Gene transfer horizontal. Medical search

The introduction of functional (usually cloned) GENES into cells. A variety of techniques and naturally occurring processes are used for the gene transfer such as cell hybridization, LIPOSOMES or microcell-mediated gene transfer, ELECTROPORATION, chromosome-mediated gene transfer, TRANSFECTION, and GENETIC TRANSDUCTION. Gene transfer may result in genetically transformed cells and individual organisms.

The naturally occurring transmission of genetic information between organisms, related or unrelated, circumventing parent-to-offspring transmission. Horizontal gene transfer may occur via a variety of naturally occurring processes such as GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; and TRANSFECTION. It may result in a change of the recipient organism's genetic composition (TRANSFORMATION, GENETIC).

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

Techniques and strategies which include the use of coding sequences and other conventional or radical means to transform or modify cells for the purpose of treating or reversing disease conditions.

NEURONS in the inner nuclear layer of the RETINA that synapse with both the RETINAL PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS and the RETINAL BIPOLAR CELLS, as well as other horizontal cells. The horizontal cells modulate the sensory signal.

A family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (MASTADENOVIRUS) and birds (AVIADENOVIRUS) or both (ATADENOVIRUS). Infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases.

The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A genus of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, which are dependent on a coinfection with helper adenoviruses or herpesviruses for their efficient replication. The type species is Adeno-associated virus 2.

The transfer of mammalian embryos from an in vivo or in vitro environment to a suitable host to improve pregnancy or gestational outcome in human or animal. In human fertility treatment programs, preimplantation embryos ranging from the 4-cell stage to the blastocyst stage are transferred to the uterine cavity between 3-5 days after FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.

Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Genes that are introduced into an organism using GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.

A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.

A technique in which electric pulses of intensity in kilovolts per centimeter and of microsecond-to-millisecond duration cause a temporary loss of the semipermeability of CELL MEMBRANES, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, and increased uptake by cells of drugs, molecular probes, and DNA.

Change in learning in one situation due to prior learning in another situation. The transfer can be positive (with second learning improved by first) or negative (where the reverse holds).

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The genetic unit consisting of three structural genes, an operator and a regulatory gene. The regulatory gene controls the synthesis of the three structural genes: BETA-GALACTOSIDASE and beta-galactoside permease (involved with the metabolism of lactose), and beta-thiogalactoside acetyltransferase.

A type of FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY using two FLUORESCENT DYES with overlapping emission and absorption spectra, which is used to indicate proximity of labeled molecules. This technique is useful for studying interactions of molecules and PROTEIN FOLDING.

Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.

The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Motion of an object in which either one or more points on a line are fixed. It is also the motion of a particle about a fixed point. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Interfacility or intrahospital transfer of patients. Intrahospital transfer is usually to obtain a specific kind of care and interfacility transfer is usually for economic reasons as well as for the type of care provided.

A ubiquitous family of proteins that transport PHOSPHOLIPIDS such as PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL and PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE between membranes. They play an important role in phospholipid metabolism during vesicular transport and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

The blending of separate images seen by each eye into one composite image.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A common name for fish of the family Percidae, belonging to the suborder Percoidei, order PERCIFORMES.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

The turning inward of the lines of sight toward each other.

The genetic complement of an archaeal organism (ARCHAEA) as represented in its DNA.

Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.

A reflex wherein impulses are conveyed from the cupulas of the SEMICIRCULAR CANALS and from the OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE of the SACCULE AND UTRICLE via the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM and the median longitudinal fasciculus to the OCULOMOTOR NERVE nuclei. It functions to maintain a stable retinal image during head rotation by generating appropriate compensatory EYE MOVEMENTS.

An Ig superfamily transmembrane protein that localizes to junctional complexes that occur between ENDOTHELIAL CELLS and EPTHELIAL CELLS. The protein may play a role in cell-cell adhesion and is the primary site for the attachment of ADENOVIRUSES during infection.

Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients.

The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.

The functional genetic units of ARCHAEA.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.

A peptide which is a homopolymer of lysine.

The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.

The difference between two images on the retina when looking at a visual stimulus. This occurs since the two retinas do not have the same view of the stimulus because of the location of our eyes. Thus the left eye does not get exactly the same view as the right eye.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Common name for Carassius auratus, a type of carp (CARPS).

Proteins that bind to and transfer CHOLESTEROL ESTERS between LIPOPROTEINS such as LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.

Strongly cationic polymer that binds to certain proteins; used as a marker in immunology, to precipitate and purify enzymes and lipids. Synonyms: aziridine polymer; Epamine; Epomine; ethylenimine polymer; Montrek; PEI; Polymin(e).

Methods of implanting a CELL NUCLEUS from a donor cell into an enucleated acceptor cell.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Awareness of oneself in relation to time, place and person.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Cells lacking a nuclear membrane so that the nuclear material is either scattered in the cytoplasm or collected in a nucleoid region.

The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and Eukarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; (3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and (4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least four kingdoms: CRENARCHAEOTA; EURYARCHAEOTA; NANOARCHAEOTA; and KORARCHAEOTA.

Involuntary movements of the eye that are divided into two types, jerk and pendular. Jerk nystagmus has a slow phase in one direction followed by a corrective fast phase in the opposite direction, and is usually caused by central or peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Pendular nystagmus features oscillations that are of equal velocity in both directions and this condition is often associated with visual loss early in life. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p272)

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Three long canals (anterior, posterior, and lateral) of the bony labyrinth. They are set at right angles to each other and are situated posterosuperior to the vestibule of the bony labyrinth (VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH). The semicircular canals have five openings into the vestibule with one shared by the anterior and the posterior canals. Within the canals are the SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS.

The positioning and accommodation of eyes that allows the image to be brought into place on the FOVEA CENTRALIS of each eye.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

Distinct units in some bacterial, bacteriophage or plasmid GENOMES that are types of MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS. Encoded in them are a variety of fitness conferring genes, such as VIRULENCE FACTORS (in "pathogenicity islands or islets"), ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE genes, or genes required for SYMBIOSIS (in "symbiosis islands or islets"). They range in size from 10 - 500 kilobases, and their GC CONTENT and CODON usage differ from the rest of the genome. They typically contain an INTEGRASE gene, although in some cases this gene has been deleted resulting in "anchored genomic islands".

Voluntary or involuntary motion of head that may be relative to or independent of body; includes animals and humans.

Involuntary rhythmical movements of the eyes in the normal person. These can be naturally occurring as in end-position (end-point, end-stage, or deviational) nystagmus or induced by the optokinetic drum (NYSTAGMUS, OPTOKINETIC), caloric test, or a rotating chair.

Photosensitive afferent neurons located primarily within the FOVEA CENTRALIS of the MACULA LUTEA. There are three major types of cone cells (red, blue, and green) whose photopigments have different spectral sensitivity curves. Retinal cone cells operate in daylight vision (at photopic intensities) providing color recognition and central visual acuity.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Surgical procedure by which a tendon is incised at its insertion and placed at an anatomical site distant from the original insertion. The tendon remains attached at the point of origin and takes over the function of a muscle inactivated by trauma or disease.

Specialized cells that detect and transduce light. They are classified into two types based on their light reception structure, the ciliary photoreceptors and the rhabdomeric photoreceptors with MICROVILLI. Ciliary photoreceptor cells use OPSINS that activate a PHOSPHODIESTERASE phosphodiesterase cascade. Rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells use opsins that activate a PHOSPHOLIPASE C cascade.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

An abrupt voluntary shift in ocular fixation from one point to another, as occurs in reading.

Enzymes that oxidize certain LUMINESCENT AGENTS to emit light (PHYSICAL LUMINESCENCE). The luciferases from different organisms have evolved differently so have different structures and substrates.

Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)

High molecular weight insoluble polymers which contain functional anionic groups that are capable of undergoing exchange reactions with cations.

Common name for a number of different species of fish in the family Cyprinidae. This includes, among others, the common carp, crucian carp, grass carp, and silver carp.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Perception of three-dimensionality.

Copies of transposable elements interspersed throughout the genome, some of which are still active and often referred to as "jumping genes". There are two classes of interspersed repetitive elements. Class I elements (or RETROELEMENTS - such as retrotransposons, retroviruses, LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS) transpose via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Class II elements (or DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS - such as transposons, Tn elements, insertion sequence elements and mobile gene cassettes of bacterial integrons) transpose directly from one site in the DNA to another.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Normal nystagmus produced by looking at objects moving across the field of vision.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal or vertical (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS, causing a wide range of diseases in humans. Infections are mostly asymptomatic, but can be associated with diseases of the respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems. Serotypes (named with Arabic numbers) have been grouped into species designated Human adenovirus A-F.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.

Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.

Genomes of temperate BACTERIOPHAGES integrated into the DNA of their bacterial host cell. The prophages can be duplicated for many cell generations until some stimulus induces its activation and virulence.

The sequential location of genes on a chromosome.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination.

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.

Acceleration produced by the mutual attraction of two masses, and of magnitude inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two centers of mass. It is also the force imparted by the earth, moon, or a planet to an object near its surface. (From NASA Thesaurus, 1988)

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

The heritable modification of the properties of a competent bacterium by naked DNA from another source. The uptake of naked DNA is a naturally occuring phenomenon in some bacteria. It is often used as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

Viruses whose hosts are bacterial cells.

A family of freshwater fish comprising the minnows or CARPS.

A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.

The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.

A class of enzymes that inactivate aminocyclitol-aminoglycoside antibiotics (AMINOGLYCOSIDES) by regiospecific PHOSPHORYLATION of the 3' and/or 5' hydroxyl.

Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.

Storage-stable blood coagulation factor acting in the intrinsic pathway. Its activated form, IXa, forms a complex with factor VIII and calcium on platelet factor 3 to activate factor X to Xa. Deficiency of factor IX results in HEMOPHILIA B (Christmas Disease).

An oval, bony chamber of the inner ear, part of the bony labyrinth. It is continuous with bony COCHLEA anteriorly, and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS posteriorly. The vestibule contains two communicating sacs (utricle and saccule) of the balancing apparatus. The oval window on its lateral wall is occupied by the base of the STAPES of the MIDDLE EAR.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A synthetic polymer which agglutinates red blood cells. It is used as a heparin antagonist.

The position or attitude of the body.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21.

Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.

A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)

Viruses which enable defective viruses to replicate or to form a protein coat by complementing the missing gene function of the defective (satellite) virus. Helper and satellite may be of the same or different genus.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Enzymes that recombine DNA segments by a process which involves the formation of a synapse between two DNA helices, the cleavage of single strands from each DNA helix and the ligation of a DNA strand from one DNA helix to the other. The resulting DNA structure is called a Holliday junction which can be resolved by DNA REPLICATION or by HOLLIDAY JUNCTION RESOLVASES.

Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. PLASTID GENOMES are used in phylogenetic studies.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.

Non-human animals, selected because of specific characteristics, for use in experimental research, teaching, or testing.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

The adjustment of the eye to variations in the intensity of light. Light adaptation is the adjustment of the eye when the light threshold is increased; DARK ADAPTATION when the light is greatly reduced. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze.

Plants of the division Rhodophyta, commonly known as red algae, in which the red pigment (PHYCOERYTHRIN) predominates. However, if this pigment is destroyed, the algae can appear purple, brown, green, or yellow. Two important substances found in the cell walls of red algae are AGAR and CARRAGEENAN. Some rhodophyta are notable SEAWEED (macroalgae).

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

The total area or space visible in a person's peripheral vision with the eye looking straightforward.

A genus of bacteria comprised of a heterogenous group of gram-negative small rods and coccoid forms associated with arthropods. (From Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol 1, 1984)

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

The common name for all members of the Rajidae family. Skates and rays are members of the same order (Rajiformes). Skates have weak electric organs.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Disorders that feature impairment of eye movements as a primary manifestation of disease. These conditions may be divided into infranuclear, nuclear, and supranuclear disorders. Diseases of the eye muscles or oculomotor cranial nerves (III, IV, and VI) are considered infranuclear. Nuclear disorders are caused by disease of the oculomotor, trochlear, or abducens nuclei in the BRAIN STEM. Supranuclear disorders are produced by dysfunction of higher order sensory and motor systems that control eye movements, including neural networks in the CEREBRAL CORTEX; BASAL GANGLIA; CEREBELLUM; and BRAIN STEM. Ocular torticollis refers to a head tilt that is caused by an ocular misalignment. Opsoclonus refers to rapid, conjugate oscillations of the eyes in multiple directions, which may occur as a parainfectious or paraneoplastic condition (e.g., OPSOCLONUS-MYOCLONUS SYNDROME). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p240)

Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.

A phylum of bacteria consisting of the purple bacteria and their relatives which form a branch of the eubacterial tree. This group of predominantly gram-negative bacteria is classified based on homology of equivalent nucleotide sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA or by hybridization of ribosomal RNA or DNA with 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA.

Surgical reinnervation of a denervated peripheral target using a healthy donor nerve and/or its proximal stump. The direct connection is usually made to a healthy postlesional distal portion of a non-functioning nerve or implanted directly into denervated muscle or insensitive skin. Nerve sprouts will grow from the transferred nerve into the denervated elements and establish contact between them and the neurons that formerly controlled another area.

The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.

The process in which light signals are transformed by the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS into electrical signals which can then be transmitted to the brain.

A class in the phylum PROTEOBACTERIA comprised mostly of two major phenotypes: purple non-sulfur bacteria and aerobic bacteriochlorophyll-containing bacteria.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.

An increase in the rate of speed.

Injections introduced directly into localized lesions.

The upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs.

A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.

A gelatinous membrane overlying the acoustic maculae of SACCULE AND UTRICLE. It contains minute crystalline particles (otoliths) of CALCIUM CARBONATE and protein on its outer surface. In response to head movement, the otoliths shift causing distortion of the vestibular hair cells which transduce nerve signals to the BRAIN for interpretation of equilibrium.

Eye movements that are slow, continuous, and conjugate and occur when a fixed object is moved slowly.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.

Spread and adoption of inventions and techniques from one geographic area to another, from one discipline to another, or from one sector of the economy to another. For example, improvements in medical equipment may be transferred from industrial countries to developing countries, advances arising from aerospace engineering may be applied to equipment for persons with disabilities, and innovations in science arising from government research are made available to private enterprise.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The science dealing with the correlation of the physical characteristics of a stimulus, e.g., frequency or intensity, with the response to the stimulus, in order to assess the psychologic factors involved in the relationship.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction.

A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites.

Images seen by one eye.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.

An assisted reproductive technique that includes the direct handling and manipulation of oocytes and sperm to achieve fertilization in vitro.

A 55-kilodalton immunodominant antigen of Porphyromonas gingivalis W50 has arisen via horizontal gene transfer. (1/2070)

A 55-kDa outer membrane protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis W50 is a significant target of the serum immunoglobulin G antibody response of periodontal disease patients and hence may play an important role in host-bacterium interactions in periodontal disease. The gene encoding the 55-kDa antigen (ragB, for receptor antigen B) was isolated on a 9.5-kb partial Sau3AI fragment of P. gingivalis W50 chromosomal DNA in pUC18 by immunoscreening with a monoclonal antibody to this antigen. The 1.6-kb open reading frame (ORF) encoding RagB was located via subcloning and nested-deletion analysis. Sequence analysis demonstrated the presence of an upstream 3.1-kb ORF (ragA) which is cotranscribed with ragB. A number of genetic characteristics suggest that the ragAB locus was acquired by a horizontal gene transfer event. These include a significantly reduced G+C content relative to that of the P. gingivalis chromosome (42 versus 48%) and the presence of mobility elements flanking this locus in P. gingivalis W50. Furthermore, Southern blotting and PCR analyses showed a restricted distribution of this locus in laboratory and clinical isolates of this bacterium. The association of ragAB+ P. gingivalis with clinical status was examined by PCR analysis of subgingival samples. ragAB+ was not detected in P. gingivalis-positive shallow pockets from periodontal disease patients but was present in 36% of the P. gingivalis-positive samples from deep pockets. These data suggest that the ragAB locus was acquired by certain P. gingivalis strains via horizontal gene transfer and that the acquisition of this locus may facilitate the survival of these strains at sites of periodontal destruction. (+info)

Horizontal gene transfer among genomes: the complexity hypothesis. (2/2070)

Increasingly, studies of genes and genomes are indicating that considerable horizontal transfer has occurred between prokaryotes. Extensive horizontal transfer has occurred for operational genes (those involved in housekeeping), whereas informational genes (those involved in transcription, translation, and related processes) are seldomly horizontally transferred. Through phylogenetic analysis of six complete prokaryotic genomes and the identification of 312 sets of orthologous genes present in all six genomes, we tested two theories describing the temporal flow of horizontal transfer. We show that operational genes have been horizontally transferred continuously since the divergence of the prokaryotes, rather than having been exchanged in one, or a few, massive events that occurred early in the evolution of prokaryotes. In agreement with earlier studies, we found that differences in rates of evolution between operational and informational genes are minimal, suggesting that factors other than rate of evolution are responsible for the observed differences in horizontal transfer. We propose that a major factor in the more frequent horizontal transfer of operational genes is that informational genes are typically members of large, complex systems, whereas operational genes are not, thereby making horizontal transfer of informational gene products less probable (the complexity hypothesis). (+info)

Genetic diversity of the streptococcal competence (com) gene locus. (3/2070)

The com operon of naturally transformable streptococcal species contains three genes, comC, comD, and comE, involved in the regulation of competence. The comC gene encodes a competence-stimulating peptide (CSP) thought to induce competence in the bacterial population at a critical extracellular concentration. The comD and comE genes are believed to encode the transmembrane histidine kinase and response regulator proteins, respectively, of a two-component regulator, with the comD-encoded protein being a receptor for CSP. Here we report on the genetic variability of comC and comD within Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. Comparative analysis of sequence variations of comC and comD shows that, despite evidence for horizontal gene transfer at this locus and the lack of transformability of many S. pneumoniae strains in the laboratory, there is a clear correlation between the presence of a particular comC allele and the cognate comD allele. These findings effectively rule out the possibility that the presence of noncognate comC and comD alleles may be responsible for the inability to induce competence in many isolates and indicate the importance of a functional com pathway in these isolates. In addition, we describe a number of novel CSPs from disease-associated strains of S. mitis and S. oralis. The CSPs from these isolates are much more closely related to those from S. pneumoniae than to most CSPs previously reported from S. mitis and S. oralis, suggesting that these particular organisms may be a potential source of DNA in recombination events generating the mosaic structures commonly reported in genes of S. pneumoniae that are under strong selective pressure. (+info)

Comparison of the evolutionary dynamics of symbiotic and housekeeping loci: a case for the genetic coherence of rhizobial lineages. (4/2070)

In prokaryotes, lateral gene transfer across chromosomal lineages may be mediated by plasmids, phages, transposable elements, and other accessory DNA elements. However, the importance of such transfer and the evolutionary forces that may restrict gene exchange remain largely unexplored in native settings. In this study, tests of phylogenetic congruence are employed to explore the range of horizontal transfer of symbiotic (sym) loci among distinct chromosomal lineages of native rhizobia, the nitrogen-fixing symbiont of legumes. Rhizobial strains isolated from nodules of several host plant genera were sequenced at three loci: symbiotic nodulation genes (nodB and nodC), the chromosomal housekeeping locus glutamine synthetase II (GSII), and a portion of the 16S rRNA gene. Molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that each locus generally subdivides strains into the same major groups, which correspond to the genera Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, and Mesorhizobium. This broad phylogenetic congruence indicates a lack of lateral transfer across major chromosomal subdivisions, and it contrasts with previous studies of agricultural populations showing broad transfer of sym loci across divergent chromosomal lineages. A general correspondence of the three rhizobial genera with major legume groups suggests that host plant associations may be important in the differentiation of rhizobial nod and chromosomal loci and may restrict lateral transfer among strains. The second major result is a significant incongruence of nod and GSII phylogenies within rhizobial subdivisions, which strongly suggests horizontal transfer of nod genes among congenerics. This combined evidence for lateral gene transfer within, but not between, genetic subdivisions supports the view that rhizobial genera are "reproductively isolated" and diverge independently. Differences across rhizobial genera in the specificity of host associations imply that the evolutionary dynamics of the symbiosis vary considerably across lineages in native settings. (+info)

Structural characteristics and possible horizontal transfer of group I introns between closely related plant pathogenic fungi. (5/2070)

We have characterized structural features and the distribution pattern of nuclear group I introns found in ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of closely related plant pathogenic fungi of the family Sclerotiniaceae. Sixteen introns, at two distinct positions in the small-subunit (SSU) and large-subunit (LSU) rDNA, were sequenced and analyzed among the 29 taxa included in the initial screening. Genera found to contain introns were Botrytis, Dumontinia, Encoelia, Grovesinia, Myriosclerotinia, and Sclerotinia. Secondary-structure analyses of the group I introns concluded that all belong to the common IC1 subclass. Interestingly, the SSU rDNA intron from Myriosclerotinia caricisampullacea contains an insertion-like sequence extension which may be a relic of an open reading frame. Incongruent branching patterns of intron-based and rDNA-based (internal transcribed spacer) phylogenetic trees suggest that the fungal host genomes and the group I introns do not share a common evolutionary history. A model to explain how horizontal intron transfers may have occurred among the closely related fungal taxa is proposed. (+info)

Horizontal transfer of DNA by the uptake of apoptotic bodies. (6/2070)

In this study we have raised the question of whether DNA can be transferred from one cell to another by phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies. We have used integrated copies of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as a marker to follow the fate and expression pattern of apoptotic DNA in the phagocytotic host. Apoptosis was induced in EBV-carrying cell lines by irradiation before cultivation with either human fibroblasts, macrophages, or bovine aortic endothelial cells. Analysis of the expression pattern of EBV-encoded genes was performed by immunofluorescent staining as well as in situ hybridization. Cocultivation of apoptotic bodies from lymphoid cell lines containing integrated but not episomal copies of EBV resulted in expression of the EBV-encoded genes EBER and EBNA1 in the recipient cells at a high frequency. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed uptake of human chromatin as well as integrated EBV-DNA into the nuclei of bovine aortic endothelial cells. These data show that DNA may be rescued and reused from apoptotic bodies by somatic cells. In addition, our findings suggest that apoptotic bodies derived from EBV-carrying B lymphocytes may serve as the source of viral transfer to cells that lack receptors for the EBV virus in vivo. (+info)

A comparison of the kinetics of plasmid transfer in the conjugation systems encoded by the F plasmid from Escherichia coli and plasmid pCF10 from Enterococcus faecalis. (7/2070)

Quantitative measurements of horizontal DNA transfer are critical if one wishes to address questions relating to ecology, evolution and the safe use of recombinant bacteria. Traditionally, the efficiency of a conjugation system has been described by its transfer frequency. However, transfer frequencies can be determined in many ways and may be sensitive to physical, chemical and biological conditions. In this study the authors have used the mechanistic similarity between bacterial conjugation and simple enzyme catalysis in order to calculate the maximal conjugation rate (Vmax) and the recipient concentration (K(m)) at which the conjugation rate is half its maximal value, for two different conjugation systems: the F plasmid from Escherichia coli and plasmid pCF10 from Enterococcus faecalis. The results are compared with the data obtained from the aggregation-mediated conjugation system encoded on pXO16 from Bacillus thuringiensis. The conjugation systems analysed are fundamentally different; however, they have some characteristics in common: they are able to sustain conjugative transfer in liquid medium and the transfer efficiencies are very high. Conjugation encoded by the F plasmid in E. coli involves the formation of small aggregates (2-20 cells), established by sex pili, and the plasmid's maximal conjugation rate was estimated to be approximately 0.15 transconjugants per donor per minute. Pheromone-induced conjugation in Ent. faecalis, which involves the formation of large aggregates, was found to proceed at a maximal conjugation rate of 0.29 transconjugants per donor per minute. Also, the K(m) value differed significantly between these conjugation systems; this may reflect the inherent differences in mating pair formation and transfer mechanisms. In these conjugation systems, the donors underwent a 'recovery period' between rounds of conjugative transfer and newly formed transconjugants required a period of about 40-80 min to mature into proficient donors. (+info)

Horizontal gene transfer in glycosyl hydrolases inferred from codon usage in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. (8/2070)

Glycosyl hydrolase (GH) genes from Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis were used to search for cases of horizontal gene transfer. Such an event was inferred by G + C content, codon usage analysis, and a phylogenetic congruency test. The codon usage analysis used is a procedure based on a distance derived from a Pearson linear correlation coefficient determined from a pairwise codon usage comparison. The distances are then used to generate a distance-based tree with which we can define clusters and rapidly compare codon usage. Three genes (yagH from E. coli and xynA and xynB from B. subtilis) were determined to have arrived by horizontal gene transfer and were located in E. coli CP4-6 prophage, and B. subtilis prophages 6 and 5, respectively. In this study, we demonstrate that with codon usage analysis, the proposed horizontally transferred genes can be distinguished from highly expressed genes. (+info)

Citizendium:Horizontal gene transfer Citizendium:Horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes Citizendium:Horizontal gene transfer ... Barlow M (2009). "What antimicrobial resistance has taught us about horizontal gene transfer". Horizontal Gene Transfer. ... Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or ... Plants are capable of receiving genetic information from viruses by horizontal gene transfer. Horizontal transfer occurs from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer

Poptsova M (2009). "Testing Phylogenetic Methods to Identify Horizontal Gene Transfer". Horizontal Gene Transfer. Methods in ... Index of evolutionary biology articles Horizontal gene transfer Horizontal gene transfer in evolution Phylogenetic tree ... Horizontal or lateral gene transfer (HGT or LGT) is the transmission of portions of genomic DNA between organisms through a ... Horizontal gene transfer was first observed in 1928, in Frederick Griffith's experiment: showing that virulence was able to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferring_horizontal_gene_transfer

... which states that horizontal gene transfer is constantly occurring in operational genes. Plant-fungus horizontal gene transfer ... Horizontal gene transfer is universal in fungi, viruses, bacteria, and other eukaryotes. Horizontal gene transfer research ... and gene transfer between mitochondrial genes. Horizontal gene transfer could bypass eukaryotic barrier features like linear ... Sterigmatocystin gene transfer has been observed with Podospora anserina and Aspergillus. Horizontal gene transfer in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant–fungus_horizontal_gene_transfer

Horizontal gene transfer Inferring horizontal gene transfer Woese C, et al. (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: ... This movement of genes can occur through horizontal gene transfer (HGT), scrambling the information on which biologists relied ... This lateral gene transfer occurred also beyond the Darwinian threshold, after heredity or vertical gene transfer was ... Horizontal Gene Transfer, Oklahoma State Doolittle, WF (2000). "Uprooting the tree of life". Sci Am. 282 (2): 90-5. Bibcode: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer_in_evolution

Horizontal gene transfer speeds the process of genetic transfer since there is no need to wait an entire generation time for ... It is thought that MSSA acquired the resistance gene through the horizontal gene transfer, a method in which genetic ... "Horizontal gene transfer". Journal of Genetics. 75 (2): 219-232. doi:10.1007/bf02931763. S2CID 5989957. Staff (16 July 2021). " ... It is theorized that when this S. aureus strain that had acquired the mecA gene was introduced into hospitals, it came into ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_infectious_disease

... horizontal gene transfer can occur again, and the cell can 'try again' to have successful transfer of genes to the nucleus. ... Ford Doolittle proposed a gene transfer ratchet mechanism to explain the unidirectional transfer of genes from the organelle ... Syvanen, Michael; Kado, Clarence I. (30 January 2002). Horizontal Gene Transfer. Academic Press. p. 405. ISBN 978-0126801262. ... Ford Doolittle, W (1998-12-01). "You are what you eat: a gene transfer ratchet could account for bacterial genes in eukaryotic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiogenesis

Fournier, G (2009). "Horizontal gene transfer and the evolution of methanogenic pathways". Horizontal Gene Transfer. Methods in ... Another possibility is that evolution of the system involved a horizontal gene transfer between unrelated microorganisms. The ... This requires only the presence of the pylT gene, which encodes an unusual transfer RNA (tRNA) with a CUA anticodon, and the ... In this way a net CH+ 3 is transferred to the cofactor's cobalt atom with a change of oxidation state from I to III. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrolysine

A wide variety of comparative analyses were used to determine that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) influenced the evolution of ... Siefert, Janet (2009-02-01). "Defining the Mobilome". Horizontal Gene Transfer. Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). ... The first form of gene transfer used by Lactobacillus is transformation. This includes the uptake of naked DNA by a recipient ... Bacun-Druzina, Visnja; Mrvčić, Jasna; Ana, Butorac; Gjuracic, Kresimir (2009-09-01). "The influence of gene transfer on the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacticaseibacillus_casei

Most likely, these genes were acquired through horizontal gene transfer from viral hosts. Organisms are complex chemical ... Horizontal gene transfer makes it more difficult to study the last universal ancestor. However, the universal use of the same ... Gogarten P. "Horizontal Gene Transfer - A New Paradigm for Biology". esalenctr.org. Retrieved 20 August 2011. Gibson DG, ... Melcher U (1987). "Horizontal Gene Transfer". Molecular Genetics. Oklahoma State. Archived from the original on 20 February ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism

Syvanen, Michael; Kado, Clarence I. (2002). Horizontal Gene Transfer. Academic Press. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-12-680126-2. Roberts, ... gene duplication, lateral gene transfer, and transposable elements (jumping genes). The neutral theory of molecular evolution, ... ISBN 978-0-632-04708-6 Serres, M. H.; Kerr, A. R.; McCormack, T. J.; Riley, M. (2009). "Evolution by leaps: gene duplication in ... In modern epigenetics, biologists observe that phenotypes depend on heritable changes to gene expression that do not involve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution

Genetic exchange and recombination still occur, but this is a form of horizontal gene transfer and is not a replicative process ... The transfer of bacterial DNA is under the control of the bacteriophage's genes rather than bacterial genes. Conjugation in the ... Prokaryotes are asexual, reproducing without fusion of gametes, although horizontal gene transfer also takes place. Molecular ... Brown JR (February 2003). "Ancient horizontal gene transfer". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 4 (2): 121-32. doi:10.1038/nrg1000. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote

Horizontal gene transfer Langille, MG; Hsiao, WW; Brinkman, FS (May 2010). "Detecting genomic islands using bioinformatics ... tools of bacterial horizontal gene transfer and evolution". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 33 (2): 376-393. doi:10.1111/j.1574- ... The same GI can occur in distantly related species as a result of various types of lateral gene transfer (transformation, ... sometimes due to highly expressed genes) and that horizontally transferred DNA will ameliorate (change to the host genome) over ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_island

2012). Horizontal gene transfer in microorganisms. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-908230-10-2. Busse, Hans- ... "Arthrobacter aurescens TC1 Atrazine Catabolism Genes trzN, atzB, and atzC Are Linked on a 160-Kilobase Region and Are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paenarthrobacter_aurescens

Horizontal gene transfer (2nd ed.). Boston: Academic Press. pp. 81-91. ISBN 978-0-12-680126-2. Summers WC (1991). "From culture ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_ecology

Genes can sometimes be exchanged between species by horizontal gene transfer; new species can arise rapidly through ... Horizontal gene transfer between organisms of different species, either through hybridisation, antigenic shift, or reassortment ... Melcher, Ulrich (2001). "Molecular genetics: Horizontal gene transfer". Oklahoma State University. Archived from the original ... horizontal gene transfer (HGT) makes it difficult to define a species. All species definitions assume that an organism acquires ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species

Syvanen, Michael; Kado, Clarence I. (2002). Horizontal Gene Transfer Academic Press. p. 405. ISBN 978-0126801262 Symonds, M.R.E ... Both gene duplication and lateral gene transfer have the capacity to bring about relatively large changes that are saltational ... Polyploidy, karyotypic fission, symbiogenesis and lateral gene transfer are possible mechanisms for saltational speciation. The ... "rate genes" or "controlling genes" that change early development and thus cause large effects in the adult phenotype. These ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltation_(biology)

Richardson, Aaron O.; Palmer, Jeffrey D. (2007). "Horizontal Gene Transfer in Plants". Journal of Experimental Botany. 58 (1): ... Keeling, Patrick J.; Palmer, Jeffrey D. (2008). "Horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotic evolution". Nature Reviews Genetics. 9 ... mitochondrial DNA and during horizontal gene transfer. His former doctoral students include Thomas D. Bruns, a Professor at the ... 1993). "Phylogenetics of Seed Plants: An Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences from the Plastid Gene rbcL" (PDF). Annals of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_D._Palmer

Memetics Horizontal gene transfer Wolfram, Walt; Schilling-Estes, Natalie (2003), "Dialectology and Linguistic Diffusion" (PDF ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_model

Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction. This mechanism ... Gene dosage Gene expression Gene family Gene nomenclature Gene patent Gene pool Gene redundancy Genetic algorithm Haplotype ... There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and noncoding genes. During gene expression, the DNA is first ... via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene

... states that the high levels of horizontal gene transfer, rapid mutation rates in viral genomes, and lack of universal gene ... Archaea show high levels of horizontal gene transfer between lineages. Some researchers suggest that individuals can be grouped ... Sota M, Top EM (2008). "Horizontal Gene Transfer Mediated by Plasmids". Plasmids: Current Research and Future Trends. Caister ... from horizontal gene transfer. The standard hypothesis states that the ancestor of the eukaryotes diverged early from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea

Horizontal Gene Transfer:Genomes in Flux. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 532. Humana Press. pp. 181-191. doi:10.1007/978-1- ... "Genome acquisition in horizontal gene transfer: symbiogenesis and macromolecular sequence analysis". In Gogarten, Maria Boekels ... The power of phylogenetic approaches to detect horizontally transferred genes. Evolutionary Biology. Vol. 7. pp. 45-78. doi: ... In 1997 she transferred to the Department of Geosciences at Amherst to become Distinguished Professor of Geosciences "with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Margulis

Gene. 5 (3): 197-206. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(79)90078-7. PMID 467979. Juhas M (February 2015). "Horizontal gene transfer in ... allowing horizontal gene transfer. Plasmids often carry genes that are responsible for bacterial antibiotic resistance; as ... Harrison E, Brockhurst MA (June 2012). "Plasmid-mediated horizontal gene transfer is a coevolutionary process" (PDF). Trends in ... Siefert JL (2009). "Defining the mobilome". In Gogarten MB, Gogarten JP, Olendzenski LC (eds.). Horizontal Gene Transfer: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilome

Boto, Luis (2010). "Horizontal Gene Transfer in Evolution: Facts and Challenges". Proc Biol Sci. 277 (1683): 819-827. doi: ... Kurland, CG; Canback, B; Berg, OG (2003). "Horizontal Gene Transfer: A Critical View". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100 (17): 9658 ... In Reticulate Evolution: Symbiogenesis, Lateral Gene Transfer, Hybridization and Infectious Heredity. Springer. pp. 1-40. ISBN ... Newman, Stuart A.; Müller, Gerd B. (2006-01-06), "Genes and Form", Genes in Development, Duke University Press, pp. 38-73, doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_evolutionary_synthesis

Babić A.; Linder AB.; Vulić M.; Stewart AJ; Radman, M. (2008). "Direct visualization of horizontal gene transfer". Science. 319 ... Radman developed a methodology which enables direct visualization of horizontal gene transfer. Antoine Lacassagne Award (1979 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Radman

He has also identified several cases of horizontal gene transfer. Scholia has an author profile for Patrick J. Keeling. "Two ... Keeling, Patrick J.; Palmer, Jeffrey D. (2008). "Horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotic evolution". Nature Reviews Genetics. 9 ... "A Tertiary Plastid Uses Genes from Two Endosymbionts". Journal of Molecular Biology. 357 (5): 1373-1382. doi:10.1016/j.jmb. ... "Characterization of a Divergent Sec61β Gene in Microsporidia". Journal of Molecular Biology. 359 (5): 1196-1202. doi:10.1016/j. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_J._Keeling

... having been obtained through horizontal gene transfer from bacteria, fungi and plants. How and why horizontal gene transfer ... Gladyshev, Eugene A.; Meselson, Matthew; Arkhipova, Irina R. (2008-05-30). "Massive horizontal gene transfer in bdelloid ... Large-scale horizontal transfer of bacterial, plant and fungal genes into bdelloid rotifers has been documented, and may ... it has been shown that they undergo a potentially unique genetic process where horizontal gene transfer occurs[citation needed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdelloidea

Gene transfer between species includes the formation of hybrid organisms and horizontal gene transfer. Migration into or out of ... as when one bacteria acquires resistance genes it can rapidly transfer them to other species. Horizontal transfer of genes from ... Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another organism that is not its offspring; ... allowing transfer of genes even across biological domains. Large-scale gene transfer has also occurred between the ancestors of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microevolution

Gogarten, J. Peter; Townsend, Jeffrey P. (2005). "Horizontal gene transfer, genome innovation and evolution". Nature Reviews ... On top in the middle is visualized a horizontal event, such as hybridization between members of different classes, leading to a ... Vertical axis is time, horizontal axis may be richness, morphological diversity, some other population measure or even scaled ... thereby representing horizontal evolutionary events. Trees as graph theoretical constructs are composed of vertices (nodes) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_of_life

Gene transfer between species includes the formation of hybrid organisms and horizontal gene transfer. Horizontal gene transfer ... as when one bacteria acquires resistance genes it can rapidly transfer them to other species. Horizontal transfer of genes from ... Due to horizontal gene transfer, this "tree of life" may be more complicated than a simple branching tree, since some genes ... Gladyshev, Eugene A.; Meselson, Matthew; Arkhipova, Irina R. (30 May 2008). "Massive Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bdelloid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution

Gene transfer between species includes the formation of hybrid organisms and horizontal gene transfer. Population genetic ... as when one bacteria acquires resistance genes it can rapidly transfer them to other species. Horizontal transfer of genes from ... Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another organism that is not its offspring; ... allowing transfer of genes even across biological domains. Large-scale gene transfer has also occurred between the ancestors of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genetics

... but the gene for NDM-1 can spread from one strain of bacteria to another by horizontal gene transfer. Carbapenems are a class ... which will allow the gene to be readily transferred between different strains of bacteria by horizontal gene transfer. All the ... The gene for NDM-1 is one member of a large gene family that encodes beta-lactamase enzymes called carbapenemases. Bacteria ... "Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla(NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi_metallo-beta-lactamase_1

Park, Gene (September 17, 2020). "PlayStation CEO Jim Ryan says more PlayStation 5 units will be available than PS4s in 2013". ... In April 2021, Sony released a new software update through which users can transfer their downloaded PS5 game to an external ... The lower portion of the Control Center contains a customizable horizontal row of icons, including notifications, status ... Players can synchronize their saved game files through cloud storage or transfer them using a USB storage device so no progress ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_5

In 2012, to guarantee a high level of conservation and access, as well as to transfer the considerable financial burden of ... As his son John Lloyd Wright wrote: William Eugene Drummond, Francis Barry Byrne, Walter Burley Griffin, Albert Chase McArthur ... They were overruled by Wright, but the contractor secretly added extra steel to the horizontal concrete elements. In 1994, ... In his Prairie School days, Wright's office was populated by many talented architects, including William Eugene Drummond, John ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright

... and have probably been replaced with genes from other microbes through horizontal gene transfer. Some of the genes the nucleus ... Some of the genes have been lost, others have migrated to the amoeba's nucleus through endosymbiotic gene transfer. Other genes ... which were probably integrated into their genome through horizontal gene transfer from its cyanobacterial prey. Similar genes ... "The ancestor of the Paulinella chromatophore obtained a carboxysomal operon by horizontal gene transfer from a Nitrococcus-like ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulinella

The ceremonies for the transfer of power were held a day earlier in Karachi, at the time the capital of the new state of ... Gene Diversity in Some Muslim Populations of North India Human Biology - Volume 77, Number 3, June 2005, pp. 343-353 - Wayne ... all spaces were spanned by means of horizontal beams, the Islamic architecture was arcuate, i.e. an arch or dome was adopted as ... However, some Indian Muslims were found with detectable, traceable, minor to some levels of gene flow from outside, primarily ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_India

9686 The silver dapple gene is not a graying gene. It is a dilution gene which acts only on black pigment. "Coat Colors of ... "2018 Transfer Rules". Palomino Horse Breeders of America. Retrieved February 18, 2020. "Horse coat color tests" from the UC ... have a tan body with a darker mane and tail plus primitive markings such as a dorsal stripe down the spine and horizontal ... Cream gene Dilution gene Equine coat color Equine coat color genetics Palomino rabbit Pierce, Benjamin A (2008). Genetics: A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palomino

It had a square body and featured a low-mounted horizontal stabilizer flush with the main wing, the only member of the Mohajer ... Eugene Miasnikov (6 December 2004). "Terrorists Develop Unmanned Aerial Vehicles". Center for Arms Control, Energy and ... One operator controls the UAV's camera and the ground control station's directional antenna for real time video transfer. The ... and a horizontal tail. The belly skids are non-retractable, but can compress on landing to reduce shock. Apart from the skids, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qods_Mohajer

SINEs can be transferred between individuals or species via horizontal transfer through a viral vector. SINEs are known to ... They seem to play a particularly important role in the regulation of gene expression and the creation of RNA genes. This ... The regions coding miRNA can be independent RNA-genes often being anti-sense to neighboring protein-coding genes, or can be ... The co-localization of microRNA and protein-coding genes provides a mechanistic foundation by which microRNA regulates gene- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_interspersed_nuclear_element

Y' Turret's shell-transfer ring jammed at salvo 20, due to a shell sliding out of its tray due to the motion of the ship as the ... The horizontal protection over the magazines consisted of three layers with a total thickness of 9.13 in (232 mm); the weather ... ISBN 978-1-84603-388-9. Rasor, Eugene L. (1998). The China-Burma-India Campaign, 1931-1945: Historiography and Annotated ... In order to bring ammunition into the turret at any degree of train, the design included a transfer ring between the magazine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V-class_battleship_(1939)

The board included Eugene Lindsay Bishop and Kenneth F. Maxcy. In addition, Carey announced that dumping at Edgemere would end ... 6. Plan Is to Speed Up Transfer of Mail" (PDF). Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. p. 1. Retrieved August 10, 2018. " ... and installing a horizontal-wire grid over the landfill to discourage birds from landing on it. This was in addition to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill

The gene for aerolysin have been shown to undergo Horizontal gene transfer from prokaryotes to eukaryotes" (PDF). Nature ... Howard SP, Garland WJ, Green MJ, Buckley JT (June 1987). "Nucleotide sequence of the gene for the hole-forming toxin aerolysin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerolysin

Some species use external spermatophores for sperm transfer. In Hormogaster samnitica and Hormogaster elisae transcriptome DNA ... 1] Novo M, Riesgo A, Fernández-Guerra A, Giribet G (2013). "Pheromone evolution, reproductive genes, and comparative ... creating horizontal burrows in upper 10-30 cm of soil (endogeic); and (3) worms that construct permanent deep vertical burrows ... via a tube which forms a series of loops entwined by blood capillaries that also transfer waste into the tubule of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm

Although horizontal gene transfer is the most common way for bacterial growth to occur, there is evidence that vertical gene ... Transmission is mainly via horizontal gene transfer, but vertical transmission can also occur. BCWD may be referred to by a ... Flavobacterium psychrophilum is a bacterium that reproduces and multiples via horizontal gene transfer. ... transfer may also play a role in transmission. Quaternary ammonium compounds can be added to the water of infected adult fish ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cold_water_disease

... high number of genes associated with oligosaccharide metabolism is a result of gene duplication and horizontal gene transfer, ... This occurred as the three species had extensive DNA similarity including a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity greater than 97 ... Currently, strain identification is done through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the subtly different 16S rRNA gene ... Cancer Gene Therapy. 7 (2): 269-274. doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700122. PMID 10770636. Sakata, Shinji; Kitahara, Maki; Sakamoto, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_longum

Racers don't use a baton, but instead transfer via touch of the body in the exchange zone. The incoming racer cannot use their ... A 1999 study found for people in the F2, F3 and F4 classes in the discus, elbow flexion and shoulder horizontal abduction are ... Broekhoff, Jan (1986-06-01). The 1984 Olympic Scientific Congress proceedings: Eugene, Ore., 19-26 July 1984 : (also: OSC ... A 1999 study found for people in the F2, F3 and F4 classes in the discus, elbow flexion and shoulder horizontal abduction are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T52_(classification)

Horizontal transfer has been experimentally induced and appears to have been proven in Focs past and so seems the more likely ... Concordant evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial gene genealogies". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 95 (5): ... by the disequilibrium study also failed to reject recombination however this could be consistent with horizontal transfer. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._cubense

... evidence for horizontal gene transfer". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 ( ... Rosette C, Karin M (March 1995). "Cytoskeletal control of gene expression: depolymerization of microtubules activates NF-kappa ... Genes & Development. 15 (10): 1167-81. doi:10.1101/gad.894001. PMID 11358861. Forth S, Kapoor TM (June 2017). "The mechanics of ... which has provided information on the differential expression of the genes depending on the presence of these factors. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule

Furthermore, comparative genomics indicates horizontal gene transfer between Beggiatoa and Cyanobacteria of storage, metabolic ... Pasulka A, Hu SK, Countway PD, Coyne KJ, Cary SC, Heidelberg KB, Caron DA (July 2019). "SSU-rRNA Gene Sequencing Survey of ... ISBN 978-0-387-95592-6. Mukhopadhyaya PN, Deb C, Lahiri C, Roy P (August 2000). "A soxA gene, encoding a diheme cytochrome c, ... The average filament length achieved through this process is also result of gene-environment interactions as, for instance, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beggiatoa

The deal is a horizontal merger (i.e., in which a company buys up a corporation that produces the same goods and products) as ... Maddaus, Gene (November 22, 2019). "Justice Department Goes to Court to Lift Paramount Consent Decrees". Variety. Archived from ... and that they would transfer their national ad sales for their first-run and off-network shows by the company to CBS Television ... Horizontal mergers are more likely to be disapproved than vertical mergers, as they affect a more tangible reduction in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_21st_Century_Fox_by_Disney

Discovered in 1946 by Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum, conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer as are ... Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material (plasmid) between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or ... Bacterial genetics is the subfield of genetics devoted to the study of bacterial genes. Bacterial genetics are subtly different ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_genetics

A point of criticism of GMOs is the use of genetic engineering techniques to imprecisely perform horizontal gene transfer. For ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxy_potato_starch

... the influence of rate heterogeneity and horizontal gene transfer". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 4 (1): 40. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romina_Vidal-Russell

... revealed that its environmental adaptations likely originated from horizontal gene transfer from thermoacidophilic archaea and ... "Gene transfer from bacteria and archaea facilitated evolution of an extremophilic eukaryote". Science. 339 (6124): 1207-10. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoacidophile

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has been thought to have occurred between fungal ruminants, like A. robustus, and bacteria that ... Through this gene transfer, it is thought that it has adopted some of the biosynthetic genes the fungus uses to break down ... Specifically, the gene within the fungus that produces xylanase has been identified in the lab for potential use in food ... The introduction of this gene into flour used in baking has been shown to improve the appeal of bread by making the it softer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaeromyces_robustus

... it may be involved in horizontal gene transfer; it may provide nutrients; and it may act as a buffer to recruit or titrate ions ... The purified DNA is then amplified for a specific gene target so it can be sequenced and categorised based on its sequence. ... Recent investigations revealed that DNA preserved in marine sediments is characterized by a large number of highly diverse gene ... Finkel SE, Kolter R (November 2001). "DNA as a nutrient: novel role for bacterial competence gene homologs". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_DNA

"Horizontal gene transfer in Histophilus somni and its role in the evolution of pathogenic strain 2336, as determined by ... while allowing a better understanding of the role of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of these strains Plasmid-borne ... Genomic studies related to this bacteria have enabled scientist to pin point antibiotic resistance genes. Histophilus somni is ... 2,263,857 base pairs with 1,980 protein coding genes) and preputial strain 129Pt (2,007,700 base pairs with 1,792 protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histophilus_somni

On another level, one can map the horizontal gene transfer processes, by determining the phylogeny of the individual genes ... Horizontal gene transfer is the mobility of genetic info between different organisms that can have immediate or delayed effects ... "Horizontal Gene Transfer: From Evolutionary Flexibility to Disease Progression". Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 8 ... There are several processes in nature which can cause horizontal gene transfer. This does typically not directly interfere with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics

1922 Radial arm saw A radial arm saw has a circular saw mounted on a sliding horizontal arm. In addition to making length cuts ... The origin of strobe lighting dates to 1931, when Harold Eugene Edgerton invented a flashing lamp to make an improved ... to transfer pressure from the controlling unit, which is usually near the operator of the vehicle, to the actual brake ... It is a base-10 logarithmic scale obtained by calculating the logarithm of the combined horizontal amplitude of the largest ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1890–1945)

Mutation of genes may disrupt the normal process and results in abnormity of breast. The protein tyrosine receptor type F gene ... transfer dynamic muscle and reposition nipple areola region. The treatment of nipple areola relocation provides space for ... which often been undiagnosed because the clinical feature is only breast asymmetry and a horizontal anterior axillary fold, ... The most common case is the mutation of EDA1 gene which is in X chromosome, and this mutation results in X-linked form ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amastia

De Mar, Robert Eugene (1966). The phylogenetic and functional implications of the armor of the Dissorophidae. Vol. 16. [Chicago ... Gerrothorax is thought to have lifted its skull to around 50° above horizontal through the flexing of the atlanto-occipital ... which could transfer carbon dioxide to the bones to neutralize acidic build up in the blood (early semiaquatic tetrapods would ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temnospondyli

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a form of genic inheritance that occurs between individuals in a population or between ... Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a form of genic inheritance that occurs between individuals in a population or between ... The first is to quantify intrinsic selection acting on newly transferred genes, by experimentally transferring and expressing ... work will provide a systematic analysis of the roles of different factors in affecting the outcomes of horizontal gene transfer ...

https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/648440

horizontal gene transfer News Scientific American: Horizontal gene transfer more common than thought. Posted on July 2, 2014. ... Bacterial gene helps coffee beetle get its fix). But such events, known as horizontal gene transfer, were thought to be rare. ... by the shape of the laterally transferred gene. In fact, that is precisely how laterally transferred genes are identified, ... Excerpt: There is also compelling evidence that not only may mutations be non-random but horizontal gene transfer too need not ...

https://uncommondescent.com/news/scientific-american-horizontal-gene-transfer-more-common-than-thought/

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays an important role in the adaptation of lineages to changing environments. The extent of ... Extensive horizontal gene transfers between plant pathogenic fungi. Overview of attention for article published in BMC Biology ... being putatively transferred between Magnaporthales and Colletotrichum. These gene transfers are often physically linked in the ... Such episodes of transfer typically involve hundreds of genes and are thought to be possible only in the case of endosymbiosis ...

https://www.altmetric.com/details/8225581

... Emmelien Vancaester, Thomas Depuydt (UGent ... Genetics, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Molecular Biology, horizontal gene transfer, diatoms, vitamin B12, ... "Comprehensive and Functional Analysis of Horizontal Gene Transfer Events in Diatoms." MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION, vol. 37 ... "Comprehensive and Functional Analysis of Horizontal Gene Transfer Events in Diatoms." MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION 37 (11): ...

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8670450

... a process called Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT), has a major impact on bacterial evolution. In an ongoing project at Harvey ... Here, we leverage genes relative position to make a better measurement of gene similarity. These improved similarity ... This thesis builds on that project, by improving our ability to identify gene families --- groups of genes in different strains ... Previously, similarity was measured only by comparing two genes DNA sequences, ignoring their positions on the organisms DNA ...

https://scholarship.claremont.edu/hmc_theses/75/

Kin discrimination promotes horizontal gene transfer between unrelated strains in Bacillus subtilis. In: Nature communications ... Kin discrimination promotes horizontal gene transfer between unrelated strains in Bacillus subtilis. Nature communications. ... Kin discrimination promotes horizontal gene transfer between unrelated strains in Bacillus subtilis. / Stefanic, Polonca; ... Kin discrimination promotes horizontal gene transfer between unrelated strains in Bacillus subtilis. ...

https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/kin-discrimination-promotes-horizontal-gene-transfer-between-unre

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is an important mechanism by which bacteria recombine and acquire novel genes and functions. ... Key words: horizontal or lateral gene transfer / stochasticity / selection / population dynamics / survival / transgenes / ... Modeling suggests frequency estimates are not informative for predicting the long-term effect of horizontal gene transfer in ... Phylogeny of chitinases and its implications for estimating horizontal gene transfer from chitinase-transgenic silver birch ( ...

https://www.ebr-journal.org/articles/ebr/abs/2005/04/ebr0518/ebr0518.html

The TWiM team marvels over the finding of a completely nitrifying Nitrospira, and horizontal gene transfer from Wolbachia into ... and Xindan about their careers and their work on horizontal gene transfer, quorum sensing, and chromosome organization in ... and nested symbiosis facilitated by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria to insect. ... then divulge the transfer of interbacterial antagonism genes to eukaryotes, where they may function in innate defense. ...

https://www.microbe.tv/twim/tag/horizontal-gene-transfer/

Sagi Snir , Horizontal Gene Transfer Phylogenetics: A Random Walk Approach , CGSI 2022. ... Sagi Snir , Horizontal Gene Transfer Phylogenetics: A Random Walk Approach , CGSI 2022 ...

http://computationalgenomics.bioinformatics.ucla.edu/portfolio/sagi-snir-horizontal-gene-transfer-phylogenetics-a-random-walk-approach/

Toxicity, allergies, and possible horizontal gene transfer (HGT) to the environment or to other species have been associated ... Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT). Fred Griffith described the mechanism of transferring genetic material from heat-killed ... Although the probability of horizontal gene transfer is quite low, the use of genes that confer antibiotic resistance as ... Horizontal gene transfer of the algal nuclear gene psbO to the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia chlorotica. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/6/2861

But horizontal gene transfers making evolution superfluous is the least of its problems. For in order for the evolutionary ... What, then, is the quantitation of the design of Horizontal Gene Transfer?. Provide equations, so we can check your math.. ... Horizontal Gene Transfer and the Evolution of Evolution: You Cant Make This Up ... So we must believe that evolution, sans horizontal gene transfer, somehow happened upon such a facility which then allowed for ...

https://darwins-god.blogspot.com/2010/05/horizontal-gene-transfer-and-evolution.html

What are "commensal bacteria" and where are they found? Briefly explain how horizontal gene transfer could lead to antibiotic ... Review the sections on natural selection, antibiotics, and bacterial horizontal gene transfer in your text. • Perform web ... Watch this 10-minute video on MRSA to learn about how resistance genes can be transferred between bacteria. ... bacterial horizontal gene transfer. Published by admin at May 6, 2021. Categories *Cheap Nursing Papers ...

https://cheapnursingpapers.com/bacterial-horizontal-gene-transfer/

Posts about horizontal gene transfer written by eliesbik ... Tag Archives: horizontal gene transfer Non-human microbiome ... horizontal gene transfer, Peer Review, preterm birth, Publons, rumen, seminar, sheep, soil, water, yoghurt , Leave a comment ... horizontal gene transfer, Ion-torrent, jackal, methanotrophs, peat bog lakes, root bacteria, soil, tundra, water , Leave a ... we have determined gene distributions and gene phylogenies for the 267,568 protein-coding genes of 134 sequenced archaeal ...

https://microbiomedigest.com/tag/horizontal-gene-transfer/

Dutta C, Pan A. Horizontal gene transfer and bacterial diversity. Journal of Biosciences. 2002 Feb; 27(1 Suppl 1): 27-33. ... Through the introduction of novel physiological traits from distantly related organisms, horizontal gene transfer often causes ... amount of genetic information is inserted into or deleted from such genomes through the process of horizontal transfer. ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/110938

Horizontal gene transfer by the parasitic plant striga hermonthica. Satoko Yoshida, Shinichiro Maruyama, Hisayoshi Nozaki, Ken ... Yoshida S, Maruyama S, Nozaki H, Shirasu K. Horizontal gene transfer by the parasitic plant striga hermonthica. Science. 2010 ... Horizontal gene transfer by the parasitic plant striga hermonthica. In: Science. 2010 ; Vol. 328, No. 5982. pp. 1128. ... Horizontal gene transfer by the parasitic plant striga hermonthica. / Yoshida, Satoko; Maruyama, Shinichiro; Nozaki, Hisayoshi ...

https://tohoku.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/horizontal-gene-transfer-by-the-parasitic-plant-striga-hermonthic

The mitogenomes are 265,696 and 275,898 bp in length and contain a typical set of mitochondrial genes, with 10 missing or ... Each mitogenome also possesses a structurally unusual ccmFC gene, which exhibits splitting of one exon and a shift to trans- ... A few candidate regions for plastome-to-mitogenome transfer were identified, with one suggestive of possible HGT. The lack of ... Based on phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial genes from across angiosperms and similarity-based searches, there is little to ...

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-021-08105-z

Life sciences/Genetics/Molecular genetics/Epigenetics/Gene transfer/Horizontal gene transfer * /Life sciences/Genetics/ ... Mechanism of Successful Horizontal Gene Transfer between Divergent Organisms Explained (2 of 2) (IMAGE) University of Tsukuba ... Mechanism of successful horizontal gene transfer between divergent organisms explained. University of Tsukuba ... Mechanism of Successful Horizontal Gene Transfer between Divergent Organisms Explained (1 of 2) ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/722228

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), the movement of genetic material across branches of the tree of life, is well established in ... Horizontal Gene Transfer in Eukaryotes: Not if, but How Much?. *Julia Van Etten, ... SWEET Genes for Disease Resistance in Plants. *Pushpendra K. Gupta. Sugar transporters called SWEETs are utilized by plants for ... This is explained in part by relatively compact prokaryote genomes that facilitate assembly and gene prediction, resulting in ...

https://www.cell.com/trends/genetics/issue?pii=S0168-9525%2819%29X0013-X

Chemtrails and Horizontal Gene Transfer - The GMO Connection. There are a number of highly crucial points this article makes ... heat shock and pollutants such as heavy metals can favor horizontal gene transfer; and the presence of antibiotics can increase ... Consider: these foods are the product of genetic engineering, of what scientists call "horizontal gene transfer" from one ... Therefore, more and stronger antibiotics are being used, which increases - you guessed it once again - horizontal gene transfer ...

https://gizadeathstar.com/2012/12/things-that-make-you-go-hmmm-gmos-chemtrails-and-horizontal-gene-transfer/

One of the key concepts you explore is "horizontal gene transfer." Give us a laymans explanation of what this is, with ... But horizontal gene transfer has revealed that nature does sometimes make leaps, whereby huge lumps of DNA can appear in an ... Horizontal gene transfer is essentially sideways heredity. Its the passage of genetic material sideways, from one creature ... Its not just incremental mutation, but horizontal gene transfer, bringing entirely new packages of DNA into genomes. ...

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/darwin-evolution-crispr-microbiome-bacteria-news?cmpid=org=ngp::mc=podcasts::src=shownotes::cmp=editorial::add=podcast20220823superchickens

p. 1468) found that numerous genes in the mitochondrion were acquired by horizontal gene transfer from other plants, including ... Many of these horizontal transfers were large, including acquisition of entire mitochondrial genomes from three green algae and ... Widespread horizontal transfer of mitochondrial genes in flowering plants. *U. Bergthorsson, K. Adams, B. Thomason, J. Palmer ... Horizontal gene transfer from flowering plants to Gnetum. *H. Won, S. Renner ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Horizontal-Transfer-of-Entire-Genomes-via-Fusion-in-Rice-Alverson/e5a80e34a54e91ee00218e4db054682dfcc3e6d0

Inter-domain Horizontal Gene Transfer of Nickel-binding Superoxide Dismutase. bioRxiv , 426412. ... Inter-domain Horizontal Gene Transfer of Nickel-binding Superoxide Dismutase Citation:. Sutherland, K. M., Ward, L., Colombero ... C. R., & Johnston, D. T. (2021). Inter-domain Horizontal Gene Transfer of Nickel-binding Superoxide Dismutase. bioRxiv , 426412 ...

https://johnstonlab.fas.harvard.edu/publications/inter-domain-horizontal-gene-transfer-nickel-binding-superoxide-dismutase

Horizontal Gene Transfer. Key Microorganisms. What kind of microbes do we typically find in this environment? Or associated ... This cell-cell attachment is based on plasmid-encoded and is subject to conjugal gene transfer. Dissemination of these plasmids ... This cell-cell attachment is based on plasmid-encoded and is subject to conjugal gene transfer. Dissemination of these plasmids ... This cell-cell attachment is based on plasmid-encoded and is subject to conjugal gene transfer. Dissemination of these plasmids ...

https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Biofilms_on_food_preparation_surfaces&diff=prev&oldid=49868

Horizontal Gene Transfer. Academic Press. p. 405. ISBN 978-0126801262. .. *^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Timmis, Jeremy N.; ... horizontal gene transfer can occur again, and the cell can try again to have successful transfer of genes to the nucleus.[31] ... Ford Doolittle proposed a gene transfer ratchet mechanism to explain the unidirectional transfer of genes from the organelle ... Discusses theories on how mitochondria and chloroplast genes are transferred into the nucleus, and also what steps a gene needs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiogenesis

Author adminCategories Phylogenetic AnalysisTags Gene, Horizontal, MaxTiC, Phylogeny, Ranking Node, Transfer Leave a Reply ... MaxTiC - Ranking Nodes in a Phylogeny using inferred Horizontal Gene Transfers. MaxTiC. :: DESCRIPTION ... MaxTiC: Fast ranking of a phylogenetic tree by Maximum Time Consistency with lateral gene transfers ... Previous Previous post: ecceTERA 1.2.4 - Gene Tree Species Tree Reconciliation. Next Next post: AGapEs - Gap filling based on ...

https://mybiosoftware.com/maxtic-ranking-nodes-in-a-phylogeny-using-inferred-horizontal-gene-transfers.html

To the Editor: Previous studies have suggested that protozoa may promote horizontal gene transfer among bacterial species (1,2 ... Oguri S, Matsuo J, Hayashi Y, Nakamura S, Hanawa T, Fukumoto T, Ciliates promote the transfer of the gene encoding the extended ... Because antibiotic resistance may be mediated by horizontal gene transfer, it is necessary to understand whether protozoa, ... even though ciliates promote the transfer of PMQR genes, they did not induce increased expression of these genes. Moreover, no ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/3/14-1549_article

Horizontal Gene Transfer Experiments. Horizontal gene transfer of loci of heat resistance was assessed in plate matings as ... We also examined whether the LHRs would be amenable to horizontal gene transfer. Focusing on C604-10 and E. coli raw milk ... We next sought to determine whether the LHRs of FAM21805 and C604-10 were amenable to horizontal gene transfer. We tagged LHR1 ... Rossi, F., Rizzotti, L., Felis, G. E., and Torriani, S. (2014). Horizontal gene transfer among microorganisms in food: current ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00579/full

... and this loss and re-gain process influences the gene flow towards other lineages whenever it leads to serotype changes. ... A study of how the complex interaction between capsules and mobile genetic elements shapes gene flow in populations of ... Horizontal gene transfer Is the Subject Area "Horizontal gene transfer" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001276

Direct visualization of horizontal gene transfer. Babic A, Lindner AB, Vulic M, Stewart EJ, Radman M. Babic A, et al. Among ... Polymorphism of genes encoding SOS polymerases in natural populations of Escherichia coli. Bjedov I, Lecointre G, Tenaillon O, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Radman+M&cauthor_id=17502621

Horizontal transfer of the nitrogen fixation gene cluster in the cyanobacterium Microcoleus chthonoplastes journal, September ... suggesting horizontal gene transfer into many clades. HgcA from marine metagenomes often formed distinct subtrees from those ... Nitrogenase Gene Amplicons from Global Marine Surface Waters Are Dominated by Genes of Non-Cyanobacteria journal, April 2011 * ... Evaluation of the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine for Gene-Targeted Studies Using Amplicons of the Nitrogenase Gene nifH ...

https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1503617-diazotroph-community-characterization-via-high-throughput-nifh-amplicon-sequencing-analysis-pipeline

Antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater - studies on factors critical for assessing the risks. (gu.se)
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) can be present in both pathogens and harmless environmental bacteria. (gu.se)
Pathogens can persist on hospital surfaces and plumbing for months to years, acquire new antibiotic resistance genes by horizontal gene transfer, and initiate outbreaks of hospital-associated infections by spreading to patients via healthcare worker s and visitors. (cdc.gov)
Advancements in next-generation sequencing of bacterial genomes and metagenomes have expanded our ability to (1) identify species and track distinct strains, (2) comprehensively profile antibiotic resistance genes, and (3) resolve the mobile elements that facilit ate intra- and intercellular gene transfer. (cdc.gov)
TetA (81.81%), tetB (72.72%), dfrA1 (63.63%), aac(3)-IV (63.63%), sul1 (63.63%) and aadA1 (45.45%) were the most commonly detected antibiotic resistance genes. (biomedcentral.com)
A. baumannii strains with similar genetic cluster (ERIC-Type) had the same prevalence of antibiotic resistance, antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors. (biomedcentral.com)
to the ability to construct and shelter in biofilms, in individuals around the world without substantial risk and acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes ( 2 , 3 ). (who.int)

Muller and his colleagues scanned the genomes of 149 eukaryotes, and found acdS-like genes in 65 of them - 61 in fungi and 4 in parasitic microorganisms called oomycetes, including Phytophthora infestans, the microbe responsible for the Irish potato famine. (uncommondescent.com)
More generally, we suggest that the expanding database of closely related eukaryotic genomes and the application of novel analytic methods will further underline the significant impact of foreign gene acquisition across the tree of life. (altmetric.com)
A substantial amount of genetic information is inserted into or deleted from such genomes through the process of horizontal transfer. (who.int)
This seems to be a crude analogue of social learning, in which one species can learn the good tricks already discovered by another … the apparent ubiquity of horizontal gene transfer implies that microorganisms have an impressive capacity to actively alter their genomes in response to environmental stresses or opportunities. (blogspot.com)
With the recent publication of several parasitic plant nuclear genomes, there has been considerable focus on such non-sexual exchange of genes. (biomedcentral.com)
It sounds like the purest science fiction, but there it is in the above report: the engineered genomes are unstable, andas such will seek a more stable "home" and hencewill horizontally transfer yet again to other species. (gizadeathstar.com)
This work assembled the complete mt genomes from 12 mosses spanning the moss tree of life to assess the phylogenetic depth of the conserved mt gene content and order and the correlation between scattered sequence repeats and gene order lability in land plants. (semanticscholar.org)
But the Human Genome Project led to faster, cheaper ways to sequence genes at scale, and a group of researchers including Alm and visiting professor Martin Polz began using those techniques to decode the genomes of environmental bacteria around 2008. (mit.edu)
New research reveals that hundreds of genes from bacteria, fungi and viruses have been integrated into plant genomes. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Ecological epigenetics face a lot of challenges because the genomes of wild animals and plants have not been sequenced, meaning that scientists can't pinpoint which genes have been modified. (scitechdaily.com)
Many years before any evidence for horizontal transfer of genes and genomes entered the mainstream of biological thought, Kozo-Polyansky suggested that cells are in fact not just elementary units of life but cooperative systems (he in fact used the word "system").The original Russian book was published in 1924, and its little-known author died in 1957. (typepad.com)

The most well-known and dramatic form of HGT represents intracellular gene transfer from endosymbionts to the host nuclear genome. (altmetric.com)
These gene transfers are often physically linked in the genome and show more than two-fold functional enrichment in carbohydrate activating enzymes associated with plant cell wall degradation. (altmetric.com)
The TWiM team marvels over the finding of a completely nitrifying Nitrospira, and horizontal gene transfer from Wolbachia into an animal genome. (microbe.tv)
In this study, the genome of this strain was sequenced and analyzed with a focus on gene transfer from phylogenetically distant organisms. (figshare.com)
As mobile genetic elements transferred from phylogenetically distant organisms, putative inteins were identified in the GyrB and DnaE proteins encoded in the genome of strain Tokyo 01 T . Genes involved in DNA recombination and repair were enriched in comparison to the closest relatives in the same family. (figshare.com)
Using genome analysis to compare the complete genome sequences of different species, they looked for genes in plants which had originated from bacteria, viruses, fungi or animals, and found a total of 593 gene families. (cosmosmagazine.com)
And some ecologists are beginning to think that epigenetic factors might be modifying genes while leaving the genome intact. (scitechdaily.com)
Accumulations of TEs (TE islands) comprising 7.18% of the genome evolve faster than other regions with regard to single-nucleotide variants, gene/exon duplications and deletions and gene homology. (wurmlab.com)
The distinct organization of TE islands, their gene composition and their regulation by the genome adds compelling evidence for the role of TEs as players in differentiation, adaptation and speciation. (wurmlab.com)
In participating UK research institutions, investigators can publish open access in Genome Research, Genes & Development, RNA, and Learning & Memory without article publication charges and all staff can read the entire renowned Cold Spring Harbor journal collection. (cshlpress.org)

This thesis builds on that project, by improving our ability to identify gene families --- groups of genes in different strains that are related. (claremont.edu)
Here, we show that these swarm antagonisms promote transformation-mediated horizontal gene transfer between strains of low relatedness. (elsevier.com)
Gene transfer between interacting non-kin strains is largely unidirectional, from killed cells of the donor strain to surviving cells of the recipient strain. (elsevier.com)
We hypothesize that KD-mediated competence in response to the encounter of distinct neighbouring strains could maximize the probability of efficient incorporation of novel alleles and genes that have proved to function in a genomically and ecologically similar context. (elsevier.com)
The actual origins of acquired resistance genes are unknown, but environmental microbes, including the strains producing antimicrobial agents, are believed to be important sources (4,5). (cdc.gov)

We will be able to systematically classify genes as resistant or permissive to transfer, examine the effect of the function and position in metabolic and regulatory networks on resistance to transfer, as well as identify any genes with substantial intrinsic benefits. (europa.eu)
Sometimes the resistance was rapid and so indicated a transfer of resistance between bacteria rather than independent adaptations. (blogspot.com)
Watch this 10-minute video on MRSA to learn about how resistance genes can be transferred between bacteria. (cheapnursingpapers.com)
Briefly explain how horizontal gene transfer could lead to antibiotic resistance spreading from commensal bacteria to pathogenic, disease-causing bacteria. (cheapnursingpapers.com)
Horizontal gene transfer describes the movement of genetic material between organisms of different species - events which are common in bacteria and are responsible for the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance, for instance. (cosmosmagazine.com)
A cluster and humans coming into contact with the animals (farm that includes three genes, vanH , vanA , and vanX , is required for high-level resistance to glycopeptides. (cdc.gov)
Furthermore, nucleotide sequences related to the cluster vanHAX are present in this DNA, suggesting that the prolonged use of avoparcin in agriculture led to the uptake of glycopeptide resistance genes by animal commensal bacteria, which were subsequently transferred to humans. (cdc.gov)
Resistance arises by mutation (influencing the target or efflux of the antimicrobial agent) or by the acquisition of resistance genes (encoding antimicrobial or target alter- ation, or alternate pathways) (2,3). (cdc.gov)
Antimicrobial resistance occurs through different mechanisms, which include spontaneous (natural) genetic mutations and horizontal transfer of resistant genes through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (who.int)
This report presents the status of AMR in Africa by analysing the main types of resistance and the underlying genes where possible. (who.int)
This briefing note is limited to consideration of antibacterial agents, antibacterial resistance and antibacterial resistance genes. (who.int)
Natural Horizontal Gene Transfer of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Campylobacter spp. (bvsalud.org)
[ 8 ] Using a previously described method for detection of macrolide resistance in Mycobacteroides abscessus , [ 9 ] we did not detect a functional erm gene. (medscape.com)

After analysing the organisms' genetic family trees, the researchers determined that the most likely explanation was that three different kinds of bacterium had donated the gene to the fungi and oomycetes in a total of 15 different horizontal-gene-transfer events. (uncommondescent.com)
Through the introduction of novel physiological traits from distantly related organisms, horizontal gene transfer often causes drastic changes in the ecological and pathogenic character of bacterial species and thereby promotes microbial diversification and speciation. (who.int)
We now understand that bacteria, as well as higher organisms, can trade genetic material via several different mechanisms collectively referred to as horizontal gene transfer. (blogspot.com)
Organisms intelligently adapt to environmental challenges and genes show up in the wrong place. (blogspot.com)
While the concept is sometimes extended to include transfers between cellular compartments (e.g. chloroplast to mitochondrion), we here refer to HGT as exchange of genetic material between organisms and consider it distinct from intracellular transfers. (biomedcentral.com)
Once GMOs are unleashed in the environment, there is absolutely nothing to stop the natural occurrence of horizontal gene transfer to non-GMO organisms, especially considering GMOs' increased tendency to do so. (gizadeathstar.com)
This work presents multiple lines of evidence documenting horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between the mitogenomes of fungi and the ancestors of the orchids, and demonstrates that the length intergenic spacer regions of angiosperm mitogenome can effectively fossilize the genomic remains of ancient, non-plant organisms. (semanticscholar.org)
Selection for and acquisition of this "survival" plasmid by pathogenic organisms, e.g., in food production environments, may pose great concern and emphasizes the need to screen for the presence of LHR genes in isolates. (frontiersin.org)
Some of these genes were also related to those of organisms outside of the class Deltaproteobacteria, suggesting that they were acquired by horizontal gene transfer from diverse bacteria. (figshare.com)
The ability to pick up used genes and spare parts from other organisms' DNA junkyards may allow tardigrades to survive extreme stress , such as desiccation, radiation and even a trip to space and back, researchers report online November 23 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . (sciencenews.org)
GENE INVASION Tardigrades get 17.5 percent of their genes from other organisms, the most of any animal. (sciencenews.org)
Genetics is the study of genes , heredity , and the variation of organisms , as well as the medical practice of diagnosing, treating, and counseling patients with genetic disorders . (wikipedia.org)
In pathogenic microorganisms, particularly when rates of horizontal gene transfer are high due to processes such as DNA transformation that occurs with some organisms inhabiting the upper respiratory tract of humans, evolutionary lineages can still be analysed by considering DNA sequence change that occurs in several genes. (citizendium.org)
In addition to the specific set of gene functions overexpressed in early and mature oral biofilms, as detected through the short-reads dataset, the long-reads approach detected specific changes when comparing the metatranscriptome of the same individual before and after a meal, which can narrow down the list of organisms responsible for acid production and therefore potentially involved in dental caries. (biomedcentral.com)

The mitogenomes are 265,696 and 275,898 bp in length and contain a typical set of mitochondrial genes, with 10 missing or pseudogenized genes often lost from angiosperm mitogenomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Based on phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial genes from across angiosperms and similarity-based searches, there is little to no indication of HGT into the Cuscuta mitogenomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Unparalleled replacement of native mitochondrial genes by foreign homologs in a holoparasitic plant. (semanticscholar.org)
The sequencing of the complete mtDNA of L. mirabile revealed the unprecedented acquisition of host-derived mitochondrial genes, representing 80% of the protein-coding gene content, and represents a stunning example of the potential effect of rampant HGT on plant mitochondria. (semanticscholar.org)

The predominant method of molecular subtyping of B. pseudomallei is multilocus sequence typing (MLST), which is based on a comparison of the alleles of 7 housekeeping genes to generate a sequence type (ST) ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Gene flow (also known as gene migration ) is the transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another. (citizendium.org)

The TWiM crew ponders the question of how a bacterium finds its middle when dividing, then divulge the transfer of interbacterial antagonism genes to eukaryotes, where they may function in innate defense. (microbe.tv)
Horizontal Gene Transfer in Eukaryotes: Not if, but How Much? (cell.com)

Such episodes of transfer typically involve hundreds of genes and are thought to be possible only in the case of endosymbiosis. (altmetric.com)

This proposal will outline a systematic experimental approach to elucidate factors that select for or against horizontally transferred genes, by pursuing three objectives. (europa.eu)
Risk scenarios where novel plant transgenes transfer horizontally into bacteria have been addressed in numerical theoretical assessments and experimental studies. (ebr-journal.org)
Here we present a stochastic model to better understand the initial establishment and population dynamics of rare bacterial transformants carrying horizontally acquired (trans)genes. (ebr-journal.org)

Here, we used Illumina MiSeq to sequence amplicons generated from the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene to investigate the gut microbiome of two free-ranging sympatric Namibian carnivore species, the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and the black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas). (microbiomedigest.com)
The use of importance of different sources of human infection has hin- nucleotide sequence data directly accesses the variation in the dered the development of effective disease-control measures targeted gene, and the technology employed is readily dissem- and is a major challenge in preventing human disease. (cdc.gov)
Using DNA extracted from bacteria in the dental plaque of mother/child pairs, a sequence of the S. mutans spaP gene was amplified using PCR. (bvsalud.org)

The studies in Salmonella are focused in the regulation of the pathogenicity island 1 genes, which are involved in the invasion of epithelial cells. (ub.edu)
Virulence genes identification and characterization revealed the presence of the Yersinia High Pathogenicity Island (HPI) in Salmonella from Brazil. (cdc.gov)

Huang J, Mullapudi N, Lancto CA, Scott M, Abrahamsen MS, Kissinger JC: Phylogenomic evidence supports past endosymbiosis , intracellular and horizontal gene transfer in Cryptosporidium parvum. (citizendium.org)

So when biologist Thomas Boothby of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and colleagues discovered bacterial genes mixed in to the DNA of Hypsibius dujardini tardigrades, "our initial thought was, 'this is actually a mistake. (sciencenews.org)

Previously, similarity was measured only by comparing two genes' DNA sequences, ignoring their positions on the organism's DNA. (claremont.edu)
Various studies have found that bacterial sequences often do not form the predicted evolutionary tree, and in such cases horizontal gene transfer is the typical explanation. (blogspot.com)
Bioinformatic analysis of marker gene sequences also requires considerable expertise. (osti.gov)

Using a conservative phylogenomic approach, we analyzed genomic data from the fungal pathogen Magnaporthiopsis incrustans in the order Magnaporthales and identified two instances of exclusive sharing of HGT-derived gene markers between Magnaporthales and another lineage of plant-pathogenic fungi in the genus Colletotrichum. (altmetric.com)
In the case of pathogenic bacteria, the modulation of gene expression is crucial, since during the infectious process they need to encounter different many different niches of the host. (ub.edu)

Ancient mitochondrial gene transfer between fungi and the orchids. (semanticscholar.org)
This number is far greater than previously thought, and were transferred especially from microbes, such as bacteria and fungi. (cosmosmagazine.com)
The ammonium transporter gene, acquired from fungi, helps plants absorb nitrogen from soil for growth. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Around 500 million years ago, aquatic plants migrated from water to land, and they may have been able to do it with genes adopted from bacteria, fungi and viruses. (newscientist.com)

Thus determining the phylogenetic history of a species can not be done conclusively by determining evolutionary trees for single genes. (citizendium.org)
Phylogenetic conflicts observed in animal and plant systems have often been explained by hybridization, incomplete lineage sorting (ILS), or horizontal gene transfer. (jse.ac.cn)

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is an important mechanism by which bacteria recombine and acquire novel genes and functions. (ebr-journal.org)
They both have been explained by horizontal gene transfer, a mechanism that evolutionists are increasingly using to explain the origin of the species. (blogspot.com)
Conjugation may be another mechanism that bacteria develop to transfer plasmid to the adjacent cells. (kenyon.edu)
The observation of fecal excretion of radioactive strontium weeks to decades after an oral exposure or over shorter time periods after an intravenous exposure suggests the existence of a mechanism for transfer of absorbed strontium into gastrointestinal tract, either from the bile or directly from the plasma (ATSDR 2001e). (cdc.gov)

In our research group, we are studying different mechanisms of gene expression regulation in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli. (ub.edu)
PCR Primer Design for 16S rRNAs for Experimental Horizontal Gene Transfer Test in Escherichia coli. (redasoft.com)

In the vancomycin producer Amycolatopsis orientalis C329.2, homologs of these genes are present, suggesting an origin for the cluster. (cdc.gov)

We have described a regulatory circuit, composed of three proteins, that controls the expression of genes involved in the conjugation of IncHI1 plasmids in response to changes in the environmental conditions. (ub.edu)

Traditionally, scientists thought that genes in plants and animals have only moved via vertical gene transfer, where genes are passed down from parents to offspring, and new genes and traits are achieved through mutations occurring. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Compared with mutations from vertical gene transfer, HGT enables plants to gain new traits rapidly, and some of these new traits could help plants adapt to a drastically different environment, like when they moved from water to land. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Profiles of mutations in hepatitis B virus surface and polymerase genes isolated from treatment-naïve Nigerians infected with genotype E. (cdc.gov)
Future research with a translational approach will help dental esthetics, identify new mutations or genes, contributing to the evolution in the way of classifying, diagnosing and genes. (bvsalud.org)

These imprudent uses and abuses of antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents contribute to the extensive presence of their residues, their metabolites, multiple antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and their functional genes in human and animal wastes, in landfil s and their leachates, in water, soil and sediments and in water-dependent food crops, such as seafood and produce. (who.int)

Pili are filamentous surface extensions that play roles in bacterial and archaeal cellular processes such as adhesion, biofilm formation, motility, cell-cell communication, DNA uptake and horizontal gene transfer. (diamond.ac.uk)

The nifH gene, which codes for the iron protein of the nitrogenase enzyme, is the most widely established molecular marker for the study of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms (diazotrophs) in nature. (osti.gov)

In this study, 16S rRNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing was applied in order to explore the structure of the bacterial community inhabiting the camel rumen. (microbiomedigest.com)
In this study, we determined the bacterial diversity profile of the Mexico City metro by massive sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. (nature.com)

The genes of microbes made the jump into green algae and plants hundreds of millions of years ago, suggesting the evolution of plants from water to land might have been driven by these events, according to a new study . (cosmosmagazine.com)
They also identified two major HGT events - during the early evolution of charophytes and the origin of land plants - when over a hundred gene families hopped over from microbes into plants. (cosmosmagazine.com)

A phylogenomic perspective on gene tree conflict and character evolution in Caprifoliaceae using target enrichment data, with Zabelioideae recognized as a new subfamily[J]. J Syst Evol, 2021, 59(5): 897-914. (jse.ac.cn)
Phylotranscriptomics reveals extensive gene duplication in the subtribe Gentianinae (Gentianaceae) [J]. J Syst Evol, 2021, 59(6): 1198-1208. (jse.ac.cn)

Differential distribution of the wlan and cgtB genes, associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome, in Campylobacter jejuni isolates from humans, broiler chickens, and wild birds. (ub.edu)

We now understand that epigenetic and horizontal gene transfer mechanisms, respectively, often account for such phenomena. (blogspot.com)
Because biofilms bring cells together in close physical proximity, the process of biofilm formation is coupled with additional social systems and mechanisms fundamental to microbiology, including quorum sensing (and other forms of cell-to-cell communication), horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and the secretion of enzymes that degrade complex material, causing the ECM to act like a kind of shared external digestive system [ 3 ],[ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

This result indicates that social interactions can override mechanistic barriers to horizontal gene transfer. (elsevier.com)
Physical barriers to gene flow are usually, but not always, natural. (citizendium.org)

orthogonal exPeriMental changes and pathways induced by EGE investigated the impact of aSSeSSMent of ePigenetic environmental factors in cancer causation, both current H. pylori infection and driver geneS and their link to underpinning studies of etiology e , pigenetic memory of past (eradicated) environMental carcinogenS carcinogen evaluation, and prevention. (who.int)

The second objective is to examine the effect of evolutionary divergence on HGT, by determining whether genes from closely related species are more permissive to transfer than those from more divergent species. (europa.eu)
For in order for the evolutionary story to make sense, we must believe that evolution created horizontal gene transfer. (blogspot.com)
Now, to account for the codes "universality and optimality," recent evolutionary speculation calls for a massive level of horizontal gene transfer which was "likely to be present in early communal life" and led to "innovation-sharing protocols. (blogspot.com)
Furthermore, a number of unique characteristics of microbial species, such as horizontal gene transfer, the production of public goods, toxin and antibiotic production, rapid evolution, and feedbacks between the microbiome and its host, are not easily accommodated by current ecological and evolutionary theory. (nature.com)
DNA alone was considered right in evolutionary changes and genetics had grown enormously in decoding the gene sequencing of humans and other species as well. (scitechdaily.com)
Stephen J. Gould wrote: "Few evolutionary biologists recognize this curious terminological odyssey making Darwin himself the ultimate, if indirect, source of our modern term 'gene' " ( The Structure of Evolutionary Theory ). (typepad.com)
A non-random distribution of gene families, larvae/adult specific gene expression and signs of differential methylation in TE islands indicate intragenomic differences in regulation, evolutionary rates and coalescent effective population size. (wurmlab.com)

Conjugative plasmids are vehicles for horizontal gene transfer. (ub.edu)

Horizontal gene transfer happens more often in bdelloid rotifers that undergo desiccation than in those that live in aquatic environments and can't stand to be dried out, the researchers report online November 4 in BMC Biology . (sciencenews.org)

But further testing showed that the tardigrades had incorporated into their own DNA genes from more than 1,300 bacterial species, 40 archaea, 91 species of fungus, 45 plant species and six viruses. (sciencenews.org)
The few known examples from prokaryotes and viruses may be the result of horizontal gene transfers. (embl.de)
Viruses can transfer genes between species. (citizendium.org)

A large-scale phylogeny-based prokaryotic HGT detection procedure across nine sequenced diatoms showed that 3-5% of their proteome has a horizontal origin and a large influx occurred at the ancestor of diatoms. (ugent.be)

Consider: these foods are the product of genetic engineering, of what scientists call "horizontal gene transfer" from one species to another, without any reproduction. (gizadeathstar.com)
This final step was explained further when Tian Xu and a team of scientists at Yale Medical Center in 2010 showed that stress (emotional, work-related and other forms) causes cellular inflammation, which in turn stimulated two cancer causing genes inside the cell. (canceractive.com)

These bacteria may be acquired through both vertical and horizontal transmission, the mothers being the main source of infection through S. mutans in their children 3 . (bvsalud.org)

Recombination occurring between genes from different species. (bvsalud.org)

The loosening of terminal adhesives of epigenic proteins can do a lot of transformation in mutation of genes in evolution. (scitechdaily.com)

According to the researchers, these acquired genes may influence plant physiology and development, ultimately leading to better adaptation of plants to their environments and allowing them to live on land. (cosmosmagazine.com)

Vancaester E, Depuydt T, Osuna C, Vandepoele K. Comprehensive and functional analysis of horizontal gene transfer events in diatoms. (ugent.be)

The intimate association between parasitic plants and their hosts favours the exchange of genetic material, potentially leading to horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between plants. (biomedcentral.com)
The altered need for photosynthetic capacity has impacted the size and gene content of plastomes of many parasitic plants [ 16 , 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
I have suspected that horizontal gene transfer helped plants to move from water to land, but we didn't know how big a role it played until now. (cosmosmagazine.com)
This research indicates that HGT is active in charophytes and all major groups of land plants, although interestingly more recently acquired genes are much less prevalent in seed plants. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Many of these genes are known to perform important biological functions in plants. (cosmosmagazine.com)
For example, the late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) genes, which come from bacteria, help plants adapt to a drier environment. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Many foreign genes in these plants have unknown functions, and future research might help identify useful genes that can one day be transferred into crops to help augment them. (cosmosmagazine.com)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Horizontal gene transfer and bacterial diversity. (who.int)
Dutta C, Pan A. Horizontal gene transfer and bacterial diversity. (who.int)
In common with multilocus enzyme organism's wide distribution, high levels of genetic and anti- electrophoresis, MLST indexes variation in housekeeping genic diversity, and a lack of representative population sam- genes, which evolve slowly as they are under stabilizing selec- ples (9). (cdc.gov)

2012). Therein, we used the widespread common primers Bac8f and UN1541r to acquire a virtually full-length gene. (redasoft.com)

Extensive horizontal gene transfer in ureaplasmas from humans questions the utility of serotyping for diagnostic purposes. (medscape.com)

There are a number of factors that affect the rate of gene flow between different populations. (citizendium.org)
Behavioral differences in geographically isolated populations can prevent gene flow and lead to speciation . (citizendium.org)
By measuring the frequencies, the rate of gene flow between the two populations can be measured, showing that gene flow is greater in the Northern U.S. than in the South. (citizendium.org)

The transcriptomic profile of several adhesion genes was confirmed through qPCR by measuring expression of fimbriae-associated genes. (biomedcentral.com)

The genomic data suggested significant genetic transfer among filamentous gliding bacteria in phylogenetically dispersed lineages including filamentous sulfate reducers. (figshare.com)

This cell-cell attachment is based on plasmid-encoded and is subject to conjugal gene transfer. (kenyon.edu)

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) may be broadly defined as the movement of genetic material between species by a means other than normal reproduction (e.g. fusion of gametes). (biomedcentral.com)
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), the movement of genetic material across branches of the tree of life, is well established in prokaryotes and uncontroversial. (cell.com)

Immigration may result in the addition of new genetic material to the established gene pool of a particular species or population, and conversely emigration may result in the removal of genetic material. (citizendium.org)

The survival of bacteria to adverse conditions depends on its ability to modulate gene expression, to provide the appropriate gene products for the adaptation to the new environmental conditions. (ub.edu)
Although the composition of oral biofilms is well established, the active portion of the bacterial community and the patterns of gene expression in vivo have not been studied. (biomedcentral.com)
We could identify some gene expression patterns characteristic for early and mature oral biofilms. (biomedcentral.com)
Among the signaling pathways regulated by GSK3s, the Wnt canonical pathway is the most well described, with GSK3β inhibition triggering an increase in β -catenin protein levels and its nuclear translocation to activate target gene expression ( Doble and Woodgett, 2003 ). (eneuro.org)
Further experiments demonstrated that resveratrol had little effect on VACV early gene expression, while it suppressed VACV DNA synthesis, and subsequently post-replicative gene expression. (researchgate.net)

When National Geographic caught up with the author at his home in Montana, he explained how the discovery of a new "third kingdom" of life changed our understanding of evolution, how so-called kissing bugs can move DNA from one species to another, and why the gene-editing tool CRISPR presents exciting new possibilities, as well as ethical challenges. (nationalgeographic.com)

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A 55-kilodalton immunodominant antigen of Porphyromonas gingivalis W50 has arisen via horizontal gene transfer. (1/2070)

Horizontal gene transfer among genomes: the complexity hypothesis. (2/2070)

Genetic diversity of the streptococcal competence (com) gene locus. (3/2070)

Comparison of the evolutionary dynamics of symbiotic and housekeeping loci: a case for the genetic coherence of rhizobial lineages. (4/2070)

Structural characteristics and possible horizontal transfer of group I introns between closely related plant pathogenic fungi. (5/2070)

Horizontal transfer of DNA by the uptake of apoptotic bodies. (6/2070)

A comparison of the kinetics of plasmid transfer in the conjugation systems encoded by the F plasmid from Escherichia coli and plasmid pCF10 from Enterococcus faecalis. (7/2070)

Horizontal gene transfer in glycosyl hydrolases inferred from codon usage in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. (8/2070)

Gene Transfer Techniques

Gene Transfer, Horizontal

Genetic Vectors

Genetic Therapy

Retinal Horizontal Cells

Adenoviridae

Transduction, Genetic

Phylogeny

Dependovirus

Embryo Transfer

Retroviridae

Molecular Sequence Data

Transgenes

Evolution, Molecular

Plasmids

beta-Galactosidase

Transfection

Genome, Bacterial

Conjugation, Genetic

Gene Expression

Retina

Electroporation

Transfer (Psychology)

Base Sequence

Green Fluorescent Proteins

Lentivirus

Genes, Bacterial

Lac Operon

Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Adoptive Transfer

Bacterial Proteins

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Time Factors

Eye Movements

RNA, Transfer

DNA, Bacterial

Rotation

Cells, Cultured

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Bacteria

Luminescent Proteins

Amino Acid Sequence

Patient Transfer

Phospholipid Transfer Proteins

Vision, Binocular

Escherichia coli

Perches

Cell Line

DNA Transposable Elements

Convergence, Ocular

Genome, Archaeal

Liposomes

Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular

Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor-Like Membrane Protein

Transfer Factor

Oculomotor Muscles

Genes, Archaeal

Genes, Reporter

Photic Stimulation

Polylysine

Symbiosis

Vision Disparity

Recombination, Genetic

Sequence Alignment

DNA

Goldfish

Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins

Polyethyleneimine

Nuclear Transfer Techniques

Disease Models, Animal

Orientation

Species Specificity

Prokaryotic Cells

Electron Transport

Archaea

Nystagmus, Pathologic

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Semicircular Canals

Fixation, Ocular

Kinetics