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Gene Expression RegulationGene Expression ProfilingGene Expression Regulation, PlantOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisMicroRNAsGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalGene ExpressionRNA, MessengerTranscription, GeneticPromoter Regions, GeneticRNA, UntranslatedGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicBase SequenceTranscription FactorsMolecular Sequence DataComputational BiologyChromatinGenomeGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticGene Expression Regulation, ArchaealModels, GeneticBinding SitesGene Expression Regulation, FungalAlgorithmsNucleic Acid ConformationReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionTranscriptomeRNA StabilitySignal TransductionCell LineGene Regulatory NetworksDown-RegulationDNA-Binding ProteinsGene Expression Regulation, ViralGene Expression Regulation, BacterialUp-Regulation3' Untranslated RegionsSequence Analysis, RNA5' Untranslated RegionsEpigenesis, GeneticCells, CulturedEvolution, MolecularAlternative SplicingCell Line, TumorArabidopsisHistonesDNA MethylationGene Expression Regulation, LeukemicModels, BiologicalConserved SequenceSequence Analysis, DNAAmino Acid SequenceSoftwareCluster AnalysisGenes, ReporterMicroarray AnalysisBlotting, NorthernTransfectionCell DifferentiationRNATranscriptional ActivationMutationDNA PrimersIn Situ HybridizationTrans-ActivatorsNuclear ProteinsRepressor ProteinsPolymerase Chain ReactionMice, Inbred C57BLDNA, ComplementaryPhenotypeReal-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionTime FactorsLiverLuciferasesDNAHomeodomain ProteinsTumor Cells, CulturedBlotting, WesternOrgan SpecificityCell NucleusProtein BindingDatabases, GeneticPlasmidsReproducibility of ResultsGenetic VectorsMice, TransgenicRats, Sprague-DawleyCloning, MolecularRegulatory Sequences, Nucleic AcidImmunohistochemistryGene SilencingEnhancer Elements, GeneticExpressed Sequence TagsResponse ElementsChromatin ImmunoprecipitationMultigene FamilyNF-kappa BRNA InterferenceBacterial ProteinsRNA, Small InterferingCell ProliferationGene LibraryGenes, PlantFibroblastsGenomicsMice, KnockoutHeLa CellsGreen Fluorescent ProteinsApoptosisProtein BiosynthesisRecombinant Fusion Proteinsbeta-GalactosidaseNucleic Acid HybridizationProteinsChloramphenicol O-AcetyltransferasePlant ProteinsDisease Models, AnimalCell CycleTransgenesEpithelial CellsElectrophoretic Mobility Shift AssayGenes, Immediate-EarlyCarrier ProteinsImmediate-Early ProteinsNeoplasm ProteinsGene DeletionMembrane ProteinsMicrodissectionGenesPhosphorylationSaccharomyces cerevisiaeRNA, NeoplasmGenes, RegulatorCytokinesDose-Response Relationship, DrugSequence AlignmentLac OperonRats, WistarDrosophila ProteinsSpecies SpecificityRNA, PlantTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaAcetylationEmbryo, MammalianCell DivisionArabidopsis ProteinsRecombinant ProteinsGene Transfer TechniquesBreast NeoplasmsStress, PhysiologicalRNA Processing, Post-TranscriptionalBrainDrosophila melanogasterReceptors, Cytoplasmic and NuclearProto-Oncogene ProteinsChromosome MappingPrincipal Component AnalysisDrosophilaEmbryo, NonmammalianSp1 Transcription FactorGenome, HumanDexamethasoneProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosHistone DeacetylasesSequence Homology, Amino AcidNerve Tissue ProteinsMethylationGenes, BacterialTissue DistributionTumor Markers, BiologicalMuscle, SkeletalInflammationTransforming Growth Factor betaGene Knockdown TechniquesKineticsBasic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription FactorsZebrafishMacrophagesPregnancyGenes, NeoplasmEscherichia coliTranscription Factor AP-1RNA-Binding ProteinsEnzyme InhibitorsMice, Inbred BALB CViral ProteinsGenes, InsectNeuronsCell SurvivalRegulatory Elements, TranscriptionalAnimals, Genetically ModifiedGenes, fosPlants, Genetically ModifiedGenes, HomeoboxGenetic TherapyVirus ReplicationCell LineageAnimals, NewbornDNA ProbesEmbryonic Development
Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.Gene Expression Regulation, Plant: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis: Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.MicroRNAs: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Promoter Regions, Genetic: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.RNA, Untranslated: RNA which does not code for protein but has some enzymatic, structural or regulatory function. Although ribosomal RNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) and transfer RNA (RNA, TRANSFER) are also untranslated RNAs they are not included in this scope.Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.Chromatin: The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.Genome: The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.Gene Expression Regulation, Archaeal: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in archaea.Models, Genetic: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.Nucleic Acid Conformation: The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Transcriptome: The pattern of GENE EXPRESSION at the level of genetic transcription in a specific organism or under specific circumstances in specific cells.RNA Stability: The extent to which an RNA molecule retains its structural integrity and resists degradation by RNASE, and base-catalyzed HYDROLYSIS, under changing in vivo or in vitro conditions.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Gene Regulatory Networks: Interacting DNA-encoded regulatory subsystems in the GENOME that coordinate input from activator and repressor TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS during development, cell differentiation, or in response to environmental cues. The networks function to ultimately specify expression of particular sets of GENES for specific conditions, times, or locations.Down-Regulation: A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.DNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.Gene Expression Regulation, Viral: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.Up-Regulation: A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.3' Untranslated Regions: The sequence at the 3' end of messenger RNA that does not code for product. This region contains transcription and translation regulating sequences.Sequence Analysis, RNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.5' Untranslated Regions: The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.Epigenesis, Genetic: A genetic process by which the adult organism is realized via mechanisms that lead to the restriction in the possible fates of cells, eventually leading to their differentiated state. Mechanisms involved cause heritable changes to cells without changes to DNA sequence such as DNA METHYLATION; HISTONE modification; DNA REPLICATION TIMING; NUCLEOSOME positioning; and heterochromatization which result in selective gene expression or repression.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Evolution, Molecular: The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.Alternative Splicing: A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of other possible sets of EXONS during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form a mature RNA. The alternative forms of mature MESSENGER RNA produce PROTEIN ISOFORMS in which one part of the isoforms is common while the other parts are different.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Arabidopsis: A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.Histones: Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.DNA Methylation: Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction using S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE as the methyl group donor.Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in leukemia.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Software: Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.Cluster Analysis: A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.Genes, Reporter: Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.Microarray Analysis: The simultaneous analysis, on a microchip, of multiple samples or targets arranged in an array format.Blotting, Northern: Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.RNA: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Transcriptional Activation: Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.Trans-Activators: Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.Repressor Proteins: Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Mice, Inbred C57BLDNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction: Methods used for detecting the amplified DNA products from the polymerase chain reaction as they accumulate instead of at the end of the reaction.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Luciferases: Enzymes that oxidize certain LUMINESCENT AGENTS to emit light (PHYSICAL LUMINESCENCE). The luciferases from different organisms have evolved differently so have different structures and substrates.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Homeodomain Proteins: Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Organ Specificity: Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.Cell Nucleus: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Databases, Genetic: Databases devoted to knowledge about specific genes and gene products.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Reproducibility of Results: The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.Genetic Vectors: DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid: Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of genes.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Gene Silencing: Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels.Enhancer Elements, Genetic: Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances from a promoter.Expressed Sequence Tags: Partial cDNA (DNA, COMPLEMENTARY) sequences that are unique to the cDNAs from which they were derived.Response Elements: Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promoter and enhancer regions.Chromatin Immunoprecipitation: A technique for identifying specific DNA sequences that are bound, in vivo, to proteins of interest. It involves formaldehyde fixation of CHROMATIN to crosslink the DNA-BINDING PROTEINS to the DNA. After shearing the DNA into small fragments, specific DNA-protein complexes are isolated by immunoprecipitation with protein-specific ANTIBODIES. Then, the DNA isolated from the complex can be identified by PCR amplification and sequencing.Multigene Family: A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)NF-kappa B: Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.RNA Interference: A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.RNA, Small Interfering: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.Cell Proliferation: All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.Gene Library: A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.Genes, Plant: The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.HeLa Cells: The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.Green Fluorescent Proteins: Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Protein Biosynthesis: The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.beta-Galactosidase: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.Nucleic Acid Hybridization: Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. The enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. EC 2.3.1.28.Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.Transgenes: Genes that are introduced into an organism using GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay: An electrophoretic technique for assaying the binding of one compound to another. Typically one compound is labeled to follow its mobility during electrophoresis. If the labeled compound is bound by the other compound, then the mobility of the labeled compound through the electrophoretic medium will be retarded.Genes, Immediate-Early: Genes that show rapid and transient expression in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. The term was originally used exclusively for viral genes where immediate-early referred to transcription immediately following virus integration into the host cell. It is also used to describe cellular genes which are expressed immediately after resting cells are stimulated by extracellular signals such as growth factors and neurotransmitters.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Immediate-Early Proteins: Proteins that are coded by immediate-early genes, in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. The term was originally used exclusively for viral regulatory proteins that were synthesized just after viral integration into the host cell. It is also used to describe cellular proteins which are synthesized immediately after the resting cell is stimulated by extracellular signals.Neoplasm Proteins: Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.Gene Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Microdissection: The performance of dissections with the aid of a microscope.Genes: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.RNA, Neoplasm: RNA present in neoplastic tissue.Genes, Regulator: Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Lac Operon: The genetic unit consisting of three structural genes, an operator and a regulatory gene. The regulatory gene controls the synthesis of the three structural genes: BETA-GALACTOSIDASE and beta-galactoside permease (involved with the metabolism of lactose), and beta-thiogalactoside acetyltransferase.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Drosophila Proteins: Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.RNA, Plant: Ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.Acetylation: Formation of an acetyl derivative. (Stedman, 25th ed)Embryo, Mammalian: The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.Arabidopsis Proteins: Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Gene Transfer Techniques: The introduction of functional (usually cloned) GENES into cells. A variety of techniques and naturally occurring processes are used for the gene transfer such as cell hybridization, LIPOSOMES or microcell-mediated gene transfer, ELECTROPORATION, chromosome-mediated gene transfer, TRANSFECTION, and GENETIC TRANSDUCTION. Gene transfer may result in genetically transformed cells and individual organisms.Breast Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.Stress, Physiological: The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional: Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Drosophila melanogaster: A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear: Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. They bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the CELL MEMBRANE. Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.Chromosome Mapping: Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.Principal Component Analysis: Mathematical procedure that transforms a number of possibly correlated variables into a smaller number of uncorrelated variables called principal components.Drosophila: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.Embryo, Nonmammalian: The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.Sp1 Transcription Factor: Promoter-specific RNA polymerase II transcription factor that binds to the GC box, one of the upstream promoter elements, in mammalian cells. The binding of Sp1 is necessary for the initiation of transcription in the promoters of a variety of cellular and viral GENES.Genome, Human: The complete genetic complement contained in the DNA of a set of CHROMOSOMES in a HUMAN. The length of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs.Dexamethasone: An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos: Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.Histone Deacetylases: Deacetylases that remove N-acetyl groups from amino side chains of the amino acids of HISTONES. The enzyme family can be divided into at least three structurally-defined subclasses. Class I and class II deacetylases utilize a zinc-dependent mechanism. The sirtuin histone deacetylases belong to class III and are NAD-dependent enzymes.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Nerve Tissue ProteinsMethylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Tumor Markers, Biological: Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.Muscle, Skeletal: A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.Gene Knockdown Techniques: The artificial induction of GENE SILENCING by the use of RNA INTERFERENCE to reduce the expression of a specific gene. It includes the use of DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA, such as SMALL INTERFERING RNA and RNA containing HAIRPIN LOOP SEQUENCE, and ANTI-SENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors: A family of DNA-binding transcription factors that contain a basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF.Zebrafish: An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.Macrophages: The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Genes, Neoplasm: Genes whose abnormal expression, or MUTATION are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Transcription Factor AP-1: A multiprotein complex composed of the products of c-jun and c-fos proto-oncogenes. These proteins must dimerize in order to bind to the AP-1 recognition site, also known as the TPA-responsive element (TRE). AP-1 controls both basal and inducible transcription of several genes.RNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.Mice, Inbred BALB CViral Proteins: Proteins found in any species of virus.Genes, Insect: The functional hereditary units of INSECTS.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional: Nucleotide sequences of a gene that are involved in the regulation of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION.Animals, Genetically Modified: ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.Genes, fos: Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (fos) originally isolated from the Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins (FBJ-MSV) and Finkel-Biskis-Reilly (FBR-MSV) murine sarcoma viruses. The proto-oncogene protein c-fos codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in growth-related transcriptional control. The insertion of c-fos into FBJ-MSV or FBR-MSV induces osteogenic sarcomas in mice. The human c-fos gene is located at 14q21-31 on the long arm of chromosome 14.Plants, Genetically Modified: PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.Genes, Homeobox: Genes that encode highly conserved TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that control positional identity of cells (BODY PATTERNING) and MORPHOGENESIS throughout development. Their sequences contain a 180 nucleotide sequence designated the homeobox, so called because mutations of these genes often results in homeotic transformations, in which one body structure replaces another. The proteins encoded by homeobox genes are called HOMEODOMAIN PROTEINS.Genetic Therapy: Techniques and strategies which include the use of coding sequences and other conventional or radical means to transform or modify cells for the purpose of treating or reversing disease conditions.Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.Cell Lineage: The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.DNA Probes: Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.Embryonic Development: Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.

Inducible NO synthase: role in cellular signalling. (1/16452)

The discovery of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and its identification as nitric oxide (NO) was one of the most exciting discoveries of biomedical research in the 1980s. Besides its potent vasodilatory effects, NO was found under certain circumstances to be responsible for the killing of microorganisms and tumour cells by activated macrophages and to act as a novel, unconventional type of neurotransmitter. In 1992, Science picked NO as the 'Molecule of the Year', and over the past years NO has become established as a universal intercellular messenger that acutely affects important signalling pathways and, on a more long-term scale, modulates gene expression in target cells. These actions will form the focus of the present review.  (+info)

An overview of the evolution of overproduced esterases in the mosquito Culex pipiens. (2/16452)

Insecticide resistance genes have developed in a wide variety of insects in response to heavy chemical application. Few of these examples of adaptation in response to rapid environmental change have been studied both at the population level and at the gene level. One of these is the evolution of the overproduced esterases that are involved in resistance to organophosphate insecticides in the mosquito Culex pipiens. At the gene level, two genetic mechanisms are involved in esterase overproduction, namely gene amplification and gene regulation. At the population level, the co-occurrence of the same amplified allele in distinct geographic areas is best explained by the importance of passive transportation at the worldwide scale. The long-term monitoring of a population of mosquitoes in southern France has enabled a detailed study to be made of the evolution of resistance genes on a local scale, and has shown that a resistance gene with a lower cost has replaced a former resistance allele with a higher cost.  (+info)

Overexpression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase under the control of mouse metallothionein I promoter in transgenic mice: evidence for a striking post-transcriptional regulation of transgene expression by a polyamine analogue. (3/16452)

We recently generated a transgenic mouse line overexpressing spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) gene under its own promoter. The tissue polyamine pools of these animals were profoundly affected and the mice were hairless from early age. We have now generated another transgenic-mouse line overexpressing the SSAT gene under the control of a heavy-metal-inducible mouse metallothionein I (MT) promoter. Even in the absence of heavy metals, changes in the tissue polyamine pools indicated that a marked activation of polyamine catabolism had occurred in the transgenic animals. As with the SSAT transgenic mice generated previously, the mice of the new line (MT-SSAT) suffered permanent hair loss, but this occurred considerably later than in the previous SSAT transgenic animals. Liver was the most affected tissue in the MT-SSAT transgenic animals, revealed by putrescine overaccumulation, significant decrease in spermidine concentration and >90% reduction in the spermine pool. Even though hepatic SSAT mRNA accumulated to massive levels in non-induced transgenic animals, SSAT activity was only moderately elevated. Administration of ZnSO4 further elevated the level of hepatic SSAT message and induced enzyme activity, but not more than 2- to 3-fold. Treatment of the transgenic animals with the polyamine analogue N1,N11-diethylnorspermine (DENSPM) resulted in an immense induction, more than 40000-fold, of enzyme activity in the liver of transgenic animals, and minor changes in the SSAT mRNA level. Liver spermidine and spermine pools were virtually depleted within 1-2 days in response to the treatment with the analogue. The treatment also resulted in a marked mortality (up to 60%) among the transgenic animals which showed ultrastructural changes in the liver, most notably mitochondrial swelling, one of the earliest signs of cell injury. These results indicated that, even without its own promoter, SSAT is powerfully induced by the polyamine analogue through a mechanism that appears to involve a direct translational and/or heterogenous nuclear RNA processing control. It is likewise significant that overexpression of SSAT renders the animals extremely sensitive to polyamine analogues.  (+info)

Identification of a cAMP response element within the glucose- 6-phosphatase hydrolytic subunit gene promoter which is involved in the transcriptional regulation by cAMP and glucocorticoids in H4IIE hepatoma cells. (4/16452)

The expression of a luciferase reporter gene under the control of the human glucose 6-phosphatase gene promoter was stimulated by both dexamethasone and dibutyryl cAMP in H4IIE hepatoma cells. A cis-active element located between nucleotides -161 and -152 in the glucose 6-phosphatase gene promoter was identified and found to be necessary for both basal reporter-gene expression and induction of expression by both dibutyryl cAMP and dexamethasone. Nucleotides -161 to -152 were functionally replaced by the consensus sequence for a cAMP response element. An antibody against the cAMP response element-binding protein caused a supershift in gel-electrophoretic-mobility-shift assays using an oligonucleotide probe representing the glucose 6-phosphatase gene promoter from nucleotides -161 to -152. These results strongly indicate that in H4IIE cells the glucose 6-phosphatase gene-promoter sequence from -161 to -152 is a cAMP response element which is important for the regulation of transcription of the glucose 6-phosphatase gene by both cAMP and glucocorticoids.  (+info)

Regulation and function of family 1 and family 2 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase genes (UGT1A, UGT2B) in human oesophagus. (5/16452)

Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are expressed in a tissue-specific fashion in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues [Strassburg, Manns and Tukey (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 8719-8726]. Previous work suggests that these enzymes play a protective role in chemical carcinogenesis [Strassburg, Manns and Tukey (1997) Cancer Res. 57, 2979-2985]. In this study, UGT1 and UGT2 gene expression was investigated in human oesophageal epithelium and squamous-cell carcinoma in addition to the characterization of individual UGT isoforms using recombinant protein. UGT mRNA expression was characterized by duplex reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis and revealed the expression of UGT1A7, UGT1A8, UGT1A9 and UGT1A10 mRNAs. UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A5 and UGT1A6 transcripts were not detected. UGT2 expression included UGT2B7, UGT2B10 and UGT2B15, but UGT2B4 mRNA was absent. UGT2 mRNA was present at significantly lower levels than UGT1 transcripts. This observation was in agreement with the analysis of catalytic activities in oesophageal microsomal protein, which was characterized by high glucuronidation rates for phenolic xenobiotics, all of which are classical UGT1 substrates. Whereas UGT1A9 was not regulated, differential regulation of UGT1A7 and UGT1A10 mRNA was observed between normal oesophageal epithelium and squamous-cell carcinoma. Expression and analysis in vitro of recombinant UGT1A7, UGT1A9, UGT1A10, UGT2B7 and UGT2B15 demonstrated that UGT1A7, UGT1A9 and UGT1A10 catalysed the glucuronidation of 7-hydroxybenzo(alpha)pyrene, as well as other environmental carcinogens, such as 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo-(4, 5-beta)-pyridine. Although UGT1A9 was not regulated in the carcinoma tissue, the five-fold reduction in 7-hydroxybenzo(alpha)pyrene glucuronidation could be attributed to regulation of UGT1A7 and UGT1A10. These data elucidate an individual regulation of human UGT1A and UGT2B genes in human oesophagus and provide evidence for specific catalytic activities of individual human UGT isoforms towards environmental carcinogens that have been implicated in cellular carcinogenesis.  (+info)

Regulation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase by retinoic acid in P19 cells. (6/16452)

UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase (GPT) is the first enzyme in the dolichol pathway of protein N-glycosylation, and is implicated in the developmental programmes of a variety of eukaryotes. In the present study we describe the effects of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) on the levels of GPT protein and enzymic activity, and on the transcription rate of the GPT gene, in mouse P19 teratocarcinoma cells. RA caused a dose-dependent and protein-synthesis-dependent induction of enzyme activity. The maximum induction of GPT activity (about 3-fold) required 2 days of exposure to 1 microM RA. Induced GPT activity also resulted in an increase in the rate of incorporation of [3H]mannose into Glc3Man9GlcNAc2. Enzymic activities paralleled GPT gene expression. The GPT gene was induced (2-fold) after 7 h of RA treatment. An approx. 3-fold increase in a 48 kDa GPT protein and approx. 4-fold increases in the levels of three GPT transcripts (1.8, 2.0 and 2.2 kb) were observed after 2 days of RA treatment. The enhanced levels of GPT protein and mRNAs began to decline 3 days after the initiation of differentiation, and GPT expression was down-regulated during cellular differentiation. GPT activity decreased about 2. 8-fold to a constant level in differentiated P19 cells. The results indicate that the RA-induced enzyme activity was mainly determined by increased transcription of the GPT gene. RA-treated P19 cells were about 4-fold more resistant to tunicamycin, a fungal antibiotic which inhibits GPT, than were control cells. In addition, GPT activity in membranes from RA-treated P19 cells exhibited approx. 4-fold increased resistance to tunicamycin compared with activity in membranes from untreated control cells, demonstrating that resistance to tunicamycin is correlated with induced GPT activity. Furthermore, increased GPT activity had regulatory significance with regard to the rate of incorporation of [3H]mannose into Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-dolichol and into glycoproteins. Together, the data provide additional insights into the hormonal regulation of GPT and present evidence that the RA-mediated induction of GPT has a regulatory impact on the dolichol pathway.  (+info)

Glutathione-independent prostaglandin D2 synthase in ram and stallion epididymal fluids: origin and regulation. (7/16452)

Microsequencing after two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed a major protein, glutathione-independent prostaglandin D2 synthase (PGDS) in the anterior epididymal region fluid of the ram and stallion. In this epididymal region, PGDS was a polymorphic compound with a molecular mass around 30 kDa and a range of pI from 4 to 7. PGDS represented 15% and 8% of the total luminal proteins present in this region in the ram and stallion, respectively. The secretion of the protein as judged by in vitro biosynthesis, and the presence of its mRNA as studied by Northern blot analysis, were limited to the proximal caput epididymidis. Using a specific polyclonal antibody raised against a synthetic peptide, PGDS was found throughout the epididymis, decreasing in concentration toward the cauda region. PGDS was also detected in the testicular fluid and seminal plasma by Western blotting. Castration and efferent duct ligation in the ram led to a decrease in PGDS mRNA and secretion. PGDS mRNA was not detected in the stallion 1 mo after castration, and it was restored by testosterone supplementation. This study showed that PGDS is present in the environment of spermatozoa throughout the male genital tract. Its function in the maturation and/or protection of spermatozoa is unknown.  (+info)

Down-regulation of oxytocin-induced cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin F synthase expression by interferon-tau in bovine endometrial cells. (8/16452)

Oxytocin (OT) is responsible for the episodic release of luteolytic prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha from the uterus in ruminants. The attenuation of OT-stimulated uterine PGF2alpha secretion by interferon-tau (IFN-tau) is essential for prevention of luteolysis during pregnancy in cows. To better understand the mechanisms involved, the effect of recombinant bovine IFN-tau (rbIFN-tau) on OT-induced PG production and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and PGF synthase (PGFS) expression in cultured endometrial epithelial cells was investigated. Cells were obtained from cows at Days 1-3 of the estrous cycle and cultured to confluence in RPMI medium supplemented with 5% steroid-free fetal calf serum. The cells were then incubated in the presence or absence of either 100 ng/ml OT or OT+100 ng/ml rbIFN-tau for 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. OT significantly increased PGF2alpha and PGE2 secretion at all time points (p < 0.01), while rbIFN-tau inhibited the OT-induced PG production and reduced OT receptor binding in a time-dependent manner. OT increased the steady-state level of COX-2 mRNA, measured by Northern blot, which was maximal at 3 h (9-fold increase) and then decreased with time (p < 0.01). OT also caused an increase in COX-2 protein, which peaked at 12 h (11-fold increase), as measured by Western blot. Addition of rbIFN-tau suppressed the induction of COX-2 mRNA (89%, p < 0.01) and COX-2 protein (50%, p < 0.01) by OT. OT also increased PGFS mRNA, and this stimulation was attenuated by rbIFN-tau (p < 0.01). To ensure that the decrease in COX-2 was not solely due to down-regulation of the OT receptor, cells were stimulated with a phorbol ester (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; PMA) in the presence and absence of rbIFN-tau. The results showed that rbIFN-tau also decreased PMA-stimulated PG production and COX-2 protein. It can be concluded that rbIFN-tau inhibition of OT-stimulated PG production is due to down-regulation of OT receptor, COX-2, and PGFS.  (+info)

NF-kappaB is required for cytokine-induced manganese superoxide dismutase expression in insulin-producing cellsNF-kappaB is required for cytokine-induced manganese superoxide dismutase expression in insulin-producing cells
Reactive oxygen species play an important role in the cytotoxic effect of inflammatory cytokines on pancreatic beta-cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus. The antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is part of the cellular defenses against these deleterious radicals. MnSOD gene express …
A novel role of interleukin-1-converting enzyme in cytokine-me...A novel role of interleukin-1-converting enzyme in cytokine-me...
A novel role of interleukin-1-converting enzyme in cytokine-mediated inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression: Implications for neuroinflammatory disease
In Vivo Transfection of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Gene or Nuclear Factor κB shRNA in Nodose Ganglia Improves Aortic...In Vivo Transfection of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Gene or Nuclear Factor κB shRNA in Nodose Ganglia Improves Aortic...
Arterial baroreflex sensitivity is attenuated in chronic heart failure (CHF) state, which is associated with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in patients with CHF. Our previous study showed that CHF-induced sodium channel dysfunction in the baroreceptor neurons was involved in the blunted baroreflex sensitivity in CHF rats. Mitochondria-derived superoxide overproduction decreased expression and activation of the sodium channels in the baroreceptor neurons from CHF rats. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the sodium channel dysfunction in the baroreceptor neurons from CHF rats remain unknown. We tested the involvement of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) in the sodium channel dysfunction and evaluated the effects of in vivo transfection of manganese superoxide dismutase gene and NFκB shRNA on the baroreflex function in CHF rats. CHF was developed at 6 to 8 weeks after left coronary artery ligation in adult rats. Western blot and chromatin immunoprecipitation data showed that ...
The inhibitory effect of glucose on phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene expression in cultured hepatocytes is...The inhibitory effect of glucose on phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene expression in cultured hepatocytes is...
Sigma-Aldrich offers abstracts and full-text articles by [F Cournarie, D Azzout-Marniche, M Foretz, C Guichard, P Ferre, F Foufelle].
Nifedipine Indirectly Upregulates Superoxide Dismutase Expression in Endothelial Cells via Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell...Nifedipine Indirectly Upregulates Superoxide Dismutase Expression in Endothelial Cells via Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell...
The present study highlights the following novel findings on the mechanisms responsible for the normalization of endothelial dysfunction by calcium antagonists. (1) The calcium antagonist nifedipine indirectly upregulates SOD activity and expression in ECs through activation of adjacent VSMCs. (2) VEGF released from VSMCs is involved in the mechanism underlying the upregulation of endothelial SOD activity by nifedipine. (3) Nifedipine stimulates the release of VEGF from VSMCs through activation of the bradykinin B2 receptor. (4) Upregulation of endothelial SOD by nifedipine results in the enhancement of NO production from ECs.. Calcium antagonists are widely used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. Recent evidence suggests that these drugs improve clinical outcome in patients with certain cardiovascular diseases.12,13⇓ It is noteworthy that calcium antagonists have been shown to normalize endothelial dysfunction in many cardiovascular diseases,14 because endothelial ...
CSHL LibraryCSHL Library
The Drosophila nitric-oxide synthase gene (dNOS) encodes a family of proteins that can modulate NOS activity by acting as dominant negative regulators ...
The bovine tyrosine hydroxylase gene associates in vitro with the nuclear matrix by its first intron sequence*.; - Acta...The bovine tyrosine hydroxylase gene associates in vitro with the nuclear matrix by its first intron sequence*.; - Acta...
Recently we have shown that in vitro binding of the proximal part of the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene to the nuclear matrix is correlated with its transcriptional activity. The strongest binding potential was predicted by computing for the first intron sequence (Lenartowski & Goc, 2002, Neurosci Lett.; 330 : 151-154). In this study a 16 kb fragment of the bovine genomic DNA containing the tyrosine hydroxylase gene was investigated for its affinity to the nuclear matrix. Only a 950 bp fragment encoding the distal part of the first intron, second exon and a few nucleotides of the second intron bound to the nuclear matrix. The binding was independent of the tissue-specific tyrosine hydroxylase gene activation. The fragment was subcloned and sequenced. Computer search pointed to one potential intronic matrix attachment region with two AP1-like sites embedded in the sequence. We conclude that even if the position of the matrix binding region is conserved among the tyrosine hydroxylase genes in ...
ORBi: Browsing ORBiORBi: Browsing ORBi
in Experimental Cell Research (2001), 265(1), 114-24. Hypoxia is an important pathophysiological stress that occurs during blood vessel injuries and tumor growth. It is now well documented that hypoxia leads to the activation of several transcription factors ... [more ▼]. Hypoxia is an important pathophysiological stress that occurs during blood vessel injuries and tumor growth. It is now well documented that hypoxia leads to the activation of several transcription factors which participate in the adaptive response of the cells to hypoxia. Among these transcription factors, AP-1 is rapidly activated by hypoxia and triggers bFGF, VEGF, and tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression. However, the mechanisms of AP-1 activation by hypoxia are not well understood. In this report, we studied the events leading to AP-1 activation in hypoxia. We found that c-jun protein accumulates in hypoxic HepG2 cells. This overexpression is concomitant with c-jun phosphorylation and JNK activation. Moreover, we showed ...
Renalase抗体|Abcam中国|Anti-Renalase抗体(ab31291)Renalase抗体|Abcam中国|Anti-Renalase抗体(ab31291)
Renalase山羊多克隆抗体(ab31291)可与小鼠, 人样本反应并经WB, ELISA, IHC实验严格验证，被3篇文献引用。所有产品均提供质保服务，中国75%以上现货。
Curcumin inhibits nitric oxide synthase gene expression | ENCOGNITIVE.COMCurcumin inhibits nitric oxide synthase gene expression | ENCOGNITIVE.COM
Curcumin inhibits nitric oxide synthase gene expression. Curcumin is a naturally occurring, dietary polyphenolic phytochemical that has been shown to inhibit cancer among other things. With respect to inflammation, it inhibits the activation of free radical activated transcription factors, and reduces the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), interleukin-1 and interleukin-8). Upon inflammation, an enzyme is induced (nitric oxide synthase) that catalyzes the production of nitric oxide (NO), a molecule that may lead to carcinogenesis. In this study in mouse immune cells curcumin reduced the production of nitric oxide in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, curcumin reduced nitric oxide expression in the livers of mice by 50-70%. Investigators were able to obtain potency at nanomoles per gram of body weight, even though it is believed that curcumin needs to be given at dosages that are unattainable through diet to produce an in vivo effect. ...
Increasing Nigral Tyrosine Hydroxylase Expression as a Mechanism of Exercise-Mediated Recovery: Evaluation in Toxin and Rat...Increasing Nigral Tyrosine Hydroxylase Expression as a Mechanism of Exercise-Mediated Recovery: Evaluation in Toxin and Rat...
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Polymorphism of the manganese superoxide dismutase gene but not of vascular endothelial growth factor gene is a risk factor for...Polymorphism of the manganese superoxide dismutase gene but not of vascular endothelial growth factor gene is a risk factor for...
Background: In diabetic retinopathy, the vascular endothelium is damaged due to oxidative stress and inflammation, and vitreous VEGF concentration becomes elevated. The association of diabetic retinopathy with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was studied on two genes: VEGF, an important mediator of neovascularisation, and MnSOD, a major antioxidant enzyme.. Methods: The study population was 755 individuals consisting of 131 diabetic (type 1 or type 2) patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR group), 98 diabetic controls without retinopathy (DC group) and 526 non-diabetic controls. VEGF SNPs rs699947, rs2010963, rs2146232, rs3025033, rs3025039 and Ala16Val polymorphism of the MnSOD gene were genotyped.. Results: The frequencies of allele and genotype of the single genotyped VEGF SNPs or reconstructed haplotypes of these single SNPs did not differ between DR and DC groups. A higher frequency of the AlaAla genotype (p = 0.03) and Ala16 allele (p = 0.04) of the MnSOD gene in the DR group was ...
Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase gene expression by a synthetic rexinoid. :: Dartmouth DissertationsRegulation of matrix metalloproteinase gene expression by a synthetic rexinoid. :: Dartmouth Dissertations
The irreversible destruction of the tissues that comprise synovial joints is the hallmark of both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. In both diseases, inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β, stimulate the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of enzymes that collectively degrade all components of the extra-cellular matrix. The collagenases, a subgroup of the MMP family, have the unique ability to cleave the collagen fibrils that comprise cartilage, tendon, and bone, and thereby provide the rate-limiting step in the degradation of many joint structures. In the arthritides, MMP-1 and MMP-13 (collagenase-1 and collagenase-3, respectively) are key mediators of joint destruction, and therefore represent potential therapeutic targets. In this thesis, we identified the rexinoid LG100268 (LG268), a ligand for the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) RXR, as a novel, selective inhibitor of MMP-1 and -13 expression, and investigated the molecular mechanisms behind its ...
Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase gene expression by a synthetic rexinoid. :: Dartmouth DissertationsRegulation of matrix metalloproteinase gene expression by a synthetic rexinoid. :: Dartmouth Dissertations
The irreversible destruction of the tissues that comprise synovial joints is the hallmark of both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. In both diseases, inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β, stimulate the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of enzymes that collectively degrade all components of the extra-cellular matrix. The collagenases, a subgroup of the MMP family, have the unique ability to cleave the collagen fibrils that comprise cartilage, tendon, and bone, and thereby provide the rate-limiting step in the degradation of many joint structures. In the arthritides, MMP-1 and MMP-13 (collagenase-1 and collagenase-3, respectively) are key mediators of joint destruction, and therefore represent potential therapeutic targets. In this thesis, we identified the rexinoid LG100268 (LG268), a ligand for the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) RXR, as a novel, selective inhibitor of MMP-1 and -13 expression, and investigated the molecular mechanisms behind its ...
Normandie Université - Aromatase Gene Expression and Regulation in the Female Rat PituitaryNormandie Université - Aromatase Gene Expression and Regulation in the Female Rat Pituitary
Aromatase cytochrome P450, the key enzyme of estrogen biosynthesis from androgens, is encoded by CYP19. Its structure shows some peculiarities: exons II to X encode the protein, while multiple alternative exons I encode unique 5-untranslated regions of the aromatase mRNA transcripts. Immunohistochemistry studies in the rat have shown that pituitary aromatase expression is sex-dependent and varies across the estrous cycle, suggesting that estrogens might be involved in the regulation of aromatase activity and might act locally as a paracrine or autocrine factor in the pituitary. In the present study, we used RT-PCR to characterize aromatase transcripts and real-time PCR to quantify the expression of the total aromatase mRNA at the different stages of the estrous cycle and from an ovariectomy and estradiol replacement model. We identified the two previously described aromatase transcripts with a specific 5untranslated region of the brain 1f and the gonadal PII transcripts. Total aromatase mRNA
Flavonoids from Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Up-Regulate Endothelial-Type Nitric-Oxide Synthase Gene Expression in Human...Flavonoids from Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Up-Regulate Endothelial-Type Nitric-Oxide Synthase Gene Expression in Human...
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EC 1.1.1.141EC 1.1.1.141
Accepted name: 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+). Reaction: (5Z,13E,15S)-11α,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-5,13-dienoate + NAD+ = (5Z,13E)-11α-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprost-5,13-dienoate + NADH + H+. Other name(s): NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (type I); PGDH; 11α,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate:NAD+ 15-oxidoreductase; 15-OH-PGDH; 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase; 15-hydroxyprostanoic dehydrogenase; NAD-specific 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase; prostaglandin dehydrogenase; 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD). Systematic name: (5Z,13E,15S)-11α,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-5,13-dienoate:NAD+ 15-oxidoreductase. Comments: Acts on prostaglandin E2, F2α and B1, but not on prostaglandin D2. cf. EC 1.1.1.196 15-hydroxyprostaglandin-D dehydrogenase (NADP+) and EC 1.1.1.197 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NADP+).. Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9030-87-9. References:. 1. Änggård, E. and Samuelsson, ...
Enzyme Activity Assay Service - ProfacgenEnzyme Activity Assay Service - Profacgen
Profacgen provides professional enzyme activity assay service for the determination of enzyme activities and kinetics, facilitating better understanding of various roles enzymes play in physiological processes.
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and Luteal Cell DNA Fragmentation of Porcine Cyclic Corpora Lutea | Korea ScienceInducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and Luteal Cell DNA Fragmentation of Porcine Cyclic Corpora Lutea | Korea Science
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and Luteal Cell DNA Fragmentation of Porcine Cyclic Corpora Lutea - Nitric Oxide Synthase;Corpora Lutea;Apoptosis;Estrous Cycle;
Analyses of the sucrose synthase gene family in cotton: structure, phylogeny and expression patterns | BMC Plant Biology | Full...Analyses of the sucrose synthase gene family in cotton: structure, phylogeny and expression patterns | BMC Plant Biology | Full...
Although the evolution of multigene families involves multiple mechanisms, comprehensive analysis of phylogenetic tree and exon/intron gene structures, to a certain extent, allow us to make some generalizations and predictions about the possible origin of and relationships between different isoforms of Sus, as well as their possible function. Plant Sus proteins have been historically divided into at least three major groups (Sus1, SusA and New Group/NG) on the basis of phylogenetic tree and molecular structures analysis of their sequences [24, 29]. Phylogenetic analysis of cotton GaSus genes and other plant homologues in our work corroborated this classification (for unification and simplification, in this study, we renamed them as Sus I, II and III, respectively), and further support the idea that higher plant species may have at least one gene for each of the three groups [24]. The presence of five cotton Sus genes, GaSus1 to 5, in the Sus I group that cluster together with other dicot genes ...
The inducible nitric oxide synthase gene, Nos2, maps to mouse chromos by I C. Gerling, A E. Karlsen et al.The inducible nitric oxide synthase gene, Nos2, maps to mouse chromos" by I C. Gerling, A E. Karlsen et al.
Animal, Base-Sequence, Chromosome-Mapping, Crosses-Genetic, Enzyme-Induction, Genes-Structural, Human, Hybridization, Mice: ge, Mice-Inbred-C57BL, Mice-Inbred-NOD: ge, Molecular-Sequence-Data, Muridae: ge, Rats, Rats-Wistar, SUPPORT-NON-U-S-GOVT, SUPPORT-U-S-GOVT-P-H-S. ...
Hpgd - 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Hpgd gene & proteinHpgd - 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Hpgd gene & protein
Prostaglandin inactivation. Contributes to the regulation of events that are under the control of prostaglandin levels. Catalyzes the NAD-dependent dehydrogenation of lipoxin A4 to form 15-oxo-lipoxin A4 (By similarity).
15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) | Springer for Research & Development15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) | Springer for Research & Development
Jung, A., Schlegel, W., Jackisch, R., Friedrich, E.J., Wendel, A., Rückrich, M.F.: Hoppe-Seylers Z. Physiol. Chem., 356, 787-798 (1975)PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar ...
Enzyme induction and inhibitionEnzyme induction and inhibition
List of MeSH codes (G05)List of MeSH codes (G05)
Enzyme kineticsEnzyme kinetics
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Gene Expression RegulationGene Expression ProfilingGene Expression Regulation, PlantOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisMicroRNAsGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalGene ExpressionRNA, MessengerTranscription, GeneticPromoter Regions, GeneticRNA, UntranslatedGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicBase SequenceTranscription FactorsMolecular Sequence DataComputational BiologyChromatinGenomeGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticGene Expression Regulation, ArchaealModels, GeneticBinding SitesGene Expression Regulation, FungalAlgorithmsNucleic Acid ConformationReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionTranscriptomeRNA StabilitySignal TransductionCell LineGene Regulatory NetworksDown-RegulationDNA-Binding ProteinsGene Expression Regulation, ViralGene Expression Regulation, BacterialUp-Regulation3' Untranslated RegionsSequence Analysis, RNA5' Untranslated RegionsEpigenesis, GeneticCells, CulturedEvolution, MolecularAlternative SplicingCell Line, TumorArabidopsisHistonesDNA MethylationGene Expression Regulation, LeukemicModels, BiologicalConserved SequenceSequence Analysis, DNAAmino Acid SequenceSoftwareCluster AnalysisGenes, ReporterMicroarray AnalysisBlotting, NorthernTransfectionCell DifferentiationRNATranscriptional ActivationMutationDNA PrimersIn Situ HybridizationTrans-ActivatorsNuclear ProteinsRepressor ProteinsPolymerase Chain ReactionMice, Inbred C57BLDNA, ComplementaryPhenotypeReal-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionTime FactorsLiverLuciferasesDNAHomeodomain ProteinsTumor Cells, CulturedBlotting, WesternOrgan SpecificityCell NucleusProtein BindingDatabases, GeneticPlasmidsReproducibility of ResultsGenetic VectorsMice, TransgenicRats, Sprague-DawleyCloning, MolecularRegulatory Sequences, Nucleic AcidImmunohistochemistryGene SilencingEnhancer Elements, GeneticExpressed Sequence TagsResponse ElementsChromatin ImmunoprecipitationMultigene FamilyNF-kappa BRNA InterferenceBacterial ProteinsRNA, Small InterferingCell ProliferationGene LibraryGenes, PlantFibroblastsGenomicsMice, KnockoutHeLa CellsGreen Fluorescent ProteinsApoptosisProtein BiosynthesisRecombinant Fusion Proteinsbeta-GalactosidaseNucleic Acid HybridizationProteinsChloramphenicol O-AcetyltransferasePlant ProteinsDisease Models, AnimalCell CycleTransgenesEpithelial CellsElectrophoretic Mobility Shift AssayGenes, Immediate-EarlyCarrier ProteinsImmediate-Early ProteinsNeoplasm ProteinsGene DeletionMembrane ProteinsMicrodissectionGenesPhosphorylationSaccharomyces cerevisiaeRNA, NeoplasmGenes, RegulatorCytokinesDose-Response Relationship, DrugSequence AlignmentLac OperonRats, WistarDrosophila ProteinsSpecies SpecificityRNA, PlantTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaAcetylationEmbryo, MammalianCell DivisionArabidopsis ProteinsRecombinant ProteinsGene Transfer TechniquesBreast NeoplasmsStress, PhysiologicalRNA Processing, Post-TranscriptionalBrainDrosophila melanogasterReceptors, Cytoplasmic and NuclearProto-Oncogene ProteinsChromosome MappingPrincipal Component AnalysisDrosophilaEmbryo, NonmammalianSp1 Transcription FactorGenome, HumanDexamethasoneProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosHistone DeacetylasesSequence Homology, Amino AcidNerve Tissue ProteinsMethylationGenes, BacterialTissue DistributionTumor Markers, BiologicalMuscle, SkeletalInflammationTransforming Growth Factor betaGene Knockdown TechniquesKineticsBasic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription FactorsZebrafishMacrophagesPregnancyGenes, NeoplasmEscherichia coliTranscription Factor AP-1RNA-Binding ProteinsEnzyme InhibitorsMice, Inbred BALB CViral ProteinsGenes, InsectNeuronsCell SurvivalRegulatory Elements, TranscriptionalAnimals, Genetically ModifiedGenes, fosPlants, Genetically ModifiedGenes, HomeoboxGenetic TherapyVirus ReplicationCell LineageAnimals, NewbornDNA ProbesEmbryonic Development
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic | Profiles RNSGene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic | Profiles RNS
Category:Enzymes - Wikimedia CommonsCategory:Enzymes - Wikimedia Commons
Collagenase gene regulation by pro-inflammatory cytokines in cartilageCollagenase gene regulation by pro-inflammatory cytokines in cartilage
Substrate specificity and gene expression of the amino-acid permeases in Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSubstrate specificity and gene expression of the amino-acid permeases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Expression of novel rice gibberellin 2-oxidase gene is under homeostatic regulation by biologically active gibberellinsExpression of novel rice gibberellin 2-oxidase gene is under homeostatic regulation by biologically active gibberellins
Molecular cloning and expression of a novel CYP26 gene (cyp26d1) during zebrafish early developmentMolecular cloning and expression of a novel CYP26 gene (cyp26d1) during zebrafish early development
Availability of Rubisco small subunit up-regulates the transcript levels of large subunit for stoichiometric assembly of its...Availability of Rubisco small subunit up-regulates the transcript levels of large subunit for stoichiometric assembly of its...
Differential expression of two flavonoid 3-hydroxylase cDNAs involved in biosynthesis of anthocyanin pigments and 3...Differential expression of two flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase cDNAs involved in biosynthesis of anthocyanin pigments and 3...
MC2R | Cancer Genetics WebMC2R | Cancer Genetics Web
ODC1 | Cancer Genetics WebODC1 | Cancer Genetics Web
Growth rate regulation of 4.5 S RNA and M1 RNA the catalytic subunit of Escherichia coli RNase P.Growth rate regulation of 4.5 S RNA and M1 RNA the catalytic subunit of Escherichia coli RNase P.
Gilmore, James Reid | Profiles RNSGilmore, James Reid | Profiles RNS
Differential regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in the basal ganglia of mice lacking the dopamine transporter. | CureHunterDifferential regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in the basal ganglia of mice lacking the dopamine transporter. | CureHunter
Involvement of Resveratrol and ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Sirtuin 1 Gene Expression in THP1 Cells. - NextBio articleInvolvement of Resveratrol and ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Sirtuin 1 Gene Expression in THP1 Cells. - NextBio article
Ciprofibrate regulation of rat hepatic bilirubin glucuronidation and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases expression. - NextBio articleCiprofibrate regulation of rat hepatic bilirubin glucuronidation and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases expression. - NextBio article
mTOR/S6 kinase pathway contributes to astrocyte survival during ischemia. | CureHuntermTOR/S6 kinase pathway contributes to astrocyte survival during ischemia. | CureHunter
Enzyme induction and inhibition - WikipediaEnzyme induction and inhibition - Wikipedia
Effects of 4d and 4e on three types of MAP kinases and | Open-iEffects of 4d and 4e on three types of MAP kinases and | Open-i
Construct used for tobacco transformation and Western b | Open-iConstruct used for tobacco transformation and Western b | Open-i
Deficient tryptophan catabolism along the kynurenine pathway reveals that the epididymis is in a unique tolerogenic state -...Deficient tryptophan catabolism along the kynurenine pathway reveals that the epididymis is in a unique tolerogenic state -...
Regulation of the hetero-octameric ATP phosphoribosyl transferase complex from Thermotoga maritima by a tRNA synthetase-like...Regulation of the hetero-octameric ATP phosphoribosyl transferase complex from Thermotoga maritima by a tRNA synthetase-like...
Induction of the mouse ribonucleotide reductase R1 and R2 genes in response to DNA damage by UV light.Induction of the mouse ribonucleotide reductase R1 and R2 genes in response to DNA damage by UV light.
ZFIN Publication: Kelsh et al., 2000ZFIN Publication: Kelsh et al., 2000
Max Planck Society - eDoc ServerMax Planck Society - eDoc Server
ZFIN Publication: Zhuo et al., 2011ZFIN Publication: Zhuo et al., 2011
PdeH, a high-affinity camp phosphodiesterase, is a key regulator of asexual and pathogenic differentiation in magnaporthe...PdeH, a high-affinity camp phosphodiesterase, is a key regulator of asexual and pathogenic differentiation in magnaporthe...
List of MeSH codes (G05) - WikipediaList of MeSH codes (G05) - Wikipedia
Research Interests for Edward D. LevinResearch Interests for Edward D. Levin
In vitro regulation of human phagocyte cytochrome b heavy and light ch by Peter E. Newburger, Qun Dai et al."In vitro regulation of human phagocyte cytochrome b heavy and light ch" by Peter E. Newburger, Qun Dai et al.
Use of reporter genes to measure xenobiotic-mediated activation of CYP gene transcription. - Surrey Research Insight Open...Use of reporter genes to measure xenobiotic-mediated activation of CYP gene transcription. - Surrey Research Insight Open...
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Gene Expression RegulationGene Expression ProfilingGene Expression Regulation, PlantOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisMicroRNAsGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalGene ExpressionRNA, MessengerTranscription, GeneticPromoter Regions, GeneticRNA, UntranslatedGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicBase SequenceTranscription FactorsMolecular Sequence DataComputational BiologyChromatinGenomeGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticGene Expression Regulation, ArchaealModels, GeneticBinding SitesGene Expression Regulation, FungalAlgorithmsNucleic Acid ConformationReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionTranscriptomeRNA StabilitySignal TransductionCell LineGene Regulatory NetworksDown-RegulationDNA-Binding ProteinsGene Expression Regulation, ViralGene Expression Regulation, BacterialUp-Regulation3' Untranslated RegionsSequence Analysis, RNA5' Untranslated RegionsEpigenesis, GeneticCells, CulturedEvolution, MolecularAlternative SplicingCell Line, TumorArabidopsisHistonesDNA MethylationGene Expression Regulation, LeukemicModels, BiologicalConserved SequenceSequence Analysis, DNAAmino Acid SequenceSoftwareCluster AnalysisGenes, ReporterMicroarray AnalysisBlotting, NorthernTransfectionCell DifferentiationRNATranscriptional ActivationMutationDNA PrimersIn Situ HybridizationTrans-ActivatorsNuclear ProteinsRepressor ProteinsPolymerase Chain ReactionMice, Inbred C57BLDNA, ComplementaryPhenotypeReal-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionTime FactorsLiverLuciferasesDNAHomeodomain ProteinsTumor Cells, CulturedBlotting, WesternOrgan SpecificityCell NucleusProtein BindingDatabases, GeneticPlasmidsReproducibility of ResultsGenetic VectorsMice, TransgenicRats, Sprague-DawleyCloning, MolecularRegulatory Sequences, Nucleic AcidImmunohistochemistryGene SilencingEnhancer Elements, GeneticExpressed Sequence TagsResponse ElementsChromatin ImmunoprecipitationMultigene FamilyNF-kappa BRNA InterferenceBacterial ProteinsRNA, Small InterferingCell ProliferationGene LibraryGenes, PlantFibroblastsGenomicsMice, KnockoutHeLa CellsGreen Fluorescent ProteinsApoptosisProtein BiosynthesisRecombinant Fusion Proteinsbeta-GalactosidaseNucleic Acid HybridizationProteinsChloramphenicol O-AcetyltransferasePlant ProteinsDisease Models, AnimalCell CycleTransgenesEpithelial CellsElectrophoretic Mobility Shift AssayGenes, Immediate-EarlyCarrier ProteinsImmediate-Early ProteinsNeoplasm ProteinsGene DeletionMembrane ProteinsMicrodissectionGenesPhosphorylationSaccharomyces cerevisiaeRNA, NeoplasmGenes, RegulatorCytokinesDose-Response Relationship, DrugSequence AlignmentLac OperonRats, WistarDrosophila ProteinsSpecies SpecificityRNA, PlantTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaAcetylationEmbryo, MammalianCell DivisionArabidopsis ProteinsRecombinant ProteinsGene Transfer TechniquesBreast NeoplasmsStress, PhysiologicalRNA Processing, Post-TranscriptionalBrainDrosophila melanogasterReceptors, Cytoplasmic and NuclearProto-Oncogene ProteinsChromosome MappingPrincipal Component AnalysisDrosophilaEmbryo, NonmammalianSp1 Transcription FactorGenome, HumanDexamethasoneProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosHistone DeacetylasesSequence Homology, Amino AcidNerve Tissue ProteinsMethylationGenes, BacterialTissue DistributionTumor Markers, BiologicalMuscle, SkeletalInflammationTransforming Growth Factor betaGene Knockdown TechniquesKineticsBasic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription FactorsZebrafishMacrophagesPregnancyGenes, NeoplasmEscherichia coliTranscription Factor AP-1RNA-Binding ProteinsEnzyme InhibitorsMice, Inbred BALB CViral ProteinsGenes, InsectNeuronsCell SurvivalRegulatory Elements, TranscriptionalAnimals, Genetically ModifiedGenes, fosPlants, Genetically ModifiedGenes, HomeoboxGenetic TherapyVirus ReplicationCell LineageAnimals, NewbornDNA ProbesEmbryonic Development
HumansMetabolismMolecularTranscriptional7alpha-hydroxylaseFibroblastsTransgenicHomeostasisMiceCytochromeCellsXenobioticTumorLuciferaseMRNA expressionHepaticInhibitionProteinTyrosinePromoterEncodesAssayBileAdenovirusReceptorHepG2GlucoseHUMANProteinsTranscription factorInteractActivityVectorDifferentiationControlsFormEffectMouseTechniques
Humans3
Metabolism1
Molecular1
Transcriptional5
7alpha-hydroxylase6
Fibroblasts2
Transgenic1
  • To help clarify the physiological role(s) of GDH, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) was transformed with either an antisense or sense copy of a beta-subunit gene, and transgenic plants recovered with between 0.5- and 34-times normal leaf GDH activity. (nih.gov)
Homeostasis1
Mice2
  • We found that astrocytes surrounding amyloid plaques showed enhanced expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in aged amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin 1 mice. (nih.gov)
  • Gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells has been used to generate mice with a disruption in the homeobox gene Hox-1.6. (utah.edu)
Cytochrome4
Cells14
  • This multi-gene family is thus ideally poised to play a pivotal role in the balance of N deposition relative to lipid-based storage, defense or signaling, by modulating contributions to these processes in the transient storage cells of the paraveinal mesophyll. (nih.gov)
  • Lytic infection of human cells by adenovirus proceeds by a temporal expression of genes. (utah.edu)
  • This tRNA gene is expressed when amplified in monkey cells as part of a SV40 recombinant and efficiently suppresses termination at both the ochre codon separ. (utah.edu)
  • Assay of expression of nested deletions in the 5' regulatory sequences of the LPL gene in the Hep G2 cell line and in BWTG3 cells localized sequences involved in the suppression of LPL production to a region between -591 and -288 relative to the transcription initiation site. (epfl.ch)
  • Effect of tyrosine hydroxylase gene silencing in CD4+ T lymphocytes on differentiation and function of helper T cells. (nel.edu)
  • We explored effect of gene silencing of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a rate-limiting enzyme for synthesis of catecholamines (CAs), in CD4+ T cells on differentiation and function of helper T (Th) cells to provide more evidence for functional significance of lymphocyte-derived CAs. (nel.edu)
  • After incubated for 48 h, these cells were detected for TH gene and protein expression and CA content. (nel.edu)
  • The silencing of TH gene in CD4+ T lymphocytes reduced percentage of IL-4-producing cells and elevated ratio of IFN-γ-producing cells to IL-4-producing cells, although it did not alter proportion of IFN-γ-producing cells. (nel.edu)
  • TH gene silencing attenuates TH expression and CA synthesis in CD4+ T lymphocytes and promotes polarization of differentiation and function towards Th1 cells. (nel.edu)
  • Liu Y, Huang Y, Wang X, Peng Y, Qiu Y. Effect of tyrosine hydroxylase gene silencing in CD4+ T lymphocytes on differentiation and function of helper T cells. (nel.edu)
  • Upregulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits and c-Fos expressing genes in PC12D cells by nobiletin. (wroc.pl)
  • Effects of bile acids and steroid/thyroid hormones on the expression of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase mRNA and the CYP7 gene in HepG2 cells. (omeka.net)
  • Regulation of CYP4F2 leukotriene B4 omega-hydroxylase by retinoic acids in HepG2 cells. (omeka.net)
  • Promoter activity and regulation of the CYP4F2 leukotriene B(4) omega-hydroxylase gene by peroxisomal proliferators and retinoic acid in HepG2 cells. (omeka.net)
Xenobiotic1
Tumor1
  • Increased RecQL4 expression was also detected in human prostate tumor tissues as a function of tumor grade with the highest expression level in metastatic tumor samples, suggesting that RecQL4 may be a potential prognostic factor for advanced stage of prostate cancer. (ku.dk)
Luciferase1
MRNA expression1
  • Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that TNFalpha-induced MMP-9 mRNA expression was substantially reduced by pharmacological inhibitors of the ERK-1/2, PI-3-kinase and NF-kappaB pathways. (ox.ac.uk)
Hepatic2
  • Comparison of constitutive gene expression levels of hepatic cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes between Wistar-Kyoto and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. (wroc.pl)
  • Estrogen-related receptor gamma controls hepatic CB1 receptor-mediated CYP2E1 expression and oxidative liver injury by alcohol. (omeka.net)
Inhibition3
  • Reduction of GDH activity and protein levels in an antisense line was associated with a large increase in transcripts of a beta-subunit gene, suggesting that the reduction in beta-subunit levels might have been due to translational inhibition. (nih.gov)
  • Moreover, CYR61-mediated proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation are significantly decreased by knockdown of BMP-2 expression or inhibition of BMP-2 activity. (tamu.edu)
  • On the mechanism of bile acid inhibition of rat sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP8B1) transcription: roles of alpha-fetoprotein transcription factor and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha. (omeka.net)
Protein7
  • GDH activity increased, but this was found to be due more likely to resistance of the GDH protein to stress-induced proteolysis, rather than to post-translational up-regulation. (nih.gov)
  • CYR61 enhances mRNA and protein expression of BMP-2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. (tamu.edu)
  • Taken together, our results show that CYR61 up-regulates BMP-2 mRNA and protein expression, resulting in enhanced cell proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation through activation of the α(v)β(3) integrin/integrin-linked kinase/ERK signaling pathway. (tamu.edu)
  • In contrast to neonatal animals, in adult animals an additional protein complex (RF-2-LPL), was formed on the NF-1-like site, suggesting that this sequence might recruit a trans-acting factor involved in the extinction of LPL gene expression in adult rat liver. (epfl.ch)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family. (lookformedical.com)
  • Proteomics is the global-scale study of protein expression levels and post-translational modifications in the post-genomic era. (springeropen.com)
  • In order to analyze differential protein expressions across different samples, improvements in existing techniques such as two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) became essential. (springeropen.com)
Tyrosine1
  • We have used site-specific mutagenesis to change the anticodon of a Xenopus laevis tyrosine tRNA gene so that it would recognize ochre codons. (utah.edu)
Promoter1
  • Observation of a direct interaction of retinoblastoma (Rb) and E2F1 proteins with RecQL4 promoter suggests that Rb-E2F1 pathway may regulate RecQL4 expression. (ku.dk)
Encodes3
  • This gene encodes hexokinase 3. (lookformedical.com)
  • The human CYP4F2 gene encodes a LTB4 omega-hydroxylase P450 prominently expressed in liver and kidney that functions to metabolize and inactivate the pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, LTB4 and arachidonic acid. (omeka.net)
  • The human liver CYP4F2 gene (Accession No. AF221943) encodes a leukotriene B(4) omega-hydroxylase that metabolizes leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) to a less potent proinflammatory eicosanoid, 20-OH-LTB(4). (omeka.net)
Assay1
  • Selective MMP-9 gene silencing with siRNA oligonucleotides revealed that myofibroblast invasion through a Matrigel barrier (Boyden chamber assay) was MMP-9-dependent. (ox.ac.uk)
Bile2
  • Regulation of human sterol 27-hydroxylase gene (CYP27A1) by bile acids and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha (HNF4alpha). (omeka.net)
  • Identification of a bile acid response element in the cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene CYP7A. (omeka.net)
Adenovirus1
  • We tested whether the expression of hyaluronidase, an enzyme which dissociates the extracellular matrix (ECM), could enhance the intratumoral distribution of an oncolytic adenovirus and improve its therapeutic activity. (nih.gov)
Receptor1
  • We also found that integrin-linked kinase, which is downstream of the α(v)β(3) receptor, is involved in CYR61-induced BMP-2 expression and subsequent osteoblastic differentiation through an ERK-dependent pathway. (tamu.edu)
HepG21
  • The expression of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase mRNA levels in confluent HepG2 cultures was reduced by tauro- or glyco-conjugates of deoxycholate and chenodeoxycholate, but not by cholate. (omeka.net)
Glucose1
HUMAN1
Proteins1
  • Subsequently, it focuses on outlining the many approaches being used to assign function to individual P450 proteins and gene loci. (nih.gov)
Transcription factor1
Interact1
  • On the one hand, PXR activation assays can be used to determine whether candidate drugs are likely to induce CYP3A gene expression and interact with other medicines. (nih.gov)
Activity1
  • In another experiment designed to detect post-translational up-regulation of GDH activity, GDH over-expressing plants were subjected to prolonged dark-stress. (nih.gov)
Vector2
  • The sequence composition and the physical form of the vector carrying the selectable gene affected the efficiency of DNA-mediated transformation. (utah.edu)
  • Recombinant TH miRNA expression vector (pcDNA6.2-GW/EmGFPmiR-TH) was constructed and transfected into concanavalin A (Con A)-activated CD4+ T lymphocytes using nucleofection technology. (nel.edu)
Differentiation1
Controls1
Form1
Effect1
Mouse1
  • A bold new effort to disrupt every gene in the mouse genome necessitates systematic, interdisciplinary approaches to analyzing patterning defects in the mouse embryo. (utah.edu)
Techniques1
  • Benefits include a faster time frame due to the shorter lifespan of flies, numbers of progeny, availability of techniques and tools for manipulating gene expressions, and its well-known anatomy and phenotypes (Venken and Bellen 2005 2007 ). (springeropen.com)