. PLoS Genet. 6:e1000930. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen. ... Karyotype Evolution and Chromosomal Model of Homoploid Hybrid Speciation. Homoploid hybrid speciation represents a process by ... Blanckaert, A., and Bank, C. (2018). In search of the Goldilocks zone for hybrid speciation. PLoS Genet. 14:e1007613. doi: ...
Fueling Speciation: Genetic diversity is a driving force behind the process of speciation. When populations become isolated ... The Role Of Genetic Diversity In Evolution. Promoting Adaptability: Genetic diversity plays a vital role in evolution by ... How do genetic mutations contribute to variations in physical traits? Genetic mutations can lead to the manifestation of ... What role does genetic diversity play in determining physical traits? Genetic diversity is crucial in determining the wide ...
Sometimes they exchange genetic materielle without interbreeding as such. I have refs at home to claims that around 20% or even ... Viruses and Speciation by James Brody, 5/11/98 Speciation: Concepts and Viral Roles. by James Brody; (PA); Kelly C Kissane, ( ... From Conversations about Speciation on the Paleopsych List_Serve (emphases added, JB) 5/11/98 11:08:33 PM Eastern Daylight Time ... Speciation: Concepts and Viral Roles. Evolutionary Psychology (Brody). * Welcome to the BOL Forum on Evolutionary Psychology by ...
Cytoplasmic genetic elements are generally maternally inherited, although there are several exceptions where these are ... Postel Z, Touzet P (2020) Cytonuclear genetic incompatibilities in plant speciation. Plants 9:487 ... The transfer of genetic material from cytoplasmic elements to the nucleus is thought to have created strong pressures for both ... Most cytoplasmic genetic material is inherited uniparentally - that is to say from one parent only. It is notable that ...
Jennifer Mandel, Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in the Clonal Plant Trillium recurvatum. Yu-Ling Shih, Da-Yeh ... Louis, Advisor: Nathan Muchhala, For the Proposal: Is speciation faster in the tropics? Effects of seasonality and mutualists ... Carrie Wu, Genetic patterns of introduction during the emerging invasion of wavyleaf basketgrass (Oplismenus undulatifolius) ... Amy Angert, for the proposal titled The roles of geography and environment in determining population genetic structure and ...
explain the theories of evolution, natural selection and speciation; ■ describe the importance of the mechanisms of plant ... explain how genetic disease can be due to abnormalities in karyotypes and mutations in genes; ... describe the genetic and cellular principles of reproduction and development and their evolutionary implications; ...
The results show that climate shifts can promote genetic and phenotypic divergence, and potentially speciation, and direct ... Data from: Persistence in peripheral refugia promotes phenotypic divergence and speciation in a rainforest frog. Hoskin, Conrad ... Call data - collected in the field Column headings, abbreviations, units - Species; Sex: M=male; Major Lineage: Major genetic ... 2015). Data from: Persistence in peripheral refugia promotes phenotypic divergence and speciation in a rainforest frog [Dataset ...
Extinction Risks and Speciation Models When human beings first arrived on the terrestrial scene, more than 8,000 species of ... However, genetic data is proving to be just as confounding as the fossil record. A recent scientific paper describes the ... The genetic data incorrectly (for evolutionary theory) predicts new species coming into existence (especially in the recent ... The observed contradiction is a mismatch between the number of species expected to exist based on genetic sequence data ...
Hillig KW (2005). "Genetic evidence for speciation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae)". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 52 (2): ... resulting in speciation.[56] It remains controversial whether sufficient morphological and genetic divergence occurs within the ... According to genetic and archaeological evidence, cannabis was first domesticated about 12,000 years ago in East Asia during ... An investigation of genetic, morphological, and chemotaxonomic variation among 157 Cannabis accessions of known geographic ...
Animals , Anopheles/*genetics , Female , Genetic Speciation , Genome, Insect , Humans , Insect Vectors/*genetics , Kenya , ...
Konstanz evolutionary biologists search for the genetic architecture of speciation without geographic barriers ... Special genetic architecture supports the origin of new species. ...
Evolution and genetic processes: genetic drift, natural selection, mutation, gene flow. Speciation and extinction, geography of ... ESC 555 Genetic Data Analysis. ESC 557 Environmental Microbiology. ESC 558 Concepts and Models in Ecology. ESC 559 Molecular ... ESC 555 Genetic Data Analysis (3+0+0) 3 ECTS 8. (Genetik Veri Analizleri). Sequence alignments. Tree construction algorithms: ... The driving forces and mechanisms of evolution: natural selection, genetic drift, sex. The origin of species and human ...
What was the level of speciation in this cosmopolitan species?. *What could be the role of colour polymorphism in genetic ... Since the expression of spots of various sizes is under strong genetic control, how can genetic variation be evolutionary ... weakly sensitive to genetic factors) and that are under very tight genetic control (i.e. an individual cannot choose its ... Genetic correlates of melanin-based coloration. When we observe such a huge variation in plumage coloration both within and ...
... leading to genetic variability that defies sub speciation?). It was possible, maybe, 25 years ago or so, to incorrectly but ... As for humans speciation...wouldnt humanity have to moved some portion of itself to Mars, (or the Vatican, an even more ... As for humans speciation, wouldnt humanity have to moved some portion of itself to Mars, (or the Vatican, an even more ... Natural selection is the method by which changes in the alleles in the genetic makeup of a species become a change in the ...
5: What causes speciation?. 6: Species and speciation without sex. 7: Species boundaries and contemporary evolution. 8: Species ... 3: The evidence for species - phenotypic and genetic clustering. 4: Why are there species? - arenas of recombination and ... Taking a wider view of species and speciation, this intellectually stimulating book is a welcome addition to the Oxford Series ... Taking a wider view of species and speciation, this intellectually stimulating book is a welcome addition to the Oxford Series ...
We observe that organisms reproduce only after their type and we now know the genetic basis for that. See Speciation Q&A. ...
Selection on a genetic polymorphism counteracts ecological speciation in a stick insect. AA Comeault, SM Flaxman, R Riesch, E ... Speciation by selection: a framework for understanding ecologys role in speciation. RB Langerhans, R Riesch ... Genetic differentiation and selection against migrants in evolutionarily replicated extreme environments. M Plath, M Pfenninger ... Cultural traditions and the evolution of reproductive isolation: ecological speciation in killer whales?. R Riesch, LG Barrett- ...
Genetic evidence for adaptation-driven incipient speciation of Drosophila melanogaster along a microclimatic contrast in " ...
... and speciation. In particular it is concerned with genetic divergence as it is usually found on continents, among... ... Geographic Variation, Speciation and Clines. (MPB-10), Volume 10 John A. Endler Geographic Variation, Speciation and Clines ...
Hillig, Karl W. (2005). "Genetic evidence for speciation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae)". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 52 (2 ... 1.0 1.1 USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), National Germplasm ...
  • We propose therefore that the evolution of these adaptations was coupled with the evolution of cues for assortative mating which would be in line with models of sympatric speciation that suggest a co-evolution of habitat adaptations and associated mating signals. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • This occurs by two primary mechanisms: allopatric and sympatric speciation. (jove.com)
  • In sympatric speciation, natural selection can occur within populations and result in the formation of new species. (jove.com)
  • There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation-allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively. (jove.com)
  • It is well established from the fossil record and phylogeographic analyses that late Quaternary climate fluctuations led to substantial changes in species' distribution, but whether and how these fluctuations resulted in phenotypic divergence and speciation is less clear. (datadryad.org)
  • In a biogeographic system (the Australian Wet Tropics, AWT) with a well-established history of refugial isolation during Pleistocene glacial periods, we test whether climate-mediated changes in distribution drove genetic and phenotypic divergence in the rainforest frog, Cophixalus ornatus. (datadryad.org)
  • The results show that climate shifts can promote genetic and phenotypic divergence, and potentially speciation, and direct attention towards incorporating adaptive traits into phylogeographic studies to better resolve the mechanisms of speciation. (datadryad.org)
  • Geographic Variation, Speciation and Clines explores the origins and development of geographic variation, divergence, and speciation. (princeton.edu)
  • In particular it is concerned with genetic divergence as it is usually found on continents, among. (princeton.edu)
  • Local adaptation in circadian and lunar emergence times of the marine midge Clunio marinus (Chironomidae, Diptera): Genetic basis and consequences for population divergence. (mpg.de)
  • A lack of discrete morphological differentiation suggests that genetic and morphological divergence may be decoupled, a pattern inconsistent with a number of evolutionary models. (bioone.org)
  • The relative importance of gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection in driving genetic divergence of local populations, as well as the factors that disrupt gene flow in natural populations, are uncertain. (marineornithology.org)
  • This shuffling and recombination of genetic information contribute to the genetic diversity observed in offspring. (realdetroitweekly.com)
  • Genetic diversity plays a vital role in evolution by promoting adaptability within a population. (realdetroitweekly.com)
  • Genetic diversity acts as a buffer against environmental challenges and diseases. (realdetroitweekly.com)
  • In the face of environmental changes or the emergence of new pathogens, populations with high genetic diversity are more likely to have individuals with genetic traits that provide resistance or tolerance. (realdetroitweekly.com)
  • Genetic diversity provides the raw material for natural selection to operate. (realdetroitweekly.com)
  • This course aims at covering diverse topics including evolution, speciation, systematic, diversity of plants and animals, plant form and function, animal form and function, and conservation biology. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • Genetic diversity in Lymantria ssp. (mpg.de)
  • These findings changed the existing assumption that MWF-associated mycobacteria lack genetic diversity. (cdc.gov)
  • Complexity of Infection and Genetic Diversity in Cambodian Plasmodium vivax. (cdc.gov)
  • The student will evaluate gene expression in relation to measures of genetic diversity, differentiation, and neutrality across the genome to evaluate whether the sequences or the flanking regions of genes with stage-specific expression demonstrate signs of selection. (lu.se)
  • Modeling changes in species breeding patterns due to climate as well as understanding the genetic mechanisms that control it has proven to be important. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mechanisms and processes of ecologically driven adaptive speciation are best studied in natural situations where the splitting process is still occurring, i.e. before complete reproductive isolation is achieved. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Additionally, studying genetics allows scientists to explore the inheritance patterns of traits and the mechanisms behind genetic diseases. (realdetroitweekly.com)
  • I've scratched my head for some time about mechanisms of speciation. (behavior.net)
  • M. tuberculosis mechanisms of genetic and phenotypic resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs. (cdc.gov)
  • Allochronic speciation (also known as allochronic isolation, or temporal isolation) is a form of speciation (specifically ecological speciation) arising from reproductive isolation that occurs due to a change in breeding time that reduces or eliminates gene flow between two populations of a species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cultural traditions and the evolution of reproductive isolation: ecological speciation in killer whales? (google.de)
  • This can happen in a multitude of ways, a common mode of which is known as allopatric speciation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In allopatric speciation, if an extended geographic barrier, like a mountain range develops, gene flow between two populations can be prevented. (jove.com)
  • In allopatric speciation, gene flow between two populations of the same species is prevented by a geographic barrier, like a mountain range or habitat fragmentation. (jove.com)
  • Mitochondrial and microsatellite analyses show that the two ecologically differentiated groups also show signs of genetic differentiation. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • A parallel analysis of animals from a neighbouring much larger forest area (the Eifel), in which larvae mature only in streams, shows no signs of genetic differentiation, indicating that gene flow between ecologically similar types can occur over large distances. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • The differentiation, selection and population genetic properties of CNVs are not well investigated across diverse cattle populations. (usda.gov)
  • However, CNV differentiation, selection and its population genetic properties are not well understood across diverse populations. (usda.gov)
  • Speciation ultimately results due to the reproductive isolation between two populations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Allochrony is thought to evolve more easily the greater the heritability of reproductive timing-that is, the greater the link between genes and the timing of reproduction-the more likely speciation will occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • 203 however genetic factors must be involved for isolation to lead to complete reproductive isolation and subsequent speciation. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, reproductive barriers that lead to speciation do not have to be geographic. (jove.com)
  • Genetic and phenotypic approaches are introduced that conceptualize, document and quantify selection and its outcome. (lu.se)
  • We also discuss the segregational model of karyotype evolution and the chromosomal model of homoploid hybrid speciation. (frontiersin.org)
  • The main goal of the first project is to understand the role of natural and sexual selection in the evolution and maintenance of genetic variation at loci coding for melanin-based colour traits by combining disciplines of behavioural ecology, genetics and population genetics. (unil.ch)
  • The evolution, maintenance and adaptive function of genetic colour polymorphism in birds. (unil.ch)
  • Taking a wider view of species and speciation, this intellectually stimulating book is a welcome addition to the Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution. (nhbs.com)
  • Genetic evidence for adaptation-driven incipient speciation of Drosophila melanogaster along a microclimatic contrast in "Evolution Canyon," Israel. (nih.gov)
  • It means at least the splitting of a species into two (speciation, or cladogenesis, from the Greek meaning "the origin of a branch") or the change of a species over time into another Any changes that occur at higher levels, such as the evolution of new families, phyla or genera, are also therefore macroevolution, but the term is not restricted to those higher levels. (skeptoid.com)
  • One is caused by new genetic information in which a new species arises, and is the evolution that is disputed by creationists. (skeptoid.com)
  • The other form of macro evolution is speciation due to a loss of genetic data. (skeptoid.com)
  • J. E. Bond and P. Sierwald "CRYPTIC SPECIATION IN THE ANADENOBOLUS EXCISUS MILLIPEDE SPECIES COMPLEX ON THE ISLAND OF JAMAICA," Evolution 56(6), 1123-1135, (1 June 2002). (bioone.org)
  • Genetics refers to the study of genes and heredity, while inheritance refers to the process by which genetic information is transferred from parents to offspring. (realdetroitweekly.com)
  • To enable genetic improvement of the untapped, important species, we obtained a 7.85-Gb high-quality genome of L. chinensis with a particularly long contig N50 (318.49 Mb). (bvsalud.org)
  • With the genome resource available, we successfully developed a genetic transformation system as well as the gene-editing pipeline in L. chinensis. (bvsalud.org)
  • KEY MESSAGE: Chromosome-specific painting probes were developed to identify the individual chromosomes from 1 to 7E in Thinopyrum species and detect alien genetic material of the E genome in a wheat background. (bvsalud.org)
  • This module will focus on the genetic and developmental basis of adaptive change and evolutionary novelty. (lu.se)
  • Furthermore, environmental conditions such as climate, resources or predators can result in different selective pressures between the populations and eventually result in speciation. (jove.com)
  • These differences in natural selection combined with genetic drift and mutation over many generations of separation eventually result in the two populations becoming discrete species. (jove.com)
  • The relative importance and genetic basis of prezygotic isolation barriers in diverging populations of Spodoptera frugiperda. (mpg.de)
  • Drosophila serido was described in 1977 by VILELA & SENE, and in the following years populations of this species from several regions were studied by means of several genetic markers. (scielo.br)
  • Besides single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), copy number variation (CNV) which comprise insertions, deletions and duplications of genomic sequence, is a new informative type of genetic variations. (usda.gov)
  • This project is original, since the interest in melanin-based colour traits and genetic colour polymorphism has recently grown. (unil.ch)
  • Our study provides evidence of imprinting in an amphibian and suggests that this rarely considered combination of rival and sexual imprinting can reduce gene flow between individuals that bear divergent mating traits, which sets the stage for speciation by sexual selection. (nature.com)
  • It also introduces the student to the continuity of life from genetic and molecular perspectives. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • How do we explain the genetic and molecular similarities of humans and chimpanzees? (grisda.org)
  • However, genetic and genomic resources for this species are lacking due to its genomic complexity, including high heterozygosity, evidence of segmental allopolyploidy, and reproduction by apomixis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Over time, if genes are not exchanged, genetic differences arise in each population. (wikipedia.org)
  • Such a change might come about because natural selection favored the gene, because the population received new immigrants carrying the gene, because some nonresistant genes mutated to the resistant version, or because of random genetic drift from one generation to the next. (skeptoid.com)
  • We describe Drosophila antonietae (previously classified as D. serido type D by SILVA & SENE, 1991 and references thereafter) and Drosophila gouveai (previously classified as D.serido type B by SILVA & SENE, 1991 and references thereafter), in terms of morphological, genetic and ecological differences. (scielo.br)
  • It is important to approach this topic with sensitivity and an understanding of how genetic traits are passed down through generations. (realdetroitweekly.com)
  • When individuals have different genetic variations, they possess a wider range of traits and characteristics. (realdetroitweekly.com)
  • Furthermore, we recently proposed a new genetic mechanism to explain why melanin-based colour traits are frequently associated with several individual attributes. (unil.ch)
  • There has been much controversy regarding the timing of speciation events in birds, and regarding the relative roles of natural and sexual selection in promoting speciation. (psu.edu)
  • Certain genetic mutations or variations can increase the likelihood of developing specific conditions. (realdetroitweekly.com)
  • In contrast to other AWT vertebrates, the three major lineages differ in ecologically relevant morphology and in mating call, reflecting divergent selection and/or genetic drift in the peripheral isolates. (datadryad.org)
  • Tanja Stadler, "Inferring Speciation and Extinction Processes from Extant Species Data" , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , Early Edition. (reasons.org)
  • Different models and modes of speciation are explained, and the relationship between speciation and natural selection is examined. (lu.se)
  • The term allochrony is used to describe the general ecological phenomenon of the differences in phenology that arise between two or more species-speciation caused by allochrony is effectively allochronic speciation. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are used by evolutionary biologists but they do not specifically describe any specific genetic or selective process. (skeptoid.com)
  • Speciation occurs when two or more species form from one original species and then are unable to interbreed. (jove.com)
  • In the absence of a fossil record that provides the anticipated data, evolutionary scientists have now turned to genetic sequences to supply the missing data to support their theory. (reasons.org)
  • The genetic data incorrectly (for evolutionary theory) predicts new species coming into existence (especially in the recent past) and the number of species that went extinct. (reasons.org)
  • Ritchie, M. G. Sexual selection and speciation. (nature.com)
  • Servedio, M. R. & Boughman, J. W. The role of sexual selection in local adaptation and speciation. (nature.com)
  • This possibility is most likely in the domains of sexual selection, orthoselection, and speciation. (behavior.net)
  • Skin color inheritance follows patterns of dominance and recessiveness, so for a black baby to be born to two white parents, both parents would need to carry and pass on the specific genetic variations associated with darker skin. (realdetroitweekly.com)
  • During meiosis, the chromosomes pair up, exchange segments of genetic material, and then separate. (realdetroitweekly.com)
  • Yes, It is highly unlikely for two white people to have a black baby due to genetic variations associated with darker pigmentation. (realdetroitweekly.com)
  • Participants of the GRS will present their work and engage in scientific discussions on outstanding questions in speciation research. (grc.org)
  • SNP markers expose genetic organization, reproduction, and species origin, aiding polyploid and tropical forage research. (bvsalud.org)
  • These results provide new information regarding the genetic organization, mode of reproduction, and allopolyploid origin of U. humidicola, potential SNPs markers associated with apomixis for MAS and resources for research on polyploids and tropical forage grasses. (bvsalud.org)
  • These CNV results provide a new glimpse of diverse selections during cattle speciation, domestication, breed formation, and recent genetic improvement. (usda.gov)
  • Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. (jove.com)
  • Genetics and inheritance play a vital role in understanding the occurrence of genetic disorders and diseases. (realdetroitweekly.com)