The class Insecta, in the phylum ARTHROPODA, whose members are characterized by division into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. They are the dominant group of animals on earth; several hundred thousand different kinds having been described. Three orders, HEMIPTERA; DIPTERA; and SIPHONAPTERA; are of medical interest in that they cause disease in humans and animals. (From Borror et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p1)
Proteins found in any species of insect.
Viruses infecting insects, the largest family being BACULOVIRIDAE.
The functional hereditary units of INSECTS.
Insects of the suborder Heterocera of the order LEPIDOPTERA.
The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects through chemical, biological, or other means.
Hormones secreted by insects. They influence their growth and development. Also synthetic substances that act like insect hormones.
A genus of owlet moths of the family Noctuidae. These insects are used in molecular biology studies during all stages of their life cycle.
A large order of insects comprising the butterflies and moths.
The genetic complement of an insect (INSECTS) as represented in its DNA.
Substances causing insects to turn away from them or reject them as food.
A large order of insects characterized by having the mouth parts adapted to piercing or sucking. It is comprised of four suborders: HETEROPTERA, Auchenorrhyncha, Sternorrhyncha, and Coleorrhyncha.
Family of INSECT VIRUSES containing two subfamilies: Eubaculovirinae (occluded baculoviruses) and Nudibaculovirinae (nonoccluded baculoviruses). The Eubaculovirinae, which contain polyhedron-shaped inclusion bodies, have two genera: NUCLEOPOLYHEDROVIRUS and GRANULOVIRUS. Baculovirus vectors are used for expression of foreign genes in insects.
Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.
Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.
INSECTS of the order Coleoptera, containing over 350,000 species in 150 families. They possess hard bodies and their mouthparts are adapted for chewing.
An order of the class Insecta. Wings, when present, number two and distinguish Diptera from other so-called flies, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate Diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. The order includes the families Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Phoridae, SARCOPHAGIDAE, Scatophagidae, Sciaridae, SIMULIIDAE, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Trypetidae, CERATOPOGONIDAE; CHIRONOMIDAE; CULICIDAE; DROSOPHILIDAE; GLOSSINIDAE; MUSCIDAE; TEPHRITIDAE; and PSYCHODIDAE. The larval form of Diptera species are called maggots (see LARVA).
The blood/lymphlike nutrient fluid of some invertebrates.
Insects of the order Dictyoptera comprising several families including Blaberidae, BLATTELLIDAE, Blattidae (containing the American cockroach PERIPLANETA americana), Cryptocercidae, and Polyphagidae.
Plant-eating orthopterans having hindlegs adapted for jumping. There are two main families: Acrididae and Romaleidae. Some of the more common genera are: Melanoplus, the most common grasshopper; Conocephalus, the eastern meadow grasshopper; and Pterophylla, the true katydid.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A suborder of HEMIPTERA, called true bugs, characterized by the possession of two pairs of wings. It includes the medically important families CIMICIDAE and REDUVIIDAE. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A genus of beetles which infests grain products. Its larva is called mealworm.
Insect members of the superfamily Apoidea, found almost everywhere, particularly on flowers. About 3500 species occur in North America. They differ from most WASPS in that their young are fed honey and pollen rather than animal food.
A genus of small beetles of the family Tenebrionidae; T. confusum is the "confused flour beetle".
The use of wings or wing-like appendages to remain aloft and move through the air.
Any of numerous winged hymenopterous insects of social as well as solitary habits and having formidable stings.
A genus in the family Blattidae containing several species, the most common being P. americana, the American cockroach.
An extensive order of highly specialized insects including bees, wasps, and ants.
Use of naturally-occuring or genetically-engineered organisms to reduce or eliminate populations of pests.
A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants.
A genus of silkworm MOTHS in the family Bombycidae of the order LEPIDOPTERA. The family contains a single species, Bombyx mori from the Greek for silkworm + mulberry tree (on which it feeds). A native of Asia, it is sometimes reared in this country. It has long been raised for its SILK and after centuries of domestication it probably does not exist in nature. It is used extensively in experimental GENETICS. (From Borror et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p519)
The family Gryllidae consists of the common house cricket, Acheta domesticus, which is used in neurological and physiological studies. Other genera include Gryllotalpa (mole cricket); Gryllus (field cricket); and Oecanthus (tree cricket).
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)
A genus of the subfamily TRIATOMINAE. Rhodnius prolixus is a vector for TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI.
Compounds, either natural or synthetic, which block development of the growing insect.
BEETLES in the family Curculionidae and the largest family in the order COLEOPTERA. They have a markedly convex shape and many are considered pests.
Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.
An order of insects comprising two suborders: Caelifera and Ensifera. They consist of GRASSHOPPERS, locusts, and crickets (GRYLLIDAE).
An inactive stage between the larval and adult stages in the life cycle of insects.
The act of feeding on plants by animals.
A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.
The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.
A genus of gram-negative bacteria existing symbiotically with nematodes of the family Heterorhabditidae (see RHABDITOIDEA). These nematodes infect a variety of soil-dwelling insects. Upon entering an insect host, the nematode releases Photorhabdus from its intestinal tract and the bacterium establishes a lethal septicemia in the insect.
Members of the phylum Arthropoda, composed of organisms having a hard, jointed exoskeleton and paired jointed legs. It includes the class INSECTS and the subclass ARACHNIDA, many species of which are important medically as parasites or as vectors of organisms capable of causing disease in man.
Periodic casting off FEATHERS; HAIR; or cuticle. Molting is a process of sloughing or desquamation, especially the shedding of an outer covering and the development of a new one. This phenomenon permits growth in ARTHROPODS, skin renewal in AMPHIBIANS and REPTILES, and the shedding of winter coats in BIRDS and MAMMALS.
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped cells which are motile by peritrichous flagella. Late in the growth cycle, spheroplasts or coccoid bodies occur, resulting from disintegration of the cell wall. The natural habitat is the intestinal lumen of certain nematodes. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Flies of the species Musca domestica (family MUSCIDAE), which infest human habitations throughout the world and often act as carriers of pathogenic organisms.
A nutritional reservoir of fatty tissue found mainly in insects and amphibians.
Any blood or formed element especially in invertebrates.
The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.
Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.
A genus of the family BACULOVIRIDAE, subfamily Eubaculovirinae, characterized by the formation of crystalline, polyhedral occlusion bodies in the host cell nucleus. The type species is Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus.
Slender tubular or hairlike excretory structures found in insects. They emerge from the alimentary canal between the mesenteron (midgut) and the proctodeum (hindgut).
Profound physical changes during maturation of living organisms from the immature forms to the adult forms, such as from TADPOLES to frogs; caterpillars to BUTTERFLIES.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
A mitosporic fungal genus in the family Clavicipitaceae. It has teleomorphs in the family Nectriaceae. Metarhizium anisopliae is used in PESTICIDES.
A species of gram-positive bacteria which may be pathogenic for certain insects. It is used for the biological control of the Gypsy moth.
A mitosporic fungal genus. Teleomorphs are found in the family Clavicipitaceae and include Cordyceps bassiana. The species Beauveria bassiana is a common pathogen of ARTHROPODS and is used in PEST CONTROL.
A compound used as a topical insect repellent that may cause irritation to eyes and mucous membranes, but not to the skin.
The immature stage in the life cycle of those orders of insects characterized by gradual metamorphosis, in which the young resemble the imago in general form of body, including compound eyes and external wings; also the 8-legged stage of mites and ticks that follows the first moult.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
The process of laying or shedding fully developed eggs (OVA) from the female body. The term is usually used for certain INSECTS or FISHES with an organ called ovipositor where eggs are stored or deposited before expulsion from the body.
The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.
Paired sense organs connected to the anterior segments of ARTHROPODS that help them navigate through the environment.
A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.
Steroids that bring about MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysteroids include the endogenous insect hormones (ECDYSONE and ECDYSTERONE) and the insect-molting hormones found in plants, the phytoecdysteroids. Phytoecdysteroids are natural insecticides.
A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. YELLOW FEVER and DENGUE are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus.
A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
A species of migratory Old World locusts, in the family ACRIDIDAE, that are important pests in Africa and Asia.
The outer covering of the body composed of the SKIN and the skin appendages, which are the HAIR, the NAILS; and the SEBACEOUS GLANDS and the SWEAT GLANDS and their ducts.
Slender-bodies diurnal insects having large, broad wings often strikingly colored and patterned.
Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.
A genus of bacteria comprised of a heterogenous group of gram-negative small rods and coccoid forms associated with arthropods. (From Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol 1, 1984)
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
In a medical context, the term "wing" is not typically used as a standalone definition; however, it can refer to various flat, wing-shaped structures in anatomy, such as the iliac wings of the pelvis or the zygomatic wings of the cheekbone.
A large family of fruit flies in the order DIPTERA, comprising over 4,500 species in about 100 genera. They have patterned wings and brightly colored bodies and are found predominantly in the tropical latitudes.
Cell line derived from SF21 CELLS which are a cell line isolated from primary explants of SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA pupal tissue.
The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.
Seasonal suspension of insect growth development. It can be either induced by environmental cues (e.g., PHOTOPERIOD) or as a facultative part of the life cycle in order to time development with seasonal changes.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
The development by insects of resistance to insecticides.
Instinctual behavior pattern in which food is obtained by killing and consuming other species.
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae.
Arthropods of the class ARACHNIDA, order Araneae. Except for mites and ticks, spiders constitute the largest order of arachnids, with approximately 37,000 species having been described. The majority of spiders are harmless, although some species can be regarded as moderately harmful since their bites can lead to quite severe local symptoms. (From Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, p508; Smith, Insects and Other Arthropods of Medical Importance, 1973, pp424-430)
A family of the order DIPTERA that comprises the mosquitoes. The larval stages are aquatic, and the adults can be recognized by the characteristic WINGS, ANIMAL venation, the scales along the wing veins, and the long proboscis. Many species are of particular medical importance.
A discipline or occupation concerned with the study of INSECTS, including the biology and the control of insects.
Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.
An order of insects, restricted mostly to the tropics, containing at least eight families. A few species occur in temperate regions of North America.
A species of mosquito in the genus Anopheles and the principle vector of MALARIA in Africa.
Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons. The large number of different odorant receptors appears to arise from several gene families or subfamilies rather than from DNA rearrangement.
Proteins from BACTERIA and FUNGI that are soluble enough to be secreted to target ERYTHROCYTES and insert into the membrane to form beta-barrel pores. Biosynthesis may be regulated by HEMOLYSIN FACTORS.
A group of organs stretching from the MOUTH to the ANUS, serving to breakdown foods, assimilate nutrients, and eliminate waste. In humans, the digestive system includes the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT and the accessory glands (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
Eighteen-carbon cyclopentyl polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID via an oxidative pathway analogous to the EICOSANOIDS in animals. Biosynthesis is inhibited by SALICYLATES. A key member, jasmonic acid of PLANTS, plays a similar role to ARACHIDONIC ACID in animals.
A family of insects in the order Dictyoptera (COCKROACHES), including genera Blattella, Parcoblatta, and Symploce.
A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects.
The volatile portions of substances perceptible by the sense of smell. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
An order of nematodes of the subclass SECERNENTEA. Its organisms are characterized by an annulated or smooth cuticle and the absence of caudal glands.
The transfer of POLLEN grains (male gametes) to the plant ovule (female gamete).
Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells.
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
A genus of the subfamily TRIATOMINAE. Several species are vectors of TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI.
A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
The continuous sequence of changes undergone by living organisms during the post-embryonic developmental process, such as metamorphosis in insects and amphibians. This includes the developmental stages of apicomplexans such as the malarial parasite, PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM.
Chemical substances, excreted by an organism into the environment, that elicit behavioral or physiological responses from other organisms of the same species. Perception of these chemical signals may be olfactory or by contact.
The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)
Collective name for a group of external MECHANORECEPTORS and chemoreceptors manifesting as sensory structures in ARTHROPODS. They include cuticular projections (setae, hairs, bristles), pores, and slits.
The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous plants, insects, or other animals. This includes control of plants that serve as habitats or food sources for animal pests.
Sexual activities of animals.
An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction between catechol and oxygen to yield benzoquinone and water. It is a complex of copper-containing proteins that acts also on a variety of substituted catechols. EC 1.10.3.1.
The ability to detect scents or odors, such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS.
Pheromones that elicit sexual attraction or mating behavior usually in members of the opposite sex in the same species.
The farthest or outermost projections of the body, such as the HAND and FOOT.
A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.
Bugs of the family CIMICIDAE, genus Cimex. They are flattened, oval, reddish insects which inhabit houses, wallpaper, furniture, and beds. C. lectularius, of temperate regions, is the common bedbug that attacks humans and is frequently a serious pest in houses, hotels, barracks, and other living quarters. Experiments have shown that bedbugs can transmit a variety of diseases, but they are not normal vectors under natural conditions. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p272)
Diseases of plants.
An order of fungi in the phylum ASCOMYCOTA that includes a number of species which are parasitic on higher plants, insects, or fungi. Other species are saprotrophic.
A subfamily of assassin bugs (REDUVIIDAE) that are obligate blood-suckers of vertebrates. Included are the genera TRIATOMA; RHODNIUS; and PANSTRONGYLUS, which are vectors of TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, the agent of CHAGAS DISEASE in humans.
The processes of diffusion across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER, and the chemical reactions coupled with diffusion that effect the rate of PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE, generally at the alveolar level.
A family of insect viruses isolated from endoparasitic hymenopteran insects belonging to the families Ichneumonidae and Braconidae. The two genera are Ichnovirus and Bracovirus.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
The pattern of any process, or the interrelationship of phenomena, which affects growth or change within a population.
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE known for allergenic pollen (ALLERGENS).
A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites.
An order of insects comprising three suborders: Anisoptera, Zygoptera, and Anisozygoptera. They consist of dragonflies and damselflies.
A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.
Organs and other anatomical structures of non-human vertebrate and invertebrate animals.
Organic compounds that have a relatively high VAPOR PRESSURE at room temperature.
Hormones produced by invertebrates, usually insects, mollusks, annelids, and helminths.
Bloodsucking flies of the genus Glossina, found primarily in equatorial Africa. Several species are intermediate hosts of trypanosomes.
A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber.
Communication between animals involving the giving off by one individual of some chemical or physical signal, that, on being received by another, influences its behavior.
An order of very small, fringed-wing INSECTS including many agricultural pests.
Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species.

Apontic binds the translational repressor Bruno and is implicated in regulation of oskar mRNA translation. (1/4849)

The product of the oskar gene directs posterior patterning in the Drosophila oocyte, where it must be deployed specifically at the posterior pole. Proper expression relies on the coordinated localization and translational control of the oskar mRNA. Translational repression prior to localization of the transcript is mediated, in part, by the Bruno protein, which binds to discrete sites in the 3' untranslated region of the oskar mRNA. To begin to understand how Bruno acts in translational repression, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify Bruno-interacting proteins. One interactor, described here, is the product of the apontic gene. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments lend biochemical support to the idea that Bruno and Apontic proteins physically interact in Drosophila. Genetic experiments using mutants defective in apontic and bruno reveal a functional interaction between these genes. Given this interaction, Apontic is likely to act together with Bruno in translational repression of oskar mRNA. Interestingly, Apontic, like Bruno, is an RNA-binding protein and specifically binds certain regions of the oskar mRNA 3' untranslated region.  (+info)

The Drosophila kismet gene is related to chromatin-remodeling factors and is required for both segmentation and segment identity. (2/4849)

The Drosophila kismet gene was identified in a screen for dominant suppressors of Polycomb, a repressor of homeotic genes. Here we show that kismet mutations suppress the Polycomb mutant phenotype by blocking the ectopic transcription of homeotic genes. Loss of zygotic kismet function causes homeotic transformations similar to those associated with loss-of-function mutations in the homeotic genes Sex combs reduced and Abdominal-B. kismet is also required for proper larval body segmentation. Loss of maternal kismet function causes segmentation defects similar to those caused by mutations in the pair-rule gene even-skipped. The kismet gene encodes several large nuclear proteins that are ubiquitously expressed along the anterior-posterior axis. The Kismet proteins contain a domain conserved in the trithorax group protein Brahma and related chromatin-remodeling factors, providing further evidence that alterations in chromatin structure are required to maintain the spatially restricted patterns of homeotic gene transcription.  (+info)

Insect evolution: Redesigning the fruitfly. (3/4849)

Homeotic mutations in Drosophila can result in dramatic phenotypes that suggest the possibility for rapid morphological evolution, but dissection of the genetic pathway downstream of Ultrabithorax is beginning to reveal how wing morphology may have evolved by more gradual transformations.  (+info)

Why are there so few resistance-associated mutations in insecticide target genes? (4/4849)

The genes encoding the three major targets of conventional insecticides are: Rdl, which encodes a gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit (RDL); para, which encodes a voltage-gated sodium channel (PARA); and Ace, which encodes insect acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Interestingly, despite the complexity of the encoded receptors or enzymes, very few amino acid residues are replaced in different resistant insects: one within RDL, two within PARA and three or more within AChE. Here we examine the possible reasons underlying this extreme conservation by looking at the aspects of receptor and/or enzyme function that may constrain replacements to such a limited number of residues.  (+info)

The role of gene splicing, gene amplification and regulation in mosquito insecticide resistance. (5/4849)

The primary routes of insecticide resistance in all insects are alterations in the insecticide target sites or changes in the rate at which the insecticide is detoxified. Three enzyme systems, glutathione S-transferases, esterases and monooxygenases, are involved in the detoxification of the four major insecticide classes. These enzymes act by rapidly metabolizing the insecticide to non-toxic products, or by rapidly binding and very slowly turning over the insecticide (sequestration). In Culex mosquitoes, the most common organophosphate insecticide resistance mechanism is caused by co-amplification of two esterases. The amplified esterases are differentially regulated, with three times more Est beta 2(1) being produced than Est alpha 2(1). Cis-acting regulatory sequences associated with these esterases are under investigation. All the amplified esterases in different Culex species act through sequestration. The rates at which they bind with insecticides are more rapid than those for their non-amplified counterparts in the insecticide-susceptible insects. In contrast, esterase-based organophosphate resistance in Anopheles is invariably based on changes in substrate specificities and increased turnover rates of a small subset of insecticides. The up-regulation of both glutathione S-transferases and monooxygenases in resistant mosquitoes is due to the effects of a single major gene in each case. The products of these major genes up-regulate a broad range of enzymes. The diversity of glutathione S-transferases produced by Anopheles mosquitoes is increased by the splicing of different 5' ends of genes, with a single 3' end, within one class of this enzyme family. The trans-acting regulatory factors responsible for the up-regulation of both the monooxygenase and glutathione S-transferases still need to be identified, but the recent development of molecular tools for positional cloning in Anopheles gambiae now makes this possible.  (+info)

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and insecticide resistance in insects. (6/4849)

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are involved in many cases of resistance of insects to insecticides. Resistance has long been associated with an increase in monooxygenase activities and with an increase in cytochrome P450 content. However, this increase does not always account for all of the resistance. In Drosophila melanogaster, we have shown that the overproduction of cytochrome P450 can be lost by the fly without a corresponding complete loss of resistance. These results prompted the sequencing of a cytochrome P450 candidate for resistance in resistant and susceptible flies. Several mutations leading to amino-acid substitutions have been detected in the P450 gene CYP6A2 of a resistant strain. The location of these mutations in a model of the 3D structure of the CYP6A2 protein suggested that some of them may be important for enzyme activity of this molecule. This has been verified by heterologous expression of wild-type and mutated cDNA in Escherichia coli. When other resistance mechanisms are considered, relatively few genetic mutations are involved in insecticide resistance, and this has led to an optimistic view of the management of resistance. Our observations compel us to survey in more detail the genetic diversity of cytochrome P450 genes and alleles involved in resistance.  (+info)

An overview of the evolution of overproduced esterases in the mosquito Culex pipiens. (7/4849)

Insecticide resistance genes have developed in a wide variety of insects in response to heavy chemical application. Few of these examples of adaptation in response to rapid environmental change have been studied both at the population level and at the gene level. One of these is the evolution of the overproduced esterases that are involved in resistance to organophosphate insecticides in the mosquito Culex pipiens. At the gene level, two genetic mechanisms are involved in esterase overproduction, namely gene amplification and gene regulation. At the population level, the co-occurrence of the same amplified allele in distinct geographic areas is best explained by the importance of passive transportation at the worldwide scale. The long-term monitoring of a population of mosquitoes in southern France has enabled a detailed study to be made of the evolution of resistance genes on a local scale, and has shown that a resistance gene with a lower cost has replaced a former resistance allele with a higher cost.  (+info)

Predicting insecticide resistance: mutagenesis, selection and response. (8/4849)

Strategies to manage resistance to a particular insecticide have usually been devised after resistance has evolved. If it were possible to predict likely resistance mechanisms to novel insecticides before they evolved in the field, it might be feasible to have programmes that manage susceptibility. With this approach in mind, single-gene variants of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, resistant to dieldrin, diazinon and malathion, were selected in the laboratory after mutagenesis of susceptible strains. The genetic and molecular bases of resistance in these variants were identical to those that had previously evolved in natural populations. Given this predictive capacity for known resistances, the approach was extended to anticipate possible mechanisms of resistance to cyromazine, an insecticide to which L. cuprina populations remain susceptible after almost 20 years of exposure. Analysis of the laboratory-generated resistant variants provides an explanation for this observation. The variants show low levels of resistance and a selective advantage over susceptibles for only a limited concentration range. These results are discussed in the context of the choice of insecticides for control purposes and of delivery strategies to minimize the evolution of resistance.  (+info)

I apologize for any confusion, but "insects" are not a medical term. Insects are small air-breathing arthropods that have a segmented body with six legs and usually have wings. They make up the largest group of animals on Earth, with over a million described species.

If you're looking for information about a specific medical condition or topic, please provide more details so I can offer a relevant response.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Insect Proteins" is not a recognized medical term. However, I can provide some information about insect protein from a nutritional and food science perspective.

Insect proteins refer to the proteins that are obtained from insects. Insects are a rich source of protein, and their protein content varies by species. For example, mealworms and crickets have been found to contain approximately 47-63% and 60-72% protein by dry weight, respectively.

In recent years, insect proteins have gained attention as a potential sustainable source of nutrition due to their high protein content, low environmental impact, and the ability to convert feed into protein more efficiently compared to traditional livestock. Insect proteins can be used in various applications such as food and feed additives, nutritional supplements, and even cosmetics.

However, it's important to note that the use of insect proteins in human food is not widely accepted in many Western countries due to cultural and regulatory barriers. Nonetheless, research and development efforts continue to explore the potential benefits and applications of insect proteins in the global food system.

Insect viruses, also known as entomoviruses, are viruses that specifically infect and replicate in insect hosts. These viruses can be found in various insect species, including those of medical and agricultural importance. Insect viruses can cause diseases in insect populations, leading to significant impacts on their growth, development, and survival. Some insect viruses have been studied as potential biological control agents for managing pest insects that affect crops or transmit diseases. Examples of insect viruses include Baculoviridae, Reoviridae, and Picornaviridae families.

Genes in insects refer to the hereditary units of DNA that are passed down from parents to offspring and contain the instructions for the development, function, and reproduction of an organism. These genetic materials are located within the chromosomes in the nucleus of insect cells. They play a crucial role in determining various traits such as physical characteristics, behavior, and susceptibility to diseases.

Insect genes, like those of other organisms, consist of exons (coding regions) that contain information for protein synthesis and introns (non-coding regions) that are removed during the process of gene expression. The expression of insect genes is regulated by various factors such as transcription factors, enhancers, and silencers, which bind to specific DNA sequences to activate or repress gene transcription.

Understanding the genetic makeup of insects has important implications for various fields, including agriculture, public health, and evolutionary biology. For example, genes associated with insect pests' resistance to pesticides can be identified and targeted to develop more effective control strategies. Similarly, genes involved in disease transmission by insect vectors such as mosquitoes can be studied to develop novel interventions for preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Moths" are not a medical term, but rather they are a group of insects closely related to butterflies. They belong to the order Lepidoptera and are characterized by their scales covering their wings and body. If you have any questions about moths or if you meant to ask something else, please let me know!

'Insect control' is not a term typically used in medical definitions. However, it generally refers to the methods and practices used to manage or reduce the population of insects that can be harmful or disruptive to human health, food supply, or property. This can include various strategies such as chemical pesticides, biological control agents, habitat modification, and other integrated pest management techniques.

In medical terms, 'vector control' is a more relevant concept, which refers to the specific practices used to reduce or prevent the transmission of infectious diseases by insects and other arthropods that act as disease vectors (such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas). Vector control measures may include the use of insecticides, larvicides, biological control agents, environmental management, personal protection methods, and other integrated vector management strategies.

Insect hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various physiological and behavioral processes in insects. They are produced and released by endocrine glands and organs, such as the corpora allata, prothoracic glands, and neurosecretory cells located in the brain. Insect hormones play crucial roles in the regulation of growth and development, reproduction, diapause (a state of dormancy), metamorphosis, molting, and other vital functions. Some well-known insect hormones include juvenile hormone (JH), ecdysteroids (such as 20-hydroxyecdysone), and neuropeptides like the brain hormone and adipokinetic hormone. These hormones act through specific receptors, often transmembrane proteins, to elicit intracellular signaling cascades that ultimately lead to changes in gene expression, cell behavior, or organ function. Understanding insect hormones is essential for developing novel strategies for pest management and control, as well as for advancing our knowledge of insect biology and evolution.

"Spodoptera" is not a medical term, but a genus name in the insect family Noctuidae. It includes several species of moths commonly known as armyworms or cutworms due to their habit of consuming leaves and roots of various plants, causing significant damage to crops.

Some well-known species in this genus are Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm), Spodoptera litura (tobacco cutworm), and Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm). These pests can be a concern for medical entomology when they transmit pathogens or cause allergic reactions. For instance, their frass (feces) and shed skins may trigger asthma symptoms in susceptible individuals. However, the insects themselves are not typically considered medical issues unless they directly affect human health.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lepidoptera" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic order that includes moths and butterflies, which are insects known for their distinctive wing scales. This term is used in the field of biology, not medicine.

A genome in the context of insects refers to the complete set of genetic material, including all of the DNA and RNA, that is present in the cells of an insect. The genome contains all of the genes that provide the instructions for the development, growth, and function of the insect. It also includes non-coding regions of DNA that may have regulatory functions or may be the result of historical processes.

The genome of an insect is typically divided into several chromosomes, which are structures in the cell's nucleus that contain long stretches of DNA. The number and appearance of these chromosomes can vary between different species of insects. For example, some insects may have a diploid number of two sets of chromosomes (one set from each parent), while others may have a haploid number of a single set of chromosomes.

The genome size of insects can also vary significantly, with some species having genomes that are only a few hundred million base pairs in length, while others have genomes that are several billion base pairs long. The genome sequence of an insect can provide valuable insights into its evolutionary history, as well as information about the genes and regulatory elements that are important for its biology and behavior.

Insect repellents are substances that are applied to the skin, clothing, or other surfaces to deter insects from landing or crawling on that surface. They work by masking the scents that attract insects or by repelling them with unpleasant odors. Insect repellents can be chemical-based, such as those containing DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), picaridin, or IR3535, or they can be natural, such as those containing oil of lemon eucalyptus or citronella. These substances work by interfering with the insect's ability to detect human scent, making it less likely that they will come into contact with the person using the repellent. Insect repellents are an important tool in preventing insect-borne diseases such as Lyme disease, West Nile virus, and Zika virus.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hemiptera" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic order in the classification of living things, also known as "true bugs." This group includes species such as cicadas, aphids, and bedbugs. If you have a medical term in mind, please provide it so I can give you an accurate definition.

Baculoviridae is a family of large, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect arthropods, particularly insects. The virions (virus particles) are enclosed in a rod-shaped or occlusion body called a polyhedron, which provides protection and stability in the environment. Baculoviruses have a wide host range within the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), Hymenoptera (sawflies, bees, wasps, and ants), and Diptera (flies). They are important pathogens in agriculture and forestry, causing significant damage to insect pests.

The Baculoviridae family is divided into four genera: Alphabaculovirus, Betabaculovirus, Gammabaculovirus, and Deltabaculovirus. The two most well-studied and economically important genera are Alphabaculovirus (nuclear polyhedrosis viruses or NPVs) and Betabaculovirus (granulosis viruses or GVs).

Baculoviruses have a biphasic replication cycle, consisting of a budded phase and an occluded phase. During the budded phase, the virus infects host cells and produces enveloped virions that can spread to other cells within the insect. In the occluded phase, large numbers of non-enveloped virions are produced and encapsidated in a protein matrix called a polyhedron. These polyhedra accumulate in the infected insect's tissues, providing protection from environmental degradation and facilitating transmission to new hosts through oral ingestion or other means.

Baculoviruses have been extensively studied as models for understanding viral replication, gene expression, and host-pathogen interactions. They also have potential applications in biotechnology and pest control, including the production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy vectors, and environmentally friendly insecticides.

A larva is a distinct stage in the life cycle of various insects, mites, and other arthropods during which they undergo significant metamorphosis before becoming adults. In a medical context, larvae are known for their role in certain parasitic infections. Specifically, some helminth (parasitic worm) species use larval forms to infect human hosts. These invasions may lead to conditions such as cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, or gnathostomiasis, depending on the specific parasite involved and the location of the infection within the body.

The larval stage is characterized by its markedly different morphology and behavior compared to the adult form. Larvae often have a distinct appearance, featuring unsegmented bodies, simple sense organs, and undeveloped digestive systems. They are typically adapted for a specific mode of life, such as free-living or parasitic existence, and rely on external sources of nutrition for their development.

In the context of helminth infections, larvae may be transmitted to humans through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct skin contact with infective stages, or transmission via an intermediate host (such as a vector). Once inside the human body, these parasitic larvae can cause tissue damage and provoke immune responses, leading to the clinical manifestations of disease.

It is essential to distinguish between the medical definition of 'larva' and its broader usage in biology and zoology. In those fields, 'larva' refers to any juvenile form that undergoes metamorphosis before reaching adulthood, regardless of whether it is parasitic or not.

Insect vectors are insects that transmit disease-causing pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites) from one host to another. They do this while feeding on the host's blood or tissues. The insects themselves are not infected by the pathogen but act as mechanical carriers that pass it on during their bite. Examples of diseases spread by insect vectors include malaria (transmitted by mosquitoes), Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks), and plague (transmitted by fleas). Proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and reducing standing water where mosquitoes breed, can help reduce the risk of contracting these diseases.

Insect bites and stings refer to the penetration of the skin by insects, such as mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, or bees, often resulting in localized symptoms including redness, swelling, itching, and pain. The reaction can vary depending on the individual's sensitivity and the type of insect. In some cases, systemic reactions like anaphylaxis may occur, which requires immediate medical attention. Treatment typically involves relieving symptoms with topical creams, antihistamines, or in severe cases, epinephrine. Prevention measures include using insect repellent and protective clothing.

"Beetles" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to insects belonging to the order Coleoptera, which is one of the largest orders in the class Insecta. Beetles are characterized by their hardened forewings, known as elytra, which protect their hind wings and body when not in use for flying.

There are many different species of beetles found all over the world, and some can have an impact on human health. For example, certain types of beetles, such as bed bugs and carpet beetles, can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions in some people. Other beetles, like the Colorado potato beetle, can damage crops and lead to economic losses for farmers. However, it is important to note that most beetles are not harmful to humans and play an essential role in ecosystems as decomposers and pollinators.

Diptera is an order of insects that includes flies, mosquitoes, and gnats. The name "Diptera" comes from the Greek words "di," meaning two, and "pteron," meaning wing. This refers to the fact that all members of this order have a single pair of functional wings for flying, while the other pair is reduced to small knob-like structures called halteres, which help with balance and maneuverability during flight.

Some common examples of Diptera include houseflies, fruit flies, horseflies, tsetse flies, and midges. Many species in this order are important pollinators, while others can be significant pests or disease vectors. The study of Diptera is called dipterology.

Hemolymph is not a term typically used in human medicine, but it is commonly used in the study of invertebrates, particularly arthropods such as insects and crustaceans. Hemolymph is the fluid that circulates within the open circulatory system of these animals, serving multiple functions similar to both blood and lymphatic systems in vertebrates.

In simpler terms, hemolymph is a combined fluid that performs the functions of both blood and lymph in invertebrates. It serves as a transport medium for nutrients, waste products, hormones, and immune cells (hemocytes) throughout the body. Hemolymph does not contain red and white blood cells like human blood; instead, hemocytes are the primary cellular components responsible for immune responses and wound healing in these animals.

Cockroaches are not a medical condition or disease. They are a type of insect that can be found in many parts of the world. Some species of cockroaches are known to carry diseases and allergens, which can cause health problems for some people. Cockroach allergens can trigger asthma symptoms, especially in children. Additionally, cockroaches can contaminate food and surfaces with bacteria and other germs, which can lead to illnesses such as salmonellosis and gastroenteritis.

If you have a problem with cockroaches in your home or workplace, it is important to take steps to eliminate them to reduce the risk of health problems. This may include cleaning up food and water sources, sealing entry points, and using pesticides or hiring a professional pest control service.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "grasshoppers" is not a term used in medical definitions. Grasshoppers are a type of insect that belongs to the order Orthoptera and suborder Caelifera. They are known for their long hind legs which they use for jumping, and some species can jump over 20 times their own body length. If you have any questions about medical terminology or topics, I'd be happy to help with those instead!

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Heteroptera is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in zoology. It refers to a suborder of insects within the order Hemiptera, also known as true bugs. This group includes a wide variety of species, such as bed bugs, assassin bugs, and stink bugs. While Heteroptera is not directly related to human health or medicine, some species can have medical importance as disease vectors or pests.

"Tenebrio" is the genus name for mealworm beetles, which are insects commonly found in stored grains and animal feed. The most common species is Tenebrio molitor. Mealworms and their larvae are often used as a food source for pets, such as reptiles and birds, but they can also cause damage to crops and structures if they infest them. They have been studied in various medical and scientific research fields including nutrition, toxicology, and allergies. Some people may have allergic reactions to mealworms or their byproducts.

"Bees" are not a medical term, as they refer to various flying insects belonging to the Apidae family in the Apoidea superfamily. They are known for their role in pollination and honey production. If you're looking for medical definitions or information, please provide relevant terms.

"Tribolium" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is actually the name of a genus of beetles, also known as flour beetles, which are often used in scientific research, particularly in the fields of genetics and evolution. If you have any confusion with a specific medical context where this term was used, I would recommend checking the source again for clarification.

"Animal Flight" is not a medical term per se, but it is a concept that is studied in the field of comparative physiology and biomechanics, which are disciplines related to medicine. Animal flight refers to the ability of certain animal species to move through the air by flapping their wings or other appendages. This mode of locomotion is most commonly associated with birds, bats, and insects, but some mammals such as flying squirrels and sugar gliders are also capable of gliding through the air.

The study of animal flight involves understanding the biomechanics of how animals generate lift and propulsion, as well as the physiological adaptations that allow them to sustain flight. For example, birds have lightweight skeletons and powerful chest muscles that enable them to flap their wings rapidly and generate lift. Bats, on the other hand, use a more complex system of membranes and joints to manipulate their wings and achieve maneuverability in flight.

Understanding animal flight has important implications for the design of aircraft and other engineering systems, as well as for our broader understanding of how animals have evolved to adapt to their environments.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "wasps" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Wasps are a type of insect in the order Hymenoptera, and some people can have allergic reactions to their stings. However, there is no medical condition or disease specifically associated with wasps. If you have any specific medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to try to help if I can!

"Periplaneta" is a genus name that refers to a group of large, winged insects commonly known as cockroaches. The two most common species in this genus are the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) and the German cockroach (Periplaneta germantica). These insects are typically found in warm, humid environments and can often be seen scurrying across floors or walls in homes, restaurants, and other buildings. They are known to carry diseases and can cause allergies and asthma attacks in some people.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hymenoptera" is not a medical term. It is a scientific classification in biology, specifically referring to an order of insects that includes sawflies, bees, ants, and wasps. These insects are characterized by having two pairs of membranous wings (except for some species that have only one pair or are wingless) and a slender waist. Some people may have allergic reactions to the venom of stinging Hymenoptera, such as bees and wasps, which can cause medical issues. However, "Hymenoptera" itself is not a medical term.

Biological pest control, also known as biocontrol, is a method of managing or eliminating pests such as insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases using natural enemies or other organisms. These biological control agents include predators, parasites, pathogens, and competitors that regulate pest populations and reduce the need for chemical pesticides. Biological pest control is a key component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs and has minimal impact on the environment compared to traditional pest control methods.

Aphids, also known as plant lice, are small sap-sucking insects that belong to the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. They are soft-bodied and pear-shaped, with most species measuring less than 1/8 inch (3 millimeters) long.

Aphids feed on a wide variety of plants by inserting their needle-like mouthparts into the plant's vascular system to extract phloem sap. This feeding can cause stunted growth, yellowing, curling, or distortion of leaves and flowers, and may even lead to the death of the plant in severe infestations.

Aphids reproduce rapidly and can produce several generations per year. Many species give birth to live young (nymphs) rather than laying eggs, which allows them to increase their population numbers quickly. Aphids also have a complex life cycle that may involve sexual reproduction, parthenogenesis (reproduction without fertilization), and winged or wingless forms.

Aphids are an important pest in agriculture and horticulture, causing significant damage to crops and ornamental plants. They can also transmit plant viruses and produce honeydew, a sticky substance that attracts ants and supports the growth of sooty mold fungi.

Controlling aphids may involve cultural practices such as pruning, watering, and removing weeds; biological control using natural enemies such as lady beetles, lacewings, and parasitic wasps; or chemical control using insecticides.

"Bombyx" is a genus name that refers to a group of insects in the family Bombycidae, which are known as silk moths. The most well-known species in this genus is "Bombyx mori," which is the domesticated silkworm used for commercial silk production.

The term "Bombyx" itself does not have a specific medical definition, but it is sometimes used in medical or scientific contexts to refer to this group of insects or their characteristics. For example, researchers might study the effects of Bombyx mori silk on wound healing or tissue regeneration.

It's worth noting that while some species of moths and butterflies can be harmful to human health in certain circumstances (such as by acting as vectors for diseases), the Bombyx genus is not typically considered a medical concern.

"Gryllidae" is not a medical term. It is the family designation for crickets in the order Orthoptera, which includes various species of insects that are characterized by their long antennae and ability to produce chirping sounds. The misinterpretation might have arisen from the fact that some scientific research or studies may reference these creatures; however, it is not a medical term or concept.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

I believe you may have accidentally omitted the word "in" from your search. Based on that, I'm assuming you are looking for a medical definition related to the term "ants." However, ants are not typically associated with medical terminology. If you meant to ask about a specific condition or concept, please provide more context so I can give a more accurate response.

If you are indeed asking about ants in the insect sense, they belong to the family Formicidae and order Hymenoptera. Some species of ants may pose public health concerns due to their ability to contaminate food sources or cause structural damage. However, ants do not have a direct medical definition associated with human health.

"Rhodnius" is not a medical term, but rather it refers to a genus of true bugs in the family Reduviidae. These small, wingless insects are known as "bugs" and are commonly found in tropical regions of the Americas. They feed on plant sap and are also known to be vectors for certain diseases, such as Chagas disease, which is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. However, they are not typically associated with human medicine or medical conditions.

Juvenile hormones (JHs) are a class of sesquiterpenoid compounds that play a crucial role in the regulation of insect development, reproduction, and other physiological processes. They are primarily produced by the corpora allata, a pair of endocrine glands located in the head of insects.

JHs are essential for maintaining the larval or nymphal stage of insects, preventing the expression of adult characteristics during molting. As the concentration of JH decreases in the hemolymph (insect blood), a molt to the next developmental stage occurs, and if the insect has reached its final instar, it will metamorphose into an adult.

In addition to their role in development, JHs also influence various aspects of insect reproductive physiology, such as vitellogenesis (yolk protein synthesis), oocyte maturation, and spermatogenesis. Furthermore, JHs have been implicated in regulating diapause (a period of suspended development during unfavorable environmental conditions) and caste determination in social insects like bees and ants.

Overall, juvenile hormones are vital regulators of growth, development, and reproduction in insects, making them attractive targets for the development of novel pest management strategies.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "weevils" are not a medical term. They are small beetles, typically characterized by their elongated snouts. Some species are known to infest and damage crops such as grains, causing agricultural harm. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I'd be happy to help!

Insecticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or mitigating any pest, including insects, arachnids, or other related pests. They can be chemical or biological agents that disrupt the growth, development, or behavior of these organisms, leading to their death or incapacitation. Insecticides are widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for pest control. However, they must be used with caution due to potential risks to non-target organisms and the environment.

Orthoptera is not a medical term, but rather a taxonomic order in zoology. It includes grasshoppers, crickets, and related insects. These insects are characterized by their long antennae, rear wings that are typically narrower than the front pair, and jumping or leaping locomotion.

While not directly related to medicine, some species of Orthoptera can have medical implications for humans. For example, certain types of ticks (which belong to a different order) can transmit diseases, and chigger mites (also not Orthoptera) can cause itchy skin rashes. However, the order Orthoptera itself does not have specific relevance to medical definitions or human health.

I must clarify that the term 'pupa' is not typically used in medical contexts. Instead, it is a term from the field of biology, particularly entomology, which is the study of insects.

In insect development, a pupa refers to a stage in the life cycle of certain insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. During this phase, the larval body undergoes significant transformation and reorganization within a protective casing called a chrysalis (in butterflies and moths) or a cocoon (in other insects). The old larval tissues are broken down and replaced with new adult structures. Once this process is complete, the pupal case opens, and the adult insect emerges.

Since 'pupa' is not a medical term, I couldn't provide a medical definition for it. However, I hope this explanation helps clarify its meaning in the context of biology.

Herbivory is not a medical term, but rather a term used in biology and ecology. It refers to the practice of consuming plants or plant matter for food. Herbivores are animals that eat only plants, and their diet can include leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits, seeds, and other parts of plants.

While herbivory is not a medical term, it is still relevant to the field of medicine in certain contexts. For example, understanding the diets and behaviors of herbivores can help inform public health initiatives related to food safety and disease transmission. Additionally, research on herbivory has contributed to our understanding of the evolution of plant-animal interactions and the development of ecosystems.

'Drosophila melanogaster' is the scientific name for a species of fruit fly that is commonly used as a model organism in various fields of biological research, including genetics, developmental biology, and evolutionary biology. Its small size, short generation time, large number of offspring, and ease of cultivation make it an ideal subject for laboratory studies. The fruit fly's genome has been fully sequenced, and many of its genes have counterparts in the human genome, which facilitates the understanding of genetic mechanisms and their role in human health and disease.

Here is a brief medical definition:

Drosophila melanogaster (droh-suh-fih-luh meh-lon-guh-ster): A species of fruit fly used extensively as a model organism in genetic, developmental, and evolutionary research. Its genome has been sequenced, revealing many genes with human counterparts, making it valuable for understanding genetic mechanisms and their role in human health and disease.

In the context of medicine and biology, symbiosis is a type of close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms. Generally, one organism, called the symbiont, lives inside or on another organism, called the host. This interaction can be mutually beneficial (mutualistic), harmful to the host organism (parasitic), or have no effect on either organism (commensal).

Examples of mutualistic symbiotic relationships in humans include the bacteria that live in our gut and help us digest food, as well as the algae that live inside corals and provide them with nutrients. Parasitic symbioses, on the other hand, involve organisms like viruses or parasitic worms that live inside a host and cause harm to it.

It's worth noting that while the term "symbiosis" is often used in popular culture to refer to any close relationship between two organisms, in scientific contexts it has a more specific meaning related to long-term biological interactions.

*Photorhabdus* is a genus of gram-negative, bioluminescent bacteria that are symbiotic with certain species of entomopathogenic nematodes (nematodes that infect and kill insects). These bacteria are found in the gut of the nematodes and are released into the insect host when the nematode infects it. The bacteria produce toxins and other virulence factors that help to kill the insect and provide a nutrient-rich environment for the nematodes to reproduce. After reproduction, the nematodes and *Photorhabdus* bacteria work together again to seek out a new insect host. Some species of *Photorhabdus* have also been shown to have potential as biological control agents for certain insect pests.

Arthropods are a phylum of animals characterized by the presence of a segmented body, a pair of jointed appendages on each segment, and a tough exoskeleton made of chitin. This phylum includes insects, arachnids (spiders, scorpions, mites), crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, shrimp), and myriapods (centipedes, millipedes). They are the largest group of animals on Earth, making up more than 80% of all described species. Arthropods can be found in nearly every habitat, from the deep sea to mountaintops, and play important roles in ecosystems as decomposers, pollinators, and predators.

"Molting" is not a term typically used in medical contexts. It is primarily used to describe the shedding and replacement of feathers, hair, or skin in animals, including birds, reptiles, insects, and other invertebrates. In humans and other mammals, this process is more commonly referred to as "shedding" or "growing new hair/skin."

However, if you are referring to the medical term "molt," it is a rare genetic disorder that affects the skin's pigmentation and causes it to shed in patches. It is also known as "congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma" or "non-bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma." The condition is present at birth, and affected individuals have red, scaly skin that sheds in a pattern similar to snake skin. Molting is not contagious and has no known cure, but various treatments can help manage its symptoms.

Xenorhabdus is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are symbiotically associated with nematodes of the family Heterorhabditidae. These bacteria are pathogenic to insects and have been studied for their potential as biocontrol agents. They produce a variety of bioactive compounds that are toxic to insects and also have antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal properties. When the nematodes infect an insect host, they release the bacteria into the insect's hemocoel (the equivalent of the mammalian bloodstream), where the bacteria multiply and produce toxins that kill the insect. The nematodes then feed on the bacterial mass and use it as a food source, allowing them to reproduce within the dead insect.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Houseflies" are not a medical condition or term. Houseflies (Musca domestica) are a species of fly that are commonly found in human habitats. They are often considered nuisance pests because they can contaminate food and spread diseases. However, they do have an important role in the ecosystem as decomposers. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I'd be happy to try to help with those!

A "fat body" is not a medical term that is typically used to describe human anatomy. It is more commonly used in the context of insects and other invertebrates, where it refers to a specialized tissue that functions to store energy in the form of fat.

However, in humans, we do have adipose tissue, which is the medical term for body fat. Adipose tissue is found throughout the body, but is particularly concentrated in certain areas such as the abdomen, hips, and thighs. It serves a variety of functions, including storing energy, insulating the body, and producing hormones that regulate metabolism and appetite.

If you are looking for information on obesity or excess body fat in humans, there are many medical resources available to help you understand these topics better.

Hemocytes are specialized cells found in the open circulatory system of invertebrates, including insects, crustaceans, and mollusks. They play crucial roles in the immune response and defense mechanisms of these organisms. Hemocytes can be categorized into several types based on their functions and morphologies, such as phagocytic cells, encapsulating cells, and clotting cells. These cells are responsible for various immunological activities, including recognition and removal of foreign particles, pathogens, and debris; production of immune effector molecules; and contribution to the formation of blood clots to prevent excessive bleeding. In some invertebrates, hemocytes also participate in wound healing, tissue repair, and other physiological processes.

Host-parasite interactions refer to the relationship between a parasitic organism (the parasite) and its host, which can be an animal, plant, or human body. The parasite lives on or inside the host and derives nutrients from it, often causing harm in the process. This interaction can range from relatively benign to severe, depending on various factors such as the species of the parasite, the immune response of the host, and the duration of infection.

The host-parasite relationship is often categorized based on the degree of harm caused to the host. Parasites that cause little to no harm are called commensals, while those that cause significant damage or disease are called parasitic pathogens. Some parasites can even manipulate their hosts' behavior and physiology to enhance their own survival and reproduction, leading to complex interactions between the two organisms.

Understanding host-parasite interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat parasitic infections, as well as for understanding the ecological relationships between different species in natural ecosystems.

Feeding behavior refers to the various actions and mechanisms involved in the intake of food and nutrition for the purpose of sustaining life, growth, and health. This complex process encompasses a coordinated series of activities, including:

1. Food selection: The identification, pursuit, and acquisition of appropriate food sources based on sensory cues (smell, taste, appearance) and individual preferences.
2. Preparation: The manipulation and processing of food to make it suitable for consumption, such as chewing, grinding, or chopping.
3. Ingestion: The act of transferring food from the oral cavity into the digestive system through swallowing.
4. Digestion: The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food within the gastrointestinal tract to facilitate nutrient absorption and eliminate waste products.
5. Assimilation: The uptake and utilization of absorbed nutrients by cells and tissues for energy production, growth, repair, and maintenance.
6. Elimination: The removal of undigested material and waste products from the body through defecation.

Feeding behavior is regulated by a complex interplay between neural, hormonal, and psychological factors that help maintain energy balance and ensure adequate nutrient intake. Disruptions in feeding behavior can lead to various medical conditions, such as malnutrition, obesity, eating disorders, and gastrointestinal motility disorders.

A nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) is a type of large, complex DNA virus that infects insects, particularly members of the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). NPVs are characterized by their ability to produce multiple virions within a single polyhedral occlusion body, which provides protection for the virions in the environment and facilitates their transmission between hosts.

NPVs replicate in the nucleus of infected cells, where they induce the production of large quantities of viral proteins that ultimately lead to the lysis of the host cell. The virions are then released and can infect other cells or be transmitted to other insects. NPVs are important pathogens of many agricultural pests, and some species have been developed as biological control agents for use in integrated pest management programs.

Malpighian tubules are specialized excretory structures found in the circulatory system of many arthropods, including insects. They are named after Marcello Malpighi, an Italian physician and biologist who was one of the first to describe them. These tubules play a crucial role in eliminating waste products and maintaining water and ion balance within the insect's body.

Functionally, Malpighian tubules are analogous to the vertebrate kidneys as they filter the hemolymph (insect blood) and reabsorb necessary substances while excreting waste materials. The main waste product excreted by these tubules is uric acid, which is a less toxic form of nitrogenous waste compared to urea or ammonia, making it more suitable for terrestrial arthropods.

Malpighian tubules originate from the midgut epithelium and extend into the hemocoel (insect body cavity). They are lined with a single layer of epithelial cells that contain microvilli, increasing their surface area for efficient filtration. The tubules receive nutrient-rich hemolymph from the hemocoel through open-ended or blind-ended structures called ostia.

The filtrate formed by Malpighian tubules passes through a series of cellular transport processes involving both active and passive transport mechanisms. These processes help in reabsorbing water, ions, and nutrients back into the hemolymph while concentrating waste products for excretion. The final waste-laden fluid is then released into the hindgut, where it gets mixed with fecal material before being eliminated from the body through the anus.

In summary, Malpighian tubules are vital excretory organs in arthropods that filter hemolymph, reabsorb essential substances, and excrete waste products to maintain homeostasis within their bodies.

Biological metamorphosis is a complex process of transformation that certain organisms undergo during their development from embryo to adult. This process involves profound changes in form, function, and structure of the organism, often including modifications of various body parts, reorganization of internal organs, and changes in physiology.

In metamorphosis, a larval or juvenile form of an animal is significantly different from its adult form, both morphologically and behaviorally. This phenomenon is particularly common in insects, amphibians, and some fish and crustaceans. The most well-known examples include the transformation of a caterpillar into a butterfly or a tadpole into a frog.

The mechanisms that drive metamorphosis are regulated by hormonal signals and genetic programs. In many cases, metamorphosis is triggered by environmental factors such as temperature, moisture, or food availability, which interact with the organism's internal developmental cues to initiate the transformation. The process of metamorphosis allows these organisms to exploit different ecological niches at different stages of their lives and contributes to their evolutionary success.

Recombinant proteins are artificially created proteins produced through the use of recombinant DNA technology. This process involves combining DNA molecules from different sources to create a new set of genes that encode for a specific protein. The resulting recombinant protein can then be expressed, purified, and used for various applications in research, medicine, and industry.

Recombinant proteins are widely used in biomedical research to study protein function, structure, and interactions. They are also used in the development of diagnostic tests, vaccines, and therapeutic drugs. For example, recombinant insulin is a common treatment for diabetes, while recombinant human growth hormone is used to treat growth disorders.

The production of recombinant proteins typically involves the use of host cells, such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells, which are engineered to express the desired protein. The host cells are transformed with a plasmid vector containing the gene of interest, along with regulatory elements that control its expression. Once the host cells are cultured and the protein is expressed, it can be purified using various chromatography techniques.

Overall, recombinant proteins have revolutionized many areas of biology and medicine, enabling researchers to study and manipulate proteins in ways that were previously impossible.

"Metarhizium" is not a medical term, but rather it refers to a genus of fungi that are widely distributed in soil and on insects. Some species of Metarhizium are entomopathogenic, meaning they can cause diseases in insects and are being studied as potential biological control agents for pest insects. There is no direct medical relevance or definition associated with the term "Metarhizium."

'Bacillus thuringiensis' (Bt) is a gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium that produces crystalline parasporal proteins during sporulation. These proteins are insecticidal and have the ability to kill certain insects when ingested. Different strains of Bt produce different types of insecticidal proteins, allowing them to target specific insect pests.

Bt is widely used in organic farming and integrated pest management programs as a natural alternative to chemical pesticides. It can be applied as a spray or incorporated into the genetic material of crops through biotechnology, producing transgenic plants known as Bt crops. These crops express the insecticidal proteins and protect themselves from specific pests, reducing the need for external applications of Bt formulations.

Bt is considered safe for humans, animals, and non-target organisms when used properly, as the parasporal proteins are not toxic to them. However, misuse or overreliance on Bt can lead to resistance development in target pests, reducing its effectiveness.

'Beauveria' is a genus of fungi that belongs to the family Cordycipitaceae. These fungi are known for their ability to parasitize various insects and arthropods, and they have been studied for their potential as biocontrol agents. The most well-known species in this genus is Beauveria bassiana, which has been used to control a variety of pest insects in agriculture and forestry.

Beauveria fungi produce a range of bioactive compounds that can have toxic effects on insects and other organisms. When an infected insect comes into contact with the spores of Beauveria, the spores germinate and penetrate the insect's cuticle, eventually killing the host. The fungus then grows inside the insect's body, producing more spores that can infect other hosts.

In addition to their use as biocontrol agents, Beauveria fungi have also been studied for their potential medicinal properties. Some research has suggested that certain species of Beauveria may have antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory effects, although more research is needed to confirm these findings and to understand the mechanisms behind them.

DEET is a common abbreviation for N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, which is a widely used active ingredient in insect repellents. It works by blocking the ability of insects to sense the presence of humans, making it difficult for them to land and bite. DEET can provide long-lasting protection against a variety of insects, including mosquitoes, ticks, and other arthropods.

DEET is available in various forms, such as lotions, sprays, and wipes, and its concentration can range from 5% to 100%. Higher concentrations provide longer protection but may also increase the risk of skin irritation and other adverse effects. It is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions when using DEET-containing products and avoid applying them to broken or damaged skin, eyes, mouth, and mucous membranes.

DEET has been extensively studied for its safety and efficacy, and it is considered safe for use by people of all ages, including pregnant and breastfeeding women. However, it should be used with caution in young children due to their higher surface area-to-mass ratio and the potential for accidental ingestion or eye contact. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends using DEET products with a concentration of no more than 30% on children over two months of age.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nymph" does not have a medical definition. In general, nymph is a term used in mythology to refer to a minor nature deity typically represented as an attractive maiden or beautiful young woman who animates nature and is often associated with various natural phenomena.

If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to help if you could provide more information.

Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.

For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.

Oviposition is a medical/biological term that refers to the process of laying or depositing eggs by female organisms, including birds, reptiles, insects, and fish. In humans and other mammals, the term is not applicable since they give birth to live young rather than laying eggs.

Biological evolution is the change in the genetic composition of populations of organisms over time, from one generation to the next. It is a process that results in descendants differing genetically from their ancestors. Biological evolution can be driven by several mechanisms, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation. These processes can lead to changes in the frequency of alleles (variants of a gene) within populations, resulting in the development of new species and the extinction of others over long periods of time. Biological evolution provides a unifying explanation for the diversity of life on Earth and is supported by extensive evidence from many different fields of science, including genetics, paleontology, comparative anatomy, and biogeography.

Arthropod antennae are the primary sensory organs found in arthropods, which include insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and myriapods. These paired appendages are usually located on the head or nearest segment to the head and are responsible for detecting various stimuli from the environment such as touch, taste, smell, temperature, humidity, vibration, and air motion.

The structure of arthropod antennae varies among different groups but generally consists of one or more segments called flagellum or funicle that may be further divided into subsegments called annuli. The number and arrangement of these segments are often used to classify and identify specific taxa.

Insect antennae, for example, typically have a distinct shape and can be thread-like, feathery, or clubbed depending on the species. They contain various sensory receptors such as olfactory neurons that detect odor molecules, mechanoreceptors that respond to touch or movement, and thermoreceptors that sense temperature changes.

Overall, arthropod antennae play a crucial role in enabling these organisms to navigate their environment, find food, avoid predators, and communicate with conspecifics.

"Drosophila" is a genus of small flies, also known as fruit flies. The most common species used in scientific research is "Drosophila melanogaster," which has been a valuable model organism for many areas of biological and medical research, including genetics, developmental biology, neurobiology, and aging.

The use of Drosophila as a model organism has led to numerous important discoveries in genetics and molecular biology, such as the identification of genes that are associated with human diseases like cancer, Parkinson's disease, and obesity. The short reproductive cycle, large number of offspring, and ease of genetic manipulation make Drosophila a powerful tool for studying complex biological processes.

Ecdysteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are primarily known for their role in the regulation of molting and growth in arthropods, such as insects and crustaceans. They are structurally similar to vertebrate steroid hormones, such as estrogens and androgens, but have different physiological functions.

Ecdysteroids bind to specific receptors in the cell nucleus, leading to changes in gene expression that regulate various processes related to molting and growth, including the synthesis of new exoskeleton components and the breakdown of old ones. They also play a role in other physiological processes, such as reproduction, development, and stress response.

In recent years, ecdysteroids have attracted interest in the medical community due to their potential therapeutic applications. Some studies suggest that certain ecdysteroids may have anabolic effects, promoting muscle growth and protein synthesis, while others have shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential therapeutic uses of ecdysteroids in humans.

"Aedes" is a genus of mosquitoes that are known to transmit various diseases, including Zika virus, dengue fever, chikungunya, and yellow fever. These mosquitoes are typically found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. They are distinguished by their black and white striped legs and thorax. Aedes aegypti is the most common species associated with disease transmission, although other species such as Aedes albopictus can also transmit diseases. It's important to note that only female mosquitoes bite and feed on blood, while males feed solely on nectar and plant juices.

Ecdysterone is a type of steroid hormone that occurs naturally in various plants and animals. In animals, ecdysterones are known to play important roles in the growth, development, and reproduction of arthropods, such as insects and crustaceans. They are called "ecdysteroids" and are crucial for the process of molting, in which the arthropod sheds its exoskeleton to grow a new one.

In plants, ecdysterones are believed to function as growth regulators and defense compounds. Some studies suggest that they may help protect plants against pests and pathogens.

Ecdysterone has also gained attention in the context of human health and performance enhancement. While it is not a hormone naturally produced by the human body, some research suggests that ecdysterone may have anabolic effects, meaning it could potentially promote muscle growth and improve physical performance. However, more studies are needed to confirm these findings and establish the safety and efficacy of ecdysterone supplementation in humans.

It is important to note that the use of performance-enhancing substances, including ecdysterone, may be subject to regulations and anti-doping rules in various sports organizations. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen.

Molecular cloning is a laboratory technique used to create multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence. This process involves several steps:

1. Isolation: The first step in molecular cloning is to isolate the DNA sequence of interest from the rest of the genomic DNA. This can be done using various methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), restriction enzymes, or hybridization.
2. Vector construction: Once the DNA sequence of interest has been isolated, it must be inserted into a vector, which is a small circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently in a host cell. Common vectors used in molecular cloning include plasmids and phages.
3. Transformation: The constructed vector is then introduced into a host cell, usually a bacterial or yeast cell, through a process called transformation. This can be done using various methods such as electroporation or chemical transformation.
4. Selection: After transformation, the host cells are grown in selective media that allow only those cells containing the vector to grow. This ensures that the DNA sequence of interest has been successfully cloned into the vector.
5. Amplification: Once the host cells have been selected, they can be grown in large quantities to amplify the number of copies of the cloned DNA sequence.

Molecular cloning is a powerful tool in molecular biology and has numerous applications, including the production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy, functional analysis of genes, and genetic engineering.

"Locusta migratoria" is the scientific name for the migratory locust, which is a species of short-horned grasshopper. While it is not a medical term, I can provide some general information about this insect.

Migratory locusts are known for their ability to form large swarms that can travel long distances, consuming vast amounts of vegetation and causing significant damage to crops and pastures. They are native to Africa, Asia, and Europe but have been introduced to other parts of the world as well. The migratory locust is a agricultural pest and can pose a serious threat to food security in areas where they occur in large numbers.

From a medical perspective, some species of grasshoppers, including the migratory locust, can carry various pathogens that may affect humans and animals if ingested or come into contact with mucous membranes. However, there are no specific medical concerns associated with "Locusta migratoria" itself.

The integumentary system is the largest organ system in the human body, encompassing the skin, hair, nails, and various glands. Its primary function is to act as a barrier, protecting the body from external damage, radiation, and pathogens while also helping regulate body temperature, prevent water loss, and maintain fluid balance. The integumentary system plays crucial roles in sensory perception through nerve endings in the skin, synthesizing vitamin D via sunlight exposure, and excreting waste products through sweat. Overall, it serves as a vital organ system that ensures the body's integrity and homeostasis.

"Butterflies" is not a medical term, but rather a colloquial or informal term that is often used to describe a feeling of nervousness or excitement in the stomach. It is thought to be due to the release of adrenaline and the increased heart rate and breathing that can occur when someone is anxious or excited. The sensation may be caused by the contraction of the muscles in the stomach, which can feel like fluttering or flips. This feeling is not a medical condition and does not typically require treatment, but if it is severe or persistent, it may be helpful to speak with a healthcare provider to address any underlying anxiety or stress.

'Drosophila proteins' refer to the proteins that are expressed in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. This organism is a widely used model system in genetics, developmental biology, and molecular biology research. The study of Drosophila proteins has contributed significantly to our understanding of various biological processes, including gene regulation, cell signaling, development, and aging.

Some examples of well-studied Drosophila proteins include:

1. HSP70 (Heat Shock Protein 70): A chaperone protein involved in protein folding and protection from stress conditions.
2. TUBULIN: A structural protein that forms microtubules, important for cell division and intracellular transport.
3. ACTIN: A cytoskeletal protein involved in muscle contraction, cell motility, and maintenance of cell shape.
4. BETA-GALACTOSIDASE (LACZ): A reporter protein often used to monitor gene expression patterns in transgenic flies.
5. ENDOGLIN: A protein involved in the development of blood vessels during embryogenesis.
6. P53: A tumor suppressor protein that plays a crucial role in preventing cancer by regulating cell growth and division.
7. JUN-KINASE (JNK): A signaling protein involved in stress response, apoptosis, and developmental processes.
8. DECAPENTAPLEGIC (DPP): A member of the TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor Beta) superfamily, playing essential roles in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis.

These proteins are often studied using various techniques such as biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, and structural biology to understand their functions, interactions, and regulation within the cell.

Wolbachia is a genus of intracellular bacteria that naturally infects a wide variety of arthropods (insects, spiders, mites) and filarial nematodes (roundworms). These bacteria are transmitted vertically from mother to offspring, often through the cytoplasm of eggs. Wolbachia can manipulate the reproductive biology of their hosts in various ways, such as feminization, parthenogenesis, male killing, and cytoplasmic incompatibility, which favor the spread and maintenance of the bacteria within host populations. The interactions between Wolbachia and their hosts have implications for insect pest management, disease transmission, and evolutionary biology.

Sequence homology, amino acid, refers to the similarity in the order of amino acids in a protein or a portion of a protein between two or more species. This similarity can be used to infer evolutionary relationships and functional similarities between proteins. The higher the degree of sequence homology, the more likely it is that the proteins are related and have similar functions. Sequence homology can be determined through various methods such as pairwise alignment or multiple sequence alignment, which compare the sequences and calculate a score based on the number and type of matching amino acids.

In medical terms, "wing" is not a term that is used as a standalone definition. However, it can be found in the context of certain anatomical structures or medical conditions. For instance, the "wings" of the lungs refer to the upper and lower portions of the lungs that extend from the main body of the organ. Similarly, in dermatology, "winging" is used to describe the spreading out or flaring of the wings of the nose, which can be a characteristic feature of certain skin conditions like lupus.

It's important to note that medical terminology can be highly specific and context-dependent, so it's always best to consult with a healthcare professional for accurate information related to medical definitions or diagnoses.

Tephritidae is a family of flies commonly known as "fruit flies" or "vinegar flies." The term "Tephritidae" is derived from the Greek word "tephra," which means "ash," likely referring to the often gray or sooty coloration of some members of this family.

Tephritidae includes over 4,000 species worldwide, many of which are important agricultural pests. These flies are known for their habit of laying eggs in or on fruits and vegetables, leading to the development of larvae that feed on the plant tissue and cause damage. Some well-known examples of Tephritidae include the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) and the apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella).

It is worth noting that "fruit flies" is also a common name for Drosophilidae, another family of small flies. While both families are sometimes referred to as "fruit flies," Tephritidae species tend to be larger and more brightly colored than Drosophilidae species.

Sf9 cells are a type of insect cell line that are derived from the ovary of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. They are widely used in molecular biology and biochemistry research, particularly for the production of recombinant proteins using baculovirus expression systems. Sf9 cells have the ability to infect with baculoviruses and support high levels of foreign gene expression, making them a popular choice for this purpose. They are also relatively easy to culture and maintain in the laboratory.

Molecular evolution is the process of change in the DNA sequence or protein structure over time, driven by mechanisms such as mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection. It refers to the evolutionary study of changes in DNA, RNA, and proteins, and how these changes accumulate and lead to new species and diversity of life. Molecular evolution can be used to understand the history and relationships among different organisms, as well as the functional consequences of genetic changes.

Diapause is a state of suspended development and reduced metabolism found in many insects, allowing them to survive harsh environmental conditions such as cold winters or dry seasons. During diapause, the insect's growth, development, and reproduction are temporarily halted, and its metabolic processes are significantly reduced. This allows the insect to conserve energy and withstand adverse conditions until more favorable conditions return.

Diapause is often triggered by environmental cues such as temperature, photoperiod (day length), and food availability. Insects that undergo diapause may enter this state during their embryonic, larval, pupal, or adult stages, depending on the species. Diapause can last for several months to over a year, depending on the duration of unfavorable conditions.

Diapause is an essential adaptation for many insects that allows them to survive in environments with seasonal fluctuations and ensures their continued survival and reproduction when conditions improve.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

Insecticide resistance is a genetic selection process in insect populations that allows them to survive and reproduce despite exposure to insecticides. It's the result of changes in the genetic makeup of insects, which can be caused by natural selection when insecticides are used repeatedly. Over time, this leads to the prevalence of genes that provide resistance to the insecticide, making the pest control methods less effective. Insecticide resistance is a significant challenge in public health and agriculture, as it can reduce the efficacy of interventions aimed at controlling disease-carrying insects or protecting crops from pests.

In the context of mental health and psychology, "predatory behavior" is not a term that is commonly used as a medical diagnosis or condition. However, it generally refers to aggressive or exploitative behavior towards others with the intention of taking advantage of them for personal gain or pleasure. This could include various types of harmful behaviors such as sexual harassment, assault, stalking, bullying, or financial exploitation.

In some cases, predatory behavior may be associated with certain mental health conditions, such as antisocial personality disorder or psychopathy, which are characterized by a disregard for the rights and feelings of others. However, it's important to note that not all individuals who engage in predatory behavior have a mental health condition, and many people who do may not necessarily exhibit these behaviors.

If you or someone else is experiencing harm or exploitation, it's important to seek help from a trusted authority figure, such as a healthcare provider, law enforcement officer, or social worker.

In genetics, sequence alignment is the process of arranging two or more DNA, RNA, or protein sequences to identify regions of similarity or homology between them. This is often done using computational methods to compare the nucleotide or amino acid sequences and identify matching patterns, which can provide insight into evolutionary relationships, functional domains, or potential genetic disorders. The alignment process typically involves adjusting gaps and mismatches in the sequences to maximize the similarity between them, resulting in an aligned sequence that can be visually represented and analyzed.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

Methoprene is an insect growth regulator (IGR) that disrupts the developmental process in insects, preventing them from reaching maturity and reproducing. It works by mimicking the natural hormones found in insects, specifically juvenile hormone, which regulates their molting and metamorphosis. By interfering with this process, methoprene causes immature insects to continue molting without ever becoming adults, or it prevents larvae from transforming into pupae or adults.

Methoprene is commonly used in pest control applications, including public health, agriculture, and household settings, to control a wide range of insect pests, such as mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, ants, cockroaches, and stored product pests. It has low toxicity to non-target organisms, including mammals, making it a relatively safe option for use in sensitive environments. However, like any pesticide, methoprene should be used responsibly and according to label instructions to minimize potential risks to human health and the environment.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "spiders" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a common name used to refer to arachnids of the order Araneae, characterized by having two main body parts (the cephalothorax and abdomen), eight legs, and fangs that inject venom.

However, in a medical context, "spider" or "spider bite" may be used to describe skin lesions or reactions resulting from the bite of certain spiders, particularly those with medically significant venoms. For example, necrotic arachnidism is a condition caused by the bite of some spider species, such as recluse spiders (Loxosceles spp.). The bites can cause skin necrosis and other systemic symptoms in severe cases.

If you are looking for information on a specific medical topic or condition, please provide more details so I can offer a more accurate response.

'Culicidae' is the biological family that includes all species of mosquitoes. It consists of three subfamilies: Anophelinae, Culicinae, and Toxorhynchitinae. Mosquitoes are small, midge-like flies that are known for their ability to transmit various diseases to humans and other animals, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and Zika virus. The medical importance of Culicidae comes from the fact that only female mosquitoes require blood meals to lay eggs, and during this process, they can transmit pathogens between hosts.

Entomology is the scientific study of insects, including their behavior, classification, and evolution. It is a branch of zoology that deals with the systematic study of insects and their relationship with humans, animals, and the environment. Entomologists may specialize in various areas such as medical entomology, agricultural entomology, or forensic entomology, among others. Medical entomology focuses on the study of insects that can transmit diseases to humans and animals, while agricultural entomology deals with insects that affect crops and livestock. Forensic entomology involves using insects found in crime scenes to help determine the time of death or other relevant information for legal investigations.

Complementary DNA (cDNA) is a type of DNA that is synthesized from a single-stranded RNA molecule through the process of reverse transcription. In this process, the enzyme reverse transcriptase uses an RNA molecule as a template to synthesize a complementary DNA strand. The resulting cDNA is therefore complementary to the original RNA molecule and is a copy of its coding sequence, but it does not contain non-coding regions such as introns that are present in genomic DNA.

Complementary DNA is often used in molecular biology research to study gene expression, protein function, and other genetic phenomena. For example, cDNA can be used to create cDNA libraries, which are collections of cloned cDNA fragments that represent the expressed genes in a particular cell type or tissue. These libraries can then be screened for specific genes or gene products of interest. Additionally, cDNA can be used to produce recombinant proteins in heterologous expression systems, allowing researchers to study the structure and function of proteins that may be difficult to express or purify from their native sources.

'Isoptera' is an outdated term for a taxonomic order of social insects commonly known as termites. These eusocial insects are closely related to cockroaches and share some similarities in their appearance, but they have specialized castes including workers, soldiers, and reproductives that live in colonies. Termites feed on wood, plant fibers, and other materials containing cellulose, which they break down with the help of symbiotic protozoa living in their gut. The order Isoptera is no longer recognized by modern taxonomists, who now place termites within the cockroach family Blattodea.

'Anopheles gambiae' is a species of mosquito that is a major vector for the transmission of malaria. The female Anopheles gambiae mosquito bites primarily during the nighttime hours and preferentially feeds on human blood, which allows it to transmit the Plasmodium parasite that causes malaria. This species is widely distributed throughout much of Africa and is responsible for transmitting a significant proportion of the world's malaria cases.

The Anopheles gambiae complex actually consists of several closely related species or forms, which can be difficult to distinguish based on morphological characteristics alone. However, advances in molecular techniques have allowed for more accurate identification and differentiation of these species. Understanding the biology and behavior of Anopheles gambiae is crucial for developing effective strategies to control malaria transmission.

Odorant receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that are primarily found in the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons in the nose. These receptors are responsible for detecting and transmitting information about odorants, or volatile molecules that we perceive as smells.

Each odorant receptor can bind to a specific set of odorant molecules, and when an odorant binds to its corresponding receptor, it triggers a signaling cascade that ultimately leads to the generation of an electrical signal in the olfactory sensory neuron. This signal is then transmitted to the brain, where it is processed and interpreted as a particular smell.

There are thought to be around 400 different types of odorant receptors in humans, each with its own unique binding profile. The combinatorial coding of these receptors allows for the detection and discrimination of a vast array of different smells, from sweet to sour, floral to fruity, and everything in between.

Overall, the ability to detect and respond to odorants is critical for many important functions, including the identification of food, mates, and potential dangers in the environment.

Hemolysins are a type of protein toxin produced by certain bacteria, fungi, and plants that have the ability to damage and destroy red blood cells (erythrocytes), leading to their lysis or hemolysis. This results in the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding environment. Hemolysins can be classified into two main categories:

1. Exotoxins: These are secreted by bacteria and directly damage host cells. They can be further divided into two types:
* Membrane attack complex/perforin-like proteins (MACPF): These hemolysins create pores in the membrane of red blood cells, disrupting their integrity and causing lysis. Examples include alpha-hemolysin from Staphylococcus aureus and streptolysin O from Streptococcus pyogenes.
* Enzymatic hemolysins: These hemolysins are enzymes that degrade specific components of the red blood cell membrane, ultimately leading to lysis. An example is streptolysin S from Streptococcus pyogenes, which is a thiol-activated, oxygen-labile hemolysin.
2. Endotoxins: These are part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and can cause indirect hemolysis by activating the complement system or by stimulating the release of inflammatory mediators from host cells.

Hemolysins play a significant role in bacterial pathogenesis, contributing to tissue damage, impaired immune responses, and disease progression.

The digestive system is a complex group of organs and glands that process food. It converts the food we eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair. The digestive system also eliminates waste from the body. It is made up of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food.

The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Other organs that are part of the digestive system include the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands.

The process of digestion begins in the mouth, where food is chewed and mixed with saliva. The food then travels down the esophagus and into the stomach, where it is broken down further by stomach acids. The digested food then moves into the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The remaining waste material passes into the large intestine, where it is stored until it is eliminated through the anus.

The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play important roles in the digestive process as well. The liver produces bile, a substance that helps break down fats in the small intestine. The pancreas produces enzymes that help digest proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. The gallbladder stores bile until it is needed in the small intestine.

Overall, the digestive system is responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste. It plays a critical role in maintaining our health and well-being.

Oxylipins are a class of bioactive lipid molecules derived from the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). They play crucial roles in various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including inflammation, immunity, and cellular signaling. Oxylipins can be further categorized based on their precursor PUFAs, such as arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acid (LA). These oxylipins are involved in the regulation of vascular tone, platelet aggregation, neurotransmission, and pain perception. They exert their effects through various receptors and downstream signaling pathways, making them important targets for therapeutic interventions in several diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and neurological conditions.

Blattellidae is a family of small to medium-sized insects commonly known as cockroaches or wood cockroaches. They are closely related to the larger Blaberidae family, which includes many of the tropical cockroaches. Blattellidae species are found worldwide and include some of the most common and widespread cockroaches, such as the German cockroach (Blattella germanica) and the brown-banded cockroach (Supella longipalpa).

These insects are generally small, with adults ranging in size from about 1/2 to 3/4 inch (1.2 to 1.9 centimeters) in length. They have a flattened body and long, slender antennae. The wings of Blattellidae species are well-developed, but they are not strong flyers. Instead, they tend to scuttle quickly away when disturbed.

Blattellidae cockroaches are omnivorous, feeding on a wide variety of plant and animal materials. They can be found in a range of habitats, including forests, grasslands, and urban environments. Some species are adapted to living in close association with humans and can be found in homes, restaurants, and other buildings.

Like all cockroaches, Blattellidae species have the potential to carry and transmit diseases, as well as cause allergic reactions in some people. It is important to take steps to prevent and control infestations of these pests in order to maintain a healthy living environment.

Ecdysone is a steroid hormone that triggers molting in arthropods, including insects. It's responsible for the regulation of growth and development in these organisms. When ecdysone binds to specific receptors within the cell, it initiates a cascade of events leading to the shedding of the old exoskeleton and the formation of a new one. This process is essential for the growth and survival of arthropods, as their rigid exoskeletons do not allow for expansion. By understanding ecdysone and its role in insect development, researchers can develop targeted strategies to control pest insect populations.

In the context of medicine, "odors" refer to smells or scents that are produced by certain medical conditions, substances, or bodily functions. These odors can sometimes provide clues about underlying health issues. For example, sweet-smelling urine could indicate diabetes, while foul-smelling breath might suggest a dental problem or gastrointestinal issue. However, it's important to note that while odors can sometimes be indicative of certain medical conditions, they are not always reliable diagnostic tools and should be considered in conjunction with other symptoms and medical tests.

Rhabditida is an order of nematodes, or roundworms. These are microscopic worms that have a long, slender, and unsegmented body. Rhabditida includes both free-living and parasitic species. Some free-living species live in soil and decaying organic matter, where they play an important role in the breakdown of organic material.

Parasitic species of Rhabditida can infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and plants. They can cause various diseases and conditions, depending on the species and the location of the infection. For example, some parasitic Rhabditida species can infect the gastrointestinal tract and cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and other symptoms. Other species can infect the lungs and cause respiratory problems.

Rhabditida are characterized by several distinctive features, including a mouth equipped with three lips and teeth, and a unique reproductive system that allows them to reproduce both sexually and asexually. They are also known for their ability to form resistant structures called resting spores, which can survive in unfavorable conditions and germinate when conditions improve.

It's worth noting that the classification of nematodes is complex and constantly evolving, so different sources may use slightly different terminology or groupings when discussing Rhabditida and other orders of nematodes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pollination" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Pollination is a process in biology, specifically in botany, that refers to the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive organ (anther) of a flower to the female reproductive organ (stigma) of the same or another flower, leading to fertilization and the production of fruits and seeds.

If you have any medical terms or concepts in mind, please provide them so I can offer an accurate definition or explanation.

Endotoxins are toxic substances that are associated with the cell walls of certain types of bacteria. They are released when the bacterial cells die or divide, and can cause a variety of harmful effects in humans and animals. Endotoxins are made up of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are complex molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide component.

Endotoxins are particularly associated with gram-negative bacteria, which have a distinctive cell wall structure that includes an outer membrane containing LPS. These toxins can cause fever, inflammation, and other symptoms when they enter the bloodstream or other tissues of the body. They are also known to play a role in the development of sepsis, a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by a severe immune response to infection.

Endotoxins are resistant to heat, acid, and many disinfectants, making them difficult to eliminate from contaminated environments. They can also be found in a variety of settings, including hospitals, industrial facilities, and agricultural operations, where they can pose a risk to human health.

'Animal behavior' refers to the actions or responses of animals to various stimuli, including their interactions with the environment and other individuals. It is the study of the actions of animals, whether they are instinctual, learned, or a combination of both. Animal behavior includes communication, mating, foraging, predator avoidance, and social organization, among other things. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology. This field seeks to understand the evolutionary basis for behaviors as well as their physiological and psychological mechanisms.

Triatoma is a genus of insects in the family Reduviidae, also known as "kissing bugs" or "conenose bugs." These insects are called "kissing bugs" because they often bite humans around the mouth and face. They are found primarily in the Americas, ranging from the southern United States to Argentina.

Triatoma species are of medical importance because they can transmit a parasitic infection called Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) to humans through their feces. The parasite that causes Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, is found in the bug's feces and can enter the human body through mucous membranes or breaks in the skin.

Chagas disease can cause serious health problems, including heart damage and digestive system complications, if left untreated. Therefore, it is important to take precautions to prevent Triatoma bites and seek medical attention promptly if bitten by one of these insects.

Cyclopentanes are a class of hydrocarbons that contain a cycloalkane ring of five carbon atoms. The chemical formula for cyclopentane is C5H10. It is a volatile, flammable liquid that is used as a solvent and in the production of polymers. Cyclopentanes are also found naturally in petroleum and coal tar.

Cyclopentanes have a unique structure in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a pentagonal shape, with each carbon atom bonded to two other carbon atoms and one or two hydrogen atoms. This structure gives cyclopentane its characteristic "bowl-shaped" geometry, which allows it to undergo various chemical reactions, such as ring-opening reactions, that can lead to the formation of other chemicals.

Cyclopentanes have a variety of industrial and commercial applications. For example, they are used in the production of plastics, resins, and synthetic rubbers. They also have potential uses in the development of new drugs and medical technologies, as their unique structure and reactivity make them useful building blocks for the synthesis of complex molecules.

I apologize for any confusion, but "plants" is not a term that has a medical definition. The term "plants" refers to a large and diverse group of organisms that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, which is the process of converting sunlight into chemical energy. Plants are typically characterized by having cells with cell walls containing cellulose, chloroplasts containing the pigment chlorophyll, and the ability to synthesize their own food through photosynthesis.

In a medical or biological context, you might be thinking of "plant-based" or "phytomedicine," which refer to the use of plants or plant extracts as a form of medicine or treatment. Phytomedicines have been used for thousands of years in many traditional systems of medicine, and some plant-derived compounds have been found to have therapeutic benefits in modern medicine as well. However, "plants" itself does not have a medical definition.

'Life cycle stages' is a term used in the context of public health and medicine to describe the different stages that an organism goes through during its lifetime. This concept is particularly important in the field of epidemiology, where understanding the life cycle stages of infectious agents (such as bacteria, viruses, parasites) can help inform strategies for disease prevention and control.

The life cycle stages of an infectious agent may include various forms such as spores, cysts, trophozoites, schizonts, or vectors, among others, depending on the specific organism. Each stage may have different characteristics, such as resistance to environmental factors, susceptibility to drugs, and ability to transmit infection.

For example, the life cycle stages of the malaria parasite include sporozoites (the infective form transmitted by mosquitoes), merozoites (the form that infects red blood cells), trophozoites (the feeding stage inside red blood cells), schizonts (the replicating stage inside red blood cells), and gametocytes (the sexual stage that can be taken up by mosquitoes to continue the life cycle).

Understanding the life cycle stages of an infectious agent is critical for developing effective interventions, such as vaccines, drugs, or other control measures. For example, targeting a specific life cycle stage with a drug may prevent transmission or reduce the severity of disease. Similarly, designing a vaccine to elicit immunity against a particular life cycle stage may provide protection against infection or disease.

Pheromones are chemical signals that one organism releases into the environment that can affect the behavior or physiology of other organisms of the same species. They are primarily used for communication in animals, including insects and mammals. In humans, the existence and role of pheromones are still a subject of ongoing research and debate.

In a medical context, pheromones may be discussed in relation to certain medical conditions or treatments that involve olfactory (smell) stimuli, such as some forms of aromatherapy. However, it's important to note that the use of pheromones as a medical treatment is not widely accepted and more research is needed to establish their effectiveness and safety.

Reproduction, in the context of biology and medicine, refers to the process by which organisms produce offspring. It is a complex process that involves the creation, development, and growth of new individuals from parent organisms. In sexual reproduction, this process typically involves the combination of genetic material from two parents through the fusion of gametes (sex cells) such as sperm and egg cells. This results in the formation of a zygote, which then develops into a new individual with a unique genetic makeup.

In contrast, asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes and can occur through various mechanisms such as budding, fragmentation, or parthenogenesis. Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent organism.

Reproduction is a fundamental process that ensures the survival and continuation of species over time. It is also an area of active research in fields such as reproductive medicine, where scientists and clinicians work to understand and address issues related to human fertility, contraception, and genetic disorders.

I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.

Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.

"Sensilla" is a term used in anatomy and physiology, particularly in insects and other arthropods. It refers to the sensory structures or receptors found on the external surface of these organisms, which are responsible for detecting various environmental stimuli such as touch, taste, smell, temperature, and humidity.

These sensilla are often small, hair-like or peg-like projections that contain one or more sensory cells or neurons. They can be found on different parts of the insect body, including the antennae, legs, mouthparts, and cerci. The structure and function of sensilla vary depending on their location and the type of stimuli they detect.

Overall, sensilla play a crucial role in helping insects and other arthropods navigate and interact with their environment, allowing them to respond to various stimuli and make appropriate behavioral decisions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pest control" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Pest control refers to the regulation or management of species considered to be pests, which can include insects, rodents, and other organisms that can cause damage to crops, transmit diseases, or otherwise negatively impact human activities.

In a medical context, you might be looking for information on "pesticide exposure" or "insect-borne diseases." Pesticide exposure refers to the contact with pesticides, which are substances used to control pests. These exposures can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact and may lead to a variety of health effects depending on the type and amount of pesticide involved. Insect-borne diseases are illnesses transmitted to humans through the bite of infected insects, such as mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas. Examples include malaria, Lyme disease, and Zika virus infection.

Sexual behavior in animals refers to a variety of behaviors related to reproduction and mating that occur between members of the same species. These behaviors can include courtship displays, mating rituals, and various physical acts. The specific forms of sexual behavior displayed by a given species are influenced by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors.

In some animals, sexual behavior is closely tied to reproductive cycles and may only occur during certain times of the year or under specific conditions. In other species, sexual behavior may be more frequent and less closely tied to reproduction, serving instead as a means of social bonding or communication.

It's important to note that while humans are animals, the term "sexual behavior" is often used in a more specific sense to refer to sexual activities between human beings. The study of sexual behavior in animals is an important area of research within the field of animal behavior and can provide insights into the evolutionary origins of human sexual behavior as well as the underlying mechanisms that drive it.

Catechol oxidase, also known as polyphenol oxidase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of catechols and other phenolic compounds to quinones. These quinones can then undergo further reactions to form various pigmented compounds, such as melanins. Catechol oxidase is widely distributed in nature and is found in plants, fungi, and some bacteria. In humans, catechol oxidase is involved in the metabolism of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and epinephrine.

In medical terms, the sense of smell is referred to as olfaction. It is the ability to detect and identify different types of chemicals in the air through the use of the olfactory system. The olfactory system includes the nose, nasal passages, and the olfactory bulbs located in the brain.

When a person inhales air containing volatile substances, these substances bind to specialized receptor cells in the nasal passage called olfactory receptors. These receptors then transmit signals to the olfactory bulbs, which process the information and send it to the brain's limbic system, including the hippocampus and amygdala, as well as to the cortex. The brain interprets these signals and identifies the various scents or smells.

Impairment of the sense of smell can occur due to various reasons such as upper respiratory infections, sinusitis, nasal polyps, head trauma, or neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Loss of smell can significantly impact a person's quality of life, including their ability to taste food, detect dangers such as smoke or gas leaks, and experience emotions associated with certain smells.

I could not find a widely accepted medical definition for "sex attractants" as it is not a standard term used in medical literature. However, the concept of sex attractants is often discussed in the context of animal behavior and can refer to chemical substances that animals produce and release to attract mates. These substances are also known as pheromones.

In humans, there is ongoing scientific debate about whether or not pheromones play a significant role in sexual attraction and mate selection. Some studies suggest that humans may have a functional vomeronasal organ (VNO), which is involved in the detection of pheromones in other animals. However, many scientists remain skeptical about the role of human sex attractants or pheromones due to limited evidence and conflicting results from various studies.

Therefore, it's essential to note that while there may be some scientific interest in the concept of human sex attractants, it is not a well-established area of study within medical research.

The term "extremities" in a medical context refers to the most distant parts of the body, including the hands and feet (both fingers and toes), as well as the arms and legs. These are the farthest parts from the torso and head. Medical professionals may examine a patient's extremities for various reasons, such as checking circulation, assessing nerve function, or looking for injuries or abnormalities.

An "ecosystem" is not a term that has a specific medical definition, as it is a concept that is more commonly used in the fields of ecology and environmental science. However, I can provide you with the general ecological definition of an ecosystem:

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment, including both biotic factors (plants, animals, microorganisms) and abiotic factors (climate, soil, water, and air). These interactions create a complex network of relationships that form the foundation of ecological processes, such as energy flow, nutrient cycling, and population dynamics.

While there is no direct medical definition for an ecosystem, understanding the principles of ecosystems can have important implications for human health. For example, healthy ecosystems can provide clean air and water, regulate climate, support food production, and offer opportunities for recreation and relaxation, all of which contribute to overall well-being. Conversely, degraded ecosystems can lead to increased exposure to environmental hazards, reduced access to natural resources, and heightened risks of infectious diseases. Therefore, maintaining the health and integrity of ecosystems is crucial for promoting human health and preventing disease.

A genetic vector is a vehicle, often a plasmid or a virus, that is used to introduce foreign DNA into a host cell as part of genetic engineering or gene therapy techniques. The vector contains the desired gene or genes, along with regulatory elements such as promoters and enhancers, which are needed for the expression of the gene in the target cells.

The choice of vector depends on several factors, including the size of the DNA to be inserted, the type of cell to be targeted, and the efficiency of uptake and expression required. Commonly used vectors include plasmids, adenoviruses, retroviruses, and lentiviruses.

Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently in bacteria. They are often used as cloning vectors to amplify and manipulate DNA fragments. Adenoviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses that infect a wide range of host cells, including human cells. They are commonly used as gene therapy vectors because they can efficiently transfer genes into both dividing and non-dividing cells.

Retroviruses and lentiviruses are RNA viruses that integrate their genetic material into the host cell's genome. This allows for stable expression of the transgene over time. Lentiviruses, a subclass of retroviruses, have the advantage of being able to infect non-dividing cells, making them useful for gene therapy applications in post-mitotic tissues such as neurons and muscle cells.

Overall, genetic vectors play a crucial role in modern molecular biology and medicine, enabling researchers to study gene function, develop new therapies, and modify organisms for various purposes.

Bedbugs are small, wingless insects that belong to the family Cimicidae. The scientific name for the most common species of bedbug is Cimex lectularius. Adult bedbugs are oval-shaped, flat, and reddish-brown in color, while nymphs (immature bedbugs) are smaller, lighter in color, and translucent.

Bedbugs feed on the blood of humans and other warm-blooded animals, usually at night when their hosts are asleep. They are attracted to body heat and carbon dioxide exhaled by their hosts. Bedbug bites can cause itchy red welts or bumps on the skin, but they are not known to transmit any diseases.

Bedbugs can be found in a variety of places where people sleep or rest for extended periods, including homes, hotels, hostels, and college dormitories. They can hide in cracks and crevices in furniture, walls, floors, and bedding, making them difficult to detect and eliminate.

To prevent bedbug infestations, it is recommended to inspect second-hand furniture carefully before bringing it into your home, use protective encasements on mattresses and box springs, and avoid storing items under beds or near walls. If you suspect a bedbug infestation, contact a pest management professional for assistance.

A plant disease is a disorder that affects the normal growth and development of plants, caused by pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or nematodes, as well as environmental factors like nutrient deficiencies, extreme temperatures, or physical damage. These diseases can cause various symptoms, including discoloration, wilting, stunted growth, necrosis, and reduced yield or productivity, which can have significant economic and ecological impacts.

Hypocreales is an order of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. This group includes many species that are saprophytic (growing on dead or decaying organic matter) as well as pathogenic, causing various diseases in plants and animals. Some notable members of Hypocreales include the genera Trichoderma, Hypocrea, Nectria, and Fusarium. These fungi are characterized by their perithecial ascomata (sexual fruiting bodies) and often produce colorful, flask-shaped structures called ascostromata. Some species in this order produce toxic compounds known as mycotoxins, which can have harmful effects on humans and animals if ingested or inhaled.

Triatominae is a subfamily of insects in the family Reduviidae, also known as assassin bugs. Triatomines are commonly called "kissing bugs" because they often bite humans near the mouth or eyes while they sleep. They are called this because of their habit of feeding on the blood of mammals, including humans, and prefer to bite near the lips or eyes where the skin is thin.

Triatomines are vectors for Trypanosoma cruzi, a parasitic protozoan that causes Chagas disease, a potentially life-threatening illness endemic in the Americas. The transmission of T. cruzi to humans occurs when feces or urine from an infected triatomine is accidentally rubbed into the bite wound or mucous membranes, such as those found in the eyes or mouth.

Triatomines are typically nocturnal and hide during the day in crevices in walls, roofs, or beds. They are attracted to light and can be found near human dwellings, particularly in rural areas with poor housing conditions. Preventing triatomine infestations and reducing contact with these insects is an important part of Chagas disease prevention.

Respiratory transport, in the context of physiology and medicine, refers to the process of gas exchange between the environment and an organism's body or between different parts of the body. Specifically, it involves the uptake of oxygen (O2) from the atmosphere into the lungs during inhalation, its transportation through the bloodstream to the body's cells, and the release of carbon dioxide (CO2), a waste product, from the cells to the lungs during exhalation.

The process of respiratory transport is essential for providing oxygen to the body's tissues and removing carbon dioxide, which is produced as a byproduct of cellular metabolism. The efficiency of respiratory transport can be affected by various factors, including lung function, cardiovascular health, and the presence of respiratory diseases or conditions that impair gas exchange.

Polydnaviridae is a family of viruses that have a unique relationship with parasitic wasps in the order Hymenoptera. These viruses are double-stranded DNA viruses that are integrated into the genome of their wasp hosts and are transmitted vertically from one generation to the next through the eggs.

Polydnaviruses (PDVs) have a complex structure, consisting of multiple circular DNA molecules encapsidated in enveloped particles. They do not replicate in the wasp host but instead are produced in the calyx cells of the wasp's ovary and incorporated into the venom that is injected into the caterpillar or other insect host during oviposition.

Once inside the host, PDVs alter the host's immune system to prevent encapsulation and destruction of the wasp egg, allowing the wasp larva to develop within the host. The PDV genome also encodes various proteins that can manipulate the host's physiology and development, providing nutrients for the developing wasp larvae.

Overall, Polydnaviridae is a fascinating example of a virus-insect symbiosis that has evolved over millions of years to benefit both the wasp and the virus.

Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.

Examples of biological models include:

1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.

Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.

Population dynamics, in the context of public health and epidemiology, refers to the study of the changes in size and structure of a population over time, as well as the factors that contribute to those changes. This can include birth rates, death rates, migration patterns, aging, and other demographic characteristics. Understanding population dynamics is crucial for planning and implementing public health interventions, such as vaccination programs or disease prevention strategies, as they allow researchers and policymakers to identify vulnerable populations, predict future health trends, and evaluate the impact of public health initiatives.

"Solidago" is the genus name for a group of flowering plants commonly known as goldenrods. These plants are native to North America and are known for their tall, slender stems and bright yellow flowers that bloom in the late summer and fall. While "Solidago" is a scientific name and not a medical term per se, some species of Solidago have been used in traditional medicine for their alleged medicinal properties. For example, Solidago virgaurea (European goldenrod) has been used in herbal medicine as a diuretic, astringent, and anti-inflammatory agent. However, it's important to note that the effectiveness of Solidago for medicinal purposes is not well-established by scientific research, and its use as a treatment for any medical condition should be discussed with a healthcare provider.

Nematoda is a phylum of pseudocoelomate, unsegmented worms with a round or filiform body shape. They are commonly known as roundworms or threadworms. Nematodes are among the most diverse and numerous animals on earth, with estimates of over 1 million species, of which only about 25,000 have been described.

Nematodes are found in a wide range of habitats, including marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. Some nematode species are free-living, while others are parasitic, infecting a variety of hosts, including plants, animals, and humans. Parasitic nematodes can cause significant disease and economic losses in agriculture, livestock production, and human health.

The medical importance of nematodes lies primarily in their role as parasites that infect humans and animals. Some common examples of medically important nematodes include:

* Ascaris lumbricoides (human roundworm)
* Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
* Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (hookworms)
* Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm or threadworm)
* Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Loa loa (filarial nematodes that cause lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, and loiasis, respectively)

Nematode infections can cause a range of clinical symptoms, depending on the species and the location of the parasite in the body. Common symptoms include gastrointestinal disturbances, anemia, skin rashes, and lymphatic swelling. In some cases, nematode infections can lead to serious complications or even death if left untreated.

Medical management of nematode infections typically involves the use of anthelmintic drugs, which are medications that kill or expel parasitic worms from the body. The choice of drug depends on the species of nematode and the severity of the infection. In some cases, preventive measures such as improved sanitation and hygiene can help reduce the risk of nematode infections.

Odonata is not a medical term, but rather an order in the classification system used in zoology and entomology. It refers to a group of insects commonly known as dragonflies and damselflies. These insects are characterized by their large, multifaceted eyes, two pairs of strong wings that are similar in size and shape, and elongated bodies.

While Odonata is not directly related to medical terminology or human health, it is worth noting that dragonflies and damselflies play a beneficial role in controlling the populations of various insects that can be pests or vectors of diseases. For example, some species feed on mosquitoes, which can transmit harmful pathogens to humans and animals.

In summary, Odonata is an order of insects that includes dragonflies and damselflies, and while not a medical term itself, these insects contribute to the ecosystem by helping control other insect populations that may impact human health.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit the expression of specific genes. This process is mediated by small RNA molecules, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), that bind to complementary sequences on messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, leading to their degradation or translation inhibition.

RNAi plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression and defending against foreign genetic elements, such as viruses and transposons. It has also emerged as an important tool for studying gene function and developing therapeutic strategies for various diseases, including cancer and viral infections.

'Animal structures' is a broad term that refers to the various physical parts and organs that make up animals. These structures can include everything from the external features, such as skin, hair, and scales, to the internal organs and systems, such as the heart, lungs, brain, and digestive system.

Animal structures are designed to perform specific functions that enable the animal to survive, grow, and reproduce. For example, the heart pumps blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells, while the lungs facilitate gas exchange between the animal and its environment. The brain serves as the control center of the nervous system, processing sensory information and coordinating motor responses.

Animal structures can be categorized into different systems based on their function, such as the circulatory system, respiratory system, nervous system, digestive system, and reproductive system. Each system is made up of various structures that work together to perform a specific function.

Understanding animal structures and how they function is essential for understanding animal biology and behavior. It also has important implications for human health, as many animals serve as models for studying human disease and developing new treatments.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that have a low boiling point and easily evaporate at room temperature. They can be liquids or solids. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde, which are found in many household products, including paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; cleaning supplies; pesticides; building materials and furnishings; office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy paper; and glues and adhesives.

VOCs can cause both short- and long-term health effects. Short-term exposure to high levels of VOCs can cause headaches, dizziness, visual disturbances, and memory problems. Long-term exposure can cause damage to the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. Some VOCs are also suspected or known carcinogens.

It is important to properly use, store, and dispose of products that contain VOCs to minimize exposure. Increasing ventilation by opening windows and doors or using fans can also help reduce exposure to VOCs.

Invertebrate hormones refer to the chemical messengers that regulate various physiological processes in invertebrate animals, which include insects, mollusks, worms, and other animals without a backbone. These hormones are produced by specialized endocrine cells or glands and released into the bloodstream to target organs, where they elicit specific responses that help control growth, development, reproduction, metabolism, and behavior.

Examples of invertebrate hormones include:

1. Ecdysteroids: These are steroid hormones found in arthropods such as insects and crustaceans. They regulate molting (ecdysis) and metamorphosis by stimulating the growth and differentiation of new cuticle layers.
2. Juvenile hormone (JH): This is a sesquiterpenoid hormone produced by the corpora allata glands in insects. JH plays a crucial role in maintaining the juvenile stage, regulating reproduction, and controlling diapause (a period of suspended development during unfavorable conditions).
3. Neuropeptides: These are short chains of amino acids that act as hormones or neurotransmitters in invertebrates. They regulate various functions such as feeding behavior, growth, reproduction, and circadian rhythms. Examples include the neuropeptide F (NPF), which controls food intake and energy balance, and the insulin-like peptides (ILPs) that modulate metabolism and growth.
4. Molluscan cardioactive peptides: These are neuropeptides found in mollusks that regulate heart function by controlling heart rate and contractility. An example is FMRFamide, which has been identified in various mollusk species and influences several physiological processes, including feeding behavior, muscle contraction, and reproduction.
5. Vertebrate-like hormones: Some invertebrates produce hormones that are structurally and functionally similar to those found in vertebrates. For example, some annelids (segmented worms) and cephalopods (squid and octopus) have insulin-like peptides that regulate metabolism and growth, while certain echinoderms (starfish and sea urchins) produce steroid hormones that control reproduction.

In summary, invertebrates utilize various types of hormones to regulate their physiological functions, including neuropeptides, cardioactive peptides, insulin-like peptides, and vertebrate-like hormones. These hormones play crucial roles in controlling growth, development, reproduction, feeding behavior, and other essential processes that maintain homeostasis and ensure survival. Understanding the mechanisms of hormone action in invertebrates can provide valuable insights into the evolution of hormonal systems and their functions across different animal taxa.

Tsetse flies are not a medical condition but rather insects that can transmit diseases. Here is their medical relevance:

Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) are large, biting flies found primarily in tropical Africa. They are vectors for African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness in humans and Nagana in animals. The fly ingests the parasite when it takes a blood meal from an infected host, then transmits the disease to another host through its saliva during subsequent feedings. This makes tsetse flies medically relevant due to their role in spreading these diseases.

"Amber" is not a medical term. It is a fossilized tree resin that is often used in jewelry and ornamental objects. Amber can sometimes contain preserved insects, plants, and other organic material that became trapped in the resin millions of years ago. While amber itself is not a medical term, it may be mentioned in a medical context if it is used as a decorative element in medical equipment or if it contains inclusions of potential interest to paleopathology, the study of ancient diseases.

Animal communication is the transmission of information from one animal to another. This can occur through a variety of means, including visual, auditory, tactile, and chemical signals. For example, animals may use body postures, facial expressions, vocalizations, touch, or the release of chemicals (such as pheromones) to convey messages to conspecifics.

Animal communication can serve a variety of functions, including coordinating group activities, warning others of danger, signaling reproductive status, and establishing social hierarchies. In some cases, animal communication may also involve the use of sophisticated cognitive abilities, such as the ability to understand and interpret complex signals or to learn and remember the meanings of different signals.

It is important to note that while animals are capable of communicating with one another, this does not necessarily mean that they have language in the same sense that humans do. Language typically involves a system of arbitrary symbols that are used to convey meaning, and it is not clear to what extent animals are able to use such symbolic systems. However, many animals are certainly able to communicate effectively using their own species-specific signals and behaviors.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Thysanoptera" is not a medical term. It is an order of small, thin-bodied insects, also known as thrips. Thysanoptera species are typically less than 2 mm long and have delicate fringed wings. They are commonly found in various environments such as flowers, leaves, and even soil. While they can be plant pests and occasionally transmit plant viruses, they do not have a direct relevance to human medicine.

Social behavior, in the context of medicine and psychology, refers to the ways in which individuals interact and engage with others within their social environment. It involves various actions, communications, and responses that are influenced by cultural norms, personal values, emotional states, and cognitive processes. These behaviors can include but are not limited to communication, cooperation, competition, empathy, altruism, aggression, and conformity.

Abnormalities in social behavior may indicate underlying mental health conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, or personality disorders. Therefore, understanding and analyzing social behavior is an essential aspect of diagnosing and treating various psychological and psychiatric conditions.

Yan, Hua; Liebig, Jürgen (1 April 2021). "Genetic basis of chemical communication in eusocial insects". Genes & Development. 35 ... Chemical communication in insects is social signalling between insects of the same or different species, using chemicals. These ... Ali, Mahmoud Fadl; Morgan, E. David (1990). "Chemical communication in insect communities: a guide to insect pheromones with ... to be detected on an insect's cuticle by other insects' sense of taste. Many of these chemicals are pheromones, acting like ...
The gene is insect specific and not found in any other groups of arthropods, including hexapods like springtails and diplurans ... Insectivorous insects, or insects that feed on other insects, are beneficial to humans if they eat insects that could cause ... Flying and gliding animals Insect biodiversity Insect ecology Insect pheromones Insect-borne diseases Prehistoric insects Pain ... Insect species and observations on iNaturalist Insects of North America Overview of Orders of Insects "Insect" at the ...
Anansi Insects in religion Chrigi-in-Africa. "The First Bushman / San". Gateway Africa. Retrieved 30 March 2017. Kritsky, Gene ... Insects in culture, Insects in religion, Mythological insects). ... Insect myths may present the origins of a people, or of their ... Insects have appeared in mythology around the world from ancient times. Among the insect groups featuring in myths are the bee ... ISBN 978-0-674-03558-4. "Use of Insects by Australian Aborigines". Cultural Entomology Digest. Insects.org (1). Archived from ...
... genes when experimentally isolated and there are three times more immune-related gene families in solitary insects than in the ... Social insects have evolved an array of sanitary behaviours to keep their nests clean, thereby reducing the probability of ... Social insect colonies often deposit their waste outside of the nest, or in special compartments, including waste chambers for ... Where social insects place their waste is also important. For example, leaf cutting ants living in xeric conditions deposit ...
Journal of Insect Physiology. 56 (12): 1738-1745. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.07.002. PMID 20637213. Ousley A, Zafarullah K, ... Clock gene Period gene Suprachiasmatic nucleus Oscillating gene PDF (gene) Panda S, Hogenesch JB, Kay SA (May 2002). "Circadian ... The Timeless gene has also been found to influence the development of disease in humans. Downregulation of the timeless gene in ... Moreover, mammalian tim is more orthologous to the Tim-2 (Timeout) paralog of the Drosophila Timeless gene than the actual gene ...
Moreover, it is a eusocial insect with an overlap of generations, a division of labour, and cooperative brood care. The queen ... This is beneficial to them because they will share more genes with their own sons (.5) rather than their nephews (.375). ... This is unusual for monogamous social insects, which usually have a 3:1 sex ratio indicative of worker colony control. B. ... This is due to haplodiploidy in Hymenopteran social insects in which males (drones) are haploid and females (workers and queens ...
Visscher, P. Kirk; Vetter, Richard S.; Robinson, Gene E. (1995). "Alarm pheromone perception in honey bees is decreased by ... Insect pheromones are neurotransmitters that serve the chemical communication between individuals of an insect species. They ... It is expected that insect pheromones can also contribute in this way to the control of insect-borne infectious diseases such ... The term antenna was first used to refer to the antennae of insects and subsequently in engineering. Insect pheromones have a ...
Wanner KW, Willis LG, Theilmann DA, Isman MB, Feng Q, Plettner E. Analysis of the insect os-d-like gene family. J Chem Ecol. ... Agri Gene 2019; 12: 100087. 12. Picimbon JF. Mutations in the insect transcriptome. J Clin Exp Pathol. 2016; 6: 3. 13. Picimbon ... Increased expression of CSP and CYP genes in adult silkworm females exposed to avermectins. Insect Sci. 2015; 22: 203-219. 33. ... Insect immunity; from systemic to chemosensory organs protection. In: Picimbon JF (Ed.), Olfactory Concepts of Insect Control- ...
March 2012). "Adaptive horizontal transfer of a bacterial gene to an invasive insect pest of coffee". Proceedings of the ... Citizendium:Horizontal gene transfer Citizendium:Horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes Citizendium:Horizontal gene transfer ... The researchers estimated that for some nematodes and Drosophila insects these genes had been acquired relatively recently. A ... The transferred gene (xenolog) found in the receiving species is more closely related to the genes of the donor species than ...
Lanham, Url (1918-1999) (2018). The insects. Gene-Tech Books. ISBN 978-81-89729-42-4. OCLC 1003201754. "IPU PARLINE database: ...
Tellam, Ross; Gene Wijffels & Peter Willadsen (1999). "Peritrophic Matrix Proteins". Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ... act as strong oxidizers in insects. Although this oxidizing agent is safe in vertebrates, it is very damaging to insects. ... For example, some insects that are resistant to the insecticide DDT shed large amounts of the toxin in the peritrophic matrix. ... However, heme groups ingested in a blood meal bind to proteins on the peritrophic matrix, enabling insects to safely feed on ...
Visscher, P. Kirk; Vetter, Richard S.; Robinson, Gene E. (January 1995). "Alarm pheromone perception in honey bees is decreased ... Journal of Insect Science. 18 (4): 7. doi:10.1093/jisesa/iey073. PMC 6105110. PMID 30060211. Wikimedia Commons has media ... by smoke (Hymenoptera: Apidae)". Journal of Insect Behavior. 8 (1): 11-18. doi:10.1007/BF01990966. S2CID 45575468. Harris, ...
Gene. 570 (2): 264-71. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.032. PMID 26079572. Touhara K, Soroker V, Prestwich GD (June 1994). " ... White AF (February 1972). "Metabolism of the juvenile hormone analogue methyl farnesoate 10, 11-epoxide in two insect species ... Juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) is an enzyme that inactivates insect juvenile hormones. This inactivation is ... Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology. 32 (3-4): 527-35. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6327(1996)32:3/4. 3.0.CO;2-D. PMID ...
They incorporated those genes into Escherichia coli bacteria. When fed wheat bran, those bacteria produced CBTol. The chemical ... "Organic insect deterrent for agriculture: Biodegradable crop protection products without risks or side effects". ScienceDaily. ... It acts as an insect repellent. In 2018 researchers isolated the sections of the tobacco genome that produce CBTol molecules. ... Crop protection Pesticide Insecticide Coxworth, Ben (June 7, 2018). "A tobacco-derived insect repellent - for crops". newatlas. ...
November 2007). "Evolution of genes and genomes on the Drosophila phylogeny". Nature. 450 (7167): 203-18. doi:10.1038/ ... Insect ORs are investigated as targets for pest control given the possibility of altering the behaviour of insects by ... Insect olfactory receptors (also known as odorant receptors, ORs) are expressed in the cell membranes of the olfactory sensory ... The number of ORs in different species of insects is extremely variable ranging from as few as 8 in the damselfly, to 60 in the ...
DeFoliart, Gene R. (2009). "Insects as food". In Vincent H. Resh; Ring T. Cardé (eds.). Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press ... Insects as food, Insects of Mexico, Mexican cuisine, All stub articles, Mexican cuisine stubs, Ant stubs). ... Escamoles al mojo de ajo Chahuis - the edible beetles of Mexico Entomophagy in humans - the human consumption of insects as ... known colloquially as Mexican caviar or insect caviar, are the edible larvae and pupae of ants of the species Liometopum ...
The gene is an ortholog of the human OTX1/OTX2 gene. During embryonic Drosophila development, otd is required for the head and ... International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology. 3 (3-4): 385-395. doi:10.1016/0020-7322(74)90032-4. (Drosophila ... Gao Q, Finkelstein R (September 1998). "Targeting gene e expression to the head: The drosophila orthodenticle gene is a direct ... "Equivalence of the fly orthodenticle gene and the human OTX genes in embryonic brain development of Drosophila". Development. ...
This allows them to control insect populations. Ascoviridae can have up to 180 genes in its genome. The replication of this ... 2013). "Mimiviridae: clusters of orthologous genes, reconstruction of gene repertoire evolution and proposed expansion of the ... They infect lepidopteran insect larvae and can infect through parasitoid wasps. Once they infect they replicate and cause death ... One feature of this group is a large genome and the presence of many genes involved in DNA repair, DNA replication, ...
Genes, Behaviors and Evolution of Social Insects (314 pp). Hokkaido University Press ISBN: 978-4-8329-0317-3 XIII Congress of ... The International Union for the Study of Social Insects has at its purpose to promote and encourage the study of social insects ... Social Insects and the Environment: Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Iussi, 1990 (International Union for the ... The biology of social insects: Proceedings of the 9th Congress of the IUSSI. Westview Press: Boulder. 419 + xii pp. ISBN ...
Boomsma, Jacobus; Franks, Nigel (June 2006). "Social insects: from selfish genes to self organisation and beyond". Trends in ... The mixture of hydrocarbons is specific to the insect's colony and is called the insect's label. Upon one insect's interaction ... "Social Insect and the Individuality Thesis: Cohesion and the Colony as a Selectable Individual" (PDF). Retrieved 13 November ... Eusocial insects have developed from their organization an ability to recognize one another within their society. This ...
ISBN 978-1-903018-43-9. De Foliart, Gene. "3. The Use of Insects as Food in Mexico". The Human Use of Insects as a Food ... DeFoliart, Gene (1992). "Insects as Human Food". Crop Protection. 11 (5): 395-399. doi:10.1016/0261-2194(92)90020-6. Archived ... Edible insects, Mexican cuisine, Pentatomidae, Pentatomomorpha, Insects of Mexico). ... Bukkens, Sandra G.F. (1997). "The nutritional value of edible insects". Ecology of Food and Nutrition. 36 (2-4): 287-319. doi: ...
"Nova - Transcripts - Ghost in Your Genes". PBS. Retrieved March 1, 2009. "Jaglavak, Prince of Insects". Archived from the ...
DeFoliart, Gene R. "Insects as human food". www.food-insects.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 2 June ... Ryan, Lisa Gail (1996). Insect Musicians & Cricket Champions: A Cultural History of Singing Insects in China and Japan. China ... Others are more predatory and include in their diet invertebrate eggs, larvae, pupae, moulting insects, scale insects, and ... The insect is central to Charles Dickens's 1845 The Cricket on the Hearth and George Selden's 1960 The Cricket in Times Square ...
Page, Robert E., and Gene E. Robinson. "The genetics of division of labour in honey bee colonies." Adv insect physiol 23 (1991 ... Robinson, Gene E.; Page, Robert E. (1988-05-26). "Genetic determination of guarding and undertaking in honey-bee colonies". ... It poses a threat to native insects like Apis mellifera because they compete for the same resources. The most dominant ... "Comb Wax Salvage by the Red Dwarf Honeybee, Apis Florea F." Journal of Insect Behavior 23.2 (2010): 159-64. ProQuest. Web. 28 ...
Oct-TyrR is listed in both OCTOPAMINE and TYRAMINE RECEPTORS gene groups. Octopamine acts as the insect equivalent of ... In insects, octopamine is released by a select number of neurons, but acts broadly throughout the central brain, on all sense ... "Gene Group : OCTOPAMINE RECEPTORS". FlyBase. 16 October 2018. Zhou C, Rao Y, Rao Y (September 2008). "A subset of ... These receptors have mainly been studied in insects, where they can be divided into distinct types: OctαR (alpha-adrenergic- ...
Sinkins SP, Gould F (June 2006). "Gene drive systems for insect disease vectors". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 7 (6): 427-35. doi: ... The genes coding for these proteins are then introduced into the symbiont, so that they can be expressed in the vector. The ... These insects include: Ae. aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Densovirus is an example of how the spread is ... The scientists wanted to see if maintaining the microbiome in the insect model's guts would work to keep the bees and the ...
However, recent studies of the embryology, gene expression, and nerve supply to the labrum show it is innervated by the ... Insect morphology is the study and description of the physical form of insects. The terminology used to describe insects is ... Morphology (biology) Insect physiology External morphology of Lepidoptera External morphology of Odonata Insect ecology Insect ... Although nociception has been demonstrated in insects, there is not a consensus that insects feel pain consciously. An insect ...
Tracey, W. D.; Wilson, R. I.; Laurent, G.; Benzer, S. (2003). "Painless, a Drosophila Gene Essential for Nociception". Cell. ... Insect physiology includes the physiology and biochemistry of insect organ systems. Although diverse, insects are quite similar ... Most insects are oviparous, where the young hatch after the eggs have been laid. Insect sexual reproduction starts with sperm ... A number of insects have temperature and humidity sensors and insects being small, cool more quickly than larger animals. ...
... such as the IL2Rγ gene and the β-globin gene for gene correction and CCR5 gene for mutagenesis and disablement. If the zinc ... Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 40 (10): 759-765. doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.07.012. PMID 20692340. Ekker SC (2008). " ... The success of gene therapy depends on the efficient insertion of therapeutic genes at an appropriate chromosomal target site ... Carroll D (2008). "Zinc-finger Nucleases as Gene Therapy Agents". Gene Therapy. 15 (22): 1463-1468. doi:10.1038/gt.2008.145. ...
Every gene therapy has a unique risk of harm, including the risk associated with the gene delivery method (i.e., the particular ... Schmidt, Justin O.; Blum, Murray S.; Overal, William L. (1983). "Hemolytic activities of stinging insect venoms". Archives of ... Smalley E (2018). "FDA warns public of dangers of DIY gene therapy". Nat Biotechnol. 36 (2): 119-120. doi:10.1038/nbt0218-119. ... Pearlman Alex (2017). "My body, my genes". New Scientist. 236 (3152): 22-23. Bibcode:2017NewSc.236...22P. doi:10.1016/S0262- ...
Insect" by people in this website by year, and whether "Genes, Insect" was a major or minor topic of these publications. ... "Genes, Insect" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Genes, Insect" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Genes, Insect". ...
The next step in the study is to validate that the candidate genes are effective in controlling target insects such as corn ... Researchers Use Computational Technology to Identify Genes for Insect Control. *Belarus and Pakistan Set Up Agri Plants in ... Researchers Use Computational Technology to Identify Genes for Insect Control. August 12, 2015 ... ERECTA Genes Identification and its Drought Adaptation with Common Bean. *HaWRKY76 from Sunflower Confers Water Stress ...
Analysis of the insect os-d-like gene family. 2004. Wanner, K.W.; Willis, L.G.; Theilmann, D.A.; Isman, M.B.; Feng, Q.; ... Insect OS-D-like proteins, also known as chemosensory (CSP) or sensory appendage proteins (SAP), are broadly expressed in ... Together with all family members entered on GenBank, a total of 70 OS-D-like proteins, representing the insect orders Diptera, ... The os-d-like genes from the Anopheles gambiae, Apis mellifera, Drosophila melanogaster, and Drosophila pseudoobscura genomes ...
"Migration is energetically very demanding, so finding genes for metabolism was no surprise but we also identified genes with ... When the researchers started ordering these genes by function, they discovered suites of genes were being activated in concert ... "We identified 1,543 genes whose activity levels were different in the migrants," said lead author Toby Doyle, of the Centre for ... A team led by the University of Exeter captured migrating insects as they flew through a mountain pass, and sequenced active ...
... suitable for insect cell culture, suitable for plant cell culture, ≥99.5%; CAS Number: 50-99-7; EC Number: 200-075-1; Synonyms ... Transformation with a plasmid containing the mutated gene enables the transformant to grow on a medium lacking the required ... cell culture , insect: suitable. cell culture , mammalian: suitable. cell culture , plant: suitable. ... powder, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture, suitable for plant cell culture, ≥99.5%. ...
Yan, Hua; Liebig, Jürgen (1 April 2021). "Genetic basis of chemical communication in eusocial insects". Genes & Development. 35 ... Chemical communication in insects is social signalling between insects of the same or different species, using chemicals. These ... Ali, Mahmoud Fadl; Morgan, E. David (1990). "Chemical communication in insect communities: a guide to insect pheromones with ... to be detected on an insects cuticle by other insects sense of taste. Many of these chemicals are pheromones, acting like ...
PIK3CA gene is either mutated or amplified in brain, breast, stomach, liver, ovary and colon cancers. Mutation in this gene ... This gene is amplified in high-grade dysplastic lesions from bronchial biopsy specimens obtained from preinvasive squamous lung ... Frequency of mutations in PIK3CA gene is higher in tumors without lymph node metastasis, than those with in gastric cancer. ... Thus, it might be essential to evaluate the mutations in this gene to determine cetuximab treatment in gastric cancer patients. ...
This Insect Stole a Protective Gene from Ancient Plants. Author Vishay SinghPosted on January 13, 2022. January 13, 2022. ... In the first reported gene transfer from plants to animals, whiteflies likely pilfered a pesticide-blocking gene from plants ...
"However, we dont know if these gene transfers are beneficial for insects, or even the functions of most of these genes," Shen ... microbes and plants could have given insects an evolutionary advantage by passing genes to them through horizontal gene ... species-rich insects. With the data, they were able to draw an evolutionary tree, identify displaced genes more commonly found ... Home Biologist Insects harbor more than a thousand microbe genes, which help them survive ...
Who gets to regulate an insect that changes an entire ecosystem?. More scientific work needs to be done before gene drives are ... CRISPR gene drives combine the gene drive idea with the CRISPR gene editing technique. They were first proposed in a 2014 paper ... How CRISPR gene drives work. So, uh, lets back up. A CRISPR gene drive is a technology that could end malaria. But what is it ... If used poorly, gene drives could cause social harms that are difficult to reverse. What if gene drives get a bad rap? What if ...
Comparative evolutionary analysis of insects using mitochondrial genes. Author: Habeeb, S. K. M., Sirish Kumar, Sanjayan, K. P ... Based on this study we conclude that, although the gene types are very similar across these insect orders, significant ... In this study, a comparative analysis of select insect mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) representing five insect orders (Diptera, ... 16srRNA and 12srRNA gene sequences was done. To compare the similarity between closely related insect mitochondrial genome ...
Agtech Funding Sheet: Gene-editing, Food Waste, Insects, Algae, Impact, Biotech, Farmland, more. ... Midgard Insect Farm, a Canadian operation raising insects for human and animal consumption, won $45k at the 2016 Spark West ... 11 million in equity capital as it nears the commercialization of its gene-edited traits for livestock. The companys equity, ...
These include previously unknown sequence data, a collection of expressed genes, molecular markers, and a DNA microarray that ... can be used to study aphid gene expression. These resources will help eluc … ... Background: The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is a world-wide insect pest capable of infesting more than 40 plant ... In silico comparison of cDNA libraries identified aphid genes with tissue-specific expression patterns, and gene expression ...
How a Plant Gene Ended Up in an Insects DNA Learn about "brain fog" in menopause; NASAs patent prevalence; and a plant gene ... ‌Appel, H. M., & Cocroft, R. B. (2014). Plants respond to leaf vibrations caused by insect herbivore chewing. Oecologia, 175(4 ...
Genes, Insect * Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors * Larva / cytology * Mutagenesis * Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / ... gene is known, and it is expressed ubiquitously throughout development (Hasan and Rosbash, 1992; Yoshikawa et al., 1992; Raghu ... there are three InsP3R genes, and type 1 InsP3R mutants display ataxia and epileptic seizures (Matsumoto et al., 1996). In ...
Scientists discover key genes behind insect migrations. Scientists have identified more than 1,500 genetic differences between ... Scientists uncover a gene involved in sexual conflict in fruit flies. Sexual conflict in fruit flies is governed by ... Study connects specific genes with defective social behavior. Animals rely on group behavior to survive, whether its fish ... Whether caribou migrate or stay put is determined by genes that evolved in the last ice age. When talking about caribou, most ...
We propose that this gene from the symbiont contributed to initial pyrethroid resistance in insects harboring Asaia, also ... We propose that this gene from the symbiont contributed to initial pyrethroid resistance in insects harboring Asaia, also ... We also show that the pyreth-roid hydrolase gene is present in all the Asaia strains isolated except for the South American ... We also show that the pyreth-roid hydrolase gene is present in all the Asaia strains isolated except for the South American ...
"Widespread occurrence of serpin genes with multiple reactive centre-containing exon cassettes in insects and nematodes". GENE ... Widespread occurrence of serpin genes with multiple reactive centre-containing exon cassettes in insects and nematodes. GENE, ... "Widespread occurrence of serpin genes with multiple reactive centre-containing exon cassettes in insects and nematodes". GENE ... Widespread occurrence of serpin genes with multiple reactive centre-containing exon cassettes in insects and nematodes. GENE, ...
These protective substances are produced by symbiotic bacteria of the genus Streptomyces, which live in these insects. In a new ... Defensive symbiosis leads to gene loss in bacterial partners. The genome of symbiotic bacteria of beewolves is in the process ... "We wondered whether the long-term association with the host has resulted in changes in the symbionts genome or shaped gene ... Using state-of-the-art gene sequencing techniques, the researchers were able to read out the complete genome of the symbiont. ...
Synthetic gene drives are a new form of genetic engineering that aims to rapidly force genetic changes into entire populations ... Current and proposed insect targets for gene drive development. A horizon scanning survey. Mark Wells & Ricarda A. Steinbrecher ... Gene Drives. Gene Drives. Synthetic gene drives are a new form of genetic engineering that aims to rapidly force genetic ... Gene Drives website May 2019 Report gene-drives-report.pdf. Full report (3.32 MB) ...
insect virus in a field near Wytham. The virus had been armed with a scorpion. gene which makes a venom lethal to insects. ... gene contained an average of one-third of the progeny of the wild-type virus.. Superior numbers give the wild-type virus the ... with a marker gene. He found in enclosed tests at Wytham that it was undetectable. on the leaves of sugar beet three months ... by infecting insect cells with AcNPV and a virus called Bm-NPV, which. normally infects the common silkworm (Bombyx mori). Both ...
In an integrated analysis of the interactions between changes in the microbiota and host gene dysregulation, we found an ... In an integrated analysis of the interactions between changes in the microbiota and host gene dysregulation, we found an ... Here, we compared gill-microbiota, gene expression and host-microorganism interactions in a group of deep sea mussels ( ... our findings provide new insights into the effects of parasite scale worms on changes in symbiotic bacteria and gene expression ...
... such as insect resistance to pesticides, the use of biotechnological tools to ... Transgenic Resistance to Insects: Gene Flow Abstract chapter 14. ,. 12 pages. Transgenic Resistance to Insects: Nature of Risk ... Deployment of Insect-Resistant Transgenic Crops for Pest Management: Potential and Limitations Abstract ... Molecular Techniques for Developing New Insecticide Molecules and Monitoring Insect Resistance to Insecticides Abstract ...
Transformation of Stomoxys calcitrans with a Hermes gene vector. Insect Mol Biol. 2000;9:531-8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ... Killing of flies in electrocuting insect traps releases bacteria and viruses. Curr Microbiol. 2000;41:267-70. DOIPubMedGoogle ... Insects are thus a likely major environmental reservoir of E. sakazakii. This conclusion suggests that in addition to stringent ... Identification of bacterial species associated with the sheep scab mite (Psoroptes ovis) by using amplified genes coding for ...
Sampling Daphnias expressed genes: preservation, expansion and invention of crustacean genes with reference to insect genomes ... Functional and comparative studies of insect genomes have shed light on the complement of genes, which in part, account for ... The ABC transporter gene family of Daphnia pulex The large gene superfamily of ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters encodes ... Target gene approaches: Gene expression in Daphnia magna exposed to predator-borne kairomones or to microcystin-producing and ...
GM Trait: Lepidopteran insect resistance. Events with gene cry1C. Event Name and Code. Trade Name. ... Gene: cry1C. Gene Source: synthetic gene derived from Bacillus thuringiensis. Product: Cry1C delta-endotoxin. Function: confers ...
Insect cells? Those, at least, are the standard methods. ... aspect of gene-editing. Although the goals of gene-editors and ... jumping genes) and mouse retrovirus DNA (HIV is a retrovirus). Thus gene-editing is a potential mechanism for horizontal gene ... In the case of gene-editing intended to generate altered living organisms, cell culture media "contain genes that could cause ... along with thorough scrutiny of gene-edited cells and gene-edited organisms. And, as the Recombinetics case suggests, these are ...
Nature busts anti-GMO myth: Gene swapping among plants, insects common occurence , Genetic Literacy Project. There is a fierce ... Nature busts anti-GMO myth: Gene swapping among plants, insects common occurence , Genetic Literacy Project. by J. Jerrald ... These lab-made bugs possess a kill-switch gene made with fragments of DNA from coral, cabbage, the herpes virus, and E.coli ...
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are one of the receptors in insects immune pathways, essential for insects to ... Silencing of the immune gene BmPGRP-L4 in the midgut affects the growth of silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae.. Liang, Yebin; Wang, ...
Comparative architecture of silks, fibrous proteins and their encoding genes in insects and spiders. Comp Biochem Physiol B ... In summary, there are strong similarities between the four genes cloned from Araneus diadematus and the Nephila clavipes genes ... THE SILK; GENES AND PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF THE PROTEINS. Spider silk consists of proteins made up largely from non-essential ... Asingle gene produces multiple sericin mRNAs in the silk gland of Bombyx mori. Biochimie 68:1165-1173. Google Scholar ...
  • In this study, a comparative analysis of select insect mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) representing five insect orders (Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Ephemeroptera and Coleoptera) consisting of 24 different species in an effort to study a common set of genes and to understand the evolution of mitochondrial genome with respect to Cytochrome Oxidase subunit 1 (CO1), 16srRNA and 12srRNA gene sequences was done. (journalcra.com)
  • To compare the similarity between closely related insect mitochondrial genome sequences, pairwise distance matrix was constructed using the MEGA tool. (journalcra.com)
  • Shen's team at Zhejiang University initiated this project in collaboration with Antonis Rokas, an evolutionary biologist at Vanderbilt University, by collecting 218 high-quality insect genome samples representing 11 of the 19 insect orders. (abigailgroff.com)
  • This gene was introduced horizontally into almost all moths and butterflies from a donor of the bacterial genus Listeria ", they report in the study, which means that this gene has persisted in the genome since the time of the common ancestor of moths and butterflies more than 300 million years ago. (abigailgroff.com)
  • We show that phylogenetically distant lineages of Asaia expe-rienced independent genome reductions, despite following a common pattern, characterized by the early loss of genes involved in genome stability. (unipv.it)
  • IMPORTANCE We have studied genome reduction within several strains of the insect symbiont Asaia isolated from different species/strains of mosquito and medfly. (unipv.it)
  • Phylogenetically distant strains of Asaia, despite following a common pattern involving the loss of genes related to genome stability, have undergone independent genome reductions, highlighting the peculiar role of specific metabolic pathways in the symbiotic relationship between Asaia and its host. (unipv.it)
  • An examination revealed the presence of two serpin genes, each coding for two or three likely alternative reactive centre exon cassettes, respectively, also in the Caenorhabditis elegans genome, The occurrence of such serpin genes in some groups of metazoa reflects a parsimonious way to enlarge the adaptive ability of these organisms to cope with a plethora of different serine and cysteine proteases. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • The genome of these bacteria is of great interest for understanding the process of genome erosion and elucidating how the cooperation and the mutual benefit between bacteria and their host insects have evolved over long periods of time (PNAS, doi: 10.1073/pnas.2023047118, April 2021). (mpg.de)
  • The genome of the bacteria Streptomyces philanthi that are associated with the European beewolf Philanthus triangulum has now been studied in detail by a team led by Martin Kaltenpoth, director of the new Department of Insect Symbiosis at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology. (mpg.de)
  • We wondered whether the long-term association with the host has resulted in changes in the symbiont's genome or shaped gene regulation and metabolic interactions between the beewolf and its bacterial partners," explains Mario Sandoval-Calderón, one of the first authors of the study, the motivation for this study. (mpg.de)
  • Using state-of-the-art gene sequencing techniques, the researchers were able to read out the complete genome of the symbiont. (mpg.de)
  • These frameshift mutations in probably inactivated genes are indicators of an incipient genome erosion in Streptomyces philanthi . (mpg.de)
  • But FDA's findings are potentially trivial besides another recent discovery about gene-editing: that foreign DNA from surprising sources can routinely find its way into the genome of edited animals. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Southern analysis suggests that each gene maps to a different TrIV genome segment, with homologous sequences apparently present on other segments. (gc.ca)
  • The paper, titled "The effect of developmental pleiotropy on the evolution of insect immune genes," was published in Genome Biology and Evolution . (vanderbilt.edu)
  • This class of genes makes up a large proportion of the genome in cockroaches and termites. (eurekalert.org)
  • Here, we report that the recently sequenced genome from the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum contains a gene coding for an oxytocin/vasopressin-like peptide, identical to the locust peptide, which we named inotocin (for insect oxytocin/vasopressin-like peptide) and a gene coding for an inotocin G protein-coupled. (lu.se)
  • The inotocin/receptor couple can also be found in the recently sequenced genome from the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis but not in any other holometabolous insect with a completely sequenced genome (12 Drosophila species, the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae, the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti, the silk worm Bombyx mori, and the honey bee Apis mellifera), suggesting that this neuropeptide system is confined to basal holometabolous insects. (lu.se)
  • Genome of Rhodnius prolixus, an insect vector of Chagas disease, reveals unique adaptations to hematophagy and parasite infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Chemical communication in insects is social signalling between insects of the same or different species, using chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
  • All the three sequences yielded a tree with branching patterns reflecting the expected pattern as insect species belonging to different orders were put into separate clades with an exception S. graminum & M. destructor being branched together in to a separate group. (journalcra.com)
  • Based on the sequence similarity, insect species belonging to five different orders in general appear to be closely related. (journalcra.com)
  • The tRNA species were identical in most species with an exception that two of the twenty four species had an additional tRNA gene. (journalcra.com)
  • In a study published in the journal Cell on July 18, researchers report that more than 1,400 genes belonging to 218 species of insects, including butterflies and moths, come from bacteria, viruses, fungi and plants. (abigailgroff.com)
  • For example, bacteria use this mechanism to transmit antibiotic resistance genes between species, but more recently scientists have systematically studied the phenomenon between insects and microbes or plants. (abigailgroff.com)
  • species-rich insects. (abigailgroff.com)
  • Gene drives allow humans to change the genetic makeup of a species by changing the DNA of a few individuals that then spread the modification throughout an entire population. (vox.com)
  • The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is a world-wide insect pest capable of infesting more than 40 plant families, including many crop species. (nih.gov)
  • Among these microorganisms, Asaia bacteria play a prominent role, given their abundance in the gut, reproductive organs, and salivary glands of different mosquito species, while their presence has also been reported in several other insects. (unipv.it)
  • Here, we present a wide phylogenomic analysis of Asaia strains isolated from different species of mosquito vectors and from different populations of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata, an insect pest of worldwide economic importance. (unipv.it)
  • Synthetic gene drives are a new form of genetic engineering that aims to rapidly force genetic changes into entire populations of wild species. (econexus.info)
  • Could synthetic gene drives 'jump' into other species? (econexus.info)
  • METHODS: Ticks submitted by study participants from April-September 2011 and 2012 were identified to species and life stage, and preliminarily screened for the genus Rickettsia by nested PCR targeting the 17-kDa protein gene. (cdc.gov)
  • Nucleotide sequence analysis of Rickettsia-specific 23S-5S IGS, ompA and gltA gene fragments indicated that ticks, principally A. americanum, contained novel species of Rickettsia. (cdc.gov)
  • Short germ-band development is typical of basal insects such as locusts and cockroaches, whereas more derived species such as those of the genus Drosophila predominantly undergo long germ-band development [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two (36 and 54 years of age) had erythema migrans PCR amplifi cation of a fragment of fl a gene specifi c for B. lesions, and 2 (9 and 34 years of age) had borrelial lym- burgdorferi sensu lato species as well as for a fragment of phocytoma lesions. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, our study systems often include multiple plant- and insect species that form small interaction networks. (lu.se)
  • Metazoan species, from sponges and insects to mammals, possess successful defence systems against their pathogens and parasites. (lu.se)
  • Many insect species are undergoing rapid population decline in recent decades due to anthropogenic changes to natural landscapes and climate. (lu.se)
  • Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are one of the receptors in insects ' immune pathways, essential for insects to recognize the exogenous pathogens in order to activate the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathway. (bvsalud.org)
  • Such changes in the gut microbiome are known in research to weaken immunity and resistance to pathogens in insects, thereby increasing their mortality. (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • Our results show that immune genes evolve with more constraint when they're pleiotropic, which has implications for how hosts fight off pathogens, how hosts and pathogens coevolve, etc. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • On the other hand, the plants can become more resistant to insect pests and pathogens. (lu.se)
  • Jones TI, Parilla M, Jones PL. Transgenic Drosophila for Investigating DUX4 and FRG1, Two Genes Associated with Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD). (umassmed.edu)
  • Neukomm LJ, Burdett TC, Gonzalez MA, Z?chner S, Freeman MR. Rapid in vivo forward genetic approach for identifying axon death genes in Drosophila. (umassmed.edu)
  • The os-d-like genes from the Anopheles gambiae, Apis mellifera, Drosophila melanogaster, and Drosophila pseudoobscura genomes typically have single, small introns with a conserved splice site. (gc.ca)
  • By applying homology-search and text-mining programs we have found that the Drosophila serine protease inhibitor (serpin) gene sp4 harbours four reactive centre-coding exons. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • The mutually exclusive use of these cassettes in combination with alternatively selectable exons at the 5'-end or in the 3'-untransiated region of the gene allows generation of more than ten different transcripts, all of which are expressed in Drosophila embryos. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • Long germ-band insects, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , form most of their segments simultaneously at the blastoderm stage, i.e., before gastrulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Insect OS-D-like proteins, also known as chemosensory (CSP) or sensory appendage proteins (SAP), are broadly expressed in various insect tissues, where they are thought to bind short to medium chain length fatty acids and their derivatives. (gc.ca)
  • Although their specific function remains uncertain, OS-D-like members have been isolated from sensory organs (including the sensillum lymph in some cases), and a role in olfaction similar to that of the insect odorant binding proteins (OBP) has been suggested for some.We have identified 15 new OS-Dlike sequences: four from cDNA clones described herein and 11 from sequencedatabases. (gc.ca)
  • The insect cell-baculovirus expression vector system (IC-BEVS) has emerged as a mainstream platform for the scalable production of recombinant proteins with clinically approved products for human use. (mcgill.ca)
  • Significant changes in gene expression, the production of vital proteins controlled by genes, were also revealed. (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • Understanding the presence of plasmid vectors requires an appreciation of the basics of gene-editing, which, confusingly, are considerably distinct from what the word 'editing' means in ordinary English. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Genetically modifying the insect gut microbiota to control Chagas disease vectors through systemic RNAi. (cdc.gov)
  • Evogene completed the initial stage of their study for finding candidate genes in microorganisms that can be used to confer insect resistance in important crops. (isaaa.org)
  • Migration is energetically very demanding, so finding genes for metabolism was no surprise but we also identified genes with roles in muscle structure and function, hormonal regulation of physiology, immunity, stress resistance, flight and feeding behaviour, sensory perception and for increasing longevity. (thincb2b.com)
  • We propose that this gene from the symbiont contributed to initial pyrethroid resistance in insects harboring Asaia, also considering the widespread production of pyrethrins by several plants. (unipv.it)
  • We also show that the pyreth-roid hydrolase gene is present in all the Asaia strains isolated except for the South American malaria vector Anopheles darlingi, for which resistance to pyrethroids has never been reported, suggesting a possible involvement of Asaia in determining resistance to insecticides. (unipv.it)
  • Due to increasing problems occurring from massive applications of pesticides, such as insect resistance to pesticides, the use of biotechnological tools to minimize losses from insect pests has become inevitable. (taylorfrancis.com)
  • Each of Recombinetics' calves possessed two antibiotic resistance genes, along with other segments of superfluous bacterial DNA. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • At different development stages maize may exhibit various levels of insect resistance and defense. (psu.edu)
  • Being a pioneer in the insect industry means you must lead the way and drive the biggest and most ambitious programs across nutrition, technology and genetics. (thefishsite.com)
  • Our advancements in genetics are a great step forward for the insect industry and the environment. (thefishsite.com)
  • Working on the genetics of insects adds a new dimension and opportunity to create added value," he added. (thefishsite.com)
  • My lab uses developmental genetics, molecular biology, morphometrics and phylogenetics to understand the interactions and functions of genes in various insect models. (colby.edu)
  • We report the isolation of E. sakazakii from the guts of larvae of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, demonstrating an environmental reservoir for E. sakazakii and raising the possibility that environmental contamination by insects may be important in the spread of this opportunistic organism. (cdc.gov)
  • We report the isolation of E. sakazakii from the gut of larvae of the blood-sucking insect Stomoxys calcitrans . (cdc.gov)
  • Silencing of the immune gene BmPGRP-L4 in the midgut affects the growth of silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae. (bvsalud.org)
  • We report on the cloning and sequencing of two Tranosema rostrale ichnovirus (TrIV) genes, and assess their relatedness to TrV1, the gene encoding the most abundant TrIV transcript in last-instar Choristoneura fumiferana larvae parasitized by T. rostrale . (gc.ca)
  • The latest batch of larvae were found to be 39 percent heavier, leading to 32 percent more protein and 21 percent more fat harvested than with conventional insects. (thefishsite.com)
  • When prey, such as ants or other small insects, fall into the pit, the antlion larvae quickly capture them with their sickle-shaped jaws and devour them. (whatsthatbug.com)
  • This research investigates mir1 gene transcript levels and Mir1-CP accumulation in the leaves and roots after feeding by the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) larvae, in V7 growth stage of maize. (psu.edu)
  • The males lack visible colour forms, but the researchers plan to investigate whether the colour gene affects other characteristics of the larvae and males, including survival and behaviors. (lu.se)
  • When the researchers started ordering these genes by function, they discovered suites of genes were being activated in concert: insulin signalling for longevity, pathways for immunity, and those leading to octopamine production, the insect equivalent of the fight or flight hormone adrenaline, for long-distance flight. (thincb2b.com)
  • A new study led by members of Ann Tate's (Assistant Professor of Biological Sciences) lab found evidence that pleiotropy may slow down evolution of genes involved in immunity. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • They classified genes into three groups: 1) non-pleiotropic immune genes (genes involved in immunity and not development), 2) pleiotropic immune genes (genes involved in both), and 3) non-pleiotropic developmental genes (genes involved in development and not immunity). (vanderbilt.edu)
  • In contrast, when co-evolution is occurring between a pathogen and its host, genes regulating immunity must be able to evolve or the pathogen could overwhelm the organism. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • When the genes involved in immunity also regulate development, it makes for an interesting tug of war between remaining the same in order to aid in development and changing in order to aid in immunity. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • A database for metazoan immunity genes and orthologs. (lu.se)
  • ImmunomeBase contains 1811 metazoan immunity genes that have been collected from literature and gene ontology annotations. (lu.se)
  • But according to engagement manager Delphine Thizy, they are hoping to apply for approval to test gene drives in the field as soon as 2023. (vox.com)
  • Insect Mol Biol;32(4): 340-351, 2023 08. (bvsalud.org)
  • The realisation of robust gene drive strategies in vertebrate pests has the potential to revolutionise biocontrol. (mdpi.com)
  • Esvelt is a biologist at MIT and the first person to formulate a technology known as a CRISPR gene drive, a gene editing application that represents humanity's single best chance to eradicate malaria. (vox.com)
  • And now, with CRISPR gene drives, we have the potential to wipe it out globally and save millions of lives. (vox.com)
  • CRISPR is a tool developed in the past decade that has made it dramatically easier to make precise edits to the genes of everything from viruses and bacteria to mosquitos and humans. (vox.com)
  • CRISPR gene drives combine the gene drive idea with the CRISPR gene editing technique. (vox.com)
  • I asked Ethan Bier, a professor at UC San Diego and one of the first people to help build an actual working CRISPR gene drive, how soon a drive targeting malaria could be released, as a scientific matter. (vox.com)
  • Esvelt knows that the CRISPR gene drive is a tool of overwhelming power. (vox.com)
  • A CRISPR gene drive is a technology that could end malaria. (vox.com)
  • Given that gene drive organisms would likely carry active CRISPR-Cas DNA cutters, how might such organisms change over multiple generations? (econexus.info)
  • In a new study published May 3 in the journal Nature Scientific Reports , researchers at the University of California Riverside managed to successfully use the gene-editing tool CRISPR to change the eye color of the insect, an alteration that was passed on to its progeny. (thedailybeast.com)
  • Using CRISPR, the researchers were able to modify the genes that control the sharpshooter's eye color, changing it from brown to white or cinnabar. (thedailybeast.com)
  • Instead, nearly 100 percent of the insect eggs modified by CRISPR gave rise to insects with different eye colors, and better yet, these new traits were passed down three or more generations. (thedailybeast.com)
  • If this proves successful, not only will CRISPR be saving California's $58 billion wine industry by saving grapevines from an early death, it could also become a popular approach to controlling bothersome insect populations that ravage agricultural crops and spread destructive diseases. (thedailybeast.com)
  • These range from trying to alter the genes of mosquitoes with CRISPR to attempting to infect them with a bacteria. (medscape.com)
  • A sample was taken from each pure colony and an attempt was made to identify the bacteria b using standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the genes encoding bacterial 16S rRNA ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Ticks were examined for Ehrlichia and Anaplasma by nested PCR directed at the gltA, antigen-expressing gene containing a variable number of tandem repeats, 16S rRNA, and groESL genes. (cdc.gov)
  • These protective substances are produced by symbiotic bacteria of the genus Streptomyces , which live in these insects. (mpg.de)
  • Together, our findings provide new insights into the effects of parasite scale worms on changes in symbiotic bacteria and gene expression in deep sea mussel hosts. (frontiersin.org)
  • While no releases of modified organisms carrying gene drives have yet taken place, the development of such 'gene drive organisms' is advancing closer to this step. (econexus.info)
  • Owing to these concerns, and others, the technology remains highly controversial, with many researchers and communities arguing, that the risks make a moratorium on releases of gene drive organisms essential. (econexus.info)
  • They imply, at the very least, the need for strong measures to prevent contamination by stray DNA, along with thorough scrutiny of gene-edited cells and gene-edited organisms. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • These resources will help elucidate the adaptations that allow M. persicae to develop compatible interactions with its host plants, complementing ongoing work illuminating plant molecular responses to phloem-feeding insects. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we compared gill-microbiota, gene expression and host-microorganism interactions in a group of deep sea mussels ( Gigantidas haimaensis ) parasitized by scale worm (PA group) and a no parasitic control group (NPA group). (frontiersin.org)
  • In an integrated analysis of the interactions between changes in the microbiota and host gene dysregulation, we found an agreement between the microbiota and transcriptomic responses to B. pettiboneaei parasitism. (frontiersin.org)
  • Identifying this male-specific insect steroid hormone and its roles in regulating female sexual receptivity, fertility and interactions with Plasmodium parasites suggests the possibility for reducing the reproductive success of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes. (nature.com)
  • We investigate the direct effects of polyploidization on phenotypic traits of importance for plant-insect interactions (e.g. floral scent and morphology), using different ploidy-types of the plant Lithophragma bolanderi as model. (lu.se)
  • Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this gene is ancestral in Asaia, strongly suggesting that it played a role in the establishment of the symbiotic association between these bacteria and the mosquito hosts. (unipv.it)
  • These lab-made bugs possess a 'kill-switch' gene made with fragments of DNA from coral, cabbage, the herpes virus, and E.coli bacteria. (rationallythinkingoutloud.com)
  • It would take about a century for scientists to figure out what was causing the disease-a bacteria named Xylella fastidiosa -and who was spreading it: a leaf hopping insect called the glassy-winged sharpshooter. (thedailybeast.com)
  • Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite, which is carried from person to person by Anopheline mosquitoes and transmitted when the insect bites. (cdc.gov)
  • The advert was a statutory public notice, informing people that the department had given scientists permission to spray a genetically modified insect virus in a field near Wytham. (newscientist.com)
  • The scientists found evidence for further convergence, including genes that play a role in the synthesis of hydrocarbons in the cuticle, the hard shell of insects. (eurekalert.org)
  • Fears over genetic engineering have been heightened by an Oxford scientist's plan to release a virus that carries a gene for scorpion venom. (newscientist.com)
  • We will use genetic tools to knock out genes and study the response of these mutants to touch stimulation in comparison to WT with regards to gene expression, phosphorylation cascades and alteration in growth and development. (lu.se)
  • Since the first report of baculovirus-induced production of rAAV vector in insect cells in 2002, this platform has undergone significant improvements, including enhanced stability of Bac-vector expression and a reduced number of baculovirus-coinfections. (mcgill.ca)
  • The one baculovirus system consisting of an inducible packaging insect cell line was further improved to enhance the AAV vector quality and potency. (mcgill.ca)
  • Eusocial insects including ants, termites, bees, and social wasps produce pheromones from several types of exocrine gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • While termites first emerged from the group of cockroaches around 150 million years ago, ants and other eusocial Hymenoptera, including bees, only appeared 50 million years later on a very distant branch of the insect family tree. (eurekalert.org)
  • These include previously unknown sequence data, a collection of expressed genes, molecular markers, and a DNA microarray that can be used to study aphid gene expression. (nih.gov)
  • in fact, the non-coding regions of all three genes show higher sequence identity than the coding regions, pointing to their common origin. (gc.ca)
  • Or you could just add a gene making them resistant to the malaria parasite, preventing its transmission to humans. (vox.com)
  • This is a great technology because it can be so specific to one insect, and not cause off-target effects on other insects, animals or humans," Inaiara de Souza Pacheco, an entomologist at UC Riverside and lead study author, said in the press release. (thedailybeast.com)
  • Whereas humans mainly communicate by speech, insects mainly use chemicals," says Judith Korb. (eurekalert.org)
  • Hundreds of millions of years ago, microbes and plants could have given insects an evolutionary advantage by passing genes to them through horizontal gene transfer. (abigailgroff.com)
  • Previous studies have shown that HGT may have contributed to insect biodiversity, but no one knew how important a role it played in this process," says lead author Xing-Xing Shen, an evolutionary biologist. (abigailgroff.com)
  • With the data, they were able to draw an evolutionary tree, identify displaced genes more commonly found in non-animal genomes, and examine factors that contribute to the fate of HGT in insects. (abigailgroff.com)
  • More broadly, these results show that there can be evolutionary constraints acting on dual function genes. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • The great colour variation in insects fascinates the general public, and raises questions about the function of colour signals and its evolutionary consequences for partner choice and conflicts between the sexes", says Erik Svensson. (lu.se)
  • In another study, the focus was on how the particles affect the insects' immune system. (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • Working with these fruit flies, the group learned that genes with immune-developmental pleiotropy are quite common. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • Tate added, "this study provides evidence that pleiotropic immune genes are under stronger purifying selection than non-pleiotropic ones, which might help provide extra context for (Ph.D. candidate) Reese Martin's study ( read more here ). (vanderbilt.edu)
  • The effect of developmental pleiotropy on the evolution of insect immune genes. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • The Wnt genes encode secreted glycoprotein ligands that regulate a wide range of developmental processes, including axis elongation and segmentation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • thus, neither of these genes is upregulated during induction of developmental arrest in last-instar hosts. (gc.ca)
  • If a developmental gene changes, the organism will likely not survive. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • This study was aimed at determining the differential gene expression patterns of OBP genes in the developmental stages (larval, pupal, teneral) and differentially starved adults of Glossina brevipalpis (Newstead) collected from Shimba Hills National Park, Kenya. (bioone.org)
  • Genetically modified symbionts are amplified and dispersed by newly- infected insects. (cdc.gov)
  • The study argues that these genes could have been essential to the evolution of insects by allowing them to develop beneficial traits in mating behavior, nutrition, growth and adaptation to environmental changes. (abigailgroff.com)
  • Genes involved in development often are under purifying selection - that is, evolution is acting to keep things the same, which is common for important genes. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • image: Similar genes involved in the evolution of insect societies as in bees and ants. (eurekalert.org)
  • One phenomenon that already fascinated Charles Darwin is the evolution of huge, complex insect societies from solitary ancestors. (eurekalert.org)
  • We were able to deduce that, long before the evolution of termites, one particular class of transposons led to the expansion of gene families involved in communication," added Dr. Evelien Jongepier. (eurekalert.org)
  • In these networks, we study plant and insect trait evolution, and the role of trait diversification for gene flow and local adaptation. (lu.se)
  • Frequency of mutations in PIK3CA gene is higher in tumors without lymph node metastasis, than those with in gastric cancer. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Thus, it might be essential to evaluate the mutations in this gene to determine cetuximab treatment in gastric cancer patients. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Each mutation reproduced the mutualistic phenotypes when introduced into wild-type E. coli , confirming that single carbon catabolite repression mutations can make E. coli an insect mutualist. (nature.com)
  • Plants respond to leaf vibrations caused by insect herbivore chewing. (discovery.com)
  • Delivery of Double-Stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) Produced by Escherichia coli HT115(DE3) for Nontransgenic RNAi-Based Insect Pest Management. (cdc.gov)
  • The next step in the study is to validate that the candidate genes are effective in controlling target insects such as corn rootworm and corn earworm. (isaaa.org)
  • Based on this study we conclude that, although the gene types are very similar across these insect orders, significant differences in GC content perhaps suggest multiple mitochondrial ancestors. (journalcra.com)
  • Finally, we discovered that all but one of the Asaia strains included in the study possess the pyrethroid hydrolase gene. (unipv.it)
  • This in vitro system may provide a suitable starting point for the study of TrIV gene functions. (gc.ca)
  • Defense gene expression during the different growth stages of maize was also investigated in this study. (psu.edu)
  • [ 17 ] In the same study, patients who had an allergy to insect venom had a decreased gene expression of B3GAT1 . (medscape.com)
  • Here we report an experimental system in which non-symbiotic Escherichia coli evolves into an insect mutualist. (nature.com)
  • In silico comparison of cDNA libraries identified aphid genes with tissue-specific expression patterns, and gene expression that is induced by feeding on Nicotiana benthamiana. (nih.gov)
  • And different growth stages exhibit different expression patterns of these genes in Mp708. (psu.edu)
  • Recombinetics , the animal science and biotechnology firm , has raised $11 million in equity capital as it nears the commercialization of its gene-edited traits for livestock. (agfundernews.com)
  • The symbiont is essential for growth and survival of the host insect. (nature.com)
  • Normal insects infected with the uncultivable obligatory symbiont, Pantoea sp. (nature.com)
  • Do embryonic miRNAs influence the germ-band type and metamorphosis mode of insects? (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is therefore likely that miRNAs influence the mechanisms that specify the germ-band type and body structure, which is related to the metamorphosis mode, in insect embryos. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If you're interested in learning about traditional farming practices and preserving heirloom seeds and crops, our Indigenous Seed Bank and Indigenous Animal Gene Bank projects are a great option. (dhorpatanfarmstay.com)
  • Pheromones are of two main kinds: primer pheromones, which generate a long-duration change in the insect that receives them, or releaser pheromones, which cause an immediate change in behaviour. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pest insects such as fruit moths are attracted by sex pheromones, allowing farmers to evaluate pest levels, and if need be to provide sufficient pheromone to disrupt mating. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, chemical communication via pheromones enables members of insect societies to recognize nest mates and differentiate between castes. (eurekalert.org)
  • Antlions are beneficial predators that help control populations of ants and other small insects. (whatsthatbug.com)
  • Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is quite common between microbes. (abigailgroff.com)
  • Year round availability of rare local vegetable, Demonostration site of all possible agriculture, forestry, Aquatic life, Animal Husbandry , Insect their Production, utilization, product diversification, conservation add value of this farm among other Farmstay available. (dhorpatanfarmstay.com)
  • These pits help them hunt their prey, often ants 1 and other small insects. (whatsthatbug.com)
  • Most of their lives are spent in larval stages, being voracious predators of ants and other small insects 3 . (whatsthatbug.com)
  • Larval antlions create unique, funnel-shaped pits in sandy or loose soil to trap their prey, such as ants and other small insects 3 . (whatsthatbug.com)
  • The 3' regulatory regions have a great diversity of cis -regulatory elements directly involved in polyadenylation, stability, transport and mRNA translation, essential to achieve the desired levels of gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
  • Polyadenylation is essential for the stability of the transcript, preventing the mRNA from being the target of posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) via RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6) in plants ( Luo and Chen, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Interestingly, many genes are induced at the mRNA- and protein level within a few minutes after being touched. (lu.se)
  • The virus had been armed with a scorpion gene which makes a venom lethal to insects. (newscientist.com)
  • Secondly, will the virus be able to swap genes - including the one for scorpion venom - with other viruses? (newscientist.com)
  • However, whereas vertebrates have multiple classes of largely dimorphic steroid hormones such as oestrogens and androgens (reviewed in ref. 9 ), male-biased steroids have not been identified in insects, to the best of our knowledge. (nature.com)
  • This review charts the twists and turns on the road to developing gene drives in vertebrates. (mdpi.com)
  • High-resolution analysis of differential gene expression during skeletal muscle atrophy and programmed cell death. (umassmed.edu)
  • They released an early non-gene drive mosquito in Burkina Faso in June 2019 as preparation. (vox.com)
  • Having located the gene behind the female colour variation, the researchers can now go further and identify different genotypes in the males, and in the aquatic larval stage of these insects. (lu.se)
  • Adult antlions are drab-colored insects resembling damselflies. (whatsthatbug.com)
  • further, this latter group evolves in a similar way as development-only genes. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • As a result, researchers are attempting to find new ways to eliminate or reduce the population of these dangerous insects. (medscape.com)
  • Antennal samples from the newly emerged insects (tenerals) served as the controls. (bioone.org)
  • These include Release of Insects Carrying a Dominant Lethal system and Wolbachia , an endosymbiotic bacterium, to inhibit dengue virus in the vector. (who.int)
  • Analysis of the transcriptome - this is the totality of RNA molecules produced at a given time - revealed that the expression of 324 genes had changed. (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • The production of RNA molecules was intensified for 165 genes, but decreased for 159 genes. (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • only a few insects survived, in which E. coli exhibited specific localization to the symbiotic organ and vertical transmission to the offspring. (nature.com)