CpG Islands: Areas of increased density of the dinucleotide sequence cytosine--phosphate diester--guanine. They form stretches of DNA several hundred to several thousand base pairs long. In humans there are about 45,000 CpG islands, mostly found at the 5' ends of genes. They are unmethylated except for those on the inactive X chromosome and some associated with imprinted genes.DNA Methylation: Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction using S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE as the methyl group donor.Islands: Tracts of land completely surrounded by water.Promoter Regions, Genetic: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.Dinucleoside Phosphates: A group of compounds which consist of a nucleotide molecule to which an additional nucleoside is attached through the phosphate molecule(s). The nucleotide can contain any number of phosphates.Gene Silencing: Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels.Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.Epigenesis, Genetic: A genetic process by which the adult organism is realized via mechanisms that lead to the restriction in the possible fates of cells, eventually leading to their differentiated state. Mechanisms involved cause heritable changes to cells without changes to DNA sequence such as DNA METHYLATION; HISTONE modification; DNA REPLICATION TIMING; NUCLEOSOME positioning; and heterochromatization which result in selective gene expression or repression.Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.Rhode IslandEarly Detection of Cancer: Methods to identify and characterize cancer in the early stages of disease and predict tumor behavior.Pacific Islands: The islands of the Pacific Ocean divided into MICRONESIA; MELANESIA; and POLYNESIA (including NEW ZEALAND). The collective name Oceania includes the aforenamed islands, adding AUSTRALIA; NEW ZEALAND; and the Malay Archipelago (INDONESIA). (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p910, 880)Indian Ocean Islands: Numerous islands in the Indian Ocean situated east of Madagascar, north to the Arabian Sea and east to Sri Lanka. Included are COMOROS (republic), MADAGASCAR (republic), Maldives (republic), MAURITIUS (parliamentary democracy), Pemba (administered by Tanzania), REUNION (a department of France), and SEYCHELLES (republic).Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE to the 5-position of CYTOSINE residues in DNA.DNA, Neoplasm: DNA present in neoplastic tissue.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Breast Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.Stomach Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.Colonic Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the COLON.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Prostatic Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.Genome, Human: The complete genetic complement contained in the DNA of a set of CHROMOSOMES in a HUMAN. The length of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs.Colorectal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.DNA Modification Methylases: Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They are responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern, on either adenine or cytosine residues, in a specific short base sequence in the host cell's own DNA. This methylated sequence will occur many times in the host-cell DNA and remain intact for the lifetime of the cell. Any DNA from another species which gains entry into a living cell and lacks the characteristic methylation pattern will be recognized by the restriction endonucleases of similar specificity and destroyed by cleavage. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Ovarian Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.Genes, Tumor Suppressor: Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. They are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. When tumor suppressor genes are inactivated or lost, a barrier to normal proliferation is removed and unregulated growth is possible.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Lung Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.Neoplasm Proteins: Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis: Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Microsatellite Instability: The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. It is a form of genome instability associated with defects in DNA MISMATCH REPAIR.Neoplasm Metastasis: The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.Genes, p16: Tumor suppressor genes located on human chromosome 9 in the region 9p21. This gene is either deleted or mutated in a wide range of malignancies. (From Segen, Current Med Talk, 1995) Two alternatively spliced gene products are encoded by p16: CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P16 and TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P14ARF.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Neoplasm Invasiveness: Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Pancreatic Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).Genes, Neoplasm: Genes whose abnormal expression, or MUTATION are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS.Tumor Markers, Biological: Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.Prognosis: A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.Tumor Suppressor Proteins: Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Mice, Nude: Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16: A product of the p16 tumor suppressor gene (GENES, P16). It is also called INK4 or INK4A because it is the prototype member of the INK4 CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITORS. This protein is produced from the alpha mRNA transcript of the p16 gene. The other gene product, produced from the alternatively spliced beta transcript, is TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P14ARF. Both p16 gene products have tumor suppressor functions.Prince Edward Island: An island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence constituting a province of Canada in the eastern part of the country. It is very irregular in shape with many deep inlets. Its capital is Charlottetown. Discovered by the French in 1534 and originally named Ile Saint-Jean, it was renamed in 1799 in honor of Prince Edward, fourth son of George III and future father of Queen Victoria. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p981 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p433)Carcinoma: A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)Mediterranean Islands: Scattered islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The chief islands are the Balearic Islands (belong to Spain; Majorca and Minorca are among these), Corsica (belongs to France), Crete (belongs to Greece), CYPRUS (a republic), the Cyclades, Dodecanese and Ionian Islands (belong to Greece), MALTA (a republic), Sardinia and SICILY (belong to Italy). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p747)Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Transcription Initiation Site: The first nucleotide of a transcribed DNA sequence where RNA polymerase (DNA-DIRECTED RNA POLYMERASE) begins synthesizing the RNA transcript.Cancer Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent or treat cancer. Vaccines are produced using the patient's own whole tumor cells as the source of antigens, or using tumor-specific antigens, often recombinantly produced.Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements: Highly repeated sequences, 6K-8K base pairs in length, which contain RNA polymerase II promoters. They also have an open reading frame that is related to the reverse transcriptase of retroviruses but they do not contain LTRs (long terminal repeats). Copies of the LINE 1 (L1) family form about 15% of the human genome. The jockey elements of Drosophila are LINEs.Epigenomics: The systematic study of the global gene expression changes due to EPIGENETIC PROCESSES and not due to DNA base sequence changes.Urinary Bladder Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.Deoxyribonuclease HpaII: One of the Type II site-specific deoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.21.4). It recognizes and cleaves the sequences C/CGG and GGC/C at the slash. HpaII is from Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Several isoschizomers have been identified. EC 3.1.21.-.Genetic Predisposition to Disease: A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.Carcinoma, Squamous Cell: A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Survival Analysis: A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.Exons: The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.Genomic Imprinting: The variable phenotypic expression of a GENE depending on whether it is of paternal or maternal origin, which is a function of the DNA METHYLATION pattern. Imprinted regions are observed to be more methylated and less transcriptionally active. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)Glutathione S-Transferase pi: A glutathione transferase that catalyzes the conjugation of electrophilic substrates to GLUTATHIONE. This enzyme has been shown to provide cellular protection against redox-mediated damage by FREE RADICALS.Down-Regulation: A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.Neoplasm Staging: Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Receptors, Estrogen: Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estrogens and migrate to the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. Evaluation of the state of estrogen receptors in breast cancer patients has become clinically important.Cell Transformation, Neoplastic: Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf: A raf kinase subclass found at high levels in neuronal tissue. The B-raf Kinases are MAP kinase kinase kinases that have specificity for MAP KINASE KINASE 1 and MAP KINASE KINASE 2.5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.Histones: Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.United States Virgin Islands: A group of islands in the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies, the three main islands being St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John. The capital is Charlotte Amalie. Before 1917 the U.S. Virgin Islands were held by the Danish and called the Danish West Indies but the name was changed when the United States acquired them by purchase.Drug Resistance, Neoplasm: Resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures.Uterine Cervical Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung: A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Microsatellite Repeats: A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).Melanesia: The collective name for the islands of the Pacific Ocean northeast of Australia, including NEW CALEDONIA; VANUATU; New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, Admiralty Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, FIJI, etc. Melanesia (from the Greek melas, black + nesos, island) is so called from the black color of the natives who are generally considered to be descended originally from the Negroid Papuans and the Polynesians or Malays. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p748 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p344)Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15: An INK4 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor containing four ANKYRIN-LIKE REPEATS. INK4B is often inactivated by deletions, mutations, or hypermethylation in HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS.Chromatin: The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.DNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.Chromosome Mapping: Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.Alleles: Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Micronesia: The collective name for islands of the Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines, including the Mariana, PALAU, Caroline, Marshall, and Kiribati Islands. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p761 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p350)Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.Rectal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.Geography: The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic: Antimetabolites that are useful in cancer chemotherapy.Death-Associated Protein Kinases: A family of calcium/calmodulin-dependent PROETIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES. They are ubiquitously expressed in adult and embryonic mammalian tissues, and their functions are tightly related to the early stages of eukaryotic programmed cell death.Cadherins: Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. Cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (E- for epithelial, N- for neural, and P- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or N-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). Cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.Oligodeoxyribonucleotides: A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.Risk: The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols: The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.HCT116 Cells: Human COLORECTAL CARCINOMA cell line.Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.National Cancer Institute (U.S.): Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. Through basic and clinical biomedical research and training, it conducts and supports research with the objective of cancer prevention, early stage identification and elimination. This Institute was established in 1937.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Models, Genetic: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Endometrial Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.Base Composition: The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.Tumor Suppressor Protein p53: Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.MicroRNAs: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.Esophageal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.Registries: The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers.Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays: In vivo methods of screening investigative anticancer drugs, biologic response modifiers or radiotherapies. Human tumor tissue or cells are transplanted into mice or rats followed by tumor treatment regimens. A variety of outcomes are monitored to assess antitumor effectiveness.RNA, Small Interfering: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.Neoplasm Recurrence, Local: The local recurrence of a neoplasm following treatment. It arises from microscopic cells of the original neoplasm that have escaped therapeutic intervention and later become clinically visible at the original site.Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.Channel Islands: A group of four British islands and several islets in the English Channel off the coast of France. They are known to have been occupied prehistorically. They were a part of Normandy in 933 but were united to the British crown at the time of the Norman Conquest in 1066. Guernsey and Jersey originated noted breeds of cattle. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p242)Loss of Heterozygosity: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair, resulting in abnormal HEMIZYGOSITY. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the ALLELES was deleted.Breast: In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)United StatesPolymorphism, Genetic: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit: A transcription factor that dimerizes with the cofactor CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain.Risk Assessment: The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing: A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymesTransfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Receptor, erbB-2: A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in a variety of ADENOCARCINOMAS. It has extensive homology to and heterodimerizes with the EGF RECEPTOR, the ERBB-3 RECEPTOR, and the ERBB-4 RECEPTOR. Activation of the erbB-2 receptor occurs through heterodimer formation with a ligand-bound erbB receptor family member.Survivors: Persons who have experienced a prolonged survival after serious disease or who continue to live with a usually life-threatening condition as well as family members, significant others, or individuals surviving traumatic life events.Prostate-Specific Antigen: A glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of both normal and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.Precancerous Conditions: Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Neoplasm Transplantation: Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.Kaplan-Meier Estimate: A nonparametric method of compiling LIFE TABLES or survival tables. It combines calculated probabilities of survival and estimates to allow for observations occurring beyond a measurement threshold, which are assumed to occur randomly. Time intervals are defined as ending each time an event occurs and are therefore unequal. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1995)Cluster Analysis: A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.Multivariate Analysis: A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.Polynesia: The collective name for the islands of the central Pacific Ocean, including the Austral Islands, Cook Islands, Easter Island, HAWAII; NEW ZEALAND; Phoenix Islands, PITCAIRN ISLAND; SAMOA; TONGA; Tuamotu Archipelago, Wake Island, and Wallis and Futuna Islands. Polynesians are of the Caucasoid race, but many are of mixed origin. Polynesia is from the Greek poly, many + nesos, island, with reference to the many islands in the group. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p966 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p426)Cell Proliferation: All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.Alu Elements: The Alu sequence family (named for the restriction endonuclease cleavage enzyme Alu I) is the most highly repeated interspersed repeat element in humans (over a million copies). It is derived from the 7SL RNA component of the SIGNAL RECOGNITION PARTICLE and contains an RNA polymerase III promoter. Transposition of this element into coding and regulatory regions of genes is responsible for many heritable diseases.Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.Transplantation, Heterologous: Transplantation between animals of different species.Genes, BRCA1: A tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) located on human CHROMOSOME 17 at locus 17q21. Mutations of this gene are associated with the formation of HEREDITARY BREAST AND OVARIAN CANCER SYNDROME. It encodes a large nuclear protein that is a component of DNA repair pathways.Falkland Islands: A British colony in the Atlantic Islands, comprising two principal islands, East Falkland and West Falkland. Its capital is Stanley. Discovered in 1592, it was not occupied until the French settled there briefly in 1764. Later the English settled there but were expelled by the Spanish in 1770. The Falklands were claimed by Argentina but were occupied in 1833 by the British who, after an April 1982 invasion by Argentina, regained them in June. The islands were named by British Captain John Strong in 1690 for the fifth Viscount Falkland who financed Strong's expedition. The Spanish name for the islands, Malvinas, is from the French Malouins, inhabitants of St. Malo who attempted to colonize the islands in 1764. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p389 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p182)Receptors, Progesterone: Specific proteins found in or on cells of progesterone target tissues that specifically combine with progesterone. The cytosol progesterone-receptor complex then associates with the nucleic acids to initiate protein synthesis. There are two kinds of progesterone receptors, A and B. Both are induced by estrogen and have short half-lives.Repressor Proteins: Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.Reunion: One of the Indian Ocean Islands, east of Madagascar. Its capital is Saint-Denis. It was discovered in 1507 by the Portuguese and claimed by France in 1638. It was first colonized in 1662 as Isle de Bourbon but renamed Reunion in 1793. In 1946 it was made an overseas department of France. The name commemorates the reunion of the revolutionaries from Marseilles with the National Guard in Paris in 1792. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1011; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p454; French Embassy)Genetic Variation: Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.Disease-Free Survival: Period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease.Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.Up-Regulation: A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Combined Modality Therapy: The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Genome: The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Acetylation: Formation of an acetyl derivative. (Stedman, 25th ed)RNA, Neoplasm: RNA present in neoplastic tissue.Smoking: Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.Reproducibility of Results: The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.DNA Mutational Analysis: Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Genes, p53: Tumor suppressor genes located on the short arm of human chromosome 17 and coding for the phosphoprotein p53.Hydroxamic Acids: A class of weak acids with the general formula R-CONHOH.Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.Head and Neck Neoplasms: Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the URINARY BLADDER and the URETHRA. It secretes a substance that liquefies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the PUBIC SYMPHYSIS, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the RECTUM.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Introns: Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.Chemotherapy, Adjuvant: Drug therapy given to augment or stimulate some other form of treatment such as surgery or radiation therapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy is commonly used in the therapy of cancer and can be administered before or after the primary treatment.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21: A specific pair of GROUP G CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.ras Proteins: Small, monomeric GTP-binding proteins encoded by ras genes (GENES, RAS). The protooncogene-derived protein, PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS), plays a role in normal cellular growth, differentiation and development. The oncogene-derived protein (ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS)) can play a role in aberrant cellular regulation during neoplastic cell transformation (CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC). This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.Mouth Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.JapanRestriction Mapping: Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.Mice, Inbred C57BLNeoplastic Stem Cells: Highly proliferative, self-renewing, and colony-forming stem cells which give rise to NEOPLASMS.X Chromosome: The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.Neoplasm Grading: Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the level of CELL DIFFERENTIATION in neoplasms as increasing ANAPLASIA correlates with the aggressiveness of the neoplasm.Antigens, Neoplasm: Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.Tamoxifen: One of the SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS with tissue-specific activities. Tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the ENDOMETRIUM.Medical Oncology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of neoplasms.Toll-Like Receptor 9: A pattern recognition receptor that binds unmethylated CPG CLUSTERS. It mediates cellular responses to bacterial pathogens by distinguishing between self and bacterial DNA.DNA-Cytosine Methylases: Methylases that are specific for CYTOSINE residues found on DNA.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
"Discovery of novel hypermethylated genes in prostate cancer using genomic CpG island microarrays". PLoS ONE. 4 (3): e4830. doi: ... 2008). "Candidate gene/loci studies in cleft lip/palate and dental anomalies finds novel susceptibility genes for clefts". ... 2009). "BMP7 influences proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells". Cancer Lett. 275 (1): 35-43. doi: ... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP7 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TGF-β superfamily ...
... in cancer typically occurs at multiple CpG sites in the CpG islands that are present in the promoters of protein coding genes. ... Distal promoters also frequently contain CpG islands, such as the promoter of the DNA repair gene ERCC1, where the CpG island- ... The presence of multiple methylated CpG sites in CpG islands of promoters causes stable silencing of genes. Silencing of a gene ... Generally, in progression to cancer, hundreds of genes are silenced or activated. Although silencing of some genes in cancers ...
For example, in colorectal cancers about 600 to 800 genes are transcriptionally silenced by CpG island methylation (see ... In vertebrates, the majority of gene promoters contain a CpG island with numerous CpG sites. When many of a gene's promoter CpG ... The latter (heterochromatin) includes gene-poor regions such as telomeres and centromeres but also regions with normal gene ... catalyses the transcription of all rRNA genes except 5S. These rRNA genes are organised into a single transcriptional unit and ...
For example, in colorectal cancers about 600 to 800 genes are transcriptionally silenced by CpG island methylation (see ... In vertebrates, the majority of gene promoters contain a CpG island with numerous CpG sites. When many of a gene's promoter CpG ... Similarly, enhancers can regulate more than one gene without linkage restriction and are said to "skip" neighboring genes to ... thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of ...
For example, in colorectal cancers about 600 to 800 genes are transcriptionally inhibited by CpG island methylation (see ... In vertebrates, the majority of gene promoters contain a CpG island with numerous CpG sites. When many of a gene's promoter CpG ... The stretch of DNA transcribed into an RNA molecule is called a transcription unit and encodes at least one gene. If the gene ... Telomerase is often activated in cancer cells to enable cancer cells to duplicate their genomes indefinitely without losing ...
Contained within the promoter region of the gene are three CpG islands. These imprint regions function in the regulation of ... A different type of malformation in the gene also has the potential to cause a variety of cancers. ... Neuronatin (Nnat) is a protein coding gene involved in mammalian brain development. It is located on Chromosome 20 in humans ... PMC 3276664 . Joseph, Rajiv Madathiparambil (15 December 2013). "Neuronatin gene: Imprinted and misfolded: Studies in Lafora ...
"De novo CpG island methylation in human cancer cells". Cancer Research. 66 (2): 682-92. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1980. PMID ... "Differential requirement for DNA methyltransferase 1 in maintaining human cancer cell gene promoter hypermethylation". Cancer ... "DNMT1 and DNMT3b cooperate to silence genes in human cancer cells". Nature. 416 (6880): 552-6. doi:10.1038/416552a. PMID ... "Entrez Gene: DNMT1 DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1". Rountree MR, Bachman KE, Baylin SB (July 2000). "DNMT1 binds HDAC2 ...
2005). "Activation of human cancer/testis antigen gene, XAGE-1, in tumor cells is correlated with CpG island hypomethylation". ... a short major transcript of cancer/testis-associated gene XAGE-1, induced in melanoma metastasis". Int. J. Cancer. 97 (2): 195- ... This gene is a member of the XAGE subfamily, which belongs to the GAGE family. The GAGE genes are expressed in a variety of ... 2000). "XAGE-1, a new gene that is frequently expressed in Ewing's sarcoma". Cancer Res. 60 (17): 4752-5. PMID 10987281. ...
In numerous cancers, the CpG islands of selected genes are aberrantly methylated (hypermethylated) which results in ... Esteller M, Corn PG, Baylin SB, Herman JG (April 2001). "A gene hypermethylation profile of human cancer". Cancer Res. 61 (8): ... There are 3 types of tumor suppressor genes: Genes that affect cell growth Genes that limit the cell cycle and induce apoptosis ... "Hypermethylation of multiple genes in tumor tissues and voided urine in urinary bladder cancer patients". Clin. Cancer Res. 8 ( ...
... strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island". ... are very common in cancers, and are ordinarily even more frequent than mutational defects in DNA repair genes in cancers. DNA- ... "Mutational analysis of thirty-two double-strand DNA break repair genes in breast and pancreatic cancers". Cancer Res. 68 (4): ... They were also found in 10% of breast and pancreatic cancers. Reductions in expression of DNA repair genes (usually caused by ...
... strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island". ... UNG and SMUG1 genes in familial colorectal cancer predisposition". BMC Cancer. 6: 243. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-6-243. PMC 1624846 ... NEIL1 was also one of six DNA repair genes found to be hypermethylated in their promoter regions in colorectal cancer. While ... When 8 DNA repair genes were evaluated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors, 42% were hypermethylated in the NEIL1 ...
... strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island". ... FANCF appears to be one of about 26 DNA repair genes that are epigenetically repressed in various cancers (see Cancer ... are very common in cancers, and are most often much more frequent than mutational defects in DNA repair genes in cancers. (Also ... DNA damage appears to be the primary underlying cause of cancer, and deficiencies in expression of DNA repair genes appear to ...
"Silencing effect of CpG island hypermethylation and histone modifications on O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene ... In a cancer, multiple DNA repair genes are often found to be simultaneously repressed. In one example, involving MGMT, Jiang et ... Only a minority of sporadic cancers with a DNA repair deficiency have a mutation in a DNA repair gene. However, a majority of ... Jin J, Xie L, Xie CH, Zhou YF (2014). "Aberrant DNA methylation of MGMT and hMLH1 genes in prediction of gastric cancer". Genet ...
J. Cancer. 124 (11): 2677-82. doi:10.1002/ijc.24231. PMID 19170207. Human CACNA2D3 genome location and CACNA2D3 gene details ... Analysis of methylation in the CACNA2D3 CpG island may have potential as a biomarker for risk of development of metastatic ... Number of studies reported an association between methylation of the CACNA2D3 gene and cancer. Methylation-dependent ... and CACNA2D3 gene methylation is a useful prognostic marker for patients with advanced gastric cancer. Physical exercise was ...
Methylation of a CpG island in the 5' promoter region of the caveolin-1 gene in human breast cancer cell lines". FEBS Lett. 448 ... Caveolin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAV2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a major component of ... 1999). "Molecular genetics of the caveolin gene family: implications for human cancers, diabetes, Alzheimer disease, and ... "Entrez Gene: CAV2 caveolin 2". Breuza, Lionel; Corby Séverine; Arsanto Jean-Pierre; Delgrossi Marie-Hélène; Scheiffele Peter; ...
The drastic increase is the result of DNA hypomethylation of a CpG island in the 5' promoter of the MAGE-A11 gene. Cyclic AMP ... It is observed on spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes, and in some prostate and breast cancers. This gene is a member of ... The promoters and first exons of the MAGEA genes show considerable variability, suggesting that the existence of this gene ... MAGE-A genes have several noncoding exons followed by one protein-coding exon. MAGEA11 is mapped to the human chromosome X, ...
... silencing of microRNA-34b/c and B-cell translocation gene 4 is associated with CpG island methylation in colorectal cancer". ... 2009). "Frequent promoter hypermethylation and transcriptional downregulation of BTG4 gene in gastric cancer". Biochem. Biophys ... Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 43 (1): 1-10. doi:10.1002/gcc.20159. PMID 15672409. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. ( ... Cancer Res. 68 (11): 4123-32. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-0325. PMID 18519671. Tirone F (2001). "The gene PC3(TIS21/BTG2), ...
CpG island of the mitotic stress checkpoint gene Chfr in colorectal and non-small cell lung cancer". Carcinogenesis. 24 (1): 47 ... 2002). "Chfr expression is downregulated by CpG island hypermethylation in esophageal cancer". Carcinogenesis. 23 (10): 1695-9 ... 2004). "Inactivating mutations targeting the chfr mitotic checkpoint gene in human lung cancer". Cancer Res. 63 (21): 7185-9. ... "Entrez Gene: CHFR checkpoint with forkhead and ring finger domains". Human CHFR genome location and CHFR gene details page in ...
In a normal cell, the bulk genome is highly methylated at CpGs whereas CpG islands (CPI) at gene promoter regions remain highly ... Aberrant DNAm is the most common type of molecular abnormally in cancer cells, where the bulk genome because globally ' ... including CpG islands and surrounding sequences), but also covers with a lower density across the gene bodies, 3′ untranslated ... The array still only covers less than 2% of the CpG sites in the genome, but does attempt to cover all known genes with a high ...
... of CpG islands upstream of tumor supressor genes in order to silence them seems to be criticial for these type of cancers. So ... Therefore, cancer cells which divide much more rapidly than most other cells in the body will be more severely affected by ... In cancer cells, and more specifically in haematological malignancies, it seems that DNA hypermethylation is really critical ... Dunn, J; Thabet, S; Jo, H (July 2015). "Flow-Dependent Epigenetic DNA Methylation in Endothelial Gene Expression and ...
... including CpG islands, shores, and shelves as well as promoters, gene bodies, and intergenic regions. Cancer is also a major ... Epigenetic repression of DDR genes occurs more frequently than gene mutation in many types of cancer (see Cancer epigenetics). ... One major source of epigenetic change is altered methylation of CpG islands at the promoter region of genes (see DNA ... found that passenger genes, with chromosomal proximity to tumor suppressor genes, are collaterally deleted in some cancers. ...
"CpG island promoter hypermethylation of the Ras-effector gene NORE1A occurs in the context of a wild-type K-ras in lung cancer ... Ras association domain-containing protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASSF5 or F5 gene. This gene is a ... breakpoint-spanning genes LSAMP and NORE1 are involved in clear cell renal cell carcinomas". Cancer Cell. 4 (5): 405-13. doi: ... "Entrez Gene: RASSF5 Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family 5". Ortiz-Vega S, Khokhlatchev A, Nedwidek M, Zhang XF, Dammann ...
... including the expressed gene EMS1". Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 6 (4): 222-31. doi:10.1002/gcc.2870060406. PMID 7685625. Daly RJ ... "Amplified region of chromosome band 11q13 in breast and squamous cell carcinomas encompasses three CpG islands telomeric of ... including the expressed gene EMS1". Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 6 (4): 222-31. doi:10.1002/gcc.2870060406. PMID 7685625. Maruyama ... "Amplified region of chromosome band 11q13 in breast and squamous cell carcinomas encompasses three CpG islands telomeric of ...
Cancer cells show a significant increase in the accumulation of methylation in CpG islands in the promoter region of p16. This ... gene are associated with increased risk of a wide range of cancers and alterations of the gene are frequently seen in cancer ... "A systematic review of hypermethylation of p16 gene in esophageal cancer". Cancer Biomarkers. 13 (4): 215-26. doi:10.3233/CBM- ... On one end, the hypermethylation, mutation, or deletion of p16 leads to downregulation of the gene and can lead to cancer ...
The inactivation of this gene was found to be correlated with the hypermethylation of its CpG-island promoter region. The ... Loss or altered expression of this gene has been associated with the pathogenesis of a variety of cancers, which suggests the ... Cervical cancer is known to be one of the most severe forms of cancer and is frequently associated with human papilloma virus ( ... Ras association domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASSF1 gene. This gene encodes a ...
About 50% of miRNA genes are associated with CpG islands,[64] that may be repressed by epigenetic methylation. Transcription ... Epigenetic alterations of DNA repair genes or cell cycle control genes are very frequent in sporadic (non-germ line) cancers, ... "Role of nucleosomal occupancy in the epigenetic silencing of the MLH1 CpG island". Cancer Cell. 12 (5): 432-44. PMC 4657456 . ... CpG sites are frequently mutated and become rare in the genome, except at CpG islands where they remain unmethylated. ...
Mapping of ER Gene CpG Island Methylation by Methylation-specific Polymerase Chain Reaction. Rena G. Lapidus, Sharyl J. Nass, ... Mapping of ER Gene CpG Island Methylation by Methylation-specific Polymerase Chain Reaction ... Mapping of ER Gene CpG Island Methylation by Methylation-specific Polymerase Chain Reaction ... Mapping of ER Gene CpG Island Methylation by Methylation-specific Polymerase Chain Reaction ...
Our results show that siRNA targeted to the CpG island of the CDKNA gene is able to knock-down gene expression. Expression ... Abstract #4221: siRNAs targeted to the CpG island region of the CDKN2A gene cause transcriptional gene silencing. Ugur ... Recent studies indicate that siRNAs targeted to CpG islands of many genes can lead to transcriptional gene silencing. In this ... Abstract #4221: siRNAs targeted to the CpG island region of the CDKN2A gene cause transcriptional gene silencing ...
Promoter CpG Island Methylation of Genes in Key Cancer Pathways Associates with Clinical Outcome in High-Grade Serous Ovarian ... Promoter CpG Island Methylation of Genes in Key Cancer Pathways Associates with Clinical Outcome in High-Grade Serous Ovarian ... Promoter CpG Island Methylation of Genes in Key Cancer Pathways Associates with Clinical Outcome in High-Grade Serous Ovarian ... Promoter CpG Island Methylation of Genes in Key Cancer Pathways Associates with Clinical Outcome in High-Grade Serous Ovarian ...
PC tissues had HOPX gene hypermethylation as compared to the corresponding normal pancreas tissues, and its uniqueness was ... we for the first time examined methylation level of HOPX and tested the functional relevance in pancreatic cancer (PC). ... characterized by tumor-specific promoter DNA hypermethylation in human cancers, and it can remarkably inhibit tumors ... expression of HOPX which is consistent with promoter DNA hypermethylation may explain aggressive phenotype of pancreatic cancer ...
DNA repair genes are frequently repressed in cancers due to hypermethylation of CpG islands within their promoters. In head and ... CpG islands (or CG islands) are regions with a high frequency of CpG sites. Though objective definitions for CpG islands are ... Unlike CpG sites in the coding region of a gene, in most instances the CpG sites in the CpG islands of promoters are ... 2 Methylation, silencing, cancer, and aging *2.1 CpG islands in promoters. *2.2 Methylation of CpG islands stably silences ...
5′ CpG island methylation is associated with transcriptional silencing of the tumor suppressor p16/CDKN2/MTS1 in human cancers. ... A comparison of the ARF and INK4a CpG islands revealed that the CpG density of the ARF CpG island (number of CpG sites/bp = ... Sp1 sites in the mouse Aprt gene promoter are required to prevent methylation of the CpG island.Genes Dev. 8 1994 2282 2292 ... CpG islands are regions rich in the CpG dinucleotide which are often associated with genes and are normally kept unmethylated ...
Definitive molecular cytogenetic characterization of 15 colorectal cancer cell lines. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010;49:204-23. ... Analysis of promoter CpG island hypermethylation in cancer: location, location, location! Clin Cancer Res 2011;17:4225-31. ... CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999;96:8681-6. ... CpG island methylator phenotype-low (CIMP-low) in colorectal cancer: possible associations with male sex and KRAS mutations. J ...
Altered gene expression profiles define pathways in colorectal cancer cell lines affected by celecoxib. Cancer Epidemiol ... CpG island methylator phenotype in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4:988-93. ... Ethnicity and risk for colorectal cancers showing somatic BRAF V600E mutation or CpG island methylator phenotype. Cancer ... associations with promoter CpG island hypermethylation in colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18:3086-96. ...
Epigenetic Control of Gene Expression. This week well bring together much of what weve learned in previous weeks of the ... this methylation at CpG islands thats found in cancer.. So this is, tends to be called CpG island hypermethylation, or CGI ... CPG island, so you dont see methylation in general at CPG islands. ... 7.2 Hypermethylation of CpG islands in cancer. To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web ...
In CRC, epigenetic changes, in particular promoter CpG island methylation, occur more frequently than genetic mutations. ... is a common malignancy and the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. It results from the accumulation of multiple ... over 600 candidate hypermethylated genes have been identified. Over the past decade, a deeper understanding of epigenetics ... contributes to carcinogenesis by inducing transcriptional silencing or downregulation of tumour suppressor genes and currently ...
This study describes the methylation status of TMS1/ASC and CASP8 genes in cervical cancer. We also examined the prevalence of ... The methylation pattern of the TMS1/ASC and CASP8 genes in specimens of cervical cancer and adjacent normal tissues were ... The present study conclude that the frequency of TMS1/ASC and CASP8 genes methylation in cervical cancer are rare (< 6%), and ... TMS1/ASC and CASP8 genes methylation in cervical cancer tissue and none - neo plastic samples in an effort to correlate with ...
... hypomethylation of CpG islands in promoters can result in gene over-expression. In cancers, loss of expression of genes occurs ... Genes can be silenced by multiple methylation of CpG sites in the CpG islands of their promoters. Even if silencing of a gene ... about 600 to 800 heavily methylated CpG islands occur in promoters of genes in the tumors while these CpG islands are not ... of bladder cancers, 88% of stomach cancers, 74% of thyroid cancers, 40%-90% of colorectal cancers and 50% of brain cancers. ...
... diet-gene interactions and promoter CpG island hypermethylation in colorectal cancer. Cancer Causes & Control, 22(1), 1-12. ... diet-gene interactions and promoter CpG island hypermethylation in colorectal cancer., Cancer Causes & Control, vol. 22, no. 1 ... diet-gene interactions and promoter CpG island hypermethylation in colorectal cancer. In: Cancer Causes & Control. 2011 ; Vol. ... diet-gene interactions and promoter CpG island hypermethylation in colorectal cancer. Cancer Causes & Control. 2011 Jan 1;22(1 ...
Systematic CpG Islands Methylation Profiling of Genes in the Wnt Pathway in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Identifies Biomarkers of ... Systematic CpG Islands Methylation Profiling of Genes in the Wnt Pathway in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Identifies Biomarkers of ... We aimed to evaluate DNA methylation at promoter CpG islands (CGI) of Wnt pathway genes in ovarian tumors at presentation and ... Robert Cancer Research UK ; Ovarian Cancer Action The study was financially supported by Cancer Research UK and Ovarian Cancer ...
Some single gene examples include MLH1 in colorectal cancer and BRCA1 in breast cancer. Hypermethylated CpG islands also act as ... gene revived the idea of the hypermethylation of the CpG island promoter being a mechanism to inactivate genes in cancer. ... CpG island hypermethylation is an epigenetic control aberration that is important for gene inactivation in cancer cells. ... called CpG island methylator prototype, or CIMP. Higher levels of CpG island hypermethylation are found in CIMP. The frequent ...
CpG island methylator phenotype associates with low-degree chromosomal abnormalities in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008 ... DNA copy-number alterations underlie gene expression differences between microsatellite stable and unstable colorectal cancers ... CpG island methylator phenotype, microsatellite instability, BRAF mutation and clinical outcome in colon cancer. Gut 2009;58:90 ... CpG island methylator phenotype-low (CIMP-low) in colorectal cancer: possible associations with male sex and KRAS mutations. J ...
... a humanized monoclonal anti VEGF-A antibody-is now used as anti-angiogenic drug in several forms of cancers, yet with variable ... CpG rich regions, called CpG islands are mainly located in gene promoter regions and other genomic regulatory loci, and are ... Ferreira, H.J.; Esteller, M. CpG Islands in Cancer: Heads, Tails, and Sides. Methods Mol. Biol. 2018, 1766, 49-80. [Google ... The human colon cancer methylome shows similar hypo- and hypermethylation at conserved tissue-specific CpG island shores. Nat. ...
These CGIs are enriched at genes, about 60% of all genes in the human genome containing a CpG island upstream [2]. The ... Role of nucleosomal occupancy in the epigenetic silencing of the MLH1 CpG island. Cancer Cell. 2007;12:432-444. [PubMed] ... CpG island coordinates CGIs genomic coordinates were obtained from the UCSC GB CpgIslandExt track. In this track CpG islands ... To estimate the methylation of each CpG island we calculated the mean of all CpGs methylation values into a CpG island. We were ...
... and can also be used for diagnosing cancer in a patient. This method uses the gene for azurin from P. aeruginosa as an ... The present invention includes specific CpG DNAs from Pseudomonas aeruginosa that are useful for treating cancer and other ... These methods may be used to express therapeutic or diagnostic proteins near cancer cells in a patient suffering from cancer or ... The present invention further relates to methods to express proteins near cancer cells. ...
Significant differential methylation was validated in the CpG islands of 15 genes (P. CONCLUSION: Methylation changes of GFRA1 ... Breast Cancer. BNIP3 and Breast Cancer. View Publications. 18. Prostate Cancer. BNIP3 and Prostate Cancer. View Publications. ... Gene Summary. Cancer Overview. Specific Cancers (4). Useful Links. Latest Publications. Found this page useful? ... International Cancer Genome Consortium.. Summary of gene and mutations by cancer type from ICGC ...
Epigenetic modification at CpG islands located on the promoter regions of tumor-suppressor genes has been associated with tumor ... Lung Cancer. CADM1 and Lung Cancer. View Publications. 24. Lung Cancer, Non-Small Cell. CADM1 and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. ... Gene Summary. Cancer Overview. Specific Cancers (3). Useful Links. Latest Publications. Found this page useful? ... sum of all methylated CpG islands in %/total number of CpG islands (MAL n=4; CADM1 n=3)].. RESULTS: In total, 30 clinical ...
Aberrant DNA methylation of CpG islands has been widely observed in human colorectal tumors and is associated with gene ... Department of Surgery, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90089-9176 ... CpG island methylator phenotype underlies sporadic microsatellite instability and is tightly associated with BRAF mutation in ... A subset of colorectal tumors has an exceptionally high frequency of methylation of some CpG islands, leading to the suggestion ...
Cancer Res. 2014 Jul 1;74(13):3617-3629. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-3147. Epub 2014 May 1. Research Support, N.I.H., ... Analysis was performed for promoters overlapping with CpG islands. The Pearson correlations between 5mC and H3K4me3 data sets ... The numbers of genes in each subgroup are indicated.. D. Bivalent genes, which become activated in colorectal cancer and are ... Promoters of genes longer than 2 kb were sorted by cancer-associated H3K4me3 changes. Each row represents a gene promoter. Red ...
Autophagy has also been found to play an important role in colorectal cancer, where it seems to have a pro-survival or pro- ... In this paper we discuss the dual role of autophagy in colorectal cancer and review evidence showing that modulation of ... The study of key players involved in autophagy might contribute to the design of new approaches for colorectal cancer, ... consisting in combined therapies capable of modifying cancer-specific metabolism rather than simply evoking a generic apoptotic ...
To resolve inconsistencies among the reported gene expression-based CRC classifications and facilitate clinical translation, we ... Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a frequently lethal disease with heterogeneous outcomes and drug responses. ... CpG Islands * DNA Copy Number Variations / genetics * DNA Methylation * Gene Expression Profiling ... The Consensus Molecular Subtypes of Colorectal Cancer Nat Med. 2015 Nov;21(11):1350-6. doi: 10.1038/nm.3967. Epub 2015 Oct 12. ...
PhenotypeTumor suppTumorsMethylatorTranscriptionalColorectal cancersGenomicDinucleotideMutationsPathwaysProteinsInactivationMutationAberrant methylationCIMPBiomarkersTarget genesChromatinTumourAbstractGenomeSites in the CpG islandAlterationsPromoter regionOncogenesMethylation of CpG islandsSilencingProgressionSquamous Cell CarcMicroarrayEpigenomicsBiomarkerOvarianSporadic colorectalHumanBreastSequenceRegions of genesGeneticDescribed in colorectal cancerColon cancerHypermethylation in colorectal cancerClinicalPancreatic
- Defective expression of HOPX which is consistent with promoter DNA hypermethylation may explain aggressive phenotype of pancreatic cancer, and intense expression of HOPX in the Langerhans cells may in turn uniquely contribute to pancreatic carcinogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Folate or vitamin B6 were neither inversely associated with CRC nor was methyl donor intake associated with the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP).Despite the absence of heterogeneity across genotypes, might an effect of methyl donors on CRC be more pronounced among individuals carrying common variants of folate metabolizing enzymes or DNA methyltransferases. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
- However, little is known on prognostic significance of histopathologic lymphoid reaction to tumor, independent of the number of lymph nodes examined and tumoral molecular alterations, including microsatellite instability (MSI) and the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), both of which are associated with lymphocytic reaction and clinical outcome. (aacrjournals.org)
- However, little is known on prognostic significance of lymphocytic reaction to tumor, independent of the number of lymph nodes and tumoral molecular alterations (including microsatellite instability and the CpG island methylator phenotype). (aacrjournals.org)
- To our knowledge, this is the first large study to show the influence of lymphocytic reaction on clinical outcome independent of lymph node count and molecular features including BRAF mutation,microsatellite instability, CpG island methylator phenotype, and long interspersed nucleotide element-1 hypomethylation, all of which are potential confounders. (aacrjournals.org)
- CpG island methylator phenotype underlies sporadic microsatellite instability and is tightly associated with BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer. (nih.gov)
- CpG island methylator phenotype association with upregulated telomerase activity in hepatocellular carcinoma," International Journal of Cancer , vol. 123, no. 5, pp. 998-1004, 2008. (hindawi.com)
- Aims CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) involves the targeting of multiple genes by promoter hypermethylation, and the cell-cycle regulatory proteins often change in human neoplasms. (bmj.com)
- these tumors have the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). (scialert.net)
- In the broader context of deciphering mechanistic links between genotype and the phenotype, we have developed mechanism-aware statistical models to identify functional genotype-gene expression (i.e., functional eQTL) links. (cancer.gov)
- We find that tumors with a microsatellite instable (MSI) phenotype are enriched in genes with repeat instability, and that tumor genomes have significantly more genes with repeat instability compared to healthy tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
- This two day meeting will convene experts in tumor immunology, cancer genetics and computational biology to discuss the links between tumor genotype, immune phenotype and patient response, with the overarching goal of advancing the development of novel cancer immunotherapies. (nyas.org)
- Researchers are currently working to understand why these patients live longer and how to transfer this knowledge over into effective treatment options for patients without a Glioma CpG Island Methylator Phenotype. (brighthub.com)
- 2010). Identification of a CpG Island Methylator Phenotype that Defines a Distinct Subgroup of Glioma. (brighthub.com)
- Burbee D. C., Forgacs E., Zochbauer-Muller S. Epigenetic Inactivation of RASSF1A in Lung and Breast Cancer and Malignant Phenotype Suppression // National Cancer Institute. (gramota.net)
- Identification of an atypical etiological head and neck squamous carcinoma subtype featuring the CpG island methylator phenotype. (stanford.edu)
- One atypical subtype was particularly genomically stable, but featured widespread gene silencing associated with the 'CpG island methylator phenotype' (CIMP). (stanford.edu)
- Lower prevalence of MGMT methylation among CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) positive tumors was found in glioblastomas from The Cancer Genome Atlas than in low grade and anaplastic glioma cohorts, while in CIMP-negative gliomas MGMT was classified as methylated in approximately 50 % regardless of tumor grade. (nih.gov)
- Although associations between certain genetic aberrations, such as BRAF mutation and microsatellite instability, and the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), have been found, the mechanisms by which these associations are established are still unclear. (altmetric.com)
- In this study, we investigated the effect of siRNAs targeted to the CpG island of CDKN2A, a frequently silenced tumor suppressor gene by CpG island methylation in various tumors. (aacrjournals.org)
- We have recently identified HOP hoemobox (HOPX) as a tumor suppressor gene candidate, characterized by tumor-specific promoter DNA hypermethylation in human cancers, and it can remarkably inhibit tumors' aggressive phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
- These findings suggest that the HOPX gene acts as a tumor suppressor gene. (biomedcentral.com)
- Methylation of specific CpG residues within a CpG island of a tumor suppressor gene may reflect gene silencing and indicate, at least in part, the expression status of the gene. (aacrjournals.org)
- The first discovery of methylation in a CpG island of a tumor suppressor gene in humans was that of the Retinoblastoma (Rb) gene in 1989. (wikipedia.org)
- Cancer epigenetic silencing in its current state was born in the labs of Baylin and Jones, where it was proven that CpG island hypermethylation was a common inactivation mechanism of the tumor suppressor gene p16INK4a. (wikipedia.org)
- Precise mapping of DNA methylation patterns in CpG islands has become essential for understanding diverse biological processes such as the regulation of imprinted genes, X chromosome inactivation, and tumor suppressor gene silencing in human cancer. (pnas.org)
- 14-3-3 sigma is a p53-regulated inhibitor of G2/M progression and acts as a tumor suppressor gene that is inactivated by methylation of its 5 ft. (fishersci.com)
- Identification of novel gene expression targets for the Ras association domain family 1 (RASSF1A) tumor suppressor gene in non-small cell lung cancer and neuroblastoma. (semanticscholar.org)
- Consequently, CTCF can now be seen as one of the epigenetic components that allows the proper configuration of tumor suppressor gene promoters. (biomedcentral.com)
- Mutations of the tumor suppressor gene SOCS-1 in classical Hodgkin lymphoma and primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma are frequent. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
- The RAS association domain family 1 ( RASSF1 ) gene is a tumor-suppressor gene located on chromosome 3p21.3. (arvojournals.org)
- 3 4 5 6 7 Monosomy 3 is highly correlated with decreased survival and metastatic disease, 8 9 suggesting the presence of a tumor suppressor gene ( TSG ) at this location. (arvojournals.org)
- Southern analysis has shown that DNA from 25% of primary estrogen receptor (ER) α-negative breast tumors displays aberrant methylation at one site within the ER gene CpG island. (aacrjournals.org)
- The island was unmethylated in normal breast tissue and ER-positive breast cancer cell lines, but extensively methylated in all ER-negative cell lines and breast tumors examined. (aacrjournals.org)
- In addition, some of the ER-positive/progesterone receptor-negative and ER-positive/progesterone receptor-positive tumors (about 70% and 35%, respectively) displayed methylation of the ER CpG island, suggesting that this heterogeneity within tumor cell populations could potentially shed light on the etiology of ER-negative recurrent tumors arising from ER-positive tumors. (aacrjournals.org)
- For instance, in colon tumors compared to adjacent normal-appearing colonic mucosa, about 600 to 800 heavily methylated CpG islands occur in promoters of genes in the tumors while these CpG islands are not methylated in the adjacent mucosa. (wikipedia.org)
- We aimed to evaluate DNA methylation at promoter CpG islands (CGI) of Wnt pathway genes in ovarian tumors at presentation and identify biomarkers of patient progression-free survival (PFS). (icr.ac.uk)
- Experimental Design: Epithelial ovarian tumors (screening study n = 120, validation study n = 61), prospectively collected through a cohort study, were analyzed by differential methylation hybridization at 302 loci spanning 189 promoter CGIs at 137 genes in Wnt pathways. (icr.ac.uk)
- The frequent hypermethylation of CpG islands in these tumors as well as their irregularity are ways to determine that hypermethylated CpGs differ by tumor type. (wikipedia.org)
- This gene is silenced in tumors by DNA methylation. (cancerindex.org)
- Aberrant DNA methylation of CpG islands has been widely observed in human colorectal tumors and is associated with gene silencing when it occurs in promoter areas. (nih.gov)
- To resolve this continuing controversy, we conducted a systematic, stepwise screen of 195 CpG island methylation markers using MethyLight technology, involving 295 primary human colorectal tumors and 16,785 separate quantitative analyses. (nih.gov)
- Loss of the polycomb mark from bivalent promoters leads to activation of cancer-promoting genes in colorectal tumors. (nih.gov)
- In colon tumors, the transcription of many genes becomes deregulated by poorly defined epigenetic mechanisms that have been studied mainly in established cell lines. (nih.gov)
- Overexpression of transcription factors like NF- κ B, which becomes constitutively active in most tumors, is principally responsible for the expression of these genes [ 15 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
- NVP-AEW541 also reduced cancer cell invasion both in vitro and in murine xenograft tumors via suppression of matrilysin. (scialert.net)
- Chemotherapy is often used after surgery to treat any tumors that are not easily removed during surgery and to stop any cancer cells spreading. (amazonaws.com)
- The immunophenotypes of the tumors and the cancer antigenome remain widely unexplored, and our findings represent a step toward the development of personalized cancer immunotherapies. (biomedcentral.com)
- Our results suggest that repeat instability in gene promoters and associated differential gene expression may play an important role in colorectal tumors, which is a first step towards the development of more effective molecular diagnostic approaches centered on repeat instability. (biomedcentral.com)
- It is these malignant properties that differentiate cancer from normal cells and benign tumors that tend to be self-limited, noninvasive and do not metastasize. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- A total of 22 (43%) cancers demonstrated microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H), while 27 were microsatellite stable (MSS) and 2 were microsatellite instability-low (MSH-L). Most of the MSI-H tumors were proximal, well differentiated and highly mucinous. (elsevier.com)
- Similar numbers of AA MSS tumors with p16 and hMLH1 methylation likely indicate hemimethylation of genes that might reflect environmental or genetic influences that might be more common in the AA population. (elsevier.com)
- The Cancer Genome Atlas plans to 'characterize more than 10,000 tumors across at least 20 tumor types' all by the year 2015. (brighthub.com)
- The CXCR4 gene is upregulated in several types of cancers, including skin, lung, pancreas, brain and breast tumors. (plos.org)
- In this study we examined the role of cytosine methylation in the regulation of CXCR4 expression in breast cancer cell lines and also correlated the methylation pattern with the clinicopathological aspects of sixty-nine primary breast tumors from a cohort of Brazilian women. (plos.org)
- CpG Island Methylation in Carcinoid and Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors // Oncogene. (gramota.net)
- Considering that tumor dissemination is an early event in breast cancer [ 7 ], genetic and epigenetic analysis of tumors and metastatic lesions could provide results for biomarker discovery and may improve diagnosis, prognosis and proper management of the treatment for breast cancer patients. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- In order to understand the role of CpG island hypermethylation in cancer, it is useful to consider a particular tumor type, called CpG island methylator prototype, or CIMP. (wikipedia.org)
- Recent studies indicate that siRNAs targeted to CpG islands of many genes can lead to transcriptional gene silencing. (aacrjournals.org)
- pRb binds to and inhibits a subset of transcriptional regulatory proteins termed the E2Fs, which then act as repressors of E2F target genes. (asm.org)
- Hypermethylation contributes to carcinogenesis by inducing transcriptional silencing or downregulation of tumour suppressor genes and currently, over 600 candidate hypermethylated genes have been identified. (mdpi.com)
- However, transcriptional silencing may be more important than mutation in causing gene silencing in progression to cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- Transcriptional repression in cancer can also occur by other epigenetic mechanisms, such as altered expression of microRNAs. (wikipedia.org)
- The association of transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes with hypermethylation is the foundation upon which this subset of cancer epigenetics stands. (wikipedia.org)
- Epigenetic gene silencing is the transcriptional repression of specific genes throughout growth and cellular differentiation [ 26 , 27 ]. (hindawi.com)
- MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, small, non-coding single-stranded RNAs about 22 nucleotides in length, which function at the post-transcriptional level as negative regulators of gene expression ( He and Hannon, 2004 ). (frontiersin.org)
- In this study, we demonstrate the use of MSP to identify promoter region hypermethylation changes associated with transcriptional inactivation in four important tumor suppressor genes (p16, p15, E-cadherin, and von Hippel-Lindau) in human cancer. (pnas.org)
- The conversion of cytosine to 5-methylcytosine in promoter-associated CpG islands can cause changes in chromatin structure and usually results in transcriptional silencing of the associated gene. (pnas.org)
- Virtually any step of gene expression can be modulated, from transcriptional initiation , to RNA processing , and to the post-translational modification of a protein. (wikipedia.org)
- Sridhar Hannenhalli is a computational biologist with broad interests in gene regulatory mechanisms and evolution, with special focus on eukaryotic transcriptional regulation. (cancer.gov)
- We are interested in generalizing synthetic lethality to other types of interactions, and more broadly, in characterizing the mutational and transcriptional landscape that lends itself to tumorigenic effects of well-established cancer-associated 'driver' mutations. (cancer.gov)
- In cancer , abnormal hypermethylation of gene promoter CpG islands can result in transcriptional silencing. (novusbio.com)
- DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B together form a protein complex that interacts with histone deacetylases (HDAC1, HDAC2, Sin3A), transcriptional repressor proteins (RB, TAZ-1) and heterochromatin proteins (HP1, SUV39H1), to maintain proper levels of DNA methylation and facilitate gene silencing (3-8). (cellsignal.com)
- These alterations lead to aberrant transcriptional regulation, which results in changes in the expression pattern of genes implicated in many cellular functions. (plos.org)
- Alternatively, hypermethylation of promoter-associated CpG islands has recently emerged as an important epigenetic mechanism leading to the transcriptional silencing of TSG s in cancer development, 10 including the development of uveal melanoma. (arvojournals.org)
- The contribution of aberrant DNA hypermethylation of cancer related genes to the transcriptional silencing and carcinogenesis has been demonstrated in different diseases including different cancer types [ 7 , 8 ]. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a class of small non-coding RNAs that act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. (iospress.com)
- Colorectal cancers typically have 3 to 6 driver mutations and 33 to 66 hitchhiker or passenger mutations that silence protein expression in the genes affected. (wikipedia.org)
- In colorectal cancers about 600 to 800 genes are transcriptionally silenced, compared to adjacent normal-appearing tissues, by CpG island methylation. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, of 113 colorectal cancers examined, only four had a missense mutation in the DNA repair gene MGMT, while the majority had reduced MGMT expression due to methylation of the MGMT promoter region. (wikipedia.org)
- Similarly, among 119 cases of mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancers that lacked DNA repair gene PMS2 expression, 6 had a mutation in the PMS2 gene, while for 103 PMS2 was deficient because its pairing partner MLH1 was repressed due to promoter methylation (PMS2 protein is unstable in the absence of MLH1). (wikipedia.org)
- As listed in one of the reviews, promoter hypermethylation of MGMT occurs frequently in a number of cancers including 93% of bladder cancers, 88% of stomach cancers, 74% of thyroid cancers, 40%-90% of colorectal cancers and 50% of brain cancers. (wikipedia.org)
- We have used the database of 843 colorectal cancers in two independent cohort studies, with available clinical information, adequate follow-up, and important molecular events in coloncancers. (aacrjournals.org)
- We investigated the aberrant methylation profile of potential tumor suppressor genes of p15, p16, SOCS-1, and Wnt signaling pathway in colorectal cancers and correlated the data with clinical findings. (spandidos-publications.com)
- We studied such methylation, as well as hMHS2 expression in colorectal cancers from AA patients to determine if MSI is associated with epigenetic silencing. (elsevier.com)
- A 2002 study revised the rules of CpG island prediction to exclude other GC-rich genomic sequences such as Alu repeats . (wikipedia.org)
- Using restriction landmark genomic scanning, a recent study identified TCF21 as candidate tumor suppressor at 6q23-q24 that is epigenetically inactivated in lung and head and neck cancers. (aacrjournals.org)
- By analyzing methylation data of 25 cell lines from the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Consortium, we compared the DNA methylation of CpG islands in genomic regions under selective pressure with the methylation of CpG islands in the remaining part of the genome. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- A part of all CpG sites present in the genome are clustered into CpG islands that are defined as genomic regions with increased CpG density. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Annotation of their genomic locations suggests that many miRNA genes are located within intergenic regions, though they are also found within exonic and intronic regions in either the sense or antisense orientation. (frontiersin.org)
- Genome Research ( www.genome.org ) publishes online and in print today a special issue entitled, "Cancer Genomics," highlighting insights gained form cutting-edge genomic and epigenomic analyses of cancer. (bio-medicine.org)
- Included in this special issue are novel biological insights gained from genomic analyses of pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, and melanoma, including, functional genomic analyses of breast cancer genes, large scale colorectal and breast cancer epigenomics, advances in methodology identifying driver genes and networks in cancer, in genome-wide cancer association analyses, and using next-generation sequencing technology to detect driver mutations. (bio-medicine.org)
- Next-generation sequencing technologies are ushering in a new era of discovery in cancer genomics, shedding light on the genomic alterations underlying various cancers. (bio-medicine.org)
- Whole-exome sequencing of human pancreatic cancers and characterization of genomic instability caused by MLH1 haploinsufficiency and complete deficiency. (bio-medicine.org)
- Most of the hypermethylated genomic blocks were located in gene body regions without CpG islands. (jci.org)
- Detecting somatic mutations from plasma DNA in advanced cancer patients may be potentially preferable when repeated tumor biopsies are not feasible and genomic analysis of archival tumor is deemed insufficient [ 9 ]. (mdpi.com)
- While large-scale cancer genomic projects are comprehensively characterizing the mutational spectrum of various cancers, so far little attention has been devoted to either define the antigenicity of these mutations or to characterize the immune responses they elicit. (biomedcentral.com)
- We identified a 600 bp region of the BRCA1 CpG island that possessed strong promoter activity (~40-fold above control), and determined the cytosine methylation patterns of the 30 CpG sites within this region by sodium bisulfite genomic sequencing. (elsevier.com)
- Background: Methylation of DNA at cytosine residues in mammalian cells is a heritable, epigenetic modification that is critical for proper regulation of gene expression, genomic imprinting and development (1,2). (cellsignal.com)
- In addition, hypomethylation of bulk genomic DNA correlates with and may contribute to the onset of cancer. (cellsignal.com)
- Established in 2006, The Cancer Genome Atlas is a massive collaboration of scientists working to elucidate the molecular and genomic basis of cancer . (brighthub.com)
- Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways. (brighthub.com)
- The Agilent Human CpG Island Microarray provides researchers with comprehensive, genome-wide insight into how DNA methylation changes may be correlated to critical biological development processes including cancer, genomic imprinting, gene. (selectscience.net)
- Unmethylated CpG dinucleotide sites can be detected by Toll-like receptor 9 ( TLR 9 ) on plasmacytoid dendritic cells , monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and B cells in humans. (wikipedia.org)
- CpG islands are characterized by CpG dinucleotide content of at least 60% of that which would be statistically expected (~4-6%), whereas the rest of the genome has much lower CpG frequency (~1%), a phenomenon called CG suppression . (wikipedia.org)
- Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides that contain several unmethylated cytosine-guanine dinucleotide (CpG-ODN) motifs are now recognized as promising adjuvants displaying mucosal adjuvant activity through direct activation of TLR9-expressing cells. (jove.com)
- Pyrosequencing enabled quantitative determination of DNA methylation of each CpG dinucleotide (a total of 43) in the TNS3 gene promoter. (diva-portal.org)
- The cytosine must be linked to guanine, with the guanine occurring at the 3 ′ ("three prime") end of the DNA molecule, in a formation that, in scientific notation , is expressed as 5 ′ -CG-3 ′ and is referred to as a CpG dinucleotide (with the "p" representing a phosphate group). (encyclopedia.com)
- The frequency of occurrence of the CpG dinucleotide in the genome is not random, as would be expected. (encyclopedia.com)
- Instead, the CpG dinucleotide is greatly under represented in eukaryotic genomes, occurring at approximately 5 to 10 percent of its predicted frequency, according to some estimates. (encyclopedia.com)
- DNA is typically methylated by methyltransferase enzymes on cytosine nucleotides in a CpG dinucleotide sequence (also called " CpG islands " when densely clustered). (wikipedia.org)
- In breast cancer, a dinucleotide CA-repeat within the first intron of the epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) gene correlates with the gene's transcription levels. (biomedcentral.com)
- In CRC, epigenetic changes, in particular promoter CpG island methylation, occur more frequently than genetic mutations. (mdpi.com)
- In cancers, loss of expression of genes occurs about 10 times more frequently by hypermethylation of promoter CpG islands than by mutations. (wikipedia.org)
- point out, in a colorectal cancer there are typically only about 3 to 6 driver mutations and 33 to 66 hitchhiker or passenger mutations. (wikipedia.org)
- We investigated gene mutations in colorectal patients and wanted to examine gender-specific differences. (springer.com)
- The female patients had significantly more gene mutations in BRAF (6.4 vs. 3.3%, OR 1.985, p = 0.006), TGF-β (4.7 vs. 2.5%, OR 1.887, p = 0.027), and revealed a MSI-high status (14.0 vs. 8.3%, OR 1.800, p = 0.001) than male patients. (springer.com)
- Gene mutations in BRAF, MSI-high status, and N-ras differ according to gender among patients with colorectal cancer. (springer.com)
- In addition, definite germline mutations of MMR genes were noted in 30 patients, and they were also excluded. (springer.com)
- Cancer is believed to arise through the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic mutations that give tumor cells an advantage over normal tissue, driving the proliferation and spread of disease. (bio-medicine.org)
- The whole-exome sequencing analysis showed how loss of one of the two copies of the MLH1 gene from the genome raised the rate of indel mutations ten-fold, which disrupted several well-known cancer genes, including TP53 . (bio-medicine.org)
- In terms of genetic risk factors, carriers of some BRCA mutations have an increased risk of ovarian cancer. (amazonaws.com)
- Colorectal cancer is a disease originating from the epithelial cells lining the colon or rectum of the gastrointestinal tract, most frequently as a result of mutations in the Wnt signaling pathway that increase signaling activity. (amazonaws.com)
- Transcriptome analysis of targeted mouse mutations reveals the topography of local changes in gene expression. (ucdavis.edu)
- Regulatory driver mutations in cancer. (cancer.gov)
- In the context of cancer, the focus has largely been on coding mutations and as such the role of regulatory mutations are only beginning to be deciphered. (cancer.gov)
- We are interested in developing mechanism-based models to identify functional, and potentially 'driver' regulatory mutations in cancer. (cancer.gov)
- COSMIC , the "Catalogue Of Somatic Mutations In Cancer" is an expert-curated database encompassing the wide variety of somatic mutation mechanisms causing human cancer ( http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk ). (sanger.ac.uk)
- Growing in both content and scope, COSMIC holds details on millions of mutations across thousands of cancer types. (sanger.ac.uk)
- Such molecular profiling includes point mutations, gene fusions, copy number annotations, structural breakpoints, gene expression and CpG island methylation variants. (sanger.ac.uk)
- The COSMIC group combines expert cancer scientists with experienced bioinformaticians to build the world's largest database of somatic mutations in human cancer. (sanger.ac.uk)
- COSMIC: exploring the world's knowledge of somatic mutations in human cancer. (sanger.ac.uk)
- COSMIC: mining complete cancer genomes in the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer. (sanger.ac.uk)
- Several studies reported gene expression changes associated with tandem repeat mutations in human carcinomas. (biomedcentral.com)
- BRCA1 mRNA is reduced in sporadic breast cancer cells despite the lack of mutations. (elsevier.com)
- Nearly all cancers arise gradually, resulting from the accumulation of abnormalities (mutations) in the cell's genetic material due to the effects of carcinogens, ionizing radiation, viral infection, errors in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication, or inherited defects. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- This accumulation of mutations in cells contributes to the invasive and metastatic properties of cancer cells as well as their ability to take up residence in an array of tissue environments. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Mutations in these genes result in their activation and lead to hyperactive cell growth and division, or a newfound protection against apoptosis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- An additional cause of cancer results from mutations occurring in tumor suppressors such as p53 and the retinoblastoma protein. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- 1 Usually in combination with other genetic changes, these mutations result in a loss or reduction in gene function and enable the cell to progress towards cancer. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Identification of specific genetic mutations in cancer. (brighthub.com)
- Scientists have been able to locate genetic mutations that are linked to particular cancers, such as breast and colon cancer. (brighthub.com)
- More importantly, by studying these specific mutations, scientists have been able to develop effective treatments for a limited range of cancers. (brighthub.com)
- Generally, cancer is described as a disease driven by progressive genetic abnormalities involving mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes as well as other chromosomal aberrations . (plos.org)
- The initial impulse to deal with AR gene mutations in prostate cancer came from the study of LNCaP cell line, derived from a metastatic lesion of the lymph node of a prostate cancer patient. (asiaandro.com)
- Further distinguishing features of this 'CIMP-Atypical' subtype include an antiviral gene expression profile associated with pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and CD8+ T cell infiltration, CASP8 mutations, and a well-differentiated state corresponding to normal SOX2 copy number and SOX2OT hypermethylation. (stanford.edu)
- We aimed to identify DNA methylation biomarkers of progression-free survival (PFS) to platinum-based chemotherapy in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) within biologically relevant ovarian cancer-associated pathways. (aacrjournals.org)
- Association with PFS of CpG island (CGI) promoter DNA methylation at genes in the pathways Akt/mTOR, p53, redox, and homologous recombination DNA repair was sought with PFS as the primary objective in a prospectively collected ovarian cancer cohort ( n = 150). (aacrjournals.org)
- The critical importance of this locus may lie in the involvement of its two gene products in two of the most important cell cycle regulatory pathways: ARF in the p53 pathway and INK4a in the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb) pathway (reviewed in references 16 and 27 ). (asm.org)
- Combining genotypes may assist to reveal diet associations with CRC, possibly because rare variants of related genes may collectively affect specific metabolic pathways or enzymatic functions. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
- What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
- Sophisticated programs of gene expression are widely observed in biology, for example to trigger developmental pathways , respond to environmental stimuli, or adapt to new food sources. (wikipedia.org)
- We are interested in investigating the dysregulation of genes and pathways in cancer in the background of disrupted epigenome and chromatin structures. (cancer.gov)
- Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analyses and genome-wide mRNA expression profiles of tumour cells isolated from orthotopic mammary xenografts were compared between the four lines to define both cell autonomous pathways and genes associated with metastatic proclivity. (biologists.org)
- Genes in well-studied cancer-associated signaling pathways also contain significantly more unstable repeats in tumor genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
- Genes with such unstable repeats in the tumor-suppressor p53 pathway have lower expression levels, whereas genes with repeat instability in the MAPK and Wnt signaling pathways are expressed at higher levels, consistent with the oncogenic role they play in cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
- Key pathways involved in prostate cancer based on gene set enrichment analysis and meta analysis. (thermofisher.com)
- Among its related pathways are Bladder cancer and p53 pathway (Pathway Interaction Database) . (genecards.org)
- Although our results indicate that a diversity of genetic changes are seen at relapse, integration of gene expression, CNA, and methylation data suggest a possible convergence on the WNT and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. (bloodjournal.org)
- To discover the underlying biologic pathways that may play a role in drug resistance and relapse, we have previously determined differences in gene expression and copy number in matched diagnosis/relapse paired samples. (bloodjournal.org)
- The products of the homeobox genes are highly connected with Ras-signalling and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways. (portlandpress.com)
- Recently, miR-21 is found to be aberrantly expressed in CRC and miR-21 has been recognized to perform significantly in CRC, where miR-21 can regulate several different target genes and pathways involving tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis. (iospress.com)
- Phosphorylation of pRb in these complexes allows the E2F proteins to transactivate their target genes, and their products then promote cell cycle progression (reviewed in reference 64 ). (asm.org)
- Hypermethylation is linked to methyl-binding proteins, DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylase, but the degree to which this process selectively silences tumor suppressor genes continues to remain a vibrant field of study. (wikipedia.org)
- The present invention further relates to methods to express proteins near cancer cells. (google.com)
- These methods may be used to express therapeutic or diagnostic proteins near cancer cells in a patient suffering from cancer or other conditions, and can also be used for diagnosing cancer in a patient. (google.com)
- This method uses the gene for azurin from P. aeruginosa as an expression system for azurin or heterologous proteins in P. aeruginosa or heterologous cells. (google.com)
- Like genes encoding proteins, miRNA genes are mainly transcribed by RNA polymerase II. (frontiersin.org)
- In the first review, Denis Noble from the University of Oxford, UK, argues for a fundamental shift in our understanding of inheritance and biological change that encompasses epigenetics, and he proposes that the current dogma - which places the nucleotide sequence of a gene as a template for proteins at its heart - is replaced with a more integrative approach (p. 7 ). (biologists.org)
- Noble also proposes that adaptation and evolution emerge through network-wide responses to change at all levels of biological organisation, from proteins and membranes to organelles and cells, rather than being driven by individual genes. (biologists.org)
- The molecular basis of epigenetic gene regulation is complex, but essentially involves modifications to the DNA itself or the proteins with which DNA associates. (jove.com)
- Hox proteins are encoded by genes usually clustered on the chromosome, with up to 39 genes in vertebrates that can be grouped into 13 paralog groups according to their phylogenetic origin and position within the Hox cluster. (univ-mrs.fr)
- Methylation is preserved during mitosis and meiosis, and it serves to silence genes (by blocking transcription factors or recruiting proteins that compact chromatin). (bcr.org)
- MSL Proteins and the Regulation of Gene Expression. (fishpond.com.au)
- These genes included those encoding coagulation factors and regulatory proteins in the coagulation cascade and genes encoding proteins associated with inflammatory responses. (biomedcentral.com)
- This gene encodes a protein similar to the RAS effector proteins. (genecards.org)
- Gene silencing associated with aberrant methylation of promoter region CpG islands is an acquired epigenetic alteration that serves as an alternative to genetic defects in the inactivation of tumor suppressor and other genes in human cancers. (biomedcentral.com)
- The role of epigenetic (gene inactivation) in tumorigenesis in gynecologic malignancies have been poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
- CpG island hypermethylation is an epigenetic control aberration that is important for gene inactivation in cancer cells. (wikipedia.org)
- The discovery of the methylation-associated inactivation of the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene revived the idea of the hypermethylation of the CpG island promoter being a mechanism to inactivate genes in cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- The role of DNA methylation in the control of mammalian gene expression has been the subject of intensive research in recent years, partly due to the critical role of CpG island methylation in the inactivation of tumour suppressor genes during the development of cancer. (biochemsoctrans.org)
- These events have been linked to mammalian development, imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation ( 3 ), suppression of parasitic DNA ( 4 ), and cancer etiology ( 5 - 8 ). (pnas.org)
- Aberrant promoter hypermethylation is a common mechanism for inactivation of tumor suppressor genes in cancer cells. (semanticscholar.org)
- The inactivation of this gene was found to be correlated with the hypermethylation of its CpG-island promoter region. (genecards.org)
- As a result, residual CpG islands are created in areas where methylation is rare, and CpG sites stick (or where C to T mutation is highly detrimental). (wikipedia.org)
- In sporadic cancers, a DNA repair deficiency is occasionally found to be due to a mutation in a DNA repair gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Our goal was to identify gender-specific molecular differences, especially current known colorectal-cancer-related gene mutation, in colorectal cancer, and determine its association with the side of tumor distribution. (springer.com)
- The authors describe how their study uncovered widely varying mutation rates between the cell lines, and notably, a significant correlation between loss of one copy of the MLH1 gene, involved in DNA repair, and the rate of small insertions and deletions (called "indels") in the genome of pancreatic cancer cell lines. (bio-medicine.org)
- Although loss of a copy of the chromosome region where MLH1 resides has been widely described in cancers, this is the first time that MLH1 has been associated with indel mutation rate. (bio-medicine.org)
- Inverse correlation between cyclin A1 hypermethylation and p53 mutation in head and neck cancer identified by reversal of epigenetic silencing. (semanticscholar.org)
- Hand-curation of key cancer genes (selected from the Cancer Gene Census ) provide in-depth detail on mutation distributions and effects, whilst semi-automated curation of cancer genomes provides broad somatic annotations toward target discovery and identification of patterns and signatures. (sanger.ac.uk)
- Upon selection of a gene from the Census for full expert curation, all papers mentioning its mutation in human cancer are collected and exhaustively curated before it is released into a new version of COSMIC. (sanger.ac.uk)
- Here is a news article concerning their findings but it appears Lamin A is a type of master regulatory gene that may trigger large scale systemic changes due to mutation over time. (longecity.org)
- The introduction of methylation-specific PCR and sodium bisulfite modification added tools to the belt of cancer epigenetics research, and the list of candidate genes with aberrant methylation of their CpG islands has been growing since. (wikipedia.org)
- Thus aberrant methylation of miRNA genes is a potentially useful biomarker for detecting cancer and predicting its outcome. (frontiersin.org)
- Rice, JC, Massey-Brown, KS & Futscher, BW 1998, ' Aberrant methylation of the BRCA1 CpG island promoter is associated with decreased BRCA1 mRNA in sporadic breast cancer cells ', Oncogene , vol. 17, no. 14, pp. 1807-1812. (elsevier.com)
- Aberrant methylation in the CpG island of SOCS1. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
- The contribution of aberrant methylation alterations of BMP6, BRCA1 and P16 genes in lymph node metastasis might provide a further clue to establish useful biomarkers for screening metastasis. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Higher levels of CpG island hypermethylation are found in CIMP. (wikipedia.org)
- Conclusions The results suggest that CIMP of a subset of cell-cycle regulatory genes has an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of ESCC. (bmj.com)
- We developed a gene expression classifier for the CIMP-Atypical subtype that could classify atypical disease features in two independent patient cohorts, demonstrating the reproducibility of this subtype. (stanford.edu)
- We'll then go on to discuss the potential therapeutic benefits that can come from using epigenetic biomarkers, and targeting epigenetic modifiers in cancer. (coursera.org)
- The work was supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) with a project (FIRB-ACCORDI DI PROGRAMMA 2011) entitled "Application of High-Throughput Technology Platforms for the Characterization of New Biomarkers and Molecular Targets in Nanovectors for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Cancer. (springer.com)
- While the realisation that methylation can trigger gene activation represents a paradigm shift in thinking, our other finding - that the prostate cancer genome contains domains that harbour multiple gene families, tumour related genes, microRNAs and cancer biomarkers - is equally important. (medicalxpress.com)
- Concentrating on molecular biomarkers in cancer research, Cancer Biomarkers publishes original research findings (and reviews solicited by the editor) on the subject of the identification of markers associated with the disease processes whether or not they are an integral part of the pathological lesion. (iospress.com)
- Since miRNAs have a role in the cancer development and HPV status may affect the miRNAs expression pattern in HNSCC, the specific of miRNAs' expression in HPV positive HNSCC may expound the role of HPV in HNSCC and be new biomarkers for the early detection of HNSCC. (iospress.com)
- Each miRNA negatively regulates its target genes in one of two ways, depending on the degree of complementarity between itself and its target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). (frontiersin.org)
- Aberrant promoter methylation of previously unidentified target genes is a common abnormality in medulloblastomas-implications for tumor biology and potential clinical utility," Oncogene , vol. 20, no. 36, pp. 5033-5042, 2001. (hindawi.com)
- Identification of novel target genes by an epigenetic reactivation screen of renal cancer. (semanticscholar.org)
- However, their direct target genes are still unknown. (dkfz.de)
- In collaboration with the group of Dr. Johannes Backs, Internal Medicine III of the University Heidelberg, we aim at the identification of novel, epigenetically deregulated heart failure target genes using state-of-the-art technologies like Methyl-CpG immunoprecipitation, microarray analysis, mass spectrometry, Next Generation Sequencing, mouse genetics (existing HDAC knockout mice) and experimental heart failure mouse models. (dkfz.de)
- The changes include histone modifications, CpG island methylations and chromatin reorganizations which can cause the stable silencing or activation of particular genes. (wikipedia.org)
- The active or silent gene states are controlled by the processes of addition or removal of chemical modifications in the chromatin [ 28 , 29 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Beginning with a historical perspective and important properties of CpG islands, the book continues with sections on computational and wet lab methods related to the study of DNA methylation, and in-depth protocols for the analysis of CpG island functional features including epigenetic profiling and chromatin interactions. (springer.com)
- We propose that the GSTP1 gene is initially silenced in the prostate cancer and random sites of methylation accumulate that result in subsequent hypermethylation and chromatin remodelling. (protocol-online.org)
- The lack of methylation in CpG islands leads to a less compact chromatin structure, and generally allows for active gene expression. (encyclopedia.com)
- Rb gene expression and protein abundance were assessed by RT-PCR and Western blotting in three different glioma cell lines, and DNA methylation of the promoter region was determined by sodium bisulfite sequencing, together with CTCF dissociation and methyl-CpG-binding protein incorporation by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. (biomedcentral.com)
- Baylin S. B., Esteller M., Rountree M. R. Aberrant Pattern of DNA Methylation, Chromatin and Gene Expression in Cancer // Human Molecular Genetics. (gramota.net)
- the tumour suppressor gene by locking in a silent inactive state. (coursera.org)
- Ectopic delivery of synthetic microRNA‐10b* in breast cancer cell lines or into xenograft mouse breast tumours inhibits cell proliferation and impairs tumour growth in vivo , respectively. (embopress.org)
- Understanding what triggers hypermethylation of tumour suppressor genes in cancer cells is critical if we are to discern the role of methylation in the oncogenic process. (protocol-online.org)
- One of the major epigenetic changes in human cancer is DNA methylation of tumour suppressor genes which leads to silencing of gene leading to disease progression. (omicsonline.org)
- PhD student Saul Bert and Professor Clark used gene expression profiling data and genome-wide sequencing technology from prostate tumour cells to determine which parts of the genome were epigenetically activated in prostate cancer. (medicalxpress.com)
- abstract = "Dietary methyl donors might influence DNA methylation during carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
- Significant loci were validated for associations between PFS, methylation, and gene expression in an independent The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data set of HGSOC ( n = 311). (aacrjournals.org)
- Initially, the presence of alterations in the profile of DNA methylation in cancer was seen as a global hypomethylation of the genome that would lead to massive overexpression of oncogenes with a normally hypermethylated CpG island. (wikipedia.org)
- Lately, this is considered as an incomplete scenario, despite the idea of the genome of the cancer cell undergoing a reduction of its 5-methylcytosine content when compared to its parent normal cell being correct. (wikipedia.org)
- In a normal cell, the CpG island is hypomethylated, and the rest of the genome is methylated. (wikipedia.org)
- Our findings suggest that the CpG islands in regions under selective pressure seem to be somehow more "protected" from methylation when compared with other regions of the genome. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- These CGIs are enriched at genes, about 60% of all genes in the human genome containing a CpG island upstream . (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- International Cancer Genome Consortium. (cancerindex.org)
- However, until sequencing costs are low enough such that whole-genome sequencing is routine, strategies such as whole-exome sequencing, in which protein-coding genes are selectively captured and analyzed, are being employed to detect gene variants that could be driving progression of diseases such as cancer. (bio-medicine.org)
- And before the human genome was decoded in 2000, it was common to hear talk of specific genes for this and that. (biologists.org)
- Explaining that the reductionist definition of biology that considers the genome as a blueprint that contains all of the essential information required to reconstruct an organism, Noble proposes an alternative framework: where genes are considered simply as templates that are activated when required by the cell network. (biologists.org)
- Tandem repeat instability and its effect on cancer phenotypes remain so far poorly studied on a genome-wide scale. (biomedcentral.com)
- Medical Xpress)-A new Australian study led by Professor Susan Clark from Sydney's Garvan Institute of Medical Research shows that large regions of the genome - amounting to roughly 2% - are epigenetically activated in prostate cancer. (medicalxpress.com)
- A previous study from Professor Clark's lab showed that similarly large regions of the prostate cancer genome are also epigenetically silenced, demonstrating a structured rearrangement of the cancer epigenome. (medicalxpress.com)
- Epigenetics looks at biochemical changes that affect how the genome is organised in the cell nucleus , which in turn controls how genes are expressed. (medicalxpress.com)
- Unlike other parts of the genome, there are dense clusters of CG pairs very close to gene start sites. (medicalxpress.com)
- We took a whole genome approach, looking at all the gene transcription start sites that included CpG islands. (medicalxpress.com)
- The increased expression is not just due to genetic amplification - but we now show is also due to unraveling of the cancer genome. (medicalxpress.com)
- DNA cytosine methylation is one of the major epigenetic gene silencing marks in the human genome facilitated by DNA methyltransferases. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Researchers are now moving toward large screening projects, which are often genome-wide studies, to identify the candidate genes involved in the biological question of interest. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- The Cancer Genome Atlas Project is a grand undertaking designed to not only understand cancer, but develop methods to effectively treat it. (brighthub.com)
- Funded by the NIH and NHGRI, the Cancer Genome Atlas Project is a massive collaboration of scientists from across the country. (brighthub.com)
- As a funny sidenote, the initials of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) correspond to the initials of the four DNA bases: thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and adenine (A). Who said scientists don't have a sense of humor? (brighthub.com)
- But why create The Cancer Genome Atlas Project now? (brighthub.com)
- Since its inception in 2006, The Cancer Genome Atlas has been surprisingly productive, publishing 21 scientific journal articles in that time. (brighthub.com)
- The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. (brighthub.com)
- Using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data, we inferred the homeobox-regulated genes' expression is higher in 548 GBM cases than in 27 lower grade glioma cases giving that OLIG2 expression can be a reference. (portlandpress.com)
- To investigate the determinants of clinical and molecular heterogeneity, we performed unsupervised clustering to classify 528 HNSCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) into putative intrinsic subtypes based on their profiles of epigenetically (DNA methylation) deregulated genes. (stanford.edu)
- Using DNA sequencing technique, we narrowed down a short CpG-rich segment (eight specific CpG sites in the CpG island within exon 1) of the TCF21 gene, which was unmethylated in normal lung epithelial cells but predominantly methylated in lung cancer cell lines. (aacrjournals.org)
- Thanks to recent advances in the analysis of the cancer epigenome, we now know that epigenetic alterations, including aberrant DNA methylation and histone modifications, are major causes of miRNA dysregulation in cancer. (frontiersin.org)
- Conversely, miRNA dysregulation is causally related to epigenetic alterations in cancer. (frontiersin.org)
- In addition, use of DNA assays for clinical medicine can be significantly sensitive and specific if cancer-specific DNA alterations are tested instead of elevation of circulating DNA concentration [ 1 - 8 ]. (mdpi.com)
- The interaction of cancer cells with their surroundings might influence phenotypic alterations in the tumor. (biomedcentral.com)
- There were many genetic alterations that evolved from diagnosis to relapse, and in some cases these genes had previously been associated with chemoresistance. (bloodjournal.org)
- We demonstrate a use of this method in determining the methylation density of the promoter region of the tumor-related gene MLH1, TERT and MGMT in colorectal carcinoma patients. (biomedcentral.com)
- In pancreatic cancer and melanoma, CXCR4 expression is regulated by DNA methylation within its promoter region. (plos.org)
- To confirm this hypothesis, a 184 bp fragment of the CXCR4 gene promoter region was cloned after sodium bisulfite DNA treatment. (plos.org)
- 14 15 16 Hypermethylation of the CpG island in the promoter region of a major alternative transcript of this gene, RASSF1a , occurs frequently in various carcinomas, including those of the breast, prostate, and lung, and in cutaneous malignant melanoma. (arvojournals.org)
- Given that many of the silenced miRNAs appear to act as tumor suppressors through the targeting of oncogenes, re-expression of the miRNAs could be an effective approach to cancer therapy, and unraveling the relationship between epigenetic alteration and miRNA dysregulation may lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets. (frontiersin.org)
- Genetic abnormalities resulting in cancer frequently occur in oncogenes (genes that cause the transformation of normal cells into cancerous tumor cells) or in tumor suppressor genes. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Aberrant promoter methylation of CpG islands of tumor suppressor genes inhibits expression of the genes and may lead to tumorigenesis. (spandidos-publications.com)
- The promoter of INK4a resides within a CpG island, and abnormal, tumor-associated hypermethylation has been observed in many tumor types and found to result in silencing of the gene ( 14 , 39 ). (asm.org)
- Aberrant promoter hypermethylation is a major mechanism for silencing tumor suppressor genes in many kinds of human cancers. (aacrjournals.org)
- DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism used for long-term silencing of gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
- Even if silencing of a gene is initiated by another mechanism, this often is followed by methylation of CpG sites in the promoter CpG island to stabilize the silencing of the gene. (wikipedia.org)
- As discussed by Jin and Roberston in their review, silencing of a DNA repair gene by hypermethylation may be a very early step in progression to cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- Histone modifications also play important roles in the dysregulation of miRNAs, and histone deacetylation and gain of repressive histone marks are strongly associated with miRNA gene silencing. (frontiersin.org)
- Indeed, difference of site-specific methylation may also lead to a change of methylation density in many cases, and it has been found that the density of methylation is more important than methylation of single CpG site for gene silencing. (biomedcentral.com)
- Instead our results support a model that requires a combination of prior gene silencing and random 'seeds' of methylation to trigger hypermethylation of the GSTP1 gene in the prostate cancer cell. (protocol-online.org)
- The methylation of unmethylated CpG islands leads to the silencing of genes required for proper cell growth control and is a common mechanism in the development of many types of cancer. (encyclopedia.com)
- Methylation of DNA is a common method of gene silencing. (wikipedia.org)
- Often, DNA methylation and histone deacetylation work together in gene silencing . (wikipedia.org)
- Reporter gene silencing in targeted mouse mutants is associated with promoter CpG island methylation. (ucdavis.edu)
- Long-term gene silencing throughout cell division is generally achieved by DNA methylation and other epigenetic processes. (biomedcentral.com)
- Its aberrant dissociation can then predispose key genes in cancer cells to acquire DNA methylation and epigenetic silencing. (biomedcentral.com)
- In cancer cells, DNMT1 is responsible for the aberrant hypermethylation of CpG islands and the silencing of tumor suppressor genes. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Available siRNA libraries targeting nearly every annotated gene have been extensively validated and provide robust gene silencing. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Hypermethylation of promoter CpG islands within tumor suppressor genes correlates with gene silencing and the development of cancer. (cellsignal.com)
- Promoter methylation-mediated gene silencing is strongly dependent on the location of the methylated CpGs, complicating classification. (nih.gov)
- Using the HumanMethylation450 (HM-450K) BeadChip interrogating 176 CpGs annotated for the MGMT gene, with 14 located in the promoter, two distinct regions in the CpG island of the promoter were identified with high importance for gene silencing and outcome prediction. (nih.gov)
- This week we'll bring together much of what we've learned in previous weeks of the course, to understand how the epigenome is affected, and can also affect, cancer development and progression. (coursera.org)
- Based on our findings, we propose that a loss of Polycomb repression at bivalent genes combined with an ensuing selection for tumor-driving events plays a major role in cancer progression. (nih.gov)
- About 25% of all cancers are connected to chronic inflammation, which is linked to various stages of tumorigenesis including cellular transformation, tumor progression, endurance, propagation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis [ 12 - 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Human aurora kinases are three highly conserved serine/threonine kinases with regulatory function in chromosome alignment, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis during cell cycle progression and their overexpression associates with malignant transformation and proliferation of cancer cells. (semanticscholar.org)
- In summary we concluded that methylation status of DAPK1 gene is associated with advanced phase of CML and may be related to disease progression in chronic myeloid leukemia. (omicsonline.org)
- This knowledge could be exploited for gaining mechanistic insights into tumor progression and for the development of cancer immunotherapies. (biomedcentral.com)
- HPV infection is most common in sexually active young women 25 years of age or younger but cervical cancer is common in older woman, suggesting infection at younger age and slow progression to cancer [ 10 ]. (intechopen.com)
- Many stages of the progression of cancer can also be modeled at the cell-based level, allowing the elucidation of the genetic mechanisms underneath many of the overlying layers of cell-type interaction. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Chemokines and their receptors are involved in the development and cancer progression. (plos.org)
- Deficiency of DNA repair nuclease ERCC1-XPF promotes prostate cancer progression in a tissue recombination model. (thermofisher.com)
- This article focused on the role of AR in the progression of prostate cancer. (asiaandro.com)
- To gain insight into the role of epigenetic aberration of cell-cycle regulator genes in oesophagus squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the authors determined the hypermethylation profile in ESCC. (bmj.com)
- Head and neck cancers are the sixth most common cancer in the world and the predominant type of which consist of squamous cell carcinomas (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, HNSCC). (iospress.com)
- We have developed a novel approach for quantitative analysis of CpG methylation density on the basis of microarray-based hybridization and incorporation of Cy5-dCTP into the Cy3 labeled target DNA by using Taq DNA Polymerase on microarray. (biomedcentral.com)
- In one study, cDNA microarray analysis was performed on fresh tissue to profile gene expression in patients with EOC. (biomedcentral.com)
- Functional epigenomics identifies genes frequently silenced in prostate cancer. (semanticscholar.org)
- The panel separated patients with lung cancer from those without lung cancer, showing the potential of the quantitative methylation-specific PCR analysis of sputum as an effective biomarker assay. (aacrjournals.org)
- We decided to develop a high-throughput quantitative bioassay to determine prevalence of methylation in clinical samples and evaluate its potential as cancer biomarker assay applicable for multiple cancer types. (aacrjournals.org)
- Of the more than 100 human methylation biomarker genes tested so far in cervical tissue, close to 20 have been reported in different studies, and approximately 10 have been repeatedly shown to have elevated methylation in cervical cancers and high-grade CIN (CIN2 and CIN3), most prominently CADM1, EPB41L3, FAM19A4, MAL, miR-124, PAX1 and SOX1. (cancerindex.org)
- Therefore, DNA methylation status of such genes may serve as the epigenetic biomarker for prognosis of human Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. (omicsonline.org)
- These findings suggest that the DNA methylation status of both CXCR4 and CXCL12 genes could be used as a biomarker for prognosis in breast cancer. (plos.org)
- The methylation status of the O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene is an important predictive biomarker for benefit from alkylating agent therapy in glioblastoma. (nih.gov)
- Ovarian Cancer Action The study was financially supported by Cancer Research UK and Ovarian Cancer Action. (icr.ac.uk)
- Most ovarian cancers arise from the surface of the ovary, but research has suggested that the fallopian tubes may be responsible for some instances of ovarian cancer. (amazonaws.com)
- If you find yourself with the symptoms of ovarian cancer more than 10 times a month, then it is time to have yourself examined for ovarian cancer. (amazonaws.com)
- If you have a family member who has experienced ovarian cancer, your chances of experiencing the illness are twice as high. (amazonaws.com)
- Infertile women also have a higher risk of experiencing ovarian cancer as are women with endometriosis and women who have had estrogen replacement therapy. (amazonaws.com)
- Research has found that oral contraceptive pills are a protective factor against ovarian cancer. (amazonaws.com)
- Women who also had their first pregnancy at a young age also have a lower risk of contracting ovarian cancer, and women who have had their fallopian tubes blocked surgically also have lower risk. (amazonaws.com)
- Tubal ligation will drastically reduce the risk of ovarian cancer and some women who have a long family history of ovarian cancer may take this option. (amazonaws.com)
- Regular screening and being attentive to the symptoms of ovarian cancer is one of the best ways to prevent the disease taking hold. (amazonaws.com)
- Unfortunately because of the difficulty in spotting the symptoms of ovarian cancer early on, prognosis is generally not good for ovarian cancer. (amazonaws.com)
- Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) represents the most frequent cause of death in the United States from a cancer involving the female genital tract. (biomedcentral.com)
- Previously we pioneered data fusion work using Bayesian and kernel methods studying breast and ovarian cancer. (stanford.edu)
- Mokarram P, Naghibalhossaini F, Firoozi MS, Hosseini SV, Izadpanah A, Salahi H, Malek-Hosseini SA, Talei A, Mojallal M. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T genotype affects promoter methylation of tumor-specific genes in sporadic colorectal cancer through an interaction with folate/vitamin B 12 status. (wjgnet.com)
- We examined the associations between MTHFR C677T genotype, and promoter methylation of P16, hMLH1, and hMSH2 tumor-related genes among 151 sporadic colorectal cancer patients. (wjgnet.com)
- Here we clone and characterize the promoter of the human ARF gene and show that it is a CpG island characteristic of a housekeeping gene which contains numerous Sp1 sites. (asm.org)
- Methylation of human genes is strongly associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cancer. (cancerindex.org)
- Synergistic activation of functional estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha by DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibition in human ER-alpha-negative breast cancer cells. (springer.com)
- R.G. Lapidus, S.J. Nass, N.E. Davidson, The loss of estrogen and progesterone receptor gene expression in human breast cancer. (springer.com)
- MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play pivotal roles in numerous biological processes, and their dysregulation is a common feature of human cancer. (frontiersin.org)
- Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal human cancers, claiming the lives of 95% of patients within five years of diagnosis. (bio-medicine.org)
- Chronic inflammation is deeply involved in various human disorders, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic disorders. (jci.org)
- Comprehensive analysis of CpG islands in human chromosomes 21 and 22. (semanticscholar.org)
- Downregulation of the gene encoding Tensin3 (TNS3) in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) may contribute to cancer cell metastatic behavior. (diva-portal.org)
- In conclusion, these results reveal a differential methylation pattern in the TNS3 promoter occurring in human RCC, suggesting an epigenetic mechanism for aberrant Tensin downregulation in human kidney cancer. (diva-portal.org)
- Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents 10-20% of all human ductal adenocarcinomas and has a poor prognosis relative to other subtypes. (biologists.org)
- Analyses of panels of human or mouse cancer lines derived from the same individual that differ in their cellular phenotypes but not in genetic background have been instrumental in defining the molecular players that drive the various hallmarks of cancer. (biologists.org)
- To determine the molecular regulators of metastasis in TNBC, we completed a rigorous in vitro and in vivo characterisation of four populations of the MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer line ranging in aggressiveness from non-metastatic to spontaneously metastatic to lung, liver, spleen and lymph node. (biologists.org)
- Here we present a strategy to characterize the immunophenotypes and the antigen-ome of human colorectal cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
- Aberrant DNA methylation is now widely recognized to be associated with cancer and other human diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
- Among men and women, cancers of the ano-genital tract and their precursor lesions have been strongly linked to infection with sexually transmited human papillomavirus. (intechopen.com)
- We examined BRCA1 mRNA expression in normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs), peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and six sporadic breast cancer cell lines using RT-PCR. (elsevier.com)
- Metastases cause 90% of human cancer deaths . (plos.org)
- The alternative transcript (RASSF1a) has been shown to be inactivated by hypermethylation in several human malignancies, including breast, prostate, and lung cancer, and in cutaneous melanoma. (arvojournals.org)
- 3 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Breast Cancer Program, Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, 422 North Bond Street, Baltimore, MD 21231-1001. (aacrjournals.org)
- The article Werner syndrome ATP-dependent helicase indicates the DNA repair gene WRN has a promoter that is frequently hypermethylated in a number of cancers, with hypermethylation occurring in 11% to 38% of colorectal, head and neck, stomach, prostate, breast, thyroid, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, chondrosarcoma and osteosarcoma cancers (see WRN). (wikipedia.org)
- Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis based on administration of recombinant humanized antibodies targeting A-VEGF was the first clinically approved angiogenesis-based therapy and has been used in the treatment of several cancers, including breast, colorectal and lung cancers, but the overall effectiveness of this approach is debated [ 3 ]. (mdpi.com)
- Coordinated Upregulation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Autophagy in Breast Cancer Cells: The Role of Dynamin Related Protein-1 and Implication for Breast Cancer Treatment. (cancerindex.org)
- Here, we show that upregulation of mitochondrial fission protein, dynamin related protein-1 (Drp1), was accompanied with increased mitochondrial biogenesis markers (PGC1α, NRF1, and Tfam) in breast cancer cells. (cancerindex.org)
- However, mitochondrial number was reduced, which was associated with lower mitochondrial oxidative capacity in breast cancer cells. (cancerindex.org)
- Together, this study reveals coordinated increase of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy in which Drp1 plays a central role regulating breast cancer cell metabolism and survival. (cancerindex.org)
- Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed neoplastic disease, after those affecting the lungs and the prostate/breast, and the second leading cause of death among all cancer patients, with no apparent gender-related differences. (mdpi.com)
- Here, we show that microRNA‐10b* is a master regulator of breast cancer cell proliferation and is downregulated in tumoural samples versus matched peritumoural counterparts. (embopress.org)
- In this work, we have investigated the antiproliferative effect of AdoMet and Doxorubicin (Doxo), alone or in combination, on different breast cancer cell lines. (springer.com)
- L. Giacinti, P.P. Claudio, M. Lopez, A. Giordano, Epigenetic information and estrogen receptor alpha expression in breast cancer. (springer.com)
- K. Polyak, Breast cancer: origins and evolution. (springer.com)
- Despite recent advances that have improved breast cancer survival rates, means of monitoring residual disease and the risk for relapse with metastatic cancer have remained elusive. (bio-medicine.org)
- Because elevated cfDNA can also occur in benign disease, its utility in the clinic has been limited and thus there has been no reliable method using blood to diagnose patients with primary breast cancer or monitor relapse following treatment. (bio-medicine.org)
- Gene amplification and overexpression of Aurora-C in breast and prostate cancer cell lines. (semanticscholar.org)
- Because the ovaries produce the estrogen and progesterone hormones that some cancers require to grow, ovary removal can halt or slow cancers that occur specifically in women (such as breast cancer). (amazonaws.com)
- This number amounted to more than the number of deaths from colon, breast, and prostate cancers combined. (amazonaws.com)
- Because a CpG island is found at the 5' end of the BRCA1 gene, we hypothesized that the decreased BRCA1 mRNA in sporadic breast cancer was associated with aberrant cytosine methylation of the CpG island. (elsevier.com)
- The sporadic breast cancer cell lines and PBLs expressed lower levels of BRCA1 mRNA ranging from a 3-16-fold decrease compared to the normal breast cells. (elsevier.com)
- The HMECs, PBLs and five of the sporadic breast cancer cell lines mere largely unmethylated. (elsevier.com)
- However, one sporadic breast cancer cell line, UACC3199, was ≥ 60% methylated at all 30 CpG sites (18 sites were 100% methylated) and was associated with an eightfold decrease in BRCA1 mRNA compared to normal breast cells. (elsevier.com)
- These findings suggest that aberrant cytosine methylation of the BRCA1 CpG island promoter may be one mechanism of BRCA1 repression in sporadic breast cancer. (elsevier.com)
- Research studies have shown that high levels of Ki-67 are associated with poorer breast cancer survival (3). (cellsignal.com)
- DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B are over-expressed in many cancers, including acute and chronic myelogenous leukemias, in addition to colon, breast and stomach carcinomas (9-12). (cellsignal.com)
- Loss of DNA methylation in the CXCR4 promoter was detected in 67% of the breast cancer analyzed. (plos.org)
- Breast cancer is a major public health issue worldwide. (plos.org)
- In 2004, the most recent year available for global data, there were 1.15 million new breast cancer cases and over 500,000 deaths reported worldwide . (plos.org)
- In Brazil, 49,420 new cases of breast cancer have been estimated to occur between 2010 and 2011 . (plos.org)
- Data from the Unique System of Heath (SUS) demonstrated that the mortality rates for breast cancer are 12.6 out of every 100,000 cases in Brazilian women ( http://mortalidade.inca.gov.br ). (plos.org)
- For breast cancer, due to the inability to accurately predict the risk of metastasis, more than 80% of patients receive adjuvant chemotherapy. (plos.org)
- However, approximately 40% of these patients still relapse and die of metastatic breast cancer within five years . (plos.org)
- Lewis C. M., Cler L. R., Bu D. W. Promoter Hypermethylation in Benign Breast Epithelium in Relation to Predicted Breast Cancer Risk // Clinical Cancer Research. (gramota.net)
- Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies with a high mortality rate among women [ 1 ]. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Breast cancer, a heterogeneous disease, presents various pathological signs such as axillary lymph node metastasis which is associated with a high risk of recurrence and considered as an important prognosis factor in the early stages of the disease [ 2 , 3 ]. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Gene expression was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR in the LightCycler system using sequence-specific hybridization probes. (aacrjournals.org)
- The CpG sites or CG sites are regions of DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is followed by a guanine nucleotide in the linear sequence of bases along its 5' → 3' direction . (wikipedia.org)
- The CpG notation is used to distinguish this single-stranded linear sequence from the CG base-pairing of cytosine and guanine for double-stranded sequences. (wikipedia.org)
- CpG should not be confused with GpC , the latter meaning that a guanine is followed by a cytosine in the 5' → 3' direction of a single-stranded sequence. (wikipedia.org)
- We specifically targeted this short CpG-rich sequence and developed a quantitative methylation-specific PCR assay suitable for high-throughput analysis. (aacrjournals.org)
- A CpG island is a Cytosine and Guanine linked by a phosphate in a repeated sequence. (wikipedia.org)
- Epigenetic processes are direct heritable changes in gene expression without changes in DNA sequence [ 25 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Using a luciferase reporter assay we demonstrated a functional minimal promoter activity for a 500-bp sequence within the TNS3 CpG island. (diva-portal.org)
- It is one of the regulatory processes that are referred to as epigenetic, in which an alteration in gene expression occurs without a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. (encyclopedia.com)
- It turns out that our behaviors and exposures can modify our epigenome-causing heritable changes in gene expression without altering the nucleotide sequence. (bcr.org)
- RNAi utilizes a sequence-specific inhibition of gene expression to allow a targeted approach to identify the role of gene activity, based on the resulting loss-offunction phenotypes. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- A large proportion of these CpG islands are found in the promoter regions of genes. (pnas.org)
- The list for hypermethylated genes is growing and functional and genetic studies are being performed to determine which hypermethylation events are relevant for tumorigenesis. (wikipedia.org)
- Additionally, by analyzing SNP frequency in CpG islands, we demonstrated that CpG islands in regions under selective pressure show lower genetic variation. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- This is the case for major CRC genetic syndromes, which include familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), attenuated FAP (AFAP), hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) or Lynch Syndrome, MUTYH (mut-Y homolog) associated polyposis and rare hamartomatous polyposis conditions such as the Peutz-Jeghers (PJ) syndrome, the juvenile polyposis (JP) syndrome, the Cowden syndrome and the Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba (BRR) syndrome. (mdpi.com)
- Cancer is believed to arise through the accumulation of genetic and ep. (bio-medicine.org)
- Genetic interactions in cancer. (cancer.gov)
- Thus, it is not surprising that studies on the role of DNA methylation now occupy center stage in many fields of biology and medicine such as developmental biology, genetic imprinting, genetic disease, tumor biology, gene therapy, cloning of organisms and others. (fishpond.com.au)
- You can earn a 5% commission by selling DNA Methylation: Development, Genetic Disease and Cancer (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology) on your website. (fishpond.com.au)
- Recently as I suggested all the way back in the BKlein.com period a study of Progeria has produced some very important genetic results that have highlighted the Lamin A gene. (longecity.org)
- The frequent occurrence of hypermethylation was first described in colorectal cancer and later for glioma. (wikipedia.org)
- Host immune response to tumor may be an important prognostic factor for colon cancer patients. (aacrjournals.org)
- Indeed, we found many of these same genes were also activated in patients with ulcerative colitis where chronic inflammation predisposes them to colon cancer. (nih.gov)
- Principle Investigator for a portfolio of research projects in the areas of nutrition and the prevention of complex diseases including colon cancer and cardiovascular disease. (ncl.ac.uk)
- Cancer-specific hypermethylation of (promoter) CpG islands is common during the tumorigenesis of colon cancer. (altmetric.com)
- Dietary methyl donors, methyl metabolizing enzymes, and epigenetic regulators: diet-gene interactions and promoter CpG island hypermethylation in colorectal cancer. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
- CIMPle origin for promoter hypermethylation in colorectal cancer? (nih.gov)
- Clinical tissue samples were categorized according to TNM classification, 7th edition of the Union Internationale Contre Le Cancer (UICC) and the 6th edition of the Japan Pancreas Society (JPS). (biomedcentral.com)
- Recent publications have shown the presence of promoter hypermethylation of various genes in clinical specimens containing exfoliated tumor cells (such as malignant effusions, sputum, serum, etc. (aacrjournals.org)
- Lymphocytic reactions to tumor were associated with improved prognosis among colorectal cancer patients, independent of lymph node count and other clinical, pathologic, and molecular characteristics. (aacrjournals.org)
- CD57 + , CD8 + , CD45RO + , or FOXP3 + cells) have been associated with improved clinical outcome in colorectal cancer ( 7 - 12 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- To resolve inconsistencies among the reported gene expression-based CRC classifications and facilitate clinical translation, we formed an international consortium dedicated to large-scale data sharing and analytics across expert groups. (nih.gov)
- Clinical and epidemiological studies have suggested a strong connection between cancer, inflammation, and chronic infection [ 12 , 19 - 22 ]. (hindawi.com)
- DNA methylation is potentially an important clinical marker in cancer molecular diagnostics. (pnas.org)
- Both the American Society of Clinical Oncology and National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend the use of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with resectable stage IIA to IIIA NSCLC. (amazonaws.com)
- Without doubt, given the exciting development of these immunotherapeutic strategies, the importance and clinical relevance of intratumoral immune landscapes and cancer antigenomes is becoming increasingly appreciated. (biomedcentral.com)
- In women with ICC (invasive cervical cancer), the most common HPV types are HPV-16,18,33,45,31 and 58 [ 30 , 31 ], but among these genotypes, certain variants have linked to different clinical outcomes. (intechopen.com)
- Lastly, we review findings regarding the inflammatory process yielded by certain clinical trials of agents that target members of the coagulation cascade in the treatment of cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
- The presence of HPV is a distinct group of head and neck cancers exhibiting epidemiological, histopathological, clinical and prognostic differences opposed to the typical HNSCC. (iospress.com)
- In this current study, we for the first time examined methylation level of HOPX and tested the functional relevance in pancreatic cancer (PC). (biomedcentral.com)
- In this study, we for the first time studied methylation level of HOPX gene in PC and added the functional assay to answer the question whether HOPX plays an important role in pancreatic carcinogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
- The pancreatic cancer cell lines, PK-8, KLM-1, and NOR-P1 were kindly provided from the Cell Resource Centre for Biomedical Research Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University (Sendai, Japan). (biomedcentral.com)
- Recently it has been reported that 14-3-3 sigma may serve as a prognosis marker predicting survival of pancreatic cancer patient treatment. (fishersci.com)