Genes rrna. Medical search

Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into RIBOSOMES. Prokaryotic rRNA genes are usually found in OPERONS dispersed throughout the GENOME, whereas eukaryotic rRNA genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units.

Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.

The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Genetic loci which direct transcription of ribosomal RNA in bacterial operons. They are designated rrnB, rrnC, rrnD, etc. according to the structural position of the transcription unit in the DNA sequence.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Constituent of 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 3200 nucleotides. 23S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.

Constituent of the 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 120 nucleotides and 34 proteins. It is also a constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 5S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.

Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 28S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

Compounds based on fumaric acid.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Proteins found in ribosomes. They are believed to have a catalytic function in reconstituting biologically active ribosomal subunits.

Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.

Within most types of eukaryotic CELL NUCLEUS, a distinct region, not delimited by a membrane, in which some species of rRNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) are synthesized and assembled into ribonucleoprotein subunits of ribosomes. In the nucleolus rRNA is transcribed from a nucleolar organizer, i.e., a group of tandemly repeated chromosomal genes which encode rRNA and which are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

An order of gram-positive, primarily aerobic BACTERIA that tend to form branching filaments.

A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

A class in the phylum PROTEOBACTERIA comprised mostly of two major phenotypes: purple non-sulfur bacteria and aerobic bacteriochlorophyll-containing bacteria.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

RNA transcripts of the DNA that are in some unfinished stage of post-transcriptional processing (RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL) required for function. RNA precursors may undergo several steps of RNA SPLICING during which the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the introns are excised. Consequently a new bond is formed between the ends of the exons. Resulting mature RNAs can then be used; for example, mature mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) is used as a template for protein production.

Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

Ribonucleic acid in archaea having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A phylum of bacteria comprised of three classes: Bacteroides, Flavobacteria, and Sphingobacteria.

A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. The enzyme functions in the nucleolar structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salts than RNA polymerase II and III and is not inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of archaea.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The small ribonucleoprotein component of RIBOSOMES. It contains the MESSENGER RNA binding site and two TRANSFER RNA binding sites - one for the incoming AMINO ACYL TRNA (A site) and the other (P site) for the peptidyl tRNA carrying the elongating peptide chain.

The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.

Class of BACTERIA with diverse morphological properties. Strains of Actinobacteria show greater than 80% 16S rDNA/rRNA sequence similarity among each other and also the presence of certain signature nucleotides. (Stackebrandt E. et al, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1997) 47:479-491)

An abnormal passage communicating between any components of the digestive system, or between any part of the digestive system and surrounding organ(s).

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Former kingdom, located on Korea Peninsula between Sea of Japan and Yellow Sea on east coast of Asia. In 1948, the kingdom ceased and two independent countries were formed, divided by the 38th parallel.

The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.

Hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.

Ribonucleic acid in protozoa having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1.

A group of substances similar to VITAMIN K 1 which contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinione and an isoprenoid side chain of varying number of isoprene units. In vitamin K 2, each isoprene unit contains a double bond. They are produced by bacteria including the normal intestinal flora.

A class in the phylum PROTEOBACTERIA comprised of chemoheterotrophs and chemoautotrophs which derive nutrients from decomposition of organic material.

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

Refuse liquid or waste matter carried off by sewers.

Powdered exudate from various Acacia species, especially A. senegal (Leguminosae). It forms mucilage or syrup in water. Gum arabic is used as a suspending agent, excipient, and emulsifier in foods and pharmaceuticals.

The small subunit of eubacterial RIBOSOMES. It is composed of the 16S RIBOSOMAL RNA and about 23 different RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA. It includes EC 3.1.26.-, EC 3.1.27.-, EC 3.1.30.-, and EC 3.1.31.-.

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide.

Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.

The study of microorganisms living in a variety of environments (air, soil, water, etc.) and their pathogenic relationship to other organisms including man.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Habitat of hot water naturally heated by underlying geologic processes. Surface hot springs have been used for BALNEOLOGY. Underwater hot springs are called HYDROTHERMAL VENTS.

Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in PLANTS; ANIMALS or micro-organisms.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

Small nuclear RNAs that are involved in the processing of pre-ribosomal RNA in the nucleolus. Box C/D containing snoRNAs (U14, U15, U16, U20, U21 and U24-U63) direct site-specific methylation of various ribose moieties. Box H/ACA containing snoRNAs (E2, E3, U19, U23, and U64-U72) direct the conversion of specific uridines to pseudouridine. Site-specific cleavages resulting in the mature ribosomal RNAs are directed by snoRNAs U3, U8, U14, U22 and the snoRNA components of RNase MRP and RNase P.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A family of bacteria which produce endospores. They are mostly saprophytes from soil, but a few are insect or animal parasites or pathogens.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria whose species are widely distributed and are abundant in soil. Some strains are pathogenic opportunists for humans and animals.

An isoenzyme of GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE that catalyzes the degradation of GLYCOGEN in muscle. Mutation of the gene coding this enzyme is the cause of McArdle disease (GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE V).

Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.

A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.

The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Use for nucleic acid precursors in general or for which there is no specific heading.

A family of bacteria in the order Sphingobacteriales, class Sphingobacteria. They are gram-negative rods, mostly saprophytic in terrestrial and aquatic habitats.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Electrophoresis in which various denaturant gradients are used to induce nucleic acids to melt at various stages resulting in separation of molecules based on small sequence differences including SNPs. The denaturants used include heat, formamide, and urea.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Community of tiny aquatic PLANTS and ANIMALS, and photosynthetic BACTERIA, that are either free-floating or suspended in the water, with little or no power of locomotion. They are divided into PHYTOPLANKTON and ZOOPLANKTON.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

Phylum of green nonsulfur bacteria including the family Chloroflexaceae, among others.

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.

A family in the order Rhodobacterales, class ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA.

A genus of gram-negative, mostly facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the family MYCOPLASMATACEAE. The cells are bounded by a PLASMA MEMBRANE and lack a true CELL WALL. Its organisms are pathogens found on the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of humans, ANIMALS, and BIRDS.

Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.

One of several general transcription factors that are specific for RNA POLYMERASE III. It is a zinc finger (ZINC FINGERS) protein and is required for transcription of 5S ribosomal genes.

Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of protozoa.

Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.

A genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria found in SOIL; HUMUS; and FRESHWATER and marine habitats.

A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.

A group of different species of microorganisms that act together as a community.

A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.

The discarding or destroying of liquid waste products or their transformation into something useful or innocuous.

A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts.

A family of extremely halophilic archaea found in environments with high salt concentrations, such as salt lakes, evaporated brines, or salted fish. Halobacteriaceae are either obligate aerobes or facultative anaerobes and are divided into at least twenty-six genera including: HALOARCULA; HALOBACTERIUM; HALOCOCCUS; HALOFERAX; HALORUBRUM; NATRONOBACTERIUM; and NATRONOCOCCUS.

A family of gram-negative aerobic bacteria in the class BETA PROTEOBACTERIA, encompassing the acidovorans rRNA complex. Some species are pathogenic for PLANTS.

A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.

The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.

The large subunit of the eubacterial 70s ribosome. It is composed of the 23S RIBOSOMAL RNA, the 5S RIBOSOMAL RNA, and about 37 different RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS.

RNA, usually prepared by transcription from cloned DNA, which complements a specific mRNA or DNA and is generally used for studies of virus genes, distribution of specific RNA in tissues and cells, integration of viral DNA into genomes, transcription, etc. Whereas DNA PROBES are preferred for use at a more macroscopic level for detection of the presence of DNA/RNA from specific species or subspecies, RNA probes are preferred for genetic studies. Conventional labels for the RNA probe include radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. RNA probes may be further divided by category into plus-sense RNA probes, minus-sense RNA probes, and antisense RNA probes.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substituent on the glycoside. Some of them are clinically important ANTIBIOTICS.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

The small subunit of the 80s ribosome of eukaryotes. It is composed of the 18S RIBOSOMAL RNA and 32 different RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in SOIL and WATER. Its organisms are also found in raw meats, MILK and other FOOD, hospital environments, and human clinical specimens. Some species are pathogenic in humans.

Nucleolar RNA-protein complexes that function in pre-ribosomal RNA processing.

The full collection of microbes (bacteria, fungi, virus, etc.) that naturally exist within a particular biological niche such as an organism, soil, a body of water, etc.

A family of gram-negative, gliding bacteria in the order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia. They are found in SOIL and SEA WATER.

Rod-shaped bacteria that form endospores and are gram-positive. Representative genera include BACILLUS and CLOSTRIDIUM.

A subtype of HLA-DRB beta chains that includes over one hundred allele variants. The HLA-DRB1 subtype is associated with several of the HLA-DR SEROLOGICAL SUBTYPES.

The two dissimilar sized ribonucleoprotein complexes that comprise a RIBOSOME - the large ribosomal subunit and the small ribosomal subunit. The eukaryotic 80S ribosome is composed of a 60S large subunit and a 40S small subunit. The bacterial 70S ribosome is composed of a 50S large subunit and a 30S small subunit.

A family of gram-negative, asporogenous rods or ovoid cells, aerobic or facultative anaerobic chemoorganotrophs. They are commonly isolated from SOIL, activated sludge, or marine environments.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The genomic analysis of assemblages of organisms.

An enzyme catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA at the 3'-position of a guanylate residue. EC 3.1.27.3.

Bacteria that form endospores and are gram-positive. Representative genera include BACILLUS; CLOSTRIDIUM; MICROMONOSPORA; SACCHAROPOLYSPORA; and STREPTOMYCES.

N-Glycosidases that remove adenines from RIBOSOMAL RNA, depurinating the conserved alpha-sarcin loop of 28S RIBOSOMAL RNA. They often consist of a toxic A subunit and a binding lectin B subunit. They may be considered as PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS. They are found in many PLANTS and have cytotoxic and antiviral activity.

Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).

A species of halophilic archaea distinguished by its production of acid from sugar. This species was previously called Halobacterium marismortui.

Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen.

RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM analysis of rRNA genes that is used for differentiating between species or strains.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Substances which pollute the soil. Use for soil pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.

A group of ribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

A genus of BACILLACEAE that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic.

A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, nonsporeforming, nonmotile rods. Organisms of this genus had originally been classified as members of the BACTEROIDES genus but overwhelming biochemical and chemical findings in 1990 indicated the need to separate them from other Bacteroides species, and hence, this new genus was established.

Hereditary inflammation conditions, characterized by recurrent episodes of systemic inflammation. Common symptoms include recurrent fever, rash, arthritis, fatigue, and secondary AMYLOIDOSIS. Hereditary autoinflammatory diseases are associated with mutations in genes involved in regulation of normal inflammatory process and are not caused by AUTOANTIBODIES, or antigen specific T-LYMPHOCYTES.

Techniques used in studying bacteria.

Generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the MOUTH to ANUS, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).

Individuals licensed to practice DENTISTRY.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

Acyltransferases that use AMINO ACYL TRNA as the amino acid donor in formation of a peptide bond. There are ribosomal and non-ribosomal peptidyltransferases.

Any of the DNA in between gene-coding DNA, including untranslated regions, 5' and 3' flanking regions, INTRONS, non-functional pseudogenes, and non-functional repetitive sequences. This DNA may or may not encode regulatory functions.

The study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of organisms which inhabit the OCEANS AND SEAS.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds within RNA. EC 3.1.-.

A phylum of EUKARYOTES characterized by the presence of cilia at some time during the life cycle. It comprises three classes: KINETOFRAGMINOPHOREA; OLIGOHYMENOPHOREA; and POLYMENOPHOREA.

Coccus-shaped bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.

A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare.

The functional genetic units of ARCHAEA.

Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

The phylum of sponges which are sessile, suspension-feeding, multicellular animals that utilize flagellated cells called choanocytes to circulate water. Most are hermaphroditic. They are probably an early evolutionary side branch that gave rise to no other group of animals. Except for about 150 freshwater species, sponges are marine animals. They are a source of ALKALOIDS; STEROLS; and other complex molecules useful in medicine and biological research.

The Arctic Ocean and the lands in it and adjacent to it. It includes Point Barrow, Alaska, most of the Franklin District in Canada, two thirds of Greenland, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Lapland, Novaya Zemlya, and Northern Siberia. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p66)

Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by HYDROGEN BONDING in double-stranded DNA or RNA.

The continent lying around the South Pole and the southern waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. It includes the Falkland Islands Dependencies. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p55)

A genus of aerobic, gram-negative bacteria in the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE. Many of its species were formerly in the genus FLAVOBACTERIUM.

The systematic arrangement of entities in any field into categories classes based on common characteristics such as properties, morphology, subject matter, etc.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

A kingdom in the domain ARCHAEA comprised of thermoacidophilic, sulfur-dependent organisms. The two orders are SULFOLOBALES and THERMOPROTEALES.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.

Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations.

A genus of ciliate protozoa commonly used in genetic, cytological, and other research.

Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method.

A family of marine, gram-negative PROTEOBACTERIA including the genera ALTEROMONAS; Colwellia; Idiomarina; MARINOBACTER; MORITELLA; PSEUDOALTEROMONAS; and SHEWANELLA.

The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Enzymes that catalyze the S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methylation of ribonucleotide bases within a transfer RNA molecule. EC 2.1.1.

A genus of asporogenous bacteria that is widely distributed in nature. Its organisms appear as straight to slightly curved rods and are known to be human and animal parasites and pathogens.

A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally.

The processes by which organisms utilize organic substances as their nutrient sources. Contrasts with AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES which make use of simple inorganic substances as the nutrient supply source. Heterotrophs can be either chemoheterotrophs (or chemoorganotrophs) which also require organic substances such as glucose for their primary metabolic energy requirements, or photoheterotrophs (or photoorganotrophs) which derive their primary energy requirements from light. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (AUTOTROPHY; heterotrophy; chemotrophy; or PHOTOTROPHY) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements.

A specific bacteriochlorophyll that is similar in structure to chlorophyll a.

Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.

A family of gram-positive non-sporing bacteria including many parasitic, pathogenic, and saprophytic forms.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria usually containing granules of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. They characteristically invade the root hairs of leguminous plants and act as intracellular symbionts.

Short chains of RNA (100-300 nucleotides long) that are abundant in the nucleus and usually complexed with proteins in snRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL NUCLEAR). Many function in the processing of messenger RNA precursors. Others, the snoRNAs (RNA, SMALL NUCLEOLAR), are involved with the processing of ribosomal RNA precursors.

A family of gram-negative bacteria which are saprophytes, symbionts, or plant pathogens.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

Environments or habitats at the interface between truly terrestrial ecosystems and truly aquatic systems making them different from each yet highly dependent on both. Adaptations to low soil oxygen characterize many wetland species.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, facultatively methylotrophic rods occurring singly or occasionally in rosettes. Members of this genus are usually motile and are isolated from soil, dust, fresh water, lake sediments, leaf surfaces, rice, air, and hospital environments. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A group of often glycosylated macrocyclic compounds formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES cyclized into a large (typically 12, 14, or 16)-membered lactone. Macrolides belong to the POLYKETIDES class of natural products, and many members exhibit ANTIBIOTIC properties.

Ribotypes of clinical Vibrio cholerae non-O1 non-O139 strains in relation to O-serotypes. (1/3473)

The emergence of Vibrio cholerae O139 in 1992 and reports of an increasing number of other non-O1 serogroups being associated with diarrhoea, stimulated us to characterize V. cholerae non-O1 non-O139 strains received at the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan for serotyping. Ribotyping with the restriction enzyme BglI of 103 epidemiological unrelated mainly clinical strains representing 10 O-serotypes yielded 67 different typing patterns. Ribotype similarity within each serotype was compared by using the Dice coefficient (Sd) and different levels of homogeneity were observed (serotypes O5, O41 and O17, Sd between 82 and 90%: serotypes O13 and O141 Sd of 72; and O2, O6, O7, O11, O24 Sd of 62-66%). By cluster analysis, the strains were divided into several clusters of low similarity suggesting a high level of genetic diversity. A low degree of similarity between serotypes and ribotypes was found as strains within a specific serotypes often did not cluster but clustered with strains from other serotypes. However, epidemiological unrelated O5 strains showed identical or closely related ribotypes suggesting that these strains have undergone few genetic changes and may correspond to a clonal line. Surprisingly, 10 of 16 O141 strains studied contained a cholera toxin (CT) gene, including 7 strains recovered from stool and water samples in the United States. This is to our knowledge the first report of CT-positive clinical O141 strains. The closely related ribotypes shown by eight CT-positive strains is disturbing and suggest that these strains may be of a clonal origin and have the potential to cause cholera-like disease. Despite the low degree of correlation found between ribotypes and serotypes, both methods appears to be valuable techniques in studying the epidemiology of emerging serotypes of V. cholerae. (+info)

Molecular differentiation of Renibacterium salmoninarum isolates from worldwide locations. (2/3473)

Renibacterium salmoninarum is a genospecies that is an obligate pathogen of salmonid fish and is capable of intracellular survival. Conventional typing systems have failed to differentiate isolates of R. salmoninarum. We used two methods to assess the extent of molecular variation which was present in isolates from different geographic locations. In one analysis we investigated possible polymorphisms in a specific region of the genome, the intergenic spacer (ITS) region between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes. In the other analysis we analyzed differences throughout the genome by using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). We amplified the spacer region of 74 isolates by using PCR and performed a DNA sequence analysis with 14 geographically distinct samples. The results showed that the 16S-23S ribosomal DNA spacer region of R. salmoninarum is highly conserved and suggested that only a single copy of the rRNA operon is present in this slowly growing pathogen. DNA sequencing of the spacer region showed that it was the same length in all 14 isolates examined, and the same nucleotide sequence, sequevar 1, was obtained for 11 of these isolates. Two other sequevars were found. No tRNA genes were found. We found that RAPD analysis allows reproducible differentiation between isolates of R. salmoninarum obtained from different hosts and different geographic regions. By using RAPD analysis it was possible to differentiate between isolates with identical ITS sequences. (+info)

Effect of phenylurea herbicides on soil microbial communities estimated by analysis of 16S rRNA gene fingerprints and community-level physiological profiles. (3/3473)

The effect of three phenyl urea herbicides (diuron, linuron, and chlorotoluron) on soil microbial communities was studied by using soil samples with a 10-year history of treatment. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used for the analysis of 16S rRNA genes (16S rDNA). The degree of similarity between the 16S rDNA profiles of the communities was quantified by numerically analysing the DGGE band patterns. Similarity dendrograms showed that the microbial community structures of the herbicide-treated and nontreated soils were significantly different. Moreover, the bacterial diversity seemed to decrease in soils treated with urea herbicides, and sequence determination of several DGGE fragments showed that the most affected species in the soils treated with diuron and linuron belonged to an uncultivated bacterial group. As well as the 16S rDNA fingerprints, the substrate utilization patterns of the microbial communities were compared. Principal-component analysis performed on BIOLOG data showed that the functional abilities of the soil microbial communities were altered by the application of the herbicides. In addition, enrichment cultures of the different soils in medium with the urea herbicides as the sole carbon and nitrogen source showed that there was no difference between treated and nontreated soil in the rate of transformation of diuron and chlorotoluron but that there was a strong difference in the case of linuron. In the enrichment cultures with linuron-treated soil, linuron disappeared completely after 1 week whereas no significant transformation was observed in cultures inoculated with nontreated soil even after 4 weeks. In conclusion, this study showed that both the structure and metabolic potential of soil microbial communities were clearly affected by a long-term application of urea herbicides. (+info)

Anaerobic oxidation of o-xylene, m-xylene, and homologous alkylbenzenes by new types of sulfate-reducing bacteria. (4/3473)

Various alkylbenzenes were depleted during growth of an anaerobic, sulfate-reducing enrichment culture with crude oil as the only source of organic substrates. From this culture, two new types of mesophilic, rod-shaped sulfate-reducing bacteria, strains oXyS1 and mXyS1, were isolated with o-xylene and m-xylene, respectively, as organic substrates. Sequence analyses of 16S rRNA genes revealed that the isolates affiliated with known completely oxidizing sulfate-reducing bacteria of the delta subclass of the class Proteobacteria. Strain oXyS1 showed the highest similarities to Desulfobacterium cetonicum and Desulfosarcina variabilis (similarity values, 98.4 and 98.7%, respectively). Strain mXyS1 was less closely related to known species, the closest relative being Desulfococcus multivorans (similarity value, 86.9%). Complete mineralization of o-xylene and m-xylene was demonstrated in quantitative growth experiments. Strain oXyS1 was able to utilize toluene, o-ethyltoluene, benzoate, and o-methylbenzoate in addition to o-xylene. Strain mXyS1 oxidized toluene, m-ethyltoluene, m-isoproyltoluene, benzoate, and m-methylbenzoate in addition to m-xylene. Strain oXyS1 did not utilize m-alkyltoluenes, whereas strain mXyS1 did not utilize o-alkyltoluenes. Like the enrichment culture, both isolates grew anaerobically on crude oil with concomitant reduction of sulfate to sulfide. (+info)

High-affinity methane oxidation by a soil enrichment culture containing a type II methanotroph. (5/3473)

Methanotrophic bacteria in an organic soil were enriched on gaseous mixing ratios of <275 parts per million of volume (ppmv) of methane (CH4). After 4 years of growth and periodic dilution (>10(20) times the initial soil inoculum), a mixed culture was obtained which displayed an apparent half-saturation constant [Km(app)] for CH4 of 56 to 186 nM (40 to 132 ppmv). This value was the same as that measured in the soil itself and about 1 order of magnitude lower than reported values for pure cultures of methane oxidizers. However, the Km(app) increased when the culture was transferred to higher mixing ratios of CH4 (1,000 ppmv, or 1%). Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of the enrichment grown on <275 ppmv of CH4 revealed a single gene product of pmoA, which codes for a subunit of particulate methane monooxygenase. This suggested that only one methanotroph species was present. This organism was isolated from a sample of the enrichment culture grown on 1% CH4 and phylogenetically positioned based on its 16S rRNA, pmoA, and mxaF gene sequences as a type II strain of the Methylocystis/Methylosinus group. A coculture of this strain with a Variovorax sp., when grown on <275 ppmv of CH4, had a Km(app) (129 to 188 nM) similar to that of the initial enrichment culture. The data suggest that the affinity of methanotrophic bacteria for CH4 varies with growth conditions and that the oxidation of atmospheric CH4 observed in this soil is carried out by type II methanotrophic bacteria which are similar to characterized species. (+info)

Polynucleotide probes that target a hypervariable region of 16S rRNA genes to identify bacterial isolates corresponding to bands of community fingerprints. (6/3473)

Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) is well suited for fingerprinting bacterial communities by separating PCR-amplified fragments of 16S rRNA genes (16S ribosomal DNA [rDNA]). A strategy was developed and was generally applicable for linking 16S rDNA from community fingerprints to pure culture isolates from the same habitat. For this, digoxigenin-labeled polynucleotide probes were generated by PCR, using bands excised from TGGE community fingerprints as a template, and applied in hybridizations with dot blotted 16S rDNA amplified from bacterial isolates. Within 16S rDNA, the hypervariable V6 region, corresponding to positions 984 to 1047 (Escherichia coli 16S rDNA sequence), which is a subset of the region used for TGGE (positions 968 to 1401), best met the criteria of high phylogenetic variability, required for sufficient probe specificity, and closely flanking conserved priming sites for amplification. Removal of flanking conserved bases was necessary to enable the differentiation of closely related species. This was achieved by 5' exonuclease digestion, terminated by phosphorothioate bonds which were synthesized into the primers. The remaining complementary strand was removed by single-strand-specific digestion. Standard hybridization with truncated probes allowed differentiation of bacteria which differed by only two bases within the probe target site and 1.2% within the complete 16S rDNA. However, a truncated probe, derived from an excised TGGE band of a rhizosphere community, hybridized with three phylogenetically related isolates with identical V6 sequences. Only one of the isolates comigrated with the excised band in TGGE, which was shown to be due to identical sequences, demonstrating the utility of a combined TGGE and V6 probe approach. (+info)

Immunochemical detection and isolation of DNA from metabolically active bacteria. (7/3473)

Most techniques used to assay the growth of microbes in natural communities provide no information on the relationship between microbial productivity and community structure. To identify actively growing bacteria, we adapted a technique from immunocytochemistry to detect and selectively isolate DNA from bacteria incorporating bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), a thymidine analog. In addition, we developed an immunocytochemical protocol to visualize BrdU-labeled microbial cells. Cultured bacteria and natural populations of aquatic bacterioplankton were pulse-labeled with exogenously supplied BrdU. Incorporation of BrdU into microbial DNA was demonstrated in DNA dot blots probed with anti-BrdU monoclonal antibodies and either peroxidase- or Texas red-conjugated secondary antibodies. BrdU-containing DNA was physically separated from unlabeled DNA by using antibody-coated paramagnetic beads, and the identities of bacteria contributing to both purified, BrdU-containing fractions and unfractionated, starting-material DNAs were determined by length heterogeneity PCR (LH-PCR) analysis. BrdU-containing DNA purified from a mixture of DNAs from labeled and unlabeled cultures showed >90-fold enrichment for the labeled bacterial taxon. The LH-PCR profile for BrdU-containing DNA from a labeled, natural microbial community differed from the profile for the community as a whole, demonstrating that BrdU was incorporated by a taxonomic subset of the community. Immunocytochemical detection of cells with BrdU-labeled DNA was accomplished by in situ probing with anti-BrdU monoclonal antibodies and Texas red-labeled secondary antibodies. Using this suite of techniques, microbial cells incorporating BrdU into their newly synthesized DNA can be quantified and the identities of these actively growing cells can be compared to the composition of the microbial community as a whole. Since not all strains tested could incorporate BrdU, these methods may be most useful when used to gain an understanding of the activities of specific species in the context of their microbial community. (+info)

Dissimilatory reduction of Fe(III) and other electron acceptors by a Thermus isolate. (8/3473)

A thermophilic bacterium that can use O2, NO3-, Fe(III), and S0 as terminal electron acceptors for growth was isolated from groundwater sampled at a 3.2-km depth in a South African gold mine. This organism, designated SA-01, clustered most closely with members of the genus Thermus, as determined by 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) sequence analysis. The 16S rDNA sequence of SA-01 was >98% similar to that of Thermus strain NMX2 A.1, which was previously isolated by other investigators from a thermal spring in New Mexico. Strain NMX2 A.1 was also able to reduce Fe(III) and other electron acceptors. Neither SA-01 nor NMX2 A.1 grew fermentatively, i.e., addition of an external electron acceptor was required for anaerobic growth. Thermus strain SA-01 reduced soluble Fe(III) complexed with citrate or nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA); however, it could reduce only relatively small quantities (0.5 mM) of hydrous ferric oxide except when the humic acid analog 2,6-anthraquinone disulfonate was added as an electron shuttle, in which case 10 mM Fe(III) was reduced. Fe(III)-NTA was reduced quantitatively to Fe(II); reduction of Fe(III)-NTA was coupled to the oxidation of lactate and supported growth through three consecutive transfers. Suspensions of Thermus strain SA-01 cells also reduced Mn(IV), Co(III)-EDTA, Cr(VI), and U(VI). Mn(IV)-oxide was reduced in the presence of either lactate or H2. Both strains were also able to mineralize NTA to CO2 and to couple its oxidation to Fe(III) reduction and growth. The optimum temperature for growth and Fe(III) reduction by Thermus strains SA-01 and NMX2 A.1 is approximately 65 degrees C; their optimum pH is 6.5 to 7.0. This is the first report of a Thermus sp. being able to couple the oxidation of organic compounds to the reduction of Fe, Mn, or S. (+info)

Types: There are several types of digestive system fistulae, including:

* Esophago-gastric fistula: A connection between the esophagus and stomach
* Gastric-duodenal fistula: A connection between the stomach and small intestine
* Jejuno-ileal fistula: A connection between the small intestine and large intestine
* Ileo-caecal fistula: A connection between the large intestine and the caecum, a pouch-like structure in the appendix

Causes: Digestive system fistulae can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis
* Diverticulitis, a condition in which pouches form in the wall of the GI tract and become infected
* Cancer, such as rectal cancer or colon cancer
* Radiation therapy to the pelvic area
* Infections, such as abscesses or gangrene

Symptoms: Symptoms of digestive system fistulae can include:

* Pain in the abdomen or pelvis
* Swelling in the abdomen or pelvis
* Fever
* Diarrhea or constipation
* Abdominal distension
* Weight loss

Treatment: Treatment for digestive system fistulae depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, surgery, or other interventions. In some cases, the condition may be managed with draining of the abscess or fistula, or with the use of a nasogastric tube to drain the contents of the stomach. Surgical repair of the fistula may also be necessary.

Prognosis: The prognosis for digestive system fistulae depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In general, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes. However, if left untreated, the condition can lead to serious complications such as sepsis, organ damage, or death.

Prevention: Preventing digestive system fistulae involves managing any underlying conditions that may contribute to their development. For example, people with inflammatory bowel disease should adhere to their treatment regimens and make lifestyle changes as recommended by their healthcare providers. In addition, good hand hygiene and proper sterilization techniques can help prevent the spread of infections that can lead to fistulae.

The causes of colorectal neoplasms are not fully understood, but factors such as age, genetics, diet, and lifestyle have been implicated. Symptoms of colorectal cancer can include changes in bowel habits, blood in the stool, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Screening for colorectal cancer is recommended for adults over the age of 50, as it can help detect early-stage tumors and improve survival rates.

There are several subtypes of colorectal neoplasms, including adenomas (which are precancerous polyps), carcinomas (which are malignant tumors), and lymphomas (which are cancers of the immune system). Treatment options for colorectal cancer depend on the stage and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Research into the causes and treatment of colorectal neoplasms is ongoing, and there has been significant progress in recent years. Advances in screening and treatment have improved survival rates for patients with colorectal cancer, and there is hope that continued research will lead to even more effective treatments in the future.

The main features of HAIDs include:

1. Recurrent episodes of inflammation: Patients with HAIDs experience recurrent episodes of fever, pain, and swelling in various parts of the body, such as the joints, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. These episodes can last for days or weeks and can significantly impact quality of life.
2. Autoantibody production: HAIDs are characterized by the production of autoantibodies, which are antibodies that attack the body's own tissues. These autoantibodies can cause inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues in the body.
3. Genetic mutations: HAIDs are caused by genetic mutations that affect the function of the immune system. These mutations can be inherited from one or both parents and can vary in severity and expression.
4. Multi-system involvement: HAIDs can affect multiple systems in the body, such as the joints, skin, gastrointestinal tract, and nervous system. This can result in a range of symptoms, including pain, fatigue, and cognitive impairment.
5. High morbidity and mortality: HAIDs can have a significant impact on quality of life and survival. These conditions are often associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, particularly if left untreated or inadequately treated.

Examples of HAIDs include:

1. Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF): FMF is an inherited disorder that affects individuals of Mediterranean descent. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of fever, pain, and inflammation in the joints, skin, and gastrointestinal tract.
2. Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes (CAPS): CAPS are a group of rare genetic disorders that affect the immune system. They are characterized by recurrent episodes of fever, pain, and inflammation in various parts of the body.
3. Hyper-IgE syndrome: Hyper-IgE syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the immune system. It is characterized by high levels of IgE antibodies in the blood and recurrent infections, particularly with Staphylococcus aureus.
4. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is a rare genetic disorder that affects the immune system. It is characterized by recurrent candidal infections of the skin, nails, and mucous membranes.
5. X-linked agammaglobulinemia: X-linked agammaglobulinemia is a rare genetic disorder that affects the immune system. It is characterized by a lack of antibody production and recurrent infections, particularly with encapsulated bacteria.
6. Common variable immunodeficiency: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the immune system. It is characterized by low levels of antibodies and recurrent infections.
7. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the immune system. It is characterized by a variety of symptoms, including eczema, allergies, and an increased risk of infections.
8. X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome: X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the immune system. It is characterized by high levels of IgM antibodies in the blood and recurrent infections.
9. Chronic granulomatous disease: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the immune system. It is characterized by the failure of white blood cells to produce oxidizing chemicals, leading to recurrent infections and inflammation.
10. Chediak-Higashi syndrome: Chediak-Higashi syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the immune system. It is characterized by a weakened immune system, low levels of white blood cells, and an increased risk of infections.
These are just a few examples of primary immunodeficiency disorders. There are many other types of these disorders, each with its own set of symptoms and characteristics. If you suspect that you or your child may have a primary immunodeficiency disorder, it is important to speak with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Gram-negative bacterial infections can be difficult to treat because these bacteria are resistant to many antibiotics. In addition, some gram-negative bacteria produce enzymes called beta-lactamases, which break down the penicillin ring of many antibiotics, making them ineffective against the infection.

Some common types of gram-negative bacterial infections include:

* Pneumonia
* Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
* Bloodstream infections (sepsis)
* Meningitis
* Skin and soft tissue infections
* Respiratory infections, such as bronchitis and sinusitis

Examples of gram-negative bacteria that can cause infection include:

* Escherichia coli (E. coli)
* Klebsiella pneumoniae
* Pseudomonas aeruginosa
* Acinetobacter baumannii
* Proteus mirabilis

Gram-negative bacterial infections can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including blood cultures, urine cultures, and tissue samples. Treatment typically involves the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as carbapenems or cephalosporins, which are effective against many types of gram-negative bacteria. In some cases, the infection may require hospitalization and intensive care to manage complications such as sepsis or organ failure.

Prevention of gram-negative bacterial infections includes good hand hygiene, proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and appropriate use of antibiotics. In healthcare settings, infection control measures such as sterilization and disinfection of equipment, and isolation precautions for patients with known gram-negative bacterial infections can help prevent the spread of these infections.

Overall, gram-negative bacterial infections are a significant public health concern, and proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications and reduce the risk of transmission.

Types of Mycobacterium Infections:

1. Tuberculosis (TB): This is the most common Mycobacterium infection and is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body such as the brain, kidneys, and spine.
2. Leprosy: This is a chronic infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae, which primarily affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes. It is also known as Hansen's disease.
3. Buruli ulcer: This is a skin infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium ulcerans, which is found in wet environments such as rivers, lakes, and swamps.
4. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC): This is a group of bacteria that can cause a variety of diseases, including lung disease, disseminated disease, and cardiovascular disease.
5. Mycobacterium abscessus: This is a type of bacteria that can cause skin and soft tissue infections, as well as respiratory and disseminated diseases.

Symptoms of Mycobacterium Infections:

The symptoms of Mycobacterium infections can vary depending on the type of infection and the severity of the disease. Some common symptoms include:

* Coughing or difficulty breathing (in TB infections)
* Skin lesions or ulcers (in leprosy and Buruli ulcer)
* Fever, chills, and fatigue (in all types of Mycobacterium infections)
* Swollen lymph nodes (in all types of Mycobacterium infections)
* Joint pain or swelling (in some cases)
* Weight loss and loss of appetite (in severe cases)

Diagnosis of Mycobacterium Infections:

Diagnosing a Mycobacterium infection can be challenging, as the bacteria are slow-growing and require specialized culture techniques. Some common methods for diagnosing Mycobacterium infections include:

* Skin scrapings or biopsies (for leprosy and Buruli ulcer)
* Sputum or lung biopsy (for TB)
* Blood tests (for disseminated disease)
* Imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans (to evaluate the extent of the infection)

Treatment of Mycobacterium Infections:

The treatment of Mycobacterium infections depends on the type of infection and the severity of the disease. Some common treatments include:

* Antibiotics: For TB, the standard treatment is a combination of rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for at least 6 months. For leprosy, the standard treatment is a combination of rifampin, dapsone, and clofazimine for at least 12 months.
* Surgery: For Buruli ulcer, surgical debridement of the affected skin and tissue is often necessary.
* Supportive care: Patients with severe forms of the disease may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, fluid replacement, and wound care.

Prevention of Mycobacterium Infections:

Preventing the spread of Mycobacterium infections is crucial for controlling these diseases. Some common prevention measures include:

* Vaccination: For TB, vaccination with the BCG vaccine is recommended for infants and young children in high-risk areas.
* Screening: Screening for TB and leprosy is important for early detection and treatment of cases.
* Contact tracing: Identifying and testing individuals who have been in close contact with someone who has been diagnosed with TB or leprosy can help prevent the spread of the disease.
* Infection control measures: Healthcare workers should follow strict infection control measures when caring for patients with Mycobacterium infections to prevent transmission to others.
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick: Avoiding close contact with people who are sick with TB or leprosy can help prevent the spread of the disease.
* Covering mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing: Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing can help prevent the spread of TB bacteria.
* Properly disposing of contaminated materials: Properly disposing of contaminated materials, such as used tissues and surfaces soiled with respiratory secretions, can help prevent the spread of TB bacteria.

It is important to note that while these measures can help control the spread of Mycobacterium infections, they are not foolproof and should be combined with other prevention measures, such as early detection and treatment of cases, to effectively control these diseases.

The tumor usually appears as a well-defined lump or mass that is surrounded by a fibrous capsule. The surface of the tumor may be smooth or rough, and it may be covered with cartilage or bone. Chondroblastoma tends to grow slowly over time, but it can sometimes become malignant and invade surrounding tissues.

Chondroblastoma is most commonly found in young adults, typically between the ages of 20 and 40. The exact cause of chondroblastoma is not known, but it may be linked to genetic factors or environmental exposures. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the tumor, followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence.

Some of the common symptoms of Chondroblastoma include:

* Painless lump or mass in the affected limb
* Limited mobility and stiffness in the affected joint
* Swelling and redness in the affected area
* Warmth and tenderness to touch

Some of the common diagnostic tests for Chondroblastoma include:

* X-rays
* CT scans
* MRI scans
* Biopsy

It's important to note that while chondroblastoma is a benign tumor, it can recur in some cases. Therefore, regular follow-up appointments with your doctor are essential to monitor the condition and detect any signs of recurrence early on.

1. Tuberculosis: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause tuberculosis, which is a chronic bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
2. Leprosy: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause leprosy, which is a chronic infectious disease that affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes.
3. Lung abscess: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause lung abscess, which is a collection of pus in the lungs that can be caused by bacterial infections.
4. Skin infections: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause skin infections, such as furuncles and carbuncles, which are boils that can be caused by bacterial infections.
5. Bone and joint infections: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause bone and joint infections, such as osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, which are infections of the bones and joints.
6. Endocarditis: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause endocarditis, which is an infection of the heart valves.
7. Meningitis: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause meningitis, which is an inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.
8. Osteomyelitis: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause osteomyelitis, which is an infection of the bones.
9. Septic arthritis: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause septic arthritis, which is an infection of the joints.
10. Soft tissue infections: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause soft tissue infections, such as abscesses and cellulitis, which are infections of the skin and underlying tissues.

The symptoms of Actinomycetales infections vary depending on the location and severity of the infection, but may include fever, chills, joint pain, swelling, redness, and warmth over the affected area. In severe cases, Actinomycetales infections can lead to life-threatening complications such as sepsis and organ failure.

Actinomycetales bacteria are typically resistant to antibiotics, making treatment challenging. Surgical intervention is often necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged structures. In some cases, combination therapy with antibiotics and surgery may be required to effectively treat Actinomycetales infections.

Preventive measures for Actinomycetales infections include proper hand hygiene, sterilization of medical equipment, and avoiding close contact with individuals who are at risk of developing an Actinomycetales infection. Early detection and treatment of Actinomycetales infections are crucial to prevent serious complications and improve outcomes for patients.

Symptoms of nocardiosis can vary depending on the site of infection and severity of disease. Respiratory symptoms may include cough, fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Skin infections may cause swelling, redness, and warmth at the site of infection. Bone and joint infections can lead to pain, swelling, and limited mobility.

Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and radiographic imaging. Laboratory tests may include blood cultures, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and other techniques to detect the presence of Nocardia in body fluids or tissues. Imaging studies such as chest X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to evaluate the extent of disease.

Treatment of nocardiosis typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgical debridement of infected tissues. The choice of antibiotics depends on the severity and location of infection, as well as the patient's age, health status, and other medical conditions. Surgical intervention may be necessary to drain abscesses, repair damaged tissues, or remove infected bone or joint segments.

Preventive measures for nocardiosis include avoiding exposure to risk factors such as soil or contaminated water, practicing good hygiene and infection control practices, and following proper sterilization techniques when handling instruments or equipment. Vaccination against Nocardia is not available, and there is currently no effective prophylactic therapy for nocardiosis.

Nocardiosis can be a challenging disease to diagnose and treat, particularly in cases of disseminated infection or those with underlying medical conditions. Prompt recognition and aggressive management are critical to improving patient outcomes.

Symptoms of Corynebacterium Infections: The symptoms of Corynebacterium infections vary depending on the location and severity of the infection. They may include:

* Skin rashes or lesions
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever
* Pain and tenderness in the affected area
* Difficulty moving the affected joints (in case of bacterial arthritis)
* Shortness of breath (in case of pneumonia)
* Fatigue, fever, and chills (in case of sepsis)

Causes and Risk Factors: Corynebacterium infections are caused by the bacteria of the Corynebacterium genus. The most common species that cause human infections are Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans, and Corynebacterium jeikeium. These bacteria can enter the body through various means, such as:

* Open wounds or cuts
* Infected burns
* Contaminated surgical sites
* Prosthetic joints or other implanted medical devices
* Weakened immune system (in HIV/AIDS patients)
* Chronic medical conditions (such as diabetes, cancer, or liver disease)

Diagnosis and Treatment: The diagnosis of Corynebacterium infections typically involves a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, which may be administered orally or intravenously, depending on the severity of the infection. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove infected tissue or debris.

Prevention: Preventing Corynebacterium infections involves maintaining good hygiene practices, such as washing hands regularly and thoroughly, especially after contact with someone who is infected or after touching animals or contaminated surfaces. In addition, individuals with weakened immune systems or chronic medical conditions should take extra precautions to avoid exposure to these bacteria.

In conclusion, Corynebacterium infections are a group of serious illnesses caused by the Corynebacterium genus of bacteria. These infections can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination and laboratory tests, and treated with antibiotics. Prevention involves maintaining good hygiene practices and taking extra precautions for individuals with weakened immune systems or chronic medical conditions.

Bacteremia can occur when bacteria enter the bloodstream through various means, such as:

* Infected wounds or surgical sites
* Injecting drug use
* Skin infections
* Respiratory tract infections
* Urinary tract infections
* Endocarditis (infection of the heart valves)

The symptoms of bacteremia can vary depending on the type of bacteria and the severity of the infection. Some common symptoms include:

* Fever
* Chills
* Headache
* Muscle aches
* Weakness
* Confusion
* Shortness of breath

Bacteremia is diagnosed by blood cultures, which involve collecting blood samples and inserting them into a specialized container to grow the bacteria. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and oxygen therapy. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the infection.

Prevention measures for bacteremia include:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly
* Avoiding sharing personal items like toothbrushes or razors
* Properly cleaning and covering wounds
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can lead to bacteremia
* Following proper sterilization techniques during medical procedures

Overall, bacteremia is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention to prevent complications and ensure effective treatment.

Symptoms of ehrlichiosis typically begin within one to two weeks after the tick bite and may include fever, headache, muscle pain, joint pain, and rash. In severe cases, the infection can spread to the bloodstream and cause more serious complications, such as respiratory distress, liver failure, and kidney failure.

Ehrlichiosis is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, including a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to detect the bacterial DNA in the blood. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, such as doxycycline or azithromycin, which are effective against the bacteria that cause ehrlichiosis.

Prevention of ehrlichiosis primarily involves avoiding tick habitats and using tick-repellent clothing and insecticides to prevent tick bites. Early detection and treatment of ehrlichiosis can help reduce the risk of serious complications and improve outcomes for infected individuals.

The frontal sinuses are located above the eyes and extend from the temple to the middle of the forehead. They are connected to the nasal passages and drain into the nasopharynx. When the frontal sinuses become infected or inflamed, it can cause pain and discomfort in the forehead, face, and eyes.

Frontal sinusitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections, bacterial infections, allergies, and structural abnormalities such as deviated septum. It is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, nasal endoscopy, and imaging studies such as CT scans or MRI.

Treatment options for frontal sinusitis depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Antibiotics may be prescribed to treat bacterial infections, while antihistamines and decongestants may be recommended for allergic rhinitis. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to drain the sinuses or correct anatomical abnormalities.

In summary, frontal sinusitis is a condition that affects the frontal sinuses in the forehead and can cause pain, discomfort, and other symptoms in the face and eyes. It can be caused by various factors and diagnosed through a combination of physical examination and imaging studies. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

It is largely made up of specialized RNA known as ribosomal RNA (rRNA) as well as dozens of distinct proteins (the exact number ... Wang J, Dasgupta I, Fox GE (28 April 2009). "Many nonuniversal archaeal ribosomal proteins are found in conserved gene clusters ... Eukaryotic ribosomes are between 25 and 30 nm (250-300 Å) in diameter with an rRNA-to-protein ratio that is close to 1. ... The unit of measurement used to describe the ribosomal subunits and the rRNA fragments is the Svedberg unit, a measure of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome

16S rRNA gene sequencing is confirmatory. In 1961, a new type of viridans streptococci was classified as "nutritionally variant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulicatella_adiacens

The most prominent examples of RNA genes are transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), both of which are involved in the ... "housekeeping genes"), while σ32 recognizes promoters for genes required at high temperatures ("heat-shock genes"). In archaea ... However, since the late 1990s, many new RNA genes have been found, and thus RNA genes may play a much more significant role ... Control of the process of gene transcription affects patterns of gene expression and, thereby, allows a cell to adapt to a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase

Mitochondrial rRNA methyltransferase 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRM1 gene. ENSG00000278619 GRCh38: Ensembl ... "Entrez Gene: Mitochondrial rRNA methyltransferase 1". Retrieved 2020-04-12. Hendrickson SL, Lautenberger JA, Chinn LW, Malasky ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 17, All stub articles, ... "Genetic variants in nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes influence AIDS progression". PLOS ONE. 5 (9): e12862. Bibcode:2010PLoSO ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRM1_(gene)

Sequence analysis of a fragment of the LSU rRNA gene; Journal of Phycology, 30: 991-1011. ANDERSON, D.M., KULIS, D.M., DOUCETTE ... RFLP analysis of SSU rRNA genes; Journal of Phycology, 30: 744-754. SCHOLIN, C.A., HERZOG, M., SOGIN, M. & ANDERSON, D.M. 1994 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrium_fundyense

The 16S rRNA gene of Methanocaldococcus sp. FS406-22, is almost 100% similar to that of Methanocaldococcus jannaschii, a non- ... It also has a GC-content of 32.04%. The 16S rRNA gene of Methanocaldococcus sp. FS406-22, is almost 100% similar to that of ... Looking further into this methanogen, it was found that the 16S rRNA gene of Methanocaldococcus sp. FS406-22, is 99% similar to ... This divergence of genes is estimated to have happened before the separation of the Domains bacteria and methanogenic archaea. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanocaldococcus_sp._FS406-22

Ribosomal protein leader Meyer MM (March 2018). "rRNA Mimicry in RNA Regulation of Gene Expression". Microbiol Spectr. 6 (2). ... but the regulated mRNAs always contain an L20 gene. A Rho-independent transcription terminator structure that is probably ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_protein_L20_leader

This phylogeny is based on rRNA gene sequencing. Members in the genus Polaribacter are abundant in polar oceans and are ... However the researchers also noticed that the organism had a proteorhodopsin gene as well as other genes which could be used to ... These genes fit with the current understanding of how marine bacteroidetes survive through attaching to a surface and moving ... species can be identified through DNA hybridization or through the sequencing and comparison of a common gene such as 16S rRNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaribacter

N. gargensis within the 16S rRNA gene. The Nitrososphaera sp. use ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes to oxidize oxidize ... The 16S rRNA gene of all Nitrososphaera sp. are nearly identical as they are neighboring within the phylogentic tree. N. ... All three species contain genes for urease, urea, and ammonia. Nitrososphaera have a cell membrane composed of crenarchaeol, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrososphaera

L, Ding (4 April 2009). "Arthrobacter alkaliphilus gene for 16S rRNA, partial sequence". National Center for Biotechnology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrobacter_alkaliphilus

Ribosomal protein leader Meyer MM (March 2018). "rRNA Mimicry in RNA Regulation of Gene Expression". Microbiol Spectr. 6 (2). ... In this structure, similarities between the rRNA binding site of the S15 ribosomal protein and the S15 ribosomal protein leader ... This suggests that the ribosomal leaders in these organisms function by mimicking the S15 binding site in rRNA. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_S15_leader

Phylogenetic Relationships of the Wardiaceae (Musci); Evidence from 18s rRNA and rps4 Gene Sequences. The Bryologist 102 (1): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardia

Meyer MM (March 2018). "rRNA Mimicry in RNA Regulation of Gene Expression". Microbiol Spectr. 6 (2). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_protein_L13_leader

Meyer MM (March 2018). "rRNA Mimicry in RNA Regulation of Gene Expression". Microbiol Spectr. 6 (2). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec. ... This binding event can lower gene expression via a number of mechanisms; for example, in the protein-bound state, the RNA could ... This leads to increased expression of the gene, which leads to the synthesis of more copies of the ribosomal protein. Many ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_protein_leader

"Computer-simulated RFLP analysis of 16S rRNA genes: identification of ten new phytoplasma groups". International Journal of ... Despite their small genomes, many predicted phytoplasma genes are present in multiple copies. Phytoplasmas lack many genes ... The expression of genes involved in maintaining the apical meristem or in the development of floral organs is altered in the ... In 2009, 56 genes for secreted proteins were identified in the genome of aster yellows witches' broom phytoplasma strain (AY-WB ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplasma

"Natronoanaerobium halophilum 16S rRNA gene, isolate G-M14CH-4". European Nucleotide Archive. Retrieved 2022-10-21. Pagaling E, ... "Natronoanaerobium aggerbacterium 16S rRNA gene, isolate G-M16NWC-4". European Nucleotide Archive. Retrieved 2022-10-21. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natronoanaerobium

The genes coding for 28S rRNA are referred to as 28S rDNA. The comparison of the sequences from these genes are sometimes used ... It has a size of 25S in plants and 28S in mammals, hence the alias of 25S-28S rRNA. Combined with 5.8S rRNA to the 5' side, it ... The 28S rRNA is typically 4000-5000 nt long. Some eukaryotes cleave 28S rRNA into two parts before assembling both into the ... 28S ribosomal RNA is the structural ribosomal RNA (rRNA) for the large subunit (LSU) of eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28S_ribosomal_RNA

"Comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences of genus Methanobrevibacter". BMC Microbiol. 4: 20. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-4-20. PMC ... "Comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences of genus Methanobrevibacter". BMC Microbiology. 4 (1): 20. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-4-20. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter

nov., a unique halophilic archeon, with three 16s rRNA genes, that grows only in defined medium with glycerol and acetate or ... "Intragenomic heterogeneity and intergenomic recombination among haloarchaeal rRNA genes". Journal of Bacteriology. 186 (12): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halosimplex

"Staphylococcus pseudintermedius 16S rRNA gene, type strain LMG 22219T". 2005-08-15. "Notification that new names and new ... as a novel species in 2005 using 16S rRNA sequencing of the tRNA intergenic length polymorphisms of the AJ780976 gene loci. ... are the gold standard for accurately identifying the presence of mecA genes, which confer resistance to Beta-lactam drugs in S ... "Molecular Detection and Characterization of the mecA and nuc Genes From Staphylococcus Species (S. aureus, S. pseudintermedius ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_pseudintermedius

homari by 16S rRNA gene sequence and RAPD" (PDF). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 63 (2-3): 237-246. doi:10.3354/dao063237. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaffkaemia

homari by 16S rRNA gene sequence and RAPD" (PDF). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 63 (2-3): 237-246. doi:10.3354/dao063237. PMID ... Sequencing of 16S rRNA has become the gold standard for identification, but other techniques such as MALDI-TOF have also been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerococcus

... based on cytochrome b and 12S rRNA genes". Genetics and Molecular Research. 10 (1): 368-381. doi:10.4238/vol10-1gmr1048. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-thighed_surili

... but may consist of hundreds of genes. An example are tandem clusters of rRNA encoding genes. These genes are transcribed faster ... Tandemly arrayed genes (TAGs) are a gene cluster created by tandem duplications, a process in which one gene is duplicated and ... In order to provide the necessary ribosomes, multiple RNA polymerases must consecutively transcribe multiple rRNA genes. In ... Additionally, a single RNA gene may not be able to provide enough RNA, but tandem repeats of the gene allow sufficient RNA to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandemly_arrayed_genes

Ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) encodes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that constitutes the majority of the ribosome. These genes are not ... Mayer C, Schmitz KM, Li J, Grummt I, Santoro R (May 2006). "Intergenic transcripts regulate the epigenetic state of rRNA genes ... These studies confirmed that pRNA has a role gene silencing by targeting chromatin remodelling complex to a rDNA gene promoters ... Gene silencing of rDNA requires binding of the chromatin remodelling complex, NoRC to a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule that is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoRC_associated_RNA

An 18S rRNA Gene Perspective". Mycologia. 85 (6): 923-936. doi:10.2307/3760675. JSTOR 3760675. Hibbett DS; et al. (2007). "A ... A phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal genes in 1993 showed that heterobasidiomycetes as originally circumscribed by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterobasidiomycetes

SSU rRNA) gene to distinguish between bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. Out of this approach, the SSU rRNA gene made its way to ... For both bacteria and archaea the 16S rRNA/rDNA gene is used. It is a common housekeeping gene in all prokaryotic organisms and ... Nübel U, Garcia-Pichel F, Muyzer G (August 1997). "PCR primers to amplify 16S rRNA genes from cyanobacteria". Applied and ... For protists, the corresponding 18S rRNA/rDNA gene is used. To distinguish different species of fungi, the ITS (Internal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_DNA_barcoding

Tringe SG, Hugenholtz P (2008). "A renaissance for the pioneering 16S rRNA gene" (PDF). Curr Opin Microbiol. 11 (5): 442-446. ... For instance, 16S ribosomal RNA gene clone libraries revealed that the bacterial community of the lake with the highest ... For microorganisms, the phylogenetic marker gene small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA is typically targeted, due to its good ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda_lake

homari by 16S rRNA gene sequence and RAPD" (PDF). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 63 (2-3): 237-246. doi:10.3354/dao063237. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerococcaceae

homari by 16S rRNA gene sequence and RAPD" (PDF). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 63 (2-3): 237-246. doi:10.3354/dao063237. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerococcus_viridans

Microbiological and Molecular Biological Analysis Based on 16S rRNA Gene". Microbiology Indonesia. 2 (1): 17-21. doi:10.5454/mi ... Teo, J. W.; Suwanto, A; Poh, C. L. (2000). "Novel beta-lactamase genes from two environmental isolates of Vibrio harveyi". ... and gene localization". Journal of Bacteriology. 171 (11): 5840-9. PMC 210444. PMID 2553662. Suwanto, A; Kaplan, S (1992). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonius_Suwanto

An analysis of marsupial interordinal relationships based on 12S rRNA, tRNA valine, 16S rRNA, and cytochrome b sequences. ... Nuclear gene sequences provide evidence for the monophyly of australidelphian marsupials. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_mole

1995). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. II. The coding sequences of 40 new genes (KIAA0041- ... "C1D and hMtr4p associate with the human exosome subunit PM/Scl-100 and are involved in pre-rRNA processing". Nucleic Acids Res ... "Entrez Gene: SKIV2L2 superkiller viralicidic activity 2-like 2 (S. cerevisiae)". Nomura N, Nagase T, Miyajima N, et al. ( ... Superkiller viralicidic activity 2-like 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SKIV2L2 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKIV2L2

Other genes in the respiratory chain which partake in the production of ATP were not similar to what is found in eukaryotes. ... All-Species Living Tree Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 132". Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. Retrieved 2015-08 ... These genes include DNA polymerase, primase (including two subunits), MCM, CDC6/ORC1, RPA, RPC, and PCNA. In 2004, the origins ... They are also unique in the sense that the genes encoding the structural proteins of the virus are constantly transcribed and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfolobus

... inferred from mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences, Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK b ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_India

2001). "The human mitochondrial ribosomal protein genes: mapping of 54 genes to the chromosomes and implications for human ... They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another ... "Entrez Gene: MRPL4 mitochondrial ribosomal protein L4". Andersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, et al. (1996). "A "double ... This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein. Sequence analysis identified alternatively spliced variants that encode different ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_ribosomal_protein_L4

There are also studies that measured gene expression in synthetic genes or from one to a few genes controlled by bidirectional ... The RNA transcript may encode a protein (mRNA), or can have a function in and of itself, such as tRNA or rRNA. Promoters are ... Promoters control gene expression in bacteria and eukaryotes. RNA polymerase must attach to DNA near a gene for transcription ... Gene promoters are typically located upstream of the gene and can have regulatory elements several kilobases away from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)

Interestingly, while the expression of protein-encoding genes was stimulated by ACTH, the levels of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA ... Endosymbiotic gene transfer, the process by which genes that were coded in the mitochondrial genome are transferred to the ... Adams KL, Palmer JD (December 2003). "Evolution of mitochondrial gene content: gene loss and transfer to the nucleus". ... Moreover, nuclear DNA genes involved in aerobic respiration and in mitochondrial DNA replication and transcription were either ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA

This microbe still has yet to be classified based on genomic sequencing or 16S rRNA because it cannot be sustained long enough ... Without a pure, isolated culture of this organism, more information regarding its genome, genes, evolutionary relationships ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampirococcus

Svab Z, Maliga P (August 1991). "Mutation proximal to the tRNA binding region of the Nicotiana plastid 16S rRNA confers ... McBride, KE, Svab, Z, Schaaf, DJ, Hogan, PS, Stalker, DM, Maliga, P (1995). "Amplification of a Chimeric Bacillus Gene in ... Svab, Z, Maliga, P (February 1993). "High-frequency plastid transformation in tobacco by selection for a chimeric aadA gene". ... The toolkit for chloroplast genome engineering was completed by post-transformation excision of marker genes using phage site- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal_Maliga

v t e v t e (Genes on human chromosome 6, All stub articles, Human chromosome 6 gene stubs, Protein stubs, Ribosomal proteins) ... They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another ... 2001). "The human mitochondrial ribosomal protein genes: mapping of 54 genes to the chromosomes and implications for human ... This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein that belongs to the L18P ribosomal protein family. Three polymorphic sites exist in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_ribosomal_protein_L18

5S rRNA In 1985 Gottschalk and Blanz did a study about the 5s ribosomal RNA and distinguished two types of structures in the ... In 2014 a new multiple gene sequence analysis showed that two additional classes, forming two independent deep lineages should ... These two types was named the type A secondary structure and the type B secondary structure of the 5S rRNA. This is a useful ... "A phylogenetic hypothesis of Ustilaginomycotina based on multiple gene analyses and morphological data". Mycologia. 98 (6): 906 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustilaginomycotina

"Diversity and Phylogeny of Insect Trypanosomatids Based on Small Subunit rRNA Genes: Polyphyly of Leptomonas and ... Genes Dev. 18 (22): 2798-811. doi:10.1101/gad.323404. PMC 528899. PMID 15545633. Hofer A, Steverding D, Chabes A, Brun R, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosomatida

2015). "The distribution, diversity, and importance of 16S rRNA gene introns in the order Thermoproteales". Biology Direct. 10 ... Burggraf S; Huber H; Stetter KO (1997). "Reclassification of the crenarchael orders and families in accordance with 16S rRNA ... Multiple dimethyl sulfoxide-molybdopterin (DMSO-MPT) oxidoreductase genes, which are implicated in the reduction of sulfur and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrobaculum

Paleobiogeographical considerations suggest the rate of evolution of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene is 1.0-1.6% per million ... Inferred from Mitochondrial 12S rRNA Gene Sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 22 (2): 174-183. doi:10.1006/mpev. ... This is in respect to the "good genes" hypothesis that females receive indirect benefits through her offspring by mating with a ... quality male, "a male's contribution to a female's fitness is restricted to [his] genes" (Cutuli, G. et al., 2014). Mating ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudo_(genus)

The APG II system placed the family in Malpighiales, based on a DNA sequence for the rbcL gene from Whittonia. This sequence ... "Next-Generation Genome Sequencing of Sedum plumbizincicola Sheds Light on the Structural Evolution of Plastid rRNA Operon and ... a 5-gene, 567-taxon analysis of angiosperms". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 61. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-61. PMC 2674047. ... as well as Nuclear Genes, Place the Parasite Family Cynomoriaceae in the Saxifragales". Genome Biology and Evolution. 8 (7): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales

As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through ... In vitro the BZIP-like domain mediates homodimerization and stable binding to DNA and RNA, with a preference for 28S rRNA and ... This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein belongs to the L30P family of ... "Entrez Gene: RPL7 ribosomal protein L7". Witte S, Krawinkel U (August 1997). "Specific interactions of the autoantigen L7 with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60S_ribosomal_protein_L7

This occurred as the three species had extensive DNA similarity including a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity greater than 97 ... The high number of genes associated with oligosaccharide metabolism is a result of gene duplication and horizontal gene ... Currently, strain identification is done through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the subtly different 16S rRNA gene ... Cancer Gene Therapy. 7 (2): 269-274. doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700122. PMID 10770636. Sakata, Shinji; Kitahara, Maki; Sakamoto, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_longum

Gauthier A, Turmel M, Lemieux C (January 1991). "A group I intron in the chloroplast large subunit rRNA gene of Chlamydomonas ... Dalgaard JZ, Garrett RA (November 1992). "Protein-coding introns from the 23S rRNA-encoding gene form stable circles in the ... Gimble FS, Thorner J (May 1992). "Homing of a DNA endonuclease gene by meiotic gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". ... "Cleavage pattern of the homing endonuclease encoded by the fifth intron in the chloroplast large subunit rRNA-encoding gene of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_homing_endonuclease_cutting_sites

... using new sequences of the gene coding for small-subunit rRNA and testing the use of combined data sets to construct ... assessment of its phylogenetic position inferred from the small subunit rRNA gene sequence". J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 54 (4): ... In spirotrich ciliates (such as Oxytricha), the process is even more complex due to "gene scrambling": the MDSs in the ... The micronucleus passes its genetic material to offspring, but does not express its genes. The macronucleus provides the small ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliate

These rRNA-based probes identify the cells based on the binding of fluorescent probes to individual cells through use of ... A team of microbiologists led by DeLong discovered a gene in several species of bacteria responsible for production of the ... DeLong subsequently expanded upon this work and applied gene cloning and sequencing to the study of complex marine microbial ... In 2004, DeLong moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he worked on developing gene expression studies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_DeLong

Pasulka A, Hu SK, Countway PD, Coyne KJ, Cary SC, Heidelberg KB, Caron DA (July 2019). "SSU-rRNA Gene Sequencing Survey of ... 16S rRNA sequences base studies inferred that this characteristic is shared between members of a monophyletic clade nested in ... ISBN 978-0-387-95592-6. Mukhopadhyaya PN, Deb C, Lahiri C, Roy P (August 2000). "A soxA gene, encoding a diheme cytochrome c, ... The average filament length achieved through this process is also result of gene-environment interactions as, for instance, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beggiatoa

RNA probes can be designed for any gene or any sequence within a gene for visualization of mRNA, lncRNA and miRNA in tissues ... Bacterial FISH probes are often primers for the 16s rRNA region. FISH is widely used in the field of microbial ecology, to ... In this context, it can help define the spatial-temporal patterns of gene expression within cells and tissues. In biology, a ... This homology can be detected by gene or genome sequencing but also by FISH. For instance, human and chimpanzee chromosomes are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization

v t e v t e (Genes on human chromosome 4, All stub articles, Human chromosome 4 gene stubs, Protein stubs, Ribosomal proteins) ... They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another ... 2001). "The human mitochondrial ribosomal protein genes: mapping of 54 genes to the chromosomes and implications for human ... This gene encodes a 39S subunit protein that belongs to the L1 ribosomal protein family. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_ribosomal_protein_L1

The purified DNA is then amplified for a specific gene target so it can be sequenced and categorised based on its sequence. ... The earliest version of this analysis began with ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in microbes to better understand microbes that live in ... Recent investigations revealed that DNA preserved in marine sediments is characterized by a large number of highly diverse gene ... Finkel SE, Kolter R (November 2001). "DNA as a nutrient: novel role for bacterial competence gene homologs". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_DNA

The tree is based on 16S +18S rRNA sequence data and phylogenomic studies from multiple sources. Acorn worms are rarely seen by ... Studies have shown that the gene expression in the embryo share three of the same signaling centers that shape the brains of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn_worm

He is also involved in the Deep Genome Project, a project which focuses on sequencing all analogous genes in mice as humans in ... His publication on findings of asymmetric synthesis of RNA in vitro concluded that the synthesis of mRNA and rRNA is asymmetric ... thus this method can also be used for recombining RNA molecules in order to alter RNA function and hence gene expression. ... "Structural alteration in mutant precursors of the yeast tRNALeu3 gene which behave as defective substrates for a highly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glauco_Tocchini-Valentini

rRNA gene primers were used to test Neobodo's global distribution and genetic diversity. The non-overlap between environmental ... of different rRNA gene sequences of free-living Neobodo species globally. Some of the species identified to date are: Neobodo ... Ultrastructure and SSU rRNA Gene Sequence of a New Freshwater Flagellate, Neobodo borokensis n. sp. (Kinetoplastea, Excavata). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neobodo

Diagnosis of Chagasic Encephalitis by Sequencing of 28S rRNA Gene Ashrit Multani. , Aabed Meer, Darvin S. Smith, Malika N. ... Diagnosis of Chagasic Encephalitis by Sequencing of 28S rRNA Gene. ... Alignment of amplicon sequence isolated from the patient was compared with a reference Trypanosoma cruzi 5.8S rRNA internal ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/25/7/18-0285-f3

Number of genes that have >1 molecule of elongating RNA pol II/gene. ... No homology was detected between either class of RNA and mitochondrial DNA. For ~150 genes see French et al., 2003 PMID ... The Redundancy of Ribosomal and Transfer RNA Genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Mol. Biol. 1969. 40, 261-277. abstract, p. ... the extent of hybridization between nuclear DNA and ribosomal RNA is consistent with 140 cistrons for each 18 and 26 s rRNA ( ...

https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?s=n&v=11&id=101733

Antimicrobial susceptibility and rRNA gene restriction patterns among Staphylococcus intermedius from healthy dogs and from ... and by their rRNA gene restriction patterns (ribotyping) (60 strains). Fifteen isolates were from healthy dogs, 9 with otitis ...

https://forskning.ku.dk/soeg/result/?pure=da%2Fpublications%2Fantimicrobial-susceptibility-and-rrna-gene-restriction-patterns-among-staphylococcus-intermedius-from-healthy-dogs-and-from-dogs-suffering-from-pyoderma-or-otitis-externa

... the massive sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons encompassing the full length of genes is not yet feasible. Thus, the ... A potential relationship between function and the evolution of 16S rRNA is also discussed. ... based on the geodesic distance indicated that V4-V6 were the most reliable regions for representing the full-length 16S rRNA ... rRNA) sequences are widely used in environmental microbiology and molecular evolution as reliable markers for the taxonomic ...

https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12859-016-0992-y

5S_rRNA. EBT00005236003. 120. No protein. -. The RNA component of a ribosome.rRNA ... A single transcript chosen for a gene which is the most conserved, most highly expressed, has the longest coding sequence and ...

http://fungi.ensembl.org/Aspergillus_nidulans/Gene/Summary?g=EBG00005236002

... (ICPSR doi:10.13130/RD_UNIMI/KGCL3D). View: ... In brief, DNA extracted from whole blood and controls were used for 16S rRNA gene profiling using MiSeq Illumina technology (2 ... Guglielmetti, Simone, 2021, "16S rRNA gene profiling of blood samples and controls", https://doi.org/10.13130/RD_UNIMI/KGCL3D, ...

https://dataverse.unimi.it/api/datasets/export

The present study was conducted to compare the sensitivity of RLEP, rpoT, Sod A and 16S rRNA gene targets in the detection of M ... Comparative evaluation of PCR amplification of RLEP, 16S rRNA, rpoT and Sod A gene targets for detection of M. leprae DNA from ... Amongst all the gene targets used in this study, PCR positivity using RLEP gene target was the highest in all the clinical and ... Comparative evaluation of PCR amplification of RLEP, 16S rRNA, rpoT and Sod A gene targets ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/hansen/resource/pt/mdl-26655199

Extracted DNA was amplified using barcoded primers targeting the V6 variable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and the ITS1 ... region of the fungal ribosomal gene cluster and sequenced using the Illumina NGS platform. Sequenced reads were analyzed using ... 16S rRNA gene and ITS1 region amplification and massively parallel sequencing. To amplify the 16SrRNA gene region of bacterial ... For 16S rRNA gene reads, OTUs were clustered using closed reference selection with USEARCH using a custom in-house database ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-38049-6?error=cookies_not_supported&code=e5ae8a94-207b-4626-8259-0eca9cc2ace0

I have hundreds of GBs metagenomic 16S rRNA gene sequence data. I want to do microbiome composition profiling (with relative ... For comprehensive microbial profiling of your 16S rRNA gene sequence data from Illumina MiSeq, I recommend using the web app ... rRNA genes missing from metagenomic bins; is there a way to recruit them? ... If I have data from a full genome sequence, how can I search for a known pathogenic variant of a known gene? ...

https://bioinformatics.stackexchange.com/questions/11757/software-for-microbial-profiling-from-16s-rrna-gene-sequence

O004 MOTU007 partial 18S rRNA gene, specimen voucher O004 MOTU007 Tardigrada sp. O004 MOTU007 partial 18S rRNA gene, specimen ... O004 MOTU007 partial 18S rRNA gene, specimen voucher O004 MOTU007. GenBank: AJ617449.2 ...

https://0-www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.brum.beds.ac.uk/nuccore/39837516

Genes:. Expressed Sequence Tags. Genes, Duplicate. Genes, Essential. Genes, rRNA. Genetics, Biochemical:. Gene Duplication. ...

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/so98/so98_mesh.html

The universal 16S rRNA gene is used as a control for DNA extraction and amplification for each reaction. If desired, either KPC ... Characterization of a new metallo-β-lactamase gene, blaNDM-1, and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique ... Multiplex Real-Time PCR Detection of KPC & NDM-1 genes is available for download. pdf icon[PDF - 2 pages]. Background. This ... 16S rRNA-Probe (CY5). CY5-CA CGA GCT GAC GAC AR*C CAT GCA-BHQ. ... 16S rRNA-F. TGG AGC ATG TGG TTT AAT TCG A. 16S rRNA-R. TGC GGG ...

https://www.cdc.gov/hai/settings/lab/kpc-ndm1-lab-protocol.html

Gene Ontology Provided by MGI Function. Evidence Code. Pubs. enables rRNA binding IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of ... Gene neighbors Overlapping genes and two nearest non-overlapping genes on either side ... Expression analysis of mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal protein genes. Cheong A, et al. Gene Expr Patterns, 2020 Dec. PMID ... Gene type. protein coding. RefSeq status. VALIDATED. Organism. Mus musculus Lineage. Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/94063

Analysis of PhyloChip 16S rRNA gene sequences by Quantitative Real-Time PCR ...

https://www.phylotrac.org/

Genes, rRNA * Genomics* * Health * High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing * Humans * Internet* * Metagenome* * Organizations / ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22904687/

Herein we present experimental evidence that the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene fulfills the requirements for a universal DNA ... A C-terminal fragment of the mitochondrial gene for cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) has been proposed as universal marker ... We strongly advocate the use of 16S rRNA as standard DNA barcoding marker for vertebrates to complement COI, especially if ... 16S inter- and intraspecific genetic variation in Malagasy frogs. Variation in the fragment of the 16S rRNA gene (ca. 550 bp) ...

https://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-9994-2-5

Identification by the Vitek 2 Card and by Partial 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing Analysis ... Partial 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Analysis Identifications. The identifications achieved by partial 16S rRNA gene sequence ... This could consist of sequencing of longer bp stretches of the 16S rRNA gene, sequencing of other genes, or more extensive ... 16S rRNA Gene Analysis Resultsc Difference Between Max Scoresd NCBI-BLAST Species Interpretation. Vitek 2 NH Identificatione ...

https://openmicrobiologyjournal.com/VOLUME/4/PAGE/123/

DNA Extraction and 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing of the P. catenata Culture. It was not possible to source an axenic culture of P. ... Additionally, the 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed the close relationship of the cultured Pseudanabaena species to one ... The culture was characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to monitor the relative abundance of all the prokaryotic ... 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed the presence of five OTUs within the P. catenata culture, which were consistent with genera ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00515/full

Gene. Gene Systematic Name. Protein Coordinates. Accession ID. Description. Source. No. of Genes with Domain. ... for the genes protein product, as well as any of its targets (genes it regulates) or regulators (genes that regulate it), ... 15S_RRNA / YNCQ0002W Regulation Transcriptional regulation information for a gene, including any predicted DNA binding site ... This table lists genes that are putative regulators of the central gene represented on this page, based primarily on ...

https://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/S000007287/regulation

Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides WCFur3 partial 16S rRNA gene - (Other) Hunter, W.J., Manter, D.K. 2013. Leuconostoc ... Tetrathiobacter kashmirensis Strain CA-1 16S rRNA gene complete sequence. - (Other) Tetrathiobacter kashmirensis Strain CA-1 ... strain CA5 (a selenite-reducing bacterium) 16S rRNA gene complete sequence. National Institute of Health, National Center for ... strain CA5 (a selenite-reducing bacterium) 16S rRNA gene complete sequence. National Institute of Health, National Center for ...

https://www.ars.usda.gov/people-locations/person?person-id=37111

Investigation of bacterial and fungal communities in indoor and outdoor air of elementary school classrooms by 16S rRNA gene ... The extracted bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS regions were sequenced, and their taxa were identified. Quantitative ... 16S rRNA gene profiling. Microbial diversity was characterized using alpha diversity patterns. Additionally, 3 coabundance ... From genes to public health: are we ready for DNA-based population screening?external icon. Khoury MJ, Dotson WD.. Genet Med. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/library/sciclips/issues/v13issue13.html

Maraia RJ, Intine RV. Maraia RJ, et al. Gene Expr. 2002;10(1-2):41-57. Gene Expr. 2002. PMID: 11868987 Free PMC article. Review ... Pre-rRNA processing perturbation in La cKO cortex. (A) Simplified diagram of the rRNA processing pathway in mice (see the text ... Pre-rRNA processing perturbation in La cKO cortex. (A) Simplified diagram of the rRNA… ... C) Quantification of the pre-5.8S rRNA band relative to the SRP RNA bands using the following formula: La cKO(pre-5.8S/SRP)/WT( ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=28223366

Genes, rRNA. Multiprotein Complexes. RNA Polymerase I. RNA Precursors. Repressor Proteins. Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun. ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/person/185348/network/researchareas/timeline

GENES, RRNA. GENES RARN. GENES DUPLICADOS. GENES, DUPLICATE. GENES DUPLICADOS. GENES ESSENCIAIS. GENES, ESSENTIAL. GENES ... GENE DUPLICATION. DUPLICACION DE GEN. ECTASIA VASCULAR GÁSTRICA ANTRAL. GASTRIC ANTRAL VASCULAR ECTASIA. ECTASIA VASCULAR ...

https://decs.bvs.br/P/decswebpage2p.htm

Learn about this gene and related health conditions. ... The POLR1C gene provides instructions for making one part ( ... Consequently, less rRNA is produced. Researchers speculate that a shortage of rRNA may trigger the self-destruction (apoptosis ... The POLR1C gene provides instructions for making one part (subunit) of two related enzymes called RNA polymerase I and RNA ... Both enzymes help synthesize a form of RNA known as ribosomal RNA (rRNA). RNA polymerase III also plays a role in the synthesis ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/polr1c/

GenBank AJ007290 Acidothermus cellulolyticus 16S rRNA, partial.. GenBank AJ006705 Acidothermus cellulolyticus recA gene, ... GenBank U33212 Acidothermus cellulolyticus E I beta-1,4-endoglucanase precursor gene, complete cds. ...

https://www.atcc.org/products/43068

Quantification of Plesiomonas shigelloides using PCR based on 23S rRNA gene. Food Biotechnol. 20:211-218. ...

https://www.umass.edu/food-science/emeritus/robert-e-levin

The bacterial profile and dysbiosis index were determined using the 16S rRNA gene. ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/982505

Genes, Bacterial; Genes, Fungal; Genes, Microbial*; Genes, rRNA*; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing*; Internet; ... In addition to aligned and annotated collections of bacterial and archaeal small subunit rRNA genes, RDP now includes a ... along with tools to allow researchers to analyze their own rRNA gene sequences in the RDP framework. RDP data and tools are ... provides the research community with aligned and annotated rRNA gene sequence data, ...

https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/portfolio/index.cfm?do=portfolio.publicationDetail&id=2103719

A C-terminal fragment of the mitochondrial gene for cytochrome oxidase subunit I ( COI ) has been proposed as universal marker for this purpose among animals. (biomedcentral.com)
The POLR1C gene provides instructions for making one part (subunit) of two related enzymes called RNA polymerase I and RNA polymerase III. (medlineplus.gov)
In addition to aligned and annotated collections of bacterial and archaeal small subunit rRNA genes, RDP now includes a collection of fungal large subunit rRNA genes. (nih.gov)

In brief, DNA extracted from whole blood and controls were used for 16S rRNA gene profiling using MiSeq Illumina technology (2 x 300 paired-end MiSeq kit V3, set to encompass 467-bp amplicon). (unimi.it)

Extracted DNA was amplified using barcoded primers targeting the V6 variable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and the ITS1 region of the fungal ribosomal gene cluster and sequenced using the Illumina NGS platform. (nature.com)
Internal transcribed spacer rRNA gene sequencing analysis of fungal diversity in Kansas City indoor environments. (cdc.gov)

The relationship between different sub-regions based on the geodesic distance indicated that V4-V6 were the most reliable regions for representing the full-length 16S rRNA sequences in the phylogenetic analysis of most bacterial phyla, while V2 and V8 were the least reliable regions. (biomedcentral.com)
Because it contains both highly conserved regions for primer design and hypervariable regions to identify phylogenetic characteristics of microorganisms, the 16S rRNA gene sequence became the most widely used marker gene for profiling bacterial communities [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The bacterial profile and dysbiosis index were determined using the 16S rRNA gene. (medscape.com)
Prediction of bacterial gene functions showed that the cecal microbiota of HFC mice was depleted of pathways involved in fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, xenobiotic degradation and metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides compared to mice on HFS diet. (biomedcentral.com)

Herein we present experimental evidence that the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene fulfills the requirements for a universal DNA barcoding marker in amphibians. (biomedcentral.com)

Prokaryotic 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences are widely used in environmental microbiology and molecular evolution as reliable markers for the taxonomic classification and phylogenetic analysis of microbes. (biomedcentral.com)
Prokaryotic rRNA genes are usually found in OPERONS dispersed throughout the GENOME , whereas eukaryotic rRNA genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units. (nih.gov)

Full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences consist of nine hypervariable regions that are separated by nine highly conserved regions [ 11 , 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Limited by sequencing technology, the 16S rRNA gene sequences used in most studies are partial sequences. (biomedcentral.com)
http://rdp.cme.msu.edu/) provides the research community with aligned and annotated rRNA gene sequence data, along with tools to allow researchers to analyze their own rRNA gene sequences in the RDP framework. (nih.gov)

Alignment of amplicon sequence isolated from the patient was compared with a reference Trypanosoma cruzi 5.8S rRNA internal transcribed spacer sequence (GenBank accession no. (cdc.gov)
Collection of domains associated with the protein based on various sources, including the protein coordinates for the domain, a domain Description, a Source and corresponding accession ID, and the number of S. cerevisiae genes that share the same domain. (yeastgenome.org)
Sequence accession no. 16S rRNA gene: HQ995659. (dsmz.de)

Restricted by current sequencing techniques, the massive sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons encompassing the full length of genes is not yet feasible. (biomedcentral.com)
Consequently, the use of different sequencing technologies and targeting of different sub-regions of 16S rRNA genes will result in a distinct composition of a given microbial community. (biomedcentral.com)
Genome sequencing Mycobacterium leprae revealed several gene targets that could be used for the detection of DNA from clinical and environmental samples. (bvsalud.org)
To use this approach on a large and formalized scale, consensus of the scientific community is essential with respect to the most suitable genes that allow robust and repeatable amplification and sequencing, and that provide unequivocal resolution to identify a broad spectrum of organisms. (biomedcentral.com)
Partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis results: For 76 strains phenotypic and sequencing identifications were identical, for 23 strains the sequencing identifications were either probable or possible, and for one strain only the genus was confirmed. (openmicrobiologyjournal.com)
Molecular techniques such as 16s rRNA sequencing have now been used to provide definitive identification of Rhodococcus and most aerobic actinomyces. (medscape.com)

I have hundreds of GBs metagenomic 16S rRNA gene sequence data. (stackexchange.com)

For comprehensive microbial profiling of your 16S rRNA gene sequence data from Illumina MiSeq, I recommend using the web app Microbioma16S ( www.microbioma16s.it ). (stackexchange.com)

Researchers speculate that a shortage of rRNA may trigger the self-destruction (apoptosis) of certain cells involved in the early development of facial bones and tissues. (medlineplus.gov)

However, till now there was few study focusing on comparing the phylogenetic sensitivity of the 16S rRNA sub-regions. (biomedcentral.com)
Third, the gene should convey sufficient phylogenetic information to assign species to major taxa using simple phenetic approaches. (biomedcentral.com)

We strongly advocate the use of 16S rRNA as standard DNA barcoding marker for vertebrates to complement COI , especially if samples a priori could belong to various phylogenetically distant taxa and false negatives would constitute a major problem. (biomedcentral.com)
A central component of the protein-manufacturing machinery of all living cells, rRNA is often used as a marker to identify different bacteria. (nih.gov)

Transcriptional regulation information for a gene, including any predicted DNA binding site motifs ( YeTFaSCo ) for the gene's protein product, as well as any of its targets (genes it regulates) or regulators (genes that regulate it), based on experimental evidence. (yeastgenome.org)
This table lists putative transcriptional regulatory targets for the central gene represented on this page. (yeastgenome.org)

We compared identifications achieved with the Vitek 2 Neisseria-Haemophilus (NH) card and partial 16S rRNA gene sequence (526 bp stretch) analysis with identifications obtained with extensive phenotypic characterization using 100 fastidious Gram negative bacteria. (openmicrobiologyjournal.com)
Partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis performs well, but does not always suffice, additional phenotypical characterization being useful for final identification. (openmicrobiologyjournal.com)

A total of 60 Staphylococcus intermedius strains from dogs were investigated by their sensitivity to various antibiotics (50 strains) and by their rRNA gene restriction patterns (ribotyping) (60 strains). (ku.dk)
The PCR sensitivity of particular gene targets for specific clinical and environmental isolates has not yet been established. (bvsalud.org)
The present study was conducted to compare the sensitivity of RLEP, rpoT, Sod A and 16S rRNA gene targets in the detection of M. leprae in slit skin smear (SSS), blood , soil samples of leprosy patients and their surroundings. (bvsalud.org)

download this table as a .txt file using the Download button or click Analyze to further view and analyze the list of target genes using GO Term Finder, GO Slim Mapper, SPELL, or YeastMine. (yeastgenome.org)

Comparative evaluation of PCR amplification of RLEP, 16S rRNA, rpoT and Sod A gene targets for detection of M. leprae DNA from clinical and environmental samples. (bvsalud.org)
The universal 16S rRNA gene is used as a control for DNA extraction and amplification for each reaction. (cdc.gov)

Multiplex Real-Time PCR Detection of KPC & NDM-1 genes is available for download. (cdc.gov)

P.269 bottom paragraph: 'If one accepts a nuclear genome size in yeast of 1.25x10^10 daltons (Teuro, unpublished results), the extent of hybridization between nuclear DNA and ribosomal RNA is consistent with 140 cistrons for each 18 and 26 s rRNA (Table 4). (harvard.edu)

These proteins are involved in the production of a molecule called ribosomal RNA (rRNA), a chemical cousin of DNA. (nih.gov)

Based on its involvement in Treacher Collins syndrome, the POLR1C gene appears to play a critical role in the early development of structures that become bones and other tissues of the face. (medlineplus.gov)
At least six mutations in the POLR1C gene have been identified in people with Treacher Collins syndrome, a condition that affects the development of bones and other tissues of the face. (medlineplus.gov)
The POLR1C gene is found on chromosome 6 . (medlineplus.gov)
Variants (also known as mutations) in the TCOF1 , POLR1C , or POLR1D gene can cause Treacher Collins syndrome. (nih.gov)
POLR1C and POLR1D gene variants cause an additional 2 percent of cases. (nih.gov)
The proteins produced from the TCOF1 , POLR1C , and POLR1D genes all appear to play important roles in the early development of bones and other tissues of the face. (nih.gov)
Variants in the TCOF1 , POLR1C , or POLR1D gene reduce the production of rRNA. (nih.gov)

5. PHF8 and REST/NRSF co-occupy gene promoters to regulate proximal gene expression. (nih.gov)

Microscopic evidence of aberrant nuclear accumulation of 5.8S rRNA in La cKO is supported by a 10-fold increase in a pre-5.8S rRNA intermediate. (nih.gov)

Ribosomal Database Project: data and tools for high throughput rRNA analysis. (nih.gov)

In the nucleoplasm, La binds to and protects from 3' exonucleases, the ends of precursor tRNAs, and other transcripts synthesized by RNA polymerase III and facilitates their maturation, while a nucleolar isoform has been implicated in rRNA biogenesis by multiple independent lines of evidence. (nih.gov)

TCOF1 gene variants are the most common cause of the disorder, accounting for 81 to 93 percent of all cases. (nih.gov)
When Treacher Collins syndrome results from variants in the TCOF1 or POLR1D gene, it is considered an autosomal dominant condition, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. (nih.gov)
Autosomal recessive inheritance means both copies of the gene in each cell have variants. (nih.gov)

The presence of Helicobacter genus-specific DNA (16S rRNA genes) was determined by nested polymerase chain reaction assay. (who.int)

For genes with regulatory targets, shared GO Biological Process terms for these targets are listed. (yeastgenome.org)
shared GO terms, the number of target genes that share them, and the P-value are all indicated in the table. (yeastgenome.org)

RLEP gene target was able to detect the presence of M. leprae in 83% of SSS, 100% of blood samples and in 36% of soil samples and was noted to be the best out of all other gene targets (rpoT, Sod A and 16S rRNA ). (bvsalud.org)
It was noted that the RLEP gene target was able to detect the highest number (53%) of BI-negative leprosy patients amongst all the gene targets used in this study. (bvsalud.org)
Amongst all the gene targets used in this study, PCR positivity using RLEP gene target was the highest in all the clinical and environmental samples. (bvsalud.org)

Further, the RLEP gene target was able to detect 53% of blood samples as positive in BI-negative leprosy cases indicating its future standardization and use for diagnostic purposes. (bvsalud.org)
To assess the types of microbes found in the animals' guts, the team sequenced and compared 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes from mouse fecal samples collected over 12 weeks. (nih.gov)

Trichomonas vaginalis , a sexually transmitted human parasite, was detected by performing PCR with primers from a region of the 18S rRNA gene that produce a 312 base pair product. (cdc.gov)

Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into RIBOSOMES . (nih.gov)

A single transcript chosen for a gene which is the most conserved, most highly expressed, has the longest coding sequence and is represented in other key resources, such as NCBI and UniProt. (ensembl.org)

in the gene and occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. (nih.gov)

In the remaining autosomal dominant cases, a person with Treacher Collins syndrome inherits the altered gene from an affected parent . (nih.gov)

Strict evolutionary conservation followed rapid gene loss on human and rhesus Y chromosomes. (nih.gov)

Download gene features. (beds.ac.uk)

Anatomy11

Organisms60

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs76

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes63

Disciplines and Occupations5

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Named Groups1

Health Care21

Geographicals8

Ribotypes of clinical Vibrio cholerae non-O1 non-O139 strains in relation to O-serotypes. (1/3473)

Molecular differentiation of Renibacterium salmoninarum isolates from worldwide locations. (2/3473)

Effect of phenylurea herbicides on soil microbial communities estimated by analysis of 16S rRNA gene fingerprints and community-level physiological profiles. (3/3473)

Anaerobic oxidation of o-xylene, m-xylene, and homologous alkylbenzenes by new types of sulfate-reducing bacteria. (4/3473)

High-affinity methane oxidation by a soil enrichment culture containing a type II methanotroph. (5/3473)

Polynucleotide probes that target a hypervariable region of 16S rRNA genes to identify bacterial isolates corresponding to bands of community fingerprints. (6/3473)

Immunochemical detection and isolation of DNA from metabolically active bacteria. (7/3473)

Dissimilatory reduction of Fe(III) and other electron acceptors by a Thermus isolate. (8/3473)

Genes, rRNA

RNA, Ribosomal, 16S

DNA, Ribosomal

RNA, Ribosomal

rRNA Operon

Phylogeny

RNA, Bacterial

RNA, Ribosomal, 23S

DNA, Bacterial

Molecular Sequence Data

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Base Composition

RNA, Ribosomal, 5S

Base Sequence

Bacterial Typing Techniques

RNA, Ribosomal, 28S

Soil Microbiology

Fumarates

Bacteria

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Ribosomes

Species Specificity

Seawater

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Geologic Sediments

Fatty Acids

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Ribosomal Proteins

RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional

Cell Nucleolus

Water Microbiology

Actinomycetales

Cluster Analysis

Alphaproteobacteria

Escherichia coli

RNA, Fungal

RNA Precursors

Fresh Water

Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length

RNA, Archaeal

Bacteroidetes

RNA Polymerase I

DNA, Archaeal

Phenotype

Ribosome Subunits, Small

Biodiversity

Actinobacteria

Digestive System Fistula

Transcription, Genetic

DNA Primers

Korea

RNA, Transfer

Quinones

RNA, Protozoan

Methyltransferases

Vitamin K 2

Betaproteobacteria

Sodium Chloride

Sewage

Gum Arabic

Ribosome Subunits, Small, Bacterial

Endoribonucleases

Ecosystem

Oligonucleotide Probes

Coumaphos

Aerobiosis

Environmental Microbiology

Genetic Variation

Hot Springs

Pigments, Biological

Bacterial Proteins

Operon

RNA, Small Nucleolar

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Temperature

Mutation

Bacillaceae

Sequence Alignment

Nocardia

Glycogen Phosphorylase, Muscle Form