Encyclopedias as Topic

Gene Knockdown Techniques

MedlinePlus

RNA Interference

Genes, Essential

Gene Silencing

RNA, Small Interfering

Friedreich Ataxia

Iron-Binding Proteins

Histone Deacetylases

Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors

Histone Deacetylase 1

Histones

Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion

Gene silencing

Gene silencing pesticide

Piwi like rna-mediated gene silencing 4

RNA silencing

RE1-silencing transcription factor

RNA-induced silencing complex

RNA-induced transcriptional silencing

Transposon silencing

Reciprocal silencing

Timeline of Australian inventions

Small interfering RNA

KIAA2013

MiRGator

Karolin Luger

History of genetic engineering

Epigenetics and melanoma

Ralf Reski

Bromo adjacent homology domain containing 1

DNA-directed RNA interference

Cancer pharmacogenomics

Histone H2A

Barbara Baker (molecular biologist)

UTP3

Derepression

Tumor suppressor gene

Fis

Polypurine reverse-Hoogsteen hairpin

Heterochromatin

HAT medium

Alnylam Pharmaceuticals

Proteins18

• The fragments integrate into a multi-subunit protein called the RNA-induced silencing complex, which contains Argonaute proteins that are essential components of the RNAi pathway. (wikipedia.org)
• Since genes use RNA molecules to make proteins, these snippets effectively "silence" genes that carry the same sequence. (newscientist.com)
• The gene-silencer in question is Argonaute 2, a molecular machine in cells that can grab and destroy the RNA transcripts of specific genes, preventing them from being translated into proteins. (scripps.edu)
• Argonaute 2 and other Argonaute proteins regulate the influence of about a third of the genes found in humans and other mammals-and thus are among the most important modulators of our cells' day-to-day activities. (scripps.edu)
• they are taken up by Argonaute proteins as guide RNAs and lead to the silencing of targeted gene transcripts. (scripps.edu)
• In a previous study, the researchers found that in estrogen receptor-positive and estrogen receptor-negative mammary cell lines of women who have been affected with breast cancer, the tumor-suppressing gene pRb2/p130 binds to a specific region of the estrogen receptor gene alpha and forms molecular complexes recruiting and/or interacting with several proteins. (sciencedaily.com)
• They discovered that in estrogen receptor-negative cells - which are able to silence the expression of the estrogen receptor - pRb2/p130 forms a specific molecular complex recruiting a different sequence of proteins than in the estrogen receptor-positive cells. (sciencedaily.com)
• Our hypothesis is that the sequence of epigenetic events for establishing and maintaining the silenced state of the estrogen receptor gene alpha during the breast cancer progression is mediated by pRb2/p130 in association with specific proteins that modified the DNA structure through specific mechanisms," said Giordano, who discovered the Rb2 gene while working at Temple's Fels Cancer Institute in the early 1990s. (sciencedaily.com)
• Silence Therapeutics says its technology can selectively inhibit any gene in the genome, specifically silencing the production of disease-causing proteins. (pharmaphorum.com)
• In order to switch off a gene, they interact with so called Argonaute proteins - the subsequent complex induces the shutdown or even degradation of the genetic information. (mpg.de)
• But they also have important regulatory functions: Small noncoding RNAs (miRNAs) influence mRNA stability and are able to switch off genes by stalling their translation into proteins. (mpg.de)
• However, miRNAs can't shut off genes on their own: They need to form complexes with other proteins. (mpg.de)
• The update on RNA-silencing focused on Argonaute2, which is a protein that can switch-off a gene by intercepting and slicing the gene's RNA transcripts before they are translated as proteins. (isaaa.org)
• The ability to silence gene expression is an invaluable tool for elucidating the importance of intracellular signaling proteins which contribute to the effector functions of mast cells and basophils. (kent.ac.uk)
• Soybean gene functions cannot be easily interrogated through transgenic disruption (knock-out) of genes-of-interest, or transgenic overexpression of proteins-of-interest, because soybean transformation is time-consuming and technically challenging. (researchsquare.com)
• PRKRA gene mutations result in production of abnormal PACT proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
• The term RASopathies includes disorders with mutations in the genes that code for the proteins of the RAS/MAPK pathway, such as neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, Legius syndrome, LEOPARD syndrome, Costello syndrome, and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. (medscape.com)
• To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)

RNAi18

• Gene silencing is considered a gene knockdown mechanism since the methods used to silence genes, such as RNAi, CRISPR, or siRNA, generally reduce the expression of a gene by at least 70% but do not eliminate it[citation needed]. (wikipedia.org)
• RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural process used by cells to regulate gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
• The process to silence genes first begins with the entrance of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule into the cell, which triggers the RNAi pathway. (wikipedia.org)
• Surprisingly, most of these discarded genes play a part in RNA interference or RNAi, a process that preserves the integrity of the genome in fungi and other organisms. (sciencedaily.com)
• Surprisingly, most of these discarded genes play a part in RNA interference or RNAi, a defense mechanism employed by fungi and other organisms to protect the integrity of their genomes. (sciencedaily.com)
• Five years ago, researchers in the Heitman lab participated in an international collaborative consortium to sequence the genome of this outbreak species and discovered that it had lost two genes involved in RNAi, a process previously thought to be key to its survival. (sciencedaily.com)
• The RNAi gene-silencing machinery normally shreds the genetic instructions for harmful viruses or silences rogue genes that might contaminate the fungus' genome. (sciencedaily.com)
• But Cryptococcus deuterogatti had holes in its genome where the two RNAi genes should have been. (sciencedaily.com)
• Armed with this information, Billmyre hypothesized that other genes in this missing set of genes might also function in RNAi. (sciencedaily.com)
• The researchers then conducted a number of genetic and molecular analyses to determine if any of these lost genes played a role in RNAi. (sciencedaily.com)
• They mutated each of the genes in Cryptococcus neoformans , which has fully functioning RNAi machinery, to see if these genes were needed for the fungi to silence extra genetic material. (sciencedaily.com)
• Joseph Heitman, the James B. Duke professor and chair of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, said he expected to find maybe one or two other genes involved in RNAi. (sciencedaily.com)
• We could have imagined that the species lost a couple of RNAi genes, and then a smattering of genes involved in all other kinds of processes," said Heitman. (sciencedaily.com)
• Enhancement of allele discrimination by introduction of nucleotide mismatches into siRNA in allele-specific gene silencing by RNAi," Ohnishi et al. (cureffi.org)
• Allele-specific gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) is therapeutically useful for specifically inhibiting the expression of disease-associated alleles without suppressing the expression of corresponding wild-type alleles. (cureffi.org)
• In a previous study, we developed an assay system to assess ASP-RNAi with mutant and wild-type reporter alleles encoding the Photinus and Renilla luciferase genes. (cureffi.org)
• In addition, we also suggest that nucleotide mismatches at the 3′-ends of sense-strand siRNA elements, which possibly increase the assembly of antisense-strand (guide) siRNAs into RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs), may enhance ASP-RNAi in the case of inert siRNA duplexes. (cureffi.org)
• Therefore, the data presented here suggest that structural modification of functional portions of an siRNA duplex by base substitution could greatly influence allele discrimination and gene silencing, thereby contributing to enhancement of ASP-RNAi. (cureffi.org)

Transcriptional8

• The researcher says this study provides a basis for understanding how the complex pattern of estrogen receptor gene alpha methylation and transcriptional silencing is generated, as well as for understanding the relationship between this pattern and its function during breast cancer progression. (sciencedaily.com)
• In this work, gene therapy proposed at the pre-transcriptional level intends to silence mutation of the target gene, thereby inhibiting or silencing gene expression in the form of a defective protein. (amrita.edu)
• Both genes are involved in transcriptional repression and we speculate their involvement in FXN gene silencing. (frontiersin.org)
• The epigenetic basis for transcriptional silencing in FRDA is now well established ( 5 - 8 , 13 , 14 ). (frontiersin.org)
• Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) can be harnessed to sequence-specifically degrade host transcripts and induce heritable epigenetic modifications referred to as virus-induced posttranscriptional gene silencing (ViPTGS) and virus-induced transcriptional gene silencing (ViTGS), respectively. (ed.ac.uk)
• These findings suggest that miRNAs mediate post-transcriptional gene silencing by more than one mechanism. (ox.ac.uk)
• This triggers post-transcriptional silencing through the production of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which target the viral RNA for degradation [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• The expression of key molecules of β-cell function including Insulin, Pdx1, Gck, Glut2, and Insrβ was down-regulated in Chl1 -silenced cells at transcriptional and translational levels. (lu.se)

Protein21

• TTC triplet in the first intron of the FXN gene, encoding the essential mitochondrial protein frataxin. (frontiersin.org)
• TTC triplet repeat expansion in an intron of the nuclear FXN gene, which encodes the essential mitochondrial protein frataxin ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
• But companies like Silence have managed to overcome this hurdle and its rival Alnylam made history in 2018 when its siRNA drug Onpattro was approved by the FDA to treat hereditary transthyretin (hATTR) amyloidosis, which causes the build-up of amyloid protein in nerves and organs. (pharmaphorum.com)
• Now his group has identified the first protein factor which is required for gene-silencing by Ago-miRNA-complexes: Importin 8. (mpg.de)
• The protein is associated with microtubules , and Chatterjee and colleagues silenced the gene via short interfering RNA (siRNA) a molecular biological mechanism to study genes, targeting the CKAP5 encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles for in vivo delivery. (medicalxpress.com)
• RNA-silencing requires an Argonaute protein and guide RNA called microRNA. (isaaa.org)
• Read more about the gene-silencing protein at http://www.scripps.edu/news/press/2012/20120426mcrae.html . (isaaa.org)
• The therapeutic activity required natural killer cells and IFN, as well as silencing of Bcl2, as evidenced by rescue with a mutated Bcl2 target, by sitespecific cleavage of Bcl2 messenger RNA in lung metastases and downregulation of Bcl-2 protein in tumor cells in vivo. (cipsm.de)
• Artificially mismatched siRNAs or short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against mutant alleles of the human Prion Protein ( PRNP ) gene, which appear to be associated with susceptibility to prion diseases, were examined using this assessment system. (cureffi.org)
• In this study, we focused on the human Prion Protein (PRNP) gene, which is known to possess a number of single nucleotide variations [20] , [21] . (cureffi.org)
• Silencing the YBX1 gene (which encodes the YB-1 protein) by small interfering RNA (siRNA) was performed in MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T breast cancer cell lines, followed by phenotypic assays including cell migration and invasion assays. (biomedcentral.com)
• Global gene expression profiling in the YBX1 silenced MDA-MB-231 cells identified differential expression of several genes, including CORO1C (which encodes for an actin binding protein, coronin-1C) as a potential downstream target of YB-1. (biomedcentral.com)
• Recent research has shed light on a potential biomarker for early metastasis, namely Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) encoded by the YBX1 gene. (biomedcentral.com)
• As a simplified example, it's possible to use morpholinos to silence a gene responsible for producing a protein. (biobide.com)
• Once that specific gene has its expression reduced, there should be a noticeable drop in the amount of protein that can then be measured and observed in the actual organism itself. (biobide.com)
• The p-values were calculated using the hypergeometric distribution , assuming a population size of 20,000 (the approximate number of protein-coding genes in the human genome). (sitoolsbiotech.com)
• microRNAs (miRNAs) silence gene expression by suppressing protein production and/or by promoting mRNA decay. (ox.ac.uk)
• The drug, ARO-ANG3 (Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals), is a hepatocyte-targeted small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) designed to silence expression of the angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) gene. (medscape.com)
• Dystonia 16 is caused by mutations in the PRKRA gene, which provides instructions for making a protein called PACT. (medlineplus.gov)
• LEOPARD syndrome, also known as Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, is a rare autosomal dominant disorder most often caused by missense mutations in the PTPN11 gene, which encodes the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. (medscape.com)
• [ 4 ] Molecular studies have proven that LEOPARD syndrome and Noonan syndrome are allelic disorders caused by different missense mutations in PTPN11, a gene encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 located at band 12q24.1. (medscape.com)

MRNA5

• These molecules work by cleaving mRNA molecules, essentially silencing the genes that produced them. (wikipedia.org)
• The guide or antisense strand of the fragment that remains bound to RISC directs the sequence-specific silencing of the target mRNA molecule. (wikipedia.org)
• Importin 8 interacts with Ago and miRNA and is necessary for the binding of the AgomiRNA-complex to a variety of mRNA targets: In the cytoplasm - i.e. the intracellular space outside the nucleus - it recruits the complex to its target, allowing for efficient and specific gene-silencing. (mpg.de)
• However, the mere presence of small RNAs (Supplementary Table 1 ) or terminally modified mRNA fragments 9 does not result in indefinite RNA silencing. (nature.com)
• In presenting the data, Raal explained that ARO-ANG3, which is administered subcutaneously, inhibits and degrades ANGPTL3 mRNA, leading to "deep and durable silencing of the ANGPTL3 gene, while avoiding off-target effects. (medscape.com)

MiRNA4

• Mediators of gene silencing pathways, microRNA (miRNA) populations have now been extensively characterised and implicated in numerous fundamental processes. (edu.au)
• It means miRNA turns off protective genes in what is called down regulating (Gene Silencing) of those genes. (ldsfreedomforum.com)
• Target-specific requirements for enhancers of decapping in miRNA-mediated gene silencing. (ox.ac.uk)
• To elucidate how silencing is accomplished, we screened an RNA interference library for suppressors of miRNA-mediated regulation in Drosophila melanogaster cells. (ox.ac.uk)

Molecules9

• Ribozymes are catalytic RNA molecules used to inhibit gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
• But blood samples showed that the risk of RSV infection did not depend on levels of immune molecules, suggesting that RNAi's protective effect was due to the silencing of genes. (newscientist.com)
• Silence has technology that can inhibit liver-expressed gene targets and the companies will collaborate to find siRNA molecules to other tissues including the heart, kidney and lung. (pharmaphorum.com)
• The UK biotech will design SiRNA molecules against gene targets selected by AZ, and will manufacture material to support toxicology and phase 1 clinical studies. (pharmaphorum.com)
• Pharmaceutical R&D is constantly looking into the potential effects of new molecules on specific genes with incredible precision and verifiable results. (biobide.com)
• Morpholinos are oligomer molecules that are useful for modifying the expression of genes. (biobide.com)
• These specialized molecules give researchers and scientists the means to block access to specific RNA and silence targeted genes for precise experimentation. (biobide.com)
• Having full control over the entire process allows for in-depth research around how molecules and chemical compounds affect every aspect of a cell and its genes. (biobide.com)
• The requirements for such a protocol are to establish virus infection and generation of siRNA molecules for induction of gene silencing in the pea roots before they become AMF colonized. (biomedcentral.com)

Knockdown5

• Gene silencing is often considered the same as gene knockdown. (wikipedia.org)
• While knockdown of YBX1 gene decreased CORO1C gene expression, the opposite effects were seen in YB-1 overexpressing cells. (biomedcentral.com)
• This suggests that the down-regulated genes are not the downstream result of target gene knockdown (i.e. they are mostly off-target). (sitoolsbiotech.com)
• There are several aspects for preparing and delivering effective siRNA to knockdown a target gene. (labettor.com)
• The knockdown of SOX2 by gene silencing abrogated the fibrogenic and FSC-inducing effects of CNTs. (cdc.gov)

SiRNAs7

• Using a novel mismatch-siRNA tool, which precisely distinguishes virus-derived (primary) from target-generated (secondary) siRNAs, we demonstrated that the lack of secondary siRNA production/amplification was responsible for inefficient ViTGS at 29°C. Moreover, inefficient ViTGS at 29°C inhibited the transmission of epigenetic gene silencing to the subsequent generations. (ed.ac.uk)
• compiled 164 different microarray experiments measuring gene expression following transfection with siRNAs. (sitoolsbiotech.com)
• few of the down-regulated genes are shared between siRNAs with the same target gene. (sitoolsbiotech.com)
• High-complexity pooling of siRNAs (e.g. with siPOOLs) can reduce the number of down-regulated genes. (sitoolsbiotech.com)
• We can see that even if there are only 20 assay-potent genes, there's a nearly 10% chance of getting an off-target phenotype when siRNAs down-regulate 100 off-target genes (which is close to the average observed in the Garcia dataset). (sitoolsbiotech.com)
• In a genome-wide screen of 20,000 genes with 3 siRNAs per gene, we would thus expect 2,000 off-target siRNAs. (sitoolsbiotech.com)
• Note that one of the major simplifying assumptions of the above analysis is that all siRNAs have the same number of down-regulated off-target genes. (sitoolsbiotech.com)

MiRNAs6

• In this respect, they match the miRNAs much better than the natural gene transcripts that the miRNAs evolved to target. (scripps.edu)
• De confirmed that decoy RNAs designed to match miRNAs this way can greatly hasten the miRNAs' "unloading" from Argonautes, thus effectively dialing down these miRNAs' normal gene-silencing activities. (scripps.edu)
• Small noncoding ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are important regulators of genes. (mpg.de)
• These findings led to hypothesize that a second regulatory block occurs at translational level, perhaps by mechanisms mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs), resulting in translational repression and gene silencing. (unina.it)
• Comparable to a 'Trojan horse', it can be assumed that a whole series of metabolic events will be triggered as a positive feedback loop in any given gene network that is regulated by miRNAs. (ldsfreedomforum.com)
• Drosha, Pasha, Dicer-1, AGO1, and GW182), the screen identified the decapping activator Ge-1 as being required for silencing by miRNAs. (ox.ac.uk)

Pathways3

• With the continued support of AVF in Year 2, we screened powdery mildew genes prioritized to impact metabolic and regulatory pathways critical to powdery mildew colonization, growth, and reproduction. (avf.org)
• Assuming different numbers of down-regulated genes (off-target) and different numbers of potent genes involved in assay pathways, we can try to estimate the probability of an siRNA giving an off-target effect. (sitoolsbiotech.com)
• Silencing of Chl1 impairs β-cell function by disrupting the activity of key signaling pathways of importance for insulin biosynthesis and secretion. (lu.se)

Mechanism5

• The antisense oligonucleotides can affect gene expression in two ways: by using an RNase H-dependent mechanism or by using a steric blocking mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
• A team led by scientists at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) has found how to boost or inhibit a gene-silencing mechanism that normally serves as a major controller of cells' activities. (scripps.edu)
• The mechanism by which GKN1 gene is inactivated in GC remains still unknown, so here I have investigated on the possible causes of GKN1 gene silencing in order to determine if epigenetic mechanisms could also contribute to its down-regulation. (unina.it)
• Findings suggest MeCP2 might be implicated in OR and TAS2R genes expression regulation through interaction with H3K9me3, and as an early event, it may uncover a novel etiopathogenetic mechanism of sporadic AD. (diagenode.com)
• Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) exploits a natural defence mechanism in plants against virus infection [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Therapeutics4

• In particular, methods used to silence genes are being increasingly used to produce therapeutics to combat cancer and other diseases, such as infectious diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. (wikipedia.org)
• In addition, attempts are being made to use ribozymes to produce gene silencing therapeutics, which would silence genes that are responsible for causing diseases. (wikipedia.org)
• AstraZeneca has announced a collaboration with UK biotech Silence Therapeutics to develop gene silencing drugs for cardiovascular, renal, metabolic and respiratory diseases. (pharmaphorum.com)
• With biomedical R&D and the pharmaceutical industry as a whole becoming increasingly competitive, gene silencing is almost a necessity for anyone trying to stay ahead of the curve and find new treatments and therapeutics before the competition. (biobide.com)

Regulation6

• Gene silencing is the regulation of gene expression in a cell to prevent the expression of a certain gene. (wikipedia.org)
• Specific gene-silencing is involved in the development of cancer and plays an essential role in gene regulation. (mpg.de)
• Possibly it is involved in gene regulation, too. (mpg.de)
• We explored the possible expression and regulation of selected OR and TASR genes in human orbitofrontal cortex of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and found that these are expressed and markedly downregulated at early stages. (diagenode.com)
• The LCR interacts with β-globin gene cluster involving long range DNA interactions mediated by various transcription factors to drive the regulation of globin genes expression. (kcl.ac.uk)
• siRNA-mediated silencing of CORO1C and down-regulation of YBX1 in CORO1C overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cells were performed to evaluate cell migration and invasion. (biomedcentral.com)

Specific genes5

• This in turn can be used to better identify and study the specific genes involved in the development of cancer. (genengnews.com)
• Gene silencing refers to a type of gene editing that prevents specific genes from expressing their traits. (biobide.com)
• Using morpholinos to silence specific genes makes it possible to learn about very specific interactions between DNA and gene expression. (biobide.com)
• Morpholinos allow for viable research into gene expression, connecting specific traits to specific genes. (biobide.com)
• The benefits of a highly scalable vertebrate animal model that retains much of the human disease gene DNA, generates viable data about how diseases and new drugs affect specific genes. (biobide.com)

Interference1

• Genomic Imprinting Paramutation Transposon silencing (or Histone Modifications) Transgene silencing Position effect RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA interference RNA silencing Nonsense mediated decay Transvection Meiotic silencing of unpaired DNA Antisense oligonucleotides were discovered in 1978 by Paul Zamecnik and Mary Stephenson. (wikipedia.org)

VIGS9

• However, existing virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and/or overexpression vectors suitable for soybean have various drawbacks that hinder their widespread adoption. (researchsquare.com)
• Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an alternative functional genomics tool for soybean because it does not involve the generation of inheritable changes. (researchsquare.com)
• Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an alternative reverse genetics tool for silencing of genes in some plants, which are difficult to transform. (biomedcentral.com)
• The pea early-browning virus (PEBV) has been developed as a VIGS vector and used in pea for functional analysis of several genes. (biomedcentral.com)
• However, the available PEBV-VIGS protocols are inadequate for studying genes involved in the symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). (biomedcentral.com)
• Here we describe a PEBV-VIGS protocol suitable for reverse genetics studies in pea of genes involved in the symbiosis with AMF and show its effectiveness in silencing genes involved in the early and late stages of AMF symbiosis. (biomedcentral.com)
• The development of VIGS vectors for P. sativum , G. max and P. vulgaris has paved the way for functional analysis of plant symbiosis genes in crop legumes and the transfer of knowledge from model legumes to crop plants. (biomedcentral.com)
• Here our aim was to develop a "mycorrhiza-PEBV-VIGS protocol", to extend the use of VIGS for functional studies of pea genes involved in the symbiosis with AMF. (biomedcentral.com)
• The silencing potential of the mycorrhiza-PEBV-VIGS protocol was evaluated using two target genes PsSym19 and PsPT4 , with known mutant phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)

Methylation3

• In the current study, lead by Antonio Giordano, M.D., Ph.D., director of the Sbarro Institute, the researchers showed that the presence of specific pRb2/p130 multimolecular complexes bound to the estrogen receptor gene strongly correlates with the methylation (chemical modification) of the gene. (sciencedaily.com)
• In other words, the presence of a specific pRb2/p130 multimolecular complex may dictate a local change of the DNA structure of the estrogen receptor alpha gene and influence its susceptibility to chemical modification (DNA methylation), as well as to different epigenetic alterations leading to estrogen receptor alpha silencing," added Marcella Macaluso, research assistant professor at the Sbarro Institute and the study's lead author. (sciencedaily.com)
• The silencing of NDRG1 in SW620 was not due to promoter hyper-methylation as bisulfite sequencing of the NDRG1 promoter showed minimal DNA methylation in both cell lines. (nih.gov)

Overexpression2

• Overexpression and silencing of YBX1 were performed to assess the expression of CORO1C , one of the differentially regulated genes from the transcriptomic analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
• An attractive alternative is to administer transient gene silencing or overexpression with a plant virus-based vector. (researchsquare.com)

Mutation7

• TTC expansion mutation is to reduce expression of frataxin at the level of transcription ( 3 ), through the formation of heterochromatin and subsequent gene silencing ( 4 - 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
• We report an infant with sickle cell disease phenotype by biochemical analysis whose β-globin gene (HBB) sequencing showed sickle cell mutation (HBB S ) heterozygosity. (kcl.ac.uk)
• In some cases, one mutation is inherited from an unaffected parent and the other is a new (de novo) mutation in the gene that occurs during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs or sperm) in the other parent or in early embryonic development. (medlineplus.gov)
• At the time of diagnosis, the vast majority of these tumors will exhibit a mutation of the IDH1/2 gene and up to one half will exhibit gene mutation or deregulation of the expression of the TP53 gene. (medscape.com)
• There is a rare hereditary form of beta-2-microglobulin amyloidosis due to a mutation to the relevant gene. (msdmanuals.com)
• LEOPARD syndrome may be caused by heterozygous missense mutation of Tyr 279 Cys in the PTPN11 gene. (medscape.com)
• [ 12 ] In one Bosnian family, five patients had the same recurrent mutation Y279C in the PTPN11 gene, but had different phenotypes and a variable expression of multiple lentigines. (medscape.com)

Diseases6

• In addition, they provide a more complete view on the development of diseases since diseases are generally associated with genes that have a reduced expression. (wikipedia.org)
• This new finding can be helpful in understanding a process called RNA-silencing and use it to treat diseases. (isaaa.org)
• If this is done for example with some neurological protective genes or say cancer protective genes it would would remove the bodies gene security guard against those diseases. (ldsfreedomforum.com)
• The Knock Out Mouse Project - They took 600 mice and selectively knocked out (Silenced/switched off) singular genes and tested what diseases knocking out each gene would lead to. (ldsfreedomforum.com)
• Many diseases interact with multiple genes in complex and hard-to-predict ways that could be missed if a gene is erased. (biobide.com)
• The side effects of an experimental 'gene-silencing' treatment that is currently being investigated for a variety of diseases could be useful in corneal transplantation, where growth of new blood and lymph vessels is believed to be a major cause of graft failure. (ophthalmologytimes.com)

Reproducible2

• SIGS against each of these six E. necator genes showed significant and reproducible reduction in powdery mildew growth and reproduction on grapevine. (avf.org)
• The protocol produced reproducible silencing of both symbiosis genes at levels which were sufficient to produce symbiotic phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)

Benthamiana3

• Here, we use recombinant tobacco rattle viruses (TRV) to study the effect of temperature on ViPTGS and ViTGS using GFP as a reporter gene of silencing in N. benthamiana 16c plants. (ed.ac.uk)
• Here, we use recombinant tobacco rattle viruses (TRV) to study the effect of temperature on ViPTGS and ViTGS using GFP as a reporter gene of silencing in N. benthamiana 16c plants.We found that unlike ViPTGS, ViTGS was impaired at high temperature. (ed.ac.uk)
• FZ-based silencing constructs induced robust silencing of phytoene desaturase genes in N. benthamiana , multiple soybean accessions, and cowpea. (researchsquare.com)

Transgene2

• Here we report that a minimal combination of cis- regulatory sequences can support permanent RNA silencing of a single-copy transgene and its derivatives in C. elegans simply upon mating. (nature.com)
• Here we introduce mating as a simple approach to reproducibly initiate RNA silencing of a single-copy transgene that can last for hundreds of generations. (nature.com)

Disease-causi2

• Further studies of this new finding aims to use it to find "therapeutic weapons" against disease-causing genes or a cell's overactive guide RNA. (isaaa.org)
• Gene silencing through the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) has become a primary tool for identifying disease-causing genes. (labettor.com)

CRISPR1

• Modern gene editing makes use of incredible tools like CRISPR or morpholinos to specifically silence target genes, reducing th eir expression and changing how traits manifest in animal model organisms. (biobide.com)

Apoptosis2

• These Rig-I-mediated activities synergized with siRNA-mediated Bcl2 silencing to provoke massive apoptosis of tumor cells in lung metastases in vivo. (cipsm.de)
• Silencing of Chl1 in INS-1 cells was done to assess its impact on the insulin secretion, content, cell viability, and apoptosis. (lu.se)

Functional1

• The new CPSMV-derived FZ vector provides a convenient and versatile soybean functional genomics tool that is expected to accelerate the characterization of soybean genes controlling crucial productivity traits. (researchsquare.com)

MicroRNA1

• The NCI selected Open Biosystems to verify the effectiveness of lentiviral microRNA-adapted shRNAmir technology in 135 specifically targeted cancer genes. (genengnews.com)

Targets5

• These findings indicate that epigenetic mechanisms leading to the inactivation of GKN1 play a key role in the multi-step process of gastric 2 carcinogenesis and would provide an essential starting point for the development of new therapeutic strategies based on epigenetic targets for alternatives gene. (unina.it)
• We optimized dsRNA design, application method, dosage, timing of application and powdery mildew growth assessment for testing of SIGS against gene targets in both Golovinomyces orontii-Arabidopsis and Erysiphe necator-grapevine systems. (avf.org)
• Fifteen out of 16 novel gene targets tested, identified using this pipeline, showed significant reduction in powdery mildew growth in G. orontii-Arabidopsis system that increased our success rate of target prediction to 94% from 60% in the previous year. (avf.org)
• Starting with a microscopic focus on chemical compounds and DNA, scientists use gene silencing as a way to test any identified targets that show signs of potentially becoming the focus of a new drug. (biobide.com)
• A comparison of gene expression profiles in cells depleted of AGO1 or of individual decapping activators shows that approximately 15% of AGO1-targets are also regulated by Ge-1, DCP1, and HPat, whereas 5% are dependent on EDC3 and LSm1-7. (ox.ac.uk)

Survival3

• The team showed the therapeutic potential in an ovarian cancer model with an 80% survival rate of silenced-CKAP5 lipid nanoparticle-treated animals. (medicalxpress.com)
• Together, 3p-siRNA represents a single molecule-based approach in which Rig-I activation on both the immune- and tumor cell level corrects immune ignorance and in which gene silencing corrects key molecular events that govern tumor cell survival. (cipsm.de)
• Beyond that, gene silencing ensures any genes necessary for survival, leading to data that is more practically applicable and usable in future preclinical trials. (biobide.com)

Translational1

• Histone post-translational modifications near the expanded repeats are consistent with heterochromatin formation and consequent FXN gene silencing. (frontiersin.org)

Transcription3

• Gene silencing can occur during either transcription or translation and is often used in research. (wikipedia.org)
• Currently described online in Cell Stem Cell , the new findings demonstrate that, when silenced, the FOXP2 transcription factor, otherwise known as the speech gene, endows breast cancer cells with a number of malignant traits and properties that enable them to survive - and thrive. (newswise.com)
• In this patient, the observed transcription from the duplicated, distally displaced HBB A cluster demonstrates that the loss of LCR and flanking 3′HS sites do not lead to complete silencing of HBB transcription. (kcl.ac.uk)

Endothelial1

• We demonstrated for the first time that gene silencing of endothelial E-selectin using siRNA transfection in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) causes inhibition of EPC adhesion under flow conditions. (scirp.org)

Mechanisms5

• The mechanisms that silence the estrogen receptor gene alpha, in certain breast cancer cell lines may be closer to being unlocked, according to a new study. (sciencedaily.com)
• The mechanisms that silence the estrogen receptor gene alpha (ER-α) in certain breast cancer cell lines may be closer to being unlocked, according to a study by researchers at Temple University's Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine. (sciencedaily.com)
• The objective of this study was to investigate the potential mechanisms involved in silencing of the NDRG1 gene. (nih.gov)
• The outcomes highlighted the importance of the gene of interest as a therapeutic target to investigate genetically unstable ovarian cancers to further elucidate its mechanisms of action. (medicalxpress.com)
• New insights show that epigenetic alterations contribute significantly to the development and progression of GC and if nowadays the role of somatic mutations as drivers of carcinogenesis in the alimentary tract is well established, the importance of gene silencing by epigenetic mechanisms is increasingly recognized. (unina.it)

Genome2

• In contrast, when genes are knocked out, they are completely erased from the organism's genome and, thus, have no expression. (wikipedia.org)
• With a fully sequenced genome and thousands of genetically modified examples already available, these small fish are a prime example of using morpholinos for gene silencing in drug development. (biobide.com)

Endogenous3

• GXD's primary emphasis is on endogenous gene expression during development. (jax.org)
• Both ViPTGS and ViTGS enable manipulation of endogenous gene expression without the need for transgenesis. (ed.ac.uk)
• Inserting a fragment of a plant gene into a virus vector will result in a recombinant virus that triggers degradation of both the virus transcript and of homologous endogenous plant RNA sequences. (biomedcentral.com)

Methods2

• Methods using gene silencing are often considered better than gene knockouts[citation needed] since they allow researchers to study essential genes that are required for the animal models to survive and cannot be removed. (wikipedia.org)
• It's important to note the difference between gene silencing and other methods of gene editing. (biobide.com)

Phenotypes2

• Blue squares indicate phenotypes directly attributed to mutations/alleles of this gene. (jax.org)
• Changing an assay to make the phenotypic readout narrower (to reduce the number of genes capable of inducing a phenotype) is one way to reduce the risk of off-target phenotypes. (sitoolsbiotech.com)

Oligonucleotides1

• Title : Nitroreductase-Activatable Morpholino Oligonucleotides for in Vivo Gene Silencing Personal Author(s) : Yamazoe, Sayumi;McQuade, Lindsey E.;Chen, James K. (cdc.gov)

Phenotype3

• If an siRNA down-regulates a large number of genes, or if an assay phenotype can be induced by a large number of genes, the probability of observing an off-target phenotype increases. (sitoolsbiotech.com)
• In contrast, a more specific reagent that only down-regulates 5 off-target genes only has a 0.5% change of producing an off-target phenotype. (sitoolsbiotech.com)
• As the number of assay-potent genes increases, the probability of getting an off-target phenotype approaches one. (sitoolsbiotech.com)

Regulate2

• They dynamically regulate the expression of genes, transposable elements, and higher-order chromatin structures. (pasteur.fr)
• Our results show that all 6 candidates regulate the expression of germline genes. (pasteur.fr)

Therapy1

• The remedial alternative to this is treatment at the genetic level which quite obviously points out to gene therapy. (amrita.edu)

Subsequent1

• Subsequent differentiation allows for rear- analysis of a set of mouse B lineage cell lines rep- rangements of the Ig light-chain (IgL) genes that replace the resenting defined stages of B cell development us- surrogate light-chain genes on the surface of the B cell [8]. (lu.se)

Constructs1

• With NCI funding, Open Biosystems will functionally validate the knock-down efficiency of shRNAmir lentiviral constructs when targeting specific cancer genes. (genengnews.com)

Germline2

• Recovery is also observed in most cases when double-stranded RNA is used to silence the same coding sequence in different regulatory contexts that drive germline expression. (nature.com)
• In 2006, Tartaglia et al reported that germline mutations in the PTPN11 gene cause LEOPARD and Noonan syndromes, whereas somatic mutations in the same gene contribute to leukemogenesis. (medscape.com)

Mutations5

• Argonautes' gene-silencing functions also help cells cope with rogue genetic activity from invading viruses or cancer-promoting DNA mutations. (scripps.edu)
• It is unclear why brain cells are particularly affected by PRKRA gene mutations. (medlineplus.gov)
• which means both copies of the PRKRA gene in each cell have mutations. (medlineplus.gov)
• Molecular data have indicated a direct progression from diffuse astrocytoma to anaplastic astrocytoma to glioblastoma in patients whose tumors bear mutations in the IDH1/2 genes and TP53 genes, a finding that marks the pathogenic pathway of 5% of all glioblastomas. (medscape.com)
• in addition, they indicated recurrent mutations in the promoter region of telomerase (TERT) that reactivates the gene. (medscape.com)

Target6

• AZ will pay an option fee of $10 million for each selected target when a drug candidate is nominated, and Silence could receive up to $140 million in development milestones, and up to $250 million in market milestones. (pharmaphorum.com)
• All selected G. orontii target genes had homologs in E. necator and are conserved among powdery mildews. (avf.org)
• dsRNA against individual target genes were designed, applied exogenously and the growth of powdery mildew was quantified. (avf.org)
• The initial screening of target genes was done using the Arabidopsis-powdery mildew system as it was faster than grapevine. (avf.org)
• siRNA off-target effects can be reduced by using more specific reagents or narrowing the assay focus (to reduce the number of relevant genes). (sitoolsbiotech.com)
• If a validated siRNA sequence for your target gene is not available, use siRNA generated against the entire target gene ORF. (labettor.com)

Downstream1

• N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) plays vital roles in tumor metastasis suppression and is frequently silenced in metastatic colon cancers. (nih.gov)

Human4

• Learning to control natural gene silencing processes will allow an entirely new approach to treating human disease," said Ian J. MacRae, associate professor in TSRI's Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and principal investigator for the study, which appears as the cover story in the May 9, 2013 issue of the journal Molecular Cell . (scripps.edu)
• Gene expression profiling using Affymetrix GeneChip® Human Transcriptome 2.0 array was subsequently carried out in YB-1 silenced MDA-MB-231 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
• Gene silencing approaches in mast cells and primary human basophils. (kent.ac.uk)
• Here, we describe a method using lipofection which has been successfully employed to silence gene expression using siRNA in human LAD2 mast cells as well as primary human basophils. (kent.ac.uk)

Cells8

• By interrogating microarray data from neuronal cells treated with inhibitors of different specificity, we selected two genes encoding histone macroH2A ( H2AFY2 ) and Polycomb group ring finger 2 ( PCGF2 ) that were specifically down-regulated by the inhibitors targeting HDACs1 and 3 versus the more selective inhibitors for further investigation. (frontiersin.org)
• Short interfering RNA (siRNA) is a powerful technique that can suppress gene expression in a variety of cells including mammalian cells. (scirp.org)
• Silencing of CORO1C by siRNA in MDA-MB-231 cells was also observed to reduce cell migration and invasion. (biomedcentral.com)
• Silencing of YBX1 caused a similar reduction in CORO1C expression , concomitant with a significant decrease in migration in Hs578T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
• However, primary mast cells and their terminally differentiated blood counterpart, namely basophils, pose a difficult challenge for gene silencing approaches given not only their state of maturation and difficulty to transfect, but also because their functions are readily altered by cell-handling conditions. (kent.ac.uk)
• Silencing of Chl1 in INS-1 cells markedly reduced insulin content and secretion. (lu.se)
• GSEA showed that the insulin-signaling pathway was influenced in Chl1 -silenced cells. (lu.se)
• immature cell is then subjected to negative selection to delete grouped based on their previously defined pheno- self-reactive cells before it leaves the BM to enter peripheral typic features, and a gene expression pattern for lymphoid organs, where it becomes a mature B cell [9]. (lu.se)

Histone1

• The low Pol II binding at the NDRG1 promoter in SW620 was associated with gene-wide decrease in histone H4 acetylation and increase in histone H3 serine 10 phosphorylation. (nih.gov)

Pathway2

• Once one gene in a pathway is lost, the researchers hypothesize that an organism can find itself on a slippery evolutionary slope as other genes that are no longer of benefit are lost in quick succession. (sciencedaily.com)
• This stable silencing requires components of the small RNA pathway and can silence homologous sequences in trans . (nature.com)

Processes1

• As we realised that our new factor is an Importin, it was an obvious supposition that transport processes might play a role in gene-silencing", explains Meister. (mpg.de)

Scientists2

• The technique is valuable for research and discovery of new drugs, allowing scientists to observe and record the exact impact of individual genes on the whole biological system. (biobide.com)
• Gene silencing gives scientists and researchers a powerful way to control for variables in Early Drug Discovery. (biobide.com)