Gene Expression Regulation
Gene Expression Profiling
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
MicroRNAs
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Gene Expression
RNA, Messenger
Transcription, Genetic
Promoter Regions, Genetic
RNA, Untranslated
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
Base Sequence
Transcription Factors
Molecular Sequence Data
Computational Biology
Chromatin
Genome
Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
Gene Expression Regulation, Archaeal
Models, Genetic
Binding Sites
Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
Algorithms
Nucleic Acid Conformation
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Transcriptome
RNA Stability
Signal Transduction
Gene Regulatory Networks
Down-Regulation
DNA-Binding Proteins
Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Up-Regulation
3' Untranslated Regions
Sequence Analysis, RNA
5' Untranslated Regions
Epigenesis, Genetic
Cells, Cultured
Evolution, Molecular
Alternative Splicing
Arabidopsis
Histones
DNA Methylation
Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
Models, Biological
Conserved Sequence
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Amino Acid Sequence
Software
Cluster Analysis
Genes, Reporter
Microarray Analysis
Blotting, Northern
Transfection
Cell Differentiation
RNA
Transcriptional Activation
Mutation
DNA Primers
In Situ Hybridization
Trans-Activators
Nuclear Proteins
Repressor Proteins
Polymerase Chain Reaction
DNA, Complementary
Phenotype
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Liver
Luciferases
DNA
Homeodomain Proteins
Tumor Cells, Cultured
Blotting, Western
Organ Specificity
Cell Nucleus
Protein Binding
Plasmids
Reproducibility of Results
Genetic Vectors
Mice, Transgenic
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Cloning, Molecular
Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Immunohistochemistry
Gene Silencing
Enhancer Elements, Genetic
Expressed Sequence Tags
Response Elements
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
Multigene Family
NF-kappa B
RNA Interference
RNA, Small Interfering
Gene Library
Fibroblasts
Mice, Knockout
HeLa Cells
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Apoptosis
Protein Biosynthesis
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
beta-Galactosidase
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Proteins
Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase
Plant Proteins
Disease Models, Animal
Cell Cycle
Epithelial Cells
Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
Genes, Immediate-Early
Carrier Proteins
Immediate-Early Proteins
Neoplasm Proteins
Gene Deletion
Membrane Proteins
Genes
Phosphorylation
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Genes, Regulator
Cytokines
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Sequence Alignment
Lac Operon
Rats, Wistar
Drosophila Proteins
Species Specificity
RNA, Plant
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
Embryo, Mammalian
Cell Division
Arabidopsis Proteins
Gene Transfer Techniques
Stress, Physiological
RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
Brain
Drosophila melanogaster
Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
Proto-Oncogene Proteins
Chromosome Mapping
Principal Component Analysis
Drosophila
Embryo, Nonmammalian
Sp1 Transcription Factor
Genome, Human
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos
Histone Deacetylases
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Methylation
Tissue Distribution
Tumor Markers, Biological
Muscle, Skeletal
Inflammation
Transforming Growth Factor beta
Gene Knockdown Techniques
Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors
Zebrafish
Macrophages
Pregnancy
Genes, Neoplasm
Escherichia coli
Transcription Factor AP-1
RNA-Binding Proteins
Enzyme Inhibitors
Neurons
Cell Survival
Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional
Animals, Genetically Modified
Genes, fos
Plants, Genetically Modified
Genes, Homeobox
Genetic Therapy
Virus Replication
Cell Lineage
DNA Probes
Inducible NO synthase: role in cellular signalling. (1/16452)
The discovery of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and its identification as nitric oxide (NO) was one of the most exciting discoveries of biomedical research in the 1980s. Besides its potent vasodilatory effects, NO was found under certain circumstances to be responsible for the killing of microorganisms and tumour cells by activated macrophages and to act as a novel, unconventional type of neurotransmitter. In 1992, Science picked NO as the 'Molecule of the Year', and over the past years NO has become established as a universal intercellular messenger that acutely affects important signalling pathways and, on a more long-term scale, modulates gene expression in target cells. These actions will form the focus of the present review. (+info)An overview of the evolution of overproduced esterases in the mosquito Culex pipiens. (2/16452)
Insecticide resistance genes have developed in a wide variety of insects in response to heavy chemical application. Few of these examples of adaptation in response to rapid environmental change have been studied both at the population level and at the gene level. One of these is the evolution of the overproduced esterases that are involved in resistance to organophosphate insecticides in the mosquito Culex pipiens. At the gene level, two genetic mechanisms are involved in esterase overproduction, namely gene amplification and gene regulation. At the population level, the co-occurrence of the same amplified allele in distinct geographic areas is best explained by the importance of passive transportation at the worldwide scale. The long-term monitoring of a population of mosquitoes in southern France has enabled a detailed study to be made of the evolution of resistance genes on a local scale, and has shown that a resistance gene with a lower cost has replaced a former resistance allele with a higher cost. (+info)Overexpression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase under the control of mouse metallothionein I promoter in transgenic mice: evidence for a striking post-transcriptional regulation of transgene expression by a polyamine analogue. (3/16452)
We recently generated a transgenic mouse line overexpressing spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) gene under its own promoter. The tissue polyamine pools of these animals were profoundly affected and the mice were hairless from early age. We have now generated another transgenic-mouse line overexpressing the SSAT gene under the control of a heavy-metal-inducible mouse metallothionein I (MT) promoter. Even in the absence of heavy metals, changes in the tissue polyamine pools indicated that a marked activation of polyamine catabolism had occurred in the transgenic animals. As with the SSAT transgenic mice generated previously, the mice of the new line (MT-SSAT) suffered permanent hair loss, but this occurred considerably later than in the previous SSAT transgenic animals. Liver was the most affected tissue in the MT-SSAT transgenic animals, revealed by putrescine overaccumulation, significant decrease in spermidine concentration and >90% reduction in the spermine pool. Even though hepatic SSAT mRNA accumulated to massive levels in non-induced transgenic animals, SSAT activity was only moderately elevated. Administration of ZnSO4 further elevated the level of hepatic SSAT message and induced enzyme activity, but not more than 2- to 3-fold. Treatment of the transgenic animals with the polyamine analogue N1,N11-diethylnorspermine (DENSPM) resulted in an immense induction, more than 40000-fold, of enzyme activity in the liver of transgenic animals, and minor changes in the SSAT mRNA level. Liver spermidine and spermine pools were virtually depleted within 1-2 days in response to the treatment with the analogue. The treatment also resulted in a marked mortality (up to 60%) among the transgenic animals which showed ultrastructural changes in the liver, most notably mitochondrial swelling, one of the earliest signs of cell injury. These results indicated that, even without its own promoter, SSAT is powerfully induced by the polyamine analogue through a mechanism that appears to involve a direct translational and/or heterogenous nuclear RNA processing control. It is likewise significant that overexpression of SSAT renders the animals extremely sensitive to polyamine analogues. (+info)Identification of a cAMP response element within the glucose- 6-phosphatase hydrolytic subunit gene promoter which is involved in the transcriptional regulation by cAMP and glucocorticoids in H4IIE hepatoma cells. (4/16452)
The expression of a luciferase reporter gene under the control of the human glucose 6-phosphatase gene promoter was stimulated by both dexamethasone and dibutyryl cAMP in H4IIE hepatoma cells. A cis-active element located between nucleotides -161 and -152 in the glucose 6-phosphatase gene promoter was identified and found to be necessary for both basal reporter-gene expression and induction of expression by both dibutyryl cAMP and dexamethasone. Nucleotides -161 to -152 were functionally replaced by the consensus sequence for a cAMP response element. An antibody against the cAMP response element-binding protein caused a supershift in gel-electrophoretic-mobility-shift assays using an oligonucleotide probe representing the glucose 6-phosphatase gene promoter from nucleotides -161 to -152. These results strongly indicate that in H4IIE cells the glucose 6-phosphatase gene-promoter sequence from -161 to -152 is a cAMP response element which is important for the regulation of transcription of the glucose 6-phosphatase gene by both cAMP and glucocorticoids. (+info)Regulation and function of family 1 and family 2 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase genes (UGT1A, UGT2B) in human oesophagus. (5/16452)
Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are expressed in a tissue-specific fashion in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues [Strassburg, Manns and Tukey (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 8719-8726]. Previous work suggests that these enzymes play a protective role in chemical carcinogenesis [Strassburg, Manns and Tukey (1997) Cancer Res. 57, 2979-2985]. In this study, UGT1 and UGT2 gene expression was investigated in human oesophageal epithelium and squamous-cell carcinoma in addition to the characterization of individual UGT isoforms using recombinant protein. UGT mRNA expression was characterized by duplex reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis and revealed the expression of UGT1A7, UGT1A8, UGT1A9 and UGT1A10 mRNAs. UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A5 and UGT1A6 transcripts were not detected. UGT2 expression included UGT2B7, UGT2B10 and UGT2B15, but UGT2B4 mRNA was absent. UGT2 mRNA was present at significantly lower levels than UGT1 transcripts. This observation was in agreement with the analysis of catalytic activities in oesophageal microsomal protein, which was characterized by high glucuronidation rates for phenolic xenobiotics, all of which are classical UGT1 substrates. Whereas UGT1A9 was not regulated, differential regulation of UGT1A7 and UGT1A10 mRNA was observed between normal oesophageal epithelium and squamous-cell carcinoma. Expression and analysis in vitro of recombinant UGT1A7, UGT1A9, UGT1A10, UGT2B7 and UGT2B15 demonstrated that UGT1A7, UGT1A9 and UGT1A10 catalysed the glucuronidation of 7-hydroxybenzo(alpha)pyrene, as well as other environmental carcinogens, such as 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo-(4, 5-beta)-pyridine. Although UGT1A9 was not regulated in the carcinoma tissue, the five-fold reduction in 7-hydroxybenzo(alpha)pyrene glucuronidation could be attributed to regulation of UGT1A7 and UGT1A10. These data elucidate an individual regulation of human UGT1A and UGT2B genes in human oesophagus and provide evidence for specific catalytic activities of individual human UGT isoforms towards environmental carcinogens that have been implicated in cellular carcinogenesis. (+info)Regulation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase by retinoic acid in P19 cells. (6/16452)
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase (GPT) is the first enzyme in the dolichol pathway of protein N-glycosylation, and is implicated in the developmental programmes of a variety of eukaryotes. In the present study we describe the effects of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) on the levels of GPT protein and enzymic activity, and on the transcription rate of the GPT gene, in mouse P19 teratocarcinoma cells. RA caused a dose-dependent and protein-synthesis-dependent induction of enzyme activity. The maximum induction of GPT activity (about 3-fold) required 2 days of exposure to 1 microM RA. Induced GPT activity also resulted in an increase in the rate of incorporation of [3H]mannose into Glc3Man9GlcNAc2. Enzymic activities paralleled GPT gene expression. The GPT gene was induced (2-fold) after 7 h of RA treatment. An approx. 3-fold increase in a 48 kDa GPT protein and approx. 4-fold increases in the levels of three GPT transcripts (1.8, 2.0 and 2.2 kb) were observed after 2 days of RA treatment. The enhanced levels of GPT protein and mRNAs began to decline 3 days after the initiation of differentiation, and GPT expression was down-regulated during cellular differentiation. GPT activity decreased about 2. 8-fold to a constant level in differentiated P19 cells. The results indicate that the RA-induced enzyme activity was mainly determined by increased transcription of the GPT gene. RA-treated P19 cells were about 4-fold more resistant to tunicamycin, a fungal antibiotic which inhibits GPT, than were control cells. In addition, GPT activity in membranes from RA-treated P19 cells exhibited approx. 4-fold increased resistance to tunicamycin compared with activity in membranes from untreated control cells, demonstrating that resistance to tunicamycin is correlated with induced GPT activity. Furthermore, increased GPT activity had regulatory significance with regard to the rate of incorporation of [3H]mannose into Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-dolichol and into glycoproteins. Together, the data provide additional insights into the hormonal regulation of GPT and present evidence that the RA-mediated induction of GPT has a regulatory impact on the dolichol pathway. (+info)Glutathione-independent prostaglandin D2 synthase in ram and stallion epididymal fluids: origin and regulation. (7/16452)
Microsequencing after two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed a major protein, glutathione-independent prostaglandin D2 synthase (PGDS) in the anterior epididymal region fluid of the ram and stallion. In this epididymal region, PGDS was a polymorphic compound with a molecular mass around 30 kDa and a range of pI from 4 to 7. PGDS represented 15% and 8% of the total luminal proteins present in this region in the ram and stallion, respectively. The secretion of the protein as judged by in vitro biosynthesis, and the presence of its mRNA as studied by Northern blot analysis, were limited to the proximal caput epididymidis. Using a specific polyclonal antibody raised against a synthetic peptide, PGDS was found throughout the epididymis, decreasing in concentration toward the cauda region. PGDS was also detected in the testicular fluid and seminal plasma by Western blotting. Castration and efferent duct ligation in the ram led to a decrease in PGDS mRNA and secretion. PGDS mRNA was not detected in the stallion 1 mo after castration, and it was restored by testosterone supplementation. This study showed that PGDS is present in the environment of spermatozoa throughout the male genital tract. Its function in the maturation and/or protection of spermatozoa is unknown. (+info)Down-regulation of oxytocin-induced cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin F synthase expression by interferon-tau in bovine endometrial cells. (8/16452)
Oxytocin (OT) is responsible for the episodic release of luteolytic prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha from the uterus in ruminants. The attenuation of OT-stimulated uterine PGF2alpha secretion by interferon-tau (IFN-tau) is essential for prevention of luteolysis during pregnancy in cows. To better understand the mechanisms involved, the effect of recombinant bovine IFN-tau (rbIFN-tau) on OT-induced PG production and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and PGF synthase (PGFS) expression in cultured endometrial epithelial cells was investigated. Cells were obtained from cows at Days 1-3 of the estrous cycle and cultured to confluence in RPMI medium supplemented with 5% steroid-free fetal calf serum. The cells were then incubated in the presence or absence of either 100 ng/ml OT or OT+100 ng/ml rbIFN-tau for 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. OT significantly increased PGF2alpha and PGE2 secretion at all time points (p < 0.01), while rbIFN-tau inhibited the OT-induced PG production and reduced OT receptor binding in a time-dependent manner. OT increased the steady-state level of COX-2 mRNA, measured by Northern blot, which was maximal at 3 h (9-fold increase) and then decreased with time (p < 0.01). OT also caused an increase in COX-2 protein, which peaked at 12 h (11-fold increase), as measured by Western blot. Addition of rbIFN-tau suppressed the induction of COX-2 mRNA (89%, p < 0.01) and COX-2 protein (50%, p < 0.01) by OT. OT also increased PGFS mRNA, and this stimulation was attenuated by rbIFN-tau (p < 0.01). To ensure that the decrease in COX-2 was not solely due to down-regulation of the OT receptor, cells were stimulated with a phorbol ester (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; PMA) in the presence and absence of rbIFN-tau. The results showed that rbIFN-tau also decreased PMA-stimulated PG production and COX-2 protein. It can be concluded that rbIFN-tau inhibition of OT-stimulated PG production is due to down-regulation of OT receptor, COX-2, and PGFS. (+info)1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.
2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.
3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.
4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.
5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.
6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.
7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.
8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.
9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.
10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.
There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:
1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.
2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.
3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.
4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.
5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.
Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.
Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.
It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.
There are several key features of inflammation:
1. Increased blood flow: Blood vessels in the affected area dilate, allowing more blood to flow into the tissue and bringing with it immune cells, nutrients, and other signaling molecules.
2. Leukocyte migration: White blood cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, migrate towards the site of inflammation in response to chemical signals.
3. Release of mediators: Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, are released by immune cells and other cells in the affected tissue. These molecules help to coordinate the immune response and attract more immune cells to the site of inflammation.
4. Activation of immune cells: Immune cells, such as macrophages and T cells, become activated and start to phagocytose (engulf) pathogens or damaged tissue.
5. Increased heat production: Inflammation can cause an increase in metabolic activity in the affected tissue, leading to increased heat production.
6. Redness and swelling: Increased blood flow and leakiness of blood vessels can cause redness and swelling in the affected area.
7. Pain: Inflammation can cause pain through the activation of nociceptors (pain-sensing neurons) and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators.
Inflammation can be acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury or infection, which helps to resolve the issue quickly. Chronic inflammation is a long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases such as arthritis, asthma, and cancer.
There are several types of inflammation, including:
1. Acute inflammation: A short-term response to injury or infection.
2. Chronic inflammation: A long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases.
3. Autoimmune inflammation: An inappropriate immune response against the body's own tissues.
4. Allergic inflammation: An immune response to a harmless substance, such as pollen or dust mites.
5. Parasitic inflammation: An immune response to parasites, such as worms or fungi.
6. Bacterial inflammation: An immune response to bacteria.
7. Viral inflammation: An immune response to viruses.
8. Fungal inflammation: An immune response to fungi.
There are several ways to reduce inflammation, including:
1. Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
2. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and getting enough sleep.
3. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture, herbal supplements, and mind-body practices.
4. Addressing underlying conditions, such as hormonal imbalances, gut health issues, and chronic infections.
5. Using anti-inflammatory compounds found in certain foods, such as omega-3 fatty acids, turmeric, and ginger.
It's important to note that chronic inflammation can lead to a range of health problems, including:
1. Arthritis
2. Diabetes
3. Heart disease
4. Cancer
5. Alzheimer's disease
6. Parkinson's disease
7. Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Therefore, it's important to manage inflammation effectively to prevent these complications and improve overall health and well-being.
Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.
Types of Neoplasms
There are many different types of neoplasms, including:
1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.
Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms
The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:
1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.
Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms
The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:
1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms
The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.
The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:
1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
Prevention of Neoplasms
While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:
1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.
It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.
List of MeSH codes (G05)
Enzyme kinetics
Molecular basis for feedback regulation of bile acid synthesis by nuclear receptors
Publication Detail
Publication Detail
Vitamin D metabolism in human colon adenocarcinoma-derived Caco-2 cells: expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase...
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 expression promotes tumorigenesis in rhabdomyosarcoma with 12q13-q14 amplification - PubMed
MeSH Browser
Category A - Anatomy
MeSH Browser
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU) - Research portal
DeCS
Glutathione. Medical search. Definitions
Sunita D. Srivastava, M.D. | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
Divergent roles of prostacyclin and PGE2 in human tendinopathy. - Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and...
UI - 97479605
Biologie Digitale de l'ARN - IBMC
nNOS expression following inferior alveolar nerve injury in the ferret. - Oxford Cardiovascular Science
Jing Huang - NeL.edu
Medizinische Universität Graz Austria/Österreich - Forschungsportal - Medical University of Graz
Suppression of nuclear factor-?B activation and inflammation in microglia by physically modified saline. | Profiles RNS
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant | Profiles RNS
Kreatynina - krew
IL-6 and high glucose synergistically upregulate MMP-1 expression by U937 mononuclear phagocytes via ERK1/2 and JNK pathways...
MyMedR | Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analysis of selected
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2003 MeSH
MH DELETED MN ADDED MN
Reproductive toxicity of low level bisphenol A exposures in a two-generation zebrafish assay: Evidence of male-specific effects...
Pyrimidine homeostasis is accomplished by directed overflow metabolism. | Lewis-Sigler Institute
MeSH Browser
Browse Items · NEOMED Bibliography Database
MH DELETED MN ADDED MN
Enzymes3
- Influence of Matrigel-overlay on constitutive and inducible expression of nine genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes in primary human hepatocytes. (nih.gov)
- 1. Previous studies reported that rat hepatocytes overlaid with extracellular matrix components (Matrigel) maintain the expression and responsiveness of drug-metabolizing enzymes. (nih.gov)
- RESULTS: Diseased tendon tissues showed increased expression of prostacyclin receptor (IP) and enzymes catalyzing the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, including cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), COX-2, prostacyclin synthase (PGIS), and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1). (ox.ac.uk)
Homeostasis1
- The cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP7A1) plays an important role in regulation of bile acid biosynthesis and cholesterol homeostasis. (omeka.net)
Enzyme7
- Quantitative RT-PCR, and for selected genes, immunoblot and enzyme activity analyses, demonstrated that human hepatocytes overlaid with Matrigel showed consistently higher constitutive and inducible expression of biotransformation genes. (nih.gov)
- Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis. (nih.gov)
- We conclude that resistance to DON is important in the FHB resistance complex and hypothesize that Qfhs.ndsu-3BS either encodes a DON-glucosyltransferase or regulates the expression of such an enzyme. (boku.ac.at)
- Expression of the argS gene in B. lactofermentum and E. coli resulted in an increase in aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity, correlated with the presence in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels of a clear protein band that corresponds to this enzyme. (cnrs.fr)
- We explored effect of gene silencing of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a rate-limiting enzyme for synthesis of catecholamines (CAs. (nel.edu)
- The mechanism involves cooperative feedback regulation of the near-terminal pathway enzyme uridine monophosphate kinase. (princeton.edu)
- The gene encoding cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A), the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis, is transcriptionally regulated by bile acids and hormones. (omeka.net)
Enzymology1
- /enzymology Used with organs, tissues and cells for enzymologic aspects. (nih.gov)
Proteins1
- In particular, AGR2 has previously been found to be one of several genes that encode secreted proteins showing increased expression in prostate cancer cells compared to normal prostatic epithelium. (nih.gov)
PLANT5
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uams.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Gene Expression Regulation, Plant" by people in UAMS Profiles by year, and whether "Gene Expression Regulation, Plant" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uams.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Gene Expression Regulation, Plant" by people in Profiles over the past ten years. (uams.edu)
- Histone Deacetylase HDA9 and WRKY53 Transcription Factor Are Mutual Antagonists in Regulation of Plant Stress Response. (uams.edu)
- Thomas J, Kim HR, Rahmatallah Y, Wiggins G, Yang Q, Singh R, Glazko G, Mukherjee A. RNA-seq reveals differentially expressed genes in rice (Oryza sativa) roots during interactions with plant-growth promoting bacteria, Azospirillum brasilense. (uams.edu)
Kinase1
- Classification of the 141 oil palm R genes showed that the genes belong to the Kinase (7), CNL (95), MLO-like (8), RLK (3) and Others (28) categories. (afpm.org.my)
Rice1
- Ortholog analysis showed that 141 out of the 210 putative oil palm R genes had homologs in banana and rice. (afpm.org.my)
Analyses1
- Comparative genomics and transcriptomic analyses were performed on two agronomically important groups of genes from oil palm versus other major crop species and the model organism, Arabidopsis thaliana. (afpm.org.my)
Pathway1
- Hydrophobic bile acids strongly repressed transcription of the human cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP7A1) in the bile acid biosynthetic pathway in the liver. (omeka.net)
Transcription7
- Tat-induced COX-2 expression was partially prevented by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, a potent antioxidant and an inhibitor of the transcription factor, nuclear factor kappaB. (nih.gov)
- The transcription of these genes is repressed by lysine and induced by arginine, showing an interesting pattern of biosynthetic interlock between the pathways of both amino acids in corynebacteria. (cnrs.fr)
- HNF4 and COUP-TFII interact to modulate transcription of the cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP7A1). (omeka.net)
- Regulation of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP7A1) transcription by the liver orphan receptor (LXRalpha). (omeka.net)
- Farnesoid X receptor responds to bile acids and represses cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP7A1) transcription. (omeka.net)
- Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP7A1) transcription is repressed by bile acids. (omeka.net)
- Nuclear receptor-mediated repression of human cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene transcription by bile acids. (omeka.net)
Encodes1
- The Brevibacterium lactofermentum argS gene, which encodes an arginyl-tRNA synthetase, was identified in the upstream region of the lysA gene. (cnrs.fr)
Protein7
- Therefore, the present study focused on COX-2 expression and its role in modulating the expression of brain inflammatory-related genes following exposure to the HIV-1 transactivating protein Tat. (nih.gov)
- Most importantly, administration of the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 attenuated Tat-mediated upregulation of mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory mediators, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. (nih.gov)
- Among these genes, only serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2) was overexpressed at the protein level in an amplicon-positive RMS cell line. (nih.gov)
- The protein AGR2 is a putative member of the protein disulfide isomerase family and was first identified as a homolog of the Xenopus laevis gene XAG-2. (nih.gov)
- We further examined the relationship of AGR2 protein expression to histopathology and prostate cancer outcome on a population basis using tissue microarray technology. (nih.gov)
- At the RNA and protein level, there was an increase in AGR2 expression in adenocarcinoma of the prostate compared to morphologically normal prostatic glandular epithelium. (nih.gov)
- The first analysis was of two gene families with key roles in regulation of oil quality and in particular the accumulation of oleic acid, namely stearoyl ACP desaturases (SAD) and acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterases (FAT). (afpm.org.my)
Nuclear2
Profiles1
- In both cases, these were found to be large gene families with complex expression profiles across a wide range of tissue types and developmental stages. (afpm.org.my)
Version1
- The detailed classification of the oil palm SAD and FAT genes has enabled the updating of the latest version of the oil palm gene model. (afpm.org.my)
Data1
- Expression data for selected R genes also identified potential candidates for breeding of disease resistance traits. (afpm.org.my)
Cells3
- Gene expression levels of AGR2 were examined in prostate cancer cells by microarray analysis. (nih.gov)
- Effect of tyrosine hydroxylase gene silencing in CD4+ T lymphocytes on differentiation and function of helper T cells. (nel.edu)
- Liu Y, Huang Y, Wang X, Peng Y, Qiu Y. Effect of tyrosine hydroxylase gene silencing in CD4+ T lymphocytes on differentiation and function of helper T cells. (nel.edu)
Important1
- Furthermore, these findings can provide information about the species evolution as well as the identification of agronomically important genes in oil palm and other major crops. (afpm.org.my)
Activity2
- The gene for cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) contains a sequence at nt -149 to -118 that was found to play a large role in determining the overall transcriptional activity and regulation of the promoter. (omeka.net)
- The transcriptional regulation of the rat cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP7) by hormones and signal transduction pathways was studied by transient transfection assay of the promoter activity. (omeka.net)
Analysis2
- The second analysis focused on disease resistance (R) genes in order to elucidate possible candidates for breeding of pathogen tolerance/resistance. (afpm.org.my)
- Gene expression analysis of larvae from BPA exposed F2 parents showed significant reduced expression of DNA methyltransferases such as dnmt1, dnmt3, and dnmt5. (oregonstate.edu)
Tissue1
- Using a tissue microarray, this enhanced AGR2 expression was seen as early as premalignant PIN lesions. (nih.gov)
Cytochrome1
- Owing to its broad substrate specificity of mainly xenobiotics and its preferential extrahepatic expression, cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) is a principle member of the CYP detoxifying enzyme superfamily involving in carcinogenesis. (nih.gov)
Regulatory3
- Methylation status of 93 CpG sites, densely scattered within approximately 1.5 kb 5' regulatory region of CYP1A1, and its association with gene transcription was analyzed in tissue cohorts dissected from 40 patients with gastric cancer. (nih.gov)
- Mbd2 binds regulatory DNA regions of neuronal genes in the hippocampus and loss of Mbd2 alters the expression of hundreds of genes with a robust down-regulation of neuronal gene pathways. (bvsalud.org)
- Further, a genome-wide DNA methylation analysis found an altered DNA methylation pattern in regulatory DNA regions of neuronal genes in Mbd2-/- mice. (bvsalud.org)
Human3
- Influence of Matrigel-overlay on constitutive and inducible expression of nine genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes in primary human hepatocytes. (nih.gov)
- Quantitative RT-PCR, and for selected genes, immunoblot and enzyme activity analyses, demonstrated that human hepatocytes overlaid with Matrigel showed consistently higher constitutive and inducible expression of biotransformation genes. (nih.gov)
- Notably, downregulated genes are significantly enriched for human ortholog ASD risk genes. (bvsalud.org)