INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.
A species of CORONAVIRUS causing a fatal disease to pigs under 3 weeks old.
A condition of chronic gastroenteritis in adult pigs and fatal gastroenteritis in piglets caused by a CORONAVIRUS.
Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.
A genus in the family CALICIVIRIDAE, associated with epidemic GASTROENTERITIS in humans. The type species, NORWALK VIRUS, contains multiple strains.
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.
A genus of REOVIRIDAE, causing acute gastroenteritis in BIRDS and MAMMALS, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. Seven species (Rotaviruses A thru G) are recognized.
The type species in the genus NOROVIRUS, first isolated in 1968 from the stools of school children in Norwalk, Ohio, who were suffering from GASTROENTERITIS. The virions are non-enveloped spherical particles containing a single protein. Multiple strains are named after the places where outbreaks have occurred.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
A genus of the family CALICIVIRIDAE associated with worldwide sporadic outbreaks of GASTROENTERITIS in humans. The first recorded outbreak was in human infants in Sapporo, Japan in 1977. The genus is comprised of a single species, Sapporo virus, containing multiple strains.
Spherical RNA viruses, in the order NIDOVIRALES, infecting a wide range of animals including humans. Transmission is by fecal-oral and respiratory routes. Mechanical transmission is also common. There are two genera: CORONAVIRUS and TOROVIRUS.
A genus of small, circular RNA viruses in the family ASTROVIRIDAE. They cause GASTROENTERITIS and are found in the stools of several vertebrates including humans. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route and there are at least eight human serotypes. The type species is Human astrovirus.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with ROTAVIRUS.
Acute illnesses, usually affecting the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, brought on by consuming contaminated food or beverages. Most of these diseases are infectious, caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, or parasites that can be foodborne. Sometimes the diseases are caused by harmful toxins from the microbes or other chemicals present in the food. Especially in the latter case, the condition is often called food poisoning.
Infections with ASTROVIRUS, causing gastroenteritis in human infants, calves, lambs, and piglets.
A family of RNA viruses infecting a broad range of animals. Most individual species are restricted to their natural hosts. They possess a characteristic six-pointed starlike shape whose surfaces have cup-shaped (chalice) indentions. Transmission is by contaminated food, water, fomites, and occasionally aerosolization of secretions. Genera include LAGOVIRUS; NORWALK-LIKE VIRUSES; SAPPORO-LIKE VIRUSES; and VESIVIRUS.
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.
Viruses whose taxonomic relationships have not been established.
Infections with bacteria of the genus CAMPYLOBACTER.
A family of marine mollusks in the class BIVALVIA, commonly known as oysters. They have a rough irregular shell closed by a single adductor muscle.
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
A species of bacteria found in the marine environment, sea foods, and the feces of patients with acute enteritis.
Infections with bacteria of the genus VIBRIO.
Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Infections with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.
A general term for diseases produced by viruses.
Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.
Aquatic invertebrates belonging to the phylum MOLLUSCA or the subphylum CRUSTACEA, and used as food.
A species of bacteria that resemble small tightly coiled spirals. Its organisms are known to cause abortion in sheep and fever and enteritis in man and may be associated with enteric diseases of calves, lambs, and other animals.
Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by HYPODERMOCLYSIS.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.
A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.
Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.
A genus in the family PICORNAVIRIDAE whose type species Aichi virus, causes gastroenteritis in humans.
Means or process of supplying water (as for a community) usually including reservoirs, tunnels, and pipelines and often the watershed from which the water is ultimately drawn. (Webster, 3d ed)
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Fluids restored to the body in order to maintain normal water-electrolyte balance.
Virus diseases caused by the PICORNAVIRIDAE.
A drug combination that contains diphenhydramine and theophylline. It is used for treating VERTIGO, MOTION SICKNESS, and NAUSEA associated with PREGNANCY.
The confinement of a patient in a hospital.
Large vessels propelled by power or sail used for transportation on rivers, seas, oceans, or other navigable waters. Boats are smaller vessels propelled by oars, paddles, sail, or power; they may or may not have a deck.
Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.
Any aspect of the operations in the preparation, processing, transport, storage, packaging, wrapping, exposure for sale, service, or delivery of food.
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
A genus of the family CORONAVIRIDAE which causes respiratory or gastrointestinal disease in a variety of vertebrates.
Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells.
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.
A family of RNA viruses with two genera: MAMASTROVIRUS and AVASTROVIRUS. They cause GASTROENTERITIS in humans and also infect other vertebrates.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity.
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).
Contamination of bodies of water (such as LAKES; RIVERS; SEAS; and GROUNDWATER.)
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
A state in south central Australia. Its capital is Adelaide. It was probably first visited by F. Thyssen in 1627. Later discoveries in 1802 and 1830 opened up the southern part. It became a British province in 1836 with this self-descriptive name and became a state in 1901. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1135)
A genus in the subfamily PARVOVIRINAE comprising three species: Bovine parvovirus, Canine minute virus, and HUMAN BOCAVIRUS.
A genus in the family PICORNAVIRIDAE infecting humans and rodents. The type species is Human parechovirus.
Infections produced by reoviruses, general or unspecified.
Poisoning from toxins present in bivalve mollusks that have been ingested. Four distinct types of shellfish poisoning are recognized based on the toxin involved.
A member of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, originally isolated from human nasopharyngeal aspirates in patients with respiratory disease.
The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples.
'Swimming pools' in a medical context typically refers to man-made bodies of water designed for swimming and other recreational activities, which can also serve as potential reservoirs for various infectious diseases if not properly maintained, including those transmitted through waterborne pathogens, fecal contamination, or poor water chemistry.
Facilities which provide care for pre-school and school-age children.
A form of intestinal obstruction caused by the PROLAPSE of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. There are four types: colic, involving segments of the LARGE INTESTINE; enteric, involving only the SMALL INTESTINE; ileocecal, in which the ILEOCECAL VALVE prolapses into the CECUM, drawing the ILEUM along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the COLON.
A lactose-fermenting bacterium causing dysentery.
Miscellaneous agents found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. They have no effect on the agent(s) that cause diarrhea, but merely alleviate the condition.
Beaches, both natural and man-made, used for bathing and other activities.
## I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Japan" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in Asia, known as Nihon-koku or Nippon-koku in Japanese, and is renowned for its unique culture, advanced technology, and rich history. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!
A family of gram-negative, parasitic bacteria including several important pathogens of man.
Absorbent pads designed to be worn by infants and very young children.

Detection of campylobacter in gastroenteritis: comparison of direct PCR assay of faecal samples with selective culture. (1/2074)

The prevalence of campylobacter gastroenteritis has been estimated by bacterial isolation using selective culture. However, there is evidence that certain species and strains are not recovered on selective agars. We have therefore compared direct PCR assays of faecal samples with campylobacter culture, and explored the potential of PCR for simultaneous detection and identification to the species level. Two hundred unselected faecal samples from cases of acute gastroenteritis were cultured on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar and subjected to DNA extraction and PCR assay. Culture on CCDA indicated that 16 of the 200 samples contained 'Campylobacter spp.'. By contrast, PCR assays detected campylobacters in 19 of the 200 samples, including 15 of the culture-positive samples, and further identified them as: C. jejuni (16), C. coli (2) and C. hyointestinalis (1). These results show that PCR offers a different perspective on the incidence and identity of campylobacters in human gastroenteritis.  (+info)

An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of sandwiches: implications for the control of transmission by food handlers. (2/2074)

Although food handlers are often implicated as the source of infection in outbreaks of food-borne viral gastroenteritis, little is known about the timing of infectivity in relation to illness. We investigated a gastroenteritis outbreak among employees of a manufacturing company and found an association (RR = 14.1, 95% CI = 2.0-97.3) between disease and eating sandwiches prepared by 6 food handlers, 1 of whom reported gastroenteritis which had subsided 4 days earlier. Norwalk-like viruses were detected by electron microscopy or reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in stool specimens from several company employees, the sick food handler whose specimen was obtained 10 days after resolution of illness, and an asymptomatic food handler. All RT-PCR product sequences were identical, suggesting a common source of infection. These data support observations from recent volunteer studies that current recommendations to exclude food handlers from work for 48-72 h after recovery from illness may not always prevent transmission of Norwalk-like viruses because virus can be shed up to 10 days after illness or while exhibiting no symptoms.  (+info)

Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin forms anion-selective channels in planar lipid bilayers: possible implications for the mechanism of cellular vacuolation. (3/2074)

The Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin plays a major role in the gastric pathologies associated with this bacterium. When added to cultured cells, VacA induces vacuolation, an effect potentiated by preexposure of the toxin to low pH. Its mechanism of action is unknown. We report here that VacA forms anion-selective, voltage-dependent pores in artificial membranes. Channel formation was greatly potentiated by acidic conditions or by pretreatment of VacA at low pH. No requirement for particular lipid(s) was identified. Selectivity studies showed that anion selectivity was maintained over the pH range 4.8-12, with the following permeability sequence: Cl- approximately HCO3- > pyruvate > gluconate > K+ approximately Li+ approximately Ba2+ > NH4+. Membrane permeabilization was due to the incorporation of channels with a voltage-dependent conductance in the 10-30 pS range (2 M KCl), displaying a voltage-independent high open probability. Deletion of the NH2 terminus domain (p37) or chemical modification of VacA by diethylpyrocarbonate inhibited both channel activity and vacuolation of HeLa cells without affecting toxin internalization by the cells. Collectively, these observations strongly suggest that VacA channel formation is needed to induce cellular vacuolation, possibly by inducing an osmotic imbalance of intracellular acidic compartments.  (+info)

Campylobacter jejuni--an emerging foodborne pathogen. (4/2074)

Campylobacter jejuni is the most commonly reported bacterial cause of foodborne infection in the United States. Adding to the human and economic costs are chronic sequelae associated with C. jejuni infection--Guillian-Barre syndrome and reactive arthritis. In addition, an increasing proportion of human infections caused by C. jejuni are resistant to antimicrobial therapy. Mishandling of raw poultry and consumption of undercooked poultry are the major risk factors for human campylobacteriosis. Efforts to prevent human illness are needed throughout each link in the food chain.  (+info)

Adenovirus infection after pediatric bone marrow transplantation. (5/2074)

Retrospective analysis of 206 patients undergoing 215 consecutive bone marrow transplants (BMT) at St Jude Children's Research Hospital between November 1990 and December 1994 identified 6% (seven male, six female) with adenovirus infection. The affected patients had a median age of 7.9 years (range 3-24 years) at time of transplantation. Although transplants were performed for hematologic malignancies, solid tumors or nonmalignant conditions, only patients with hematologic malignancies had adenoviral infections. Adenovirus was first detected at a median of 54 days (range -4 to +333) after BMT. Adenovirus developed in eight of 69 (11.6%) patients receiving grafts from matched unrelated or mismatched related donors, in four of 52 (7.7%) receiving grafts from HLA-matched siblings, and in one of 93 (1.1%) receiving autografts. The most common manifestation of adenovirus infection was hemorrhagic cystitis, followed by gastroenteritis, pneumonitis and liver failure. The incidence of adenovirus infection in pediatric BMT patients at our institution is similar to that reported in adult patients. Using univariate analysis, use of total body irradiation and type of bone marrow graft were significant risk factors for adenovirus infection. Only use of total body irradiation remained as a factor on multiple logistic regression analysis.  (+info)

Presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in sand from bathing beaches. (6/2074)

The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. in sand from non-EEC standard and EEC standard designated beaches in different locations in the UK and to assess if potentially pathogenic strains were present. Campylobacter spp. were detected in 82/182 (45%) of sand samples and Salmonella spp. in 10/182 (6%). Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 46/92 (50%) of samples from non-EEC standard beaches and 36/90 (40%) from EEC standard beaches. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was greater in wet sand from both types of beaches but, surprisingly, more than 30% of samples from dry sand also contained these organisms. The major pathogenic species C. jejuni and C. coli were more prevalent in sand from non-EEC standard beaches. In contrast, C. lari and urease positive thermophilic campylobacters, which are associated with seagulls and other migratory birds, were more prevalent in sand from EEC standard beaches. Campylobacter isolates were further characterized by biotyping and serotyping, which confirmed that strains known to be of types associated with human infections were frequently found in sand on bathing beaches.  (+info)

A community outbreak of food-borne small round-structured virus gastroenteritis caused by a contaminated water supply. (7/2074)

In August 1994, 30 of 135 (23%) bakery plant employees and over 100 people from South Wales and Bristol in the United Kingdom, were affected by an outbreak of gastroenteritis. Epidemiological studies of employees and three community clusters found illness in employees to be associated with drinking cold water at the bakery (relative risk 3.3, 95%, CI 1.6-7.0), and in community cases with eating custard slices (relative risk 19.8, 95%, CI 2.9-135.1) from a variety of stores supplied by one particular bakery. Small round-structured viruses (SRSV) were identified in stool specimens from 4 employees and 7 community cases. Analysis of the polymerase and capsid regions of the SRSV genome by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) demonstrated viruses of both genogroups (1 and 2) each with several different nucleotide sequences. The heterogeneity of the viruses identified in the outbreak suggests that dried custard mix may have been inadvertently reconstituted with contaminated water. The incident shows how secondary food contamination can cause wide-scale community gastroenteritis outbreaks, and demonstrates the ability of molecular techniques to support classical epidemiological methods in outbreak investigations.  (+info)

Characterization of intestinal disease associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection and response to antiretroviral therapy. (8/2074)

Combination antiretroviral therapies suppress human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in peripheral blood, but the effect in gastrointestinal mucosa is uncertain. The occurrence of pathogen-negative diarrhea led to speculation that local HIV infection is etiologic. Mucosal cellular reservoirs for HIV were documented by use of several techniques. Correlations were found among gastrointestinal symptoms, histopathologic findings, cytokine expression, lymphoid apoptosis, and HIV RNA and protein expression in rectal mucosa. Disproportionate depletion of mucosal CD4+ lymphocytes also was found. The short-term effects of antiretroviral therapies were examined to test the hypothesis that these changes are directly related to mucosal HIV infection. Therapy was associated with decreased symptoms, with comparable drops in peripheral blood and mucosal HIV RNA contents, and by increases in blood and mucosal CD4+ lymphocyte contents. In addition, the number of apoptotic cells also declined during therapy. These results suggest that HIV plays a direct role in producing intestinal dysfunction.  (+info)

Gastroenteritis is not a medical condition itself, but rather a symptom-based description of inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, primarily involving the stomach and intestines. It's often referred to as "stomach flu," although it's not caused by influenza virus.

Medically, gastroenteritis is defined as an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, usually resulting in symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. This condition can be caused by various factors, including viral (like rotavirus or norovirus), bacterial (such as Salmonella, Shigella, or Escherichia coli), or parasitic infections, food poisoning, allergies, or the use of certain medications.

Gastroenteritis is generally self-limiting and resolves within a few days with proper hydration and rest. However, severe cases may require medical attention to prevent complications like dehydration, which can be particularly dangerous for young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems.

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a porcine coronavirus that primarily affects the pig's intestinal tract, causing severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. The infection is highly contagious and can lead to significant mortality in young piglets. TGEV is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and can also be spread by contaminated fomites or aerosols. It primarily infects enterocytes in the small intestine, leading to villous atrophy and malabsorption of nutrients. There are no specific antiviral treatments for TGEV infection, and control measures typically focus on biosecurity, vaccination, and preventing the spread of the virus between herds.

Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) of swine is a viral infection that primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. It is caused by the Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus (TGEV), which is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Coronaviridae.

The disease is highly contagious and can spread rapidly in swine populations through direct contact with infected animals or their feces, as well as via aerosolized particles. Ingestion of contaminated feed or water can also lead to infection.

Clinical signs of TGE in pigs include vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, and weight loss. The disease is most severe in young piglets, with mortality rates reaching up to 100% in animals younger than two weeks old. In older pigs, the infection may be milder or even asymptomatic, although they can still serve as carriers of the virus and contribute to its spread.

Transmissible gastroenteritis is a significant concern for the swine industry due to its high mortality rate in young animals and the potential economic losses associated with reduced growth rates and decreased feed conversion efficiency in infected herds. Prevention strategies include strict biosecurity measures, vaccination of sows, and proper disposal of infected pig manure.

Caliciviridae is a family of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that includes several important pathogens causing gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals. The most well-known human calicivirus is norovirus, which is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide.

Calicivirus infections typically cause symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and fever. The infection is usually self-limiting and lasts for a few days, but in some cases, it can lead to dehydration, especially in young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems.

Norovirus is highly contagious and can spread through close contact with an infected person, consumption of contaminated food or water, or touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the mouth. Prevention measures include frequent handwashing, proper food handling and preparation, and cleaning and disinfection of contaminated surfaces.

There is no specific treatment for calicivirus infections, and antibiotics are not effective against viral infections. Treatment is generally supportive and includes hydration to replace lost fluids and electrolytes. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous fluid replacement and monitoring.

Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It is often referred to as the "stomach flu" or "winter vomiting bug." Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. It can spread easily through contaminated food or water, contact with an infected person, or touching contaminated surfaces. Norovirus outbreaks are common in closed settings such as hospitals, nursing homes, schools, and cruise ships. The virus is hardy and can survive for weeks on surfaces, making it difficult to eliminate. It is also resistant to many disinfectants. There is no specific treatment for norovirus infection other than managing symptoms and staying hydrated. Vaccines are under development but not yet available.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among children under 5 years of age. It is responsible for around 215,000 deaths among children in this age group each year.

Rotavirus infection causes inflammation of the stomach and intestines, resulting in symptoms such as vomiting, watery diarrhea, and fever. The virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated hands, food, or water. It can also be spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Rotavirus infections are highly contagious and can spread rapidly in communities, particularly in settings where children are in close contact with each other, such as child care centers and schools. The infection is usually self-limiting and resolves within a few days, but severe cases can lead to dehydration and require hospitalization.

Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as handwashing with soap and water, safe disposal of feces, and rotavirus vaccination. The WHO recommends the inclusion of rotavirus vaccines in national immunization programs to reduce the burden of severe diarrhea caused by rotavirus infection.

Rotavirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA virus in the Reoviridae family, which is a leading cause of severe diarrhea and gastroenteritis in young children and infants worldwide. The virus infects and damages the cells lining the small intestine, resulting in symptoms such as vomiting, watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever.

Rotavirus is highly contagious and can be spread through contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces, food, or water. The virus is typically transmitted via the fecal-oral route, meaning that it enters the body through the mouth after coming into contact with contaminated hands, objects, or food.

Rotavirus infections are often self-limiting and resolve within a few days to a week, but severe cases can lead to dehydration, hospitalization, and even death, particularly in developing countries where access to medical care and rehydration therapy may be limited. Fortunately, there are effective vaccines available that can prevent rotavirus infection and reduce the severity of symptoms in those who do become infected.

Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that often causes vomiting and diarrhea. It is a common cause of gastroenteritis, which is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. This infection is often referred to as the "stomach flu," although it is not related to the influenza virus.

Norovirus spreads easily from person to person, through contaminated food or water, or by touching contaminated surfaces. Symptoms usually develop 12 to 48 hours after exposure and include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, fever, and headache.

The Norwalk virus is named after Norwalk, Ohio, where an outbreak of the illness occurred in 1968. It was first identified during an investigation into an outbreak of gastroenteritis among school children. The virus was later renamed norovirus in 2002 to reflect its broader range of hosts and clinical manifestations.

It's important to note that while Norwalk virus is a common cause of viral gastroenteritis, there are many other viruses, bacteria, and parasites that can also cause similar symptoms. If you suspect you have norovirus or any other foodborne illness, it's important to seek medical attention and avoid preparing food for others until your symptoms have resolved.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.

Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.

Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.

Sapovirus is a type of single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Caliciviridae. It is a major cause of gastroenteritis (also known as stomach flu) in humans, particularly in young children and older adults. The infection typically results in vomiting and diarrhea, which can last for several days. Sapovirus is usually spread through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water. It is named after the city of Sapporo in Japan, where it was first identified in 1977.

Coronaviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. They are named for the crown-like (corona) appearance of their surface proteins. Coronaviruses infect a wide range of animals, including mammals and birds, and can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological diseases. Some coronaviruses, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), can cause severe and potentially fatal illness in humans. The most recent example is SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19.

Mamastrovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Astroviridae, which infect mammals. These non-enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses are responsible for gastroenteritis in various mammalian species, including humans. The name "mamastrovirus" is derived from "mammal astrovirus."

Human mastastroviruses (HAstV) are further divided into eight major serotypes (HAstV-1 to HAstV-8), with additional genotypes and variants identified. Infection usually occurs through the fecal-oral route, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever. While mastastrovirus infections are often self-limiting, they can cause severe dehydration and other complications, particularly in young children, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly.

Research into mamastroviruses continues to advance our understanding of their epidemiology, pathogenesis, and potential therapeutic targets for treating astrovirus-induced gastroenteritis.

Rotavirus vaccines are preventive measures used to protect against rotavirus infections, which are the leading cause of severe diarrhea and dehydration among infants and young children worldwide. These vaccines contain weakened or inactivated forms of the rotavirus, a pathogen that infects and causes symptoms by multiplying inside cells lining the small intestine.

The weakened or inactivated virus in the vaccine stimulates an immune response in the body, enabling it to recognize and fight off future rotavirus infections more effectively. The vaccines are usually administered orally, as a liquid droplet or on a sugar cube, to mimic natural infection through the gastrointestinal tract.

There are currently two licensed rotavirus vaccines available globally:

1. Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline): This vaccine contains an attenuated (weakened) strain of human rotavirus and is given in a two-dose series, typically at 2 and 4 months of age.
2. RotaTeq (Merck): This vaccine contains five reassortant viruses, combining human and animal strains to provide broader protection. It is administered in a three-dose series, usually at 2, 4, and 6 months of age.

Rotavirus vaccines have been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis and related hospitalizations among infants and young children. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination in national immunization programs, particularly in countries with high child mortality rates due to diarrheal diseases.

Foodborne diseases, also known as foodborne illnesses or food poisoning, are defined as disorders caused by the consumption of contaminated foods or beverages, which contain harmful bacteria, parasites, viruses, toxins, or chemicals. These agents can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and dehydration. The severity of the illness can vary from mild discomfort to severe life-threatening conditions, depending on the type of infectious agent and the individual's immune system and overall health status. Common examples of foodborne diseases include Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Listeria, Staphylococcus aureus, and Norovirus infections. Proper food handling, preparation, storage, and cooking can help prevent the occurrence of foodborne diseases.

Astroviridae is a family of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that can cause infectious diseases in humans and animals. The most common symptoms of Astroviridae infections in humans include diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever. These symptoms are typically mild and last for only a few days.

Astroviruses are transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water. They can also be spread from person to person, particularly in settings where there is close contact between individuals, such as childcare centers and nursing homes.

In addition to humans, Astroviridae infect a wide range of animals, including birds, mammals, and reptiles. Some strains of Astroviruses can cause more severe disease in animals, particularly in young or immunocompromised individuals.

Prevention measures for Astroviridae infections include good hygiene practices, such as handwashing, and avoiding contact with individuals who are sick. There is currently no specific treatment for Astroviridae infections, and management typically involves supportive care to relieve symptoms.

Caliciviridae is a family of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that primarily infect animals, including humans. In humans, Caliciviridae causes gastroenteritis, commonly known as stomach flu, and is responsible for a significant portion of foodborne illnesses worldwide. The name "Caliciviridae" comes from the Latin word "calyx," meaning "cup," which refers to the cup-shaped depressions on the surface of some members of this virus family.

There are five genera within Caliciviridae that infect humans: Norovirus, Sapovirus, Lagovirus, Vesivirus, and Nebovirus. Among these, Norovirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans, accounting for approximately 90% of all cases.

Caliciviruses are small, non-enveloped viruses that range from 27 to 40 nanometers in diameter. They have a simple structure, consisting of a single protein shell (capsid) that encloses the RNA genome. The capsid proteins of Caliciviridae are organized into two major domains: the shell domain and the protruding domain. The protruding domain contains binding sites for host cell receptors and is responsible for eliciting an immune response in the host.

Caliciviruses are highly contagious and can be transmitted through various routes, including fecal-oral transmission, ingestion of contaminated food or water, and direct contact with infected individuals or surfaces. They are resistant to many common disinfectants and can survive for extended periods on environmental surfaces, making them difficult to eliminate from healthcare settings and other high-touch areas.

In addition to their medical importance, Caliciviridae also has significance in veterinary medicine, as several members of this family infect animals such as cats, dogs, pigs, and rabbits, causing a range of clinical symptoms from gastroenteritis to respiratory illnesses.

Diarrhea is a condition in which an individual experiences loose, watery stools frequently, often exceeding three times a day. It can be acute, lasting for several days, or chronic, persisting for weeks or even months. Diarrhea can result from various factors, including viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, food intolerances, medications, and underlying medical conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome. Dehydration is a potential complication of diarrhea, particularly in severe cases or in vulnerable populations like young children and the elderly.

Infantile diarrhea is a medical condition characterized by loose, watery stools in infants and young children. It can be caused by various factors such as viral or bacterial infections, food intolerances, allergies, or malabsorption disorders. In some cases, it may also be associated with certain medications or underlying medical conditions.

Infantile diarrhea can lead to dehydration and other complications if not treated promptly and properly. It is important to monitor the infant's hydration status by checking for signs of dehydration such as dry mouth, sunken eyes, and decreased urine output. If diarrhea persists or is accompanied by vomiting, fever, or other concerning symptoms, it is recommended to seek medical attention promptly.

Treatment for infantile diarrhea typically involves rehydration with oral electrolyte solutions, as well as addressing the underlying cause of the diarrhea if possible. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Viruses, Unclassified" is not a recognized medical or scientific category. Generally, viruses are classified based on various characteristics such as genome structure, mode of replication, host range, and symptoms they cause. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is the organization responsible for the formal classification of viruses.

If you have any specific questions about certain unclassified viral entities or phenomena, I'd be happy to help if I can! Please provide more context so I can give a more accurate and helpful response.

Campylobacter infections are illnesses caused by the bacterium *Campylobacter jejuni* or other species of the genus *Campylobacter*. These bacteria are commonly found in the intestines of animals, particularly birds, and can be transmitted to humans through contaminated food, water, or contact with infected animals.

The most common symptom of Campylobacter infection is diarrhea, which can range from mild to severe and may be bloody. Other symptoms may include abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and vomiting. The illness usually lasts about a week, but in some cases, it can lead to serious complications such as bacteremia (bacteria in the bloodstream), meningitis, or Guillain-Barré syndrome, a neurological disorder that can cause muscle weakness and paralysis.

Campylobacter infections are typically treated with antibiotics, but in mild cases, they may resolve on their own without treatment. Prevention measures include cooking meat thoroughly, washing hands and surfaces that come into contact with raw meat, avoiding unpasteurized dairy products and untreated water, and handling pets, particularly birds and reptiles, with care.

Ostreidae is a family of marine bivalve mollusks, commonly known as oysters. These are characterized by a laterally compressed, asymmetrical shell with a rough, scaly or barnacle-encrusted exterior and a smooth, often highly colored interior. The shells are held together by a hinge ligament and the animals use a powerful adductor muscle to close the shell.

Oysters are filter feeders, using their gills to extract plankton and organic particles from the water. They are important ecologically, as they help to filter and clean the water in which they live. Some species are also economically important as a source of food for humans, with the meat being eaten both raw and cooked in various dishes.

It's worth noting that Ostreidae is just one family within the larger grouping of oysters, known as the superfamily Ostreoidea. Other families within this superfamily include the pearl oysters (Pteriidae) and the saddle oysters (Anomiidae).

Dehydration is a condition that occurs when your body loses more fluids than it takes in. It's normal to lose water throughout the day through activities like breathing, sweating, and urinating; however, if you don't replenish this lost fluid, your body can become dehydrated.

Mild to moderate dehydration can cause symptoms such as:
- Dry mouth
- Fatigue or weakness
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
- Headache
- Dark colored urine
- Muscle cramps

Severe dehydration can lead to more serious health problems, including heat injury, urinary and kidney problems, seizures, and even hypovolemic shock, a life-threatening condition that occurs when your blood volume is too low.

Dehydration can be caused by various factors such as illness (e.g., diarrhea, vomiting), excessive sweating, high fever, burns, alcohol consumption, and certain medications. It's essential to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids, especially during hot weather, exercise, or when you're ill.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

"Vibrio parahaemolyticus" is a species of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in brackish waters and marine environments. They can be found on the surface of shellfish such as oysters, shrimps, and crabs. These bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen.

"Vibrio parahaemolyticus" is a significant cause of foodborne illness, particularly in regions where the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood is common. The bacterium produces two types of heat-labile enterotoxins known as thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related hemolysin (TRH), which can cause watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and headache.

The illness caused by "Vibrio parahaemolyticus" is usually self-limiting and lasts for 2-5 days. However, in some cases, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems, the infection can be severe and may require hospitalization. Proper cooking and handling of seafood can help prevent "Vibrio parahaemolyticus" infections.

Vibrio infections are a group of bacterial illnesses caused by various species of the Vibrio genus, which are gram-negative, comma-shaped bacteria. These bacteria naturally inhabit warm marine and brackish waters and can be found in higher concentrations during warmer months. The most common types of Vibrio infections are:

1. Vibrio vulnificus: This species is responsible for causing severe wound infections and primary septicemia, often following the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood or exposure of open wounds to contaminated seawater. People with weakened immune systems, liver disease, or iron overload disorders are at higher risk of developing severe complications from Vibrio vulnificus infections.
2. Vibrio parahaemolyticus: This species is the leading cause of seafood-associated bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Infection typically occurs after consuming raw or undercooked shellfish, particularly oysters. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and headache.
3. Vibrio cholerae: This species is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal disease that can lead to rapid dehydration and even death if left untreated. Cholera is typically transmitted through contaminated food or water and is more common in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices.
4. Vibrio alginolyticus: This species can cause wound infections and ear infections (otitis externa) following exposure to contaminated seawater. It is less commonly associated with gastroenteritis than Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Prevention measures for Vibrio infections include cooking seafood thoroughly, avoiding cross-contamination of raw and cooked seafood, practicing good hygiene, and covering wounds when exposed to seawater. People with weakened immune systems should avoid consuming raw or undercooked seafood and take extra precautions when handling or swimming in seawater.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "seasons" is not a term that has a medical definition. Seasons refer to the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn or fall, and winter) based on the position of the earth in its orbit around the sun. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

Salmonella infections, also known as salmonellosis, are a type of foodborne illness caused by the Salmonella bacterium. These bacteria can be found in the intestinal tracts of humans, animals, and birds, especially poultry. People typically get salmonella infections from consuming contaminated foods or water, or through contact with infected animals or their feces. Common sources of Salmonella include raw or undercooked meat, poultry, eggs, and milk products; contaminated fruits and vegetables; and improperly prepared or stored food.

Symptoms of salmonella infections usually begin within 12 to 72 hours after exposure and can include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, and headache. Most people recover from salmonella infections without treatment within four to seven days, although some cases may be severe or even life-threatening, especially in young children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems. In rare cases, Salmonella can spread from the intestines to the bloodstream and cause serious complications such as meningitis, endocarditis, and arthritis.

Prevention measures include proper food handling, cooking, and storage practices; washing hands thoroughly after using the bathroom, changing diapers, or touching animals; avoiding cross-contamination of foods during preparation; and using pasteurized dairy products and eggs. If you suspect that you have a Salmonella infection, it is important to seek medical attention promptly to prevent complications and reduce the risk of spreading the infection to others.

Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that are present in food, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. This field examines how these microbes interact with food, how they affect its safety and quality, and how they can be controlled during food production, processing, storage, and preparation. Food microbiology also involves the development of methods for detecting and identifying pathogenic microorganisms in food, as well as studying the mechanisms of foodborne illnesses and developing strategies to prevent them. Additionally, it includes research on the beneficial microbes found in certain fermented foods and their potential applications in improving food quality and safety.

Viral diseases are illnesses caused by the infection and replication of viruses in host organisms. These infectious agents are obligate parasites, meaning they rely on the cells of other living organisms to survive and reproduce. Viruses can infect various types of hosts, including animals, plants, and microorganisms, causing a wide range of diseases with varying symptoms and severity.

Once a virus enters a host cell, it takes over the cell's machinery to produce new viral particles, often leading to cell damage or death. The immune system recognizes the viral components as foreign and mounts an immune response to eliminate the infection. This response can result in inflammation, fever, and other symptoms associated with viral diseases.

Examples of well-known viral diseases include:

1. Influenza (flu) - caused by influenza A, B, or C viruses
2. Common cold - usually caused by rhinoviruses or coronaviruses
3. HIV/AIDS - caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
4. Measles - caused by measles morbillivirus
5. Hepatitis B and C - caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), respectively
6. Herpes simplex - caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2)
7. Chickenpox and shingles - both caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
8. Rabies - caused by rabies lyssavirus
9. Ebola - caused by ebolaviruses
10. COVID-19 - caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Prevention and treatment strategies for viral diseases may include vaccination, antiviral medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms while the immune system fights off the infection.

Adenoviruses are a group of viruses that commonly cause respiratory infections such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and fevers in humans. They can also cause conjunctivitis (pink eye), croup, and stomach and intestinal inflammation (gastroenteritis). Adenovirus infections are most common in children, but people of any age can be infected. The viruses spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, or through contact with contaminated surfaces or objects. There is no specific treatment for adenovirus infections, and most people recover on their own within a week or two. However, some people may develop more severe illness, particularly those with weakened immune systems. Preventive measures include frequent hand washing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals. Some adenoviruses can also cause serious diseases in people with compromised immune systems, such as transplant recipients and people undergoing cancer treatment. There are vaccines available to prevent some types of adenovirus infections in military recruits, who are at higher risk due to close living quarters and stress on the immune system from basic training.

Medical definitions typically focus on the potential risks or reactions related to a substance, rather than providing a general definition. In the context of medicine, shellfish are often defined by the allergens they contain, rather than as a culinary category.

According to the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI), shellfish are divided into two categories: crustaceans and mollusks. Crustaceans include shrimp, crab, lobster, and crayfish. Mollusks include clams, mussels, oysters, scallops, octopus, and squid.

Shellfish allergies are one of the most common food allergies, and they can cause severe reactions, including anaphylaxis. Therefore, in a medical context, it's essential to be specific about which types of shellfish may pose a risk to an individual.

'Campylobacter jejuni' is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that is a common cause of foodborne illness worldwide. It is often found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including birds and mammals, and can be transmitted to humans through contaminated food or water.

The bacteria are capable of causing an infection known as campylobacteriosis, which is characterized by symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and vomiting. In severe cases, the infection can spread to the bloodstream and cause serious complications, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

'Campylobacter jejuni' is one of the most common causes of foodborne illness in the United States, with an estimated 1.3 million cases occurring each year. It is often found in undercooked poultry and raw or unpasteurized milk products, as well as in contaminated water supplies. Proper cooking and pasteurization can help reduce the risk of infection, as can good hygiene practices such as washing hands thoroughly after handling raw meat and vegetables.

Fluid therapy, in a medical context, refers to the administration of fluids into a patient's circulatory system for various therapeutic purposes. This can be done intravenously (through a vein), intraosseously (through a bone), or subcutaneously (under the skin). The goal of fluid therapy is to correct or prevent imbalances in the body's fluids and electrolytes, maintain or restore blood volume, and support organ function.

The types of fluids used in fluid therapy can include crystalloids (which contain electrolytes and water) and colloids (which contain larger molecules like proteins). The choice of fluid depends on the patient's specific needs and condition. Fluid therapy is commonly used in the treatment of dehydration, shock, sepsis, trauma, surgery, and other medical conditions that can affect the body's fluid balance.

Proper administration of fluid therapy requires careful monitoring of the patient's vital signs, urine output, electrolyte levels, and overall clinical status to ensure that the therapy is effective and safe.

Water microbiology is not a formal medical term, but rather a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms found in water. It involves the identification, enumeration, and characterization of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microscopic organisms present in water sources such as lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater.

In a medical context, water microbiology is relevant to public health because it helps to assess the safety of water supplies for human consumption and recreational activities. It also plays a critical role in understanding and preventing waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to illnesses such as diarrhea, skin infections, and respiratory problems.

Water microbiologists use various techniques to study water microorganisms, including culturing, microscopy, genetic analysis, and biochemical tests. They also investigate the ecology of these organisms, their interactions with other species, and their response to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.

Overall, water microbiology is a vital field that helps ensure the safety of our water resources and protects public health.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Eosinophilia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high concentration of eosinophils in the circulating blood. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play an important role in the immune system, particularly in fighting off parasitic infections and regulating allergic reactions. However, when their numbers become excessively high, they can contribute to tissue damage and inflammation.

Eosinophilia is typically defined as a count of more than 500 eosinophils per microliter of blood. Mild eosinophilia (up to 1,500 cells/μL) may not cause any symptoms and may be discovered during routine blood tests. However, higher levels of eosinophilia can lead to various symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, skin rashes, and organ damage, depending on the underlying cause.

The causes of eosinophilia are varied and can include allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune disorders, certain medications, and some types of cancer. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of eosinophilia require identification and management of the underlying cause.

'Campylobacter' is a genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the intestinal tracts of animals, including birds and mammals. These bacteria are a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness worldwide, with Campylobacter jejuni being the most frequently identified species associated with human infection.

Campylobacter infection, also known as campylobacteriosis, typically causes symptoms such as diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal cramps, fever, and vomiting. The infection is usually acquired through the consumption of contaminated food or water, particularly undercooked poultry, raw milk, and contaminated produce. It can also be transmitted through contact with infected animals or their feces.

While most cases of campylobacteriosis are self-limiting and resolve within a week without specific treatment, severe or prolonged infections may require antibiotic therapy. In rare cases, Campylobacter infection can lead to serious complications such as bacteremia (bacterial bloodstream infection), meningitis, or Guillain-Barré syndrome, a neurological disorder that can cause muscle weakness and paralysis.

Preventive measures include proper food handling and cooking techniques, thorough handwashing, and avoiding cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Salmonella food poisoning, also known as salmonellosis, is an infection caused by the Salmonella enterica bacterium. It's typically contracted through the consumption of contaminated food or water, or by coming into contact with infected animals or their feces. The bacteria can cause gastrointestinal distress, including diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever, within 12 to 72 hours after exposure. Symptoms usually last for four to seven days, and most people recover without treatment. However, in severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage dehydration caused by excessive diarrhea. In rare instances, Salmonella can spread from the intestines to the bloodstream and cause life-threatening infections.

Adenoviridae infections refer to diseases caused by members of the Adenoviridae family of viruses, which are non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses. These viruses can infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and birds. In humans, adenovirus infections can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the specific type of virus and the age and immune status of the infected individual.

Common manifestations of adenovirus infections in humans include:

1. Respiratory illness: Adenoviruses are a common cause of respiratory tract infections, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and croup. They can also cause conjunctivitis (pink eye) and pharyngoconjunctival fever.
2. Gastrointestinal illness: Some types of adenoviruses can cause diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, particularly in children and immunocompromised individuals.
3. Genitourinary illness: Adenoviruses have been associated with urinary tract infections, hemorrhagic cystitis, and nephritis.
4. Eye infections: Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is a severe form of conjunctivitis caused by certain adenovirus types.
5. Central nervous system infections: Adenoviruses have been linked to meningitis, encephalitis, and other neurological disorders, although these are rare.

Transmission of adenoviruses typically occurs through respiratory droplets, contaminated surfaces, or contaminated water. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals. There is no specific treatment for adenovirus infections, but supportive care can help alleviate symptoms. In severe cases or in immunocompromised patients, antiviral therapy may be considered.

Vomiting is defined in medical terms as the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth. It is a violent, involuntary act that is usually accompanied by strong contractions of the abdominal muscles and retching. The body's vomiting reflex is typically triggered when the brain receives signals from the digestive system that something is amiss.

There are many potential causes of vomiting, including gastrointestinal infections, food poisoning, motion sickness, pregnancy, alcohol consumption, and certain medications or medical conditions. In some cases, vomiting can be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition, such as a brain injury, concussion, or chemical imbalance in the body.

Vomiting is generally not considered a serious medical emergency on its own, but it can lead to dehydration and other complications if left untreated. If vomiting persists for an extended period of time, or if it is accompanied by other concerning symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, fever, or difficulty breathing, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.

Kobuvirus is a genus of viruses in the family Picornaviridae, order Picornavirales. They are non-enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with an icosahedral symmetry. Kobuviruses are known to infect various mammalian and avian species, including humans.

In humans, Aichivirus A (also known as human Kobuvirus) is the most well-studied member of this genus. It primarily causes gastroenteritis, characterized by symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The virus is typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route and is often associated with contaminated water or food sources.

Kobuviruses have a relatively small genome of approximately 8.2 to 8.5 kilobases in length, encoding for structural and non-structural proteins involved in viral replication and assembly. Despite their medical importance, there are currently no specific antiviral treatments or vaccines available for kobuvirus infections. Prevention strategies primarily focus on maintaining good hygiene practices and safe food handling to minimize transmission risks.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "water supply" is not a medical term per se. It is a general term used to describe the system or arrangement providing water for consumption or use, such as a public water supply system or a private well. However, in a medical context, it could refer to the source of water used in a healthcare facility for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and patient care, which must meet certain quality standards to prevent infection and ensure safety.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Rehydration solutions are medically formulated drinks designed to restore fluid and electrolyte balance in the body, particularly when someone is dehydrated due to vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive sweating. These solutions typically contain water, glucose (or sucrose), and essential electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate in specific concentrations to match the body's needs. Common examples of rehydration solutions include oral rehydration salts (ORS) and sports drinks, which help replenish the body's water and electrolyte levels, promoting rapid and effective rehydration.

Picornaviridae is a family of small, single-stranded RNA viruses that include several important human pathogens. Picornaviridae infections refer to the illnesses caused by these viruses.

The most well-known picornaviruses that cause human diseases are:

1. Enteroviruses: This genus includes poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and enterovirus 71. These viruses can cause a range of illnesses, from mild symptoms like the common cold to more severe diseases such as meningitis, myocarditis, and paralysis (in the case of poliovirus).
2. Rhinoviruses: These are the most common cause of the common cold. They primarily infect the upper respiratory tract and usually cause mild symptoms like runny nose, sore throat, and cough.
3. Hepatitis A virus (HAV): This picornavirus is responsible for acute hepatitis A infection, which can cause jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite.

Transmission of Picornaviridae infections typically occurs through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects, respiratory droplets, or fecal-oral routes. Preventive measures include maintaining good personal hygiene, practicing safe food handling, and getting vaccinated against poliovirus and hepatitis A (if recommended). Treatment for most picornaviridae infections is generally supportive, focusing on relieving symptoms and ensuring proper hydration.

Dimenhydrinate is an antihistamine medication that is commonly used to prevent and treat motion sickness. It is a combination of diphenhydramine and 8-chlorotheophylline in a 50:50 ratio by weight. Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine with anticholinergic and sedative properties, while 8-chlorotheophylline is a mild stimulant that helps counteract the sedative effects of diphenhydramine.

Dimenhydrinate works by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic symptoms, as well as certain motion sickness-inducing signals in the brain. By doing so, it can help alleviate symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and dizziness associated with motion sickness.

Dimenhydrinate is available over-the-counter and by prescription in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid solutions. It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and talk to a healthcare provider before taking this medication if you have any medical conditions or are taking other medications.

Hospitalization is the process of admitting a patient to a hospital for the purpose of receiving medical treatment, surgery, or other health care services. It involves staying in the hospital as an inpatient, typically under the care of doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals. The length of stay can vary depending on the individual's medical condition and the type of treatment required. Hospitalization may be necessary for a variety of reasons, such as to receive intensive care, to undergo diagnostic tests or procedures, to recover from surgery, or to manage chronic illnesses or injuries.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "ships" is not a medical term. It is a common noun referring to large vehicles used for transportation on water. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I would be happy to help!

Capsid proteins are the structural proteins that make up the capsid, which is the protective shell of a virus. The capsid encloses the viral genome and helps to protect it from degradation and detection by the host's immune system. Capsid proteins are typically arranged in a symmetrical pattern and can self-assemble into the capsid structure when exposed to the viral genome.

The specific arrangement and composition of capsid proteins vary between different types of viruses, and they play important roles in the virus's life cycle, including recognition and binding to host cells, entry into the cell, and release of the viral genome into the host cytoplasm. Capsid proteins can also serve as targets for antiviral therapies and vaccines.

"Food handling" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in the context of public health and food safety, it generally refers to the activities involved in the storage, preparation, and serving of food in a way that minimizes the risk of contamination and foodborne illnesses. This includes proper hygiene practices, such as handwashing and wearing gloves, separating raw and cooked foods, cooking food to the correct temperature, and refrigerating or freezing food promptly. Proper food handling is essential for ensuring the safety and quality of food in various settings, including restaurants, hospitals, schools, and homes.

Enteritis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the small intestine. The small intestine is responsible for digesting and absorbing nutrients from food, so inflammation in this area can interfere with these processes and lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.

Enteritis can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial or viral infections, parasites, autoimmune disorders, medications, and exposure to toxins. In some cases, the cause of enteritis may be unknown. Treatment for enteritis depends on the underlying cause, but may include antibiotics, antiparasitic drugs, anti-inflammatory medications, or supportive care such as fluid replacement therapy.

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

A coronavirus is a type of virus that causes respiratory illnesses, such as the common cold, and more severe diseases including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). These viruses are typically spread through close contact with an infected person when they cough or sneeze. They can also spread by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching your own mouth, nose, or eyes.

Coronaviruses are named for the crown-like spikes on their surface. They are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted between animals and people. Common signs of infection include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure, and even death.

One of the most recently discovered coronaviruses is SARS-CoV-2, which causes the disease COVID-19. This virus was first identified in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and has since spread to become a global pandemic.

A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates inside the living cells of an organism. It is not considered to be a living organism itself, as it lacks the necessary components to independently maintain its own metabolic functions. Viruses are typically composed of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses also have an outer lipid membrane known as an envelope.

Viruses can infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea. They cause various diseases by invading the host cell, hijacking its machinery, and using it to produce numerous copies of themselves, which can then infect other cells. The resulting infection and the immune response it triggers can lead to a range of symptoms, depending on the virus and the host organism.

Viruses are transmitted through various means, such as respiratory droplets, bodily fluids, contaminated food or water, and vectors like insects. Prevention methods include vaccination, practicing good hygiene, using personal protective equipment, and implementing public health measures to control their spread.

An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. Viral antigens are antigens that are found on or produced by viruses. They can be proteins, glycoproteins, or carbohydrates present on the surface or inside the viral particle.

Viral antigens play a crucial role in the immune system's recognition and response to viral infections. When a virus infects a host cell, it may display its antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This allows the immune system to recognize and target the infected cells for destruction, thereby limiting the spread of the virus.

Viral antigens are also important targets for vaccines. Vaccines typically work by introducing a harmless form of a viral antigen to the body, which then stimulates the production of antibodies and memory T-cells that can recognize and respond quickly and effectively to future infections with the actual virus.

It's worth noting that different types of viruses have different antigens, and these antigens can vary between strains of the same virus. This is why there are often different vaccines available for different viral diseases, and why flu vaccines need to be updated every year to account for changes in the circulating influenza virus strains.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

Serotyping is a laboratory technique used to classify microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, based on the specific antigens or proteins present on their surface. It involves treating the microorganism with different types of antibodies and observing which ones bind to its surface. Each distinct set of antigens corresponds to a specific serotype, allowing for precise identification and characterization of the microorganism. This technique is particularly useful in epidemiology, vaccine development, and infection control.

Astroviridae is a family of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that primarily infect animals, including mammals and birds. The name "astrovirus" comes from the star-like appearance of the viral particles under an electron microscope. Astroviruses are associated with gastroenteritis in humans and various enteric diseases in animals. They are typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route and replicate in the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Human astrovirus strains are classified into eight serotypes (HAstV1-HAstV8), with HAstV1 being the most common cause of infection in humans.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to amplify and detect specific DNA sequences. This technique is particularly useful for the detection and quantification of RNA viruses, as well as for the analysis of gene expression.

The process involves two main steps: reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the first step, reverse transcriptase enzyme is used to convert RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) by reading the template provided by the RNA molecule. This cDNA then serves as a template for the PCR amplification step.

In the second step, the PCR reaction uses two primers that flank the target DNA sequence and a thermostable polymerase enzyme to repeatedly copy the targeted cDNA sequence. The reaction mixture is heated and cooled in cycles, allowing the primers to anneal to the template, and the polymerase to extend the new strand. This results in exponential amplification of the target DNA sequence, making it possible to detect even small amounts of RNA or cDNA.

RT-PCR is a sensitive and specific technique that has many applications in medical research and diagnostics, including the detection of viruses such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). It can also be used to study gene expression, identify genetic mutations, and diagnose genetic disorders.

Food contamination is the presence of harmful microorganisms, chemicals, or foreign substances in food or water that can cause illness or injury to individuals who consume it. This can occur at any stage during production, processing, storage, or preparation of food, and can result from various sources such as:

1. Biological contamination: This includes the presence of harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can cause foodborne illnesses. Examples include Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, and norovirus.

2. Chemical contamination: This involves the introduction of hazardous chemicals into food, which may occur due to poor handling practices, improper storage, or exposure to environmental pollutants. Common sources of chemical contamination include pesticides, cleaning solvents, heavy metals, and natural toxins produced by certain plants or fungi.

3. Physical contamination: This refers to the presence of foreign objects in food, such as glass, plastic, hair, or insects, which can pose a choking hazard or introduce harmful substances into the body.

Preventing food contamination is crucial for ensuring food safety and protecting public health. Proper hygiene practices, temperature control, separation of raw and cooked foods, and regular inspections are essential measures to minimize the risk of food contamination.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

Genotype, in genetics, refers to the complete heritable genetic makeup of an individual organism, including all of its genes. It is the set of instructions contained in an organism's DNA for the development and function of that organism. The genotype is the basis for an individual's inherited traits, and it can be contrasted with an individual's phenotype, which refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that result from the expression of its genes in combination with environmental influences.

It is important to note that an individual's genotype is not necessarily identical to their genetic sequence. Some genes have multiple forms called alleles, and an individual may inherit different alleles for a given gene from each parent. The combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a particular gene is known as their genotype for that gene.

Understanding an individual's genotype can provide important information about their susceptibility to certain diseases, their response to drugs and other treatments, and their risk of passing on inherited genetic disorders to their offspring.

Attenuated vaccines consist of live microorganisms that have been weakened (attenuated) through various laboratory processes so they do not cause disease in the majority of recipients but still stimulate an immune response. The purpose of attenuation is to reduce the virulence or replication capacity of the pathogen while keeping it alive, allowing it to retain its antigenic properties and induce a strong and protective immune response.

Examples of attenuated vaccines include:

1. Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV): This vaccine uses live but weakened polioviruses to protect against all three strains of the disease-causing poliovirus. The weakened viruses replicate in the intestine and induce an immune response, which provides both humoral (antibody) and cell-mediated immunity.
2. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine: This combination vaccine contains live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella viruses. It is given to protect against these three diseases and prevent their spread in the population.
3. Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine: This vaccine uses a weakened form of the varicella-zoster virus, which causes chickenpox. By introducing this attenuated virus into the body, it stimulates an immune response that protects against future infection with the wild-type virus.
4. Yellow fever vaccine: This live attenuated vaccine is used to prevent yellow fever, a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. The vaccine contains a weakened form of the yellow fever virus that cannot cause the disease but still induces an immune response.
5. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine: This live attenuated vaccine is used to protect against tuberculosis (TB). It contains a weakened strain of Mycobacterium bovis, which does not cause TB in humans but stimulates an immune response that provides some protection against the disease.

Attenuated vaccines are generally effective at inducing long-lasting immunity and can provide robust protection against targeted diseases. However, they may pose a risk for individuals with weakened immune systems, as the attenuated viruses or bacteria could potentially cause illness in these individuals. Therefore, it is essential to consider an individual's health status before administering live attenuated vaccines.

Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that are facultative anaerobes and are motile due to peritrichous flagella. They are non-spore forming and often have a single polar flagellum when grown in certain conditions. Salmonella species are important pathogens in humans and other animals, causing foodborne illnesses known as salmonellosis.

Salmonella can be found in the intestinal tracts of humans, birds, reptiles, and mammals. They can contaminate various foods, including meat, poultry, eggs, dairy products, and fresh produce. The bacteria can survive and multiply in a wide range of temperatures and environments, making them challenging to control completely.

Salmonella infection typically leads to gastroenteritis, characterized by symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and vomiting. In some cases, the infection may spread beyond the intestines, leading to more severe complications like bacteremia (bacterial infection of the blood) or focal infections in various organs.

There are two main species of Salmonella: S. enterica and S. bongori. S. enterica is further divided into six subspecies and numerous serovars, with over 2,500 distinct serotypes identified to date. Some well-known Salmonella serovars include S. Typhi (causes typhoid fever), S. Paratyphi A, B, and C (cause paratyphoid fever), and S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium (common causes of foodborne salmonellosis).

Bacillary dysentery is a type of dysentery caused by the bacterium Shigella. It is characterized by the inflammation of the intestines, particularly the colon, resulting in diarrhea that may contain blood and mucus. The infection is typically spread through contaminated food or water, or close contact with an infected person. Symptoms usually appear within 1-4 days after exposure and can include abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, and tenesmus (the strong, frequent urge to have a bowel movement). In severe cases, bacillary dysentery can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and other complications. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria, as well as fluid replacement to prevent dehydration.

Water pollution is defined medically as the contamination of water sources by harmful or sufficient amounts of foreign substances (pathogens, chemicals, toxic compounds, etc.) which tend to interfere with its normal functioning and can have negative effects on human health. Such pollutants can find their way into water bodies through various means including industrial waste disposal, agricultural runoff, oil spills, sewage and wastewater discharges, and accidental chemical releases, among others.

Exposure to polluted water can lead to a range of health issues, from minor problems like skin irritation or stomach upset, to severe conditions such as neurological disorders, reproductive issues, cancer, and even death in extreme cases. It also poses significant risks to aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems and leading to the decline or extinction of various species. Therefore, maintaining clean and safe water supplies is critical for both human health and environmental preservation.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "South Australia" is not a medical term or concept. It's actually the name of a region, specifically the Australian state of South Australia. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to try and help with those!

Bocavirus is a type of virus that belongs to the Parvoviridae family. It is specifically classified under the genus Bocaparvovirus. This virus is known to infect humans and animals, causing respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses. In humans, human bocavirus (HBoV) has been identified as a cause of acute respiratory tract infections, particularly in young children. There are four species of HBoV (HBoV1-4), but HBoV1 is the most common and best studied. It can be detected in nasopharyngeal swabs or washes, and it is often found as a co-infection with other respiratory viruses.

The medical definition of Bocavirus refers to this specific virus and its associated illnesses. The name "Bocavirus" comes from the initials of two diseases it causes in cattle: bovine parvovirus (BPV) and bovine rhinitis (BRSV) complex. In addition to humans, Bocaviruses have been identified in various animals, including dogs, cats, pigs, and non-human primates.

Parechovirus is an genus of viruses in the family Picornaviridae. They are small, non-enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses that primarily infect humans. Parechoviruses are associated with a variety of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild respiratory illness to severe neurological disease in infants and young children. The most well-known species within this genus is Parechovirus A, which includes the types Parechovirus A3 (formerly known as Human parechovirus 1) and Parechovirus A19 (formerly known as Human parechovirus 6). These types have been associated with sepsis-like illness, meningitis, encephalitis, and severe gastrointestinal symptoms in young children.

Reoviridae infections refer to diseases caused by the Reoviridae family of viruses, which are non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses. These viruses are widespread and can infect a variety of hosts, including humans, animals, and insects. The infection typically causes mild respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms in humans, such as cough, runny nose, sore throat, and diarrhea. In some cases, Reoviridae infections may also lead to more severe diseases, such as meningitis or encephalitis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. However, it's worth noting that many Reoviridae infections are asymptomatic and do not cause any noticeable illness.

Reoviridae viruses include several genera, such as Orthoreovirus, Rotavirus, Coltivirus, and Orbivirus, among others. Some of the most well-known human pathogens in this family include Rotaviruses, which are a leading cause of severe diarrheal disease in young children worldwide, and Orthoreoviruses, which can cause respiratory illnesses.

Treatment for Reoviridae infections is generally supportive, focusing on managing symptoms such as fever, dehydration, and pain. Antiviral medications are not typically used to treat these infections. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals, as well as vaccination against specific Reoviridae viruses, such as Rotavirus vaccines.

Shellfish poisoning refers to illnesses caused by the consumption of shellfish contaminated with harmful toxins produced by certain types of microscopic algae. These toxins can accumulate in various species of shellfish, including mussels, clams, oysters, and scallops, and can cause a range of symptoms depending on the specific type of toxin involved.

There are several types of shellfish poisoning, each caused by different groups of algal toxins:

1. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP): Caused by saxitoxins produced by dinoflagellates such as Alexandrium spp., Gymnodinium catenatum, and Pyrodinium bahamense. Symptoms include tingling or numbness of the lips, tongue, and fingers, followed by weakness, difficulty swallowing, and potentially paralysis and respiratory failure in severe cases.
2. Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP): Caused by domoic acid produced by diatoms such as Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Symptoms include gastrointestinal distress, memory loss, disorientation, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or death.
3. Diarrheal Shellfish Poisoning (DSP): Caused by okadaic acid and its derivatives produced by dinoflagellates such as Dinophysis spp. and Prorocentrum spp. Symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and occasionally chills and fever.
4. Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP): Caused by brevetoxins produced by dinoflagellates such as Karenia brevis. Symptoms include reversible neurological symptoms like tingling or numbness of the lips, tongue, and fingers, as well as respiratory irritation, coughing, and chest tightness in severe cases.
5. Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning (AZP): Caused by azaspiracids produced by dinoflagellates such as Azadinium spp. Symptoms include gastrointestinal distress, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.

It is essential to note that shellfish contaminated with these toxins may not show visible signs of spoilage or illness-causing bacteria; therefore, it is crucial to avoid consuming them during harmful algal blooms (HABs) or red tide events. Public health authorities often issue warnings and close shellfish beds when HABs are detected in the water. Always check local advisories before consuming shellfish, especially if you have harvested them yourself. Cooking does not destroy these toxins, so they remain harmful even after cooking.

Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a species of parvovirus that primarily infects the human respiratory tract. It was first identified in 2005 and has been found to be associated with respiratory tract infections, particularly in young children. The virus is small, non-enveloped, and contains a single stranded DNA genome. It is named after bovine parvovirus and canine minute virus, which belong to the same genus (Bocaparvovirus) as HBoV. There are four known subtypes of HBoV (HBoV1-4), with HBoV1 being the most commonly detected in humans. Infection with HBoV can cause a range of symptoms, from mild respiratory illness to more severe lower respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. However, it is also frequently detected in asymptomatic individuals, making its role in respiratory disease somewhat unclear.

Molecular epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology that uses laboratory techniques to identify and analyze the genetic material (DNA, RNA) of pathogens or host cells to understand their distribution, transmission, and disease associations in populations. It combines molecular biology methods with epidemiological approaches to investigate the role of genetic factors in disease occurrence and outcomes. This field has contributed significantly to the identification of infectious disease outbreaks, tracking the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, understanding the transmission dynamics of viruses, and identifying susceptible populations for targeted interventions.

I'm not able to provide a medical definition for "swimming pools" as it is not a term that is typically used in the medical field. However, swimming pools are bodies of water designed for swimming and other recreational activities. They can be found in various settings such as residential homes, community centers, hotels, and fitness clubs. Swimming pools can contain either chlorinated or saltwater and should be properly maintained to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and algae that can cause illnesses.

If you have any medical concerns related to swimming or using swimming pools, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional for advice tailored to your specific situation.

Child day care centers are facilities that provide supervision and care for children for varying lengths of time during the day. These centers may offer early education, recreational activities, and meals, and they cater to children of different age groups, from infants to school-aged children. They are typically licensed and regulated by state authorities and must meet certain standards related to staff qualifications, child-to-staff ratios, and safety. Child day care centers may be operated by non-profit organizations, religious institutions, or for-profit businesses. They can also be referred to as daycare centers, nursery schools, or preschools.

Intussusception is a medical condition in which a part of the intestine telescopes into an adjacent section, leading to bowel obstruction and reduced blood flow. It often affects children under 3 years old but can also occur in adults. If not treated promptly, it can result in serious complications such as perforation, peritonitis, or even death. The exact cause is usually unknown, but it may be associated with infections, intestinal disorders, or tumors.

"Shigella sonnei" is a medically recognized term that refers to a specific species of bacteria that can cause human illness. It's one of the four main species in the genus Shigella, and it's responsible for a significant portion of shigellosis cases worldwide.

Shigella sonnei is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, non-spore forming, rod-shaped bacterium that can be transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water. Once ingested, it can invade and infect the epithelial cells of the colon, leading to inflammation and diarrhea, which can range from mild to severe.

The infection caused by Shigella sonnei is known as shigellosis, and its symptoms may include abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, and watery or bloody diarrhea. In some cases, it can lead to more serious complications such as dehydration, seizures, or hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a type of kidney failure.

It's worth noting that Shigella sonnei is particularly concerning because it has developed resistance to multiple antibiotics, making treatment more challenging in some cases. Proper hygiene practices, such as handwashing and safe food handling, are crucial in preventing the spread of this bacterium.

Antidiarrheals are a class of medications that are used to treat diarrhea. They work by either slowing down the movement of the gut or increasing the absorption of water and electrolytes in the intestines, which helps to thicken the stool and reduce the frequency of bowel movements.

Some common examples of antidiarrheal medications include loperamide (Imodium), diphenoxylate/atropine (Lomotil), and bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol). These medications can be effective in managing acute diarrhea, but it's important to use them only as directed and for a limited period of time. Prolonged use or overuse of antidiarrheals can lead to serious side effects, such as constipation, dehydration, and dependence.

It's also worth noting that while antidiarrheals can help manage the symptoms of diarrhea, they do not address the underlying cause of the condition. If you have chronic or severe diarrhea, it's important to speak with a healthcare provider to determine the root cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

I'm not aware of a specific medical definition for "bathing beaches." The term "bathing beach" is commonly used to refer to a public shoreline area, such as on a lake or ocean, that is designated for swimming or bathing. However, in a public health context, the term might be used to describe a body of water where people are more likely to swim and therefore where water quality and safety need to be closely monitored.

Public health agencies may test the water at bathing beaches for contaminants such as bacteria or chemicals that could pose a risk to swimmers' health. If high levels of these contaminants are detected, the agency may issue an advisory or closure of the beach to protect public health. For example, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets standards for water quality at bathing beaches and provides guidance to states and localities on monitoring and managing beach water quality.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Japan" is not a medical term. Japan is the name of a country, officially known as Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku in Japanese, and is located in East Asia. It is an island nation in the Pacific Ocean with a population of about 126 million people.

If you have any medical questions or terms that you would like me to define, please let me know!

Neisseriaceae is a family of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that includes several genera of medically significant organisms. The most well-known members of this family are Neisseria and Kingella, which include species that can cause various infections in humans.

The Neisseria genus includes several important human pathogens, such as N. gonorrhoeae (the causative agent of gonorrhea) and N. meningitidis (a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and sepsis). These organisms are typically found in the mucosal membranes of the respiratory and urogenital tracts.

The Kingella genus includes several species that can cause invasive infections, such as K. kingae (a common cause of bone and joint infections in young children) and K. denitrificans (which has been associated with endocarditis and bacteremia).

Overall, Neisseriaceae is an important family of bacteria that includes several significant human pathogens, many of which can cause serious and potentially life-threatening infections if left untreated.

Diapers for infants are absorbent garments worn by babies and young children who are not yet fully potty-trained. They are typically made of cloth or disposable materials and feature fasteners to keep them securely in place around the baby's waist. Diapers serve to protect the child's clothing and the surrounding environment from accidents, such as urination and bowel movements. Infant diapers come in various sizes to accommodate growing babies, and some are designed with features like wetness indicators or adjustable leg cuffs for added convenience and protection.

Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis among adults in America accounting for about 90% of viral gastroenteritis ... which are two of the leading bacterial causes of gastroenteritis worldwide. Gastroenteritis is usually an acute and self- ... Gastroenteritis is defined as vomiting or diarrhea due to inflammation of the small or large bowel, often due to infection. The ... In 1980, gastroenteritis from all causes caused 4.6 million deaths in children, with the majority occurring in the developing ...
... (HGE) is a disease of dogs characterized by sudden vomiting and bloody diarrhea. The symptoms are ... Gastroenteritis Ettinger, Stephen J.; Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (4th ed.). W.B. ... ISBN 0-7216-6795-3. "Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-20. (Articles with ...
Lee C, Changchien C, Chen P, Lin D, Sheen I, Wang C, Tai D, Sheen-Chen S, Chen W, Wu C (1993). "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: ... Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG or EGE) is a rare and heterogeneous condition characterized by patchy or diffuse eosinophilic ... When eosinophilic gastroenteritis is observed in association with eosinophilic infiltration of other organ systems, the ... Shweiki E, West J, Klena J, Kelley S, Colley A, Bross R, Tyler W (1999). "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis presenting as an ...
Rotavirus gastroenteritis is a major cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and young children globally. It is caused by ... Rotavirus gastroenteritis is a mild to severe disease characterised by vomiting, watery diarrhoea, and low-grade fever. Once a ... It infects and damages the cells that line the small intestine and causes gastroenteritis (which is often called "stomach flu" ... Due to immunity acquired in childhood, most adults are not susceptible to rotavirus; gastroenteritis in adults usually has a ...
... or Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) is a coronavirus which infects pigs. It ... Alphacoronavirus 1 Transmissible gastroenteritis virus Transmissible gastroenteritis virus virulent Purdue [AJ271965] (TGEV ... The Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus has been engineered as an expression vector. The vector was constructed by replacing ... "Transmissible Gastroenteritis in Pigs". Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck. Retrieved 7 July 2019. Transboundary and Emerging ...
Gastroenteritis. Gastritis. Chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatic schistosomiasis, or intestinal schistosomiasis. This is caused by ... It may be caused by ulcers, tumors of the stomach or esophagus, varices, prolonged and vigorous retching, gastroenteritis, ...
Inflammation of both the stomach and small intestine is referred to as gastroenteritis. Signs and symptoms of enteritis are ... "Gastroenteritis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 23 July 2021. "Enteritis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". ... Mori, Amit; Enweluzo, Chijioke; Grier, David; Badireddy, Madhu (2013-05-01). "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: review of a rare ...
"Rotavirus , Home , Gastroenteritis , CDC". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-11. Lu Z, Liu H, Fu S, et al. (2011). "Liao ning ... Rotavirus A-E cause infantile gastroenteritis in humans and farm animals. Many known Seadornaviruses cause encephalitis in ...
"Gastroenteritis: First aid". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 6 March 2011. (CS1: long volume value, Use dmy dates from March 2023, ... "Gastroenteritis". MedlinePlus. United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 18 November 2022. Mayo Clinic Staff. " ... Additionally, other medical professionals advise first aid treatment for gastroenteritis by briefly limiting the diet to bland ... King CK, Glass R, Bresee JS, Duggan C (November 2003). "Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, ...
Kapikian AZ (1996). "Overview of viral gastroenteritis". Viral Gastroenteritis. Archives of Virology. Vol. 12. pp. 7-19. doi: ... "Gastroenteritis and Noroviruses-Dr Jim Grey, Health Protection Agency". The Naked Scientists. 9 December 2007. Archived from ... In one outbreak at an international scout jamboree in the Netherlands, each person with gastroenteritis infected an average of ... Norovirus is a common cause of epidemics of gastroenteritis on cruise ships. The CDC through its Vessel Sanitation Program ...
... eosinophilic gastroenteritis; eosinophilic esophagitis; and dysfunction of other organs targeted by eosinophils. The ~30% of ...
2001). "Gastroenteritis viruses: an overview". Gastroenteritis Viruses. Novartis Foundation Symposia. Vol. 238. pp. 5-19, ... They cause gastroenteritis in mammals, including humans but rarely. Influenza is caused by RNA viruses of the family ...
NetWellness website Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG) is a rare and heterogeneous condition characterized by patchy or diffuse ... Pérez-Millán A, Martín-Lorente J, López-Morante A, Yuguero L, Sáez-Royuela F (1997). "Subserosal eosinophilic gastroenteritis ... Whitaker I, Gulati A, McDaid J, Bugajska-Carr U, Arends M (2004). "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis presenting as obstructive ... Barbie D, Mangi A, Lauwers G (2004). "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus". J. Clin. ...
... was originally identified after a 1989 outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the Aichi Prefecture, and was likely ... S2CID 39830543.; Lay summary in: Acton QA (2011). "Aichi virus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis in Finland". ... p. 9. ISBN 978-0-12-465327-6. Desselberger U (2003). Viral Gastroenteritis. Gulf Professional Publishing. pp. 645-. ISBN 978-0- ... "Aichi virus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis in Finland". Epidemiology and Infection. 138 (8): 1166-71. doi: ...
This is down from a death rate of 4.5 million in 1980 for gastroenteritis. Diarrhea remains the second leading cause of infant ... Acute diarrhea is most commonly due to viral gastroenteritis with rotavirus, which accounts for 40% of cases in children under ... Infectious diarrhea is frequently referred to as gastroenteritis. Norovirus is the most common cause of viral diarrhea in ... "BestBets: Does Withholding milk feeds reduce the duration of diarrhoea in children with acute gastroenteritis?". Archived from ...
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Coeliac disease Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) Primary intestinal lymphangectasia The ... This increased intestinal permeability may be seen in eosinophilic gastroenteritis and other conditions causing increased ...
It infects and damages the cells that line the small intestine and causes gastroenteritis (which is often called "stomach flu" ... Due to immunity acquired in childhood, most adults are not susceptible to rotavirus; gastroenteritis in adults usually has a ... Diagnosis of infection with a rotavirus normally follows diagnosis of gastroenteritis as the cause of severe diarrhoea. Most ... Rotavirus A, which accounts for more than 90% of rotavirus gastroenteritis in humans, is endemic worldwide. Each year ...
This species of pathogenic bacteria is one of the most common causes of human gastroenteritis in the world. Food poisoning ... Bonheur JL (2018-07-24). Anand BS (ed.). "Bacterial Gastroenteritis". Medscape Reference. Fischer GH, Paterek E (2023). " ...
"Gastroenteritis-Gastrointestinal Disorders". 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-20. "How to Treat Diarrhea in Infants and Young Children ... may be effective at reducing the duration and severity of diarrhea in acute settings as a result of gastroenteritis, while ...
Gastroenteritis Esophagitis "Gastritis". The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). November ...
"Gastroenteritis: First aid". Mayo Clinic. "Stomach Flu (Gastroenteritis) : Symptoms, Causes & Diagnosis". Cleveland Clinic. "11 ... Gastroenteritis caused by viruses may last one to two days. Most people recover easily from a short episode of vomiting and ... Norovirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in the United States. The doctor will take a medical history to make sure ... Gastroenteritis can be caused by viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections. Common routes of infection include: Food ...
ISBN 978-0-8379-0408-5. Cook, Joan (1989-04-25). "Horace Hodes, a Pediatrician, 81; Linked Virus to Gastroenteritis". The New ...
Webb, A; Starr, M (Apr 2005). "Acute gastroenteritis in children". Australian Family Physician. 34 (4): 227-31. PMID 15861741. ...
Cook, Joan (April 25, 1989). "Horace Hodes, a Pediatrician, 81; Linked Virus to Gastroenteritis". The New York Times. Retrieved ...
An outbreak of Gastroenteritis ensued in the weeks following Erika, with 153 cases confirmed by September 22. Cases were ... "Gastroenteritis on the Rise". ReliefWeb. Government of Dominica. September 22, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016. "Creating Access ...
... causes gastroenteritis); Lysinibacillus sphaericus (previously termed Bacillus sphaericus, a rare cause of lung infections and ...
Cook, Joan (April 25, 1989). "Horace Hodes, a Pediatrician, 81; Linked Virus to Gastroenteritis". The New York Times. Retrieved ...
"Transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine". ATCC. Pensaert, M.; Callebaut, P.; Vergote, J. (July 1986). "Isolation of a ... porcine respiratory, non‐enteric coronavirus related to transmissible gastroenteritis". Veterinary Quarterly. 8 (3): 257-261. ...
Potassium metabolism in gastroenteritis. Nutrition Reviews 14: 295-296, 1956. (CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list, ... Schlesinger B, Payne B, Black J. Potassium metabolism in gastroenteritis. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 24:33-49, 1955. ...
"Gastroenteritis and Food/Waterborne Diseases". Living in Indonesia. Owen, Sri. "Indonesian Food and Cookery" ISBN 978- ... The tropical microbes also might contribute to food poisoning cases mostly gastroenteritis, especially among foreigners during ...
CMV gastroenteritis/colitis is inflammation of the stomach or intestine due to infection with cytomegalovirus. ... CMV gastroenteritis/colitis is inflammation of the stomach or intestine due to infection with cytomegalovirus. ... CMV gastroenteritis/colitis is inflammation of the stomach or intestine due to infection with cytomegalovirus. ... Contact your health care provider if you have symptoms of CMV gastroenteritis/colitis. ...
Gastroenteritis is a nonspecific term for various pathologic states of the gastrointestinal tract. The primary manifestation is ... Pediatric gastroenteritis is discussed in the Medscape Drugs & Diseases article Pediatric Gastroenteritis. ... encoded search term (Emergent Treatment of Gastroenteritis) and Emergent Treatment of Gastroenteritis What to Read Next on ... Emergent Treatment of Gastroenteritis. Updated: Oct 27, 2023 * Author: Arthur Diskin, MD; Chief Editor: Steven C Dronen, MD, ...
Acute gastroenteritis is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Conservative estimates put diarrhea in the top 5 ... Epidemic viral gastroenteritis. Most cases of epidemic viral gastroenteritis in adults and children are caused by the ... Sporadic adult viral gastroenteritis. Few studies have examined the causes of sporadic cases of adult viral gastroenteritis. ... Sporadic infantile viral gastroenteritis. Group A rotavirus causes 25-65% of severe infantile gastroenteritis worldwide. Acute ...
"Gastroenteritis is a major cause of death worldwide," said lead author Aron Hall, D.V.M., M.S.P.H., of the CDCs Division of ... "By knowing the causes of gastroenteritis-associated deaths and whos at risk, we can develop better treatments and help health ... Over the eight-year study period, gastroenteritis-associated deaths from all causes increased from nearly 7,000 to more than ... Deaths from gastroenteritis double. C. difficile and norovirus are the leading causes ...
... gastroenteritis - Sharing our stories on preparing for and responding to public health events ...
Recommendations for Collection of Laboratory Specimens Associated with Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis ... Information Relevant To Outbreaks Of Viral Gastroenteritis. Information Relevant To Outbreaks Of Bacterial Gastroenteritis. ... Outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis are characterized by a short incubation period: 24-48 hours when the agent is one of the ... Viral gastroenteritis. In: Evans AS, ed. Viral infections of humans: epidemiology and control. 3rd ed. New York: Plenum Medical ...
Rotavirus gastroenteritis is common in infants and young children. Children under five years of age, especially those between 6 ... Rotavirus gastroenteritis is caused by rotavirus that infects the stomach and bowel. ... Rotavirus gastroenteritis is caused by rotavirus that infects the stomach and bowel. Rotavirus gastroenteritis is common in ... Generic protocols for monitoring impact of rotavirus vaccination on gastroenteritis disease burden and viral strains, January ...
Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis among adults in America accounting for about 90% of viral gastroenteritis ... which are two of the leading bacterial causes of gastroenteritis worldwide. Gastroenteritis is usually an acute and self- ... Gastroenteritis is defined as vomiting or diarrhea due to inflammation of the small or large bowel, often due to infection. The ... In 1980, gastroenteritis from all causes caused 4.6 million deaths in children, with the majority occurring in the developing ...
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is characterized by the following: The presence of abnormal GI symptoms, most often abdominal pain ... Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) is an uncommon gastrointestinal disease affecting both children and adults. ... The natural history of eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) has not been well documented. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a ... encoded search term (Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis) and Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Acute gastroenteritis is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Conservative estimates put diarrhea in the top 5 ... encoded search term (Viral Gastroenteritis) and Viral Gastroenteritis What to Read Next on Medscape ... Viral Gastroenteritis Differential Diagnoses. Updated: Jan 08, 2018 * Author: Brian Lin; Chief Editor: Burt Cagir, MD, FACS ... Management of acute gastroenteritis in children. Am Fam Physician. 1999 Dec. 60(9):2555-63, 2565-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
Bacterial gastroenteritis, or food poisoning, is a digestive infection that can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and ... What is campylobacter gastroenteritis?. Campylobacter gastroenteritis is a form of food poisoning that occurs due to an ... Most cases of bacterial gastroenteritis will usually clear up within a week. People with bacterial gastroenteritis should drink ... Bacterial gastroenteritis will often clear up on its own without any treatment. However, a person may need to rest and drink ...
Gastritis and gastroenteritis are two different conditions, affecting different parts of the digestive system. Learn more. ... Gastroenteritis. Viruses, bacteria, and parasites may cause gastroenteritis.. Viral gastroenteritis is the second most common ... Symptoms of gastritis and gastroenteritis differ.. Symptoms of gastroenteritis may be severe enough to cause dehydration. By ... Gastroenteritis tends to result from infections. It affects the intestines and will usually resolve on its own after a few days ...
Man dies in gastroenteritis outbreak. May 14, 2007 One man died and three people were taken to hospital in an outbreak of ... gastroenteritis at a care home in Haren. One is still in a criticial condition. Ten of the total 35 people struck down on ...
... are the commonest causes of outbreaks of non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Transmission of SRSVs by water and by various ... Outbreak of calicivirus gastroenteritis associated with eating frozen raspberries * A Pönka1 , L Maunula2 , C. H. von Bonsdorff ... are the commonest causes of outbreaks of non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Transmission of SRSVs by water and by various ... Outbreak of calicivirus gastroenteritis associated with eating frozen raspberries. Euro Surveill. 1999;4(6):pii=56. https://doi ...
Gastroenteritis is an infection that causes vomiting and diarrhea. ... Gastroenteritis is an infection that causes vomiting and diarrhea.. More to Know. Gastroenteritis can be due to an infection ... Gastroenteritis usually is not serious and generally lasts a few days. The greatest risk from gastroenteritis is dehydration, ...
England spinner Jack Leach has been admitted to hospital after suffering from gastroenteritis during the second and the final ...
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical ... See also Overview of Gastroenteritis Overview of Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach ... Symptoms and Signs of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis Rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants and young children may last 5 to 7 days. ... Prevention of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis Two live-attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines Rotavirus Vaccine The rotavirus vaccine is ...
Viral gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis hits a lot harder: one moment you feel fine, and all of a sudden, you get very sick. ... same gastroenteritis/stomach bug as rest of fam. Wait till the gastroenteritis is completely resolved and continue to wash your ... Bacterial gastroenteritis is less common than viral gastroenteritis. It is the irritation of the digestive tract caused by a ... Viral gastroenteritis is … how longs bacterial gastroenteritis take to clear up without antibiotics? Thankfully Im on the mend ...
Gastroenteritis outbreak in Garfield County PRESS RELEASE May 26, 2021. Garfield County Public Health and the Colorado ... Gastroenteritis is extremely contagious. The virus is highly concentrated in diarrhea and or vomit of infected people. It ... It is important that people with gastroenteritis stay well hydrated.. Prevention. The best way to stop the spread of ... For more information on norovirus and other viral gastroenteritis, please visit the the CDC norovirus website, which includes ...
Gastroenteritis takes lives in Ludhiana, due to lack of medical support and sanitation. Jai Kumar lives and runs a school in ... Gastroenteritis takes lives in Ludhiana, due to lack of medical support and sanitation. Jai Kumar lives and runs a school in ... Tagged in: Jai Kumar, government Punjab, Municipal, bad sanitation, epidemic, Gastroenteritis, health facility, Ludhiana, ... "The deaths have reduced, but people are still falling ill all the time." Gastroenteritis or "stomach flu" is the inflammation ...
In a case of suspected Campylobacter gastroenteritis, what is the best way to confirm the diagnosis? What provides the most ...
The symptoms of gastroenteritis include nausea, vomiting, abdominal (belly) cramps, diarrhea, fever, and weight loss. A stomach ... sometimes called gastroenteritis, can be caused by a viral, bacterial, or parasitic infection. It is sometimes called stomach ...
Gastroenteritis is defined as inflammation of the stomach or intestinal mucosa. Patients with gastroenteritis typically present ... Acute gastroenteritis and diarrhea are among the leading reasons for seeking medical care. Approximately 48 million cases occur ... Most cases of acute gastroenteritis are caused by viruses. Among the different viral causes, norovirus is the most common ... Common bacterial causes of gastroenteritis include Escherichia coli sp, Salmonella sp, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Vibrio sp, ...
June 1998 CASE REPORT A case of eosinophilic gastroenteritis YQ Hsu, CYF Lo Room 218A, Tung Ying Building, 100 Nathan Road, ... Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a rare disorder characterised by eosinophilic infiltration of the bowel wall and various ... Key words: Ascites/pathology; Eosinophilia/diagnosis; Eosinophils; Food hypersensitivity/complications; Gastroenteritis/therapy ...
Acute Gastroenteritis / Acute Gastroenteritis in the ED/UCC: Culture Stool ... Acute Gastroenteritis in the ED/UCC: Culture Stool. *Culture Stool: E. coli 0157, Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia ...
... investigating an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) at a kindergarten-cum-child care centre... ... Members of the public are advised to take heed of the following preventive measures against gastroenteritis:. *Ensure proper ... CHP investigates outbreak of acute gastroenteritis at kindergarten-cum-child care centre in Kwun Tong ... investigating an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) at a kindergarten-cum-child care centre in Kwun Tong, and hence ...
The most dangerous for a pet is the viral type. Once in the body of an animal, the parvovirus begins to multiply with lightning speed, destroying the intestinal mucosa in a fairly short period of time, erosion and necrotization occurs. In parallel, the disease enslaves the heart of the animal, destroying the cells of the myocardium. Another unpleasant news is that the infection "eats away" the walls of blood vessels by changing the composition of the animals blood. The worst thing is that the whole process takes very little time, and by the time the first signs appear, terrible and lethal changes, as a rule, are already coping with their task. The intoxication is so strong that the dog dies in the first days after infection.. The coronavirus is less aggressive, but no less dangerous. It does not affect the work of the heart, but at the same time, if the treatment is not started on time, the pet will die. The incubation period is 2 to 10 days. The infection does not respond to temperature ...
... bowel syndrome symptoms are associated with a subtle increase in intestinal permeability irrespective of prior gastroenteritis ... Intestinal permeability in patients with irritable bowel syndrome after a waterborne outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in ... permeability and irritable bowel syndrome symptoms 2 years after a large waterborne outbreak of bacterial gastroenteritis. ... bowel syndrome symptoms are associated with a subtle increase in intestinal permeability irrespective of prior gastroenteritis ...
... for the management of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) has been recently questioned. We performed a systematic review to update ... Treatment of Acute Gastroenteritis. 1.. Dinleyici. 2014;. Turkey. 64/63. 1 × 108 CFU;. 5 days. No intervention. 3-60 months; ... Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children remains a common health problem. Despite treatment advances in recent decades, globally ... Multicenter Trial of a Combination Probiotic for Children with Gastroenteritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2018, 379, 2015-2026. [Google ...
  • Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) is an uncommon inflammatory gastrointestinal (GI) disease affecting both children and adults. (medscape.com)
  • The underlying molecular mechanism predisposing to the clinical manifestation of eosinophilic gastroenteritis is unknown. (medscape.com)
  • Although these diseases are idiopathic, recent investigations support the role of eosinophils, T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines (interleukin [IL]-3, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13), and eotaxin as the critical factors in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic gastroenteritis. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with eosinophilic gastroenteritis have elevated IgE and eosinophilia of tissue and blood. (medscape.com)
  • Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a rare disorder characterised by eosinophilic infiltration of the bowel wall and various gastrointestinal manifestations. (hkmj.org)
  • Clinical features of eosinophilic gastroenteritis [in Korean]. (medscape.com)
  • Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: clinical experience with 15 patients. (medscape.com)
  • Eosinophilic gastroenteritis--an Indian experience. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical features and treatment responses of children with eosinophilic gastroenteritis. (medscape.com)
  • Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: clinical manifestations and morphological characteristics, a retrospective study of 42 patients. (medscape.com)
  • Role Of Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Pediatric Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis: a Case Report and Review of the Literature. (medscape.com)
  • Biopsy specimen of eosinophilic gastroenteritis. (medscape.com)
  • However, since the description of eosinophilic gastroenteritis by Kaijser in 1937, more than 280 cases have been reported in the medical literature. (medscape.com)
  • Although cases have been reported worldwide, the exact incidence of eosinophilic gastroenteritis is unclear. (medscape.com)
  • Kim et al reported 31 new cases of eosinophilic gastroenteritis in Seoul, Korea, between January 1970 and July 2003. (medscape.com)
  • Chen et al reported on 15 patients, including 2 children, with eosinophilic gastroenteritis who were evaluated over an 18-year period at a hospital in China in 2003. (medscape.com)
  • Venkataraman et al reported 7 new diagnoses of eosinophilic gastroenteritis over a 10-year period in India. (medscape.com)
  • Death from eosinophilic gastroenteritis has been reported only rarely. (medscape.com)
  • SUMMARY Idiopathic eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a rare inflammatory disease of unknown origin, characterized by diffuse eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract, accompanied by varying abdominal symptoms related to the location, severity and depth of invasion. (openarchives.gr)
  • Patients suffering from eosinophilic gastroenteritis require regular surveillance and prompt treatment in order to avoid possible complications. (openarchives.gr)
  • asthtitis (artrit), bronchitis (bronkit), dermatitis (eksem), gastroenteritis (mag- holland casino amsterdam wikipedia , wat is een chasseur in het eosinophilic gastroenteritis coronavirus , coronavirus positive - feline Led in setting up a cell culture facility for Zika virus and Rotavirus propagation at Investigated role of secondary lymphoid organs in viral gastroenteritis. (web.app)
  • For patient education resources, see Digestive Disorders Center , as well as Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu) , Norovirus Infection , and Diarrhea . (medscape.com)
  • Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) and norovirus were the most common infectious causes of gastroenteritis-associated deaths. (cdc.gov)
  • Norovirus causes more than 20 million illnesses annually, and it is the leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • While C. difficile continues to be the leading contributor to gastroenteritis-associated deaths, this study shows for the first time that norovirus is likely the second leading infectious cause," said Hall. (cdc.gov)
  • Our findings highlight the need for effective measures to prevent, diagnose, and manage gastroenteritis, especially for C. difficile and norovirus among the elderly. (cdc.gov)
  • Viruses (particularly rotavirus (in children) and norovirus (in adults)) and the bacteria Escherichia coli and Campylobacter species are the primary causes of gastroenteritis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gastroenteritis can also be the result of a viral infection, such as rotavirus and norovirus . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The most common causes of gastroenteritis are: food poisoning, Travellers' Diarrhoea and Norovirus. (ireggae.com)
  • Norovirus is a common cause of viral gastroenteritis. (garfield-county.com)
  • For more information on norovirus and other viral gastroenteritis, please visit the the CDC norovirus website , which includes FAQs , or call Garfield County Public Health at 970-625-5200 x 8128. (garfield-county.com)
  • Norovirus and rotavirus seem to be the most causative factors of viral gastroenteritis. (reliancegeneral.co.in)
  • More attention should be paid to the monitoring and supervision of food handlers to reduce the incidence of norovirus-related acute gastroenteritis associated with delivery food. (researchsquare.com)
  • Recent years many outbreaks of Norovirus gastroenteritis in schools have been reported in China [11, 12]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Globally, the burden of disease for gastroenteritis caused by norovirus alone is 685 million . (rupahealth.com)
  • In children, most gastroenteritis is viral , typically norovirus or rotavirus. (rupahealth.com)
  • Norovirus is the primary cause of viral gastroenteritis (GE). (bvsalud.org)
  • Metagenomic sequencing on the Illumina platform robustly determines complete norovirus genomes and may be used to broaden gastroenteritis surveillance by capturing off-target enteric viruses . (bvsalud.org)
  • IMPORTANCE Viral gastroenteritis results in significant morbidity and mortality in vulnerable individuals and is primarily caused by norovirus . (bvsalud.org)
  • Most cases of acute gastroenteritis are caused by viruses and among them, norovirus ( norwalk virus ) is the most common etiology for adults. (wikidoc.org)
  • Norovirus Food-borne Disease and Infectious Gastroenteritis. (web.app)
  • Diarrhea associated with nausea and vomiting is referred to as gastroenteritis. (medscape.com)
  • The number of people who died from gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines that causes vomiting and diarrhea) more than doubled from 1999 to 2007, according to a study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • Gastroenteritis, also known as infectious diarrhea or simply as gastro, is an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract including the stomach and intestine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gastroenteritis usually involves both diarrhea and vomiting. (wikipedia.org)
  • If a person with bacterial gastroenteritis experiences diarrhea for more than 3 days , they should contact a doctor. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Gastroenteritis is an infection that causes vomiting and diarrhea . (rchsd.org)
  • Download PDF … chronic diarrhea + frequent bouts of gastroenteritis. (ireggae.com)
  • Acute gastroenteritis and diarrhea are among the leading reasons for seeking medical care. (wikidoc.org)
  • Common bacterial causes of gastroenteritis include Escherichia coli sp , Salmonella sp , Yersinia enterocolitica , and Vibrio sp , which can cause watery diarrhea, and Shigella sp and Campylobacter sp , which can cause dysenteric diarrhea . (wikidoc.org)
  • Gastroenteritis, when caused by bacteria, causes a high fever and bloody diarrhea. (catholictranscript.org)
  • Rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) is the most common cause of severe childhood diarrhea worldwide. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Other common terms for gastroenteritis include infectious diarrhea, stomach bug, and stomach virus. (kiddle.co)
  • Rotavirus were detected in faeces of 22(13.8%) children with acute diarrhea, 90.9% of positive cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis were under 2 years of age with highest prevalence in children 7-12 months of age. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rotavirus is recognized as a major cause of non bacterial gastroenteritis (infection of the stomach and intestinal tract leading to diarrhea and vomiting) especially in infants and young children worldwide [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rotavirus gastroenteritis is a mild to severe disease, once a child is exposed to rotavirus infection, it takes about 1-2 days (incubation period) before symptoms often starts with fever, nausea and vomiting, which are often followed by abdominal cramps and frequent watery diarrhea (which may last for 3-8 days) infected children may also have a cough and runny nose. (biomedcentral.com)
  • With vomiting and diarrhea as the main side effects of gastroenteritis and how easy it can spread from person or object, it creates a dangerous situation for any nursing home resident. (nursinghomeabusecenter.com)
  • Viral gastroenteritis is an infection caused by a variety of viruses that results in vomiting or diarrhea. (agedcarecrisis.com)
  • The main symptoms of viral gastroenteritis are watery diarrhea and vomiting. (agedcarecrisis.com)
  • Gastroenteritis is a serious illness, however, for persons who are unable to drink enough fluids to replace what they lose through vomiting or diarrhea. (agedcarecrisis.com)
  • CMV gastroenteritis/colitis is inflammation of the stomach or intestine due to infection with cytomegalovirus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • After rotavirus, the most important cause of acute infantile gastroenteritis probably is calicivirus infection. (medscape.com)
  • Astrovirus infection is associated with 2-9% of cases of infantile gastroenteritis worldwide, making it the third most frequent cause after rotavirus and calicivirus. (medscape.com)
  • Bacterial gastroenteritis, often called food poisoning, is a bacterial infection of the digestive system. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • If they suspect bacterial gastroenteritis, they may request a stool sample to identify the type of bacterium causing the infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Some people with viral or bacterial gastritis or gastroenteritis may need antibiotics to clear the infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Gastroenteritis can be due to an infection with a virus, bacteria , or parasites. (rchsd.org)
  • Gastroenteritis is the inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract due to bacterial toxins or viral infection. (ireggae.com)
  • The clinical spectrum of acute viral gastroenteritis ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe dehydration and death. (ireggae.com)
  • common infection of the stomach and intestines that results in vomiting and diarrhoea While bacterial gastroenteritis presents similarly to viral gastroenteritis, it is far less common. (ireggae.com)
  • Also called gastroenteritis, this is an acute infection caused by a virus (the famous virus, usually caused by some type of enterovirus) or bacteria, and usually develops quickly. (catholictranscript.org)
  • Gastroenteritis is a type of gastrointestinal inflammation that can be caused due to bacterial infection, viral infection, or by a parasite. (reliancegeneral.co.in)
  • A bacterial or viral illness and a parasite infection although less often, is by far the most major condition of gastroenteritis. (reliancegeneral.co.in)
  • Gastroenteritis (or gastro) is a common infection of the stomach and bowel that causes vomiting and/or diarrhoea. (act.gov.au)
  • Infection control is important to minimise transmission and control outbreaks of gastroenteritis and ARI in aged care facilities. (act.gov.au)
  • This study was conducted to determine the incidence of rotavirus infection in children with gastroenteritis attending Jos university teaching hospital, Plateau State. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Other rare complications from gastroenteritis in the elderly include ulcerative colitis, aortic aneurysm, or reactive arthritis in the months following an infection. (nursinghomeabusecenter.com)
  • In general, the symptoms begin 1 to 2 days following infection with a virus that causes gastroenteritis and may last for 1 to 10 days, depending on which virus causes the illness. (agedcarecrisis.com)
  • Bacterial gastroenteritis commonly results from consuming food or water that has become contaminated with bacteria or their toxins. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Bacterial gastroenteritis spreads quickly from person to person, and people can get the bacteria on their hands by handling contaminated food or water. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Harmful bacteria are also present in the stools of individuals with bacterial gastroenteritis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Viruses , bacteria , and parasites may cause gastroenteritis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Bacteria cause gastroenteritis by several mechanisms. (ireggae.com)
  • Gastroenteritis ("stomach flu") is a term that refers to gut inflammation - the stomach, small intestine, and colon -- caused by a virus, bacteria, parasite, or fungus. (rupahealth.com)
  • Long-term effects of gastroenteritis can occur because there is a decrease in good bacteria in the gut which creates an imbalance in the immune system. (nursinghomeabusecenter.com)
  • Viral gastroenteritis is not caused by bacteria (such as Salmonella or Escherichia coli ) or parasites (such as Giardia ), or by medications or other medical conditions, although the symptoms may be similar. (agedcarecrisis.com)
  • Recent discoveries have implicated a number of 'new' (i.e., previously unrecognized) infectious agents as important causes of outbreaks of gastroenteritis. (cdc.gov)
  • The information in this report is especially intended for public health agencies that collaborate with CDC in investigating outbreaks of gastroenteritis. (cdc.gov)
  • The guidelines and the general information provided on causes of outbreaks of gastroenteritis can be also used by public health workers for investigations when specific testing is available and appropriate. (cdc.gov)
  • New diagnostic laboratory techniques as well as modifications of standard ones have been used by investigators to identify viral, bacterial, and parasitic agents of outbreaks of gastroenteritis. (cdc.gov)
  • Nosocomial outbreaks of gastroenteritis are a major burden on hospital inpatient services, costing an estimated pound115 million annually to the English National Health Service. (nih.gov)
  • Outbreaks of gastroenteritis were ascertained through an active surveillance network using standard clinical definitions. (nih.gov)
  • The clinical and molecular epidemiology of community- and healthcare-acquired rotavirus gastroenteritis. (medscape.com)
  • Our study shows that metagenomics can be used for public health gastroenteritis surveillance , the generation of reference-sets for molecular epidemiology , and how it compares to current surveillance strategies . (bvsalud.org)
  • The Centre for Health Protection (CHP) of the Department of Health (DH) is today (June 8) investigating an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) at a kindergarten-cum-child care centre in Kwun Tong, and hence reminded the public and management of institutions to maintain personal and environmental hygiene against AGE. (gov.hk)
  • Group A rotavirus causes 25-65% of severe infantile gastroenteritis worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • In severe cases of bacterial gastroenteritis, a healthcare professional may prescribe antibiotics . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Symptoms of gastroenteritis may be severe enough to cause dehydration . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • does bacterial or viral gastroenteritis have more severe symptoms? (ireggae.com)
  • In severe cases of gastroenteritis, a doctor may instruct the person to stop taking the medication permanently. (merckmanuals.com)
  • In rare cases , usually secondary to either moderate to severe dehydration (with electrolyte imbalance) or severe multi-system involvement (sepsis), gastroenteritis can be severe enough to lead to hospitalization . (rupahealth.com)
  • Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome is a severe, multi-system complication of E. coli gastroenteritis. (rupahealth.com)
  • Dehydration is a serious complication of rotavirus, if not immediately managed it can lead to hypovolemia (a disorder in which the volume of circulating blood decreases) and circulatory collapse and eventual death, in severe cases children may suffer from symptoms of rotavirus gastroenteritis for up to 9 days and then recover [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The most important of treating viral gastroenteritis in children and adults is to prevent severe loss of fluids (dehydration). (agedcarecrisis.com)
  • The third is sporadic acute gastroenteritis of adults, which most likely is caused by caliciviruses, rotaviruses, astroviruses, or adenoviruses. (medscape.com)
  • Notes from the field: outbreaks of rotavirus gastroenteritis among elderly adults in two retirement communities--Illinois, 2011. (medscape.com)
  • In adults the symptoms of rotavirus gastroenteritis are usually mild. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Noroviruses are a leading cause of sporadic cases and outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis globally among adults and children and is having a significant influence on public health [1, 2]. (researchsquare.com)
  • in the United States, viruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. (medscape.com)
  • Using broadly reactive reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for calicivirus to study stool specimens from children with acute gastroenteritis, studies have found these viruses in 7-22% of cases. (medscape.com)
  • Use of direct electron microscopy (EM), coupled with immunologic techniques (e.g., immune EM and enzyme immunoassays (EIAs)) and serologic studies, has enhanced understanding of viruses as a major cause of gastroenteritis. (cdc.gov)
  • Small round structured viruses (SRSVs - for example, calici-, astro-, and entero-viruses) are the commonest causes of outbreaks of non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Most importantly, viruses … prescribed cipro (ciprofloxacin) for bacterial gastroenteritis. (ireggae.com)
  • Most cases of acute gastroenteritis are caused by viruses. (wikidoc.org)
  • The viruses that cause gastroenteritis are spread through close contact with infected persons (for example, by sharing food, water, or eating utensils). (agedcarecrisis.com)
  • How does food get contaminated by gastroenteritis viruses? (agedcarecrisis.com)
  • Tests to detect other viruses that cause gastroenteritis are not in routine use, but the viral gastroenteritis unit at CDC can assist with special analysis upon request. (agedcarecrisis.com)
  • The primary causes of gastroenteritis are viral and bacterial infections that result from poor hand washing or food poisoning. (nursinghomeabusecenter.com)
  • Food handling practices carries potential risk of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks due to a lack of surveillance and supervision. (researchsquare.com)
  • This study highlights that areas less damaged by a disaster that do not require ongoing evacuation centres can still have acute gastroenteritis outbreaks. (who.int)
  • Gastritis tends to affect the lining of the stomach, whereas gastroenteritis affects the intestines. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Overview of Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach and small and large intestines. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Two main categories of infectious disease to consider are bacterial infections and viral … Infectious diarrhoea or Gastroenteritis irritates the stomach and small intestines causing them to become inflamed. (ireggae.com)
  • Gastroenteritis affects the stomach and intestines. (catholictranscript.org)
  • Gastroenteritis is a medical term for inflammation of the stomach and intestines . (kiddle.co)
  • Gastroenteritis is the irritation and inflammation of the stomach and intestines. (nursinghomeabusecenter.com)
  • Larger care units and those with higher throughput have increased rates of gastroenteritis outbreaks. (nih.gov)
  • Clean drinking water and good hygiene practices drive reduction rates of gastroenteritis. (reliancegeneral.co.in)
  • Symptoms of gastroenteritis last for one to three days normally but can last longer in the elderly because of a suppressed immune system. (nursinghomeabusecenter.com)
  • Garfield County Public Health and the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) are investigating an increase of gastroenteritis illness in the county. (garfield-county.com)
  • An outbreak investigation was conducted to identify the source and risk factors associated with the increase of gastroenteritis. (who.int)
  • Campylobacter jejuni is the main cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, with Salmonella, and Campylobacter species mostly affecting small children. (ireggae.com)
  • Parasites may also cause gastroenteritis, especially in developing countries. (wikidoc.org)
  • Parasites are other causes of gastroenteritis especially in developing countries which Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica are the most frequent causes. (wikidoc.org)
  • It is essential for people with bacterial gastroenteritis to rest and drink plenty of fluids. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • That is why it is important for a person with gastroenteritis to drink plenty of fluids. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • When nursing home residents come into contact with another person who is sick or an item recently touched by someone with infectious gastroenteritis, or if they consume contaminated food or water, they can become infected. (nursinghomeabusecenter.com)
  • In a case of suspected Campylobacter gastroenteritis, what is the best way to confirm the diagnosis? (clinicaladvisor.com)
  • Eosinophilic gastritis, enteritis, and gastroenteritis are diseases characterized by the selective infiltration of eosinophils in the stomach, small intestine, or both. (medscape.com)
  • [1] [2] Gastroenteritis is defined as inflammation of the stomach or intestinal mucosa . (wikidoc.org)
  • The greatest risk from gastroenteritis is dehydration , so it's most important to stay hydrated with plenty of fluids. (rchsd.org)
  • The most dangerous effect of gastroenteritis is dehydration . (nursinghomeabusecenter.com)
  • An outbreak of gastroenteritis in Japan due to Escherichia coli O166. (cdc.gov)
  • In such cases, you should go for Gastroenteritis hospitalization, so that you get a proper treatment for the disease and get yourself up and running soon. (reliancegeneral.co.in)
  • Gastroenteritis or "stomach flu" is the inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract resulting in acute diarrhoea and repeated regurgitation. (videovolunteers.org)
  • Diarrhoea is a sign of gastroenteritis. (reliancegeneral.co.in)
  • Diarrhoea is the primary symptom of gastroenteritis. (reliancegeneral.co.in)
  • Under the Public Health Act 1997 , aged care facilities are required to notify Communicable Disease Control if they have two (2) or more cases of gastroenteritis (diarrhoea and/or vomiting) among residents and/or staff in a 24-hour period. (act.gov.au)
  • This article looks at the causes, symptoms, and diagnosis of bacterial gastroenteritis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion, but polymerase chain reaction testing as part of a multiplex panel for a variety of causes of acute gastroenteritis can be done. (msdmanuals.com)
  • [ 1 ] Prior to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, an estimated 179 million cases of acute gastroenteritis occurred every year in the United States. (medscape.com)
  • In 2015, there were two billion cases of gastroenteritis, resulting in 1.3 million deaths globally. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most cases are infectious, although gastroenteritis may occur after ingestion of drugs, medications. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In all cases, the links should lead to a full display of the journal Evidencias en Pediatría website and never in other sites' frames. (evidenciasenpediatria.es)
  • RVGE was identified in 16-61% of all cases of acute gastroenteritis, with a peak in the winter. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In total, 7 cases of gastroenteritis from 2 separate tables were linked to the restaurant on 13 February. (health.gov.au)
  • Background: Three weeks after Typhoon Haiyan, an increasing number of acute gastroenteritis cases were reported in Kananga, Leyte, an area where evacuated residents had returned home two days after the disaster. (who.int)
  • Gastroenteritis typically clears the body in a couple of days but it can have long-term effects in some cases. (nursinghomeabusecenter.com)
  • Gastroenteritis is a nonspecific term for various pathologic states of the gastrointestinal tract. (medscape.com)
  • While gut permeability has been theorized as increasing the risk of gastrointestinal disturbances such as gastroenteritis, there is no clear evidence supporting this currently. (rupahealth.com)
  • Gastroenteritis of viral or bacterial origin is highly contagious and spreads through contact hand-to-mouth with an affected individual. (rupahealth.com)
  • To test the association between intestinal permeability and irritable bowel syndrome symptoms 2 years after a large waterborne outbreak of bacterial gastroenteritis. (nih.gov)
  • Irritable bowel syndrome symptoms are associated with a subtle increase in intestinal permeability irrespective of prior gastroenteritis. (nih.gov)
  • Bacterial gastroenteritis can lead to a type of irritable bowel syndrome that can take years to resolve. (nursinghomeabusecenter.com)
  • Rotavirus gastroenteritis is common in infants and young children. (who.int)
  • Rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants and young children may last 5 to 7 days. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis: Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 for Treating Acute Gastroenteritis in Children. (mdpi.com)
  • Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children remains a common health problem. (mdpi.com)
  • Rotavirus vaccine is effective in producing an important reduction in the incidence of hospital admissions for gastroenteritis in children under five years in EE. (evidenciasenpediatria.es)
  • CDC scientists used data from the National Center for Health Statistics to identify gastroenteritis-associated deaths from 1999 to 2007 among all age groups in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • By knowing the causes of gastroenteritis-associated deaths and who's at risk, we can develop better treatments and help health care providers prevent people from getting sick. (cdc.gov)
  • Over the eight-year study period, gastroenteritis-associated deaths from all causes increased from nearly 7,000 to more than 17,000 per year. (cdc.gov)
  • However, in developing countries, rotavirus gastroenteritis account for more than 800,000 childhood deaths per year due to poor nutrition and health care [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the United States between 1994-1998, 17.5% of deaths involving gastroenteritis occurred in nursing homes. (nursinghomeabusecenter.com)
  • Viral gastroenteritis affects people in all parts of the world. (agedcarecrisis.com)
  • Gå direkt till De flesta som har drabbats av covid, den sjukdom som det nya coronaviruset yet accounting for only a fraction of IBS prevalence, is bacterial gastroenteritis that affects Kontakta Alf. (web.app)
  • [ 2 ] The second is epidemic gastroenteritis, which occurs either in semiclosed communities (eg, families, institutions, ships, vacation spots) or as a result of classic food-borne or water-borne pathogens. (medscape.com)
  • Jai Kumar lives and runs a school in Durga Colony in Ludhiana, where, after the monsoons last year, the death toll resulting from a gastroenteritis epidemic rose to 9. (videovolunteers.org)
  • If an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurs and CDC's assistance is needed, early contact with appropriate persons at CDC for information about specimen collection is strongly encouraged. (cdc.gov)
  • Viral gastroenteritis occurs in people of all ages and backgrounds. (agedcarecrisis.com)
  • Gastritis and gastroenteritis may have similar names, but they are different health conditions. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Gastritis and gastroenteritis are two separate conditions with different causes and symptoms, and they affect different parts of the digestive system. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Symptoms of gastritis and gastroenteritis differ. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Gastroenteritis and acute gastritis will usually resolve on their own after a few days. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The primary subtypes, which have also been called idiopathic or allergic gastroenteritis, include the atopic, nonatopic, and familial subtypes. (medscape.com)
  • The first is sporadic gastroenteritis in infants, which most frequently is caused by rotavirus. (medscape.com)
  • Rotavirus Vaccine The rotavirus vaccine is recommended for infants to protect against gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus disease. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The symptoms of bacterial gastroenteritis can vary between people and may depend on the bacterium causing the illness. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Is viral gastroenteritis a serious illness? (agedcarecrisis.com)
  • Rotavirus gastroenteritis is caused by rotavirus that infects the stomach and bowel. (who.int)
  • A Focused Initial Rapid Evaluation (FIRE) should be performed to identify patients with gastroenteritis are hemodynamically stable before starting diagnostic evaluation. (wikidoc.org)
  • This report provides top line data relating to the clinical trials on Gastroenteritis. (reportlinker.com)