Gene cancer cpg islands. Medical search

Areas of increased density of the dinucleotide sequence cytosine--phosphate diester--guanine. They form stretches of DNA several hundred to several thousand base pairs long. In humans there are about 45,000 CpG islands, mostly found at the 5' ends of genes. They are unmethylated except for those on the inactive X chromosome and some associated with imprinted genes.

Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction using S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE as the methyl group donor.

Tracts of land completely surrounded by water.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

A group of compounds which consist of a nucleotide molecule to which an additional nucleoside is attached through the phosphate molecule(s). The nucleotide can contain any number of phosphates.

Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels.

A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.

A genetic process by which the adult organism is realized via mechanisms that lead to the restriction in the possible fates of cells, eventually leading to their differentiated state. Mechanisms involved cause heritable changes to cells without changes to DNA sequence such as DNA METHYLATION; HISTONE modification; DNA REPLICATION TIMING; NUCLEOSOME positioning; and heterochromatization which result in selective gene expression or repression.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.

Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.

Methods to identify and characterize cancer in the early stages of disease and predict tumor behavior.

The islands of the Pacific Ocean divided into MICRONESIA; MELANESIA; and POLYNESIA (including NEW ZEALAND). The collective name Oceania includes the aforenamed islands, adding AUSTRALIA; NEW ZEALAND; and the Malay Archipelago (INDONESIA). (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p910, 880)

Numerous islands in the Indian Ocean situated east of Madagascar, north to the Arabian Sea and east to Sri Lanka. Included are COMOROS (republic), MADAGASCAR (republic), Maldives (republic), MAURITIUS (parliamentary democracy), Pemba (administered by Tanzania), REUNION (a department of France), and SEYCHELLES (republic).

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE to the 5-position of CYTOSINE residues in DNA.

DNA present in neoplastic tissue.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.

Tumors or cancer of the COLON.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.

The complete genetic complement contained in the DNA of a set of CHROMOSOMES in a HUMAN. The length of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs.

Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They are responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern, on either adenine or cytosine residues, in a specific short base sequence in the host cell's own DNA. This methylated sequence will occur many times in the host-cell DNA and remain intact for the lifetime of the cell. Any DNA from another species which gains entry into a living cell and lacks the characteristic methylation pattern will be recognized by the restriction endonucleases of similar specificity and destroyed by cleavage. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.

Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. When tumor suppressor genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and unregulated growth is possible.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.

Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.

New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.

Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. It is a form of genome instability associated with defects in DNA MISMATCH REPAIR.

The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.

Tumor suppressor genes located on human chromosome 9 in the region 9p21. This gene is either deleted or mutated in a wide range of malignancies. (From Segen, Current Med Talk, 1995) Two alternatively spliced gene products are encoded by p16: CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P16 and TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P14ARF.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).

Genes whose abnormal expression, or MUTATION are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS.

Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.

A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.

Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.

A product of the p16 tumor suppressor gene (GENES, P16). It is also called INK4 or INK4A because it is the prototype member of the INK4 CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITORS. This protein is produced from the alpha mRNA transcript of the p16 gene. The other gene product, produced from the alternatively spliced beta transcript, is TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P14ARF. Both p16 gene products have tumor suppressor functions.

An island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence constituting a province of Canada in the eastern part of the country. It is very irregular in shape with many deep inlets. Its capital is Charlottetown. Discovered by the French in 1534 and originally named Ile Saint-Jean, it was renamed in 1799 in honor of Prince Edward, fourth son of George III and future father of Queen Victoria. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p981 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p433)

A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Scattered islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The chief islands are the Balearic Islands (belong to Spain; Majorca and Minorca are among these), Corsica (belongs to France), Crete (belongs to Greece), CYPRUS (a republic), the Cyclades, Dodecanese and Ionian Islands (belong to Greece), MALTA (a republic), Sardinia and SICILY (belong to Italy). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p747)

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The first nucleotide of a transcribed DNA sequence where RNA polymerase (DNA-DIRECTED RNA POLYMERASE) begins synthesizing the RNA transcript.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent or treat cancer. Vaccines are produced using the patient's own whole tumor cells as the source of antigens, or using tumor-specific antigens, often recombinantly produced.

Highly repeated sequences, 6K-8K base pairs in length, which contain RNA polymerase II promoters. They also have an open reading frame that is related to the reverse transcriptase of retroviruses but they do not contain LTRs (long terminal repeats). Copies of the LINE 1 (L1) family form about 15% of the human genome. The jockey elements of Drosophila are LINEs.

The systematic study of the global gene expression changes due to EPIGENETIC PROCESSES and not due to DNA base sequence changes.

Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.

One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequences C/CGG and GGC/C at the slash. HpaII is from Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Several isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.

A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

The variable phenotypic expression of a GENE depending on whether it is of paternal or maternal origin, which is a function of the DNA METHYLATION pattern. Imprinted regions are observed to be more methylated and less transcriptionally active. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

A glutathione transferase that catalyzes the conjugation of electrophilic substrates to GLUTATHIONE. This enzyme has been shown to provide cellular protection against redox-mediated damage by FREE RADICALS.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.

Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estrogens and migrate to the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. Evaluation of the state of estrogen receptors in breast cancer patients has become clinically important.

Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.

A raf kinase subclass found at high levels in neuronal tissue. The B-raf Kinases are MAP kinase kinase kinases that have specificity for MAP KINASE KINASE 1 and MAP KINASE KINASE 2.

A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.

Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.

A group of islands in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies, the three main islands being St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John. The capital is Charlotte Amalie. Before 1917 the U.S. Virgin Islands were held by the Danish and called the Danish West Indies but the name was changed when the United States acquired them by purchase.

Resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures.

Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.

A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.

A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).

The collective name for the islands of the Pacific Ocean northeast of Australia, including NEW CALEDONIA; VANUATU; New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, Admiralty Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, FIJI, etc. Melanesia (from the Greek melas, black + nesos, island) is so called from the black color of the natives who are generally considered to be descended originally from the Negroid Papuans and the Polynesians or Malays. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p748 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p344)

An INK4 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor containing four ANKYRIN-LIKE REPEATS. INK4B is often inactivated by deletions, mutations, or hypermethylation in HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS.

The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The collective name for islands of the Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines, including the Mariana, PALAU, Caroline, Marshall, and Kiribati Islands. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p761 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p350)

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.

The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Antimetabolites that are useful in cancer chemotherapy.

A family of calcium/calmodulin-dependent PROETIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES. They are ubiquitously expressed in adult and embryonic mammalian tissues, and their functions are tightly related to the early stages of eukaryotic programmed cell death.

Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. Cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (E- for epithelial, N- for neural, and P- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or N-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). Cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.

The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.

Human COLORECTAL CARCINOMA cell line.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. Through basic and clinical biomedical research and training, it conducts and supports research with the objective of cancer prevention, early stage identification and elimination. This Institute was established in 1937.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.

The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.

Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.

Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.

The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers.

In vivo methods of screening investigative anticancer drugs, biologic response modifiers or radiotherapies. Human tumor tissue or cells are transplanted into mice or rats followed by tumor treatment regimens. A variety of outcomes are monitored to assess antitumor effectiveness.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

The local recurrence of a neoplasm following treatment. It arises from microscopic cells of the original neoplasm that have escaped therapeutic intervention and later become clinically visible at the original site.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

A group of four British islands and several islets in the English Channel off the coast of France. They are known to have been occupied prehistorically. They were a part of Normandy in 933 but were united to the British crown at the time of the Norman Conquest in 1066. Guernsey and Jersey originated noted breeds of cattle. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p242)

The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair, resulting in abnormal HEMIZYGOSITY. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the ALLELES was deleted.

In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

A transcription factor that dimerizes with the cofactor CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain.

The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in a variety of ADENOCARCINOMAS. It has extensive homology to and heterodimerizes with the EGF RECEPTOR, the ERBB-3 RECEPTOR, and the ERBB-4 RECEPTOR. Activation of the erbB-2 receptor occurs through heterodimer formation with a ligand-bound erbB receptor family member.

Persons who have experienced a prolonged survival after serious disease or who continue to live with a usually life-threatening condition as well as family members, significant others, or individuals surviving traumatic life events.

A glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of both normal and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.

A nonparametric method of compiling LIFE TABLES or survival tables. It combines calculated probabilities of survival and estimates to allow for observations occurring beyond a measurement threshold, which are assumed to occur randomly. Time intervals are defined as ending each time an event occurs and are therefore unequal. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1995)

A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.

The collective name for the islands of the central Pacific Ocean, including the Austral Islands, Cook Islands, Easter Island, HAWAII; NEW ZEALAND; Phoenix Islands, PITCAIRN ISLAND; SAMOA; TONGA; Tuamotu Archipelago, Wake Island, and Wallis and Futuna Islands. Polynesians are of the Caucasoid race, but many are of mixed origin. Polynesia is from the Greek poly, many + nesos, island, with reference to the many islands in the group. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p966 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p426)

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

The Alu sequence family (named for the restriction endonuclease cleavage enzyme Alu I) is the most highly repeated interspersed repeat element in humans (over a million copies). It is derived from the 7SL RNA component of the SIGNAL RECOGNITION PARTICLE and contains an RNA polymerase III promoter. Transposition of this element into coding and regulatory regions of genes is responsible for many heritable diseases.

A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.

Transplantation between animals of different species.

A tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) located on human CHROMOSOME 17 at locus 17q21. Mutations of this gene are associated with the formation of HEREDITARY BREAST AND OVARIAN CANCER SYNDROME. It encodes a large nuclear protein that is a component of DNA repair pathways.

A British colony in the Atlantic Islands, comprising two principal islands, East Falkland and West Falkland. Its capital is Stanley. Discovered in 1592, it was not occupied until the French settled there briefly in 1764. Later the English settled there but were expelled by the Spanish in 1770. The Falklands were claimed by Argentina but were occupied in 1833 by the British who, after an April 1982 invasion by Argentina, regained them in June. The islands were named by British Captain John Strong in 1690 for the fifth Viscount Falkland who financed Strong's expedition. The Spanish name for the islands, Malvinas, is from the French Malouins, inhabitants of St. Malo who attempted to colonize the islands in 1764. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p389 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p182)

Specific proteins found in or on cells of progesterone target tissues that specifically combine with progesterone. The cytosol progesterone-receptor complex then associates with the nucleic acids to initiate protein synthesis. There are two kinds of progesterone receptors, A and B. Both are induced by estrogen and have short half-lives.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

One of the Indian Ocean Islands, east of Madagascar. Its capital is Saint-Denis. It was discovered in 1507 by the Portuguese and claimed by France in 1638. It was first colonized in 1662 as Isle de Bourbon but renamed Reunion in 1793. In 1946 it was made an overseas department of France. The name commemorates the reunion of the revolutionaries from Marseilles with the National Guard in Paris in 1792. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1011; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p454; French Embassy)

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.

A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Formation of an acetyl derivative. (Stedman, 25th ed)

RNA present in neoplastic tissue.

Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Tumor suppressor genes located on the short arm of human chromosome 17 and coding for the phosphoprotein p53.

A class of weak acids with the general formula R-CONHOH.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)

A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the URINARY BLADDER and the URETHRA. It secretes a substance that liquefies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the PUBIC SYMPHYSIS, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the RECTUM.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

Drug therapy given to augment or stimulate some other form of treatment such as surgery or radiation therapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy is commonly used in the therapy of cancer and can be administered before or after the primary treatment.

A specific pair of GROUP G CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Small, monomeric GTP-binding proteins encoded by ras genes (GENES, RAS). The protooncogene-derived protein, PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS), plays a role in normal cellular growth, differentiation and development. The oncogene-derived protein (ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS)) can play a role in aberrant cellular regulation during neoplastic cell transformation (CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC). This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.

A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Highly proliferative, self-renewing, and colony-forming stem cells which give rise to NEOPLASMS.

The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.

Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the level of CELL DIFFERENTIATION in neoplasms as increasing ANAPLASIA correlates with the aggressiveness of the neoplasm.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

One of the SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS with tissue-specific activities. Tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the ENDOMETRIUM.

A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of neoplasms.

A pattern recognition receptor that binds unmethylated CPG CLUSTERS. It mediates cellular responses to bacterial pathogens by distinguishing between self and bacterial DNA.

Methylases that are specific for CYTOSINE residues found on DNA.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.

Unwanted gene changes can increase a cell's cancer risk. MicroRNA promoters often contain CpG islands. DNA methylation forms 5- ... Distal promoters also frequently contain CpG islands, such as the promoter of the DNA repair gene ERCC1, where the CpG island- ... The presence of multiple methylated CpG sites in CpG islands of promoters causes stable silencing of genes. Silencing of a gene ... in cancer typically occurs at multiple CpG sites in the CpG islands that are present in the promoters of protein coding genes. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)

In humans, about 70% of promoters located near the transcription start site of a gene (proximal promoters) contain a CpG island ... Liver Cancer. 3 (3-4): 417-27. doi:10.1159/000343860. PMC 4531427. PMID 26280003. Deaton AM, Bird A (May 2011). "CpG islands ... see CpG islands in promoters). If the initially nonmethylated CpG sites in a CpG island become largely methylated, this causes ... the CpG islands that control promoters tend to gain methylation with age. The gain of methylation at CpG islands in promoter ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging

Contained within the promoter region of the gene are three CpG islands. These imprint regions function in the regulation of ... A different type of malformation in the gene also has the potential to cause a variety of cancers. ... Neuronatin (Nnat) is a protein coding gene involved in mammalian brain development. It is located on Chromosome 20 in humans ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Proteins, Genes on human chromosome 20). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronatin

"Discovery of novel hypermethylated genes in prostate cancer using genomic CpG island microarrays". PLOS ONE. 4 (3): e4830. ... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP7 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TGF-β superfamily ... Genes on human chromosome 20, Bone morphogenetic protein, Developmental genes and proteins, TGFβ domain). ... "Candidate gene/loci studies in cleft lip/palate and dental anomalies finds novel susceptibility genes for clefts". Genetics in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_7

2009-03-13). "Discovery of novel hypermethylated genes in prostate cancer using genomic CpG island microarrays". PLOS ONE. 4 (3 ... "BioGPS - your Gene Portal System". biogps.org. Retrieved 2020-05-01. "CLIP4 Gene - GeneCards , CLIP4 Protein , CLIP4 Antibody ... The human CLIP4 gene, also known as Restin-Like Protein 2 (RSNL2), is located on the plus strand of the short (p) arm of ... CAP-Gly Domain Containing Linker Protein Family Member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLIP4 gene. In terms of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLIP4

For example, in colorectal cancers about 600 to 800 genes are transcriptionally silenced by CpG island methylation (see ... In vertebrates, the majority of gene promoters contain a CpG island with numerous CpG sites. When many of a gene's promoter CpG ... RNA polymerase I (Pol I) catalyses the transcription of all rRNA genes except 5S. These rRNA genes are organised into a single ... The latter (heterochromatin) includes gene-poor regions such as telomeres and centromeres but also regions with normal gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_transcription

For example, in colorectal cancers about 600 to 800 genes are transcriptionally silenced by CpG island methylation (see ... In vertebrates, the majority of gene promoters contain a CpG island with numerous CpG sites. When many of a gene's promoter CpG ... About 60% of promoter sequences have a CpG island while only about 6% of enhancer sequences have a CpG island. CpG islands ... since if CpG islands are methylated in the promoter of a gene this can reduce or silence gene transcription. DNA methylation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptional_regulation

"Activation of human cancer/testis antigen gene, XAGE-1, in tumor cells is correlated with CpG island hypomethylation". ... Zendman AJ, Van Kraats AA, Weidle UH, Ruiter DJ, Van Muijen GN (May 2002). "The XAGE family of cancer/testis-associated genes: ... This gene is a member of the XAGE subfamily, which belongs to the GAGE family. The GAGE genes are expressed in a variety of ... "Entrez Gene: XAGE1 X antigen family, member 1". Brinkmann U, Vasmatzis G, Lee B, Pastan I (April 1999). "Novel genes in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAGE1D

In numerous cancers, the CpG islands of selected genes are aberrantly methylated (hypermethylated) which results in ... Esteller M, Corn PG, Baylin SB, Herman JG (April 2001). "A gene hypermethylation profile of human cancer". Cancer Res. 61 (8): ... There are 3 types of tumor suppressor genes: Genes that affect cell growth Genes that limit the cell cycle and induce apoptosis ... Genes on human chromosome 8, Tumor suppressor genes, Gene expression). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secreted_frizzled-related_protein_1

... a novel esophageal cancer-related gene, downregulated by CpG island hypermethylation in human esophageal squamous cell ... "Expression of esophageal cancer related gene 4 (ECRG4), a novel tumor suppressor gene, in esophageal cancer and its inhibitory ... "Esophageal cancer related gene-4 is a choroid plexus-derived injury response gene: evidence for a biphasic response in early ... Mechanism of loss of human esophageal cancer-related gene 4 (ECRG4) gene expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augurin

... strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island". ... are very common in cancers, and are ordinarily even more frequent than mutational defects in DNA repair genes in cancers.[ ... "Mutational analysis of thirty-two double-strand DNA break repair genes in breast and pancreatic cancers". Cancer Res. 68 (4): ... They were also found in 10% of breast and pancreatic cancers. Reductions in expression of DNA repair genes (usually caused by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-PKcs

H3K4me allows binding of MDB and increased activity of DNMT1 which could give rise to CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). ... CIMP is a type of colorectal cancers caused by the inactivation of many tumor suppressor genes from epigenetic effects. The ... end of transcribing genes and H3K4me3 is highly enriched at promoters and in poised genes. H3K27me3, H4K20me1 and H3K4me1 ... It is thought that a Histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3K4me1

... strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island". ... UNG and SMUG1 genes in familial colorectal cancer predisposition". BMC Cancer. 6: 243. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-6-243. PMC 1624846 ... NEIL1 was also one of six DNA repair genes found to be hypermethylated in their promoter regions in colorectal cancer. While ... When 8 DNA repair genes were evaluated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors, 42% were hypermethylated in the NEIL1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEIL1

"Silencing effect of CpG island hypermethylation and histone modifications on O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene ... In a cancer, multiple DNA repair genes are often found to be simultaneously repressed. In one example, involving MGMT, Jiang et ... Jin J, Xie L, Xie CH, Zhou YF (2014). "Aberrant DNA methylation of MGMT and hMLH1 genes in prediction of gastric cancer". Genet ... For example, in a study of 113 sequential colorectal cancers, only four had a missense mutation in the DNA repair gene MGMT, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-6-methylguanine-DNA_methyltransferase

... gene silencing by CpG island promoter hypermethylation is supposed to be the most frequent epigenetic modification in cancer ... including cancer. Aberrant DNA methylation is the most common molecular lesion in cancer-cells, even more frequent than gene ... Some cancer cells also have abnormal numbers of chromosomes. About 68% of human solid tumors are aneuploid. Aneuploidy ... The German biologist Theodor Boveri was first to propose a causative role for aneuploidy in cancer. However, the theory of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidy

Analysis of methylation in the CACNA2D3 CpG island may have potential as a biomarker for risk of development of metastatic ... Number of studies reported an association between methylation of the CACNA2D3 gene and cancer. Methylation-dependent ... and CACNA2D3 gene methylation is a useful prognostic marker for patients with advanced gastric cancer. Physical exercise was ... "Methylation of the calcium channel-related gene, CACNA2D3, is frequent and a poor prognostic factor in gastric cancer". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CACNA2D3

Methylation of a CpG island in the 5' promoter region of the caveolin-1 gene in human breast cancer cell lines". FEBS Lett. 448 ... Caveolin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAV2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a major component of ... 1999). "Molecular genetics of the caveolin gene family: implications for human cancers, diabetes, Alzheimer disease, and ... v t e (Genes on human chromosome 7, All stub articles, Human chromosome 7 gene stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caveolin_2

The drastic increase is the result of DNA hypomethylation of a CpG island in the 5' promoter of the MAGE-A11 gene. Cyclic AMP ... It is observed on spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes, and in some prostate and breast cancers. This gene is a member of ... The promoters and first exons of the MAGEA genes show considerable variability, suggesting that the existence of this gene ... MAGE-A genes have several noncoding exons followed by one protein-coding exon. MAGEA11 is mapped to the human chromosome X, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAGEA11

... silencing of microRNA-34b/c and B-cell translocation gene 4 is associated with CpG island methylation in colorectal cancer". ... "Entrez Gene: B-cell translocation gene 4". Buanne P, Corrente G, Micheli L, Palena A, Lavia P, Spadafora C, Lakshmana MK, ... 2009). "Frequent promoter hypermethylation and transcriptional downregulation of BTG4 gene in gastric cancer". Biochem. Biophys ... Cancer Res. 68 (11): 4123-32. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-0325. PMID 18519671. Tirone F (2001). "The gene PC3(TIS21/BTG2), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTG4

"De novo CpG island methylation in human cancer cells". Cancer Research. 66 (2): 682-92. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1980. PMID ... "Differential requirement for DNA methyltransferase 1 in maintaining human cancer cell gene promoter hypermethylation". Cancer ... "DNMT1 and DNMT3b cooperate to silence genes in human cancer cells". Nature. 416 (6880): 552-6. doi:10.1038/416552a. PMID ... "Entrez Gene: DNMT1 DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1". Rountree MR, Bachman KE, Baylin SB (July 2000). "DNMT1 binds HDAC2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNMT1

Methylation of CpG-island A is detected in normal tissues and does not affect gene expression. On the other hand, ... Loss or altered expression of this gene has been associated with the pathogenesis of a variety of cancers, which suggests the ... The inactivation of this gene was found to be correlated with the hypermethylation of its CpG-island promoter region. ... Cervical cancer is known to be one of the most severe forms of cancer and is frequently associated with human papilloma virus ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASSF1

CpG islands commonly function to silence expression of adjacent genes while their methylation inhibits this silencing. ... The FGFR1 gene, similar to the FGFR2-4 genes are commonly activated in human cancers as a result of their duplication, fusion ... Hypomethylation of CpG islands upstream of FGFR1 is hypothesized to be at least in part responsible for the over-expression of ... These cancers are sometimes termed 8p11 myeloproliferative syndromes based on the chromosomal location of the FGFR1 gene. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor_1

CpG island of the mitotic stress checkpoint gene Chfr in colorectal and non-small cell lung cancer". Carcinogenesis. 24 (1): 47 ... 2002). "Chfr expression is downregulated by CpG island hypermethylation in esophageal cancer". Carcinogenesis. 23 (10): 1695-9 ... 2004). "Inactivating mutations targeting the chfr mitotic checkpoint gene in human lung cancer". Cancer Res. 63 (21): 7185-9. ... 2002). "Aberrant hypermethylation of the CHFR prophase checkpoint gene in human lung cancers". Oncogene. 21 (15): 2328-33. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHFR

... of CpG islands upstream of tumor suppressor genes in order to silence them seems to be critical for these type of cancers. Thus ... Therefore, cancer cells which divide much more rapidly than most other cells in the body will be more severely affected by ... In cancer cells, and more specifically in haematological malignancies, it seems that DNA hypermethylation is really critical ... Dunn, J; Thabet, S; Jo, H (July 2015). "Flow-Dependent Epigenetic DNA Methylation in Endothelial Gene Expression and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decitabine

... including CpG islands, shores, and shelves as well as promoters, gene bodies, and intergenic regions. Cancer is also a major ... Epigenetic repression of DDR genes occurs more frequently than gene mutation in many types of cancer (see Cancer epigenetics). ... One major source of epigenetic change is altered methylation of CpG islands at the promoter region of genes (see DNA ... found that passenger genes, with chromosomal proximity to tumor suppressor genes, are collaterally deleted in some cancers. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogenomics

In a normal cell, the bulk genome is highly methylated at CpGs, whereas CpG islands (CPI) at gene promoter regions remain ... Aberrant DNAm is the most common type of molecular abnormality in cancer cells, where the bulk genome becomes globally ' ... including CpG islands and surrounding sequences), but also covers with a lower density across the gene bodies, 3′ untranslated ... The array still only covers less than 2% of the CpG sites in the genome, but does attempt to cover all known genes with a high ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenome-wide_association_study

"CpG island promoter hypermethylation of the Ras-effector gene NORE1A occurs in the context of a wild-type K-ras in lung cancer ... Ras association domain-containing protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASSF5 or F5 gene. This gene is a ... breakpoint-spanning genes LSAMP and NORE1 are involved in clear cell renal cell carcinomas". Cancer Cell. 4 (5): 405-13. doi: ... "Entrez Gene: RASSF5 Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family 5". Ortiz-Vega S, Khokhlatchev A, Nedwidek M, Zhang XF, Dammann ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASSF5

... including the expressed gene EMS1". Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 6 (4): 222-31. doi:10.1002/gcc.2870060406. PMID 7685625. S2CID ... "Amplified region of chromosome band 11q13 in breast and squamous cell carcinomas encompasses three CpG islands telomeric of ... including the expressed gene EMS1". Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 6 (4): 222-31. doi:10.1002/gcc.2870060406. PMID 7685625. S2CID ... "Amplified region of chromosome band 11q13 in breast and squamous cell carcinomas encompasses three CpG islands telomeric of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortactin

DNA methylation of a CpG island in a promoter region may cause silencing of its downstream gene (see CpG site and regulation of ... Typically, several hundreds to thousands of genes are methylated in a cancer cell (see DNA methylation in cancer). Sites of ... and polycomb members to promoter CpG Islands". Cancer Cell. 20 (5): 606-19. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2011.09.012. PMC 3220885. PMID ... are frequently inactivated by methylation in various cancers (see hypermethylation of DNA repair genes in cancer). A 2018 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation

... strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island". ... of bladder cancers, 88% of stomach cancers, 74% of thyroid cancers, 40-90% of colorectal cancers and 50% of brain cancers.[ ... of head and neck cancers and in 42% of non-small-cell lung cancers. Epigenetic upregulation of the DNA repair genes PARP1 and ... Taken together, our data suggest that normal repair of a DNA break can occasionally cause heritable silencing of a CpG island- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation

This complex adds methyl groups to CpG islands on gene promoters, repressing the chromatin structure surrounding the DNA ... Advanced/metastatic cancer patients have higher levels of IL-6 in their blood.[71] One example of this is pancreatic cancer, ... and migration of colon cancer cells by interleukin-6". Molecular Cancer Research. 8 (4): 471-481. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-09- ... Cancer[edit]. Anti-IL-6 therapy was initially developed for treatment of autoimmune diseases, but due to the role of IL-6 in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_6

... strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island". ... Frequency of epigenetic changes in DNA repair genes in sporadic cancers and in adjacent field defects Cancer. Gene. Frequency ... are at increased risk of cancer. Some germ line mutations in DNA repair genes cause up to 100% lifetime chance of cancer (e.g ... For example, of 113 sequential colorectal cancers, only four had a missense mutation in the DNA repair gene MGMT, while the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumour

Hypermethylation of CpG islands is associated with transcriptional repression and hypomethylation of these sites is associated ... the same genes nucleosome loss at the promoter is more prevalent which leads to higher transcription of these genes.[11] ... all of which can contribute to cancer progression and pathogenesis.[16] ... "Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms. 1839 (12): 1454-62. doi:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.008. PMC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkers_of_aging

... including CpG islands, shores, and shelves as well as promoters, gene bodies, and intergenic regions.[5] Cancer is also a major ... Epigenetic repression of DDR genes occurs more frequently than gene mutation in many types of cancer (see Cancer epigenetics). ... found that passenger genes, with chromosomal proximity to tumor suppressor genes, are collaterally deleted in some cancers.[39] ... 2006). "Mitochondrial DNA mutations and mitochondrial DNA depletion in breast cancer". Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 45 (7): 629- ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogenomics

... one particular gene was examined, BACE1.[131] The methylation level of the BACE1 CpG island was reduced (an epigenetic ... The gene designations shown in red, gray or cyan indicate genes frequently epigenetically altered in various types of cancers. ... Red-highlighted genes are frequently reduced or silenced by epigenetic mechanisms in various cancers. When these genes have low ... and BRCA-mutated serous ovarian cancer.[122] Other genes in the MMEJ pathway are also over-expressed in a number of cancers ( ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasia

... is embedded within a CpG island, a genomic region containing high frequency of CpG dinucleotides, and is reported to be ... Several target genes of miR-137 have been documented and shown to play important roles in various human cancers, cell cycle ... 2009). "DNA methylation of microRNA genes in gastric mucosae of gastric cancer patients: its possible involvement in the ... identified a list of 32 genes targeted by miR-137 by cross-referencing the global gene expression analysis of HCT 116 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiR-137

These pseudogenes, though non-functional may in some cases still possess promoters, CpG islands, and other features which ... They seem to play a particularly important role in the regulation of gene expression and the creation of RNA genes. This ... Insertion of Alu elements in the human genome is associated with breast cancer, colon cancer, leukemia, hemophilia, Dent's ... The regions coding miRNA can be independent RNA-genes often being anti-sense to neighboring protein-coding genes, or can be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_interspersed_nuclear_element

Cancer cells show a significant increase in the accumulation of methylation in CpG islands in the promoter region of p16. This ... "A systematic review of hypermethylation of p16 gene in esophageal cancer". Cancer Biomarkers. 13 (4): 215-26. doi:10.3233/CBM- ... 2017). "Head and neck cancers-major changes in the American Joint Committee on cancer eighth edition cancer staging manual". CA ... cervical cancer, vulvar cancer and esophageal cancer. p16 was discovered in 1993. It is a protein with 148 amino acids and a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P16

Many genes are involved in inherited risk for prostate cancer. The first gene linked to inherited prostate cancer in families ... In the United Kingdom the Cambridge Prognostic Group (CPG) is used for categorising prostate cancer into 5 risk groups (CPG1 to ... Prostate Cancer. 2020 Oct 28. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; PMID 29261872. Miller DC ... Prostate cancer is the third-leading cause of cancer death in men, exceeded by lung cancer and colorectal cancer. It accounts ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer

CpG island - cristae - cryptobiology - crystal structure - crystallography - cuticula - CXCR4 receptor - cyclic AMP receptor - ... gene - gene expression - gene pool - gene regulatory network - genetic carrier - genetic code - genetic drift - genetic ... cancer - capsid - carbohydrate - carbon - carbon fixation - carboxylic acid - carcinoembryonic antigen - carrier - carrier ... erbA gene - erbB gene - erbB-2 gene - erbB-2 receptor - erythropoietin - erythropoietin receptor - essential amino acid - ester ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

Lantau Island, and over 200 other islands. Of the total area, 1,073 km2 (414 sq mi) is land and 35 km2 (14 sq mi) is water. The ... Cancer, pneumonia, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and accidents are the territory's five leading causes of death. The ... ISBN 978-0-300-10373-1. Tam, Maria Wai-chu; Chan, Eugene Kin-keung; Choi Kwan, Janice Wing-kum; Leung, Gloria Chi-kin; Lo, ... mainland criminal procedure law applies to cases investigated by the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong

Human DNA has about 80-90% of CpG sites methylated, but there are certain areas, known as CpG islands, that are CG-rich (high ... Improper methylations of human genes can lead to disease development, including cancer. Similarly, RNA methylation occurs in ... One to two percent of the human genome are CpG clusters, and there is an inverse relationship between CpG methylation and ... These are associated with the promoters of 56% of mammalian genes, including all ubiquitously expressed genes. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation

... the local and systemic recurrence of prostate cancer is associated with CpG site hypermethylation of number of genes, including ... In another study, methylation of the EFS CpG island was observed in 69% of cases of uveal melanoma (UM) and only UM with EFS ... The EFS gene is one of more than 100 of the genes located in a centromeric 10.21 Mb "minimal critical region" on Chromosome 14 ... The official Gene IDs assigned to EFS are 16898 (HGNC), 10278 (Entrez Gene) and ENSG00000100842 (Ensembl). In humans, at least ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonal_fyn-associated_substrate

... strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island". ... lung cancer, lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer, and thyroid cancer as well as other cancer types. The ... The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and stomach cancer. In females, ... colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and cervical cancer. If skin cancer other than melanoma were included in total new cancer cases ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer

Cross SH, Charlton JA, Nan X, Bird AP (1994). "Purification of CpG islands using a methylated DNA binding column". Nat. Genet. ... the interactome of N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 and its interactions with the androgen response program in prostate cancer ... Uechi T, Tanaka T, Kenmochi N (2001). "A complete map of the human ribosomal protein genes: assignment of 80 genes to the ... As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60S_ribosomal_protein_L24

... promoter and its 5′-upstream CpG island are methylated in a number of cancers. An inverse correlation between TMEFF2 ... v t e (Genes on human chromosome 2, All stub articles, Human chromosome 2 gene stubs). ... "DNA methylation-associated inactivation of TGFbeta-related genes DRM/Gremlin, RUNX3, and HPP1 in human cancers". British ... a transmembrane protein-encoding gene commonly methylated in colorectal polyps and cancers". Proceedings of the National ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMEFF2

"Association of the CpG island methylator phenotype with family history of cancer in patients with colorectal cancer". Cancer ... In addition to epimutations to the MLH1 gene, it has been determined that certain cancers, such as breast cancer, can originate ... in which an mRNA or protein product of a gene stimulates transcription of the gene; e.g. Wor1 gene in Candida albicans; ... Tumor methylation patterns in gene promoters have been shown to correlate positively with familial history of cancer. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance

... most were found to be deficient due to epigenetic methylation of the CpG island of the MLH1 gene. However, up to 15% of MLH1- ... Defects in DNA repair cause the accumulation of mutations, which can lead to cancer. Several genes involved in DNA repair are ... Germ line mutations in DNA repair genes cause only 2-5% of colon cancer cases. However, altered expression of microRNAs, ... The miRNAs encoding genes are also named using the same three-letter prefix according to the conventions of the organism gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA

"C18orf63 Gene - COSMIC". cancer.sanger.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-27. "Genomatix - NGS Data Analysis & Personalized Medicine". ... "A KRAS-directed transcriptional silencing pathway that mediates the CpG island methylator phenotype". eLife. 3: e02313. doi: ... The gene has a total of 14 exons. C18orf63 is also known by the alias DKFZP78G0119. No isoforms exist for this gene. C18orf63 ... The gene shows low expression in the kidneys, liver, lung, and pelvis. There is no phenotype associated with this gene. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C18orf63

In cells treated with H2O2, one particular gene was examined, BACE1. The methylation level of the BACE1 CpG island was reduced ... The gene designations shown in red, gray or cyan indicate genes frequently epigenetically altered in various types of cancers. ... Red-highlighted genes are frequently reduced or silenced by epigenetic mechanisms in various cancers. When these genes have low ... November 2008). "Overexpression and hypomethylation of flap endonuclease 1 gene in breast and other cancers". Molecular Cancer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair

"Isolation of estrogen-responsive genes with a CpG island library". Mol Cell Biol. 18 (1): 442-9. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.1.442. PMC ... This gene is expressed in all tissues, and upregulated in a breast cancer cell line after estrogen treatment. It is possible ... Human COX7A2L genome location and COX7A2L gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. v t e (Genes on human chromosome 2, All ... This nuclear gene encodes a protein similar to polypeptides 1 and 2 of subunit VIIa in the C-terminal region, and also highly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COX7A2L

... since CpG islands are most prevalent in gene promoters; gene-specific hypermethylation, however, would indicate that these ... Growth hormone secretagogue receptor hypermethylation is detected in a wide variety of cancers, however only recently has been ... A cluster of CpG dinucleotides clustered together is called a CpG island, and in mammals, these CpG islands are one of the ... Methylation of CpG dinucleotides and/or islands within gene promoters is associated with transcriptional repression via ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics_of_neurodegenerative_diseases

... and H3K9me3 and H3K27me3-mediated epigenetic silencing targets the deleted in colon cancer (DCC) gene in colorectal ... CpG-binding protein CXXC1, Sma- and Mad-related protein 4 (SMAD4), deleted in colon cancer (DCC) and methyl-CpG-binding domain ... CpG-binding protein CXXC1, Sma- and Mad-related protein 4 (SMAD4), deleted in colon cancer (DCC) and methyl-CpG-binding domain ... CpG-binding protein CXXC1, Sma- and Mad-related protein 4 (SMAD4), deleted in colon cancer (DCC) and methyl-CpG-binding domain ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/promoter-cpg-island-hypermethylation-and-h3k9me3-and-h3k27me3-med-3

Unwanted gene changes can increase a cells cancer risk. MicroRNA promoters often contain CpG islands. DNA methylation forms 5- ... Distal promoters also frequently contain CpG islands, such as the promoter of the DNA repair gene ERCC1, where the CpG island- ... The presence of multiple methylated CpG sites in CpG islands of promoters causes stable silencing of genes. Silencing of a gene ... in cancer typically occurs at multiple CpG sites in the CpG islands that are present in the promoters of protein coding genes. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)

Cancer Screening Trial, a large-scale clinical trial to determine whether certain cancer screening tests can help reduce deaths ... These areas are known as CpG islands. Modifications in CpG islands often inactivate tumor suppressor genes expression. The ... Prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, colorectal adenomas, and ovarian cancers have been processed and other cancers may be added ... cancer-causing genes) are frequently fused to other genes. About half of prostate cancers may have this change, making a test ...

https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/research/plco-screening-results-qa

David Johnson discusses recent studies that point the way to reducing colorectal cancer deaths. ... Between 20% and 30% of CRCs arise through a molecular pathway characterized by hypermethylation of genes, known as CpG island ... Cancer Researchers Question Antitrust Arguments Against Illumina-Grail Deal * Early-Onset Colon Cancer Projected to Double by ... of interval cancers (particularly in the right colon) are serrated cancers. This suggests that these serrated lesions are being ...

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/803284

IGFBP7 is a p53-responsive gene specifically silenced in colorectal cancer with CpG island methylator phenotype H Suzuki, S ...

https://scialert.net/asci/author.php?author=F&last=Itoh

Historically, colorectal cancer classification was only based on clinical and pathological features. Many efforts have bee … ... of colorectal cancer cases are sporadic without family history or genetic predisposition, while in less than 10% a causative ... The CpG Island Methylation phenotype is the third group, distinguished by hypermethylation. Colorectal cancer subtyping has ... The second is the microsatellite instable group, caused by dysfunction of DNA mismatch repair genes leading to genetic ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24714764/

8,546,078, "Materials and method for assaying for methylation of CpG islands associated with genes in the evaluation of cancer ... The methods include assaying a biological sample for methylation of a CpG island associated with specified genes. The patent ... and kits including primers suitable for amplifying at least a portion of target CpG islands associated with specified genes. ... Provides methods, reagents, and kits for evaluating cancer, such as prostate cancer, in a subject. The patent describes methods ...

https://www.genomeweb.com/pcrsample-prep/ip-watch-kaneka-hologic-euclid-diagnostics-university-missouri-win-us-patents

IGFBP7 is a p53-responsive gene specifically silenced in colorectal cancer with CpG island methylator phenotype H Suzuki, S ... Gene expression profiling of human breast tissue samples using SAGE-Seq Z. J Wu, C. A Meyer, S Choudhury, M Shipitsin, R ... Methylation-associated silencing of microRNA-34b/c in gastric cancer and its involvement in an epigenetic field defect H Suzuki ...

https://scialert.net/asci/author.php?ascicat=ALL&author=R&last=Maruyama

Dr Richard Jenner (UCL Cancer Institute) "The role of CpG island RNAs and Polycomb-RNA interactions in developmental gene ... Dr Ivana Bjedov (UCL Genetics, Evolution & Environment) "Autophagy as a cancer treatment" ...

https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2012/sep/record-support-early-career-researchers

Mouse Genome Database (MGD), Gene Expression Database (GXD), Mouse Models of Human Cancer database (MMHCdb) (formerly Mouse ... J:216922 Illingworth RS, et al., Orphan CpG islands identify numerous conserved promoters in the mammalian genome. PLoS Genet. ... Tumor Biology (MTB)), Gene Ontology (GO) Citing These Resources Funding Information Warranty Disclaimer, Copyright, and Privacy ...

http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:5669360

In addition, methylation of the CDH1 gene in AM may be a surrogate of GC. ... the changes of molecular events in AM but not IM may be an important factor in the reduction of cancer incidence. ... The risk of gastric cancer (GC) remains even after H. pylori eradication; thus, other combination treatments, such as ... High CpG island methylator phenotype is associated with lymph node metastasis and prognosis in gastric cancer. Cancer Sci. 103 ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-13842-x?error=cookies_not_supported&code=cab4e646-4e59-4477-bbb6-9ccd23126a70

... is frequently inactivated by acquired somatic CpG island promoter hypermethylation in multiple cancer subtypes including ... encoding the pi-class GST is frequently inactivated by acquired somatic CpG island promoter hypermethylation in multiple cancer ... Epigenetically mediated GSTP1 silencing is associated with enhanced cancer susceptibility by decreasing its ... Epigenetically mediated GSTP1 silencing is associated with enhanced cancer susceptibility by decreasing its ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2014.00170/full

... but its cancer-related role has not yet been invest... ... p,The unmethylated CpG island-binding protein SAMD1 is ... The unmethylated CpG island-binding protein SAMD1 is upregulated in many human cancer types, but its cancer-related role has ... The CpG Island-Binding Protein SAMD1 Contributes to anUnfavorable Gene Signature in HepG2 Hepatocellular CarcinomaCells.. Simon ... Inhibiting SAMD1s function in liver cancer cells may therefore lead to a more favorable gene signature. ...

https://www.diagenode.com/en/publications/view/4402

In the nucleus, methylation of DNA promoter CpG islands suppresses the gene expression. Likewise, histone protein methylation ... Thus, altering the cytosolic methionine pool would result in various consequences that is expected to alter the cancer cells. ... In our lab, methionine levels are made lower in cells by transfecting plasmid vector that expresses the bacterial Mgld gene ... Our results show that there are differences in cancer cell metabolism due to either cytosolic or nuclear methionine deprivation ...

https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpdrd/2020/2020programbook/52/

Cancers can also be classified by molecular pathways: chromosomal instability, MSI, and a CpG island methylator phenotype. Use ... Gene signature in melanoma associated with clinical activity: a potential clue to unlock cancer immunotherapy ... Current cancer classification is provided by the American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (AJCC ... Additional methods to classify cancer are based on mutation analysis including oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and ...

https://aacrjournals.org/clincancerres/article/26/2/332/82736/The-Immunoscore-Colon-Cancer-and-BeyondThe

... in gene regulation and cancer with our detailed guide. ... unmethylated CpG islands provide docking sites for both types ... PRCs are recruited to CpG islands (CGIs) of non-transcribed genes, contributing to their maintained repression. PRC2 catalyzes ... If you are studying epigenetic targets in cancer, see our comprehensive Cancer epigenetics guide, which covers histone ... While PcG proteins are recruited to non-transcribed genes, TrxG complexes are recruited to actively transcribed genes, where ...

https://www.abcam.com/epigenetics/chromatin-remodeling-complexes-in-gene-regulation-and-cancer

DNA Hypermethylation of CpG Islands Doesnt Contribute to Cancer Progression?. DNA Hypermethylation of CpG Islands Doesnt ... those genes are already repressed before cancer even starts.. Researchers have noticed for a long time that many genes CGI ... researchers from Scotland report that aberrant DNA hypermethylation of CpG island (CGI) promoters does not contribute to cancer ... Last year, they showed that genes with hypermethylated promoters in breast cancer cells already were repressed in their ...

https://epigenie.com/dna-hypermethylation-of-cpg-islands-doesnt-contribute-to-cancer-progression/?pg=280

Epigenetic abnormalities are feature of human cancer cells and the epigenetic alterations may be the key toward tumorigenesis. ... In particular, the increase of deacetylation has been involved in epigenetically mediated tumor-suppressor gene silencing. In ... and how CpG methylation contributes to the oncogenic phenotype. ... Its clinical impact (~13% of all pediatric cancer mortality) ... addition, several studies evaluated the 5-methylcytosine (5 mC) distribution patterns, which distinguish cancer cells from ...

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/55963

CpG islands hypermethylation in the promoter regions of genes- as pejorative prognostic markers in adrenocortical cancer (ACC ... The outcome of ACTs can be determined by gene expression level at the RNA level. However RNA handling is challenging. In ... Cullin 3 is a partner of armadillo repeat containing 5 (ARMC5), the product of the gene responsible for primary bilateral ... Cullin 3 is a partner of Armadillo Repeat Containing 5 (ARMC5), the product of the gene responsible for Primary Bilateral ...

https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/search?a=1&q=Clauser%20Eric

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogenomics

Short CpG contents (0.5-4 kb), referred to as CpG islands, are commonly found in the human gene promoter regions (86). The ... In colorectal cancer the hypermethylation of the APC gene promoter induces the downregulation of APC (87). The RASAL2 gene that ... due to the hypermethylation of CpG islands is frequently observed in human cancers (86). Several oncogenes are upregulated ... Breast cancer. MCF-7. Induction of oxidative stress. (43). Hexane extract of bark. Breast and ovarian cancer. MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 ...

https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ije.2022.10

Specifically, their compatibility with downstream reactions was assessed using both NanoString nCounter gene expression assays ... Cancer biomarker studies often require nucleic acid extraction from limited amounts of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE ... DNA base modifications, especially methylation of cytosine in the CpG islands, play a critical role in the regulation of gene ... Frequent down-regulation of ABC transporter genes in prostate cancer. BMC Cancer. 2015;15: 683. pmid:26459268 * View Article ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0179732

Emerging data indicate that 5-azanucleosides are able to sensitize cancer cells to the standard chemotherapeutic agents and ... The currently approved therapies fail in a substantial number of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients due to the molecular ... On the other hand, local hypermethylation of CpG islands in the promoter regions of certain genes contributes to their ... Table 1 Mutational status of colorectal cancer critical genes [44, 51-55]. Full size table. ...

https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-016-2925-6

And this typically occurs in cytosine-rich sequences called CpG islands. Dont forget that cytosine pairs with g, guanine, so ... So, starting at the beginning of gene expression, lets talk about gene regulation as it pertains to DNA and chromatin ... And abnormal DNA methylation has been implicated in carcinogenesis, or the development of cancer, so you can see how the normal ... and less transcription of those genes. When these modifications that regulate gene expression are inheritable, they are ...

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class-12-biology-india/xc09ed98f7a9e671b:in-in-the-molecular-basis-of-inheritance/xc09ed98f7a9e671b:in-in-regulation-of-gene-expression/v/dna-and-chromatin-regulation

By taking advantage of multi-cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), we aimed to ... The candidate biomarkers were selected by excluding the biomarkers existing in multiple cancers (pan-cancer) and requiring ... DNA methylation has been widely used as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, however, with low clinical translation ... identify prostate cancer specific biomarkers which can separate between non-aggressive and aggressive prostate cancer based on ...

https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12859-021-04416-w

Wnt components contain CpG islands at their promoters and/or intragenic regions, and iv) some Wnt components are regulated by ... I will examine the role of DNA methylation at Wnt component genes in AD and how this affects synapse integrity. The potential ... DNA methylation in cancer. My work will define the role of epigenetic regulation of Wnt components under physiological ... DNA methylation at promoters leads to gene repression, but intragenic methylation can enhance transcription, iii) ...

https://www.alzheimer-europe.org/research/projects/unbalanced-wnt-signalling-ad-dna-methylation-effect

... regions of genes are associated with transcriptional silencing in cancer. Promoter hypermethylation of critical pathway genes ... CpG island hypermethylation profiling of lung cancer using restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS) analysis. In: Cancer ... CpG island hypermethylation profiling of lung cancer using restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS) analysis. Cancer ... CpG island hypermethylation profiling of lung cancer using restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS) analysis. Cancer ...

https://scholars.uthscsa.edu/en/publications/cpg-island-hypermethylation-profiling-of-lung-cancer-using-restri

... amounting evidence suggests that many noncoding SNPs especially those that are in the vicinity of protein coding genes play ... important roles in shaping chromatin structure and regulate gene expression and, as such, are implicated in a wide variety of ... with hypermethylation of CpG islands within the proximal promoter region of the E-cadherin gene in a number of human cancers [7 ... In 2000, when we were mapping DNA methylation in the CpG island region of the E-cadherin promoter in cancer samples using the ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mbi/2014/967565/

Transcriptional silencing of Dickkopf gene family by CpG island hypermethylation in human gastrointestinal cancer. Maehata, T. ... Transcriptional repression by methylation: Cooperativity between a CpG cluster in the promoter and remote CpG-rich regions. Hug ... Kanai, M., Tashiro, E., Maruki, H., Minato, Y. & Imoto, M., 2009 6月 1, In: Gene. 438, 1-2, p. 49-56 8 p.. 研究成果: Article › 査読 ... Minato, Y., Tashiro, E., Kanai, M., Nihei, Y., Kodama, Y. & Imoto, M., 2007 11月 15, In: Gene. 403, 1-2, p. 89-97 9 p.. 研究成果: ...

https://keio.pure.elsevier.com/ja/publications/?indexableKeyword=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fsustainabledevelopmentgoals%2Fsustainable_cities_and_communities&format=&ordering=title&descending=false&page=1573

Integration of these data with the wealth of information derived from cancer genome profiling studies performed by large ... Knowledge gained from pan-cancer methylome analyses will aid the development of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, improve ... A remaining challenge is to experimentally prove the functional link between observed pan-cancer methylation patterns, the ... pan-cancer methylome analyses) has revealed distinct subgroups of tumors that share similar methylation patterns. ...

https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13073-014-0066-6

Between 20% and 30% of CRCs arise through a molecular pathway characterized by hypermethylation of genes, known as CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). (medscape.com)
The CpG Island Methylation phenotype is the third group, distinguished by hypermethylation. (nih.gov)
The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), characterized by extensive hypermethylation of multiple CpG islands within the genome, is currently recognized as one of the major mechanisms in GC 30 . (nature.com)
Mutations are the immediate cause of cancer and define the tumor phenotype . (wikipedia.org)
In addition, several studies evaluated the 5-methylcytosine (5 mC) distribution patterns, which distinguish cancer cells from normal cells, and how CpG methylation contributes to the oncogenic phenotype. (intechopen.com)
Recent evidence suggests that accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in malignant colonic cells progresses through at least three distinct pathways: chromosomal instability (CIN), microsatellite instability (MSI), and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) [ 6 - 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Hereditary non-polyposis co- lorectal cancer (HNPCC): phenotype-genotype correlation between patients with and with- out identified mutation. (cdc.gov)
CpG island methylator phenotype identifies high risk patients among microsatellite stable BRAF mutated colorectal cancers. (cdc.gov)
B vitamins, methionine and alcohol intake and risk of colon cancer in relation to BRAF mutation and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). (cdc.gov)
Polymorphisms in methyl-group metabolism genes and risk of sporadic colorectal cancer with relation to the CpG island methylator phenotype. (cdc.gov)
TGFBR2 mutation is correlated with CpG island methylator phenotype in microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer. (cdc.gov)
The aim of this study is to clarify the significance of DNA methylation, especially the clinical impacts of CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), in NSCLCs. (aacrjournals.org)
2008. CpG island methylator phenotype associates with low-degree chromosomal abnormalities in colorectal cancer. . (cornell.edu)
PLK2 in CpG island methylation phenotype (G-CIMP) had lower expression than non G-CIMP group ( P = 0.0077). (peerj.com)
CpG island methylator phenotype, TP53 and KRAS mutation, MLH1 methylation status and promoter hypermethylation of GC related and H. pylori-related genes were examined. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
Results: Lower LINE1 methylation was observed in primary GC compared with non-neoplastic gastric mucosa and associated with CpG island methylator phenotype, TP53 mutation, MLH1 methylation and promoter hypermethylation of GC related and H. pylori-related genes. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
Cancer cells display DNA hypermethylation at specific CpG islands in comparison to their normal healthy counterparts, but the mechanism that drives this so-called CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) remains poorly understood. (omicsdi.org)
Hypermethylation of CpG islands and shores around specific microRNAs and mirtrons is associated with the phenotype and presence of bladder cancer. (ox.ac.uk)
Crosstalk between microRNA expression and DNA methylation drives the hormone-dependent phenotype of breast cancer. (uio.no)
The CPG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), a common biological phenomenon, has important implications in cancer progression. (questioz.org)
Thus, in this research, DNA methylation data of breast cancer from the TCGA database was used to evaluate the correlation between methylation phenotype and clinical performance. (questioz.org)
These phenotypes range from a mild phenotype in attenuated polyposis syndrome to specific clinical syndromes recognized many decades prior to the discovery of the adenomatous polyposis (APC) gene. (medscape.com)
The recent characterization of the CpG island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP), found in 20 to 30% of colorectal tumor samples, confirms the important role of epigenetic mechanisms on the pathogenesis of this tumor type. (fapesp.br)

Promoters are located near the transcription start sites of genes, upstream on the DNA (towards the 5' region of the sense strand). (wikipedia.org)
Promoters can be about 100-1000 base pairs long, the sequence of which is highly dependent on the gene and product of transcription, type or class of RNA polymerase recruited to the site, and species of organism. (wikipedia.org)
Promoters control gene expression in bacteria and eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
Regulatory elements can be several kilobases away from the transcriptional start site in gene promoters (enhancers). (wikipedia.org)
MicroRNA promoters often contain CpG islands. (wikipedia.org)
These transcription factors have specific activator or repressor sequences of corresponding nucleotides that attach to specific promoters and regulate gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
Promoters represent critical elements that can work in concert with other regulatory regions (enhancers, silencers, boundary elements/insulators) to direct the level of transcription of a given gene. (wikipedia.org)
As promoters are typically immediately adjacent to the gene in question, positions in the promoter are designated relative to the transcriptional start site, where transcription of DNA begins for a particular gene (i.e., positions upstream are negative numbers counting back from -1, for example -100 is a position 100 base pairs upstream). (wikipedia.org)
In the cell nucleus, it seems that promoters are distributed preferentially at the edge of the chromosomal territories, likely for the co-expression of genes on different chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Orphan CpG islands identify numerous conserved promoters in the mammalian genome. (jax.org)
[4] Some methods assess methylation of CpGs located in different classes of loci, including CpG islands, shores, and shelves as well as promoters, gene bodies, and intergenic regions. (wikipedia.org)
And in another example of turning conventional wisdom on its head, researchers from Scotland report that aberrant DNA hypermethylation of CpG island (CGI) promoters does not contribute to cancer development via silencing. (epigenie.com)
Researchers have noticed for a long time that many genes' CGI promoters are hypermethylated in cancer versus normal tissue, and it often happens at tumor suppressor genes. (epigenie.com)
Last year, they showed that genes with hypermethylated promoters in breast cancer cells already were repressed in their original cell lineages. (epigenie.com)
Genes with hypermethylated CGI promoters had hallmarks of tissue-specificity, such as GO terms like "Organ Development" or their mRNAs have tissue-specific expression patterns. (epigenie.com)
The potential role of DNA methylation is supported by: i) AD patients and mouse models exhibit global DNA hypomethylation and gene-specific DNA hypermethylation, ii) DNA methylation at promoters leads to gene repression, but intragenic methylation can enhance transcription, iii) Wnt components contain CpG islands at their promoters and/or intragenic regions, and iv) some Wnt components are regulated by DNA methylation in cancer. (alzheimer-europe.org)
Many such noncoding SNPs that reside in the noncoding sequences (e.g., promoters, enhancers, and 3′ termini) surrounding protein coding genes have been shown to have profound effects on the expression of neighboring genes and can cause disease phenotypes [ 3 , 4 ] and are thus called regulatory SNPs (rSNPs) [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
DNA methylation particularly in CpG Islands located near promoters has long been known to repress gene expression [ 1 ], however, the role of methylation outside these regions is still not well understood. (biomedcentral.com)
The Illumina450K array permits genome-scale interrogation of over 450,000 CpG sites associated with nearly all known human promoters, genes, CpG islands, and non-genic features including enhancers. (biomedcentral.com)
It can bind to sites in the promoters of genes to initiate transcription. (cuny.edu)
One common epigenetic change found in tumors is the addition of methyl groups on cytosine bases of DNA located in gene promoters. (fredhutch.org)
In almost all cancer types including BC, the genes behaving as tumor suppressors have gene expression suppression due to hypermethylation on their promoters. (onkder.org)
Here, we show that CpG island methylation in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) mainly occurs at promoters of Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 (PRC2) target genes that are not expressed in normal or malignant T-cells and which display a reciprocal association with H3K27me3 binding. (omicsdi.org)
Here, we have analyzed the methylation status of over 28,000 CpG islands and 18,000 promoters in normal human brain and in astrocytomas of various grades using the methylated-CpG island recovery assay (MIRA). (omicsdi.org)
Several studies have explored the methylation status of gene promoters and its association with clinical parameters in primary patient samples from patients with haematological malignancies and solid tumours. (mirnaassay.com)
These CpG islands are found in approximately 70% of annotated gene promoters and are normally unmethylated in normal somatic tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
We hereby hypothesized that additional cancer-related genes with aberrant methylation altered promoters possibly contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of OCCA. (nu7026.com)
The antagonistic effects of EBNA 3C on EBNA 2 targeting to gene promoters may therefore be less evident in EBV-infected cells. (z-fa-fmk.net)
Gene regulation can occur through a number of different mechanisms, which include the binding of transcription factors to gene promoters and enhancers and to gene repressors. (ersjournals.com)
The 5 end of the human CSF1R gene has 2 alternative transcription start site regions, preceded by two alternative promoters. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
Upon sti mulation MTF one translocates on the nucleus wherever it binds for the enhancers promoters of target genes that harbor one particular or a number of copies of your specific recognition sequence, called MREs. (pde-inhibitors.com)

DNA methylation forms 5-methylcytosines at the 5' pyrimidine ring of CpG cytosine residues. (wikipedia.org)
And this typically occurs in cytosine-rich sequences called CpG islands. (khanacademy.org)
Don't forget that cytosine pairs with g, guanine, so that's why they're cg islands that you'll find. (khanacademy.org)
5′ Cytosine methylation of CpG dinucleotide is the only known epigenetic modification of DNA. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytosine methylation, mainly in CpG islands located at gene promoter, can modulate temporal and spatial gene expression. (fapesp.br)
Multiple cytosine guanine dinucleotides (CpG island) are found in the genomic sequences between exon 4a and exon 5 of the gene encoding hLHX6s (alternative short isoform of hLHX6 gene). (sookmyung.ac.kr)
The most common form of DNA methylation occurs at the 5′ position of cytosine in the context of CpG dinucleotides, which are unevenly distributed throughout the genome. (aai.org)
aberrant cytosine methylation of these islands has been associated with silencing of their expression. (arizona.edu)
In our study, we used sodium bisulfite sequencing to generate high resolution maps of 5-methylcytosine in the CpG islands associated with p15, p16 and dCK in normal human bone marrow (BM), peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and cytosine arabinoside (ara-C)-resistant acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, and established human hematopoietic tumor cell lines. (arizona.edu)
8 ]. The cytosine of the dinucleotide CG (CpG sites) is a common site of DNA methylation, and these genomic regions rich in CpG sites are called CpG islands [ 9 ]. (aging-us.com)
DNA methylation occurs at the 5-carbon position of cytosine residues located in dinucleotide CpG sites and is associated with the regulation of embryonic development, transcription, chromatin structure, X-chromosome inactivation, genome imprinting, and chromosome stability ( Bird, 2002 ). (aspetjournals.org)
It occurs when a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) enzyme attaches a methyl group to the fifth position of a cytosine nucleotide, silencing the gene. (msdiscovery.org)
Methylation tends to occur on CpG islands, 300- to 3000-base-pair-long sections of DNA that have more than 50% cytosine and guanine nucleotides. (msdiscovery.org)

In this study, we aimed to identify prostate cancer specific biomarkers with the ability to separate between non-aggressive and aggressive prostate tumors based on their DNA methylation levels. (biomedcentral.com)
We identified 162 differentially methylated loci where CpG islands were hypermethylated in lung tumors but not in adjacent non-cancer tissues. (uthscsa.edu)
The comparison of DNA methylation patterns across cancer types (pan-cancer methylome analyses) has revealed distinct subgroups of tumors that share similar methylation patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
Analyses of single tumor entities revealed that colorectal, gastric and endometrial cancers have similar highly methylated subgroups that are associated with tumors with microsatellite instability and hypermethylation of the MLH1 promoter. (biomedcentral.com)
1994. Replication errors in benign and malignant tumors from hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer pa tients. (cdc.gov)
Goldstein M, Meller I, Orr-Urtreger A. FGFR1 over-expression in primary rhabdomyosarcoma tumors is associated with hypomethylation of a 5' CpG Island and abnormal expression of the AKT1, NOG, and BMP4 genes. (humpath.com)
Significantly reduced methylation at a key regulatory region of Ha- ras in the mouse liver may have relevance to understanding arsenic-induced perturbations in the methylation patterns of cellular growth genes involved in the formation of tumors. (cdc.gov)
For example, non-CpG methylation sites of human stem cells, differential methylation sites of normal tissues and tumors (various cancers) tissues, CpG islands outside the coding region, and other disease-related regions that have passed GWAS. (bio-microarray.com)
Results: Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that DNA methylation was extensively accumulated in one subgroup (n=4, 9.8%), which may represent CIMP tumors (651 genes vs. 354 genes, P=0.0004). (aacrjournals.org)
Germinative changes in genes predisposing to cancer may anticipate the age of onset of tumor involvement, and it has been estimated that between 25 and 30% of pediatric tumors can be associated with inherited or new genetic constitutive causes. (fapesp.br)
Purpose: Identification of biologically and clinically distinct breast cancer subtypes could improve prognostic assessment of primary tumors. (edu.au)
Smoking-associated DMRs are also being tested for enrichment in cancer-associated DMRs that we are deriving from a pan-cancer analysis of tumors versus normal-adjacent tissues in each of 33 cancer types from the TCGA database. (who.int)
Compared to human tumors or cancer cell lines, GEMMs of Burkitt lymphoma and breast cancer also displayed less promoter DNA hypermethylation. (fredhutch.org)
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and is a generic term for a large group of diseases that can affect any part of the body, other terms are malignant tumors and neoplasms. (lidsen.com)
The causes of most human cancers are unclear, but appear to be related to miscues in normal tissue developmental pathways, mutations (genetic and epigenetic) in critical genes caused by errors, infection, and chemicals, and a failure of recognition and removal of tumors by the immune system. (ucsf.edu)
In astrocytomas, several hundred CpG islands undergo specific hypermethylation relative to normal brain with 428 methylation peaks common to more than 25% of the tumors. (omicsdi.org)
We identified several chromosomal loci in which many (sometimes more than 20) consecutive CpG islands were hypermethylated in tumors. (omicsdi.org)
PD-1 inhibitors were active in patients with anal cancer, with tumors exhibiting microsatellite instability combined with an antibody targeting CTLA-4, and with a Mek inhibitor in microsatellite stable tumors. (touchoncology.com)
At the 2016 meeting, researchers spoke to two dominant themes in the session on colorectal and anal cancer: harnessing immunotherapy for treatment of both colorectal and anal primary tumors and the relevance of the site of the primary colorectal tumor on both prognosis and prediction of treatment responses to targeted therapy. (touchoncology.com)
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. (altmetric.com)
Only a subset of CRC patients with MSI tumors have been shown to have better prognosis and probably respond differently to adjuvant chemotherapy compared to microsatellite stable (MSS) cancer patients (6). (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
Additionally, pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants were determined for several genes, including novel genes and some genes previously reported as associated with different types of tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
This work comprehensively describes etiological factors in the development , Progression and metastasis of human cancers, both for hematological malignancies and for solid Tumors. (credoreference.com)
The results presented in this study uniquely demonstrated that OLE synergistically increased the TMZ response of GBM tumors by regulating MGMT gene methylation and p53 expression. (uludag.edu.tr)
Using an epigenome-wide sequencing approach, we find differential methylation patterns from primary lung cancer and PDX-derived cancers to be very similar, albeit with a lower degree of differential methylation in primary tumors. (mpg.de)
High methylation of tumor suppressor genes can significantly inhibit the expression of genes and prevent them from exerting their ability to suppress tumors. (aging-us.com)

In this review, we discuss recent advances in the global profiling of tumor genomes for aberrant DNA methylation and the integration of these data with cancer genome profiling data, highlight potential mechanisms leading to different methylation subgroups, and show how this information can be used in basic research and for translational applications. (biomedcentral.com)
High-throughput techniques, including array and sequencing-based technologies, now provide genome-scale DNA methylation maps (also called methylomes), which have confirmed aberrant methylation as a hallmark of all cancer types and are used to identify novel methylation-based cancer biomarkers. (biomedcentral.com)
c) acquisition by cancer cells of aberrant immune-phenotypic traits (NT5E/CD73, CD68, and CD163) that enhance the interactions among TME components through the production of immune-suppressive mediators. (hindawi.com)
Aberrant expression of circadian clock genes could have important consequences on the transactivation of downstream targets that control the cell cycle and on the ability of cells to undergo apoptosis. (jcircadianrhythms.com)
Promoter DNA methylation for example influences gene expression, and aberrant methylation is found in almost every human cancer [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Aberrant DNA methylation, as an epigenetic marker of cancer, influences tumor development and progression. (genominfo.org)
Aberrant methylation of CpG islands associated with genes, such as and genes (i.e. genes is usually regularly affected by the methylation status of CpG islands has not been systemically studied. (gdc-0068.net)
Loss of imprinting and marked gene elevation are 2 forms of aberrant IGF2 expression in colorectal cancer. (cornell.edu)
The paternally imprinted neuronatin (NNAT) gene has been identified as a target of aberrant epigenetic silencing in diverse cancers, but no association with pediatric bone cancers has been reported to date. (omeka.net)
In screening childhood cancers, we identified aberrant CpG island hypermethylation in a majority of osteosarcoma (OS) samples and in 5 of 6 human OS cell lines studied but not in normal bone-derived tissue samples. (omeka.net)
Such an aberrant DNA methylation in cancer cells is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b, which predominantly recognize and methylate RCGY sequences with formation of R(5mC)GY sites. (sibenzyme.com)
Aberrant methylation of regulation regions of tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs) is shown for many cancer diseases. (sibenzyme.com)
Aberrant methylation level of CpG islands related to FAM189A1 was associated with attenuated sperm motility in males suffering from reduced fecundity ( 10 ). (por-journal.com)
Epigenetic modulation of gene expression is essential for normal function of these early cells but is highly abnormal in cancers, which often show aberrant promoter CpG island hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes and pro-differentiation factors. (gsea-msigdb.org)
We hypothesize that cell chromatin patterns and transient silencing of these important regulatory genes in stem or progenitor cells may leave these genes vulnerable to aberrant DNA hypermethylation and heritable gene silencing during tumor initiation and progression. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Aberrant DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling are common epigenetic changes that play critical role in gene silencing;implicated in the development and progression of prostate cancer. (grantome.com)
2013). Latest studies have uncovered that aberrant MC-Val-Cit-PAB-tubulysin5a Uhrf1 appearance is relevant to numerous different individual malignancies and promotes cancers development (Mudbhary et al. (ilgazozveren.com)

The acetylation of histones leads to uncoiling of this chromatin structure, and this allows it be accessed by transcriptional machinery for the expression of genes. (khanacademy.org)
First, the methylation of DNA itself may physically impede the binding of transcriptional proteins to the gene. (khanacademy.org)
However, only hypermethylation of the most CpG-rich region, a small, ∼300-bp area at the 3′ end of exon 1, fully distinguishes neoplastic from normal breast tissue and correlates with transcriptional silencing. (aacrjournals.org)
It is well known that epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation of CpG dinucleotides located in CpG islands within the regulatory (promoter) regions of genes are associated with transcriptional silencing in cancer. (uthscsa.edu)
Some rSNPs have such a profound effect on gene transcription so as to create a new transcriptional promoter which directly contributes to the etiology of α-thalassemia, a genetic disease [ 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
We now know that, in addition to the defects in the transcriptional control of the PTH, CaSR and α-Klotho gene due to calcitriol deficiency, or to decreased levels of its receptor, VDR, in the parathyroid gland hyperplastic, 3,4 epigenetic modifications such as hypermethylation of the CaSR, VDR or α-Klotho genes in their promoter regions may also contribute to renal parathyroid dysfunction. (revistadeosteoporosisymetabolismomineral.com)
Background miRNA are an abundant class of small non-coding RNAs that mainly regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. (gdc-0068.net)
There are a number of pathways that may affect mature miRNA levels in cells and tissues, such as gene amplification or deletion, transcriptional upregulation or downregulation, post-transcriptional processing, and miRNA degradation [4-7]. (gdc-0068.net)
Recent whole-genome sequencing performed by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project further revealed that BRAF V600E mutant-type PTC showed significant upregulation of the pERK-DUSP (Erk transcriptional program) pathway, possibly due to the insensitivity of BRAF V600E to ERK inhibition feedback [ 5 ]. (e-ceo.org)
Biallelic promoter methylation and transcriptional silencing of the MLH1 gene occurs in the majority of sporadic colorectal cancers exhibiting microsatellite instability due to defective DNA mismatch repair. (edu.au)
Therefore, the mutation of p53 in cancer will dramatically alter the transcriptional activity of its target genes. (cuny.edu)
This is because oncogenes can alter transcriptional activity, stability, or protein translation of another gene that directly or indirectly controls cell growth. (cuny.edu)
CpG methylation has functional consequences, such as transcriptional repression, when it occurs in CpG islands. (aai.org)
In eukaryotes, epigenetic modifications are critical because of their effects on gene transcriptional regulation. (jci.org)
Both 5'-CpG island hypermethylation and histone modifications contribute to the frequent and prognostically unfavorable transcriptional downregulation of RRP22 in malignant gliomas. (genscript.com)
The association Bleomycin hydrochloride of EBNA 3C with RBP-J, also the DNA-targeting partner of the EBNA 2 transcriptional activator, was shown to antagonize the activation of genes by EBNA 2 in reporter assays and to inhibit the association of RBP-J with DNA (21, 42, 49). (z-fa-fmk.net)
Recent studies have provided important insights into the mechanism of transcriptional repression by EBNA 3C and have highlighted the role of cooperation between EBNA 3 family members in the control of cellular-gene expression. (z-fa-fmk.net)
EBNA 3C and EBNA 3A are required for transcriptional repression of the gene encoding the proapoptotic protein Bim, thus providing a survival advantage to EBV-infected BL cell lines (3, 20). (z-fa-fmk.net)
Most studies on CSF1R transcriptional regulation have focused on the mouse gene. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
Interestingly, six of the ten DMRs represented regions close to the transcriptional start sites of genes which are also marked by the Polycomb Repressor Complex component EZH2. (elsevier.com)
Spatial and temporal Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries gene transcription in establishing fusions To examine transcriptional laws associated with devel opment of fusions, we analyzed non deformed, interme diate and fused vertebrae with true time qPCR, though the spatial gene transcription in intermediate and fused ver tebrae were characterized by ISH. (ppar-signal.com)
The luciferase reporter assay showed that the CpG island increased the transcriptional activity of the SLC47A1 promoter. (aspetjournals.org)

So, starting at the beginning of gene expression, let's talk about gene regulation as it pertains to DNA and chromatin regulation. (khanacademy.org)
On the flip side of this, histone deacetylation leads to a condensed, or closed structure of the chromatin, and less transcription of those genes. (khanacademy.org)
Now MBD proteins can then recruit additional proteins to the locus, or particular location in a chromosome, certain genes, such as histone deacetylases, and other chromatin remodeling proteins, and this modifies the histones, forming condensed, inactive heterochromatin that is basically transcriptionally silent. (khanacademy.org)
Yet, amounting evidence suggests that many noncoding SNPs especially those that are in the vicinity of protein coding genes play important roles in shaping chromatin structure and regulate gene expression and, as such, are implicated in a wide variety of diseases. (hindawi.com)
In this regard, it has recently been shown that miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) can regulate gene transcription or chromatin structure in a sequence-dependent fashion [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have remained unclear until recently when several genome-wide studies highlight the importance of regulatory variants in affecting gene expression by altering transcription factor binding and chromatin structure [ 18 - 21 ]. (hindawi.com)
Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, histone modifications and nucleosome positioning, modify chromatin structure and hence gene transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
Recent reports, involving large-scale methylation and sequencing analyses, have identified genes frequently inactivated by promoter methylation and recurrent mutations in genes encoding chromatin regulatory proteins. (docksci.com)
Finally, I characterize the 353 CpG sites that together form an aging clock in terms of chromatin states and tissue variance. (nih.gov)
The genomic instability caused by these mechanisms allows transposon element reactivation and remobilization, further mutations, gene dysregulation, and cytoplasmic chromatin fragments. (jci.org)
In embryonic stem cells, these genes are held in a 'transcription-ready' state mediated by a 'bivalent' promoter chromatin pattern consisting of the repressive mark, histone H3 methylated at Lys27 (H3K27) by Polycomb group proteins, plus the active mark, methylated H3K4. (gsea-msigdb.org)
The aim of the present study is to investigate the establishment of chromatin marks (active or repressive) in relation to heterogeneous methylation in the promoter regions of these developmentally important genes. (biomedcentral.com)
The analysis of ChIP results showed that both the percentage input and fold enrichment of activated chromatin was higher in tissues expressing the respective genes as compared to the tissues not expressing the same set of genes. (biomedcentral.com)
These findings illustrate that inconsistent DNA methylation patterns (sporadic, mosaic and heterogeneous) may also influence gene regulation, thereby resulting in the modulation of chromatin conformation. (biomedcentral.com)
These findings illustrate that various patterns of DNA methylation (asynchronous, mosaic and heterogeneous) correlates with chromatin modification, resulting in the gene regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
DNA methylation causes the attraction of repressive complexes and the recruitment of methyl CpG binding proteins (including MeCP2) thereby making the chromatin structure inaccessible for binding of transcription factors leading to the formation of closed chromatin structure [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
At the Bim locus, EBNA 3C and EBNA 3A establish a repressed chromatin state characterized by high levels of lysine 27 trimethylation on histone H3 (H3K27me3) that leads Bleomycin hydrochloride to subsequent DNA methylation at a CpG island (39). (z-fa-fmk.net)
It is well known that DNA methylation can change chromatin structure, DNA conformation, DNA stability, and the interaction between DNA and proteins to regulate gene expression. (aging-us.com)
In particular in devising analytical methods and workflows for the analysis of DNA methylation microarray data, and it's integration with sample-matched data from other next-generation sequencing technologies measuring gene expression (RNA-seq) and chromatin modifications (ChIP-seq). (garvan.org.au)
Generally, transcriptionally repressed heterochromatin clusters away from active genes, sequestered either by the nucleolus or the nuclear periphery, whereas active chromatin tends to be internal or at nuclear pores [ 2 , 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The most common is the chromosomal instable group, characterized by an accumulation of mutations in specific oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. (nih.gov)
Regardless the importance of GST activity for cellular vitality and health, the GST gene cluster is a hotspot for DNA sequence mutations that leads to the expression of active but functionally different GST variant proteins. (frontiersin.org)
Background: Germline mutations of ARMC5 (Armadillo repeat containing 5 gene) were identified as a frequent cause of primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH). (endocrine-abstracts.org)
In addition, germline inactivating mutations in the gene encoding phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A) have been identified in patients with PPNAD.Aim of the study: To investigate the role of PDE11A genetic alterati. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Cancer is a genetic disease caused by accumulation of DNA mutations and epigenetic alterations leading to unrestrained cell proliferation and neoplasm formation. (wikipedia.org)
Cancer develops due to DNA mutations and epigenetic alterations that accumulate randomly. (wikipedia.org)
Access to cancerous and normal tissue samples from the same patient and the fact that most cancer mutations represent somatic events, allow the identification of cancer-specific mutations. (wikipedia.org)
Cancer mutations are cumulative and sometimes are related to disease stage. (wikipedia.org)
The remaining 8 were new mutations and all were single base changes: Four were in families that are strongly associated with cancer pathogenesis ( PTPRT , CDH24, PCLKC and SLC15A1 ). (wikipedia.org)
This analysis validated the approach of whole cancer genome sequencing in identifying somatic mutations and the importance of parallel sequencing of normal and tumor cell genomes. (wikipedia.org)
In 2011, the genome of an exceptional bladder cancer patient whose tumor had been eliminated by the drug everolimus was sequenced, revealing mutations in two genes, TSC1 and NF2 . (wikipedia.org)
The initiative allows such exceptional patients (who have responded positively for at least six months to a cancer drug that usually fails) to have their genomes sequenced to identify the relevant mutations. (wikipedia.org)
MSI is an alternative pathway, accounting for 15-20% of sporadic CRCs in which the characteristic signature is deletion of repetitive regions of DNA that in most cases generates frameshift mutations in the coding sequences of genes leading to their inactivation. (hindawi.com)
Consistent with this idea, driver gene mutations ( APC , TP53 , SMAD4 , PIK3CA , and KRAS ) along with genomic and epigenomic instability determine tumour initiation, while the interaction of cancer cells with microenvironmental stimuli provided by nontransformed cells is needed to evolve towards a metastatic cancer [ 15 - 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
1999. Family history characteristics, tumor microsatellite instability and germline MSH2 and MLH1 mutations in hereditary colorectal cancer. (cdc.gov)
This system is inactivated either by hypermethylation of the promoter, which silences gene transcription of hMLH1 (epigenetic phenomenon in sporadic CRC), or because of germ-line mutations (Herman et al. (biomedcentral.com)
Vitamin D receptor expression is associated with PIK3CA and KRAS mutations in colorectal cancer. (cdc.gov)
Low age-acceleration of cancer tissue is associated with a high number of somatic mutations and TP53 mutations, while mutations in steroid receptors greatly accelerate DNA methylation age in breast cancer. (nih.gov)
The relatively low number of genetic mutations reported for both adult and pediatric liver cancers sheds light on the relevance of epigenetic mechanisms for hepatic tumorigenesis. (fapesp.br)
Abstract: Activating mutations of the BRAF and KRAS genes cause constitutive stimulation of an important cell-signaling pathway promoting tumorigenesis, and are increasingly recognized as determinants of response to targeted cancer therapies. (edu.au)
The V600E mutation accounts for most of the BRAF mutations in cancer, and KRAS mutations are predominantly encoded by nucleotide substitutions within codons 12 and 13. (edu.au)
We designed novel pyrosequencing assays for the detection of the common ''hotspot'' mutations in these genes, which demonstrated analytical sensitivities of Z10% in titrations of mutant cell AQ1 lines. (edu.au)
In cancer cells, mutations modify cell-cycle control and cells don't stop growing as they normally would. (cuny.edu)
Mutated proto-oncogenes become activated by a variety of genetic mechanisms including insertional/deletional mutagenesis, amplification, point mutations, and chromosomal translocations [ 1. Torry DS, Cooper GM. Proto-oncogenes in development and cancer. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1991; 25: 129-132. [ CrossRef ] ">1 ]. (lidsen.com)
A cancer driver gene contains driver gene mutations, but may also contain passenger gene mutations with no effect in cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
CRC molecular pathogenesis is heterogeneous and may be followed by mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, chromosomal and microsatellite instability, alternative splicing alterations, hypermethylation of CpG islands, oxidative stress, impairment of different signaling pathways and energy metabolism. (altmetric.com)
Although mutations of p53, PTEN, Rb, ras, CDKN2, and other tumor-suppressors and oncogenes have been detected at varying frequencies in prostate cancer, no single gene has been identified as being mutated in the majority of prostate cancers. (mhmedical.com)
Gain-of-function mutations in the STAT3 gene have been reported to cause multi-organ early onset auto-immune diseases. (statpathway.com)
Doxorubicin has become reported for being extra lively in fibroblasts isolated from patients with defects in NER due to mutations within the XPD gene compared to human fibroblasts isolated from standard donors. (statpathway.com)
Germline HOXB13 mutations p.G84E and p.R217C do not confer an increased breast cancer risk. (uio.no)
Results indicate a high heterogeneity among VPGLs, however, it seems that driver events in most cases are associated with mutations in the SDHx genes and SDH assembly factor-coding genes that lead to disruptions in the SDH complex. (biomedcentral.com)
Activating mutations in the PIK3CA gene [11] and genomic amplification of chr20q13. (nu7026.com)

So, the regulation of gene expression can be modulated at virtually any step in the process, from the initiation of transcription all the way to post-translational modification of a protein, and every step in between. (khanacademy.org)
When these modifications that regulate gene expression are inheritable, they are referred to as epigenetic regulation. (khanacademy.org)
epigenetic alterations are now being taken into account as additional layers in the regulation of gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
In this report we demonstrate that ZNF300P1 is involved in the regulation of key cell cycle and cell motility networks in human ovarian surface epithelial cells, and may play a role in promoting metastasis in ovarian cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The circadian regulation extends beyond clock genes to involve various clock-controlled genes (CCGs) including various cell cycle genes. (jcircadianrhythms.com)
This study examined the effect of promoter methylation on the regulation of TMS1 in breast cancer and its potential role in docetaxel chemotherapy, a currently used treatment for breast cancer. (iiarjournals.org)
This can be the result of gene mutation or changes in gene regulation (epigenetic, transcription, post-transcription, translation, or post-translation). (cuny.edu)
Changes in epigenetic regulation, transcription, RNA stability, protein translation, and post-translational control can be detected in cancer. (cuny.edu)
Real-time GlaI-PCR assay is developed to determine DNA methylation status of the regulation regions of HDAC4, URB1 and RARB genes in DNA preparations from human leukocytes. (sibenzyme.com)
In course of this modification the enzyme DNMT3 methylates RCGY sites in CpG-islands of regulation regions producing R(5mC)GY sites. (sibenzyme.com)
The basis of the regulation of gene expression of DNA methylation is due to the frequent methylation of CpG islands which are intensively detected in the promoter regions of the genes. (onkder.org)
PURPOSE: To analyze the role and translational potential for hypermethylation of CpG islands and shores in the regulation of small RNAs within urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC). (ox.ac.uk)
Epigenetic gene regulation is of central importance for development and disease. (imb.de)
Here, we assessed the epigenetic regulation of beta 4 integrin based on the presence of a large CpG island in the beta 4-integrin gene promoter. (umassmed.edu)
Summary The coordinated regulation of gene expression is crucial for survival, especially in multi-cellular organisms. (ersjournals.com)
Overlaid upon this is the epigenetic (or "above" genetics) regulation of gene expression. (ersjournals.com)
There are two main forms of DNA methylation regulation gene expression, namely high methylation of tumor suppressor genes and low methylation of oncogenes. (aging-us.com)
PARMIGIANI, RAPHAEL B. . E2F1 somatic mutation within miRNA target site impairs gene regulation in colorectal cancer . (fapesp.br)

DNA Hypermethylation of CpG Islands Doesn't Contribute to Cancer Progression? (epigenie.com)
CIMP is a novel molecular instability pathway characterized by the widespread hypermethylation of CpG islands at several genomic loci [ 6 - 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Methylation or hypermethylation of CpG islands in the region of transcription starting sites (TSS) is generally recognized to repress gene transcription epigenetically. (gdc-0068.net)

Unlike coding SNPs that either cause a change in amino acid sequences or do nothing, rSNPs may have an effect on the level of transcription of neighboring genes. (hindawi.com)
JC virus T-Ag DNA sequences were found in 77% of CRCs and are associated with promoter methylation of multiple genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Genomic DNA was extracted from breast cancer cells, bisulfite treated and analyzed by MS-PCR using primers specific for unmethylated (U) and methylated (M) sequences. (iiarjournals.org)
These datasets allow researchers to compare the genomic sequences, epigenetic profiles and transcriptomes of cancer cells to those of normal cells or cells of different cancer (sub)types. (biomedcentral.com)
For some promoter sequences, CpG island methylation and demethylation occurred in an EBV-specific pattern as shown by bisulfite DNA sequencing. (greenmedinfo.com)
Particularly remarkable are CpGs clustered in so-called CpG islands ( 3 ), many of which coincide with the promoter of protein-protein-coding genes, as well as those present in repetitive sequences. (aai.org)
Detection of amplified DNA sequences in gastric cancers by a DNA renaturation method in gel. (riken.jp)
Deletion of sequences from the short arm of chromosome 8 is perhaps the most frequent chromosomal alteration in prostate cancer, occurring at high frequency even in precursor lesions. (mhmedical.com)
Gain and deletion of chromosome 7 sequences, along with deletions of chromosomes 5q, 6q, 10q, and 16q, are also frequent events in the prostate cancer cell genome. (mhmedical.com)
The following RASL10A gene cDNA ORF clone sequences were retrieved from the NCBI Reference Sequence Database (RefSeq). (genscript.com)
Unfortunately, RNA viruses constantly sweep their tracks and perhaps one of the most promising solutions in the fght against the COVID-19 pandemic is the creation of 'universal' vaccines based on conservative SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences (antigen-presenting) and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides (adjuvant) in the composition of the phosphorothioate backbone of single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides (ODN), which can be efective for long periods of use. (inflammation.ru)
Assessing alternative base substitutions at primer CpG sites to optimise unbiased PCR amplification of methylated sequences. (edu.au)
Epigenetics is defined as molecular factors and processes around DNA that regulate gene expression independent of DNA sequences. (aspetjournals.org)

It focuses on genomic, epigenomic and transcript alterations in cancer. (wikipedia.org)
In 2000, when we were mapping DNA methylation in the CpG island region of the E-cadherin promoter in cancer samples using the bisulfite genomic sequencing technique [ 7 ], we accidently identified a novel C/A polymorphic site at the −160 location of the E-cadherin promoter within the mapped region. (hindawi.com)
Ongoing molecular characterizations of large cohorts of cancer patients using tumor samples from all major organs have made available a wealth of genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data, enabling integrated analysis across different tumor types - so called pan-cancer analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
One of the aims of this project is to define pan-cancer methylation patterns and to integrate them with genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data. (biomedcentral.com)
Over the past decade, growing evidence indicates that the tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes with genomic/epigenomic aberrations of malignant cells to enhance cancer cells survival, invasion, and dissemination. (hindawi.com)
In recent years, increasing amounts of genomic and clinical cancer data have become publically available through large-scale collaborative projects such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). (biomedcentral.com)
The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), launched in 2009, aimed to analyze the genomic features through sequencing of about 30 different types of cancers. (genominfo.org)
Beyond genomic transcription, epigenomic changes, such as DNA methylation, or microRNAs can act as important factors that modulate gene expression [ 6 ]. (e-ceo.org)
Cancer Biomarkers Methylated genomic DNA has a number of properties, which make it an attractive molecule for biomarker utility. (mirnaassay.com)
Cancer is a complex genetic and genomic disease driven by many different molecular mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
Methylation of a CpG island in the promoter of the GSTP1 gene is the most common genomic alteration yet identified in prostate cancer, occurring in virtually every case. (mhmedical.com)
DNA methylation plays important roles in gene expression, genomic imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation, genomic instability, embryonic development and cancer. (imb.de)
A: Genomic structure of the human CSF1R gene. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)

Genome-wide scans for linkage in prostate cancer families have implicated loci on 1q and Xq as harboring prostate cancer-susceptibility genes. (mhmedical.com)
In bacteria, genes in the moa, mob, mod, moe, kinase inhibitor FTY720 and mog loci are actually implicated inside the bio synthesis of MoCo employing GTP because the substrate. (trpvantagonists.com)
A CpG island (CGI) microarray containing more than 3,400 unique clones that span all human chromosomes was used for large-scale discovery experiments and led to 262 unique CGI loci being statistically identified as methylated in ALL lymphoblasts. (elsevier.com)
In gene regions harboring known susceptibility loci, Primo performs conditional association analysis to account for linkage disequilibrium. (biomedcentral.com)
Common variants in breast cancer risk loci predispose to distinct tumor subtypes. (uio.no)
Genome-wide association study identifies multiple susceptibility loci for pancreatic cancer. (genscript.com)
0.05) correlation between FL methylation values and reduced gene expression was shown for up to 28% of loci. (icr.ac.uk)

Likewise, histone protein methylation results in heterochromatin formation causing gene suppression. (nova.edu)
Now often you will see that histone deacetylation is combined with another type of DNA regulatory mechanism, and that is DNA methylation, and this occurs in a process called gene silencing. (khanacademy.org)
Incorporation of viral DNA may interfere with the normal sequence of human DNA bases on the genetic level or cause secondary epigenetic changes such as gene promoter methylation or histone acetylation. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, most of the proteins encoded by these genes cooperate in histone H3 modifications. (docksci.com)
Therefore, changes in histone acetylation (epigenetic modification that leads to gene silencing), activation of transcription factors by phosphorylation, increased RNA stability, increased translational control, and protein modification can all be detected at some point in various cancer cells. (cuny.edu)
Changes in DNA methylation and histone modifications, the major epigenetic marks, are a hallmark in genes that undergo epigenetic deregulation in disease. (aai.org)
Moreover, histone deacetylase inhibitors reverse the skewed expression of multiple genes involved in SLE. (aai.org)
Various epigenetic changes including CpG island methylation and histone modification have been identified in ovarian cancer. (altmetric.com)
Reactivation of such genes could be accomplished by DNA methylation and/or histone deacetylase inhibitors however;clinical utility of these inhibitors has been limited due to severe side- effects and toxicity. (grantome.com)
DNA hypermethylation and histone modifications downregulate the candidate tumor suppressor gene RRP22 on 22q12 in human gliomas. (genscript.com)
The aim of this study was to examine the effects on the rat thyroid cell line FRTL-5 and human thyroid follicular cancer cell line FTC-133 of Trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deactylase inhibitor. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
However, both H3K9Ac and H3K4me3 modifications are restored during the MET, and H3K27me3 is reduced, strongly suggesting that reversible histone modifications rather than DNA demethylation are the predominant factors in reactivating expression of these genes. (umassmed.edu)
These findings recommend that MT 3 gene expression is silenced in each the parental UROtsa cells and also the Cd 2 and As three transformed counterparts by way of a mechanism involving histone modification. (pde-inhibitors.com)

A . Average DNA methylation levels of all examined 38 CpG units including 68 CpG sites located within 1347 bp 5′ region of the SLC13A5 gene in CIMP-positive ccRCCs (red line) were significantly higher than those in CIMP-negative ccRCCs (blue line). (biomedcentral.com)
However, in breast cancer, the mechanism by which CIMP affects tumor progression and the associated clinical features has not yet been investigated. (questioz.org)
Also, immune cells differ between CIMP categories, and further analysis identified genes with different mutation rates between groups. (questioz.org)
Determined by 18 genes, the CIMP-associated prognostic model (CPM) was further constructed using the enrichment pathways of genes with high expression in each group, and CPM score was obtained as the risk score. (questioz.org)

CpG islands hypermethylation in the promoter regions of genes- as pejorative prognostic markers in adrenocortical cancer (ACC). (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Integrated genomics clearly shows that ACC with such an hypermethylation belongs to specific subgroups of ACC with increased driver genes alterations and a poor survival.Aim: To confirm the prognostic value of this methylation pat. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Knowledge gained from pan-cancer methylome analyses will aid the development of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, improve patient stratification and the discovery of novel druggable targets for therapy, and will generate hypotheses for innovative clinical trial designs based on methylation subgroups rather than on cancer subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
A prospective cohort study shows unique epigenetic, genetic, and prognostic features of synchronous colorectal cancers. (cdc.gov)
Epigenetic changes due to CpG island methylation could also be prognostic biomarkers. (bhdsyndrome.org)
However, the expression, prognostic and clinical significance of FAM189 family genes in HCC remain largely unknown. (por-journal.com)
Many reports have demonstrated that altered levels of specific GALNTs have prognostic significance in cancers, or shown that they are associated with changes in cell behaviour, including proliferation, migration, invasion or growth and metastasis in animal models. (brookes.ac.uk)
We have previously identified expression of PTTG and FGF-2 as potential prognostic indicators for differentiated thyroid cancer. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
This represents an important caveat in attributing prognostic relevance to methylation and future studies in cancer will optimally require purified tumour populations to address the impact of methylation on clinical outcome. (icr.ac.uk)
This four-DNA methylation model has potential as a new independent prognostic indicator, and could be used for the diagnosis, monitoring, and precision medicine of pancreatic cancer. (aging-us.com)

A number of recently devised methods can assess the DNA methylation status in cancers versus normal tissues. (wikipedia.org)
A gene's expression (or lack of expression) in normal tissues predicted whether the gene's promoter was hypermethylated in cancer tissues. (epigenie.com)
Cancer biomarker studies often require nucleic acid extraction from limited amounts of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues, such as histologic sections or needle cores. (plos.org)
DNA methylation stably alters the expression of genes, and so it occurs as cells divide and differentiate from embryonic stem cells into specific tissues. (khanacademy.org)
We previously identified that the CpG island-associated promoter of the novel lincRNA ZNF300P1 (also known as LOC134466 ) is frequently hypermethylated and silenced in ovarian cancer tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
We applied methylated DNA immunoprecipitation on whole genome promoter tiling arrays and Sequenom assays to examine methylation status of ZNF300P1 in multiple ovarian cancer cell lines, as well as in normal ovarian and ovarian tumor tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
This is aimed at a bioinformatician with experience in R. (2) Using a graphical interface allowing general biologists to query a pre-defined set of tissues (currently 15) providing a reference database of the methylation state in these tissues for the 450,000 CpG sites profiled by the Illumina HumanMethylation450. (biomedcentral.com)
Virus-related dysregulation of COX2 levels in vitro was not recapitulated in vivo among naturally infected gastric cancer tissues. (greenmedinfo.com)
So far, the DNA methylation biomarkers of waterpipe in easily accessible human tissues (e.g. blood) and their link to cancer development have not been investigated yet. (who.int)
In this study, we first confirmed the decreased expression of Gadd45β in human liver cancer tissues and human liver cancer cell lines, when compared to the peri-tumor liver tissue and normal liver cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Using CrossHub software, we analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) RNA-Seq datasets derived from colon tumor and matched normal tissues. (altmetric.com)
We propagated data from multiple promoter and CpG isle probes for every from the four genes and statistically analyzed distinctions in methylation -beliefs for every gene among NSCLCs Adrucil tyrosianse inhibitor and regular lung tissues, for LUADs and Adrucil tyrosianse inhibitor LUSCs individually, and in colaboration with mRNA appearance levels. (pik-75.info)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
We used MeDIP-Seq to generate genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of 22 PDXs, their parental primary NSCLC, and their corresponding normal tissues and complemented the data with gene expression analyses of the same tissues. (mpg.de)
LRH-1 expression patterns in breast cancer tissues are associated with tumour aggressiveness. (edu.au)

These CpG dinucleotides are extremely underrepresented in mammalian genomes and are usually present in small stretches known as CpG islands. (biomedcentral.com)
We found that CpG dinucleotides are the most rare dinucleotides in the genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and other known human coronaviruses, and hypothesized that their higher frequency could be responsible for the unwanted increased lethality to the host, causing a 'cytokine storm' in people who overexpress cytokines through the activation of specifc Toll-like receptors in a manner similar to TLR9-CpG ODN interactions. (inflammation.ru)
However, in our opinion, unmethylated CpG dinucleotides are also capable of preparing the host immune system for the coronavirus infection and should be present in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines as strong adjuvants. (inflammation.ru)
there was little dependence on sequence context or density of CpG dinucleotides. (researchgate.net)

And second, and likely more important, methylated DNA may be bound by proteins known as methyl cpg-binding domain proteins, or MBDs, for short. (khanacademy.org)
The assay is based on the affinity purification of methylated DNA using methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) of human MeCP2 protein. (diagenode.com)

These genes are involved in pathways known to contribute to cancer pathogenesis, but before this study most would not have been candidates for targeted gene therapy. (wikipedia.org)
Functional enrichment analysis results showed that these genes were enriched several biological processes or pathways that were associated with GBM. (peerj.com)
In array studies, nearly half of the 96 human genes tested, representing 15 different cancer-related signal transduction pathways, were dysregulated after EBV infection. (greenmedinfo.com)
Enrichment analysis was used to investigate the functional effect of the identified DMRs in biological pathways, cancer hallmarks, and CpG density and regulatory regions. (who.int)
Even though cigarette and waterpipe are both tobacco-use methods, they are associated with distinct DNA methylation alterations, which affect regulatory regions, biological pathways, cancer hallmarks, mortality risk and shift in blood cell type composition. (who.int)
In a previous study, Dr. Diede and colleagues found extensive DNA methylation changes in human medulloblastoma patient samples that altered expression of genes in critical developmental pathways (Diede et al . (fredhutch.org)
Changes in methylation are common in cancer cells and PITX1 , TWF2 and RIN1 are periphery genes associated with a diverse network of other genes and signalling pathways associated with tumourigenesis. (bhdsyndrome.org)
Biomarkers might also identify novel therapeutic pathways for research, particularly in less common cancers. (bhdsyndrome.org)
Transformation to cancer occurs when multiple genes and cellular pathways are dysregulated in multi-cellular organisms. (lidsen.com)
Cancer occurs, in multicellular organisms, when multiple oncogenes are activated along with simultaneous or sequential loss of function of tumor suppressor genes leading to multiple cellular pathways being deregulated. (lidsen.com)
Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that highly expressed FAM189B was closely related with signal pathways and biological processes associated with cell proliferation and cell cycle in HCC. (por-journal.com)
In addition, genes encoding putative enzymes for archaeal modified pathways of gluconeogenesis and gly colysis too as people of ribose metabolism along with the tri carboxylic acid cycle have been existing in Nab. (trpvantagonists.com)
Although these studies provided new unforeseen targets which implicate novel pathways or proteins in asthma, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for example, they did not account for all the heritability of disease. (ersjournals.com)

Motivation: Over 50% of human genes contain CpG islands in their 5'-regions. (sciweavers.org)

The present review discusses applications of epigenetic alterations affecting GSTP1 in cancer medicine used alone or in combination with other biomarkers for cancer detection and diagnosis as well as for future targeted preventive and therapeutic interventions including by dietary agents. (frontiersin.org)
DNA methylation has been widely used as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, however, with low clinical translation rate. (biomedcentral.com)
By taking advantage of multi-cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), we aimed to identify prostate cancer specific biomarkers which can separate between non-aggressive and aggressive prostate cancer based on DNA methylation patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
The candidate biomarkers were selected by excluding the biomarkers existing in multiple cancers (pan-cancer) and requiring significant difference between PRAD and other urinary samples. (biomedcentral.com)
Our study identified and in-silico validated a panel of prostate cancer specific DNA methylation biomarkers with diagnosis value. (biomedcentral.com)
Many genes were found as potential biomarkers based on their methylation status for risk prediction, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment response in various cancer types [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Promoter hypermethylation of critical pathway genes could identify potential biomarkers for lung cancer risk. (uthscsa.edu)
Cancer Biomarkers , 1 (2-3), 193-200. (uthscsa.edu)
Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 2009 Oct 18 (10): 2765-72. (cdc.gov)
We have created a user-friendly tool for the visualization and interpretation of TCGA data, offering clinical researchers a simple way to evaluate the TCGA data for their genes or candidate biomarkers of interest. (biomedcentral.com)
The ability to compare these data in a large number of cancer patients is therefore extremely valuable, especially for the identification of DNA methylation biomarkers. (biomedcentral.com)
Such a tool could be of particular use to the large community of clinical researchers without bioinformatics expertise who are looking for a way to explore genes of interest or candidate biomarkers in the TCGA data. (biomedcentral.com)
Tumour biomarkers are measurable changes in cancer cells that could be used to improve available therapies. (bhdsyndrome.org)
Kidney Cancer Scotland recently announced funding for Dr Grant Stewart at the University of Edinburgh and Professor David Harris at St Andrews' University to search for therapeutic biomarkers in over 900 patient samples in the SCOTRRCC database. (bhdsyndrome.org)
Other than, many researchers suggest that various genes or gene panels as the methylation-based biomarkers for use in the follow-up of BC. (onkder.org)
However, these mutated gene signatures are yet to be translated so far into clinically relevant biomarkers. (biomedcentral.com)
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. (ucsf.edu)
Pritchard & Grady have summarized the selected biomarkers that have been evaluated in colon cancer patients (10). (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
High-throughput proteomics of breast cancer interstitial fluid: identification of tumor subtype-specific serologically relevant biomarkers. (uio.no)
This study evaluated the methylation array data of 184 patients with PDAC in The Cancer Genome Atlas database to explore methylation biomarkers related to patient outcome. (aging-us.com)
In a new project, funded by Cancer Council NSW, we are working with clinicians to explore the utility of our prostate microenvironment methylation biomarkers to determine the presence of multi-focal tumours. (garvan.org.au)
Pidsley R , Stirzaker C. (2019) Cancer Methylation Biomarkers in circulating cell-free DNA. (garvan.org.au)

Glutathione S -transferase P1 (GSTP1), the gene encoding the pi-class GST, is frequently inactivated by acquired somatic CpG island promoter hypermethylation in multiple cancer subtypes including prostate, breast, liver, and blood cancers. (frontiersin.org)
Although GSTP1 can be detected in normal prostatic epithelium, in almost all PCA cases, PCA cells fail to express GSTP1 polypeptides, and lack of GSTP1 expression most often appears to be the result of somatic "CpG island" DNA methylation changes. (elsevier.com)
We have developed a Fuzzy Logic Modeling (FLM) framework to incorporate biological knowledge with multi-omics data such as somatic mutation, gene expression and copy number measurements. (biomedcentral.com)
For example, somatic cell reprogramming is proceeded by the reactivation of pluripotency genes. (imb.de)

More than 1.2 million colorectal cancers (CRCs) are diagnosed every year worldwide, accounting for approximately 10% of all cancers [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
This study has three aims to screen genes that show hypermethylation and downregulated patterns in colorectal cancers, to identify differentially methylated regions in one of these genes, SFRP1 , and to test whether the SFRP genes affect survival or not. (genominfo.org)
These assays were used to determine the mutation status in a prospective series of 1198 sporadic colorectal cancers. (edu.au)
The BRAF V600E mutation was detected in 13.2% of the colorectal cancers. (edu.au)
Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning is emerging as a very useful modality for staging and assessment of colorectal cancers. (medscape.com)

And abnormal DNA methylation has been implicated in carcinogenesis, or the development of cancer, so you can see how the normal functioning of DNA methylation is a critical regulatory mechanism for our cells. (khanacademy.org)
These gene products enhance proliferation and inhibit apoptosis and differentiation, driving the cells towards carcinogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
This new model for prostatic carcinogenesis has implications for the design of new prostate cancer prevention strategies. (elsevier.com)
Among 112 GC patients, methylation was an independent favourable predictor of overall survival of GC patients in both univariate and multivariate analysis (CpG islands was characterized in gastric carcinogenesis. (gdc-0068.net)
Evidence suggests that changes in miRNA expression occur frequently in many cancers and these variations either contribute to carcinogenesis or reflect the development and progression of cancers. (gdc-0068.net)
The DNA methylation of tumor suppressor genes has been used as a diagnostic biomarker of early carcinogenesis. (ncku.edu.tw)
In fact, established bladder cancer risk factors such as smoking and various germline genetic variants may promote carcinogenesis in bladder tissue through processes that are detectable as differential DNA methylation in blood. (washington.edu)
In the proposed studies we further our understanding of how GTP and EGCG mediate reactivation of GSTP1 gene, silenced during prostate carcinogenesis. (grantome.com)
Higher p21 and cyclin At the with lower TP53 and cyclin A levels were detected in OCCA compared to other epithelium ovarian cancers, and they are thought to be involved in the carcinogenesis of OCCA [7]. (nu7026.com)
HA-1077 2HCl Silencing of Wilms tumor suppressor 1 sense and antisense genes by promoter methylation in OCCA revealed the epigenetic involvement of OCCA in carcinogenesis as distinguished from ovarian serous adenocarcinoma [8]. (nu7026.com)
2009. CpG island tumor suppressor promoter methylation in non-BRCA-associated early mammary carcinogenesis. . (ucsf.edu)
Mathias Heikenwalder combines subjects such as Carcinogenesis, Cancer, T cell, Downregulation and upregulation and Steatohepatitis with his study of Cancer research. (research.com)
The concepts of his Cancer research study are interwoven with issues in Endothelial stem cell, CCR2, Steatosis, Carcinogenesis and Extravasation. (research.com)

Located on chromosome 11, the GSTP1 coding region is controlled by a large CpG island (CGI) upstream of the transcription start site in the promoter region. (frontiersin.org)
Interestingly, three of detected genes (PBRM1, SETD2 and BAP1) are located on chromosome 3p, near the VHL gene, inactivated in over 80% ccRCC cases. (docksci.com)
Long-range epigenetic silencing of contiguous genes has been found on chromosome 2q14 in colorectal cancer. (edu.au)
FAM189B, also known as COTE1 or C1orf2, is located on chromosome 1q22, a locus near the gene for the lysosomal enzyme glucosylceramidase, a deficiency of which has been linked to Gaucher disease ( 15 ). (por-journal.com)

Gene expression profiles have been used in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, but mRNA levels usually fluctuate temporally or are greatly influenced by environmental cues, resulting in unstable diagnostic sensitivity. (genominfo.org)
Demethylation at an enhancer of MCM2 gene was a common event in patients with HCC, which significantly negatively correlated with MCM2 and NUP37 mRNA expression. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results bring new knowledge on alternative splicing in colorectal cancer and suggest a set of mRNA isoforms that could be used for cancer diagnosis and development of treatment methods. (altmetric.com)
Hypermethylation and Suppressed mRNA Appearance from Adrucil tyrosianse inhibitor the TBX2 Subfamily in Individual NSCLC Recent research show that mRNA degrees of the four hHR21 associates from the subfamily are markedly reduced in both preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions (NSCLCs) in the individual lung suggestive of tumor suppressor properties for these genes [9]. (pik-75.info)
Methylation -values for the genes, with exception of were significantly inversely correlated with corresponding mRNA expression levels ( 0.05, Figure 1D). (pik-75.info)
These studies will be conducted in human prostate carcinoma LNCaP and MDA PCa 2b cells, which possess hypermethylated GSTP1 CpG island alleles, devoid of GSTP1 mRNA and protein expression. (grantome.com)
Next, the relationship between methylation and expression of these genes was examined in ALL cell lines (NALM-6 and Jurkat) before and after treatments with 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine and trichostatin A. More than a 10-fold increase in mRNA expression was observed for two previously identified tumor suppressor genes (DLC-1 and DCC) and also for RPLB9 and PCDHGA12. (elsevier.com)
Quantification of mRNA uncovered that the majority genes had been transcriptionally down regulated during the pathogenesis of vertebral fusions and the suppression was far more profound on the inter mediate stage than in fused specimens. (ppar-signal.com)
The genes reported herein have the marked variation in mRNA amounts which have been reported previously in frac ture samples with significant changes in expression right after fracture which return to the prefracture levels as healing progresses. (ppar-signal.com)
The finding here of moderate signal amounts, excellent precision amid the 3 samples for every time level at every age, along with a sturdy response to fracture indicate the skill of this technological innovation to report modifications in mRNA amounts for these genes. (ppar-signal.com)
Approximately 20-fold interindividual variability in MATE1 mRNA expression levels was observed in liver samples and mRNA expression levels negatively correlated with methylation levels of the CpG island in the 27 kb upstream of SLC47A1 . (aspetjournals.org)
MATE1 mRNA expression levels were significantly lower in CpG island knockout HepG2 cells than in control cells. (aspetjournals.org)

Chromosomal instability (CIN) was established as the key mechanism in cancer development. (biomedcentral.com)
Chromosomal instability has been established as the key mechanistic component of cancer development (Fearon and Vogelstein 1990 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Most notably, differential methylation analysis of chromosomal regions identified three locations containing enrichment of 6-8 CpGs in the HOX family of genes altered with age. (nature.com)
However, the importance of genes within chromosomal 8p region for neuropsychiatric disorders and cancer is well established. (embracepassiontoprofits.com)

A remaining challenge is to experimentally prove the functional link between observed pan-cancer methylation patterns, the associated genetic aberrations, and their relevance for the development of cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene expression patterns were examined in EBV-negative and EBV-positive AGS gastric epithelial cells using a low density microarray, reverse transcription PCR, histochemical stains, and methylation-specific DNA sequencing. (greenmedinfo.com)
DNA methylation patterns differ between genetically engineered mouse models of cancer and primary human cancers, including medulloblastomas. (fredhutch.org)
At the epigenetic level, precise DNA methylation patterns degrade, likely causing increasingly stochastic variations in gene expression. (jci.org)
In the present work, we have studied the alterations of alternative splicing patterns of genes related to energy metabolism in CRC. (altmetric.com)
Acquisition of methylation was asynchoronous and heterogeneous at these different genes however the varied patterns of methylation on this subset of imprinted genes have not been analyzed for their role in regulating gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
For example, cancer tissue shows markedly different patterns from those of normal tissue. (sciweavers.org)
Methylation patterns of CpG islands are involved in tissue-specific gene expression and regulatio. (sciweavers.org)
The role of epigenetics in controlling gene expression in complex organs, such as the lungs, is a promising area of research and may help to explain complex inheritance patterns and environmental interactions of many lung diseases including asthma, COPD and lung cancer. (ersjournals.com)
Confounding this is the fact that all of the myriad cell types within the lung have the same DNA sequence yet they express distinct patterns of genes and proteins and perform distinct functions. (ersjournals.com)
Yet cells manifest strikingly different cell morphologies and functions, reflecting their distinct patterns of gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)

RNA polymerase must attach to DNA near a gene for transcription to occur. (wikipedia.org)
For transcription to take place, the enzyme that synthesizes RNA, known as RNA polymerase, must attach to the DNA near a gene. (wikipedia.org)
And this is a more permanent method of sort of down-regulating the transcription of genes. (khanacademy.org)
Now, DNA methylation may effect the transcription of genes in two ways. (khanacademy.org)
The transcription factor activator protein-2α (AP-2α) has recently been implicated as a tumor suppressor protein that can be lost during tumor progression and that exhibits growth-inhibitory properties when overexpressed in cancer cell lines. (aacrjournals.org)
Methylation of CpG islands may significantly down-regulate their transcription regularly. (gdc-0068.net)
Because the exact promoter region of most genes are not characterized, especially with regard to the extragenic genes, the exact regulatory mechanisms of transcription are far from obvious. (gdc-0068.net)
The homo sapiens LIM homeobox domain LHX6 gene, hLHX6, is a putative transcription regulator with homeodomain. (sookmyung.ac.kr)
Genes with a high basal transcription state in undifferentiated embryonic carcinoma cells. (gsea-msigdb.org)
DNA methylation is also known to regulate transcription by gene repression. (biomedcentral.com)
Although the mechanisms that lead to the CGI methylation of these genes are unknown, bisulfite sequencing of the promoter of RPIB9 suggests that expression is inhibited by methylation within SP1 and AP2 transcription factor binding motifs. (elsevier.com)
In this scholarly study, we address these problems and demonstrate that transcription factor-mediated nuclear reprogramming can enable wide-spread resetting of cancer-specific DNA methylation marks in GNS cells. (epothilone-b.com)
Structural genes Nine from eleven structural genes had a down regulated transcription selleck chem from the intermediate group when compared with only five inside the fused group. (ppar-signal.com)
Of genes involved in osteoclast activity, mmp9 showed opposite transcription, getting down regulated in intermediate although up regulated in fused. (ppar-signal.com)
Regulatory genes transcription things and signaling molecules Each of the regulatory genes had been much less Nonetheless, the chondrogenic marker sox9 was up regu lated in each groups. (ppar-signal.com)
Accompanying the active induction of tissue-specific genes is an accumulation of heterochromatic domains that are stably repressed in terms of transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
CpG islands are usually located on or around promoter regions, and it's thought that their methylation prevents transcription factors from binding to the promoter. (msdiscovery.org)

Many efforts have been made to discover the genetic and molecular features of colorectal cancer, and there is more and more evidence that these features determine the prognosis and response to (targeted) treatment. (nih.gov)
Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease, with three known major molecular groups. (nih.gov)
Colorectal cancer subtyping has also been addressed using genome-wide gene expression profiling in large patient cohorts and recently several molecular classification systems have been proposed. (nih.gov)
In patients with long-term aspirin use, the changes of molecular events in AM but not IM may be an important factor in the reduction of cancer incidence. (nature.com)
Driven largely by high-throughput molecular technologies, there is a growing body of "omics" level data, annotated with cancer phenotypes. (plos.org)
Such data permit the molecular profiling of an individual patient's cancer, which is increasingly becoming more useful as disease management becomes more personalized [ 1 ]. (plos.org)
Circadian genes and the proteins produced by these genes constitute the molecular components of the circadian oscillator which form positive/negative feedback loops and generate circadian rhythms. (jcircadianrhythms.com)
The genetic or functional disruption of the molecular circadian clock has been found in various cancers including breast, ovarian, endometrial, prostate and hematological cancers. (jcircadianrhythms.com)
1998. Inci dence of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and the feasibility of molecular screening for the disease. (cdc.gov)
BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) have different immunological, stromal cell, and clinicopathological characteristics. (icr.ac.uk)
The molecular mechanism of gene expression alterations resulting from the BRAF V600E driver mutation is not yet fully understood. (e-ceo.org)
Epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation, are known to be centrally involved in cancer development and can function as molecular sensors to environmental exposures. (who.int)
A comprehensive book [ 2. Cai QL, Yuan ZH, Ke L. Infectious agents associated cancers: Epidemiology and molecular biology. New York: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2017. [ CrossRef ] ">2 ] in 2017 detailed all the major discoveries of viruses associated in human cancers from 1911 till now. (lidsen.com)
Aim: To investigate the associations between LINE1 methylation, an indicator for genome-wide hypomethylation, molecular and clinicopathological characteristics of gastric cancer (GC) patients. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
At a molecular level, CRA is often characterized by the deletion mutation c.529_546 (18-base pair deletion at codon 177-182 in exon 5), in the TP53 gene (10 cases). (researchsquare.com)
We show that the oncogenic and altered tumor suppressing state of a gene can be better characterized by integrating different molecular measurements with biological knowledge than by each data type alone. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetic variation, copy number, gene and protein expression, epigenetics, and metabolomics are the most commonly studied molecular types of data. (biomedcentral.com)
This study examined DNA methylation associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and showed that selected molecular targets can be pharmacologically modulated to reverse gene silencing. (elsevier.com)
Molecular genetic predictors of prostate cancer progression after radical prostatectomy. (ucl.ac.uk)
The molecular mechanisms regulating gene expression need to be elucidated in more detail to resolve this issue. (aspetjournals.org)

Some cancer genes are silenced by mutation, but most are silenced by DNA methylation. (wikipedia.org)
PIK3CA mutation in colorectal cancer: relationship with genetic and epigenetic alterations. (cdc.gov)
HistoMosaic Detecting KRAS G12V Mutation Across Colorectal Cancer Tissue Slices through in Situ PCR Anal Chem. (usc.edu)
While targeted therapy, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), has been used against the non small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation, not all the patients received benefit from TKIs. (aacrjournals.org)
The BRAF V600E mutation is a major driver mutation in papillary thyroid cancer. (e-ceo.org)
The aim of this study was to elucidate the correlation between DNA methylation and gene expression changes induced by the BRAF V600E mutation in thyroid cells. (e-ceo.org)
Our results suggest that the BRAF V600E mutation in thyroid cells modulates DNA methylation and results in cancer-related gene expression. (e-ceo.org)
These assays would serve as a suitable platform for large-scale mutation detection in cancer specimens where the facility for pyrosequencing is available. (edu.au)
An oncogene literally is a cancer-causing gene, which is often mutated (gain-of-function mutation) or highly amplified. (lidsen.com)
A detrimental mutation on USP40 unlocks the tumorigenesis in a rare case of lung cancer. (e-century.us)
High expression of FAM189B was associated with high AFP level, high predicted risk metastasis signature, and TP53 mutation, while there was no significant association between FAM189B expression and cancer stage or tumor grade of HCC. (por-journal.com)
Then, it was discovered that if a cancer cell has a specific genetic mutation, known as K-ras, these drugs do not work. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
First described in 2002, MYH-associated polyposis, or MutYH - associated polyposis (MAP), occurs in a small number of patients with FAP and results from a mutation in the human MutY homolog gene instead of the APC gene. (medscape.com)
We also describe how a mutation in an 8p gene (Fgf17) results in a mouse with deficits in specific components of social behavior and a reduction in its dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. (embracepassiontoprofits.com)
A growing body of literature suggests that epigenetic modifications-heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve a mutation in the DNA itself-may hold the keys to understanding why some develop MS while others do not. (msdiscovery.org)

Methylation of these CpG islands was consistently shown to significantly decrease the corresponding miRNA levels presented in human cell lines. (gdc-0068.net)
In the Nthy/V600E cells, 199,821 probes were significantly hypermethylated, and 697 genes showed a "hypermethylation-downregulation" pattern in Nthy/V600E. (e-ceo.org)
In total, 66,446 probes were significantly hypomethylated, and 227 genes showed a "hypomethylation-upregulation" pattern in Nthy/V600E cells. (e-ceo.org)
[21] The risk of cancer increases significantly with age, and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries. (cloudfront.net)
Moreover, hypomethylated genes associated with cigarette were significantly enriched in the cancer hallmark, angiogenesis, while those of waterpipe were enriched in the hallmark, activation of invasion and motility. (who.int)
The expression of FAM189A2 was downregulated in breast cancer and low expression of FAM189A2 was significantly associated with a reduction in the relapse free survival ( 12 ). (por-journal.com)
We found 7 genes with differentially expressed alternative transcripts whereas overall expression of these genes was not significantly altered in CRC. (altmetric.com)
The DNA methylation inhibitor was applied to two breast cancer cell lines with significantly different phenotypes with those of normal cells, which verifies that the tumor cell activities are affected to a greater extent under low DNA methylation levels. (questioz.org)
The average number of methylated CpG islands was significantly higher in N than in C, and was even higher in T. The average number of methylated CpG islands in N was significantly correlated with a higher histological grade of corresponding conventional renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). (elsevier.com)
The average number of methylated CpG islands in RCCs was significantly correlated with macroscopic configuration with extranodular or multinodular growth, higher histological grade, infiltrating growth pattern and vascular involvement. (elsevier.com)
Genes that are targets for epigenetic repression in stem cells by Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 were significantly over-represented among hypermethylated genes. (icr.ac.uk)
As we expected, the expression level of IL-6 gene increased significantly in the patient group compared to the healthy subjects. (reumatologiaclinica.org)

Hypermethylation downregulates both genes, while demethylation upregulates them. (wikipedia.org)
Demethylation using 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine reversed the EBV-mediated dysregulation for all 11 genes listed here. (greenmedinfo.com)
This involves R-loops , DNA:RNA hybrids, forming at the target genes, which are bound by GADD45 to trigger local DNA demethylation. (imb.de)
What are the sequence determinants that recruit GADD45A to specific genes during demethylation? (imb.de)
p21 expression was low in metastatic prostate cancer cell lines, but was enhanced by demethylation. (ucl.ac.uk)
CNS2 contains CpG islands that are highly demethylated only in committed T reg cells, and demethylation of this region is required for stable expression of Foxp3 (Floess et al. (ilgazozveren.com)

Background/[email protected]#This study examined the long-term outcomes of undifferentiated-type early gastric cancer (UD EGC) with positive horizontal margins (HMs) after endoscopic resection (ER) and compared them between additional surgery and nonsurgical management. (bvsalud.org)
During a median follow-up of 57.7 months (interquartile range, 27.6 to 68.8 months), no LN or distant metastases or gastric cancer-related deaths occurred in the overall cohort. (bvsalud.org)
Gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) is among the three most common cancers in the world. (lidsen.com)
Gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) is among the 3 most common causes of cancer deaths in the world (https://who.int/cancer). (lidsen.com)
Background: Crawling-type adenocarcinoma (CRA) is an important gastric cancer (GC) subtype that exhibits a specific histological pattern and has characteristic clinicopathological findings. (researchsquare.com)
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide [1]. (researchsquare.com)
Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies and a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. (oncotarget.com)
Epigenetic modifications play a key role in gastric cancer and contribute to the development and progression of this malignancy. (oncotarget.com)
In order to explore new treatment options in this target area we have screened a library of epigenetic inhibitors against gastric cancer cell lines and identified inhibitors for the BET family of bromodomains as potent inhibitors of gastric cancer cell proliferations. (oncotarget.com)
Here we show that both the pan-BET inhibitor (+)-JQ1 as well as a newly developed specific isoxazole inhibitor, PNZ5, showed potent inhibition of gastric cancer cell growth. (oncotarget.com)
Intriguingly, we found differences in the antiproliferative response between gastric cancer cells tested derived from Brazilian patients as compared to those from Asian patients, the latter being largely resistant to BET inhibition. (oncotarget.com)
As BET inhibitors are entering clinical trials these findings provide the first starting point for future therapies targeting gastric cancer. (oncotarget.com)
Among the different kinds of cancer, gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies, remaining a major public health issue as the fifth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide [ 2 , 3 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Gastric cancer is an aggressive disease, and its prognosis remains poor, generally owing to the absence of specific symptoms that renders early diagnosis of this disease difficult [ 4 ]. (oncotarget.com)

Epigenetics modifications arise due to alterations in gene function that cannot be endorsed to DNA sequence modifications. (spandidos-publications.com)
A new study published in Epigenetics from Dr. Diede in the laboratory of Dr. Stephen Tapscott (Human Biology Division) suggests one possible reason for this low success rate: mouse models of cancer are fundamentally different with respect to DNA methylation compared to human tumor samples. (fredhutch.org)
Epigenetics comprises the stable and heritable (or potentially heritable) changes in gene expression that do not entail a change in DNA sequence. (aai.org)
Epigenetics in ovarian cancer. (altmetric.com)
High throughput technologies have been used to profile genes in multiple different dimensions, such as genetic variation, copy number, gene and protein expression, epigenetics, metabolomics. (biomedcentral.com)
Epigenetics has been implicated in the determination of cell differentiation and the control of gene expression by each cell under different external stimuli. (ersjournals.com)
Prior to his career in Quality Management, Thomas was a Postdoctoral Researcher/Medical Scientist in the field of cancer epigenetics and genetics and has extensive experience in managing academic and commercial research projects. (edu.au)

The researchers conclude that "the major contribution of general CGI promoter hypermethylation to cancer cannot be the silencing of tumor suppressor genes because it affects genes that are already repressed in pre-cancerous tissue. (epigenie.com)
For example, the expression of p16, a well-known TSG, is downregulated due to its promoter hypermethylation [ 5 ], and DNA repair genes, such as BRCA1 and hMLH1 , are also hypermethylated, repressing their gene expression [ 6 ]. (genominfo.org)

Besides understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms that initiate or drive cancer progression, oncogenomics targets personalized cancer treatment. (wikipedia.org)
Two were already thought to contribute to tumor progression: an internal tandem duplication of the FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase gene, which activates kinase signaling and is associated with a poor prognosis and a four base insertion in exon 12 of the NPM1 gene (NPMc). (wikipedia.org)
These properties may represent the driving force of metastatic progression and thus clinically exploitable for cancer prevention and therapy. (hindawi.com)
In addition to cancer genome abnormalities, also the formation of an inflammatory microenvironment plays a pivotal role in CRC development and progression [ 12 , 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
Subsequently, PIN and PCA cells with defective GSTP1 genes remain vulnerable to similar stresses tending to promote malignant progression. (elsevier.com)
One example of a gene modification that alters the growth rate is increased phosphorylation of cyclin B, a protein that controls the progression of a cell through the cell cycle and serves as a cell-cycle checkpoint protein. (cuny.edu)
Estrogen promotes breast cancer development and progression mainly through estrogen receptor (ER). (biomedcentral.com)
However, blockage of estrogen production or action prevents development of and suppresses progression of ER-negative breast cancers. (biomedcentral.com)
How estrogen promotes ER-negative breast cancer development and progression is poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
Estrogen activated EMT in a subset of Brca1 -deficient mammary tumor cells that maintained epithelial features, and enhanced the number of cancer stem cells, promoting tumor progression and metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)
Although estrogen acts mainly through the estrogen receptor (ER), ovariectomy, blockage of estrogen action, or inhibition of estrogen synthesis can prevent the development of and suppress the progression of ER-negative breast cancers [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Defects of the growth arrest DNA damage-inducible gene 45β (Gadd45β) play an important role in the progression of tumor and confer resistance to chemotherapy. (biomedcentral.com)
The androgen receptor gene, when either mutated or amplified, may play a critical role in prostate tumorigenesis both at the early stages and during progression to androgen-insensitive disease. (mhmedical.com)

Multidisciplinary international consortia such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) or the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) have produced methylomes for thousands of samples from at least 15 cancer types (Box 1). (biomedcentral.com)
The diversity of data spans small-scale projects that focus on, for example, Progeria, iPS, cellular senescence, twin discordance, to large-scale EWASs and comprehensive mapping efforts (The Cancer Genome Atlas and ENCODE). (biomedcentral.com)
The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), a joint effort of the National Cancer Institute and the National Human Genome Research Institute, is an example of such a project ( http://cancergenome.nih.gov/ ). (biomedcentral.com)
We downloaded publicly available DNA methylation and gene expression datasets of matched cancer and normal pairs from the Cancer Genome Atlas Data Portal and performed a systematic computational analysis. (genominfo.org)
The expression profile of PLK2 in GBM was obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. (peerj.com)
The results were verified in silico using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and in vivo through pyrosequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). (e-ceo.org)

Significance of heterogeneous Twist2 expression in human breast cancers. (ciclosdelicias.com)
Comprehensive characterization of immune landscape of Indian and Western triple negative breast cancers. (icr.ac.uk)
CYP3A7*1C allele: linking premenopausal oestrone and progesterone levels with risk of hormone receptor-positive breast cancers. (uio.no)
Protein signature predicts response to neoadjuvant treatment with chemotherapy and bevacizumab in HER2-negative breast cancers. (uio.no)

many are most likely oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. (embracepassiontoprofits.com)

Epigenetically mediated GSTP1 silencing is associated with enhanced cancer susceptibility by decreasing its "caretaker" gene function, which tends to promote neoplastic transformation allowing cells to acquire additional alterations. (frontiersin.org)
Epigenetic abnormalities are feature of human cancer cells and the epigenetic alterations may be the key toward tumorigenesis. (intechopen.com)
Conclusions: The epigenetic alterations induced by the phosphorus rich diet in SHPT, particularly the PTH gene hypomethylation, could contribute to the increases that occur in the synthesis and secretion of this hormone. (revistadeosteoporosisymetabolismomineral.com)
We aim to determine the DNA methylation alterations associated with waterpipe smoking in comparison to those of cigarette and their link to cancer development. (who.int)
Oncogenes present gain of function alterations (GoF), while inactivated tumor suppressor genes present loss of function (LoF) alterations. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we consider evidence that changes in GALNT expression, and therefore consequent alterations in GalNAc O-linked glycosylation, may directly influence molecules implicated in aspects of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a fundamental aspect of cancer metastasis, during which epithelial cancer cells lose their cell-cell junctions, apical-basal polarity and adhesive interactions with basement membrane and become mesenchymal, with a spindle-shaped morphology and increased migratory capacity. (brookes.ac.uk)

The goal of oncogenomics is to identify new oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes that may provide new insights into cancer diagnosis, predicting clinical outcome of cancers and new targets for cancer therapies. (wikipedia.org)
The success of targeted cancer therapies such as Gleevec , Herceptin and Avastin raised the hope for oncogenomics to elucidate new targets for cancer treatment. (wikipedia.org)
It appears that hypermethylation profiles in CGIs may be useful targets for cancer treatment. (genominfo.org)
There was an overrepresentation of homeobox genes and 31% of the most commonly methylated genes represent targets of the Polycomb complex. (omicsdi.org)
Two subtypes of CRCs were found and potential cancer drivers and therapeutic targets for each of the subtypes were identified. (biomedcentral.com)
Methylation of these CpG targets leads to loss of gene expression during embryonic development [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Unlikely mutated genes;epigenetically silenced genes are intact and are attractive targets for agents that could 'wake up'these dormant genes. (grantome.com)
Background This study is to analyze promoter methylation of various tumor suppressor genes in different types of ovarian carcinoma and to identify potential therapeutic targets of ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma (OCCA). (nu7026.com)
She has developed multiple cutting-edge technologies and products, such as the Illumina Infinium Human Methylation 450 BeadChip (450 k) array - one of the most cost-effective ways to analyze DNA methylation in the human genome, which targets 96% of CpG islands and covers more than 450,000 CpG sites. (businessnews.com.cn)

The second is the microsatellite instable group, caused by dysfunction of DNA mismatch repair genes leading to genetic hypermutability. (nih.gov)

Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 61. (aacrjournals.org)
abstract = "Early and accurate diagnosis of cancer plays a very important role in cancer treatment. (ncku.edu.tw)

The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial is a large-scale clinical trial to determine whether certain cancer screening tests can help reduce deaths from prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer. (cancer.gov)
Methionine deprivation induced cytosolic and nuclear metabolism of prostate, ovarian and pancreatic cancer cells are different and the comparative analysis will be discussed. (nova.edu)
Transcript profiling was used to investigate the effects of ZNF300P1 suppression in ovarian cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
We demonstrate that ZNF300P1 is methylated in multiple ovarian cancer cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
Using an ex vivo peritoneal adhesion assay, we also reveal a role for ZNF300P1 in the attachment of ovarian cancer cells to peritoneal membranes, indicating a potential function of ZNF300P1 expression in metastasis of ovarian cancer cells to sites within the peritoneal cavity. (biomedcentral.com)
Our findings further support ZNF300P1 as frequently methylated in ovarian cancer and reveal a novel function for ZNF300P1 lincRNA expression in regulating cell polarity, motility, and adhesion and loss of expression may contribute to the metastatic potential of ovarian cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease of the female reproductive tract which, despite its relatively low incidence in developed countries, carries a poor prognosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Despite advances in the detection and treatment of ovarian cancer, it remains the 5th leading cause of cancer death in women [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) comprises 90% of all ovarian cancer cases [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Screening for ovarian or early onset breast cancer risk in women with a family history. (cdc.gov)
The Role of Nuclear β-Catenin Accumulation in the Twist2-Induced Ovarian Cancer EMT. (ciclosdelicias.com)
Twist2 promotes ovarian cancer cell survival through activation of Akt. (ciclosdelicias.com)
Rapid diagnosis of ovarian cancer cells in the integrated microfluidic system has been demonstrated by using cell lines and clinical samples. (ncku.edu.tw)
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological cancer. (altmetric.com)
In this chapter, epigenetic changes in ovarian cancer are described. (altmetric.com)
These aberrations are associated with distinct disease subtypes and present in circulating serum of ovarian cancer patients. (altmetric.com)
Promising preclinical studies show epigenetic drugs to enhance gene re-expression and drug sensitivity in ovarian cancer cell lines and animal models. (altmetric.com)
To confirm irrespective of whether the methylation of human XPG promoter could be detected in human samples also, we checked its standing by methylation specific PCR in 26 ovarian cancer DNA samples and also the corresponding ordinary blood DNA. (statpathway.com)
Fundamentals of personalised medicine in the treatment of breast and ovarian cancer. (edu.pl)
Homologous Recombination DNA Repair Pathway Disruption and Retinoblastoma Protein Loss Are Associated with Exceptional Survival in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. (edu.au)

There are many proteins that are turned on or off (gene activation or gene silencing) that dramatically alter the overall activity of the cell. (cuny.edu)
Owing to the complexity of living organisms the expression of genes is tightly controlled, and whilst the genome of each cell contains the information for all proteins in the human body, only a select subset are expressed at any time in any particular cell type. (ersjournals.com)

Differentially expressed genes correlated with PLK2 were identified by Pearson test and functional enrichment analysis was performed. (peerj.com)
Finally, enrichment analysis was done for genes differentially expressed between groups. (questioz.org)
Background: One important application of microarray experiments is to identify differentially expressed genes. (sciweavers.org)

In particular, the increase of deacetylation has been involved in epigenetically mediated tumor-suppressor gene silencing. (intechopen.com)
Silencing of VHL through promoter methylation in ccRCC was one of the first examples of this phenomenon and so far approximately 60 genes have been suggested to be epigenetically deregulated in ccRCC (13). (docksci.com)
Overall, we demonstrate that a considerable number of HOX genes are differentially epigenetically regulated in aged human skeletal muscle and HDMCs and increased physical activity may help prevent age-related epigenetic changes in these HOX genes. (nature.com)

We also used MEXPRESS to reveal the differences in the DNA methylation status of the PAM50 marker gene MLPH between the breast cancer subtypes and how these differences were linked to the expression of MPLH . (biomedcentral.com)
We note a dichotomy in tumor microenvironments across CMS subgroups exists by which patients with high cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and C1Q+TAM content exhibit poor outcomes, providing a higher level of personalization and precision than would distinct subtypes. (icr.ac.uk)
Gene manifestation profiling of G7 and G26 shows they are consultant of different GBM subtypes (Verhaak et al. (epothilone-b.com)

Activation of oncogenes or silencing of tumor suppressor genes may be the result of long lasting inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)

Bisulfite sequencing was used for CpG regions around selected RNAs. (ox.ac.uk)

What are the results of the prostate cancer screening portion of PLCO? (cancer.gov)
Data from the PLCO trial showed that six rounds of annual screening for prostate cancer compared with community-based screening practices led to finding more prostate cancers, but did not translate into fewer prostate cancer deaths up to 10 years after the start of screening. (cancer.gov)
Annual random surveys of men in the usual-care group showed more men getting prostate cancer screening tests each year, up to 52 percent by the last year of trial screening. (cancer.gov)
Both groups had few deaths from prostate cancer, which is a reflection of good treatment practices in the United States and a healthy volunteer effect. (cancer.gov)
Seven years after the start of screening, there were 50 deaths from prostate cancer in the screening group and 44 deaths in the usual-care group. (cancer.gov)
The vast majority of men in both groups of the PLCO trial who developed prostate cancer were diagnosed with stage II (out of IV) disease. (cancer.gov)
Men in both groups who were diagnosed with similar stages of prostate cancer generally received similar treatments for their disease even though the PLCO trial study design did not mandate specific therapies. (cancer.gov)
The men will continue to be followed by study staff for at least 13 years from their entry onto the trial to track for the development of prostate cancer and other trial endpoints of lung and colorectal cancer. (cancer.gov)
Thus, this epigenetic alteration is now considered as a cancer biomarker but could as well play a driving role in multistep cancer development, especially well documented in prostate cancer development. (frontiersin.org)
Detecting prostate cancer at a non-aggressive stage is the main goal of prostate cancer screening. (biomedcentral.com)
Because early-stage prostate cancer has no symptom, it is often found at an advanced stage. (biomedcentral.com)
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by prostate gland and based on elevated blood PSA level in prostate cancer patients, PSA screening was developed. (biomedcentral.com)
Both Taxotere and Capecitabine have shown anti-cancer activity against various cancers including prostate cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
Prostate cancer is a significant health problem among American men. (biomedcentral.com)
Environmental factors, especially the diet, play a prominent role in the epidemic of prostate cancer (PCA), in the United States. (elsevier.com)
The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer , prostate cancer , colorectal cancer , and stomach cancer . (cloudfront.net)
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men. (mhmedical.com)
Although no hereditary prostate cancer genes have been cloned, familial clustering data and segregation analyses are consistent with the existence of dominant high-risk alleles for prostate cancer. (mhmedical.com)
Polymorphic variants of the androgen receptor and other genes involved in androgen metabolism that differ in their biologic activity may modulate risk for prostate cancer or for the tendency to develop more aggressive forms of this disease. (mhmedical.com)
In 1990, prostate cancer became the most common form of cancer (other than skin cancer) diagnosed in the U.S. male. (mhmedical.com)
In 1997, over 200,000 new prostate cancer cases were diagnosed, accounting for over 35 percent of all cancers affecting men, and over 40,000 deaths resulted from this disease. (mhmedical.com)
In recent years, green tea and its major polyphenolic constituent, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has received much attention as a promising chemopreventive agent for prostate cancer. (grantome.com)
With the 'proof of principle'more structurally-related non- toxic compounds could be developed in future for prevention of prostate cancer in humans. (grantome.com)
Objectives To identify genetic markers to predict biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy and in a separate study to assess methylation, an epigenetic change, in metastatic prostate cancer cell lines. (ucl.ac.uk)
PC3, LNCaP and DU145 metastatic prostate cancer cell lines and control cell lines were cultured in the demethylating agent 5-Aza-2 deoxycytidine (5AzaCdR), in parallel with untreated cells. (ucl.ac.uk)
RT-PCR demonstrated p2 HAhLClpl was expressed at low or undetectable levels in metastatic prostate cancer cell lines but was reactivated by treatment with 5AzaCdR. (ucl.ac.uk)
The inhibition of the STAT1 signalling pathway by methylation of the p21WAF1 IPI promoter may inactivate the p21WAFiClpl tumour suppressor gene in prostate cancer. (ucl.ac.uk)
Our current focus is on prostate cancer. (garvan.org.au)

Our CpG microarray products can meet the needs of global measurement to the greatest extent. (bio-microarray.com)
Methods: Using methylated CpG island amplification-microarray (MCAM), a genome-wide DNA methylation analysis, 41 lung adenocarcinomas (AdCas) were analyzed. (aacrjournals.org)
The microarray platforms were UNC_AgilentG4502A_07_3 and Illumina Infinium Human DNA Methylation 27 (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) for gene expression and DNA methylation, respectively. (genominfo.org)
We performed gene expression microarray and DNA methylation array analyses for Nthy/WT and Nthy/V600E cells. (e-ceo.org)
In the past few years many studies have exploited microarray technology to investigate gene expression profiles ( GEP s) in CRC, but no established signature has been found that is useful for clinical practice, especially for predicting prognosis. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

As one of the driving forces behind the cellular detoxification machinery, glutathione S -transferases (GSTs) and especially the pi class glutathione S -transferase P1 (GSTP1) is currently in the focus of the cancer research community, evaluating the relevance of GSTP1 epimutations for cancer development and its potential as a major epigenetic cancer biomarker. (frontiersin.org)
We also show that SFRP1 may be a potential biomarker for colorectal cancer survival. (genominfo.org)
Therefore, hLHX6-HMR can be used as an effective and sensitive methylation biomarker for early diagnosis of cervical cancer. (sookmyung.ac.kr)
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) methylation has emerged as a promising biomarker for early cancer detection, tumor type classification, and treatment response monitoring. (diagenode.com)
In locally advanced rectal cancer a preoperative predictive biomarker is necessary to adjust treatment specifically for those patients expected to suffer relapse. (elsevier.com)

The distal promoter is upstream of the gene and may contain additional regulatory elements with a weaker influence. (wikipedia.org)
Hypermethylation of the gene regulatory regions is documented for many cancer diseases. (sibenzyme.com)
In this work we applied GLAD-PCR assay for identifi cation of the methylated RCGY sites in the regulatory regions of some downregulated genes associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). (sibenzyme.com)
Methylation status of regulatory regions of a number of tumor supressor genes has been determined by this method in comparison with the similar data obtained by previously proposed method of BlsI- and GlaI-PCR analysis. (sibenzyme.com)
An applicability of MteI-PCR analysis has been shown by analysis of methylation status of CEBPD, HS3ST2, RASSF1A, SEPT9b and TWIST1 genes regulatory regions. (sibenzyme.com)
The obtained data confirm a full methylation of the studied ACGT and GCGC sites in the regulatory regions of the HDAC4 and URB1 genes and a complete hydrolysis of these sites with GlaI. (sibenzyme.com)
In an EBV-positive cell line expressing all latent genes, we identified binding sites for EBNA 3C at and and in a distal regulatory region between and and repression by EBNA 3C. (z-fa-fmk.net)
B: Scheme showing the regulatory regions of the mouse Csf1r gene. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
Through a series of targeted deletions we report that AN7909.4 is not only necessary but evidently sufficient for orsellinic acid production without the requirement of a regulatory or tailoring gene. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
We divided the 19 analyzed genes into two groups, structural genes and regulatory genes. (ppar-signal.com)

ARMC5 is considered as a tumor suppressor gene regulating apoptosis and steroidogenesis by unknown mechanisms. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
The mechanisms responsible for the malignant transformation in cases of long-lasting viral infection differ according to the particular virus and cancer and have been extensively studied. (biomedcentral.com)
Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor and pro-apoptotic genes is one of the mechanisms of development of resistance to anticancer drugs ( 1 , 2 ). (iiarjournals.org)
Only by understanding the mechanisms of these effects can we develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cancers mediated by LRP1. (biomedcentral.com)
The mechanisms underlying the effects each of these smoking methods on specific cancer types are currently under investigation. (who.int)
Our results also suggest that for some SNPs associated with bladder cancer, nearby methylation changes may be part of the underlying mechanisms of effect. (washington.edu)
Despite recent reports implicating members from the subfamily as potential tumor suppressors in the lung generally by virtue of their decreased appearance, the mechanisms where these genes are suppressed in individual NSCLC remain poorly understood. (pik-75.info)
Epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, which is principally involved in gene silencing, and plays a key role in maintaining cellular differentiation. (ersjournals.com)
In addition to genetic variations, epigenetic mechanisms are regarded as important factors that alter gene expression. (aspetjournals.org)

Thus, it was not the determining mechanism for the decrease of the expression of these genes observed in the SHPT. (revistadeosteoporosisymetabolismomineral.com)

The most beneficial characterized of these target genes will be the metallothioneins. (pde-inhibitors.com)

Interestingly, the virus strains sequenced in China (Wuhan) in February 2020 contained on average one CpG dinucleotide more in their genome than the later strains from the USA (New York) sequenced in May 2020. (inflammation.ru)

Thus, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has concluded that H. pylori is a class I human carcinogen 2 . (nature.com)
Normal cell function depends on the maintenance of epigenome homeostasis, which further highlights the many reported associations between epigenome perturbations and human diseases, especially cancer. (bio-microarray.com)
Functional human genes typically exhibit epigenetic conservation PLoS One. (usc.edu)
Visualizing Human Colorectal Cancer Intratumor Heterogeneity with Phylogeography iScience. (usc.edu)
[3] In the developing world , 15% of cancers are due to infections such as Helicobacter pylori , hepatitis B , hepatitis C , human papillomavirus infection , Epstein-Barr virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (cloudfront.net)
EBV alters human gene expression in ways that could contribute to the unique pathobiology of virus-associated cancer. (greenmedinfo.com)
In order to study human cancer biology, genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of cancer are derived from either overexpressing oncogenes or silencing tumor suppressors. (fredhutch.org)
We hope to be able to use this new information to better understand human cancer and develop more faithful mouse models to help identify therapies to increase cure rates for patients with cancer. (fredhutch.org)
2013. Fundamental differences in promoter CpG island DNA hypermethylation between human cancer and genetically engineered mouse models of cancer. (fredhutch.org)
Large population-based studies of human cancer in the San Francisco Bay Area and State of California form a basis for examining the origin of these cancers, with a focus on future prevention. (ucsf.edu)
We identified six to seven thousand methylated CpG islands in normal human brain. (omicsdi.org)
We next analyzed methylation and expression levels of the genes in human LUSCs. (pik-75.info)
Cancer is ranked as one of the top killers in all human diseases and continues to have a devastating effect on the population around the globe. (sciweavers.org)
DNA methylation status on CpG islands of the p16, human MutL homologue 1 (hMLH1), von-Hippel Lindau (VHL) and thrombospondin-1 (THBS-1) genes and the methylated in tumor (MINT) -1, -2, -12, -25 and -31 clones and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 expression were examined by bisulfite modification and immunohistochemistry, respectively. (elsevier.com)
Initial, can human being Enecadin cancer cells with aneuploid genomes be successfully reprogrammed highly? (epothilone-b.com)
Researchers say there may be similar, human genes whose effects on lifespan vary by sex. (the-scientist.com)
Human endometrial cancer cell line HEC-1-A is TGF β sensitive. (1library.net)
The human CSF1R gene is composed of a total of 22 exons, of which the first exon is non-coding and where the remaining 21 exons (starting with exon 2) encode for the CSF1R protein. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
Obviously, during the frst steps of the microevolution of SARS-CoV-2 in the human population, natural selection tends to select viral genomes containing fewer CpG motifs that do not trigger a strong innate immune response, so the infected person has moderate symptoms and spreads SARS-CoV-2 more readily. (inflammation.ru)
Structural variants on 8p, such as copy number variants, microdeletions or microduplications, might also contribute to autism, schizophrenia and other human diseases including cancer. (embracepassiontoprofits.com)

Unlike protein-coding genes that may span multiple CpG islands, the genes may be shorter than a CpG island, and in some cases, multiple genes (i.e., a gene cluster) may be located within or flanking a single CpG island (Additional file 1: Table S1). (gdc-0068.net)

Expression of miR-195 and MEK1 in patients with bladder cancer and their relationship to prognosis. (e-century.us)
The evaluation of the association of BC with DNA methylation showed that the hypermethylation was parallel with the muscle invasion, increased tumor stage and grade, poor prognosis, and cancer-associated mortality. (onkder.org)
Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) assay is a traditional useful method for diagnosis and monitoring of HCC, but the application of AFP for liver cancer is unsatisfactory, and it is not sufficient to predict the prognosis for HCC patients effectively ( 8 ). (por-journal.com)
A network analysis to identify mediators of germline-driven differences in breast cancer prognosis. (uio.no)
Though being the most prevalent malignancy, breast cancer lacks effective prevention measures, which renders therapies and prognosis essential. (questioz.org)
The prognosis of stomach cancer is generally poor as this cancer is not very sensitive to commonly used chemotherapies. (oncotarget.com)
This structure is normally extended by the further sequential action of glycosytransferases to build more complex linear or branched O-linked structures, but in cancers it is frequently left unelaborated, and its presence is often associated with poor patient prognosis. (brookes.ac.uk)
We applied whole genome methylation CpG island array analyses to an initial set of patients (n=11) to identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs) that separate a good from a bad prognosis group. (elsevier.com)
Insulin-like growth factor 2 messenger RNA binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) is a marker of unfavourable prognosis in colorectal cancer. (harvard.edu)

ARMC5, is considered as a tumor suppressor gene controlling apoptosis and regulating steroidogenesis. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Background: The tumor suppressor gene TMS1 (target of methylation-induced silencing) has been described in the literature as a pro-apoptotic gene. (iiarjournals.org)
For many years von HippelLindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene (TSG) was the only TSG associated with ccRCC pathogenesis (9). (docksci.com)
The most studied tumor-suppressor gene is p53, which is mutated in over 50 percent of all cancer types. (cuny.edu)

Many tests can identify a cancer when it is small, but only a large-scale clinical trial can prove that a test will reduce a person's chance of dying from the disease. (cancer.gov)
Historically, colorectal cancer classification was only based on clinical and pathological features. (nih.gov)
Its clinical impact (~13% of all pediatric cancer mortality) has made this aggressive malignancy the focus of a considerable translational research effort. (intechopen.com)
To address these issues we developed MEXPRESS, a straightforward and easy-to-use web tool for the integration and visualization of the expression, DNA methylation and clinical TCGA data on a single-gene level ( http://mexpress.be ). (biomedcentral.com)
Here we introduce MEXPRESS, an intuitive web tool for the fast and straightforward querying and visualization of the clinical, expression and methylation data in TCGA and the relationship between these datasets on a single-gene level. (biomedcentral.com)
Refining colorectal cancer classification and clinical stratification through a single-cell atlas. (icr.ac.uk)
It is an all but too common story to hear of a compound that showed great promise when tested in a mouse model of cancer only to fail when tested in patients,' according to Dr. Scott Diede in the Clinical Research Division. (fredhutch.org)
This notion is supported by recent case-control study (Int. J. Cancer 108:130-5, 2004);clinical trial (Cancer Res. (grantome.com)
Knowledge about this pediatric cancer can be discovered not only with laboratory results and clinical trials, but also by analyzing the data contained in the electronic health records (EHRs) of patients. (codata.org)
Clinical profile of patients with IL-6 gene expression and its methylation. (reumatologiaclinica.org)
After that, we evaluated the relationship between gene expression and methylation, as well as their relationship with clinical specification. (reumatologiaclinica.org)
The study utilized immunochemistry, in situ hybridization (ISH), and gene rearrangement to confirm the disease and and performed a clinical follow up for each case. (biomedcentral.com)

TMS1 (target of methylation induced silencing), also known as ASC (apoptosis speck-like protein containing a CARD) has been described in the literature as a gene which encodes a protein containing a pyrin domain (PYD) in the N -terminus and a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) in the C -terminus. (iiarjournals.org)
iTRAQ Based Quantitative Proteomics Approach Validated the Role of Calcyclin Binding Protein (CacyBP) in Promoting Colorectal Cancer Metastasis. (ciclosdelicias.com)
Protooncogenes and developmental protein-coding genes were included. (e-ceo.org)
FAM189 (family with sequence similarity 189) family consists of three protein-coding members including FAM189A1, FAM189A2 and FAM189B, which are paralog genes of each other. (por-journal.com)
This analysis led to the identification of a promoter CpG island methylation of LDL receptor-related protein 12 (LRP12) associated with increased resistance to carboplatin. (mpg.de)
The first CSF1R intron contains a transcriptionally inactive ribosomal protein L7 processed pseudogene that is oriented in the opposite direction of the CSF1R gene itself. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
The inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 4A ( INK4A ) gene encode the p16 protein, a critical cell cycle regulator that interacts with cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 4, inhibiting its ability to phosphorylate and inactivate RB [ 12 , 13 ]. (intechopen.com)
C. elegans unc-4 gene encodes a homeodomain protein that determines the pattern of synaptic input to specific motor neurons. (vanderbilt.edu)

Anatomy13

Organisms3

Diseases37

Chemicals and Drugs65

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment53

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes68

Disciplines and Occupations5

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science9

Named Groups1

Health Care24

Geographicals15

CpG Islands

DNA Methylation

Islands

Promoter Regions, Genetic

Dinucleoside Phosphates

Gene Silencing

Azacitidine

Epigenesis, Genetic

Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic

Sulfites

Rhode Island

Early Detection of Cancer

Pacific Islands

Indian Ocean Islands

Base Sequence

DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase

DNA, Neoplasm

Molecular Sequence Data

Breast Neoplasms

Stomach Neoplasms

Colonic Neoplasms

Cell Line, Tumor

Prostatic Neoplasms

Genome, Human

Colorectal Neoplasms

DNA Modification Methylases

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Ovarian Neoplasms

Genes, Tumor Suppressor

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Lung Neoplasms

Neoplasm Proteins

Neoplasms

Methylation

Gene Expression Profiling

Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis

RNA, Messenger

Microsatellite Instability

Neoplasm Metastasis

Genes, p16

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Neoplasm Invasiveness

Mutation

Pancreatic Neoplasms

Genes, Neoplasm

Tumor Markers, Biological

Prognosis

Tumor Suppressor Proteins

DNA

Mice, Nude

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16

Prince Edward Island

Carcinoma

Mediterranean Islands

Transcription, Genetic

Cytosine

Phenotype

Transcription Initiation Site

Cancer Vaccines

Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements

Epigenomics

Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

Deoxyribonuclease HpaII

Genetic Predisposition to Disease

Disease Progression

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell

Survival Analysis

Exons

Genomic Imprinting

Glutathione S-Transferase pi

Down-Regulation

Survival Rate

Neoplasm Staging

DNA Primers

Receptors, Estrogen

Cell Transformation, Neoplastic

Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf

5-Methylcytosine

Histones