Gene Expression Regulation
Gene Expression Profiling
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
Plants, Genetically Modified
MicroRNAs
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Gene Expression
RNA, Messenger
Transcription, Genetic
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Base Sequence
RNA, Untranslated
Transcription Factors
Plant Leaves
Plant Proteins
Molecular Sequence Data
Plant Roots
Computational Biology
Chromatin
Genome
Models, Genetic
Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
Binding Sites
Gene Expression Regulation, Archaeal
Plant Extracts
Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
Algorithms
Arabidopsis
Nucleic Acid Conformation
Plants, Medicinal
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Plant Development
Transcriptome
Signal Transduction
Plant Stems
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
RNA Stability
Gene Regulatory Networks
DNA-Binding Proteins
Evolution, Molecular
Down-Regulation
Amino Acid Sequence
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Sequence Analysis, RNA
Up-Regulation
Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
3' Untranslated Regions
Plant Growth Regulators
Plants, Edible
Epigenesis, Genetic
Cells, Cultured
5' Untranslated Regions
Models, Biological
Arabidopsis Proteins
Alternative Splicing
Conserved Sequence
Histones
DNA Methylation
Tobacco
Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
Plant Immunity
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Software
Mutation
Cluster Analysis
Plant Epidermis
Phenotype
Genes, Reporter
DNA Primers
Angiosperms
Plant Stomata
Seeds
DNA, Complementary
Blotting, Northern
Microarray Analysis
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Lycopersicon esculentum
RNA
Transfection
Cell Differentiation
Transcriptional Activation
In Situ Hybridization
Multigene Family
Trans-Activators
Zea mays
Repressor Proteins
Plant Poisoning
Plant Transpiration
Species Specificity
Sequence Alignment
Chromosomes, Plant
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Nuclear Proteins
Plant Tumors
Cell Nucleus
Gene Silencing
Protein Binding
Expressed Sequence Tags
DNA
Oxylipins
Plasmids
Homeodomain Proteins
Stress, Physiological
Liver
Photosynthesis
Organ Specificity
Symbiosis
Blotting, Western
Luciferases
Genetic Vectors
RNA Interference
Fabaceae
Indoleacetic Acids
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Gene Library
Tumor Cells, Cultured
Biomass
Salicylic Acid
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Reproducibility of Results
Solanum tuberosum
Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Immunohistochemistry
Abscisic Acid
Plant Nectar
RNA, Small Interfering
Adaptation, Physiological
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Enhancer Elements, Genetic
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
Mice, Transgenic
Response Elements
Germination
Cloning, Molecular
Mycorrhizae
Soil
Root Nodules, Plant
Chloroplasts
Chromosome Mapping
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Nitrogen
Droughts
Protein Biosynthesis
Ecosystem
Brassica
Carrier Proteins
Transformation, Genetic
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
NF-kappa B
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Apoptosis
Membrane Proteins
Triticum
Plant Lectins
Medicine, Traditional
HeLa Cells
Proteins
Soybeans
Fibroblasts
Escherichia coli
Plant Infertility
Gene Deletion
Disease Resistance
Poaceae
Mice, Knockout
Loss-of-function mutations in the rice homeobox gene OSH15 affect the architecture of internodes resulting in dwarf plants. (1/14262)
The rice homeobox gene OSH15 (Oryza sativa homeobox) is a member of the knotted1-type homeobox gene family. We report here on the identification and characterization of a loss-of-function mutation in OSH15 from a library of retrotransposon-tagged lines of rice. Based on the phenotype and map position, we have identified three independent deletion alleles of the locus among conventional morphological mutants. All of these recessive mutations, which are considered to be null alleles, exhibit defects in internode elongation. Introduction of a 14 kbp genomic DNA fragment that includes all exons, introns and 5'- and 3'- flanking sequences of OSH15 complemented the defects in internode elongation, confirming that they were caused by the loss-of-function of OSH15. Internodes of the mutants had abnormal-shaped epidermal and hypodermal cells and showed an unusual arrangement of small vascular bundles. These mutations demonstrate a role for OSH15 in the development of rice internodes. This is the first evidence that the knotted1-type homeobox genes have roles other than shoot apical meristem formation and/or maintenance in plant development. (+info)Enhanced resistance to bacterial diseases of transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing sarcotoxin IA, a bactericidal peptide of insect. (2/14262)
Sarcotoxin IA is a bactericidal peptide of 39 amino acids found in the common flesh fly, Sarcophaga peregrina. Many agronomically important bacteria in Japan are killed by this peptide at sub-micro molar levels, and the growth of tobacco and rice suspension cultured cells is not inhibited with less than 25 microM. Transgenic tobacco plants which overexpress the peptide, i.e. over 250 pmol per gram of fresh leaf, under the control of a high expression constitutive promoter showed enhanced resistance to the pathogens for wild fire disease (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci) and bacterial soft rot disease (Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora). (+info)Male gametic cell-specific gene expression in flowering plants. (3/14262)
The role of the male gamete-the sperm cell-in the process of fertilization is to recognize, adhere to, and fuse with the female gamete. These highly specialized functions are expected to be controlled by activation of a unique set of genes. However, male gametic cells traditionally have been regarded as transcriptionally quiescent because of highly condensed chromatin and a very reduced amount of cytoplasm. Here, we provide evidence for male gamete-specific gene expression in flowering plants. We identified and characterized a gene, LGC1, which was shown to be expressed exclusively in the male gametic cells. The gene product of LGC1 was localized at the surface of male gametic cells, suggesting a possible role in sperm-egg interactions. These findings represent an important step toward defining the molecular mechanisms of male gamete development and the cellular processes involved in fertilization of flowering plants. (+info)Novel genes induced during an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis formed between Medicago truncatula and Glomus versiforme. (4/14262)
Many terrestrial plant species are able to form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Here we have identified three cDNA clones representing genes whose expression is induced during the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis formed between Medicago truncatula and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus versiforme. The three clones represent M. truncatula genes and encode novel proteins: a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase-related protein, a putative arabinogalactan protein (AGP), and a putative homologue of the mammalian p110 subunit of initiation factor 3 (eIF3). These genes show little or no expression in M. truncatula roots prior to formation of the symbiosis and are significantly induced following colonization by G. versiforme. The genes are not induced in roots in response to increases in phosphate. This suggests that induction of expression during the symbiosis is due to the interaction with the fungus and is not a secondary effect of improved phosphate nutrition. In situ hybridization revealed that the putative AGP is expressed specifically in cortical cells containing arbuscules. The identification of two mycorrhiza-induced genes encoding proteins predicted to be involved in cell wall structure is consistent with previous electron microscopy data that indicated major alterations in the extracellular matrix of the cortical cells following colonization by mycorrhizal fungi. (+info)A novel 53-kDa nodulin of the symbiosome membrane of soybean nodules, controlled by Bradyrhizobium japonicum. (5/14262)
A nodule-specific 53-kDa protein (GmNOD53b) of the symbiosome membrane from soybean was isolated and its LysC digestion products were microsequenced. cDNA clones of this novel nodulin, obtained from cDNA library screening with an RT-PCR (reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction)-generated hybridization probe exhibited no homology to proteins identified so far. The expression of GmNOD53b coincides with the onset of nitrogen fixation. Therefore, it is a late nodulin. Among other changes, the GmNOD53b is significantly reduced in nodules infected with the Bradyrhizobium japonicum mutant 184 on the protein level as well as on the level of mRNA expression, compared with the wild-type infected nodules. The reduction of GmNOD53b mRNA is related to an inactivation of the sipF gene in B. japonicum 184, coding for a functionally active signal peptidase. (+info)The auxin-insensitive bodenlos mutation affects primary root formation and apical-basal patterning in the Arabidopsis embryo. (6/14262)
In Arabidopsis embryogenesis, the primary root meristem originates from descendants of both the apical and the basal daughter cell of the zygote. We have isolated a mutant of a new gene named BODENLOS (BDL) in which the primary root meristem is not formed whereas post-embryonic roots develop and bdl seedlings give rise to fertile adult plants. Some bdl seedlings lacked not only the root but also the hypocotyl, thus resembling monopteros (mp) seedlings. In addition, bdl seedlings were insensitive to the auxin analogue 2,4-D, as determined by comparison with auxin resistant1 (axr1) seedlings. bdl embryos deviated from normal development as early as the two-cell stage at which the apical daughter cell of the zygote had divided horizontally instead of vertically. Subsequently, the uppermost derivative of the basal daughter cell, which is normally destined to become the hypophysis, divided abnormally and failed to generate the quiescent centre of the root meristem and the central root cap. We also analysed double mutants. bdl mp embryos closely resembled the two single mutants, bdl and mp, at early stages, while bdl mp seedlings essentially consisted of hypocotyl but did form primary leaves. bdl axr1 embryos approached the mp phenotype at later stages, and bdl axr1 seedlings resembled mp seedlings. Our results suggest that BDL is involved in auxin-mediated processes of apical-basal patterning in the Arabidopsis embryo. (+info)NADH-glutamate synthase in alfalfa root nodules. Genetic regulation and cellular expression. (7/14262)
NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT; EC 1.4.1.14) is a key enzyme in primary nitrogen assimilation in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) root nodules. Here we report that in alfalfa, a single gene, probably with multiple alleles, encodes for NADH-GOGAT. In situ hybridizations were performed to assess the location of NADH-GOGAT transcript in alfalfa root nodules. In wild-type cv Saranac nodules the NADH-GOGAT gene is predominantly expressed in infected cells. Nodules devoid of bacteroids (empty) induced by Sinorhizobium meliloti 7154 had no NADH-GOGAT transcript detectable by in situ hybridization, suggesting that the presence of the bacteroid may be important for NADH-GOGAT expression. The pattern of expression of NADH-GOGAT shifted during root nodule development. Until d 9 after planting, all infected cells appeared to express NADH-GOGAT. By d 19, a gradient of expression from high in the early symbiotic zone to low in the late symbiotic zone was observed. In 33-d-old nodules expression was seen in only a few cell layers in the early symbiotic zone. This pattern of expression was also observed for the nifH transcript but not for leghemoglobin. The promoter of NADH-GOGAT was evaluated in transgenic alfalfa plants carrying chimeric beta-glucuronidase promoter fusions. The results suggest that there are at least four regulatory elements. The region responsible for expression in the infected cell zone contains an 88-bp direct repeat. (+info)A single limit dextrinase gene is expressed both in the developing endosperm and in germinated grains of barley. (8/14262)
The single gene encoding limit dextrinase (pullulan 6-glucanohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.41) in barley (Hordeum vulgare) has 26 introns that range in size from 93 to 822 base pairs. The mature polypeptide encoded by the gene has 884 amino acid residues and a calculated molecular mass of 97,417 D. Limit dextrinase mRNA is abundant in gibberellic acid-treated aleurone layers and in germinated grain. Gibberellic acid response elements were found in the promoter region of the gene. These observations suggest that the enzyme participates in starch hydrolysis during endosperm mobilization in germinated grain. The mRNA encoding the enzyme is present at lower levels in the developing endosperm of immature grain, a location consistent with a role for limit dextrinase in starch synthesis. Enzyme activity was also detected in developing grain. The limit dextrinase has a presequence typical of transit peptides that target nascent polypeptides to amyloplasts, but this would not be expected to direct secretion of the mature enzyme from aleurone cells in germinated grain. It remains to be discovered how the enzyme is released from the aleurone and whether another enzyme, possibly of the isoamylase group, might be equally important for starch hydrolysis in germinated grain. (+info)The severity of plant poisoning depends on the type of plant consumed, the amount ingested, and individual sensitivity. Some common plants that are toxic to humans include:
1. Castor bean (Ricinus communis): The seeds contain ricin, a deadly toxin that can cause severe vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
2. Oleander (Nerium oleander): All parts of the plant are toxic, and ingestion can cause cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, and death.
3. Rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.): The leaves and flowers contain grayanotoxins, which can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and difficulty breathing.
4. Taxus (Taxus spp.): The leaves, seeds, and stems of yew (Taxus baccata) and Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia) contain a toxin called taxine, which can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and cardiac problems.
5. Aconitum (Aconitum spp.): Also known as monkshood or wolf's bane, all parts of the plant are toxic and can cause nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
6. Belladonna (Atropa belladonna): The leaves, stems, and roots contain atropine, which can cause dilated pupils, flushed skin, and difficulty urinating.
7. Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna): All parts of the plant are toxic and can cause nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
8. Hemlock (Conium maculatum): The leaves and seeds contain coniine and gamma-coniceine, which can cause muscle weakness, paralysis, and respiratory failure.
9. Lantana (Lantana camara): The berries are toxic and can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
10. Oleander (Nerium oleander): All parts of the plant are toxic and can cause nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
11. Castor bean (Ricinus communis): The seeds are particularly toxic and can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
12. Rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.): The leaves, stems, and flowers contain grayanotoxins, which can cause nausea, vomiting, and difficulty breathing.
13. Yew (Taxus spp.): The leaves, seeds, and stems of yew contain a toxin called taxine, which can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and cardiac problems.
It is important to note that while these plants are toxic, they can also be safely used in herbal remedies when prepared and administered properly under the guidance of a qualified practitioner. It is always best to consult with a medical professional before using any herbal remedy, especially if you have a medical condition or are pregnant or breastfeeding.
1. Innate immunity: This is the body's first line of defense against infection, and it involves the recognition and elimination of pathogens by cells and proteins that are present from birth.
2. Acquired immunity: This type of immunity develops over time as a result of exposure to pathogens, and it involves the production of antibodies and other immune cells that can recognize and eliminate specific pathogens.
3. Cell-mediated immunity: This is a type of immunity that involves the activation of immune cells, such as T cells and macrophages, to fight off infection.
4. Genetic resistance: Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to disease resistance, which can be influenced by their ancestry or genetic makeup.
5. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental factors, such as sunlight, clean water, and good nutrition, can also contribute to disease resistance.
Disease resistance is an important concept in the medical field, as it helps to protect against infectious diseases and can reduce the risk of illness and death. Understanding how disease resistance works can help healthcare professionals develop effective strategies for preventing and treating infections, and it can also inform public health policies and interventions aimed at reducing the burden of infectious diseases on individuals and communities.
1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.
2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.
3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.
4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.
5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.
6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.
7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.
8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.
9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.
10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.
There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:
1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.
2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.
3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.
4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.
5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.
Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.
Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.
It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.
There are several key features of inflammation:
1. Increased blood flow: Blood vessels in the affected area dilate, allowing more blood to flow into the tissue and bringing with it immune cells, nutrients, and other signaling molecules.
2. Leukocyte migration: White blood cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, migrate towards the site of inflammation in response to chemical signals.
3. Release of mediators: Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, are released by immune cells and other cells in the affected tissue. These molecules help to coordinate the immune response and attract more immune cells to the site of inflammation.
4. Activation of immune cells: Immune cells, such as macrophages and T cells, become activated and start to phagocytose (engulf) pathogens or damaged tissue.
5. Increased heat production: Inflammation can cause an increase in metabolic activity in the affected tissue, leading to increased heat production.
6. Redness and swelling: Increased blood flow and leakiness of blood vessels can cause redness and swelling in the affected area.
7. Pain: Inflammation can cause pain through the activation of nociceptors (pain-sensing neurons) and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators.
Inflammation can be acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury or infection, which helps to resolve the issue quickly. Chronic inflammation is a long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases such as arthritis, asthma, and cancer.
There are several types of inflammation, including:
1. Acute inflammation: A short-term response to injury or infection.
2. Chronic inflammation: A long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases.
3. Autoimmune inflammation: An inappropriate immune response against the body's own tissues.
4. Allergic inflammation: An immune response to a harmless substance, such as pollen or dust mites.
5. Parasitic inflammation: An immune response to parasites, such as worms or fungi.
6. Bacterial inflammation: An immune response to bacteria.
7. Viral inflammation: An immune response to viruses.
8. Fungal inflammation: An immune response to fungi.
There are several ways to reduce inflammation, including:
1. Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
2. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and getting enough sleep.
3. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture, herbal supplements, and mind-body practices.
4. Addressing underlying conditions, such as hormonal imbalances, gut health issues, and chronic infections.
5. Using anti-inflammatory compounds found in certain foods, such as omega-3 fatty acids, turmeric, and ginger.
It's important to note that chronic inflammation can lead to a range of health problems, including:
1. Arthritis
2. Diabetes
3. Heart disease
4. Cancer
5. Alzheimer's disease
6. Parkinson's disease
7. Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Therefore, it's important to manage inflammation effectively to prevent these complications and improve overall health and well-being.
Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.
Types of Neoplasms
There are many different types of neoplasms, including:
1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.
Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms
The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:
1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.
Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms
The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:
1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms
The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.
The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:
1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
Prevention of Neoplasms
While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:
1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.
It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.
Polyploidy is a condition where an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes, which are the thread-like structures that carry genetic information. It can occur in both plants and animals, although it is relatively rare in most species. In humans, polyploidy is extremely rare and usually occurs as a result of errors during cell division or abnormal fertilization.
In medicine, polyploidy is often used to describe certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer or colon cancer, that have extra sets of chromosomes. This can lead to the development of more aggressive and difficult-to-treat tumors.
However, not all cases of polyploidy are cancerous. Some individuals with Down syndrome, for example, have an extra copy of chromosome 21, which is a non-cancerous form of polyploidy. Additionally, some people may be born with extra copies of certain genes or chromosomal regions due to errors during embryonic development, which can lead to various health problems but are not cancerous.
Overall, the term "polyploidy" in medicine is used to describe any condition where an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes, regardless of whether it is cancerous or non-cancerous.
Ectomycorrhiza
Meiosis
Jane Silverthorne
Elaine M. Tobin
RNA thermometer
Leucocyanidin oxygenase
Expansin
Anthony Cashmore
Homoserine dehydrogenase
Gibberellin
Plant hormone
Nuclear receptor
Jasmonic acid
Post-transcriptional regulation
Regulation of gene expression
MicroRNA
Caroline Dean
Bergapten
Zinc finger protein 226
Drosophila mettleri
ISS National Lab
Debasis Chattopadhyay
STARR-seq
Epigenomics
James F. Bonner
Cytokinin
School of Life Sciences (University of Dundee)
Hyperaccumulator
History of RNA biology
Sudhir Kumar Sopory
Ian A. Graham
Cannabis Social Club
5-Methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine S-methyltransferase
Metabolism
Genomic imprinting
Marine mammal
Mitochondrial DNA
Zinc deficiency
Aflatoxin B1
Brucella suis
Cell cycle
Royalty payment
Eliezer E. Goldschmidt
Short interspersed nuclear element
Japan Academy Prize (academics)
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Androgen
Corn silk
PRC2
Bioluminescence
Sex-chromosome dosage compensation
Pattern recognition receptor
Microtubule
Cattle feeding
2,5-Diketopiperazine
Leucoanthocyanidin
Prostate cancer
Onan
Rufous-collared sparrow
Mycorrhizal network
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant | Scholars@Duke
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant | Profiles RNS
ATTED-II v11: A Plant Gene Coexpression Database Using a Sample Balancing Technique by Subagging of Principal Components
TobEA: an atlas of tobacco gene expression from seed to senescence.
Publications of the Group | Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology
Publications list | The James Hutton Institute
Journal: Tree genetics & genomes / Subject: Malus domestica and apples / Subject term: basic-leucine zipper transcription...
GSM2130871: AT2G46270 GBF3 ABA ChIP rep1; Arabidopsis thaliana; ChIP-... - SRA - NCBI
CRISPR/SpCas9-mediated KO of epigenetically active MORC proteins increases barley resistance to Bipolaris spot blotch and...
Not So Simple: Fruit Fly ENCODE Arrives | Evolution News
Regulation of osteoblastic phenotype and gene expression by hop-derived phytoestrogens<...
9781266241727 - Biology by Sylvia S. Mader | eCampus.com
Nandula Raghuram - Google Scholar
AP Biology - bitWise Academy
Brendel Group, Indiana University
Genetics
Search | VHL CLAP/WR-PAHO/WHO
Alan C. Christensen - Google Scholar
Publications 2011 - Umeå Plant Science Centre
Research | Prof. Avihai Danon
RFA-HG-13-012: Genomics of Gene Regulation (U01)
Plant & Microbial Biology | University of California, Berkeley
Tags | Diagenode
Sea Anemone Shows Characteristics of Both Plant and Animal in Gene Regulation - BioQuick News
DeCS
Publ3 search
Crop Genetics and Genomics Consulting ~ Heather Ray, Ph. D., P.Ag.
Universidade do Minho: Search
Why We Wake Up Before Our Alarm: Our Circadian Rhythms Work Against Us When It Comes To Sleep, And Even Age
Genetics1
- Plant genetics. (nih.gov)
Arabidopsis9
- Here, we demonstrate that as opposed to yeast and metazoans the plant exosome core possesses an unanticipated functional plasticity and present a genome-wide atlas of Arabidopsis exosome targets. (nih.gov)
- 24. Regulation of gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana by artificial zinc finger chimeras. (nih.gov)
- From seedling to mature plant: Arabidopsis plastidial genome copy number, RNA accumulation and transcription are differentially regulated during leaf development. (mpg.de)
- In Arabidopsis, their activity is linked to the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway, which utilizes small RNAs (sRNAs) to influence the rate of DNA methylation and chromatin compaction and thus gene expression. (springer.com)
- In Arabidopsis, several members of the Microrchidia (MORC) protein family ( At MORC1 to At MORC7) are RdDM downstream players involved in repression of DNA methylated genes as well as transposable elements ( TEs ) by increasing chromatin compaction rate (Lorković et al. (springer.com)
- In Arabidopsis and potato, MORC proteins enhance resistance to pathogens, while in barley, tobacco and tomato, they negatively affect plant immunity (Kang et al. (springer.com)
- 2018 ). Thus, in clear contrast to Arabidopsis mutants that show reduced expression of pathogenesis-related genes ( PRs ), knock-down (KD) and knock-out (KO) mutants of barley MORC genes show enhanced PRs expression. (springer.com)
- They studied how cyst nematodes attacked the plant Arabidopsis, which is frequently used as a model plant because it has a relatively small genome. (farmprogress.com)
- The Arabidopsis gene AXR3/IAA17 encodes a member of the Aux/IAA family of auxin respo. (biomedcentral.com)
Genome3
- Microrchidia (MORC) proteins are fundamental regulators of genome stabilization, chromatin remodeling and gene expression in both mammals and plants. (springer.com)
- The GGR initiative will address the genome-proximal component of the regulation of gene networks by supporting a set of demonstration projects to develop and validate models that describe how a comprehensive set of sequence-based functional elements work in concert to regulate the finite set of genes that determine a biological phenomenon, using RNA amounts, and perhaps transcript structure, as the readout. (nih.gov)
- Late in infection, the virus assembles a unique virus-host hybrid transcription complex that connects viral gene expression to viral DNA replication and genome packaging. (nih.gov)
Mays1
- Transcript profiling of Zea mays roots reveals gene responses to phosphate deficiency at the plant- and species-specific levels. (nih.gov)
Methylation5
- Cooperation between the H3K27me3 Chromatin Mark and Non-CG Methylation in Epigenetic Regulation. (uams.edu)
- 22. Promoter methylation confers kidney-specific expression of the Klotho gene. (nih.gov)
- For instance, epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation that modify gene expression without changing the underlying genetic code, may facilitate the emergence of resistant phenotypes in complex ways. (potatobeetle.org)
- We assessed the effects of sublethal insecticide exposure, with the neonicotinoid imidacloprid, on DNA methylation in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, examining both global changes in DNA methylation and specific changes found within genes and transposable elements. (potatobeetle.org)
- We found that exposure to insecticide led to decreases in global DNA methylation for parent and F2 generations, and that many of the sites of changes in methylation are found within genes associated with insecticide resistance, such as cytochrome P450s, or within transposable elements. (potatobeetle.org)
Maize1
- Comparative profiles of gene expression in leaves and roots of maize seedlings under conditions of salt stress and the removal of salt stress. (nih.gov)
Transposable elements1
- CRISPR/ Sp Cas9-mediated single and double knock-out mutants showed de-repression of transposable elements ( TEs ) and pathogenesis-related ( PR ) genes and interestingly increased resistance to both biotrophic and necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungi. (springer.com)
MicroRNAs5
- 35. Regulation of Monoamine Oxidase B Gene Expression: Key Roles for Transcription Factors Sp1, Egr1 and CREB, and microRNAs miR-300 and miR-1224. (nih.gov)
- The researchers' new approach was studying microRNAs, which are powerful regulators of gene activity. (farmprogress.com)
- MicroRNAs are molecules that suppress, or negatively regulate, how strongly their target genes are activated. (farmprogress.com)
- On the other hand, sea anemones are more similar to plants rather to vertebrates or insects in their regulation of gene expression by short regulatory RNAs called microRNAs . (evolutionnews.org)
- For instance, they estimate that 30 to 50 percent of genes are regulated by microRNAs, just one of the facets of regulatory processes. (evolutionnews.org)
Target genes1
- 34. Selective transcription of p53 target genes by zinc finger-p53 DNA binding domain chimeras. (nih.gov)
Genomics5
- To broaden access and maximise the benefit of TobEA a set of tools were developed to provide researchers with expression information on their genes of interest via the Solanaceae Genomics Network (SGN) web site. (cam.ac.uk)
- The data provided by TobEA represents a valuable resource for plant functional genomics and systems biology research and can be used to identify gene targets for both fundamental and applied scientific applications in tobacco. (cam.ac.uk)
- Promoter architecture, regulation of gene expression and functional genomics in metazoans and plants. (brendelgroup.org)
- This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) solicits applications to start a new initiative, the Genomics of Gene Regulation (GGR), which is intended to explore genomic approaches to understanding the role of genomic sequence in the regulation of gene networks. (nih.gov)
- A long-term goal of functional genomics is to decipher the rules by which gene networks are regulated and to understand how such regulation affects cellular function, development and disease. (nih.gov)
CHLOROPLAST3
- Commonalities and differences of chloroplast translation in a green alga and land plants. (mpg.de)
- Chloroplast Translation: Structural and Functional Organization, Operational Control, and Regulation. (mpg.de)
- Multiple Checkpoints for the Expression of the Chloroplast-Encoded Splicing Factor MatK. (mpg.de)
Homologous1
- To clarify the distribution of amino acid racemases in plants, we have cloned, expressed and characterized eight SerR homologous genes from five plant species, including green alga. (nih.gov)
Regulate3
- 37. MicroRNA-339 and microRNA-556 regulate Klotho expression in vitro. (nih.gov)
- These genes are so-called transcription factors associated with plant growth regulation that themselves regulate the expression of many other genes. (farmprogress.com)
- In the current study, we tested the effects of the hop-derived compounds 8-prenylnaringenin, 6-prenylnaringenin, xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol (1) to modulate markers of differentiation and gene expression in osteoblasts and (2) to regulate proliferation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. (elsevier.com)
Epigenetic1
- In the present study, we have extended our analysis on the role of barley MORC proteins in RdDM-mediated epigenetic regulation of disease resistance, using Bipolaris sorokiniana ( Bs ) (teleomorph Cochliobolus sativus ) and Fusarium root rot (FRR) caused by Fg as study cases as they are two major cereal pathogens of global importance. (springer.com)
Regulatory4
- By extrapolating regulatory characteristics observed for the canonical ABA pathway components, we identified a new family of transcriptional regulators modulating ABA and salt responsiveness, and demonstrate their utility to modulate plant resilience to osmotic stress. (nih.gov)
- This is in part constrained by the limited knowledge of the gene regulatory networks responsible for plant growth and responses to the environment, and by a poor understanding of the genetic diversity and gene content across Camelina accessions. (energy.gov)
- DNA by itself doesn't do anything until you have regulatory mechanisms that activate the genes found in it,' said Baum. (farmprogress.com)
- This FOA seeks to support substantial improvement in the methods for developing gene regulatory network models, rather than an incremental improvement on existing methods. (nih.gov)
Genomic1
- An important goal is to identify key genes and genomic regions to target in breeding efforts to enhance productivity, while providing the research community with a number of tools to understand and manipulate Camelina gene expression. (energy.gov)
Downstream1
- The plant hormone auxin exerts many of its effects on growth and development by controlling transcription of downstream genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Mechanisms1
- The Post-transcriptional Gene Expression Group is interested in the molecular mechanisms by which proteins of this family are regulated, and in their physiological roles in a variety of normal processes, including innate immunity in response to environmental cues, hematopoiesis, establishment of the fetal circulation, and placental physiology in mammals. (nih.gov)
MRNA2
- His group studies the roles of a small family of CCCH tandem zinc finger proteins, exemplified by tristetraprolin or TTP, in the physiological regulation of mRNA turnover and translation. (nih.gov)
- Members of this family of proteins exist in essentially all eukaryotes, from plants to humans, and are important in species-specific control of mRNA turnover, in some cases in response to environmental cues. (nih.gov)
Differentially1
- Thomas J, Kim HR, Rahmatallah Y, Wiggins G, Yang Q, Singh R, Glazko G, Mukherjee A. RNA-seq reveals differentially expressed genes in rice (Oryza sativa) roots during interactions with plant-growth promoting bacteria, Azospirillum brasilense. (uams.edu)
Control of gene action1
- Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants. (uams.edu)
Cellular1
- Lecture summary: Oncogenic herpesviruses such as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus restrict cellular gene expression to dampen immune responses, while simultaneously stealing the cell's machinery to express viral genes. (nih.gov)
Transcriptional5
- 21. Increased heparanase expression is caused by promoter hypomethylation and up-regulation of transcriptional factor early growth response-1 in human prostate cancer. (nih.gov)
- 30. Specific interaction of Egr1 and c/EBPbeta leads to the transcriptional activation of the human low density lipoprotein receptor gene. (nih.gov)
- TobEA provides a snap shot of the transcriptional activity for thousands of tobacco genes in different tissues throughout the lifecycle of the plant and enables the identification of the biological processes occurring in these different tissues. (cam.ac.uk)
- Putative transcriptional networks were identified based on the co-expression of these transcription factors. (cam.ac.uk)
- is head of the Post-Transcriptional Gene Expression Group and holds a secondary appointment in the NIEHS Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory . (nih.gov)
Fusarium1
- 2018 ). Fusarium fungi, on the other hand, are devastating plant pathogens of wheat and barley that are widespread worldwide causing Fusarium head blight (FHB), Fusarium crown rot (FCR) and Fusarium root rot (FRR) (Hollaway et al. (springer.com)
Pathway2
Species2
- Previous studies have shown that several d-amino acids are widely present in plants, and serine racemase (SerR), which synthesizes d-serine in vivo, has already been identified from three plant species. (nih.gov)
- Several interactions in a floral identity transcription factor network were consistent with previous results from other plant species. (cam.ac.uk)
Organization1
- NPCs are not only conduits for nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking, they also promote many aspects of interphase nuclear function, including gene expression and heterochromatin organization. (nih.gov)
Chromatin1
- The project will 1) characterize the genetic variation, gene expression and chromatin accessibility across Camelina varieties and growth conditions, and 2) develop the tools to understand and manipulate Camelina gene expression. (energy.gov)
RNAs1
- A Major Role for the Plastid-Encoded RNA Polymerase Complex in the Expression of Plastid Transfer RNAs. (mpg.de)
Drought1
- Abscisic acid (ABA) is an essential hormone that allows plants to respond to environmental stresses such as high salinity, drought and cold. (nih.gov)
Reveals1
- Additionally, our study provides evidence for widespread polyadenylation- and exosome-mediated RNA quality control in plants, reveals unexpected aspects of stable structural RNA metabolism, and uncovers numerous novel exosome substrates. (nih.gov)
Encodes1
- We conclude that resistance to DON is important in the FHB resistance complex and hypothesize that Qfhs.ndsu-3BS either encodes a DON-glucosyltransferase or regulates the expression of such an enzyme. (boku.ac.at)
Oxidative1
- 32. Lentivirus-mediated klotho up-regulation improves aging-related memory deficits and oxidative stress in senescence-accelerated mouse prone-8 mice. (nih.gov)
Selective1
- Certain plant-derived compounds show selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) activity and may therefore be an alternative to the conventional hormone replacement therapy, which prevents osteoporosis but is also associated with an increased risk of breast and endometrial cancers. (elsevier.com)
Complex5
- So here is another apparently 'simple organism' with 'complex gene content. (evolutionnews.org)
- In the last decades the sequencing of the human and many animal genomes showed that anatomically simple organisms such as sea anemones depict a surprisingly complex gene repertoire like higher model organism s. (evolutionnews.org)
- Some researchers hypothesized that not the individual genes code for more complex body plans, but how they are wired and linked between each other. (evolutionnews.org)
- Accordingly, researchers expected that these gene networks are less complex in simple organisms than in human or 'higher' animals. (evolutionnews.org)
- The dominance of complex regulation in such a simple organism leads these evolutionary biologists to postulate that 'this principle of complex gene regulation was already present in the common ancestor of human, fly and sea anemone some 600 million years ago. (evolutionnews.org)
Responses1
- By studying how herpesviruses interface with these gene expression pathways, we hope to uncover conserved stress responses and new connections between seemingly distal components of the gene expression cascade. (nih.gov)
Viral1
- This research aims to demonstrate that the medicinal plants used as a treatment of viral diseases in the La Libertad region have, in fact, antiviral ac-tivity. (preprints.org)
Profiles3
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Gene Expression Regulation, Plant" by people in UAMS Profiles by year, and whether "Gene Expression Regulation, Plant" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uams.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Gene Expression Regulation, Plant" by people in Profiles over the past ten years. (uams.edu)
- Plant stress profiles. (nih.gov)
Leaf development1
- The researchers discovered a relationship that one microRNA, which was only known to be involved in shoot and leaf development, had with two genes. (farmprogress.com)
20221
- 2022. "Exploring Camelina sativa Lipid Metabolism Regulation by Combining Gene Co-Expression and DNA Affinity Purification Analyses. (energy.gov)
Roles1
- The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) family is one of the largest transcription factor (TF) families in plants, which play crucial roles in plant growth and development. (usda.gov)
Descriptor1
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uams.edu)
Auxin2
- Both plants and rhizobia synthesise auxin. (biomedcentral.com)
- namely, we have tagged the proteins with auxin-induced degrons (AID), which cause them to be specifically destroyed upon the addition of auxin, a plant hormone. (nih.gov)
Concentrations1
- So, high microRNA concentrations result in low target gene activity and vice versa. (farmprogress.com)
Immune2
- It is also noteworthy that MORC mutants exhibit reduced leaf and root development in addition to their effects on the plant immune system (Galli et al. (springer.com)
- and regulation of gene expression, brain development, pigmentation, and immune system functioning [ 1 ]. (nih.gov)
Processes2
- The news item notes that 'biologists have developed increasing appreciation of how well genes and critical life processes are conserved over long evolutionary distances. (evolutionnews.org)
- however, the processes by which plants become successful invaders are not well understood. (biomedcentral.com)
Networks2
- In: Plant Circadian Networks, 2. (mpg.de)
- This creature, like the fruit fly, shows a similar unexpected complexity in its gene networks. (evolutionnews.org)
Tobacco4
- TobEA: an atlas of tobacco gene expression from seed to senescence. (cam.ac.uk)
- Currently there is no commercially available microarray to allow such expression studies in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco). (cam.ac.uk)
- RESULTS: A custom designed Affymetrix tobacco expression microarray was generated from a set of over 40k unigenes and used to measure gene expression in 19 different tobacco samples to produce the Tobacco Expression Atlas (TobEA). (cam.ac.uk)
- CONCLUSIONS: The generation of a tobacco expression microarray is an important development for research in this model plant. (cam.ac.uk)
Seeds1
- The present paper identifies multiple sources of ALA from plants, legumes, nuts and seeds and emphasizes the importance of the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids for proper desaturation and elongation of ALA into EPA and DHA. (researchgate.net)
Roots1
- Cyst nematodes feed on plant cells by penetrating the host plant's roots. (farmprogress.com)
Microbiology1
- Cyst nematodes have learned to communicate with plant cells in a very subtle way,' said Thomas Baum, chair of Iowa State's plant pathology and microbiology department, who has been working with associate scientist Tarek Hewezi on the research. (farmprogress.com)