A species in the genus GARDNERELLA previously classified as Haemophilus vaginalis. This bacterium, also isolated from the female genital tract of healthy women, is implicated in the cause of bacterial vaginosis (VAGINOSIS, BACTERIAL).
A species of TRICHOMONAS that produces a refractory vaginal discharge in females, as well as bladder and urethral infections in males.
Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.
Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.
A genus of PASTEURELLACEAE that consists of several species occurring in animals and humans. Its organisms are described as gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, coccobacillus or rod-shaped, and nonmotile.
The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A genus of bacteria found in the human genital and urinary tract. It is considered to be a major cause of bacterial vaginosis (VAGINOSIS, BACTERIAL).
Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.
A common inhabitant of the vagina and cervix and a potential human pathogen, causing infections of the male and female reproductive tracts. It has also been associated with respiratory disease and pharyngitis. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A clear or white discharge from the VAGINA, consisting mainly of MUCUS.
A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed).
A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare.
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.
A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are found in the human vagina, particularly in association with Gardnerella vaginalis in cases of bacterial vaginosis.
Class of BACTERIA with diverse morphological properties. Strains of Actinobacteria show greater than 80% 16S rDNA/rRNA sequence similarity among each other and also the presence of certain signature nucleotides. (Stackebrandt E. et al, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1997) 47:479-491)
A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.
A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract.
Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.
An anti-infective agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.
A compound originally developed as an anticoagulant, but possessing anticomplement action and lowering the bactericidal action of blood. It is used in vitro to inhibit blood coagulation and as a diagnostic reagent to encourage the growth of pathogens in the blood. It is also used to stabilize colloidal solutions such as milk and gelatin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.
Inflammation of the head of the PENIS, glans penis.
Phenazines are a class of organic compounds that have been found to have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties and are being studied for their potential medical applications.
Salts and esters of hippuric acid.
Sulfathiazoles are a class of antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Salmonella and Shigella species.
A species of gram-negative bacteria found in the human genitourinary tract (UROGENITAL SYSTEM), oropharynx, and anal canal. Serovars 1, 3, 6, and 14 have been reclassed into a separate species UREAPLASMA parvum.
Collection of pooled secretions of the posterior vaginal fornix for cytologic examination.
A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, nonsporeforming, nonmotile rods. Organisms of this genus had originally been classified as members of the BACTEROIDES genus but overwhelming biochemical and chemical findings in 1990 indicated the need to separate them from other Bacteroides species, and hence, this new genus was established.
All the organs involved in reproduction and the formation and release of URINE. It includes the kidneys, ureters, BLADDER; URETHRA, and the organs of reproduction - ovaries, UTERUS; FALLOPIAN TUBES; VAGINA; and CLITORIS in women and the testes; SEMINAL VESICLES; PROSTATE; seminal ducts; and PENIS in men.
Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.
A genus of parasitic flagellate EUKARYOTES distinguished by the presence of four anterior flagella, an undulating membrane, and a trailing flagellum.
A natural association between organisms that is detrimental to at least one of them. This often refers to the production of chemicals by one microorganism that is harmful to another.
A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are normal inhabitants of the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital cavities of humans, animals, and insects. Some species may be pathogenic.
A collective genome representative of the many organisms, primarily microorganisms, existing in a community.
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
Encrustations, formed from microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi, plankton, or protozoa) embedding in extracellular polymers, that adhere to surfaces such as teeth (DENTAL DEPOSITS); PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; and catheters. Biofilms are prevented from forming by treating surfaces with DENTIFRICES; DISINFECTANTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; and antifouling agents.
Substances elaborated by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or related species. They are protein or lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes used in taxonomy studies of bacteria.
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
A genus of yeast-like mitosporic Saccharomycetales fungi characterized by producing yeast cells, mycelia, pseudomycelia, and blastophores. It is commonly part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina, but can cause a variety of infections, including CANDIDIASIS; ONYCHOMYCOSIS; vulvovaginal candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, VULVOVAGINAL), and thrush (see CANDIDIASIS, ORAL). (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Techniques used in studying bacteria.
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.
Agents used to treat trichomonas infections.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
The neck portion of the UTERUS between the lower isthmus and the VAGINA forming the cervical canal.

Activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression by Gardnerella vaginalis. (1/222)

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is associated with an increased rate of sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1, and Gardnerella vaginalis is frequently isolated from the genital tracts of women with BV. G. vaginalis lysates were found to significantly stimulate HIV expression in monocytoid cells. Stimulation was significantly higher when lysates were heated at 100 degrees C for 5 min but was reduced by treatment with lysozyme or protease. G. vaginalis lysates also activated HIV expression in certain T cell lines. G. vaginalis lysates activated HIV long-terminal repeat transcription in HIV-infected cells and increased NF-kappaB binding activity, indicating an effect by G. vaginalis on HIV transcription. The activation of HIV production by G. vaginalis suggests that genital tract infection with G. vaginalis increases the risk of HIV transmission by increasing HIV expression in the genital tract. This may explain, at least in part, the increased rate of HIV transmission in women with BV.  (+info)

The effects of three nonoxynol-9 preparations on vaginal flora and epithelium. (2/222)

To evaluate the effects of nonoxynol-9 (N-9) on the vaginal flora and epithelium, 48 women (16 in each group) were evaluated by use of quantitative vaginal cultures and colposcopy. at baseline and at 0.5, 4, 24, 48, and 72 h after insertion of one of three N-9 preparations (4% gel [Conceptrol], 3.5% gel [Advantage-24], or a 28% vaginal contraceptive film). The proportion positive for H2O2+ or H2O2- lactobacilli did not change significantly with any of the preparations, but lactobacilli concentrations decreased transiently. Both the proportion of women with Gardnerella vaginalis and the concentration of G. vaginalis decreased transiently. The proportion of women with Escherichia coli increased with the 4% gel, and the concentration increased with all preparations. The number with anaerobic gram-negative rods increased, although the concentrations decreased. Symptoms and colposcopic abnormalities were rare. Changes in levels of vaginal bacteria were transient after single applications of N-9, but adverse effects may be enhanced with frequent, chronic use.  (+info)

Obligately anaerobic strains of Corynebacterium vaginale (Haemophilus vaginalis). (3/222)

Six obligately anaerobic strains of Corynebacterium vaginale (Haemophilus vaginalis) have been isolated and their characteristics studied. The reactions of the anaerobic strains, as well as of facultative strains tested under anaerobic conditions, are similar to the reactions previously reported for this species.  (+info)

Identification of a human lactoferrin-binding protein in Gardnerella vaginalis. (4/222)

Previous studies have shown that Gardnerella vaginalis can utilize iron-loaded human lactoferrin as a sole source of iron. In this study, G. vaginalis cells were shown to bind digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled human lactoferrin in a dot blot assay. Using the DIG-labeled human lactoferrin, a 120-kDa human lactoferrin-binding protein was detected by Western blot analysis of G. vaginalis proteins. The lactoferrin-binding activity of this protein was found to be heat stable. Competition studies indicated that this binding activity was specific for human lactoferrin. Treatment of G. vaginalis cells with proteases suggested that this protein was surface exposed. An increase in lactoferrin binding by the 120-kDa protein was observed in G. vaginalis cells grown under iron-restrictive conditions, suggesting that this activity may be iron regulated.  (+info)

Characterisation and selection of a Lactobacillus species to re-colonise the vagina of women with recurrent bacterial vaginosis. (5/222)

This paper reports the results of characterising and selecting a strain of Lactobacillus for potential use as a probiotic in regenerating the vaginal flora of women with recurrent episodes of bacterial vaginosis (BV). BV is a condition characterised by a depletion of vaginal lactobacilli accompanied by an overgrowth of a mixed vaginal flora of aerobic, anaerobic and micro-aerophilic species in very large numbers. BV has been associated with various gynaecological and obstetric complications and has an extremely high recurrence rate, due in part to the failure to establish a normal vaginal flora after antimicrobial therapy. A total of 60 vaginal isolates of lactobacilli was assessed for characteristics considered important for vaginal re-colonisation. The characteristics studied were the in-vitro inhibitory activity of the lactobacilli against bacterial species isolated from women with recurrent BV, acid production after growth of the lactobacilli in liquid culture, production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and adhesiveness of the lactobacilli to exfoliated vaginal epithelial cells (VEC). Four strains of lactobacilli, L. acidophilus (61701 and 61880), L. crispatus (55730) and L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii (65407), demonstrated the greatest inhibitory activity against the BV-associated bacterial species. Two of these isolates (55730 and 61880) produced H2O2. All four isolates produced a highly acidic environment after growth in liquid medium (pH <4). Only one of these (strain 61701) was strongly adherent to VEC (>100 bacteria/VEC). A further isolate (L. acidophilus 48101) did not demonstrate maximum inhibitory activity against BV-associated bacteria, but was found to be a strong producer of H2O2 and was also highly adherent to VEC. Isolates 61701 and 48101 could be candidates for use as probiotics for vaginal re-colonisation.  (+info)

Comparison of isolation of Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale) from peptone-starch-dextrose agar and Columbia colistin-nalidoxic acid agar. (6/222)

A total of 447 cervical or vaginal specimens were inoculated in parallel onto peptone-starch-dextrose (PSD) and Columbia colistin (10 mg/ml)-nalidixic acid (15 mug/ml) (CNA) agar and were incubated for 48 h at 35 degrees C in an atmosphere with 2 to 10% CO2. One hundred (22.4%) of the cultures were positive for Haemophilus vaginalis. Forty-eight of the isolates were recovered from both PSD and Columbia CNA agar, five from PSD only, and 47 from Columbia CNA agar only (P less than 0.001). On Columbia CNA agar, 76 of the isolates were detected after 24 h of incubation, and the remainder were detected within 4 days of incubation.  (+info)

Incidence of Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida sp and human papilloma virus in cytological smears. (7/222)

CONTEXT: In spite of the wide-ranging literature on the microbiology of normal and abnormal flora of the vagina, there are few studies on the relationship between human papilloma virus (HPV) and other vaginal microorganisms. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the frequency of infection by human papilloma virus (HPV) and other agents like Candida sp., Gardnerella vaginalis and Trichomonas vaginalis in cytological smears. DESIGN STUDY: Retrospective study SETTING: A public tertiary referral center. SAMPLE: An analysis of 17,391 cytologies from outpatients seen between January 1997 and August 1998. The control group was made up of patients in the same age group and same period with no cytological evidence of HPV infection. Patients with a diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II or III were excluded from this analysis. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The diagnosis of HPV infection was made in accordance with the criteria of Schneider et al. and the diagnosis of Gardnerella vaginalis was made with a finding of clue cells. RESULTS: 390 (2. 24%) had alterations consistent with infection by HPV, sometimes associated with CIN I. The results showed that Gardnerella vaginalis was the most frequent agent in women with HPV infection (23.6% versus 17.4%; P <0.05), while in the control group the most frequent agent was Candida sp. (23.9% versus 13.8%; p <0.001). CONCLUSION: In spite of this study being based solely on cytological criteria, in which specific HPV and Gardnerella diagnostic tests were not used, the cytological smear is widely used in clinical practice and the data presented in this investigation show that there is an association between Gardnerella vaginalis and HPV infection. It remains to be established whether the microorganisms favor each other.  (+info)

The role of fomites in the transmission of vaginitis. (8/222)

A role for fomites such as toilet seats in the transmission of vaginitis has never been proved or disproved. A compilation of clinical data from a university community showed that the organisms found in vaginal cultures of patients with vaginitis were, in order of frequency. Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, beta-hemolytic streptococci, Hemophilus vaginalis and Trichomonas vaginalis. In a concurrent bacteriologic survey of washroom fixtures, staphylococci and other micrococci were isolated most frequently. The overt pathogens associated with vaginitis were never found, and gram-negative organisms appeared to be suppressed by the disinfectant used by the cleaning staff. It is clear that fomites are not an important mode of transmission in vaginitis, although a search for specific pathogens on toilets is to be continued.  (+info)

Vaginitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the vagina. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial, fungal, viral, or yeast infections, as well as irritants or allergies. Symptoms of vaginitis may include itching, burning, discharge, pain during intercourse, and a strong odor. Treatment for vaginitis depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, antifungal medications, or other therapies. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of vaginitis, as untreated vaginitis can lead to more serious complications.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection caused by an imbalance of bacteria in the vagina. The normal vaginal microbiota consists of a mix of different types of bacteria, including lactobacilli, which produce lactic acid to help maintain a healthy pH balance. However, when the balance of these bacteria is disrupted, other types of bacteria, including Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, and Mobiluncus species, can overgrow and cause BV. Symptoms of BV may include a thin, white or gray discharge with a strong, fishy odor, itching or burning in the vagina, and pain during intercourse. BV can also increase the risk of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and pregnancy complications. Diagnosis of BV is typically made through a physical examination and a vaginal. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, such as metronidazole or clindamycin, which can help restore the balance of bacteria in the vagina. It is important to complete the full course of treatment as prescribed to prevent recurrence of the infection.

Trichomoniasis, also known as Trichomonas Vaginitis, is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It is the most common non-viral STI in the United States, with an estimated 2.7 million cases reported annually. Trichomoniasis is typically transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected person. The parasite can also be transmitted from an infected mother to her newborn during childbirth. Symptoms of Trichomoniasis may include a thick, yellow or green vaginal discharge, itching or burning during urination or sex, and pain or discomfort in the genital area. However, many people with Trichomoniasis may not experience any symptoms, which is why routine testing is important for sexually active individuals. If left untreated, Trichomoniasis can increase the risk of acquiring other STIs, including HIV, and can cause complications during pregnancy, such as preterm birth and low birth weight. Treatment for Trichomoniasis typically involves taking a single dose of an antibiotic medication, such as metronidazole or tinidazole. Sexual partners should also be treated to prevent reinfection.

Leukorrhea is a condition characterized by the presence of a clear or slightly milky discharge from the vagina. It is a normal and healthy occurrence in women, especially during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. However, when leukorrhea is accompanied by other symptoms such as itching, burning, or a foul odor, it may indicate an underlying infection or other medical condition. Leukorrhea is caused by the normal secretions of the cervix and vagina, which are made up of mucus, epithelial cells, and other substances. These secretions help to maintain the normal pH and moisture levels of the vagina, and they also serve as a barrier against infection. In some cases, leukorrhea may be a sign of an infection, such as bacterial vaginosis, yeast infection, or sexually transmitted infection (STI). Other causes of leukorrhea may include hormonal changes, such as those that occur during pregnancy or menopause, or certain medications, such as antibiotics or birth control pills. If you are experiencing leukorrhea along with other symptoms, it is important to see a healthcare provider for an evaluation and appropriate treatment.

Metronidazole is an antibiotic medication that is commonly used to treat a variety of bacterial and protozoal infections. It is particularly effective against anaerobic bacteria, which are bacteria that thrive in oxygen-poor environments. Metronidazole is often used to treat infections of the gastrointestinal tract, such as giardiasis and trichomoniasis, as well as infections of the vagina, skin, and respiratory tract. It is also sometimes used to treat infections caused by certain types of parasites, such as Entamoeba histolytica. Metronidazole is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and creams, and is typically taken orally or applied topically. It is important to follow the instructions of your healthcare provider when taking metronidazole, as it can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Haemophilus infections are a group of bacterial infections caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. These infections can affect various parts of the body, including the respiratory tract, joints, and bloodstream. Haemophilus influenzae is a common cause of respiratory tract infections, such as bronchitis and pneumonia, particularly in children. It can also cause ear infections, meningitis, and sepsis. There are two main types of Haemophilus influenzae: type b (Hib) and non-type b (NTHi). Hib is the most serious type and can cause severe infections, including meningitis and sepsis, particularly in young children. NTHi is less serious but can still cause respiratory tract infections and other illnesses. Haemophilus infections are typically treated with antibiotics, such as amoxicillin or ceftriaxone. Vaccines are available to prevent Hib infections, but not NTHi infections. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you or someone you know may have a Haemophilus infection, as prompt treatment is crucial for a successful outcome.

Gentian violet is a synthetic dye that is used in the medical field as an antiseptic and to treat certain skin conditions. It is typically applied topically as a solution or ointment, and is used to treat conditions such as thrush, ringworm, and other fungal infections. Gentian violet is also sometimes used as a stain to help identify certain types of bacteria and other microorganisms. It is generally considered safe for use on the skin, but it can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some people.

Vaginal diseases refer to any medical conditions that affect the vagina, including infections, inflammations, and structural abnormalities. These conditions can cause a range of symptoms, such as itching, burning, discharge, pain, and bleeding. Some common vaginal diseases include bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, trichomoniasis, vaginitis, and vaginal atrophy. These conditions can be caused by various factors, such as hormonal changes, poor hygiene, sexual activity, and certain medications. Treatment for vaginal diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. It may involve the use of antifungal, antibiotic, or antiviral medications, as well as lifestyle changes and hygiene practices. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct structural abnormalities or remove growths. It is important for women to be aware of the signs and symptoms of vaginal diseases and to seek medical attention if they experience any concerning symptoms. Early detection and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Vaginal discharge is a normal bodily fluid that is produced by the cells lining the vagina. It is typically clear or white in color and has a slightly sweet or sour smell. Vaginal discharge helps to keep the vagina moist and healthy, and it also serves as a natural barrier against infection. However, changes in the amount, color, or consistency of vaginal discharge can be a sign of an underlying medical condition. For example, an increase in discharge that is accompanied by itching, burning, or a strong odor may be a sign of a vaginal infection, such as bacterial vaginosis or yeast infection. Similarly, a change in the color or consistency of discharge may be a sign of sexually transmitted infection (STI), cervical cancer, or other medical conditions. If you notice any changes in your vaginal discharge, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and treatment.

Candidiasis, vulvovaginal, is a fungal infection that affects the vulva and vagina. It is caused by the overgrowth of the yeast Candida albicans, which is normally present in small amounts in the vagina. The infection is more common in women who are pregnant, have a weakened immune system, or are taking antibiotics or corticosteroids. Symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis include itching, burning, redness, and a thick, white discharge. Treatment typically involves the use of antifungal medications, such as creams or suppositories, applied to the affected area. In severe cases, oral antifungal medication may be prescribed.

Sulfacetamide is a medication that is used to treat bacterial infections of the skin, such as acne and rosacea. It works by killing bacteria that cause these infections. Sulfacetamide is available in the form of creams, lotions, and ointments, and is typically applied to the affected area of the skin once or twice a day. It may also be used to treat other types of skin infections, such as impetigo and folliculitis. Sulfacetamide is generally well-tolerated, but it can cause side effects such as skin irritation, redness, and itching. It is important to follow the instructions for use provided by your healthcare provider and to avoid using sulfacetamide on open wounds or broken skin.

Polyanetholesulfonate is a medication that is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). It is a type of diuretic, which means that it helps the body to get rid of excess fluid by increasing the amount of urine that is produced. This can help to lower blood pressure by reducing the amount of fluid in the blood vessels. Polyanetholesulfonate is usually taken by mouth, and it is available in the form of tablets. It is important to follow the instructions of your healthcare provider carefully when taking this medication, as it can cause side effects such as dizziness, headache, and stomach upset. It is also important to let your healthcare provider know if you are taking any other medications, as some medications can interact with polyanetholesulfonate.

Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It is the most common non-viral STI in the United States, with an estimated 2.76 million cases reported annually. Trichomoniasis can affect both men and women, but it is more common in women. The infection is typically transmitted through sexual contact with an infected partner, and it can be passed even if the infected person is asymptomatic. Symptoms of trichomoniasis can include a thick, yellow-green vaginal discharge, itching or burning during urination or sex, and pain or discomfort in the genital area. In men, symptoms may include a burning sensation during urination, discharge from the penis, and pain or discomfort during sex. If left untreated, trichomoniasis can lead to more serious health problems, including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women, which can cause infertility, and an increased risk of HIV transmission. Treatment typically involves taking antibiotics, and it is important for both partners to be treated to prevent reinfection.

Balanitis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation or infection of the glans penis, which is the sensitive head of the penis. It is a common condition that can affect men of all ages, and it can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial or fungal infections, allergic reactions, trauma, or certain medical conditions such as diabetes or psoriasis. Symptoms of balanitis may include redness, swelling, itching, burning, pain, discharge from the penis, and difficulty urinating or having sex. Treatment for balanitis typically involves identifying and treating the underlying cause of the inflammation or infection, which may involve the use of antibiotics, antifungal medications, or other treatments depending on the specific cause. In some cases, lifestyle changes such as improving hygiene or avoiding certain irritants may also be recommended to prevent recurrence of the condition.

Phenazines are a class of organic compounds that are derived from the aromatic ring of phenol. They are commonly found in nature and are produced by various microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. In the medical field, phenazines have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the treatment of bacterial infections. Some phenazines have been shown to have antimicrobial activity against a wide range of bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains. They are also being investigated for their potential use in cancer therapy and as antioxidants.

I'm sorry, but I couldn't find any information on a medical term called "Hippurates." It's possible that you may have misspelled the term or that it is not a commonly used term in the medical field. If you could provide more context or information about where you heard or saw this term, I may be able to assist you further.

Sulfathiazoles are a class of antibiotics that are used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. They are synthetic derivatives of thiazoles and are structurally related to sulfonamides. Sulfathiazoles are bacteriostatic, meaning they prevent bacteria from multiplying, but do not necessarily kill them. They are primarily used to treat urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, and skin infections. They are usually administered orally, but can also be given intravenously in severe cases. Sulfathiazoles are generally well-tolerated, but can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. They may also interact with other medications, so it is important to inform your doctor of all medications you are taking before starting sulfathiazoles.

Urethritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. This inflammation can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacteria, viruses, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), fungi, and other microorganisms. Symptoms of urethritis may include pain or burning during urination, frequent urination, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and discharge from the penis in men or the vagina in women. In some cases, there may be no symptoms at all. Urethritis can be treated with antibiotics or antiviral medications, depending on the cause of the inflammation. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of urethritis, as untreated urethritis can lead to more serious complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women or epididymitis in men.

Bacterial infections are caused by bacteria, which are single-celled microorganisms that can be found almost everywhere in the environment, including on our skin and in our digestive tracts. When bacteria enter the body and multiply, they can cause illness and disease. Bacterial infections can affect any part of the body and can range from mild to severe. Some common examples of bacterial infections include strep throat, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, meningitis, and skin infections. Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics, which are medications that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. However, it is important to use antibiotics properly and only when necessary, as overuse can lead to antibiotic resistance, which makes it more difficult to treat bacterial infections in the future.

RNA, Ribosomal, 16S is a type of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that is found in bacteria and archaea. It is a small subunit of the ribosome, which is the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis. The 16S rRNA is located in the 30S subunit of the ribosome and is essential for the binding and decoding of messenger RNA (mRNA) during translation. The sequence of the 16S rRNA is highly conserved among bacteria and archaea, making it a useful target for the identification and classification of these organisms. In the medical field, the 16S rRNA is often used in molecular biology techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing to study the diversity and evolution of bacterial and archaeal populations. It is also used in the development of diagnostic tests for bacterial infections and in the identification of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

Bacteriocins are small proteins produced by bacteria that have the ability to inhibit the growth of other bacteria. They are often referred to as "bacterial antibiotics" because they can be used to control the growth of harmful bacteria in a variety of settings, including in the human body. Bacteriocins are produced by a wide range of bacteria, including many that are commonly found in the human gut. They are typically active against specific types of bacteria, and are not effective against viruses or fungi. Bacteriocins work by targeting specific components of bacterial cells, such as the cell wall or membrane. They can also interfere with the bacteria's ability to reproduce or communicate with other bacteria. Bacteriocins have been studied for their potential use as natural antibiotics, and some have been approved for use in food preservation and as a treatment for certain infections. However, more research is needed to fully understand their potential uses and to develop effective ways of delivering them to the body.

Hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs) in the bloodstream. This process can occur due to various factors, including mechanical stress, exposure to certain medications or toxins, infections, or inherited genetic disorders. When RBCs are damaged or destroyed, their contents, including hemoglobin, are released into the bloodstream. Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. When hemoglobin is released into the bloodstream, it can cause the blood to appear dark brown or black, a condition known as hemoglobinuria. Hemolysis can lead to a variety of symptoms, including jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fatigue, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, and dark urine. In severe cases, hemolysis can cause life-threatening complications, such as kidney failure or shock. Treatment for hemolysis depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, treatment may involve medications to slow down the breakdown of RBCs or to remove excess hemoglobin from the bloodstream. In other cases, treatment may involve blood transfusions or other supportive therapies to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Pregnancy complications, infectious refers to medical conditions that arise during pregnancy due to infections. These infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites and can have serious consequences for both the mother and the developing fetus. Some common infectious complications of pregnancy include: 1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): These infections can cause discomfort and pain, but with prompt treatment, they usually do not cause harm to the fetus. 2. Group B streptococcus (GBS) infection: This is a type of bacteria that can cause serious infections in newborns, including meningitis and pneumonia. Women who are pregnant or have recently given birth are screened for GBS and treated with antibiotics if they are found to be carrying the bacteria. 3. Toxoplasmosis: This is an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which can be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta. It can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, or serious birth defects if left untreated. 4. Rubella (German measles): This is a viral infection that can cause serious birth defects if a pregnant woman is infected during the first trimester of pregnancy. 5. Syphilis: This is a bacterial infection that can be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta and cause serious birth defects if left untreated. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infectious complications of pregnancy are crucial to ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.

Neuraminidase is an enzyme that cleaves sialic acid residues from the terminal ends of glycoproteins and glycolipids. It plays a crucial role in the replication and spread of influenza viruses, as well as other viruses and bacteria. In the medical field, neuraminidase inhibitors are used to treat influenza infections by blocking the activity of the enzyme, preventing the virus from spreading to uninfected cells. Neuraminidase is also used as a diagnostic tool in the detection of certain viral infections, such as influenza and some types of cancer.

Gardnerella at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Type strain of Gardnerella vaginalis at ... Gardnerella vaginalis is a species of Gram-variable-staining facultative anaerobic bacteria. The organisms are small (1.0-1.5 ... Gardnerella Vaginalis has been originally discovered in 1953 by Sidney Leopold as a nonmotile, nonencapsulated, pleomorphic ... Once classified as Haemophilus vaginalis and afterwards as Corynebacterium vaginalis, G. vaginalis grows as small, circular, ...
Bacterial vaginosis is associated with the presence of Gardnerella vaginalis and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and a decrease ... Skarin A, Sylwan J (December 1986). "Vaginal lactobacilli inhibiting growth of Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus and other ... December 2007). "Quantitative determination by real-time PCR of four vaginal Lactobacillus species, Gardnerella vaginalis and ... such as Gardnerella vaginalis. The lactobacilli present in a healthy vaginal microbiome also occupy the ecological niche that ...
Gardnerella vaginalis, B-streptococci, Candida spp. and Chlamydia trachomatis from the mother to the newborn". Archives of ...
Alysicarpus vaginalis), or may refer to resemblance/relation to the vagina (e.g. Gardnerella vaginalis) Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R ... Amorphophallus Clitoria Orchis Alysicarpus vaginalis Baumea vaginalis Chenopodium vulvaria Festuca vaginalis Pontederia ... Vaginalis. The common specific name is derived from the Latin vagina, originally meaning "sheath, scabbard, covering; sheath of ... annum 'penis pepper' Phallales Phallaceae Phallus Amanita phalloides Amanita vaginata Muntiacus muntjak vaginalis Pubescens. ...
Hay et al., 1994) Gardnerella vaginalis is the main culprit in BV. Gardnerella vaginalis is a short, Gram-variable rod ( ... "Clinical evaluation of affirm VPIII in the detection and identification of Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, and ... These swabs can be tested for: Gram stain which shows the depletion of lactobacilli and overgrowth of Gardnerella vaginalis ... While the infection involves a number of bacteria, it is believed that most infections start with Gardnerella vaginalis ...
Haemophilus influenzae, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Chlamydia trachomatis are coccobacilli. Aggregatibacter ...
Her graduate dissertation developed an immunofluorescent test to detect Gardnerella vaginalis. She then moved to Ohio State ... Development of an indirect immunofluorescent test for the detection of Gardnerella vaginalis. worldCat.org (MS thesis). ...
De Jong AR (1985). "Vaginitis due to Gardnerella vaginalis and to Candida albicans in sexual abuse". Child Abuse & Neglect. 9 ( ...
The Hippurate diagnostic test is used to differentiate between Gardnerella vaginalis, Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria ... "Hippurate Test for identification of Gardnerella vaginalis, campylobacter, listeria, group b strep". catalog.hardydiagnostics. ...
Identification of factors determining the virulence potential of Gardnerella vaginalis strains in vaginosis. Identification of ... "Comparative genomics of Gardnerella vaginalis strains reveals substantial differences in metabolic and virulence potential". ...
Gardnerella vaginalis infection in heterosexual couples: ultrastructural study in desquamation cells of the stratified ...
versus a mixed flora consisting of Gardnerella vaginalis, Bacteroides spp, Mobiluncus spp, and Mycoplasma hominis. The Amsel ... Gardnerella vaginalis morphotypes; scored as 0 to 4), and curved Gram-variable rods (Mobiluncus spp. morphotypes; scored as 0 ... Prior to the development of Nugent score, assessment of bacterial vaginosis was based on culturing G. vaginalis, examining a ...
Actino-ugpB motifs are found in strains of the species Gardnerella vaginalis, within the phylum Actinomycetota. It is ambiguous ...
J. R. Greenwood; M. J. Pickett (January 1980). "Transfer of Haemophilus vaginalis Gardner and Dukes to a New Genus, Gardnerella ... Gardnerella is a genus of Gram-variable-staining facultative anaerobic bacteria. It is named after Hermann L. Gardner (1912- ... "Gardnerella". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved May 12, 2022. v t e (Articles with ... G. vaginalis (Gardner and Dukes) comb. nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 30 (1): 170-178. doi:10.1099/ ...
"Exploring the Diversity of Gardnerella vaginalis in the Genitourinary Tract Microbiota of Monogamous Couples Through Subtle ... "Exploring the Diversity of Gardnerella vaginalis in the Genitourinary Tract Microbiota of Monogamous Couples Through Subtle ...
These organisms are found in the human vagina, particularly in association with Gardnerella vaginalis in cases of bacterial ...
They are a medical sign of bacterial vaginosis, particularly that caused by Gardnerella vaginalis, a group of Gram-variable ... Scott TG, Smyth CJ, Keane CT (February 1987). "In vitro adhesiveness and biotype of Gardnerella vaginalis strains in relation ... Gardner, Herman; Dukes, Charles (May 1955). "Haemophilus vaginalis vaginitis: A newly defined specific infection previously ...
Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus Peptostreptococcus anaerobius Gardnerella vaginalis Escherichia coli Group B streptococcus ...
"Lactobacillus strains isolated from the vaginal microbiota of healthy women inhibit Prevotella bivia and Gardnerella vaginalis ...
... such as Gardnerella vaginalis. The latter in turn was found to stimulate growth of P. bivia. P. intermedia and P. nigrescens ... Randis, Tara M.; Ratner, Adam J. (2019-02-01). "Gardnerella and Prevotella: Co-conspirators in the Pathogenesis of Bacterial ...
Gardnerella vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis". BMC Microbiol. 4 (16): 1573-6. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-4-16. PMC 419343. PMID ...
... and Gardnerella vaginalis (37% to 9%) in 94 patients treated for recurrent bacterial vaginitis eight weeks after initial ... Soszka S, Kuczyńska K (January 1977). "Wpływ T. vaginalis na fizjologiczna florę pochwy" [Influence of T. vaginalis on the ... Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae indicates an inverse relationship between L. gasseri and L. iners". BMC ... established in the context of Gardnerella vaginalis-specific antibodies. This contrasts with other proposed mechanism of sIgA ...
... and a relative increase in a multitude of anaerobic bacteria with the most predominant being Gardnerella vaginalis. This ...
In a phylogenetic tree for the order Bifidobacteriales, based on RpoB, RpoC, and DNA Gyrase B, Gardnerella vaginalis branches ... This indel is thus characteristic of the clade consisting of Bifidobacterium species and G. vaginalis and can be used to ... The genus could be made monophyletic if G. vaginalis were placed within Bifidobacterium. Comparative analysis of aligned ... Additionally, 6 conserved signature proteins which are unique to Bifidobacterium and Gardnerella have been identified, ...
Hippurate hydrolysis test is used in the presumptive identification of Gardnerella vaginalis, Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria ...
Haemophilus vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Neisseria meningitidis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Acinetobacter ... Candida Albicans Parasitic causes include Trichomonas vaginalis (rare).[citation needed] Urethritis can be caused by mechanical ...
... spp Collinsella aerofaciens Eggerthella lenta Eggerthella spp Eubacterium spp Fusobacterium nucleatum Gardnerella vaginalis ...
Gardnerella vaginalis Fusobacterium nucleatum Bacteroides ureolyticus Atopobium vaginae Staphylococci species Streptococci ...
... gallinarum Enterococcus maloratus Escherichia coli Fusobacterium necrophorum Fusobacterium nucleatum Gardnerella vaginalis ... Haemophilus Haemophilus ducreyi Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus parainfluenzae Haemophilus pertussis Haemophilus vaginalis ...
... and/or inhibit the adherence of Gardnerella vaginalis to the vaginal epithelium, which prevents the infection from occurring in ...
STDWatch tells you the Gardnerella vaginalis symptoms to watch out for. ... Gardnerella vaginalis is a bacteria that lives in the female reproductive system, but it can also cause symptoms in some cases ... Buy LetsGetChecked At-Home Gardnerella Test Today!. What is Gardnerella vaginalis?. Gardnerella vaginalis is a type of bacteria ... Who does Gardnerella vaginalis affect?. Anyone who has a vagina can get bacterial vaginosis caused by a Gardnerella vaginalis ...
Gardnerella vaginalis Tuberculous epididymitis can occur in endemic areas and is still the most common form of urogenital ... Cutaneous fistulization from rupture of an abscess through the tunica vaginalis (seen especially in tuberculosis) ...
Gardnerella Vaginalis (Off-label). PO: 300 mg PO q12hr for 7 days ...
Gardnerella vaginalis. Haemophilus influenzae. Klebsiella pneumoniae. Moraxella catarrhalis. Proteus mirabilis. Pseudomonas ... or Gardnerella vaginalis. Complicated skin and skin structure infections, including diabetic foot infections, caused by ...
Impact of metronidazole therapy on preterm birth in women with bacterial vaginosis flora (Gardnerella vaginalis): a randomized ... This includes HIV-infected women who are pregnant, as T. vaginalis infection is a risk factor for vertical transmission of HIV ... Cotch MF, Pastorek JG II, Nugent RP, Hillier SL, Gibbs RS, Martin DH, et al: Trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth ... If you have a pregnant patient with symptoms of trichomoniasis, she should be evaluated for Trichomonas vaginalis and treated ...
and Gardnerella vaginalis on Initial Adherence to Epithelial Cells Joana Castro, Ana Henriques, António Machado, Mariana ...
Gardnerella vaginalis. 238. Gardnerella vaginalis. 239. Group A Streptococcus. 240. Group B Streptococcus ...
Shah NN, Nanjappa S, Greene J. Osteomyelitis and Hip Abscess Caused by Gardnerella vaginalis: A Case Report. Infect Dis Clin ...
... whereas the most common facultative bacteria are Gardnerella vaginalis, Streptococcus species, Escherichia coil and Haemophilus ...
These commensal organisms plus others from animal or environmental... read more (predominantly Gardnerella vaginalis, ...
Gardnerella Vaginalis - Habitat, Morphology, Genome, Treatment. September 26, 2023. Genetics. Genetic Engineering - Definition ...
Test Kit Affirm™ VPIII Microbial Identification Candida Species / Gardnerella Vaginalis / Trichomonas Vaginalis Vaginal ...
Pap Smears: Frequency of Gardnerella Vaginalis, Candida spp., Trichomonas Vaginalis and Pill Use or Copper Intrauterine Device ...
Other organisms implicated in the pathogenesis of PID include Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Gardnerella vaginalis, Haemophilus ... The associations between pelvic inflammatory disease, Trichomonas vaginalis infection, and positive herpes simplex virus type 2 ... G vaginalis). In some regions, PID may be from a granulomatous salpingitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Schistosoma ...
Trichomonas vaginalis; and Gardnerella vaginalis were also isolated; but in a low prevalence ranging from 0to 5. Conclusion: ...
Gardnerella vaginalis. Citrobacter spp.. Enterobacter spp.. Escherichia coli. Klebsiella spp.. Morganella morganii ...
Gardnerella vaginalis. Haemophilus ducreyi. Kingella kingae. Klebsiella aerogenes. Klebsiella oxytoca. Klebsiella pneumoniae. ...
Gardnerella vaginalis;. *Citomegalovirus;. *Virusi herpes simplex i tipit 1 dhe 2;. *Llojet e papillomavirusit njerëzor 16 dhe ...
厭氧性細菌感染:例如Gardnerella vaginalis(嘉德烈陰道菌). 黴菌感染:例如C.albicans(白色念
Gardnerella Vaginalis. *Treponema Pallidum. *Trichomonas Vaginalis. *Chlamydia Trachomatis. *Herpes Simplex Virus type-1 (HSV-1 ...
Identification of intrinsically metronidazole-resistant clades of Gardnerella vaginalis. Schuyler Jessica A et al. Diagnostic ...
Gardnerella vaginalis 409-05 Bacteria n/a normal 1 -. NC_010816 BLD_1378 hypothetical protein 40.22 ...
  • Gardnerella vaginalis is associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV), the most common cause of vaginal discharge. (nih.gov)
  • 18. Molecular quantification of Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae loads to predict bacterial vaginosis. (nih.gov)
  • I hypothesize that traditional preparations of the identified species will vary in inhibition of the growth of pathogenic (Gardnerella vaginalis) and beneficial (Lactobacillus) vaginal bacterial due to differences in specialized metabolites. (nih.gov)
  • Metronidazole Vaginal Gel is indicated in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis (formerly referred to as Haemophilus vaginitis, Gardnerella vaginitis, nonspecific vaginitis, Corynebacterium vaginitis, or anaerobic vaginosis). (nih.gov)
  • General Information: Gardnerella vaginalis (strain ATCC 14019) is an aerobic, host-associated Gram-positive bacterium isolated from the vaginal tracts of women with symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. (up.ac.za)
  • While rarely found in healthy vaginas, F. vaginae has been implicated in conjunction with Gardnerella vaginalis in recurrent bacterial vaginosis (BV). (myvagina.com)
  • A species in the genus GARDNERELLA previously classified as Haemophilus vaginalis. (nih.gov)
  • Abnormal vaginal flora was found in 4.8% of cases, Candida albicans in 1.2%, Tri- chomonas vaginalis in 0.9% and actinomycosis in 1 case. (who.int)
  • The three common diseases characterized by vaginitis include trichomoniasis (caused by T. vaginalis), BV (caused by a replacement of the normal vaginal flora by an overgrowth of anaerobic microorganisms and Gardnerella vaginalis), and candidiasis (usually caused by Candida albicans). (cdc.gov)
  • Culture for T. vaginalis or Candida species is more sensitive than microscopic examination, but the specificity of culture for Candida species to diagnose vaginitis is less clear. (cdc.gov)
  • Trichomonas vaginalis was identified in 34 female subjects [‎11.3%]‎ with vaginal discharge. (who.int)
  • 7. Quantification of Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae and Lactobacillus spp. (nih.gov)
  • The selected plant species will be analyzed for their effects on disease-causing bacteria, Gardnerella vaginalis as well as on prominent beneficial Lactobacillus species found in the vagina. (nih.gov)
  • Whole-genome sequencing studies have revealed that G. vaginalis has a population structure that consists of 4 clades: clades 1 and 3 are associated with BV, whereas clades 2 and 4 are not. (nih.gov)
  • F. vaginae develop biofilms, making up to 40 per cent of the biofilms found in BV-affected vaginas, with 60-95 per cent G. vaginalis and less than five per cent lactobacilli. (myvagina.com)
  • Metronidazole is only active against F. vaginae at very high concentrations and is only partially effective against G. vaginalis . (myvagina.com)
  • F. vaginae is almost never present without G. vaginalis or BV, while G. vaginalis can be present and not cause BV. (myvagina.com)
  • This means that the presence of F. vaginae is a better indicator of BV than G. vaginalis . (myvagina.com)
  • Culture of G. vaginalis is not recommended as a diagnostic tool because it is not specific. (cdc.gov)
  • G. vaginalis can be isolated from vaginal cultures among half of normal women. (cdc.gov)
  • There was no physical evidence to support the children's allegations of abuse, although there was evidence that one of the children tested positive for the bacteria gardnerella vaginalis, which is typically but not exclusively found in sexually active individuals. (umich.edu)