Gene expression regulation. Medical search

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.

Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

RNA which does not code for protein but has some enzymatic, structural or regulatory function. Although ribosomal RNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) and transfer RNA (RNA, TRANSFER) are also untranslated RNAs they are not included in this scope.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.

The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.

The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in archaea.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The pattern of GENE EXPRESSION at the level of genetic transcription in a specific organism or under specific circumstances in specific cells.

The extent to which an RNA molecule retains its structural integrity and resists degradation by RNASE, and base-catalyzed HYDROLYSIS, under changing in vivo or in vitro conditions.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Interacting DNA-encoded regulatory subsystems in the GENOME that coordinate input from activator and repressor TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS during development, cell differentiation, or in response to environmental cues. The networks function to ultimately specify expression of particular sets of GENES for specific conditions, times, or locations.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

The sequence at the 3' end of messenger RNA that does not code for product. This region contains transcription and translation regulating sequences.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.

The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.

A genetic process by which the adult organism is realized via mechanisms that lead to the restriction in the possible fates of cells, eventually leading to their differentiated state. Mechanisms involved cause heritable changes to cells without changes to DNA sequence such as DNA METHYLATION; HISTONE modification; DNA REPLICATION TIMING; NUCLEOSOME positioning; and heterochromatization which result in selective gene expression or repression.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of other possible sets of EXONS during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form a mature RNA. The alternative forms of mature MESSENGER RNA produce PROTEIN ISOFORMS in which one part of the isoforms is common while the other parts are different.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.

Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction using S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE as the methyl group donor.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in leukemia.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.

A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

The simultaneous analysis, on a microchip, of multiple samples or targets arranged in an array format.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Methods used for detecting the amplified DNA products from the polymerase chain reaction as they accumulate instead of at the end of the reaction.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Enzymes that oxidize certain LUMINESCENT AGENTS to emit light (PHYSICAL LUMINESCENCE). The luciferases from different organisms have evolved differently so have different structures and substrates.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Databases devoted to knowledge about specific genes and gene products.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of genes.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels.

Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances from a promoter.

Partial cDNA (DNA, COMPLEMENTARY) sequences that are unique to the cDNAs from which they were derived.

Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promoter and enhancer regions.

A technique for identifying specific DNA sequences that are bound, in vivo, to proteins of interest. It involves formaldehyde fixation of CHROMATIN to crosslink the DNA-BINDING PROTEINS to the DNA. After shearing the DNA into small fragments, specific DNA-protein complexes are isolated by immunoprecipitation with protein-specific ANTIBODIES. Then, the DNA isolated from the complex can be identified by PCR amplification and sequencing.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. The enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. EC 2.3.1.28.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Genes that are introduced into an organism using GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

An electrophoretic technique for assaying the binding of one compound to another. Typically one compound is labeled to follow its mobility during electrophoresis. If the labeled compound is bound by the other compound, then the mobility of the labeled compound through the electrophoretic medium will be retarded.

Genes that show rapid and transient expression in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. The term was originally used exclusively for viral genes where immediate-early referred to transcription immediately following virus integration into the host cell. It is also used to describe cellular genes which are expressed immediately after resting cells are stimulated by extracellular signals such as growth factors and neurotransmitters.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Proteins that are coded by immediate-early genes, in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. The term was originally used exclusively for viral regulatory proteins that were synthesized just after viral integration into the host cell. It is also used to describe cellular proteins which are synthesized immediately after the resting cell is stimulated by extracellular signals.

Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The performance of dissections with the aid of a microscope.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

RNA present in neoplastic tissue.

Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The genetic unit consisting of three structural genes, an operator and a regulatory gene. The regulatory gene controls the synthesis of the three structural genes: BETA-GALACTOSIDASE and beta-galactoside permease (involved with the metabolism of lactose), and beta-thiogalactoside acetyltransferase.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

Formation of an acetyl derivative. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The introduction of functional (usually cloned) GENES into cells. A variety of techniques and naturally occurring processes are used for the gene transfer such as cell hybridization, LIPOSOMES or microcell-mediated gene transfer, ELECTROPORATION, chromosome-mediated gene transfer, TRANSFECTION, and GENETIC TRANSDUCTION. Gene transfer may result in genetically transformed cells and individual organisms.

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.

Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. They bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the CELL MEMBRANE. Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

Mathematical procedure that transforms a number of possibly correlated variables into a smaller number of uncorrelated variables called principal components.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

Promoter-specific RNA polymerase II transcription factor that binds to the GC box, one of the upstream promoter elements, in mammalian cells. The binding of Sp1 is necessary for the initiation of transcription in the promoters of a variety of cellular and viral GENES.

The complete genetic complement contained in the DNA of a set of CHROMOSOMES in a HUMAN. The length of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs.

An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.

Deacetylases that remove N-acetyl groups from amino side chains of the amino acids of HISTONES. The enzyme family can be divided into at least three structurally-defined subclasses. Class I and class II deacetylases utilize a zinc-dependent mechanism. The sirtuin histone deacetylases belong to class III and are NAD-dependent enzymes.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.

The artificial induction of GENE SILENCING by the use of RNA INTERFERENCE to reduce the expression of a specific gene. It includes the use of DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA, such as SMALL INTERFERING RNA and RNA containing HAIRPIN LOOP SEQUENCE, and ANTI-SENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A family of DNA-binding transcription factors that contain a basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF.

An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Genes whose abnormal expression, or MUTATION are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A multiprotein complex composed of the products of c-jun and c-fos proto-oncogenes. These proteins must dimerize in order to bind to the AP-1 recognition site, also known as the TPA-responsive element (TRE). AP-1 controls both basal and inducible transcription of several genes.

Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

The functional hereditary units of INSECTS.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

Nucleotide sequences of a gene that are involved in the regulation of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION.

ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.

Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (fos) originally isolated from the Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins (FBJ-MSV) and Finkel-Biskis-Reilly (FBR-MSV) murine sarcoma viruses. The proto-oncogene protein c-fos codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in growth-related transcriptional control. The insertion of c-fos into FBJ-MSV or FBR-MSV induces osteogenic sarcomas in mice. The human c-fos gene is located at 14q21-31 on the long arm of chromosome 14.

PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.

Genes that encode highly conserved TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that control positional identity of cells (BODY PATTERNING) and MORPHOGENESIS throughout development. Their sequences contain a 180 nucleotide sequence designated the homeobox, so called because mutations of these genes often results in homeotic transformations, in which one body structure replaces another. The proteins encoded by homeobox genes are called HOMEODOMAIN PROTEINS.

Techniques and strategies which include the use of coding sequences and other conventional or radical means to transform or modify cells for the purpose of treating or reversing disease conditions.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.

Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

Apontic binds the translational repressor Bruno and is implicated in regulation of oskar mRNA translation. (1/76734)

The product of the oskar gene directs posterior patterning in the Drosophila oocyte, where it must be deployed specifically at the posterior pole. Proper expression relies on the coordinated localization and translational control of the oskar mRNA. Translational repression prior to localization of the transcript is mediated, in part, by the Bruno protein, which binds to discrete sites in the 3' untranslated region of the oskar mRNA. To begin to understand how Bruno acts in translational repression, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify Bruno-interacting proteins. One interactor, described here, is the product of the apontic gene. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments lend biochemical support to the idea that Bruno and Apontic proteins physically interact in Drosophila. Genetic experiments using mutants defective in apontic and bruno reveal a functional interaction between these genes. Given this interaction, Apontic is likely to act together with Bruno in translational repression of oskar mRNA. Interestingly, Apontic, like Bruno, is an RNA-binding protein and specifically binds certain regions of the oskar mRNA 3' untranslated region. (+info)

The role of gene splicing, gene amplification and regulation in mosquito insecticide resistance. (2/76734)

The primary routes of insecticide resistance in all insects are alterations in the insecticide target sites or changes in the rate at which the insecticide is detoxified. Three enzyme systems, glutathione S-transferases, esterases and monooxygenases, are involved in the detoxification of the four major insecticide classes. These enzymes act by rapidly metabolizing the insecticide to non-toxic products, or by rapidly binding and very slowly turning over the insecticide (sequestration). In Culex mosquitoes, the most common organophosphate insecticide resistance mechanism is caused by co-amplification of two esterases. The amplified esterases are differentially regulated, with three times more Est beta 2(1) being produced than Est alpha 2(1). Cis-acting regulatory sequences associated with these esterases are under investigation. All the amplified esterases in different Culex species act through sequestration. The rates at which they bind with insecticides are more rapid than those for their non-amplified counterparts in the insecticide-susceptible insects. In contrast, esterase-based organophosphate resistance in Anopheles is invariably based on changes in substrate specificities and increased turnover rates of a small subset of insecticides. The up-regulation of both glutathione S-transferases and monooxygenases in resistant mosquitoes is due to the effects of a single major gene in each case. The products of these major genes up-regulate a broad range of enzymes. The diversity of glutathione S-transferases produced by Anopheles mosquitoes is increased by the splicing of different 5' ends of genes, with a single 3' end, within one class of this enzyme family. The trans-acting regulatory factors responsible for the up-regulation of both the monooxygenase and glutathione S-transferases still need to be identified, but the recent development of molecular tools for positional cloning in Anopheles gambiae now makes this possible. (+info)

TIF1gamma, a novel member of the transcriptional intermediary factor 1 family. (3/76734)

We report the cloning and characterization of a novel member of the Transcriptional Intermediary Factor 1 (TIF1) gene family, human TIF1gamma. Similar to TIF1alpha and TIF1beta, the structure of TIF1beta is characterized by multiple domains: RING finger, B boxes, Coiled coil, PHD/TTC, and bromodomain. Although structurally related to TIF1alpha and TIF1beta, TIF1gamma presents several functional differences. In contrast to TIF1alpha, but like TIF1beta, TIF1 does not interact with nuclear receptors in yeast two-hybrid or GST pull-down assays and does not interfere with retinoic acid response in transfected mammalian cells. Whereas TIF1alpha and TIF1beta were previously found to interact with the KRAB silencing domain of KOX1 and with the HP1alpha, MODI (HP1beta) and MOD2 (HP1gamma) heterochromatinic proteins, suggesting that they may participate in a complex involved in heterochromatin-induced gene repression, TIF1gamma does not interact with either the KRAB domain of KOX1 or the HP1 proteins. Nevertheless, TIF1gamma, like TIF1alpha and TIF1beta, exhibits a strong silencing activity when tethered to a promoter. Since deletion of a novel motif unique to the three TIF1 proteins, called TIF1 signature sequence (TSS), abrogates transcriptional repression by TIF1gamma, this motif likely participates in TIF1 dependent repression. (+info)

Telomerase reverse transcriptase gene is a direct target of c-Myc but is not functionally equivalent in cellular transformation. (4/76734)

The telomerase reverse transcriptase component (TERT) is not expressed in most primary somatic human cells and tissues, but is upregulated in the majority of immortalized cell lines and tumors. Here, we identify the c-Myc transcription factor as a direct mediator of telomerase activation in primary human fibroblasts through its ability to specifically induce TERT gene expression. Through the use of a hormone inducible form of c-Myc (c-Myc-ER), we demonstrate that Myc-induced activation of the hTERT promoter requires an evolutionarily conserved E-box and that c-Myc-ER-induced accumulation of hTERT mRNA takes place in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. These findings demonstrate that the TERT gene is a direct transcriptional target of c-Myc. Since telomerase activation frequently correlates with immortalization and telomerase functions to stabilize telomers in cycling cells, we tested whether Myc-induced activation of TERT gene expression represents an important mechanism through which c-Myc acts to immortalize cells. Employing the rat embryo fibroblast cooperation assay, we show that TERT is unable to substitute for c-Myc in the transformation of primary rodent fibroblasts, suggesting that the transforming activities of Myc extend beyond its ability to activate TERT gene expression and hence telomerase activity. (+info)

Gene expression profiles in HTLV-I-immortalized T cells: deregulated expression of genes involved in apoptosis regulation. (5/76734)

Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia, an acute and often fatal T-cell malignancy. A key step in HTLV-I-induced leukemigenesis is induction of abnormal T-cell growth and survival. Unlike antigen-stimulated T cells, which cease proliferation after a finite number of cell division, HTLV-I-infected T cells proliferate indefinitely (immortalized), thus facilitating occurrence of secondary genetic changes leading to malignant transformation. To explore the molecular basis of HTLV-I-induced abnormal T-cell survival, we compared the gene expression profiles of normal and HTLV-I-immortalized T cells using 'gene array'. These studies revealed a strikingly altered expression pattern of a large number of genes along with HTLV-I-mediated T-cell immortalization. Interestingly, many of these deregulated genes are involved in the control of programmed cell death or apoptosis. These findings indicate that disruption of the cellular apoptosis-regulatory network may play a role in the HTLV-I-mediated oncogenesis. (+info)

Socs1 binds to multiple signalling proteins and suppresses steel factor-dependent proliferation. (6/76734)

We have identified Socs1 as a downstream component of the Kit receptor tyrosine kinase signalling pathway. We show that the expression of Socs1 mRNA is rapidly increased in primary bone marrow-derived mast cells following exposure to Steel factor, and Socs1 inducibly binds to the Kit receptor tyrosine kinase via its Src homology 2 (SH2) domain. Previous studies have shown that Socs1 suppresses cytokine-mediated differentiation in M1 cells inhibiting Janus family kinases. In contrast, constitutive expression of Socs1 suppresses the mitogenic potential of Kit while maintaining Steel factor-dependent cell survival signals. Unlike Janus kinases, Socs1 does not inhibit the catalytic activity of the Kit tyrosine kinase. In order to define the mechanism by which Socs1-mediated suppression of Kit-dependent mitogenesis occurs, we demonstrate that Socs1 binds to the signalling proteins Grb-2 and the Rho-family guanine nucleotide exchange factors Vav. We show that Grb2 binds Socs1 via its SH3 domains to putative diproline determinants located in the N-terminus of Socs1, and Socs1 binds to the N-terminal regulatory region of Vav. These data suggest that Socs1 is an inducible switch which modulates proliferative signals in favour of cell survival signals and functions as an adaptor protein in receptor tyrosine kinase signalling pathways. (+info)

Anopheles gambiae Ag-STAT, a new insect member of the STAT family, is activated in response to bacterial infection. (7/76734)

A new insect member of the STAT family of transcription factors (Ag-STAT) has been cloned from the human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. The domain involved in DNA interaction and the SH2 domain are well conserved. Ag-STAT is most similar to Drosophila D-STAT and to vertebrate STATs 5 and 6, constituting a proposed ancient class A of the STAT family. The mRNA is expressed at all developmental stages, and the protein is present in hemocytes, pericardial cells, midgut, skeletal muscle and fat body cells. There is no evidence of transcriptional activation following bacterial challenge. However, bacterial challenge results in nuclear translocation of Ag-STAT protein in fat body cells and induction of DNA-binding activity that recognizes a STAT target site. In vitro treatment with pervanadate (vanadate and H2O2) translocates Ag-STAT to the nucleus in midgut epithelial cells. This is the first evidence of direct participation of the STAT pathway in immune responses in insects. (+info)

Id helix-loop-helix proteins inhibit nucleoprotein complex formation by the TCF ETS-domain transcription factors. (8/76734)

The Id subfamily of helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins plays a fundamental role in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation. Id proteins are thought to inhibit differentiation mainly through interaction with other HLH proteins and by blocking their DNA-binding activity. Members of the ternary complex factor (TCF) subfamily of ETS-domain proteins have key functions in regulating immediate-early gene expression in response to mitogenic stimulation. TCFs form DNA-bound complexes with the serum response factor (SRF) and are direct targets of MAP kinase (MAPK) signal transduction cascades. In this study we demonstrate functional interactions between Id proteins and TCFs. Ids bind to the ETS DNA-binding domain and disrupt the formation of DNA-bound complexes between TCFs and SRF on the c-fos serum response element (SRE). Inhibition occurs by disrupting protein-DNA interactions with the TCF component of this complex. In vivo, the Id proteins cause down-regulation of the transcriptional activity mediated by the TCFs and thereby block MAPK signalling to SREs. Therefore, our results demonstrate a novel facet of Id function in the coordination of mitogenic signalling and cell cycle entry. (+info)

Regulation of gene expression[edit]. The regulation of gene expression of hemolysins (such as streptolysin S) is a system ... The regulation of the production of hemolysin in S.aureus(expression of hemolysin) is now possible due to in-vitro mutations ... "Regulation of hemolysin expression and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus by a serine/threonine kinase and phosphatase". PLOS ... "α-Hemolysin pore formation into a supported phospholipid bilayer using cell-free expression". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1808 (1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysin

Gene regulation[edit]. Main article: Regulation of gene expression. At the cellular level, homeostasis is carried out by ... receptors include nuclear receptors that bring about changes in gene expression through up-regulation or down-regulation, and ... Main articles: Blood sugar regulation and Glycolysis § Regulation of the rate limiting enzymes ... Copper regulation[edit]. Main article: Copper in health § Homeostasis. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_homeostasis

Morris KL (2008). "Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression". RNA and the Regulation of Gene Expression: A Hidden Layer of ... There are several layers of regulation of gene expression. One way that genes are regulated is through the remodeling of ... They control gene expression including virulence genes in pathogens and are viewed as new targets in the fight against drug- ... transposase activity and regulation of gene expression.[110][116] There exists a genetic switch controlling Streptococcus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetic

Gene Regulation and Expression; Cell and Developmental Biology; Molecular Physiology; Environmental and Applied Biology; MRC ... The building originally housed the Divisions of Gene expression, Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Parasitology that were ... Developmental Biology Cell Signalling and Immunology Computational Biology Drug Discovery Unit Gene Regulation and Expression ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Life_Sciences_(University_of_Dundee)

Hilbert, J. L.; Martin, F. (1988). "Regulation of gene expression in ectomycorrhizas". New Phytologist. 110 (3): 339-346. doi: ... 2004). "Differential gene expression during pre-symbiotic interaction between Tuber borchii Vittad. and Tilia americana L". ... Comparative analyses of the mRNAs from both free-living mycelium and the EcM mycobionts showed many changes in gene expression ... A few fungal genes that appear to be expressed before plant contact include PF6.2 and ras from Laccaria bicolor, and ras from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectomycorrhiza

Histone acetylation Huang, Suming; Litt, Michael D.; Ann Blakey, C. (2015-11-30). Epigenetic Gene Expression and Regulation. pp ... It is thought that a histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a ... This additional level of annotation allows for a deeper understanding of cell specific gene regulation. The histone mark ... histone proteins are acetylated and deacetylated on lysine residues in the N-terminal tail as part of gene regulation. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H4K8ac

Huang, Suming; Litt, Michael D.; Ann Blakey, C. (2015-11-30). Epigenetic Gene Expression and Regulation. pp. 21-38. ISBN ... It is thought that a Histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a ... This additional level of annotation allows for a deeper understanding of cell specific gene regulation. H3K36ac has not been ... histone proteins are acetylated and deacetylated on lysine residues in the N-terminal tail as part of gene regulation. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3K36ac

Epigenetic Gene Expression and Regulation. pp. 21-38. ISBN 9780127999586. Ruthenburg AJ, Li H, Patel DJ, Allis CD (December ... It is thought that a histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a ... This additional level of annotation allows for a deeper understanding of cell specific gene regulation. The histone mark ... histone proteins are acetylated and deacetylated on lysine residues in the N-terminal tail as part of gene regulation. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H4K91ac

Epigenetic Gene Expression and Regulation. pp. 21-38. ISBN 9780127999586. Farooq, Zeenat; Banday, Shahid; Pandita, Tej K.; ... It is thought that a Histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a ... This additional level of annotation allows for a deeper understanding of cell specific gene regulation. Three forms of H3K79 ... H3K79 dimethylation has been detected in the transcribed regions of active genes. The histone mark H3K36me3 can be detected in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3K79me2

Huang, Suming; Litt, Michael D.; Ann Blakey, C. (2015-10-19). Epigenetic Gene Expression and Regulation. ISBN 9780128004715. ... Epigenetic Gene Expression and Regulation. pp. 21-38. ISBN 9780127999586. Ruthenburg AJ, Li H, Patel DJ, Allis CD (December ... It is thought that a Histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a ... This additional level of annotation allows for a deeper understanding of cell specific gene regulation. Suppression of the H3K4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3K4me1

Huang, Suming; Litt, Michael D.; Ann Blakey, C. (30 November 2015). Epigenetic Gene Expression and Regulation. pp. 21-38. ISBN ... and transcriptional regulation. Arginine methylation plays a major role in gene regulation because of the ability of the PRMTs ... It is thought that a histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a ... This additional level of annotation allows for a deeper understanding of cell specific gene regulation. PRMT2 was shown to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3R8me2

Huang, Suming; Litt, Michael D.; Ann Blakey, C. (2015-11-30). Epigenetic Gene Expression and Regulation. pp. 21-38. ISBN ... Acetylation is usually linked to the up regulation of genes. This is the case in H3K27ac which is an active enhancer mark. It ... It is thought that a Histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a ... This additional level of annotation allows for a deeper understanding of cell-specific gene regulation. Since the H3K27ac and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3K27ac

Epigenetic Gene Expression and Regulation. London: Elsevier/Academic Press. pp. 21-38. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-799958-6.00002-0. ... It is thought that a histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a ... This additional level of annotation allows for a deeper understanding of cell-specific gene regulation. The histone mark ... and the transmission of the memory of gene expression from parents to offspring during development. H3K36me2 indicates ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3K36me

Huang, Suming; Litt, Michael D.; Ann Blakey, C. (2015-11-30). Epigenetic Gene Expression and Regulation. pp. 21-38. ISBN ... It is thought that a histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a ... H4K5ac has also been implicated in epigenetic bookmarking which allows gene expression patterns to be faithfully passed to ... This additional level of annotation allows for a deeper understanding of cell specific gene regulation. The histone mark ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H4K5ac

Huang, Suming; Litt, Michael D.; Ann Blakey, C. (2015-11-30). Epigenetic Gene Expression and Regulation. pp. 21-35. ISBN ... It is thought that a Histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a ... This additional level of annotation allows for a deeper understanding of cell specific gene regulation. H4K20 was one of the ... Song, L.; Crawford, G. E. (2010). "DNase-seq: A High-Resolution Technique for Mapping Active Gene Regulatory Elements across ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H4K20me

Figure 4: Epigenetic basis of drug regulation of gene expression Nestler EJ (August 2015). "Role of the Brain's Reward ... Huang, Suming; Litt, Michael D.; Ann Blakey, C. (2015). Epigenetic Gene Expression and Regulation. pp. 21-38. ISBN ... H3K9me2 represses gene expression both passively, by prohibiting acetylation and therefore binding of RNA polymerase or its ... It is thought that a histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3K9me2

"Regulation of Globin Gene Expression". Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) "World Renowned Geneticist Richard Myers to Speak ... The Myers Lab at HudsonAlpha studies the human genome, with a focus on allelic variation and how gene expression changes ... His research focuses on the human genome with the goal of understanding how allelic variation and gene expression changes ... Tom Maniatis at Harvard University, where he studied human gene regulation. Some new technologies he developed in Maniatis's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Myers

Ng DC, Su MJ, Kim R, Bikle DD (January 1996). "Regulation of involucrin gene expression by calcium in normal human ... "Regulation of involucrin gene expression". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 123 (1): 13-22. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X. ... Balasubramanian S, Zhu L, Eckert RL (November 2006). "Apigenin inhibition of involucrin gene expression is associated with a ... Takahashi H, Kobayashi H, Matsuo S, Iizuka H (1995). "Repression of involucrin gene expression by transcriptional enhancer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involucrin

"Anton Gartner: Professor of Genetics". Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression. University of Dundee. Retrieved 17 January 2020 ... and finally professor at the College of Life Sciences's Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression. In Dundee he was funded by ... University of Dundee Gymnasium in Neusiedl Professor Heribert Hirt Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression. ... His master thesis was titled Identification of plant cell-cycle genes and was overseen by Professor Heribert Hirt from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Gartner

Huang, Suming; Litt, Michael D.; Ann Blakey, C. (2015-11-30). Epigenetic Gene Expression and Regulation. pp. 21-38. ISBN ... Genes that change their expression during aging have much lower levels of H3K36me3 in their gene bodies. There is reduced ... "Trimethylation of Lys36 on H3 restricts gene expression change during aging and impacts life span". Genes & Development. 29 (7 ... It is thought that a Histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3K36me3

Huang, Suming; Litt, Michael D.; Ann Blakey, C. (30 November 2015). Epigenetic Gene Expression and Regulation. pp. 21-38. ISBN ... and transcriptional regulation. Arginine methylation plays a major role in gene regulation because of the ability of the PRMTs ... It is thought that a histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a ... There are several ways that H3R26 could change gene expression. The post-translational modification of histone tails by either ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3R26me2

Epigenetic Gene Expression and Regulation. pp. 21-38. ISBN 9780127999586. Ruthenburg AJ, Li H, Patel DJ, Allis CD (December ... It is thought that a Histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a ... This additional level of annotation allows for a deeper understanding of cell specific gene regulation. Heterochromatin marked ... Song, L.; Crawford, G. E. (2010). "DNase-seq: A High-Resolution Technique for Mapping Active Gene Regulatory Elements across ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3K9me3

Huang, Suming; Litt, Michael D.; Ann Blakey, C. (2015-11-30). Epigenetic Gene Expression and Regulation. pp. 21-38. ISBN ... It is thought that a Histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a ... This additional level of annotation allows for a deeper understanding of cell specific gene regulation. H3K14ac has not been ... SETDB1 silences retroviruses and gene regulation. The histone mark acetylation can be detected in a variety of ways: 1. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3K14ac

Regulation of gene expression Pareja, Eduardo; Pareja-Tobes Pablo; Manrique Marina; Pareja-Tobes Eduardo; Bonal Javier; Tobes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExtraTrain

Young HA (August 1996). "Regulation of interferon-gamma gene expression". Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research. 16 (8): ... The gene structure of IFN-γ is identical to that of its structurally related cytokines, except that the intron between the ... The expression of IFNGR2 chain depends on the state of cellular differentiation or activation. For instance, there are some CD4 ... Interferon-γ is secreted by a huge number of cells as well as is involved in the regulation of others. As an immune response, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_type_II

Zhang P, Jimenez SA, Stokes DG (2003). "Regulation of human COL9A1 gene expression. Activation of the proximal promoter region ... Collagen alpha-1(IX) chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL9A1 gene. This gene encodes one of the three alpha ... 1998). "Human COL9A1 and COL9A2 genes. Two genes of 90 and 15 kb code for similar polypeptides of the same collagen molecule". ... Mutations in this gene may be associated with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. Two transcript variants have been identified for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_IX,_alpha_1

Gary H. Perdew; Jack P. Vanden Heuvel; Jeffrey M. Peters (2008). Regulation of Gene Expression: Molecular Mechanisms. Springer ... CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) Perdew, Gary (Aug 17, 2008). Regulation of Gene Expression: Molecular Mechanisms. ... is used to study gene expression by detection of RNA (or isolated mRNA) on a similar membrane. The northwestern blot combines ... Another advantage of the northwestern blot is that it aides in the building of expression libraries of cognate ligands. A noted ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_blot

Hop regulation of cardiac gene expression". Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine. 13 (7): 261-4. doi:10.1016/S1050-1738(03)00107-5 ... "Association between gene expression profile and tumor invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma". Cancer Genetics and ... and modulate SRF-dependent cardiac-specific gene expression and cardiac development. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript ... "Entrez Gene: HOP homeodomain-only protein". Chen, Fabian; Kook, Hyun; Milewski, Rita; Gitler, Aaron D.; Lu, Min Min; Li, Jun; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOPX

Substrate specificity, gene expression, and regulation". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2): 884-94. doi:10.1074/jbc.M008300200. PMID ... a novel candidate for cancer gene therapy". Structure. 12 (5): 739-49. doi:10.1016/j.str.2004.03.018. PMID 15130467. Biology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosylpyrimidine_nucleosidase

... change the regulation of gene expression; produce a toxic RNA, or lead to chromosome instability. In general, the larger the ... This is likely explained by the addition of CAG repeats in the affected gene as the gene is transmitted from parent to child. ... in protein expression or function mediated through changes in the messenger RNA produced by the expression of the affected gene ... while others are caused by altered gene regulation. In over half of these disorders, the repeated trinucleotide, or codon, is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinucleotide_repeat_disorder

"Conjugated bile acid-activated S1P receptor 2 is a key regulator of sphingosine kinase 2 and hepatic gene expression". ... Regulation of synthesisEdit. As surfactants or detergents, bile acids are potentially toxic to cells, and so their ... Russell DW (2003). "The enzymes, regulation, and genetics of bile acid synthesis". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 72: 137-74. doi:10.1146/ ... also known by its gene name NR1H4.[15][16][17] Another bile acid receptor is the cell membrane receptor known as G protein- ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acids

... appearance-observable traits caused by the expression of a condition's genes. The features of craniosynostosis' particular ... the involvement of OSA as a causative agent for elevated intracranial pressure suggests an association with the auto-regulation ... in FGFR genes) and mutations that lead to loss of function (in TWIST genes).[38][39] Craniosynostosis is therefore likely the ... Gene Loeys-Dietz syndrome wide-set eyes • split uvula or cleft palate • arterial tortuosity • aortic root dilatation • ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniosynostosis

Manohar CF, Salwen HR, Furtado MR, Cohn SL (1996). "Up-regulation of HOXC6, HOXD1, and HOXD8 homeobox gene expression in human ... This gene belongs to the homeobox family of genes. The homeobox genes encode a highly conserved family of transcription factors ... consisting of 9 to 11 genes arranged in tandem. This gene is one of several homeobox HOXD genes located in a cluster on ... regulation of transcription, DNA-templated. • negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. • positive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOXD8

Mosimann C, Hausmann G, Basler K (April 2009). "β-catenin hits chromatin: regulation of Wnt target gene activation". Nature ... Ji J, Yamashita T, Wang XW (2011). "Wnt/β-catenin signaling activates microRNA-181 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma". ... These gene products are important in determining cell fates during normal development and in maintaining homeostasis, or they ... Mutations in genes encoding these proteins can lead to inactivation of cadherin cell adhesions and elimination of contact ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenin

positive regulation of gene expression. • cell-cell signaling. • hormone-mediated signaling pathway. • follicle-stimulating ... positive regulation of cell migration. • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. • حمل أنثوي. • ... positive regulation of bone resorption. • regulation of osteoclast differentiation. • transforming growth factor beta receptor ... positive regulation of cell proliferation. • ovarian follicle development. • Sertoli cell proliferation. • توصيل الإشارة. • ...

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/هرمون_منبه_للجريب_بيتا

"MN1 affects expression of genes involved in hematopoiesis and can enhance as well as inhibit RAR/RXR-induced gene expression". ... regulation of transcription, DNA-templated. • transcription, DNA-templated. • biological process. Sources:Amigo / QuickGO. ... MN1 is a gene found on human chromosome 22, with gene map locus 22q12.3-qter.[5] Its official full name is meningioma ( ... in myeloproliferative disorders results in fusion of the ETS-like TEL gene on 12p13 to the MN1 gene on 22q11". Oncogene. 10 (8 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MN1_

2009). «Fibulin-4 regulates expression of the tropoelastin gene and consequent elastic-fibre formation by human fibroblasts». ... 2009). «Differential regulation of elastic fiber formation by fibulin-4 and -5». J. Biol. Chem. 284 (36): 24553-67. PMC 2782046 ... Ontologia do gene. Função molecular. •extracellular matrix structural constituent. •protein binding. •extracellular matrix ... Rosenbloom J (1984). «Elastin: relation of protein and gene structure to disease». Lab. Invest. 51 (6): 605-23. PMID 6150137. ...

https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastina

More reference expression data. Gene ontology. Molecular function. • ion channel activity. • benzodiazepine receptor activity. ... regulation of response to drug. • central nervous system development. • chloride transport. • ion transmembrane transport. • ... "Identification of significant association and gene-gene interaction of GABA receptor subunit genes in autism". Am. J. Hum. ... Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRA4 gene.[5][6] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABRA4

"Endosymbiotic gene transfer and transcriptional regulation of transferred genes in Paulinella chromatophora". Molecular Biology ... The chloroplast is mostly under nuclear control, though chloroplasts can also give out signals regulating gene expression in ... Gene content and protein synthesisEdit. The chloroplast genome most commonly includes around 100 genes[7][10] which code for a ... 3 Gene content and protein synthesis *3.1 Chloroplast genome reduction and gene transfer ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA

"Expression profile of active genes in human periodontal ligament and isolation of PLAP-1, a novel SLRP family gene". Gene. 275 ... Yamada S، Ozawa Y، Tomoeda M، Matoba R، Matsubara K، Murakami S (May 2006). "Regulation of PLAP-1 expression in periodontal ... Kou I، Nakajima M، Ikegawa S (Nov 2007). "Expression and regulation of the osteoarthritis-associated protein asporin". The ... negative regulation of protein kinase activity. • cytokine-mediated signaling pathway. • negative regulation of JAK-STAT ...

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asporin

"Cytokine regulation of substance P expression in sympathetic neurons". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the ... organization of the gene, chromosome localization, and functional expression of cDNA clones". Biochemistry. 30 (44): 10640-6. ... and cytokine expression,[58] Reciprocally, cytokines may induce expression of SP and its NK1R.[59][60] In this sense, for ... "C/EBPbeta couples dopamine signalling to substance P precursor gene expression in striatal neurones". Journal of Neurochemistry ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_P

2002). "Regulated expression of the apolipoprotein E/C-I/C-IV/C-II gene cluster in murine and human macrophages. A critical ... positive regulation of sequestering of triglyceride. • triglyceride homeostasis. • lipid metabolic process. • very-low-density ... Apolipoprotein (apo)C4 gene is a member of the apolipoprotein C gene family. It is expressed in the liver and has a predicted ... Apo C4 is a 3.3-kb gene consisting of 3 exons and 2 introns; it is located 0.5 kb 5' to the APOC2 gene.[5] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_C4

Fu X, Zhu ZH, Wang YQ, Wu GC (January 2007). "Regulation of proinflammatory cytokines gene expression by nociceptin/orphanin FQ ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperalgesia

These five proteins directly control the timing of expression of over 200 genes. The five master regulatory proteins are ... Cell polarity regulationEdit. In C. crescentus, cell polarity is readily apparent by the assembly of polar organelles and by ... Cell cycle regulation includes feedback signals that pace progression of the cell cycle engine to match progress of events at ... The Caulobacter CB15 genome has 4,016,942 base pairs in a single circular chromosome encoding 3,767 genes.[7] The genome ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulobacter_crescentus

NRL expression leads to the rod fate. NR2E3 further restricts cells to the rod fate by repressing cone genes. RORbeta is needed ... Swaroop, Anand; Douglas Kim; Douglas Forrest (August 2010). "Transcriptional Regulation of Photoreceptor Development and ... photoreceptor gene expression; and lastly axonal growth, synapse formation and outer segment growth. ... CRX further defines the photoreceptor specific panel of genes being expressed. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell

... mechanical modulation of cell shape and gene expression". Tissue Eng Part A. 14 (9): 1573-80. doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0113. ... "Loss of Smad3-Mediated Negative Regulation of Runx2 Activity Leads to an Alteration in Cell Fate Determination". Molecular ... General Trsp gene deletion is lethal to the embryo. The results of this research was used as a model for Kashin-Beck disease. ... General gene knock out of the TGF-β resulted in death. Conditional inactivation of TGF-βr2 of osteochondroprogenitor cells in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteochondroprogenitor_cell

"Expression of an antisense prosystemin gene in tomato plants reduces resistance toward Manduca sexta larvae". Proceedings of ... by adding antisense genes to silence the native gene or by adding extra copies of the native gene.[45][46] ... "Expression of a synthesized gene encoding cationic peptide cecropin B in transgenic tomato plants protects against bacterial ... A genetically modified tomato, or transgenic tomato, is a tomato that has had its genes modified, using genetic engineering. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_tomato

Down regulation of the PAX gene expression inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis. This could be a possible avenue for ... it is possible that it regulates expression of genes other than thyroid-specific. Several known tumor suppressor genes like ... Paired box gene 8, also known as PAX8, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PAX8 gene.[5] ... This gene is a member of the paired box (PAX) family of transcription factors. Members of this gene family typically encode ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX8

Pays, E. (2005). "Regulation of antigen gene expression in Trypanosoma brucei". Trends Parasitol. 21 (11): 517-20. doi:10.1016/ ... According to this model, new genes are created by non-adaptive processes, such as by random gene duplication. These novel ... All changes in the gene frequencies of populations--and quite often in the traits those genes influence--are by definition ... how new alternative spliced isoforms of genes arise, how gene scrambling in ciliates evolved, and how pervasive pan-RNA editing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_complexity

2001). „Cyclical regulation of GnRH gene expression in GT1-7 GnRH-secreting neurons by melatonin". Endocrinology. 142 (11): ... 2000). „Melatonin receptor mRNA expression in human granulosa cells". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 156 (1-2): 107-10. PMID 10612428. ... 2004). „The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome ...

https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatoninski_receptor_1C

regulation of transcription, DNA-templated. • response to oxidative stress. • cell-cell adhesion. • positive regulation of ... Miehe U، Kadyrov M، Neumaier-Wagner P، Bartz C، Rath W، Huppertz B (2007). "Expression of the actin stress fiber-associated ... Gene. 165 (2): 267-71. PMID 8522188. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(95)00542-E. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw- ...

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDLIM1

"Recruitment of the androgen receptor via serum response factor facilitates expression of a myogenic gene". The Journal of ... Early regulation[edit]. Before the production of the pituitary hormone luteinizing hormone (LH) by the embryo starting at about ... Androgen regulation decreases the likelihood of depression in males. In preadolescent male rats, neonatal rats treated with ... Social isolation has a hindering effect in AHN whereas normal regulation of androgens increases AHN. A study using male rats ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen

... the types of pollen that an ear of corn will accept through expression of certain forms of the Gametophyte Factor 1 gene. Many ... regulations can cause their product to be rejected as organic corn, and for which they have no recourse against GMO growers. ... The popcorn remains free to donate its genes via its own pollen to other types of corn. The effectiveness of this restriction ... thereby preventing the ingression of genes (natural or engineered) from other types of corn. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_silk

regulation of transcription, DNA-templated. • cell-cell signaling. • negative regulation of gene expression. • transcription, ... In humans, PR is encoded by a single PGR gene residing on chromosome 11q22,[5][6][7] it has two isoforms, PR-A and PR-B, that ... ensembl.org, Gene: ESR1 (ENSG00000091831) *^ Gadkar-Sable S, Shah C, Rosario G, Sachdeva G, Puri C (2005). "Progesterone ... Gene ontology. Molecular function. • DNA binding. • sequence-specific DNA binding. • transcription factor activity, sequence- ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_receptor

Kalsheker N, Morley S, Morgan K (April 2002). "Gene regulation of the serine proteinase inhibitors alpha1-antitrypsin and ... although heterozygote with one null mutant that abolishes expression of the gene will only show one band. In blood test results ... As every person has two copies of the A1AT gene, a heterozygote with two different copies of the gene may have two different ... It is encoded in humans by the SERPINA1 gene. A protease inhibitor, it is also known as alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (A1PI) or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_antitrypsin

Yagi M، Zieger B، Roth GJ، Ware J (June 1998). "Structure and expression of the human septin gene HCDCREL-1". Gene. 212 (2): ... regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. • synaptic vesicle targeting. • انقسام خلوي. • regulation of exocytosis. • mitotic ... characterization and expression analysis of the human septin SEPT8 (KIAA0202)". Gene. 312: 313-20. PMID 12909369. doi:10.1016/ ... "Entrez Gene: SEPT5 septin 5". الوسيط ,المسار=. تم تجاهله (مساعدة); الوسيط ,العنوان=. تم تجاهله (مساعدة). .mw-parser-output cite ...

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPT5

Regulation of gene expression. *Gene regulatory network. *Developmental-genetic toolkit. *Evolutionary developmental biology ... Such a gene that exhibits multiple phenotypic expression is called a pleiotropic gene . Therefore mutation in a pleiotropic ... One basic model of pleiotropy's origin describes a single gene locus to the expression of a certain trait. The locus affects ... Sickle cell anemia is a pleiotropic disease because the expression of a single mutated HBB gene produces numerous consequences ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropic

The control exerted (from seconds to hours at a time) may merely postpone and exacerbate the ultimate expression of the tic.[ ... The nonconscious forms of self-regulation may follow different causal principles and do not rely on the same resources as the ... Nora D Volkow; Joanna S Fowler; Gene-Jack Wang (2007). "The addicted human brain: insights from imaging studies". In Andrew R ... Dawkins, R. (1976) The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 88-04-39318-1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will

These studies have contributed much to our understanding of the regulation of gene expression, transcription factors, and the ... Bacillus subtilis spores are useful for the expression of recombinant proteins and in particular for the surface display of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_spore

"Control of Gene Expression". The Medical Biochemistry Page (en inglés). Consultado o 19 de setembro de 2008.. ... from expression to regulation". Proceedings of the IEEE 90 (11). Páxs. 1722-1743.. ... Serial Analysis of Gene Expression, Análise en serie da expresión xénica), MPSS (Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing, ... "Anatomy of a Comparative Gene Expression Study" (en inglés). Washington University in St. Louis - Dpt. of Computer Science & ...

https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioloxía_computacional

"Gene modulation" redirects here. For information on therapeutic regulation of gene expression, see therapeutic gene modulation. ... Main article: Gene regulatory network. Up-regulation and down-regulation[edit]. Up-regulation is a process that occurs within a ... Regulated stages of gene expression[edit]. Any step of gene expression may be modulated, from the DNA-RNA transcription step to ... can silence expression of the gene. Regulation of transcription in cancer[edit]. Main article: Regulation of transcription in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_regulation

Description of gene expression and regulation research in the Genetics and Genome Science Program, a Ph.D. program in the ...

https://www.bcm.edu/education/graduate-school-of-biomedical-sciences/programs/genetics-genomics/research/gene-expression-regulation

Regulation of MHC gene expression.. Ting JP1, Baldwin AS.. Author information. 1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, ... allow the functional analysis of these molecules in MHC gene regulation. The application of new techniques, such as genomic in ... The better characterization of proteins that interact with MHC class I and II promoters and the isolation of genes encoding ... New insights have also been gained in the understanding of MHC-associated genes. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8452678?dopt=Abstract

This application proposes to study the molecular basis of retinal development using the regulation of rhodopsin gene expression ... Studies on the regulation of expression of retina-specific genes, in addition to their importance at the basic level, will also ... The definition of retina-specific promoters will make possible targeted expression of heterologous and altered genes to the ... have identified cis-acting DNA regulatory sequences that are capable of directing photoreceptor cell-specific gene expression. ...

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/wilmer/research/retina/glaurhod.html

Gene expression converts the information coded by our genes into proteins. These determine the structure and function of an ... Gene expression converts the information coded by our genes into proteins. These determine the structure and function of an ... Sorting and Intracellular Transport of RNA in Neurons: Regulation of Gene Expression at Synaptic Sites ... s Syndrom Gene Expression Messenger RNA Parkinson Translation genes hybridization neurons transcription ...

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-78458-3

Nitrogen-dependent regulation of photosynthetic gene expression. F. Gerald Plumley and Gregory W. Schmidt ... Regulation of nuclear-encoded photosynthetic proteins by nitrogen is achieved through mechanisms affecting transcription and/or ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/86/8/2678?ijkey=a8832d2ddd46d6f743979fb985ac0dd68ae19d8a&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

The bacterium Escherichia colicarries approximately 3000 genes, but this total repertoire... ... It presents the cell with the signals that ultimately lead to gene regulation-the turning on or off of gene expression. ... Zieg, J., Hilmen, M., and Simon, M., 1978a, Regulation of gene expression by site-specific inversion, Cell 15: 237-244.Google ... Nieuwkoop, A. J., Boylan, S. A., and Bender, R. A., 1984, Regulation of hutUHoperon expression by the catabolite gene activator ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-0803-4_6

Disturbed Placental Imprinting in Preeclampsia Leads to Altered Expression of DLX5, a Human-Specific Early Trophoblast Marker ... Disease Risk Variants Disrupt TEAD Transcription Factor-Dependent Transforming Growth Factor β Regulation of p16 Expression in ...

http://circ.ahajournals.org/taxonomy/term/1670

Regulation of beta-cell glucose transporter gene expression.. L Chen, T Alam, J H Johnson, S Hughes, C B Newgard, and R H Unger ... We conclude that GLUT-2 expression in beta cells, but not liver, is subject to regulation by certain perturbations in blood ... Regulation of beta-cell glucose transporter gene expression.. L Chen, T Alam, J H Johnson, S Hughes, C B Newgard, R H Unger ... Regulation of beta-cell glucose transporter gene expression.. L Chen, T Alam, J H Johnson, S Hughes, C B Newgard, R H Unger ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/87/11/4088?ijkey=0c53beb0b2607daae415edc83cbd1b49c3d12361&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Vitamin A and regulation of gene expression.. Nagpal S1, Chandraratna RA. ... These therapeutic effects are achieved by their ability to regulate complex programs of gene expression in target cells by ... This article reviews retinoid regulated genes and recently identified mechanisms which play important roles in the regulation ... Gene. *Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Database *Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Datasets. *Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Profiles ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10565371

Small molecules that target specific DNA sequences have the potential to control gene expression. Ligands designed for ... Regulation of gene expression by small molecules Nature. 1997 May 8;387(6629):202-5. doi: 10.1038/387202a0. ... Small molecules that target specific DNA sequences have the potential to control gene expression. Ligands designed for ... polyamide targeted to a specific region of the transcription factor TFIIIA binding site interferes with 5S RNA gene expression ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9144294/?dopt=Abstract

... novel anticode oligomers and methods of using them for controlling the growth of cancer cells expressing the bcl-2 gene. ... bcl-2 gene expression refers to bcl-2 protein production from the human bcl-2 gene; e.g. reduced bcl-2 gene expression means ... Regulation of bcl-2 gene expression. EP0058146A1. Feb 5, 1982. Aug 18, 1982. U C B, S.A.. 2-(4-(Diphenylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl)- ... Regulation of bcl-2 gene expression. US5932697 *. Dec 23, 1991. Aug 3, 1999. Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties, Inc.. ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US7022831?dq=%22peter+l+basel%22+%22lsi+logic%22

Stories about Regulation of gene expression. Follow. Subscribe to Regulation of gene expression ...

https://www.presseportal.de/en/st/Regulation%20of%20gene%20expression

Ireland Regulation of Gene Expression study abroad course, Fall 4 2020. Experience the best study abroad programs in Dublin, ... pertaining to general and specialised mechanisms of gene expression and transcriptional regulation in various prokaryotic and ... obtain a detailed understanding of the general and more specific mechanisms involved in the control of gene expression in both ...

https://www.studiesabroad.com/destinations/europe/ireland/dublin/business-humanities-agriculture--stem/idbf3420/regulation-of-gene-expression-445698

... Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes and ... The process of transcription, which is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template, is where the regulation of the gene expression ... Eukaryotes: Multiple Models of Gene Regulation. Unlike prokaryotes, multiple gene-regulating mechanisms operate in the nucleus ... Every trait, feature, or characteristic is controlled by genes or a combination of genes. Numerous gene-regulating mechanisms ...

https://www.factmonster.com/math-science/biology/genetics-evolution/inheritance-regulation-of-gene-expression-in-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes

... is becoming as increasingly important for the regulation of viral gene expression as it is for cellular gene expression and ... Chromatin-mediated regulation of cytomegalovirus gene expression Virus Res. 2011 May;157(2):134-43. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres. ... HCMV lytic infection is characterised by a timely and co-ordinated pattern of gene expression that now has been shown to ... Thus chromatin appears to play an important role in gene regulation in all phases of infection. Furthermore, these studies are ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20875471/

You are here: Home / Academic Departments / Molecular and Cell Biology / Research / Regulation of Gene Expression ... must be countered in order to activate a gene. We study fundamental aspects of gene regulation, from transcriptional initiation ... Structural biology of signal transduction and epigenetic gene regulation. *Andrey Revyakin - Single molecule dynamics of gene ... There are nine research groups working in the area of gene expression. We utilize bacterial and human cells to produce ...

https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/molcellbiol/research/regulation-of-gene-expression-1/regulation-of-gene-expression

They act as regulatory molecules as well, preventing other genes from making protein by marking their mRNA molecules for ... A novel mechanism for fast regulation of gene expression Messenger RNA normally tells cellular machinery which protein to make ... So the gene that codes for a sodium channel regulates the expression of the potassium channel gene. And it does so after the ... Does RNA interference regulate gene expression? But the scientists had also noticed that the two genes overlapped a bit at ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-03/wuis-anm031714.php

Regulation of eukaryotic gene expression will be discussed. Selected examples where gene expression has been disrupted will ... BIOL3015 Regulation of Gene Expression. Module Overview. To provide an understanding of i) the regulation of transcription in ... In subsequent lectures the role of microRNAs in gene regulation and disease will be discussed, together with the factors and ... To provide an understanding of i) the regulation of transcription in eukaryotic organisms, ii) post-transcriptional regulation ...

https://www.southampton.ac.uk/courses/modules/biol3015.page

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Science.. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.. ...

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/285/5425/251/tab-figures-data

... The survival and quality of life (QoL) of patients with hemoglobin disorder in ... Doug Higgs, will illustrates how the analysis of the globin genes switching has pioneered the application of genetic ... engineering to hemoglobinopathies which are amongst the first examples of successful gene therapy, and they provide ideal ...

https://ehaweb.org/congress/reports/eha23-report/topics-discussed/benign-disorders/regulation-of-gene-expression-in-hematopoiesis/

Microarray-based gene expression analysis identified genes showing ploidy-dependent expression in isogenic Saccharomyces ... Moreover, ploidy regulation of the FLO11 gene had direct consequences for yeast development. ... These genes were induced or repressed in proportion to the number of chromosome sets, regardless of the mating type. Ploidy- ...

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/285/5425/251.abstract

... Fumiko Taniuchi, Koji Higai, Tomomi ... supported Elk-1-dependent transcriptional regulation of FUT1 gene expression in DLD-1 cells. These results suggest that a ... which has high expression of Lewis B and Lewis Y antigens, expresses the FUT1 gene, and shows α1,2-fucosyltransferase (FUT) ... FUT1 gene expression was shown to be regulated at the region −91 to −81 nt to the transcriptional start site, which contains ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2013/105464/abs/

The regulation of gene expression in prokaryotic cells occurs at the transcriptional level. There are three ways to control the ... Describe the steps involved in prokaryotic gene regulation. *Explain the roles of activators, inducers, and repressors in gene ... The third type of gene regulation in prokaryotic cells occurs through inducible operons, which have proteins that bind to ... E. coli can also synthesize tryptophan using enzymes that are encoded by five genes. These five genes are next to each other in ...

https://www.oercommons.org/courseware/lesson/15015/overview

Functional Relevance of CpG Island Length for Regulation of Gene Expression Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to ... Functional Relevance of CpG Island Length for Regulation of Gene Expression. Navin Elango and Soojin V. Yi ... Functional Relevance of CpG Island Length for Regulation of Gene Expression. Navin Elango and Soojin V. Yi ... Functional Relevance of CpG Island Length for Regulation of Gene Expression. Navin Elango and Soojin V. Yi ...

http://www.genetics.org/content/187/4/1077.supplemental

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and secondary pulmonary embolism cause approximately 100,000 deaths per year in the United States. Physical immobility is the most significant risk factor for DVT, but a molecular and cellular basis for this link has not been defined. We found that the endothelial cells surrounding the venous valve, where DVTs originate, express high levels of FOXC2 and PROX1, transcription factors known to be activated by oscillatory shear stress. The perivalvular venous endothelial cells exhibited a powerful antithrombotic phenotype characterized by low levels of the prothrombotic proteins vWF, P-selectin, and ICAM1 and high levels of the antithrombotic proteins thrombomodulin (THBD), endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). The perivalvular antithrombotic phenotype was lost following genetic deletion of FOXC2 or femoral artery ligation to reduce venous flow in mice, and at the site of origin of human DVT associated with fatal pulmonary ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/124791/ga

... an international research team compared the expression of genes in the brains of honey bees that had different ages, genotypes ... Expression Study Links Gene Regulation and Evolution of Aggression in Bees Aug 18, 2009 ... Home » Expression Study Links Gene Regulation and Evolution of Aggression in Bees ... NEW YORK (GenomeWeb News) - Short-term aggressive behavior in European honey bees involves many of the same gene expression ...

https://www.genomeweb.com/arrays/expression-study-links-gene-regulation-and-evolution-aggression-bees

Eukaryotic Gene ExpressionBasics Benefits by Prof.PN RANGARAJAN,Department of Biochemistry,IISC Bangalore. For more details on ... byexpressiongenekinaseofproteinbyexpressiongenekinaseofproteinregulation ... Mod-05 Lec-18 Regulation of gene expression by Protein Kinase C. More details ... Eukaryotic Gene Expression:Basics & Benefits by Prof.PN RANGARAJAN,Department of Biochemistry,IISC Bangalore. For more details ...

http://www.mefeedia.com/watch/45115360

Sequence requirements for myosin gene expression and regulation in Caenorhabditis elegans.. P G Okkema, S W Harrison, V Plunger ... Sequence requirements for myosin gene expression and regulation in Caenorhabditis elegans.. P G Okkema, S W Harrison, V Plunger ... Sequence requirements for myosin gene expression and regulation in Caenorhabditis elegans.. P G Okkema, S W Harrison, V Plunger ... Sequence requirements for myosin gene expression and regulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Message Subject (Your Name) has ...

https://www.genetics.org/content/135/2/385

Unraveling cellular gene expression regulation during viral infection. Viruses are by definition fully dependent on the ... we uncover diverse and dynamic translational regulation for subsets of host genes. Although ribosome profiling provides precise ... and quantitative analysis of genes that are translationally regulated, our molecular understanding of this type of regulation ...

http://www.weizmann.ac.il/molgen/ginossar/research-activities/unraveling-cellular-gene-expression-regulation-during-viral-infection

The better characterization of proteins that interact with MHC class I and II promoters and the isolation of genes encoding several of these transcription factors, such as H-2RIIBP/RXR beta, NK kappa B, I-kappa B, hXBP-1 and NF-Y, allow the functional analysis of these molecules in MHC gene regulation. (nih.gov)
Gene expression converts the information coded by our genes into proteins. (springer.com)
Regulation of nuclear-encoded photosynthetic proteins by nitrogen is achieved through mechanisms affecting transcription and/or mRNA stability. (pnas.org)
A regulatory gene , located before the operon, continually makes repressor proteins that bind with the operator and prohibit the function of RNA polymerase. (factmonster.com)
The 20,000 protein coding genes in the human cell produce a repertoire of ~100,000 proteins through the process of alternative splicing. (le.ac.uk)
Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). (yeastgenome.org)
Repressors are proteins that suppress transcription of a gene in response to an external stimulus, whereas activators are proteins that increase the transcription of a gene in response to an external stimulus. (oercommons.org)
Because the repressor protein actively binds to the operator to keep the genes turned off, the trp operon is negatively regulated and the proteins that bind to the operator to silence trp expression are negative regulators . (oercommons.org)
PPARγ is activated by prostaglandins and leukotrienes and regulates the gene expression of proteins involved in the storage of fatty acids. (sigmaaldrich.com)
In addition, animal virus genomes contain elements and encode proteins that are very useful for the design of vectors for gene cloning and expression in mammalian cells. (waterstones.com)
Regulation of gene expression by regulatory proteins and non-coding RNAs enables the pathogens to adapt their metabolic needs and to coordinately express virulence determinants during different stages of infection. (frontiersin.org)
Serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins are major modulators of alternative splicing, a key generator of proteomic diversity and flexible means of regulating gene expression likely to be crucial in plant environmental responses. (mdpi.com)
Computational biologists at Carnegie Mellon University have developed a more accurate computational method for reconstructing the full-length nucleotide sequences of the RNA products in cells, called transcripts, that transform information from a gene into proteins or other gene products. (outlookseries.com)
The aim of the research is to identify metal regulatory elements (MREs) within the promoters of two C. elegans MT genes, and isolate and characterize proteins that interact with the candidate MREs. (epa.gov)
Complementary DNAs (cDNAs) encoding metal-regulatory proteins will be obtained by screening C. elegans expression libraries with oligonucleotides based on the partial amino acid sequence. (epa.gov)
To assess whether myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitory proteins contribute to this regulation, we applied the neutralizing antibodies IN-1 against one of the main inhibitory components of central myelin (NI-250) either in vivo or in vitro to organotypic cerebellar cultures. (jneurosci.org)
Since then, the genes of the ancestral cyanobacterium have been either lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host cell and the chloroplast genome only encodes a fraction (50-150) of the proteins required for its own expression or for the photosynthetic function. (ibpc.fr)

As illustrated in Figure 1 , Rex regulates viral mRNA expression at the post-transcriptional level by interacting with a complex stem-loop RNA structure termed the Rex-responsive element (RXRE), present at the 3′ portion of all plus-strand viral transcripts. (frontiersin.org)
0.01) mRNA expression was reduced in obese (nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic) subjects and was negatively correlated with the BMI of the subjects ( r = −0.63, P = 0.02). (diabetesjournals.org)
The estrogen effects on heparanase mRNA expression levels were abolished in the presence of the pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780, indicating that the classic estrogen receptor pathway is involved in transcriptional activation of heparanase. (aacrjournals.org)
We analyzed genome-wide mRNA expression and DNA methylation in cervical and anterior thoracal spinal cord segments of five human fetuses and show development-dependent gene expression asymmetries. (mpi.nl)
These observations suggest genetic variants can decrease mRNA expression levels by increasing usage of intronic PAS. (elifesciences.org)
We also identified 24 apaQTLs associated with protein levels, but not mRNA expression. (elifesciences.org)
An analysis of mRNA expression in T47D breast cancer cells treated with the synthetic progestin R5020 revealed a subset of progesterone receptor (PR) target genes that are enriched for E2F binding sites. (asm.org)
Leptin mRNA expression was significantly and selectively decreased in adipose tissue and embryonic fibroblasts, along with drastically reduced plasma leptin levels, in GABA(B)R1-null mice than in wild-type mice. (sigmaaldrich.com)
In this review we discuss the regulation of gonadotropin receptor mRNA expression and the possible roles of alternative splicing in gonadotropin receptor function. (eur.nl)
Part I focuses on approaches for studying control of mRNA expression and determining target genes for a given transcription copy. (nhbs.com)

Histone Arg methylation has been correlated with transcriptional activation of p53 target genes. (environmental-expert.com)
However, whether this modification is reversed to repress the expression of p53 target genes is unclear. (environmental-expert.com)
Here, we report that peptidylarginine deiminase 4, a histone citrullination enzyme, is involved in the repression of p53 target genes. (environmental-expert.com)
Inhibition or depletion of PAD4 elevated the expression of a subset of p53 target genes, including p21/CIP1/WAF1, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. (environmental-expert.com)
Two eQTLs were located in known risk regions for endometriosis including LINC00339 on chromosome 1 and VEZT on chromosome 12 and there was evidence for eQTLs that may be target genes in genomic regions associated with other reproductive diseases. (nature.com)
CHIP assays proved that the translocation of MLL1 to chromatin was dependent on NF-?B. Our results suggest that MLL1 is recruited to its target genes by activated NF-?B and regulates their transcription. (labome.org)

The definition of retina-specific promoters will make possible targeted expression of heterologous and altered genes to the retina. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Interestingly, this dynamic regulation of the MIEP by chromatin structure in latency extends not only into lytic infection but also for the regulation of multiple viral promoters in all phases of infection. (nih.gov)
HCMV lytic infection is characterised by a timely and co-ordinated pattern of gene expression that now has been shown to correlate with active post-translational modification of the histones associated with early and late promoters. (nih.gov)
For each of the four genes, sequences upstream of the coding region are tissue-specific promoters, as shown by their ability to drive expression of a reporter gene (lacZ) in the appropriate muscle type. (genetics.org)
To further characterize the myosin gene promoters and to examine the types of enhancer sequences in the genome, we have initiated a screen of C. elegans genomic DNA for fragments capable of enhancing the myo-2 promoter. (genetics.org)
IL-18 gene expression may be regulated in a wide range of cell types by the activities of these two distinct promoters. (jimmunol.org)
The receptor dimer is then capable of interacting with specific progesterone-responsive elements (PREs) within target gene promoters. (asm.org)

RNA polymerase must create RNA by moving along the chromosome and "reading" the genes in the process of transcription. (factmonster.com)
These genes were induced or repressed in proportion to the number of chromosome sets, regardless of the mating type. (sciencemag.org)
The Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, located within the School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, is a research facility working in the field of gene expression and chromosome biology. (wikipedia.org)
In the case of the non-coding Xist gene, which is the trigger of X-chromosome wide silencing, its asymmetric expression may be initiated by such fluctuations in chromatin folding. (europa.eu)
In the course of the ERC programme, we also demonstrated that this type of monoallelic gene expression is not just a characteristic of the X chromosome but can also be found at several hundred loci on autosomes. (europa.eu)
This reveals that a double dose of some X chromosome genes must provide a checkpoint, to ensure that dosage compensation is achieved, in order for development to proceed normally. (europa.eu)
The int gene of bacteriophage P2 is the only viral gene necessary for the integration of P2 into the Escherichia coli host chromosome. (asm.org)

If not blocked, it passes over the operator and reaches the protein-producing genes where it creates the mRNA that instructs the ribosomes to create the desired protein. (factmonster.com)
Repressors bind with the operator and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding to create mRNA by prohibiting access to the remainder of the protein-producing genes. (factmonster.com)

In multicellular organisms, gene regulation drives cellular differentiation and morphogenesis in the embryo, leading to the creation of different cell types that possess different gene expression profiles from the same genome sequence. (wikipedia.org)
In this session Dr. Doug Higgs, will illustrates how the analysis of the globin genes switching has pioneered the application of genetic engineering to hemoglobinopathies which are amongst the first examples of successful gene therapy, and they provide ideal targets for current developments in therapeutic genome editing. (ehaweb.org)
Embryonic development requires exquisite control of the expression of large numbers of genes, integrating components from the genome, transcriptome and proteome. (findaphd.com)
Animal viruses are providing scientists with relatively simple models to study the molecular biology of genome replication and gene expression. (waterstones.com)
Whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses based on the v.2.2 P. chrysosporium genome identified 356 genes whose transcripts accumulated to relatively high levels at 96 h and were at least four times the levels found at 40 h. (usda.gov)
Our comprehension of the way that the genome is packaged into the nucleus in eukaryotes and of how some genes are expressed or "read" in some cells but not in others in order to produce cellular diversity, has been more challenging. (europa.eu)
To achieve this Broad is leveraging FireCloud , our cloud platform for hosting data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) that was funded through the National Cancer Institute's Cloud Pilots program , and extending it to manage data and run pipelines for RNA sequencing and expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTL) analyses, that were developed as part of the Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEx) project . (broadinstitute.org)

This application proposes to study the molecular basis of retinal development using the regulation of rhodopsin gene expression as a model system. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Our projects have helped to make significant contributions to the understanding of gene regulation at a molecular level. (le.ac.uk)
Although ribosome profiling provides precise and quantitative analysis of genes that are translationally regulated, our molecular understanding of this type of regulation is still at its infancy. (weizmann.ac.il)
Finally, viruses have yielded invaluable reagents in molecular biology as, for example, the vaccinia virus vector for the expression of foreign genes. (waterstones.com)
Thanks to a combination of super-resolution microscopy and state of the art molecular techniques that the funding by the ERC provided, we discovered that chromosomes are folded into domains spanning several hundreds of thousands of base pairs of DNA, known as topologically associated domains (TADs), and that the dynamic fluctuations in DNA interactions within these TADs, can probably lead to fluctuations in gene expression. (europa.eu)
In this review, we introduce physiological and molecular features of the neoblast, and discuss how germline genes regulate planarian neoblasts and what differences exist between neoblasts and germline cells. (labome.org)
Our studies provide basic molecular information helpful for further investigation of the function of the two genes in pig models. (labome.org)
Thus, our findings indicate that Mxi1 can act as a tumour suppressor in human glioblastomas through a molecular mechanism involving the transcriptional down-regulation of cyclin B1 gene expression. (uniprot.org)
In humans, asymmetric gene expression in the fetal cortex has been suggested as the molecular basis of handedness. (mpi.nl)
However, human fetuses already show considerable asymmetries in arm movements before the motor cortex is functionally linked to the spinal cord, making it more likely that spinal gene expression asymmetries form the molecular basis of handedness. (mpi.nl)
The objective of this research project is to identify molecular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of metal-inducible metallothionein (MT) gene expression in the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . (epa.gov)
Regulation of Gene Expression: Molecular Mechanisms presents a comprehensive overview of methods and approaches for characterizing mechanisms of gene regulation. (nhbs.com)
overall 'Regulation of Gene Expression: Molecular Mechanisms' would certainly be of use to life sciences undergraduates, it would also be a useful reference work for a Molecular Toxicology laboratory. (nhbs.com)

Sophisticated programs of gene expression are widely observed in biology, for example to trigger developmental pathways , respond to environmental stimuli, or adapt to new food sources. (wikipedia.org)
Whereas viruses use, in general, pathways of macromolecular biosynthesis common to the host cell, they have a cunning ability to adopt unusual mechanisms of gene expression and gene replication, provided these special pathways offer an advantage in competition for cellular resources. (waterstones.com)
The aim of this research is to investigate sensing and signal transduction pathways and their components which mediate carbohydrate regulation of gene expression in source and sink organs, and so control carbohydrate production, utilization and plant yield potential. (europa.eu)
Hypoxia causes the down-regulation of RAD52 and RAD23B in pathways mediated by miR-210 and miR-373. (aacrjournals.org)
3(high) CD4(+)CCR7(-) T cell selectivity through two different pathways, including the classic channel activity-associated IL-2 pathway and the new Kv1.3 channel gene expression pathway. (labome.org)
LFY therefore appears to act through several pathways, one of which is dependent on AP1 activity, to regulate AP3 expression. (biologists.org)
However, we also noted that cycloheximide partially inhibits R5020 induction of E2F1 expression, indicating that the ligand-dependent actions of PR on this gene may involve additional indirect regulatory pathways. (asm.org)
In addition to this classical pathway of transcriptional activation, extranuclear PR can indirectly regulate gene expression by rapidly activating other signaling pathways. (asm.org)
These observations show that temporal features of action potentials (and associated Ca 2+ transients) regulate expression of neuronal genes by activating specific intracellular signaling pathways with appropriate temporal dynamics. (jneurosci.org)
Although there is considerable information on the multiple signal transduction pathways leading from membrane depolarization to gene transcription, it is not fully understood how these reactions operate as a system to extract and transmit information from temporally varying stimulation. (jneurosci.org)

A database of tissue-specific gene regulation in human tissues. (pitt.edu)
It has recently been discovered that internal signals arising from primary carbon metabolism directly influence photoassimilate production and utilization through the control of gene expression in source and sink tissues. (europa.eu)
The regulation of P450 gene expression has been well documented in experimental animals, but at present there is very little information available about the regulation of human P450 genes, particularly in extra-hepatic tissues. (bl.uk)
Major international projects like The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project 12 , 13 and the Epigenetic RoadMap 14 are designed to identify eQTLs and understand genetic regulation of gene expression across multiple tissues and cell types. (nature.com)
We have characterized the concerted regulation by insulin (3-h hyperinsulinemic clamp) of the expression of 10 genes related to insulin action in skeletal muscle and in subcutaneous adipose tissue, and we have verified whether a defective regulation of some of them could be specifically encountered in tissues of type 2 diabetic patients. (diabetesjournals.org)
This study thus provides evidence for a specific defect in the regulation of a group of important genes in response to insulin in peripheral tissues of type 2 diabetic patients. (diabetesjournals.org)
In keeping with this hypothesis, the expression of some important genes involved in insulin action and glucose metabolism has been found to be altered in peripheral tissues of type 2 diabetic patients. (diabetesjournals.org)
However, no prominent expression was seen with mRNA for GABA(B)R2 subunit required for heteromeric orchestration of the functional GABA(B)R by any adipocytic cells and tissues. (sigmaaldrich.com)

This will facilitate the generation of animal models of human disease and may have implications for future attempts towards gene therapy, particularly in light of the finding that mutations in the rhodopsin gene are responsible for some forms of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
abi3, fus3 and lec2 mutations affect At2S3 expression in seeds. (biologists.org)
Stephan Sanders and his colleagues have previously shown that spontaneous, or de novo , mutations (seen only in the child and not in either parent) are important risk factors for autism and can be used to find the genes involved in causing autism. (sfari.org)
To find these mutations, they plan to build a map of the differences in gene expression between males and females in multiple brain regions and across multiple stages of brain development. (sfari.org)
They hope to look for a group of genes that have mutations in girls with autism and that also show a difference in brain expression between the sexes. (sfari.org)
This LFY-induced expression of AP3 depends in part on the function of the APETALA1 ( AP1 ) floral homeotic gene, since mutations in AP1 reduce LFY-dependent induction of AP3 expression. (biologists.org)

Often, one gene regulator controls another, and so on, in a gene regulatory network . (wikipedia.org)
Preliminary transgenic mouse studies with fusion construct sconsisting of sequences upstream of the bovine rhodopsin gene ligated to the reporter gene lacZ (beta-galactosidase) have identified cis-acting DNA regulatory sequences that are capable of directing photoreceptor cell-specific gene expression. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
The finding of a discontinuous transgene expression gradient in 3 out of 3 transgenic lines with one of the constructs suggests the existence of a "topographical" regulatory element which defines spatial expression across the retina. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
They act as regulatory molecules as well, preventing other genes from making protein by marking their mRNA molecules for destruction. (eurekalert.org)
In prokaryotic cells, there are three types of regulatory molecules that can affect the expression of operons: repressors, activators, and inducers. (oercommons.org)
Each gene contains at least one additional tissue-specific regulatory element, as defined by the ability to enhance expression of a heterologous promoter in the appropriate muscle type. (genetics.org)
The database contains three types of data including tissue-specific gene expression profiles, combinatorial gene regulations, and cis-regulatory module (CRM) detections. (pitt.edu)
Discovering gene co-regulatory relationships is one of most important research in DNA microarray data analysis. (hindawi.com)
My research focuses on understanding how nucleotide variation in gene regulatory elements can lead to human disease and other phenotypes. (ucsf.edu)
The gene was identified in 1989, but more than 20 years later, the regulatory mechanisms controlling its complex expression are still not fully understood. (luriechildrens.org)
Here, we will describe our work, in which we have begun to elucidate the regulatory processes controlling obese gene expression. (epfl.ch)
Generally, in these mechanisms, a transcription terminator is located between a promoter and a downstream gene(s), and the efficiency of the terminator is controlled by a regulatory effector that can be a metabolite, protein, or RNA. (asm.org)
The most common type of regulation involving conditional termination is transcription attenuation, in which the primary regulatory target is an essential element of a single terminator. (asm.org)

An operon includes a special segment of genes that are regulators of the protein synthesis, but do not code for protein, called the promoter and operator. (factmonster.com)
A DNA sequence called the operator sequence is encoded between the promoter region and the first trp coding gene. (oercommons.org)
Repressors bind to the Operator, coding sequences on the DNA strand that are close to or overlapping the promoter region, impeding RNA polymerase's progress along the strand, thus impeding the expression of the gene. (wikipedia.org)
Finally, despite pervasiveness of established ABA-responsive promoter elements in Arabidopsis SR and SR-like genes, their expression is likely governed by additional, yet unidentified cis -acting elements. (mdpi.com)
We identified four putative estrogen response elements in the heparanase promoter region and found that transcription of a luciferase reporter gene driven by the heparanase promoter was significantly increased in estrogen-receptor positive MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells after estrogen treatment. (aacrjournals.org)
Though the promoter binds transcription factors and drives some aspects of CFTR gene expression, it cannot alone account for tissue specific control. (luriechildrens.org)
This gene is situated between the phage attachment site, attP, and the repressor C gene, and is cotranscribed with C from the Pc promoter, towards attP. (asm.org)
The Pc promoter is negatively controlled by the cox gene, which is the first gene of the early operon. (asm.org)
Changes in the level of pattern of reporter gene activity in cadmium-exposed nematodes will be used to identity functional promoter elements. (epa.gov)
The LFY transcription factor binds to a sequence, with dyad symmetry, that lies within a region of the AP3 promoter required for early expression of AP3 . (biologists.org)
Furthermore, we established that PR-mediated induction of Krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF15), which can bind to GC-rich DNA within the E2F1 promoter, is required for maximal induction of E2F1 expression by progestins. (asm.org)

Any study of viral gene expression and replication is likely to lead also to new insights in cellular metabolism. (waterstones.com)
The other gene, OsGA2ox3, was expressed in every tissue examined and was enhanced by the application of biologically active GA. Recombinant OsGA2ox3 protein catalyzed the metabolism of GA(1) to GA(8) and GA(20) to GA(29)-catabolite. (nih.gov)
The discovery of the obese gene in the mouse and its conserved homologue in humans has led to important discoveries in energy metabolism. (epfl.ch)
One of the chief findings was the fact that the expression of the leptin gene was regulated and that it, in turn, could regulate metabolism and behavior. (epfl.ch)
Methods: The present review examines published data from both in vitro and in vivo studies reporting effects of nutrients and byproducts of microbial metabolism on the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes in order to highlight an emerging appreciation for the role of dietary compounds in modulating the innate immune response. (oregonstate.edu)
Results: Vitamins A and D, dietary histone deacetylases and byproducts of intestinal microbial metabolism (butyrate and secondary bile acids) have been found to regulate the expression of AMPs in humans. (oregonstate.edu)
In addition, byproducts ofgut microbe metabolism could be important for communicating with intestinal epithelial and immune cells, thus affecting the expression of AMPs. (oregonstate.edu)

Gene regulation is essential for viruses , prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike prokaryotes, multiple gene-regulating mechanisms operate in the nucleus before and after RNA transcription, and in the cytoplasm both before and after translation. (factmonster.com)

What is becoming evident is that chromatin structure is becoming as increasingly important for the regulation of viral gene expression as it is for cellular gene expression and thus understanding the mechanisms employed by HCMV to modulate chromatin function could have broader implications on our understanding of the control of gene expression in general. (nih.gov)
In addition to their ability to disrupt the integrity of bacterial, viral and fungal membranes, AMPs bind lipopolysaccharides, act as chemoattractants for immune cells and bind to cellular receptors and modulate the expression of cytokines and chemokines. (oregonstate.edu)

Binding of the tryptophan-repressor complex at the operator physically prevents the RNA polymerase from binding, and transcribing the downstream genes. (oercommons.org)
stimulated activation of genes downstream of NF-?B. J Cell Sci. (labome.org)
The objective of the present study was to investigate whether differences in the temporal dynamics of the second messenger Ca 2+ and integration by downstream signaling elements could contribute to specific activation of genes in response to specific patterns of neuronal firing. (jneurosci.org)

These effects are mediated by the major IE products (IE72 and IE86) which physically and functionally interact with histone modifying enzymes resulting in the efficient activation of viral gene expression. (nih.gov)

Hence these modifications may up or down regulate the expression of a gene. (wikipedia.org)

Methylation of DNA is a common method of gene silencing. (wikipedia.org)
Often, DNA methylation and histone deacetylation work together in gene silencing . (wikipedia.org)
The following is a list of stages where gene expression is regulated, the most extensively utilised point is Transcription Initiation: Chromatin domains Transcription Post-transcriptional modification RNA transport Translation mRNA degradation In eukaryotes, the accessibility of large regions of DNA can depend on its chromatin structure, which can be altered as a result of histone modifications directed by DNA methylation, ncRNA, or DNA-binding protein. (wikipedia.org)
aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects of Gene Expression, Regulation and DNA Methylation. (waset.org)
Also, high quality research contributions describing original and unpublished results of conceptual, constructive, empirical, experimental, or theoretical work in all areas of Gene Expression, Regulation and DNA Methylation are cordially invited for presentation at the conference. (waset.org)
ICGERDNAM 2020 has teamed up with the Special Journal Issue on Gene Expression, Regulation and DNA Methylation . (waset.org)
These gene expression asymmetries were epigenetically regulated by miRNA expression asymmetries in the TGF-β signaling pathway and lateralized methylation of CpG islands. (mpi.nl)

Moreover, ploidy regulation of the FLO11 gene had direct consequences for yeast development. (sciencemag.org)

We also searched for ABA-responsive cis elements in the upstream regions of the 20 genes. (mdpi.com)

If the central dogma held in this case, the neurons might be buffering the effects of heat by altering the expression of these genes. (eurekalert.org)
The authors suggest that this calcium-dependent mechanism of transcriptional control may be linked to the expression of the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor and regulation of synaptic plasticity in such neurons. (sciencemag.org)
Axon regeneration requires that injured neurons reinitiate long-distance growth and upregulate specific genes. (jneurosci.org)
Thus, the inhibitory activity of the IN-1 antigen on axon growth is not restricted to the control of growth cone motility but also involves a retrograde regulation of gene expression in adult central neurons. (jneurosci.org)
It has been proposed that the expression of growth-associated genes is suppressed in adult neurons by retrograde inhibitory cues ( Skene, 1989 , 1992 ). (jneurosci.org)

Upregulation of these genes was completely blunted in type 2 diabetic patients. (diabetesjournals.org)
Genes encoding cellulases showed little apparent upregulation and thus may be expressed constitutively. (usda.gov)
However, strong upregulation of the same genes can be induced in Purkinje cells after colchicine injection into the uninjured adult cerebellum, indicating that their expression could be controlled by retrograde signals. (jneurosci.org)
Application of IN-1 antibodies induces the upregulation of c-Jun, JunD, and NADPH diaphorase in Purkinje cells, showing that their expression is suppressed constitutively by myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitors. (jneurosci.org)

Virtually any step of gene expression can be modulated, from transcriptional initiation , to RNA processing , and to the post-translational modification of a protein. (wikipedia.org)
We study fundamental aspects of gene regulation, from transcriptional initiation to histone modification and chromatin remodelling. (le.ac.uk)
We report here that the level of int expression is affected by several different mechanisms after transcriptional initiation. (asm.org)

At present the database contains expression profiles for 19,526 UniGene genes, combinatorial regulations for 7,341 transcription factor pairs and 6,232 putative CRMs for 2,130 RefSeq genes. (pitt.edu)
Satoh G, Wang Y, Zhang P, Satoh N. Early development of amphioxus nervous system with special reference to segmental cell organization and putative sensory cell precursors: a study based on the expression of pan-neuronal marker gene Hu/elav. (labome.org)
Second, the ribosome binding site and AUG codon of the int gene are located in a putative stem-loop structure, which may inhibit the initiation of translation. (asm.org)

Eukaryotic gene expression is more complex than prokaryotic gene expression because the processes of transcription and translation are physically separated. (oercommons.org)

Using real-time RT-qPCR, we analyzed total steady-state transcript levels of the 18 SR and two SR-like genes from Arabidopsis thaliana in seedlings treated with ABA and in genetic backgrounds with altered expression of the ABA-biosynthesis ABA2 and the ABA-signaling ABI1 and ABI4 genes. (mdpi.com)
We found that members of the plant-specific SC35-Like (SCL) Arabidopsis SR protein subfamily are distinctively responsive to exogenous ABA, while the expression of seven SR and SR-related genes is affected by alterations in key components of the ABA pathway. (mdpi.com)
The Arabidopsis APETALA3 ( AP3 ) floral homeotic gene is required for specifying petal and stamen identities, and is expressed in a spatially limited domain of cells in the floral meristem that will give rise to these organs. (biologists.org)

Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products ( protein or RNA ), and is informally termed gene regulation . (wikipedia.org)
Studies on the regulation of expression of retina-specific genes, in addition to their importance at the basic level, will also have implications for the understanding and treatment of human disease. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Small molecules that target specific DNA sequences have the potential to control gene expression. (nih.gov)
We report here that an eight-ring polyamide targeted to a specific region of the transcription factor TFIIIA binding site interferes with 5S RNA gene expression in Xenopus kidney cells. (nih.gov)
Our results indicate that pyrrole-imidazole polyamides are cell-permeable and can inhibit the transcription of specific genes. (nih.gov)
The primary focus will be to obtain a detailed understanding of the general and more specific mechanisms involved in the control of gene expression in both prokaryotic and in eukaryotic systems. (studiesabroad.com)
Thereafter, specific aspects pertaining to general and specialised mechanisms of gene expression and transcriptional regulation in various prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems will be examined.This module is highly recommended for students intending to take GENE40030 in Stage 4. (studiesabroad.com)
Multiple tissue-specific activation elements are present for all four genes. (genetics.org)
If DNA encoding a specific gene is to be transcribed into RNA, the nucleosomes surrounding that region of DNA can slide down the DNA to open that specific chromosomal region and allow for the transcriptional machinery (RNA polymerase) to initiate transcription ( Figure ). (oercommons.org)
Pathogenic bacteria have evolved numerous strategies to survive in and to attack hosts, which can be reflected by transcriptional and posttranscriptional changes in specific genes especially including those encoding virulence determinants. (frontiersin.org)
Spatial regulation of specific gene expression through photoactivation of RNAi. (biomedsearch.com)
Precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing is an essential step in gene expression mediated by the spliceosome, a large protein complex in the cell nucleus that interacts with specific intronic sequences in the pre-mRNA called splice sites for the proper removal of introns and correct joining of exons. (mdpi.com)
The problem of gene specific co-regulation discovery is to, for a particular gene of interest (called target gene), identify the condition subsets where strong gene co-regulations of the target gene are observed and its co-regulated genes in these condition subsets. (hindawi.com)
In this paper, we propose an innovative method for finding gene specific co-regulations using genetic algorithm (GA). A sliding window is used to delimit the allowed length of conditions in which gene co-regulations occur and an ad hoc GA, called the progressive GA, is performed in each window position to find those condition subsets having high fitness. (hindawi.com)
k NN Lookup Table is utilized to substantially speed up fitness evaluation in the GA. Experimental results with a real-life gene expression data demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our technique in discovering gene specific co-regulations. (hindawi.com)
The results obtained in this study demonstrate the complex and diverse nature of histone modifications at tissue-restricted genes and suggest that trans-acting factors are responsible for generating highly specific combinations of histone modifications at each individual gene at different stages of cell differentiation. (bl.uk)
Spaceflight has selective and specific effects on SSA4 and YIL052C gene expression, indicated by novel dependence on Sfp1. (astrobiology.com)
This implicates other distal cis-acting elements in cell-type-specific regulation of CFTR expression. (luriechildrens.org)
A special focus will be elements that contribute to tissue specific regulation of expression. (luriechildrens.org)
The signals that determine activation and repression of specific genes in response to appropriate stimuli are one of the most important, but least understood, types of information encoded in genomic DNA. (psu.edu)
Restoration of the expression of transports associated with antigen processing in human malignant melanoma increases tumor-specific immunity. (labome.org)
Specific induced expressions of the P. aeruginosa genes algC ( 13 , 14 ) and algD ( 27 ) and of the sfaA gene (encoding S fimbrial adhesins) of a pathogenic strain of E. coli ( 47 ) were also observed after contact of the bacteria with a solid surface, but the surface-sensing mechanisms were not investigated. (asm.org)
Each of three sections explores mechanisms of gene regulation and expression, and presents methods and protocols for achieving specific experimental goals. (nhbs.com)
Specific patterns of neural impulses regulate genes controlling nervous system development and plasticity, but it is not known how intracellular signaling cascades and transcriptional activation mechanisms can regulate specific genes in response to specific patterns of action potentials. (jneurosci.org)
How specificity is maintained between stimulus and transcription of specific genes is a fundamental problem in cell biology. (jneurosci.org)

The AP Biology, Gene Regulation and Expression Bundled Unit is a collection of resources that are useful when teaching prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene regulation. (teacherspayteachers.com)
For successful long-term spaceflight, bioengineering in the form of gene editing and synthetic biology may be required to overcome our very human limitations. (nyas.org)

This type of overall control of protein synthesis is regulated by genes that control the packing density of histones. (factmonster.com)
Crucially, the chromatin associated with the MIEP is dynamically regulated-myeloid cell differentiation triggers the acetylation of histones bound to the MIEP which is concomitant with the reactivation of IE gene expression and re-entry into lytic infection. (nih.gov)
En utilisant la technologie RNA-Seq, j'ai trouvé des séquences complètes encodant des histones et des enzymes modifiant les histones. (umontreal.ca)

Thus chromatin appears to play an important role in gene regulation in all phases of infection. (nih.gov)
Furthermore, transfection of the dominant negative Elk-1 gene, and the chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIp) assay, supported Elk-1-dependent transcriptional regulation of FUT1 gene expression in DLD-1 cells. (hindawi.com)
INO80 is a chromatin remodeling complex that is believed to function in both gene regulation and DNA repair by "unpacking" DNA from nucleosomes to allow access to chromosomal DNA. (phys.org)
The direct effects of PR on E2F1 expression were confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis, which indicated that the agonist-bound receptor was recruited to several enhancer elements proximal to the E2F1 transcript. (asm.org)

An operon is a self-regulating series of genes that work in concert. (factmonster.com)
In bacteria, such as E. coli, three genes are part of an operon that code for three separate enzymes needed for the breakdown of lactose, a simple sugar. (factmonster.com)
For example, all of the genes needed to use lactose as an energy source are coded next to each other in the lactose (or lac ) operon. (oercommons.org)
These five genes are next to each other in what is called the tryptophan ( trp ) operon ( Figure ). (oercommons.org)
If tryptophan is present in the environment, then E. coli does not need to synthesize it and the switch controlling the activation of the genes in the trp operon is switched off. (oercommons.org)
However, when tryptophan availability is low, the switch controlling the operon is turned on, transcription is initiated, the genes are expressed, and tryptophan is synthesized. (oercommons.org)
The five genes that are needed to synthesize tryptophan in E. coli are located next to each other in the trp operon. (oercommons.org)

Regulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor gene expression by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the parathyroid in vivo. (jci.org)

Positive regulation by GABA(B)R1 subunit of leptin expression through gene transactivation in adipocytes. (sigmaaldrich.com)

This module covers the structure and expression of genetic material in eukaryotic cells. (southampton.ac.uk)
Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells can regulate gene expression at many different levels. (oercommons.org)

The bacterium Escherichia coli carries approximately 3000 genes, but this total repertoire describes its potential properties and, in reality, only a small subset of this genetic information is expressed at any given moment. (springer.com)
Global regulation of gene expression in Escherichia coli. (asm.org)
To get further information on bacterial surface sensing and biofilm-dependent regulation of gene expression in Escherichia coli K-12, random insertion mutagenesis with Mu dX, a mini-Mu carrying the promoterless lacZ gene, was performed with an ompR234 adherent strain, and a simple screen was developed to assess changes in gene expression in biofilm cells versus planktonic cells. (asm.org)

By simultaneously examining the changes in transcription and translation along HCMV infection, using ribosome profiling and RNA-seq, we uncover diverse and dynamic translational regulation for subsets of host genes. (weizmann.ac.il)
The co-regulations are local in the sense that they occur in some subsets of full experimental conditions. (hindawi.com)

The control of gene expression by calcium and the NF-AT family of transcription factors may not just occur in lymphocytes. (sciencemag.org)

Furthermore, in many bacterial species, regulation of metabolic functions, particularly those relating to virulence, involves cell-to-cell signalling molecules (such as N -acylhomoserine lactones in gram-negative bacteria). (asm.org)

This form of regulation, called epigenetic regulation, occurs even before transcription is initiated. (oercommons.org)

When compared to two leading assemblers, StringTie and TransComb, Scallop is 34.5 percent and 36.3 percent more accurate for transcripts consisting of multiple exons subunits of a gene that encode part of the gene product. (outlookseries.com)

We analyzed genetic regulation of gene expression in endometrium, a tissue not included in the GTEx study, and the overlap of endometrial eQTL signals with signals for genetic risk factors in genomic regions associated with endometriosis and other reproductive traits available in GWAS catalogue including endometrial cancer and Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). (nature.com)

Epigenetic profiling of the gene-dense region in LPS-activated B cells showed that B cells have a very similar histone modification profile to ES cells. (bl.uk)

NEW YORK (GenomeWeb News) - Short-term aggressive behavior in European honey bees involves many of the same gene expression patterns found in the inherently more aggressive Africanized bees, according to research scheduled to appear online this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . (genomeweb.com)
TCPOBOP was shown to be equally effective at influencing human P450 gene expression and, in most cases, the patterns of gene regulation observed in experimental animals were also seen in the human tumours. (bl.uk)
The analysis was mainly focused on a 2 Mb gene-dense region containing 68 known closely situated genes, having very diverse expression patterns. (bl.uk)
Gene Expr Patterns. (labome.org)
These kinetics limited the fidelity with which P-CREB could follow different patterns of action potentials, and P-CREB levels were not well correlated with c-fos expression. (jneurosci.org)

These different components of the tumor microenvironment could have stimulatory and inhibitory effects on tumor progression by regulating the gene expression repertoire within the tumor cells on one hand and the stroma cells on the other. (springer.com)

The process of transcription, which is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template, is where the regulation of the gene expression is most likely to occur. (factmonster.com)
Transcription factors can bind, allowing gene expression to occur. (oercommons.org)
This ERC project set out to study how differential gene expression can occur not only between cell types, but even between two copies of a gene within the same cell. (europa.eu)
This screen revealed that major changes in the pattern of gene expression occur during biofilm development: the transcription of 38% of the genes was affected within biofilms. (asm.org)

We analyzed gene expression and mapped expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) in endometrial tissue samples from 229 women and then analyzed the overlap of endometrial eQTL signals with genomic regions associated with endometriosis and other reproductive traits. (nature.com)

Cystic Fibrosis results from mutation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. (luriechildrens.org)

E. coli can also synthesize tryptophan using enzymes that are encoded by five genes. (oercommons.org)
This new method for studying globally regulated genetic systems in E. coli combines detection, cloning, and physical mapping of a battery of coregulated genes in one step. (asm.org)

When tryptophan is absent, the repressor protein does not bind to the operator and the genes are transcribed. (oercommons.org)

apM1 gene expression was also negatively regulated by glucocorticoids and positively by insulin and IGF-1. (unboundmedicine.com)
The DNA-bound receptor subsequently nucleates the assembly of large cofactor-containing protein complexes that can either positively or negatively affect gene transcription. (asm.org)

Anatomy23

Organisms16

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs65

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment32

Phenomena and Processes99

Disciplines and Occupations4

Information Science8

Health Care3

Apontic binds the translational repressor Bruno and is implicated in regulation of oskar mRNA translation. (1/76734)

The role of gene splicing, gene amplification and regulation in mosquito insecticide resistance. (2/76734)

TIF1gamma, a novel member of the transcriptional intermediary factor 1 family. (3/76734)

Telomerase reverse transcriptase gene is a direct target of c-Myc but is not functionally equivalent in cellular transformation. (4/76734)

Gene expression profiles in HTLV-I-immortalized T cells: deregulated expression of genes involved in apoptosis regulation. (5/76734)

Socs1 binds to multiple signalling proteins and suppresses steel factor-dependent proliferation. (6/76734)

Anopheles gambiae Ag-STAT, a new insect member of the STAT family, is activated in response to bacterial infection. (7/76734)

Id helix-loop-helix proteins inhibit nucleoprotein complex formation by the TCF ETS-domain transcription factors. (8/76734)

Gene Expression Regulation

Gene Expression Profiling

Gene Expression Regulation, Plant

Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis

MicroRNAs

Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

Gene Expression

RNA, Messenger

Transcription, Genetic

Promoter Regions, Genetic

RNA, Untranslated

Base Sequence

Transcription Factors

Molecular Sequence Data

Computational Biology

Chromatin

Genome

Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic

Gene Expression Regulation, Archaeal

Models, Genetic

Binding Sites

Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal

Algorithms

Nucleic Acid Conformation

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Transcriptome

RNA Stability

Signal Transduction

Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic

Cell Line

Gene Regulatory Networks

Down-Regulation

DNA-Binding Proteins

Gene Expression Regulation, Viral

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

Up-Regulation

3' Untranslated Regions

Sequence Analysis, RNA

5' Untranslated Regions

Epigenesis, Genetic

Cells, Cultured

Evolution, Molecular

Alternative Splicing

Cell Line, Tumor

Arabidopsis

Histones

DNA Methylation

Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic

Models, Biological

Conserved Sequence

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Amino Acid Sequence

Software

Cluster Analysis

Genes, Reporter

Microarray Analysis

Blotting, Northern

Transfection

Cell Differentiation

RNA

Transcriptional Activation

Mutation

DNA Primers

In Situ Hybridization

Trans-Activators

Nuclear Proteins

Repressor Proteins

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Mice, Inbred C57BL

DNA, Complementary

Phenotype

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Time Factors

Liver

Luciferases

DNA

Homeodomain Proteins

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Blotting, Western

Organ Specificity