Gene silencing

Gene silencing pesticide

Piwi like rna-mediated gene silencing 4

RNA silencing

RE1-silencing transcription factor

RNA-induced silencing complex

RNA-induced transcriptional silencing

Transposon silencing

Reciprocal silencing

Timeline of Australian inventions

Small interfering RNA

KIAA2013

MiRGator

Karolin Luger

History of genetic engineering

Epigenetics and melanoma

Bromo adjacent homology domain containing 1

DNA-directed RNA interference

Cancer pharmacogenomics

Ralf Reski

Histone H2A

Barbara Baker (molecular biologist)

UTP3

Derepression

Tumor suppressor gene

Fis

Polypurine reverse-Hoogsteen hairpin

Heterochromatin

HAT medium

Alnylam Pharmaceuticals

SiRNA11

• Gene silencing is considered a gene knockdown mechanism since the methods used to silence genes, such as RNAi, CRISPR, or siRNA, generally reduce the expression of a gene by at least 70% but do not eliminate it[citation needed]. (wikipedia.org)
• Short interfering RNA (siRNA) is a powerful technique that can suppress gene expression in a variety of cells including mammalian cells. (scirp.org)
• We demonstrated for the first time that gene silencing of endothelial E-selectin using siRNA transfection in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) causes inhibition of EPC adhesion under flow conditions. (scirp.org)
• Here, we describe a method using lipofection which has been successfully employed to silence gene expression using siRNA in human LAD2 mast cells as well as primary human basophils. (kent.ac.uk)
• Gene silencing through the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) has become a primary tool for identifying disease-causing genes. (labettor.com)
• There are several aspects for preparing and delivering effective siRNA to knockdown a target gene. (labettor.com)
• If a validated siRNA sequence for your target gene is not available, use siRNA generated against the entire target gene ORF. (labettor.com)
• NIR-induced spatiotemporally controlled gene silencing by upconversion nanoparticle-based siRNA nanocarrier. (wisc.edu)
• Chen G, Ma B, Xie R, Wang Y, Dou K, Gong S . NIR-induced spatiotemporally controlled gene silencing by upconversion nanoparticle-based siRNA nanocarrier. (wisc.edu)
• This paper reports a simple NIR-to-UV upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP)-based siRNA nanocarrier for NIR-controlled gene silencing. (wisc.edu)
• The drug, ARO-ANG3 (Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals), is a hepatocyte-targeted small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) designed to silence expression of the angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) gene. (medscape.com)

Proteins5

• The fragments integrate into a multi-subunit protein called the RNA-induced silencing complex, which contains Argonaute proteins that are essential components of the RNAi pathway. (wikipedia.org)
• The update on RNA-silencing focused on Argonaute2, which is a protein that can switch-off a gene by intercepting and slicing the gene's RNA transcripts before they are translated as proteins. (isaaa.org)
• The ability to silence gene expression is an invaluable tool for elucidating the importance of intracellular signaling proteins which contribute to the effector functions of mast cells and basophils. (kent.ac.uk)
• PRKRA gene mutations result in production of abnormal PACT proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
• The term RASopathies includes disorders with mutations in the genes that code for the proteins of the RAS/MAPK pathway, such as neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, Legius syndrome, LEOPARD syndrome, Costello syndrome, and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. (medscape.com)

Antisense4

• Genomic Imprinting Paramutation Transposon silencing (or Histone Modifications) Transgene silencing Position effect RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA interference RNA silencing Nonsense mediated decay Transvection Meiotic silencing of unpaired DNA Antisense oligonucleotides were discovered in 1978 by Paul Zamecnik and Mary Stephenson. (wikipedia.org)
• The antisense oligonucleotides can affect gene expression in two ways: by using an RNase H-dependent mechanism or by using a steric blocking mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
• The guide or antisense strand of the fragment that remains bound to RISC directs the sequence-specific silencing of the target mRNA molecule. (wikipedia.org)
• Nevertheless, transgenes which contain 3 non-coding locations usually do not induce gene silencing, despite antisense RNA creation. (thetechnoant.info)

Knockdown2

• Gene silencing is often considered the same as gene knockdown. (wikipedia.org)
• The knockdown of SOX2 by gene silencing abrogated the fibrogenic and FSC-inducing effects of CNTs. (cdc.gov)

MRNA4

• These molecules work by cleaving mRNA molecules, essentially silencing the genes that produced them. (wikipedia.org)
• Transcription from the targeted endogenous genes is normally normal, although mRNA levels dramatically decrease. (thetechnoant.info)
• Aberrant RNAs, both longer and shorter than the full-length mRNA and very easily detectable by northern blot, are systematically present in silenced clones. (thetechnoant.info)
• In presenting the data, Raal explained that ARO-ANG3, which is administered subcutaneously, inhibits and degrades ANGPTL3 mRNA, leading to "deep and durable silencing of the ANGPTL3 gene, while avoiding off-target effects. (medscape.com)

Homologous2

• Homology-dependent gene silencing is definitely attained in by introduction of gene coding locations in to the somatic nucleus at high duplicate number, leading to reduced expression of most homologous genes. (thetechnoant.info)
• In this study, we use transcriptome sequencing to show that there is a bi-layered gene silencing system - involving the homologous H-NS and StpA - operating on horizontally-acquired genes among others. (ccamp.res.in)

Disease-causi1

• Further studies of this new finding aims to use it to find "therapeutic weapons" against disease-causing genes or a cell's overactive guide RNA. (isaaa.org)

Mutation6

• In this work, gene therapy proposed at the pre-transcriptional level intends to silence mutation of the target gene, thereby inhibiting or silencing gene expression in the form of a defective protein. (amrita.edu)
• In some cases, one mutation is inherited from an unaffected parent and the other is a new (de novo) mutation in the gene that occurs during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs or sperm) in the other parent or in early embryonic development. (medlineplus.gov)
• At the time of diagnosis, the vast majority of these tumors will exhibit a mutation of the IDH1/2 gene and up to one half will exhibit gene mutation or deregulation of the expression of the TP53 gene. (medscape.com)
• There is a rare hereditary form of beta-2-microglobulin amyloidosis due to a mutation to the relevant gene. (msdmanuals.com)
• LEOPARD syndrome may be caused by heterozygous missense mutation of Tyr 279 Cys in the PTPN11 gene. (medscape.com)
• [ 12 ] In one Bosnian family, five patients had the same recurrent mutation Y279C in the PTPN11 gene, but had different phenotypes and a variable expression of multiple lentigines. (medscape.com)

Argonaute1

• RNA-silencing requires an Argonaute protein and guide RNA called microRNA. (isaaa.org)

Mutations10

• The acquisition, by lateral gene transfer, of a large plasmid carrying virulence determinants has been a crucial event in the evolution towards the pathogenic lifestyle and has been paralleled by the occurrence of mutations affecting genes, which negatively interfere with the expression of virulence factors. (uniroma1.it)
• Through identification of diverse mutations, which prevent expression of a functional SpeG protein, we show that the speG gene has been silenced by convergent evolution and that its inactivation causes the marked increase of intracellular spermidine in all Shigella spp. (uniroma1.it)
• Dystonia 16 is caused by mutations in the PRKRA gene, which provides instructions for making a protein called PACT. (medlineplus.gov)
• It is unclear why brain cells are particularly affected by PRKRA gene mutations. (medlineplus.gov)
• which means both copies of the PRKRA gene in each cell have mutations. (medlineplus.gov)
• Molecular data have indicated a direct progression from diffuse astrocytoma to anaplastic astrocytoma to glioblastoma in patients whose tumors bear mutations in the IDH1/2 genes and TP53 genes, a finding that marks the pathogenic pathway of 5% of all glioblastomas. (medscape.com)
• in addition, they indicated recurrent mutations in the promoter region of telomerase (TERT) that reactivates the gene. (medscape.com)
• LEOPARD syndrome, also known as Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, is a rare autosomal dominant disorder most often caused by missense mutations in the PTPN11 gene, which encodes the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. (medscape.com)
• [ 4 ] Molecular studies have proven that LEOPARD syndrome and Noonan syndrome are allelic disorders caused by different missense mutations in PTPN11, a gene encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 located at band 12q24.1. (medscape.com)
• In 2006, Tartaglia et al reported that germline mutations in the PTPN11 gene cause LEOPARD and Noonan syndromes, whereas somatic mutations in the same gene contribute to leukemogenesis. (medscape.com)

Regulation3

• Gene silencing is the regulation of gene expression in a cell to prevent the expression of a certain gene. (wikipedia.org)
• We explored the possible expression and regulation of selected OR and TASR genes in human orbitofrontal cortex of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and found that these are expressed and markedly downregulated at early stages. (diagenode.com)
• Findings suggest MeCP2 might be implicated in OR and TAS2R genes expression regulation through interaction with H3K9me3, and as an early event, it may uncover a novel etiopathogenetic mechanism of sporadic AD. (diagenode.com)

Phenotypes2

• Such post-transcriptional MGCD0103 distributor gene silencing (PTGS) supplies the opportunity to obtain loss-of-function phenotypes, and for many organisms offers SLCO2A1 opened the door to practical analysis (7,8). (thetechnoant.info)
• In the ciliate by microinjection at high duplicate amount (a threshold of 20C30 haploid equivalents for totally silenced phenotypes) of plasmids filled with just the coding series of the gene in to the somatic nucleus, that leads to a dramatic decrease in appearance of most endogenous homologs (39). (thetechnoant.info)

Convergent1

• In this study, we identified a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), NXTAR (LOC105373241), that is located convergent with the AR gene and is repressed in human prostate tumors and cell lines. (genengnews.com)

Endogenous1

• Appearance of most endogenous genes writing homology using the international nucleic acidity is normally silenced or decreased, in what continues to be likened to a hereditary immune system. (thetechnoant.info)

RNAi3

• RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural process used by cells to regulate gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
• The process to silence genes first begins with the entrance of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule into the cell, which triggers the RNAi pathway. (wikipedia.org)
• Genetic studies have revealed the same genes are necessary for different PTGS phenomena: co-suppression or PTGS in (9C12), quelling in (13C15) and RNAi in (16C18). (thetechnoant.info)

Oligonucleotides1

• Title : Nitroreductase-Activatable Morpholino Oligonucleotides for in Vivo Gene Silencing Personal Author(s) : Yamazoe, Sayumi;McQuade, Lindsey E.;Chen, James K. (cdc.gov)

Mechanisms1

• The objective of this study was to investigate the potential mechanisms involved in silencing of the NDRG1 gene. (nih.gov)

Transcription2

• Gene silencing can occur during either transcription or translation and is often used in research. (wikipedia.org)
• Currently described online in Cell Stem Cell , the new findings demonstrate that, when silenced, the FOXP2 transcription factor, otherwise known as the speech gene, endows breast cancer cells with a number of malignant traits and properties that enable them to survive - and thrive. (newswise.com)

Methylation1

• The silencing of NDRG1 in SW620 was not due to promoter hyper-methylation as bisulfite sequencing of the NDRG1 promoter showed minimal DNA methylation in both cell lines. (nih.gov)

Molecules1

• Ribozymes are catalytic RNA molecules used to inhibit gene expression. (wikipedia.org)

Pathway1

• However, due to the leaf-specific localization of vindoline biosynthesis, and the lack of production of this precursor in cell suspension and hairy root cultures of C. roseus, further elucidation of this pathway demands the development of reverse genetics approaches to assay gene function in planta. (uea.ac.uk)

Escherichia2

• Genomic analysis reveals epistatic silencing of 'expensive' genes in Escherichia coli K-12. (ccamp.res.in)
• Silencing of horizontally-acquired genes in the bacterium Escherichia coli is caused by the global transcriptional repressor H-NS. (ccamp.res.in)

Diseases4

• In particular, methods used to silence genes are being increasingly used to produce therapeutics to combat cancer and other diseases, such as infectious diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. (wikipedia.org)
• In addition, they provide a more complete view on the development of diseases since diseases are generally associated with genes that have a reduced expression. (wikipedia.org)
• In addition, attempts are being made to use ribozymes to produce gene silencing therapeutics, which would silence genes that are responsible for causing diseases. (wikipedia.org)
• This new finding can be helpful in understanding a process called RNA-silencing and use it to treat diseases. (isaaa.org)

Translate2

• The genetic study showed promising results in "silencing" the genes that translate into tau protein, the primary component behind dementia. (medicaldaily.com)
• This is why there are several strategies aimed at testing if the inhibition or silencing of ANGPTL3 will translate into clinical benefits. (medscape.com)

Approaches2

• Gene silencing approaches in mast cells and primary human basophils. (kent.ac.uk)
• However, primary mast cells and their terminally differentiated blood counterpart, namely basophils, pose a difficult challenge for gene silencing approaches given not only their state of maturation and difficulty to transfect, but also because their functions are readily altered by cell-handling conditions. (kent.ac.uk)

Encodes1

• We have focused our attention on the speG gene, which encodes spermidine acetyltransferase, an enzyme catalysing the conversion of spermidine into the physiologically inert acetylspermidine, since recent evidence stresses the involvement of polyamines in microbial pathogenesis. (uniroma1.it)

Metabolism1

• Liscombe, DK & O'Connor, SE 2011, ' A virus-induced gene silencing approach to understanding alkaloid metabolism in Catharanthus roseus ', Phytochemistry , vol. 72, no. 16, pp. 1969-1977. (uea.ac.uk)

Immune1

• Silencing of the immune gene BmPGRP-L4 in the midgut affects the growth of silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae. (bvsalud.org)

Deregulation1

• INTRODUCTION In microorganisms which range from protozoa to vertebrates, launch of international DNA or RNA can promote unforeseen deregulation of regular gene appearance on the post-transcriptional level (for latest reviews find 1C6). (thetechnoant.info)

Genetic1

• The remedial alternative to this is treatment at the genetic level which quite obviously points out to gene therapy. (amrita.edu)

Enzyme1

• Less ROS accumulation, upregulation of ROS signaling genes and higher antioxidant enzyme activities post BNS resulted in resistance. (nature.com)

Regulate2

• The non-specific lethal (NSL) complex is a chromatin-associated factor that has been shown to regulate the expression of thousands of genes in both fruit flies and mammals. (news-medical.net)
• Combining results from transcriptome assays and comparative genome analyses we show that in E. coli VirF, besides being able to up-regulate several chromosomal genes, which potentially influence bacterial fitness within the host, also activates genes which have been lost by Shigella. (uniroma1.it)

Decrease1

• The low Pol II binding at the NDRG1 promoter in SW620 was associated with gene-wide decrease in histone H4 acetylation and increase in histone H3 serine 10 phosphorylation. (nih.gov)

Investigate1

• A VIGS method was developed herein to investigate gene function in C. roseus plants using the pTRV vector system. (uea.ac.uk)

Highly3

• NDRG1 is silenced in a highly metastatic colon cancer cell line SW620. (nih.gov)
• One important strategy for studying these dynamic but highly regulated host defenses is to observe gene expression patterns in the host 5 . (nature.com)
• Therefore, both the DNA binding sites of H-NS as well as the function of StpA as a backup system might be selected for silencing highly transcribable genes. (ccamp.res.in)

Role3

• Aside from lifestyle, predisposition plays a role, but genes cannot fully explain the inherited propensity to accumulate excess weight. (news-medical.net)
• Such irregular RNAs will also be found in some instances of co-suppression in vegetation (40,41) and are postulated to play a role in initiating gene silencing. (thetechnoant.info)
• The interconnections of H-NS with these regulators and their role in silencing gene expression in E. coli are not well understood on a genomic scale. (ccamp.res.in)

Study1

• Methods using gene silencing are often considered better than gene knockouts[citation needed] since they allow researchers to study essential genes that are required for the animal models to survive and cannot be removed. (wikipedia.org)

Potential1

• Our experiments have shown the importance of E-selectin in EPC adhesion to HUVECs and the potential utility of gene silencing of E-selectin in EPC recruitment. (scirp.org)

Promoter1

• On the other hand, chromatin immunoprecipitation showed a significantly higher level of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) association with the NDRG1 promoter in SW480 compared to SW620, in agreement with its gene expression level. (nih.gov)

Show2

• Epistatic genes show a higher tendency to be non-essential and recently acquired, when compared to unilateral genes. (ccamp.res.in)
• In most of these cases, both parents of an affected individual carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. (medlineplus.gov)

Plant1

• The bipartite pTRV vector system is a Tobacco Rattle Virus-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) platform that has provided efficient and effective means to assay gene function in diverse plant systems. (uea.ac.uk)

System2

• This works with mechanistic conservation among phyla, and shows that PTGS is a ancestral and general gene legislation system. (thetechnoant.info)
• Epistatic genes reach much higher expression levels than unilateral genes in the absence of the silencing system. (ccamp.res.in)

Cell lines1

• Frequent silencing of the GPC3 gene in ovarian cancer cell lines. (bvsalud.org)

Means1

• which means that one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. (medlineplus.gov)