AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
Gap JunctionsConnexinsConnexin 43Intercellular JunctionsTight JunctionsCell CommunicationCarbenoxoloneAdherens JunctionsGlycyrrhetinic AcidFreeze FracturingHeptanolNeuromuscular JunctionOctanolsZonula Occludens-1 ProteinElectrical SynapsesMicroscopy, ElectronIsoquinolinesMembrane ProteinsLens, CrystallineOccludinEsophagogastric Junction1-OctanolCadherinsCells, CulturedElectric ConductivityTight Junction ProteinsDesmosomesHolliday Junction ResolvasesElectrophysiologyMolecular Sequence DataImmunohistochemistryFluorescent DyesMicroscopy, ConfocalLindaneEpithelial CellsCell Membrane PermeabilityMembrane PotentialsFreeze EtchingFluorescent Antibody TechniqueCell MembraneIon ChannelsMicroscopy, FluorescenceEye ProteinsBase SequenceCell LineAstrocytesModels, BiologicalMyocardiumAmino Acid SequenceBiological FactorsPatch-Clamp TechniquesCalciumPermeabilityMutationZonula Occludens-2 ProteinHeLa CellsRats, Sprague-DawleyLanthanumDNA, CruciformEpitheliumDogsClaudin-1Ion Channel GatingMice, KnockoutTransfectionElectric ImpedanceTime FactorsBlotting, WesternRNA, MessengerMicroscopy, ImmunoelectronAction PotentialsOocytesRabbitsHeart Conduction SystemMyometriumAnimals, NewbornSignal TransductionCalcium SignalingMyocytes, CardiacPhosphorylationSynaptic TransmissionMice, Inbred C57BLPhosphoproteinsDesmoplakinsalpha CateninBiotinNeuronsColoring AgentsBystander EffectCell AdhesionFluorescence Recovery After PhotobleachingFilipinCell DifferentiationFreeze SubstitutionRats, WistarLiverNeuromuscular Junction DiseasesLens Cortex, CrystallineImmunoblottingEndothelium, Vascular
Gap Junctions
Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of CONNEXINS, the family of proteins which form the junctions.
Connexins
A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of GAP JUNCTIONS. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions.
Connexin 43
A 43-kDa peptide which is a member of the connexin family of gap junction proteins. Connexin 43 is a product of a gene in the alpha class of connexin genes (the alpha-1 gene). It was first isolated from mammalian heart, but is widespread in the body including the brain.
Intercellular Junctions
Direct contact of a cell with a neighboring cell. Most such junctions are too small to be resolved by light microscopy, but they can be visualized by conventional or freeze-fracture electron microscopy, both of which show that the interacting CELL MEMBRANE and often the underlying CYTOPLASM and the intervening EXTRACELLULAR SPACE are highly specialized in these regions. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p792)
Tight Junctions
Cell-cell junctions that seal adjacent epithelial cells together, preventing the passage of most dissolved molecules from one side of the epithelial sheet to the other. (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, p22)
Cell Communication
Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP.
Carbenoxolone
An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.
Adherens Junctions
Anchoring points where the CYTOSKELETON of neighboring cells are connected to each other. They are composed of specialized areas of the plasma membrane where bundles of the ACTIN CYTOSKELETON attach to the membrane through the transmembrane linkers, CADHERINS, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to cadherins in the neighboring cell membranes. In sheets of cells, they form into adhesion belts (zonula adherens) that go all the way around a cell.
Glycyrrhetinic Acid
An oleanolic acid from GLYCYRRHIZA that has some antiallergic, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. It is used topically for allergic or infectious skin inflammation and orally for its aldosterone effects in electrolyte regulation.
Freeze Fracturing
Preparation for electron microscopy of minute replicas of exposed surfaces of the cell which have been ruptured in the frozen state. The specimen is frozen, then cleaved under high vacuum at the same temperature. The exposed surface is shadowed with carbon and platinum and coated with carbon to obtain a carbon replica.
Heptanol
A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.
Neuromuscular Junction
The synapse between a neuron and a muscle.
Octanols
Isomeric forms and derivatives of octanol (C8H17OH).
Zonula Occludens-1 Protein
A 195-kDa zonula occludens protein that is distinguished by the presence of a ZU5 domain at the C-terminal of the molecule.
Electrical Synapses
Specialized junctions between NEURONS which connect the cytoplasm of one neuron to another allowing direct passage of an ion current.
Microscopy, Electron
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
Isoquinolines
A group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine. The ring structure is characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids such as papaverine. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Membrane Proteins
Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.
Lens, Crystalline
A transparent, biconvex structure of the EYE, enclosed in a capsule and situated behind the IRIS and in front of the vitreous humor (VITREOUS BODY). It is slightly overlapped at its margin by the ciliary processes. Adaptation by the CILIARY BODY is crucial for OCULAR ACCOMMODATION.
Occludin
A MARVEL domain protein that plays an important role in the formation and regulation of the TIGHT JUNCTION paracellular permeability barrier.
Esophagogastric Junction
The area covering the terminal portion of ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of STOMACH at the cardiac orifice.
1-Octanol
A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
Cadherins
Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. Cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (E- for epithelial, N- for neural, and P- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or N-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). Cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.
Cells, Cultured
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Electric Conductivity
The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.
Tight Junction Proteins
Proteins that take part in the formation or structure of TIGHT JUNCTIONS.
Desmosomes
A type of junction that attaches one cell to its neighbor. One of a number of differentiated regions which occur, for example, where the cytoplasmic membranes of adjacent epithelial cells are closely apposed. It consists of a circular region of each membrane together with associated intracellular microfilaments and an intercellular material which may include, for example, mucopolysaccharides. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Holliday Junction Resolvases
Enzymes that recognize CRUCIFORM DNA structures and introduce paired incisions that help to resolve the structure into two DNA helices.
Electrophysiology
The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Immunohistochemistry
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Fluorescent Dyes
Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.
Microscopy, Confocal
A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.
Lindane
An organochlorine insecticide that has been used as a pediculicide and a scabicide. It has been shown to cause cancer.
Epithelial Cells
Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.
Cell Membrane Permeability
A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Freeze Etching
A replica technique in which cells are frozen to a very low temperature and cracked with a knife blade to expose the interior surfaces of the cells or cell membranes. The cracked cell surfaces are then freeze-dried to expose their constituents. The surfaces are now ready for shadowing to be viewed using an electron microscope. This method differs from freeze-fracturing in that no cryoprotectant is used and, thus, allows for the sublimation of water during the freeze-drying process to etch the surfaces.
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.
Cell Membrane
The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Ion Channels
Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.
Eye Proteins
Base Sequence
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Cell Line
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Astrocytes
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.
Models, Biological
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Myocardium
The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.
Amino Acid Sequence
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Biological Factors
Endogenously-synthesized compounds that influence biological processes not otherwise classified under ENZYMES; HORMONES or HORMONE ANTAGONISTS.
Patch-Clamp Techniques
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Permeability
Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.
Mutation
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Zonula Occludens-2 Protein
A zonula occludens protein subtype found in epithelial cell junctions. Several isoforms of zonula occludens-2 protein exist due to use of alternative promoter regions and alternative mRNA splicings.
HeLa Cells
The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Lanthanum
Lanthanum. The prototypical element in the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol La, atomic number 57, and atomic weight 138.91. Lanthanide ion is used in experimental biology as a calcium antagonist; lanthanum oxide improves the optical properties of glass.
DNA, Cruciform
A cross-shaped DNA structure that can be observed under the electron microscope. It is formed by the incomplete exchange of strands between two double-stranded helices or by complementary INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES that refold into hairpin loops on opposite strands across from each other.
Epithelium
One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.
Dogs
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
Claudin-1
An integral membrane protein that is localized to TIGHT JUNCTIONS, where it plays a role in controlling the paracellular permeability of polarized cells. Mutations in the gene for claudin-1 are associated with Neonatal Ichthyosis-Sclerosing Cholangitis (NISCH) Syndrome.
Ion Channel Gating
The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Transfection
The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.
Electric Impedance
The resistance to the flow of either alternating or direct electrical current.
Time Factors
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Blotting, Western
Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Microscopy, Immunoelectron
Microscopy in which the samples are first stained immunocytochemically and then examined using an electron microscope. Immunoelectron microscopy is used extensively in diagnostic virology as part of very sensitive immunoassays.
Action Potentials
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
Oocytes
Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).
Rabbits
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Heart Conduction System
An impulse-conducting system composed of modified cardiac muscle, having the power of spontaneous rhythmicity and conduction more highly developed than the rest of the heart.
Myometrium
The smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ.
Animals, Newborn
Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Calcium Signaling
Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.
Myocytes, Cardiac
Striated muscle cells found in the heart. They are derived from cardiac myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, CARDIAC).
Phosphorylation
The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.
Synaptic Transmission
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Phosphoproteins
Desmoplakins
Desmoplakins are cytoskeletal linker proteins that anchor INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS to the PLASMA MEMBRANE at DESMOSOMES.
alpha Catenin
A catenin that binds F-ACTIN and links the CYTOSKELETON with BETA CATENIN and GAMMA CATENIN.
Biotin
A water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.
Neurons
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Coloring Agents
Chemicals and substances that impart color including soluble dyes and insoluble pigments. They are used in INKS; PAINTS; and as INDICATORS AND REAGENTS.
Bystander Effect
The result of a positive or negative response (to drugs, for example) in one cell being passed onto other cells via the GAP JUNCTIONS or the intracellular milieu.
Cell Adhesion
Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.
Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching
A method used to study the lateral movement of MEMBRANE PROTEINS and LIPIDS. A small area of a cell membrane is bleached by laser light and the amount of time necessary for unbleached fluorescent marker-tagged proteins to diffuse back into the bleached site is a measurement of the cell membrane's fluidity. The diffusion coefficient of a protein or lipid in the membrane can be calculated from the data. (From Segen, Current Med Talk, 1995).
Filipin
A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.
Cell Differentiation
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Freeze Substitution
A modification of the freeze-drying method in which the ice within the frozen tissue is replaced by alcohol or other solvent at a very low temperature.
Rats, Wistar
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Liver
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
Neuromuscular Junction Diseases
Conditions characterized by impaired transmission of impulses at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This may result from disorders that affect receptor function, pre- or postsynaptic membrane function, or ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE activity. The majority of diseases in this category are associated with autoimmune, toxic, or inherited conditions.
Lens Cortex, Crystalline
The portion of the crystalline lens surrounding the nucleus and bound anteriorly by the epithelium and posteriorly by the capsule. It contains lens fibers and amorphous, intercellular substance.
Immunoblotting
Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.
Endothelium, Vascular
Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.
Synapses
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
Cytoskeletal Proteins
Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.
Seminiferous Epithelium
The epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules composed of primary male germ cells (SPERMATOGONIA) and supporting SERTOLI CELLS. As SPERMATOGENESIS proceeds, the developing germ cells migrate toward the lumen. The adluminal compartment, the inner two thirds of the tubules, contains SPERMATOCYTES and the more advanced germ cells.
Retina
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.
Xenopus
An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.
Sertoli Cells
Supporting cells projecting inward from the basement membrane of SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN and hormones such as ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE. The tight junctions of Sertoli cells with the SPERMATOGONIA and SPERMATOCYTES provide a BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER.
Protein Transport
The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.
Heart
The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

The bystander effect in the HSVtk/ganciclovir system and its relationship to gap junctional communication. (1/2680)

The bystander effect (BSE) is an interesting and important property of the herpes thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (hTK/GCV) system of gene therapy for cancer. With the BSE, not only are the hTK expressing cells killed upon ganciclovir (GCV) exposure but also neighboring wild-type tumor cells. On testing a large number of tumor cell lines in vitro, a wide range of sensitivity to bystander killing was found. Since transfer of toxic GCV metabolites from hTK-modified to wild-type tumor cells via gap junctions (GJ) seemed to be a likely mechanism of the BSE, we tested GJ function in these various tumors with a dye transfer technique and pharmacological agents known to affect GJ communication. We confirmed that mixtures of tumor cell resistant to the BSE did not show dye transfer from cell to cell while bystander-sensitive tumor cells did. Dieldrin, a drug known to decrease GJ communication, diminished dye transfer and also inhibited the BSE. Forskolin, an upregulator of cAMP did increase GJ, but directly inhibited hTK and therefore its effect on BSE could not be determined. We conclude that these observations further support port the concept that functional GJ play an important role in the BSE and further suggest that pharmacological manipulation of GJ may influence the outcome of cancer therapy with hTK/GCV.  (+info)

Three-dimensional structure of a recombinant gap junction membrane channel. (2/2680)

Gap junction membrane channels mediate electrical and metabolic coupling between adjacent cells. The structure of a recombinant cardiac gap junction channel was determined by electron crystallography at resolutions of 7.5 angstroms in the membrane plane and 21 angstroms in the vertical direction. The dodecameric channel was formed by the end-to-end docking of two hexamers, each of which displayed 24 rods of density in the membrane interior, which is consistent with an alpha-helical conformation for the four transmembrane domains of each connexin subunit. The transmembrane alpha-helical rods contrasted with the double-layered appearance of the extracellular domains. Although not indicative for a particular type of secondary structure, the protein density that formed the extracellular vestibule provided a tight seal to exclude the exchange of substances with the extracellular milieu.  (+info)

Morphogenesis of the Caenorhabditis elegans male tail tip. (3/2680)

Using electron microscopy and immunofluorescent labeling of adherens junctions, we have reconstructed the changes in cell architecture and intercellular associations that occur during morphogenesis of the nematode male tail tip. During late postembryonic development, the Caenorhabditis elegans male tail is reshaped to form a copulatory structure. The most posterior hypodermal cells in the tail define a specialized, sexually dimorphic compartment in which cells fuse and retract in the male, changing their shape from a tapered cone to a blunt dome. Developmental profiles using electron microscopy and immunofluorescent staining suggest that cell fusions are initiated at or adjacent to adherens junctions. Anterior portions of the tail tip cells show the first evidence of retractions and fusions, consistent with our hypothesis that an anterior event triggers these morphogenetic events. Available mutations that interfere with morphogenesis implicate particular regulatory pathways and suggest loci at which evolutionary changes could have produced morphological diversity.  (+info)

Gap junction signalling mediated through connexin-43 is required for chick limb development. (4/2680)

During chick limb development the gap junction protein Connexin-43 (Cx43) is expressed in discrete spatially restricted domains in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and mesenchyme of the zone of polarising activity. Antisense oligonucleotides (ODNs) were used to investigate the role of Connexin-43 (Cx43) in the development of the chick limb bud. We have used unmodified ODNs in Pluronic F-127 gel, which is liquid at low temperature but sets at room temperature and so remains situated at the point of application. As a mild surfactant, the gel increases antisense ODN penetration and supplies ODNs to the embryo continually for 12-18 h. We have shown a strong decrease in Cx43 protein expression after application of specific antisense oligonucleotides but the abundance of a closely related protein, Connexin-32 (Cx32), was not affected. Application of antisense Cx43 ODNs at stages 8-15 HH before limb outgrowth resulted in dramatic limb phenotypes. About 40% of treated embryos exhibited defects such as truncation of the limb bud, fragmentation into two or more domains, or complete splitting of the limb bud into two or three branches. Molecular analysis of antisense treated embryos failed to detect Shh or Bmp-2 in anterior structures and suggested that extra lobes seen in nicked and split limbs were not a result of establishment of new signalling centres as found after the application of FGF to the flank. However, examination of markers for the AER showed a number of abnormalities. In severely truncated specimens we were unable to detect the expression of either Fgf-4 or Fgf-8. In both nicked and split limbs the expression of these genes was discontinuous. Down-regulation of Cx43 after the antisense application could be comparable to AER removal and results in distal truncation of the limb bud. Taken together these data suggest the existence of a feedback loop between the FGFs and signalling mediated by Cx43.  (+info)

Chemical signaling from colonic smooth muscle cells to DRG neurons in culture. (5/2680)

Transduction mechanisms between target cells within the intestinal wall and peripheral terminals of extrinsic primary afferent neurons are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to characterize the interactions between smooth muscle cells from the rat distal colon and lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in coculture. DRG neurons visually appeared to make contact with several myocytes. We show that brief mechanical stimulation of these myocytes resulted in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) transients that propagated into 57% of the contacting neurites. Direct mechanical stimulation of DRG neurites cultured without smooth muscle had no effect. We also show that colonic smooth muscle cells express multiple connexin mRNAs and that these connexins formed functional gap junctions, as evidenced by the intercellular transfer of Lucifer yellow. Furthermore, thapsigargin pretreatment and neuronal heparin injection abolished the increase in neurite [Ca2+]i, indicating that the neuronal Ca2+ signal was triggered by inositol 1,4, 5-trisphosphate-mediated Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Our results provide evidence for intercellular chemical communication between DRG neurites and intestinal smooth muscle cells that mediates the exchange of second messenger molecules between different cell types.  (+info)

Spatial and temporal regulation of gap junction connexin43 in vascular endothelial cells exposed to controlled disturbed flows in vitro. (6/2680)

Hemodynamic regulation of the endothelial gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43) was studied in a model of controlled disturbed flows in vitro. Cx43 mRNA, protein expression, and intercellular communication were mapped to spatial variations in fluid forces. Hemodynamic features of atherosclerotic lesion-prone regions of the vasculature (flow separation and recirculation) were created for periods of 5, 16, and 30 h, with laminar shear stresses ranging between 0 and 13.5 dynes/cm2. Within 5 h, endothelial Cx43 mRNA expression was increased in all cells when compared with no-flow controls, with highest levels (up to 6- to 8-fold) expressed in regions of flow recirculation corresponding to high shear stress gradients. At 16 h, Cx43 mRNA expression remained elevated in regions of flow disturbance, whereas in areas of fully developed, undisturbed laminar flow, Cx43 expression returned to control levels. In all flow regions, typical punctate Cx43 immunofluorescence at cell borders was disrupted by 5 h. After 30 h of flow, disruption of gap junctions persisted in cells subjected to flow separation and recirculation, whereas regions of undisturbed flow were substantially restored to normal. These expression differences were reflected in sustained inhibition of intercellular communication (dye transfer) throughout the zone of disturbed flow (84.2 and 68.4% inhibition at 5 and 30 h, respectively); in contrast, communication was fully reestablished by 30 h in cells exposed to undisturbed flow. Up-regulation of Cx43 transcripts, sustained disorganization of Cx43 protein, and impaired communication suggest that shear stress gradients in regions of disturbed flow regulate intercellular communication through the expression and function of Cx43.  (+info)

Intracellular trafficking pathways in the assembly of connexins into gap junctions. (7/2680)

Trafficking pathways underlying the assembly of connexins into gap junctions were examined using living COS-7 cells expressing a range of connexin-aequorin (Cx-Aeq) chimeras. By measuring the chemiluminescence of the aequorin fusion partner, the translocation of oligomerized connexins from intracellular stores to the plasma membrane was shown to occur at different rates that depended on the connexin isoform. Treatment of COS-7 cells expressing Cx32-Aeq and Cx43-Aeq with brefeldin A inhibited the movement of these chimera to the plasma membrane by 84 +/- 4 and 88 +/- 4%, respectively. Nocodazole treatment of the cells expressing Cx32-Aeq and Cx43-Aeq produced 29 +/- 16 and 4 +/- 7% inhibition, respectively. In contrast, the transport of Cx26 to the plasma membrane, studied using a construct (Cx26/43T-Aeq) in which the short cytoplasmic carboxyl-terminal tail of Cx26 was replaced with the extended carboxyl terminus of Cx43, was inhibited 89 +/- 5% by nocodazole and was minimally affected by exposure of cells to brefeldin A (17 +/-11%). The transfer of Lucifer yellow across gap junctions between cells expressing wild-type Cx32, Cx43, and the corresponding Cx32-Aeq and Cx43-Aeq chimeras was reduced by nocodazole treatment and abolished by brefeldin A treatment. However, the extent of dye coupling between cells expressing wild-type Cx26 or the Cx26/43T-Aeq chimeras was not significantly affected by brefeldin A treatment, but after nocodazole treatment, transfer of dye to neighboring cells was greatly reduced. These contrasting effects of brefeldin A and nocodazole on the trafficking properties and intercellular dye transfer are interpreted to suggest that two pathways contribute to the routing of connexins to the gap junction.  (+info)

Dissection of the molecular basis of pp60(v-src) induced gating of connexin 43 gap junction channels. (8/2680)

Suppression of gap-junctional communication by various protein kinases, growth factors, and oncogenes frequently correlates with enhanced mitogenesis. The oncogene v-src appears to cause acute closure of gap junction channels. Tyr265 in the COOH-terminal tail of connexin 43 (Cx43) has been implicated as a potential target of v-src, although v-src action has also been associated with changes in serine phosphorylation. We have investigated the mechanism of this acute regulation through mutagenesis of Cx43 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocyte pairs. Truncations of the COOH-terminal domain led to an almost complete loss of response of Cx43 to v-src, but this was restored by coexpression of the independent COOH-terminal polypeptide. This suggests a ball and chain gating mechanism, similar to the mechanism proposed for pH gating of Cx43, and K+ channel inactivation. Surprisingly, we found that v-src mediated gating of Cx43 did not require the tyrosine site, but did seem to depend on the presence of two potential SH3 binding domains and the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphorylation sites within them. Further point mutagenesis and pharmacological studies in normal rat kidney (NRK) cells implicated MAP kinase in the gating response to v-src, while the stable binding of v-src to Cx43 (in part mediated by SH3 domains) did not correlate with its ability to mediate channel closure. This suggests a common link between closure of gap junctions by v-src and other mitogens, such as EGF and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA).  (+info)

Regulation of osteoclastogenesis by gap junction communicationRegulation of osteoclastogenesis by gap junction communication
Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) is crucial in osteoclastogenesis but signaling events involved in osteoclast differentiation are far from complete and other signals may play a role in osteoclastogenesis. A more direct pathway for cellular crosstalk is provided by gap junction intercellular channel, which allows adjacent cells to exchange second messengers, ions, and cellular metabolites. Here we have investigated the role of gap junction communication in osteoclastogenesis in mouse bone marrow cultures. Immunoreactive sites for the gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43) were detected in the marrow stromal cells and in mature osteoclasts. Carbenoxolone (CBX) functionally blocked gap junction communication as demonstrated by a scrape loading Lucifer Yellow dye transfer technique. CBX caused a dose-dependent inhibition (significant , or = 90 microM) of the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated cells formed in 7- to 8-day marrow cultures ...
http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:148197
Synthesis and assembly of connexins in vitro into homomeric and heteromeric functional gap junction hemichannels | Biochemical...Synthesis and assembly of connexins in vitro into homomeric and heteromeric functional gap junction hemichannels | Biochemical...
The biogenesis of connexins and their assembly into functional gap junction hemichannels (connexons) was studied with the use of a cell-free transcription/translation system. Velocity sedimentation on sucrose gradients showed that a small proportion of connexin (Cx) 26 and Cx32 that were co-translationally translocated into microsomes were oligomers of Cx26 and Cx32. Chemical cross-linking studies showed that these corresponded to hexameric connexons. Reconstitution of connexons synthesized in vitro into liposomes induced permeability properties consistent with the view that open gap junction hemichannels were produced. By using an immunoprecipitation approach, a simultaneous translation of Cx26 and Cx32 incorporated into microsomes resulted in homomeric connexons. However, supplementation of the translation system in vitro with liver Golgi membranes produced heteromeric connexons constructed of Cx32 and Cx26, and also resulted in an increased oligomerization especially of Cx32. All of the ...
http://www.biochemj.org/content/339/2/247
Gap Junction Communication Mediates Transforming Growth Factor-β Activation and Endothelial-Induced Mural Cell Differentiation ...Gap Junction Communication Mediates Transforming Growth Factor-β Activation and Endothelial-Induced Mural Cell Differentiation ...
During blood vessel assembly, mural cell differentiation is initiated in response to contact-dependent interactions with endothelial cells.5,7 In the present studies, we demonstrate for the first time that functional gap junction channels are established between endothelial cells and the mural cell progenitors that they recruit and are necessary for endothelial-induced mural cell differentiation. We additionally determined that the mechanism by which gap junctions mediate endothelial-induced mural cell differentiation involves the activation of TGF-β, which then induces SRF and mural cell-specific gene expression.. The mesenchymal cells that did not form gap junctions with endothelial cells (Cx43−/−) did not undergo endothelial-induced differentiation toward a mural cell phenotype. Of note, the Cx43−/− cells express low levels of Cx45, although this expression was not evident as channel activity and not adequate to support the formation of functional heterocellular gap junctions with ...
http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/93/5/429
Gap junction - WikipediaGap junction - Wikipedia
Early descriptions of gap junctions and connexons did not refer to them as such and many other terms were used. It is likely that synaptic disks[117] were an accurate reference to gap junction plaques. While the detailed structure and function of the connexon was described in a limited way at the time the gross disk structure was relatively large and easily seen by various TEM techniques. Disks allowed researchers using TEM to easily locate the connexons contained within the disk like patches in vivo and in vitro. The disk or plaque appeared to have structural properties different from those imparted by the connexons alone.[26] It was thought that if the area of membrane in the plaque transmitted signals the area of membrane would have to be sealed in some way to prevent leakage.[118] Later studies showed gap junction plaques are home to non-connexin proteins making the modern usage of the terms gap junction and gap junction plaque non-interchangeable as the area of the gap ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_junction
Recovery of gap junctional intercellular communication after phorbol ester treatment requires proteasomal degradation of...
Reversible down-regulation of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) is proposed to be an important cellular mechanism in tumor promotion. Gap junction function is modified by a variety of tumor promoters, including the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Treatment of cells with TPA results in the activation and subsequent depletion of the TPA-responsive protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. TPA-induced degradation of the PKC isoforms α, δ and ϵ was recently shown to occur via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In the present study we investigated the role of the proteasome in the TPA-induced modification of GJIC in IAR20 rat liver epithelial cells. TPA exposure of IAR20 cells induced hyperphosphorylation of gap junction protein connexin43 and inhibition of GJIC. Prolonged TPA treatment induced down-regulation of PKCα, δ and ϵ and a reduction in the total PKC activity, which was associated with recovery of GJIC. Co-treatment of IAR20 cells with TPA and the ...
http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/carcin/bgg066
Gap junctional channels regulate acid secretion in the mammalian gastric gland<...Gap junctional channels regulate acid secretion in the mammalian gastric gland<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Gap junctional channels regulate acid secretion in the mammalian gastric gland. AU - Radebold, K.. AU - Horakova, E.. AU - Gloeckner, J.. AU - Ortega, G.. AU - Spray, David C.. AU - Vieweger, H.. AU - Siebert, K.. AU - Manuelidis, L.. AU - Geibel, J. P.. PY - 2001/10/1. Y1 - 2001/10/1. N2 - Gap junction channels are regarded as a primary pathway for intercellular message transfer, including calcium wave propagation. Our study identified two gap junctional proteins, connexin26 and connexin32, in rat gastric glands by RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence. We demonstrated a potential physiological role of the gap junctional channels in the acid secretory process using the calcium indicator fluo-3, and microinjection of Lucifer Yellow. Application of gastrin (10-7 M) to the basolateral membrane resulted in the induction of uniphasic calcium signals in adjacent parietal cells. In addition, single parietal cell microinjections in intact glands with the cell-impermeant ...
https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/gap-junctional-channels-regulate-acid-secretion-in-the-mammalian--2
Disturbed Connexin43 Gap Junction Distribution Correlates With the Location of Reentrant Circuits in the Epicardial Border Zone...Disturbed Connexin43 Gap Junction Distribution Correlates With the Location of Reentrant Circuits in the Epicardial Border Zone...
The mechanism by which the change in gap-junctional distribution influences the location and characteristics of the reentrant circuit has yet to be determined. The abnormal redistribution of gap junctions to the lateral interfaces between myocytes might be expected to enhance side-to-side coupling, thereby improving transverse conduction and reducing (rather than increasing) the arrhythmogenicity of the tissue by reducing the degree of anisotropy. The redistribution should, however, be considered in the context of other changes of electrophysiological significance in the infarct border zone myocytes.14 15 43 Although the functional status of the gap junctions in these border zone cells is unknown, the results of in vitro studies would suggest that the hypoxia, acidosis, and hypercalcemia that may exist in this tissue would attenuate gap-junctional coupling44 and reduce conductance particularly in the transverse direction.45 46 Indeed, one might speculate that the redistribution of gap junctions ...
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/95/4/988
Colocalization of connexin 43 and connexin 45 but absence of connexin 40 in granulosa cell gap junctions of rat ovary<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Colocalization of connexin 43 and connexin 45 but absence of connexin 40 in granulosa cell gap junctions of rat ovary. AU - Okuma, A.. AU - Kuraoka, A.. AU - Iida, H.. AU - Inai, T.. AU - Wasano, K.. AU - Shibata, Y.. PY - 1996/7. Y1 - 1996/7. N2 - The expression and localization of gap junction family proteins (connexins) were examined in nonstimulated and gonadotrophin-stimulated ovarian follicles of immature rats. Immunoblot and RNA blot analysis showed the presence of connexin (Cx) 43, Cx40 and Cx45 in ovarian tissue. Of these connexin proteins, Cx43 and Cx45 were identified by immunofluorescent microscopy between granulosa cells in characteristic expression patterns related to follicular developmental stages, while Cx40 was not expressed in granulosa cells but was detected in blood vessels in ovarian stroma. In some plaques of gap junction between granulosa cells, Cx45 was found to be colocalized with Cx43. In immunofluorescent microscopy, the expression of Cx43 was ...
https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/ja/publications/colocalization-of-connexin-43-and-connexin-45-but-absence-of-conn
Gap junction - WikipediaGap junction - Wikipedia
Early descriptions of gap junctions and connexons did not refer to them as such and many other terms were used. It is likely that synaptic disks[116] were an accurate reference to gap junction plaques. While the detailed structure and function of the connexon was described in a limited way at the time the gross disk structure was relatively large and easily seen by various TEM techniques. Disks allowed researchers using TEM to easily locate the connexons contained within the disk like patches in vivo and in vitro. The disk or plaque appeared to have structural properties different from those imparted by the connexons alone.[25] It was thought that if the area of membrane in the plaque transmitted signals the area of membrane would have to be sealed in some way to prevent leakage.[117] Later studies showed gap junction plaques are home to non-connexin proteins making the modern usage of the terms gap junction and gap junction plaque non-interchangeable as the area of the gap ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_junctions
gap junction cellular internet: connexin hemichannels enter the signalling limelight | Biochemical Journal | Portland Pressgap junction cellular internet: connexin hemichannels enter the signalling limelight | Biochemical Journal | Portland Press
Cxs (connexins), the protein subunits forming gap junction intercellular communication channels, are transported to the plasma membrane after oligomerizing into hexameric assemblies called connexin hemichannels (CxHcs) or connexons, which dock head-to-head with partner hexameric channels positioned on neighbouring cells. The double membrane channel or gap junction generated directly couples the cytoplasms of interacting cells and underpins the integration and co-ordination of cellular metabolism, signalling and functions, such as secretion or contraction in cell assemblies. In contrast, CxHcs prior to forming gap junctions provide a pathway for the release from cells of ATP, glutamate, NAD+ and prostaglandin E2, which act as paracrine messengers. ATP activates purinergic receptors on neighbouring cells and forms the basis of intercellular Ca2+ signal propagation, complementing that occuring more directly via gap junctions. CxHcs open in response to various types of external changes, including ...
https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article-abstract/397/1/1/41744/The-gap-junction-cellular-internet-connexin
Ignatius P TanIgnatius P Tan
My research interests focus on gap junctions which are involved in cell-to-cell communication. Regulating the chemical and physical properties of gap junctions are the different connexin proteins. Unique communication compartments can be formed when gap junctions are assembled from various connexins.. Presently, I am examining the implications of gap junctions on cell differentiation and development using the testis as a model. Organized in the seminiferous tubule and supported by Sertoli cells are some 63 different germ cell types. The germ cells are arranged and organized in the seminiferous epithelium for an ordered development and differentiation into spermatozoa. We are currently determining gap junctions role in the formation of specific communication compartments and how gap junctions regulate and support specific spermatogenic cells. Gap junction assembly, connexin composition, and the chemical and physical properties of homotypic - heterotypic gap junctions will be examined ...
http://as.nyu.edu/faculty/ignatius-tan.html
Connexin 43 Mediated Gap Junctional Communication Enhances Breast Tumo by Mary-Ann Pollmann, Qing Shao et al.Connexin 43 Mediated Gap Junctional Communication Enhances Breast Tumo by Mary-Ann Pollmann, Qing Shao et al.
Introduction: Metastasis involves the emigration of tumor cells through the vascular endothelium, a process also known as diapedesis. The molecular mechanisms regulating tumor cell diapedesis are poorly understood, but may involve heterocellular gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) between tumor cells and endothelial cells. Method: To test this hypothesis we expressed connexin 43 (Cx43) in GJIC-deficient mammary epithelial tumor cells (HBL100) and examined their ability to form gap junctions, establish heterocellular GJIC and migrate through monolayers of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) grown on matrigel-coated coverslips. Results: HBL100 cells expressing Cx43 formed functional heterocellular gap junctions with HMVEC monolayers within 30 minutes. In addition, immunocytochemistry revealed Cx43 localized to contact sites between Cx43 expressing tumor cells and endothelial cells. Quantitative analysis of diapedesis revealed a two-fold increase in diapedesis of Cx43 expressing
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/anatomypub/3/
Electrical properties of mammalian lens epithelial gap junction channels. - Semantic ScholarElectrical properties of mammalian lens epithelial gap junction channels. - Semantic Scholar
PURPOSE To establish an electrical fingerprint for the gap junction channels between mammalian lens epithelial cells. METHODS The double whole cell patch clamp technique was applied to isolated cell pairs obtained from mouse lens epithelium and a continuous cell line of lens epithelial cells derived from the sheep lens (SLE 2.1). RESULTS The junctional conductance in mouse lens epithelial cells and in cultured SLE 2.1 cells was found to be moderately voltage dependent. SLE 2.1 cells were analyzed in more detail. The voltage dependence could be described by a Boltzmann distribution with Vo = +/- 63.1 mV and Gmin = 0.34. In cell pairs that exhibited spontaneously low junctional conductance, single channel events could be distinguished. Single gap junction channel currents had a linear current-voltage relationship. A frequency histogram of single channel conductances from eight cell pairs had three major peaks of 35, 60 and 97 pS. CONCLUSION The electrical properties of gap junction channels
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Electrical-properties-of-mammalian-lens-epithelial-Donaldson-Roos/b8fd7fd0c89620756fd70331376bb9230ec418bc
Phospholipid Minds the Gap (Junction) | Science SignalingPhospholipid Minds the Gap (Junction) | Science Signaling
Gap junction channels allow communication in the form of small molecules that flow between adjacent cells. Conductance through gap junctions formed of the connexin43 (Cx43) protein is decreased after stimulation of G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) at the cell surface, but the actual mechanism of channel regulation has been unclear. van Zeijl et al. report that in Rat-1 fibroblasts, one way gap junction conductance can be regulated is through changes in the abundance of the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2]. The authors confirmed decreased conductance of gap junctions formed from Cx43 in cells transfected with an active form of the G protein alpha subunit Gαq. Gαq activates phospholipase C-β (PLC-β), which catalyzes hydrolysis of PtdIns(4,5)P2, forming the second messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol, and experiments with a fluorescently labeled probe containing a pleckstrin ...
https://stke.sciencemag.org/content/2007/390/tw207.abstract
Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans induce gap junction expression and restore transcription of tissue‐specific mRNAs in...Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans induce gap junction expression and restore transcription of tissue‐specific mRNAs in...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans induce gap junction expression and restore transcription of tissue‐specific mRNAs in primary liver cultures. AU - Fujita, Michiyasu. AU - Spray, David C.. AU - Choi, Haing. AU - Saez, Juan C.. AU - Watanabe, Tohru. AU - Rosenberg, Larry C.. AU - Hertzberg, Elliott L.. AU - Reid, Lola M.. PY - 1987/1/1. Y1 - 1987/1/1. N2 - Normal rat hepatocytes maintained on tissue culture plastic and in serum‐supplemented medium lose their gap junctions within 12 hr and expression of their tissue‐specific functions within 24 to 72 hr. The gap junctions are lost via internalization and degradation, and the differentiated functions due to loss of synthesis and to rapid degradation of tissue‐specific mRNAs. Near normal levels of tissue‐specific mRNAs can be achieved by stabilization of the mRNAs but not by transcription (for most genes), if the cells are cultured in a serum‐free, hormonally defined medium and on substrata of tissue culture plastic, ...
https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/glycosaminoglycans-and-proteoglycans-induce-gap-junction-expressi-2
Mutations in Cx30 that are linked to skin disease and non-syndromic hearing loss exhibit several distinct cellular pathologies ...Mutations in Cx30 that are linked to skin disease and non-syndromic hearing loss exhibit several distinct cellular pathologies ...
Gap junctions are clusters of specialized intercellular channels that regulate the direct exchange of ions and various hydrophilic cellular metabolites that are smaller than 1000 Da, a process known as gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) (Alexander and Goldberg, 2003). Two inter-docked connexons (hemichannels), one from each of two apposing cells, form a functional gap junction channel. Each connexon is composed of six oligomerized connexin (Cx) subunits, and, to date, the connexin family consists of 21 members in human (Söhl and Willecke, 2003; Söhl and Willecke, 2004). Interestingly, the primary function of gap junction channels is to facilitate intercellular communication; however, hemichannels have also been reported to exist and function at the cell surface in an undocked state, permitting the transfer of molecules between extracellular and intracellular environments (Anselmi et al., 2008; Burra and Jiang, 2011; Tong et al., 2007). Hemichannels that are formed from single or ...
http://jcs.biologists.org/content/127/8/1751
BeatingCancerCenter - The Di Bella Method - Upregulation of gap junctional intercellular communication and connexin 43...BeatingCancerCenter - The Di Bella Method - Upregulation of gap junctional intercellular communication and connexin 43...
Upregulation of gap junctional intercellular communication and connexin 43 expression by cyclic-AMP and all-trans-retinoic acid is associated with glutathione depletion and chemosensitivity in neuroblastoma cells.
http://beatingcancercenter.com/2012-11-24-22-19-50/related-researches/2000-2009/1481-upregulation-of-gap-junctional-intercellular-communication-and-connexin-43-expression-by-cyclic-amp-and-all-trans-retinoic-acid-is-associated-with-glutathione-depletion-and-chemosensitivity-in-neuroblastoma-cells.html
KEGG PATHWAY: Gap junction
Gap junctions contain intercellular channels that allow direct communication between the cytosolic compartments of adjacent cells. Each gap junction channel is formed by docking of two hemichannels, each containing six connexins, contributed by each neighboring cell. These channels permit the direct transfer of small molecules including ions, amino acids, nucleotides, second messengers and other metabolites between adjacent cells. Gap junctional communication is essential for many physiological events, including embryonic development, electrical coupling, metabolic transport, apoptosis, and tissue homeostasis. Communication through Gap Junction is sensitive to a variety of stimuli, including changes in the level of intracellular Ca2+, pH, transjunctional applied voltage and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes. This figure represents the possible activation routes of different protein kinases involved in Cx43 and Cx36 phosphorylation ...
http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?ko04540+K04464
KEGG PATHWAY: Gap junction - Homo sapiens (human)
Gap junctions contain intercellular channels that allow direct communication between the cytosolic compartments of adjacent cells. Each gap junction channel is formed by docking of two hemichannels, each containing six connexins, contributed by each neighboring cell. These channels permit the direct transfer of small molecules including ions, amino acids, nucleotides, second messengers and other metabolites between adjacent cells. Gap junctional communication is essential for many physiological events, including embryonic development, electrical coupling, metabolic transport, apoptosis, and tissue homeostasis. Communication through Gap Junction is sensitive to a variety of stimuli, including changes in the level of intracellular Ca2+, pH, transjunctional applied voltage and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes. This figure represents the possible activation routes of different protein kinases involved in Cx43 and Cx36 phosphorylation ...
http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?hsa04540+18747
Nitric oxide enhances de novo formation of endothelial gap junctionsNitric oxide enhances de novo formation of endothelial gap junctions
Objective: Gap junctions (formed by connexins, Cx) are important for functional coordination of cells in the vascular wall. However, little is known about their physiological regulation in this tissue. We examined the effects of nitric oxide (NO), an important mediator of vasomotion, wound healing and angiogenesis, on the formation of gap junctions in endothelial cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVEC). Methods: Flow cytometry was used to determine dye transfer through newly formed gap junctions between acutely coincubated HUVECs. Parallel experiments in wild-type HeLa cells (no connexins) and transfected HeLa cells exclusively expressing Cx43, Cx40 or Cx37 were performed to determine the specific role of Cx subtypes. The intracellular distribution of Cx40 was examined after fractionation with triton by Western blotting. Intracellular levels of cGMP and cAMP were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results: The NO donor SNAP (1 μM) enhanced gap-junctional coupling in HUVECs by about ...
https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14398/index.html
046 - THE ROLE OF GAP JUNCTION-DEPENDENT CYTOKINES IN THE EAE MODEL OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS - ESNI 2019
Connexin 47 (Cx47), and to a lesser extent Cx32, are assembled into Gap Junctions (GJs) and couple oligodendrocytes mainly to astrocytes via heterotypic GJs and to other oligodendrocytes via homotypic GJs. In the demyelinating and inflammatory disease Multiple Sclerosis (MS) these oligodendrocyte connexins appear disrupted. Recently published studies in our lab utilizing mice with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS, demonstrates that the absence of Cx32 or Cx47 affects the severity and progression of the disease and alters the profile of several CNS-inflammation-related cytokines. From these 64 cytokines tested in wild type (WT) EAE, Cx32-knockout (KO) EAE, and Cx47-KO EAE mice, we selected the most relevant and altered molecules, GM-CSF, G-CSF, CCL2, and VCAM-1 for further testing in the same mouse genotypes. Their expression was analyzed at 7, 12, and 24 days post injection (dpi) using fluorescent microscopy, real-time PCR, and Western blot analysis. This ...
https://www.esnicourse.isniweb.org/session/046-the-role-of-gap-junction-dependent-cytokines-in-the-eae-model-of-multiple-sclerosis/
Intercellular communication and human hepatocellular carcinoma<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Intercellular communication and human hepatocellular carcinoma. AU - Carruba, Giuseppe. AU - Cocciadiferro, Letizia. AU - Bellavia, Vincenzo. AU - Rizzo, Sergio. AU - Tsatsanis, Christos. AU - Spandidos, Demetrios. AU - Muti, Paola. AU - Smith, Colin. AU - Mehta, Parmender P. AU - Castagnetta, Luigi. PY - 2004/1/1. Y1 - 2004/1/1. N2 - We have previously reported that gap junction-mediated intercellular communication (GJIC) can be restored in junctionally deficient human prostate epithelial cells, also suggesting that GJIC activity is regulated by estrogen. In the present work, we report studies on sex steroid regulation of GJIC and proliferative activity in both nontumoral (Chang liver, CL) and malignant (HepG2, Huh7) human liver cells. Junctional activity and liver cell growth were measured using the scrape-loading/dye-transfer (SL/DT) and the MTS assay, respectively. Using the SL/DT, only Huh7 cells exhibited a moderate degree of Junctional activity in basic conditions, while ...
https://nebraska.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/intercellular-communication-and-human-hepatocellular-carcinoma
Major loss of the 28-kD protein of gap junction in proliferating hepatocytes - Semantic ScholarMajor loss of the 28-kD protein of gap junction in proliferating hepatocytes - Semantic Scholar
There is a reduction in the 28-kD gap junction protein detectable by immunofluorescence in livers of partially hepatectomized rats and in cultured hepatocytes stimulated to proliferate. By the coordinate use of antibodies directed to the hepatic junction protein (HJP28) and the use of a monoclonal antibody that recognizes bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporated into DNA, we have been able to study the relationship between detectable gap junction protein and cell division. Hepatocytes that label with BrdU in the regenerating liver and in cell culture show a significant reduction of HJP28. Cells that do not synthesize DNA, on the other hand, show normal levels and distribution of immunoreactive gap junction protein. We postulate that the quantitative changes in gap junction expression might play an important role in the control of proliferation in the liver.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Major-loss-of-the-28-kD-protein-of-gap-junction-in-Dermietzel-Yancey/36d47473bd562f615574388be45aa111285a57a1
Junctional communication is induced in migrating capillary endothelial cells. | JCBJunctional communication is induced in migrating capillary endothelial cells. | JCB
Using an in vitro model in which a confluent monolayer of capillary endothelial cells is mechanically wounded, gap junction-mediated intercellular communication has been studied by loading the cells with the fluorescent dye, Lucifer Yellow. Approximately 40-50% of the cells in a nonwounded confluent monolayer were coupled in groups of four to five cells (basal level). Basal levels of communication were also observed in sparse and preconfluent cultures, but were reduced in postconfluent monolayers. 30 min after wounding, coupling was markedly reduced between cells lining the wound. Communication at the wound was partially reestablished by 2 h, exceeded basal levels after 6 h and reached a maximum after 24 h, at which stage approximately 90% of the cells were coupled in groups of six to seven cells. When the wound had closed (after 8 d), the increase in communication was no longer observed. Induction of wound-associated communication was unaffected by exposure of the cells to the DNA synthesis ...
http://jcb.rupress.org/content/109/6/3027
Ubiquitin-mediated internalization of connexin43 is independent of the canonical endocytic tyrosine-sorting signal |...Ubiquitin-mediated internalization of connexin43 is independent of the canonical endocytic tyrosine-sorting signal |...
Gap junctions are specialized cell-cell contacts that provide direct intercellular communication between eukaryotic cells. The tyrosine-sorting signal (YXXØ), present at amino acids 286-289 of Cx43 (connexin43), has been implicated in the internalization of the protein. In recent years, ubiquitination of Cx43 has also been proposed to regulate gap junction intercellular communication; however, the underlying mechanism and molecular players involved remain elusive. In the present study, we demonstrate that ubiquitinated Cx43 is internalized through a mechanism that is independent of the YXXØ signal. Indeed, expression of a Cx43-Ub (ubiquitin) chimaera was shown to drive the internalization of a mutant Cx43 in which the YXXØ motif was eliminated. Immunofluorescence, cycloheximide-chase and cell-surface-protein biotinylation experiments demonstrate that oligomerization of Cx43-Ub into hemichannels containing wild-type Cx43 or mutant Cx43Y286A is sufficient to drive the internalization of the ...
http://www.biochemj.org/content/437/2/255
GJA1 - Gap junction alpha-1 protein - Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit) - GJA1 gene & proteinGJA1 - Gap junction alpha-1 protein - Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit) - GJA1 gene & protein
Gap junction protein that acts as a regulator of bladder capacity. A gap junction consists of a cluster of closely packed pairs of transmembrane channels, the connexons, through which materials of low MW diffuse from one cell to a neighboring cell. May play a critical role in the physiology of hearing by participating in the recycling of potassium to the cochlear endolymph. Negative regulator of bladder functional capacity: acts by enhancing intercellular electrical and chemical transmission, thus sensitizing bladder muscles to cholinergic neural stimuli and causing them to contract. May play a role in cell growth inhibition through the regulation of NOV expression and localization. Plays an essential role in gap junction communication in the ventricles (By similarity).
http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q6TYA7
GJA1 - Gap junction alpha-1 protein - Canis lupus familiaris (Dog) - GJA1 gene & proteinGJA1 - Gap junction alpha-1 protein - Canis lupus familiaris (Dog) - GJA1 gene & protein
Gap junction protein that acts as a regulator of bladder capacity. A gap junction consists of a cluster of closely packed pairs of transmembrane channels, the connexons, through which materials of low MW diffuse from one cell to a neighboring cell. May play a critical role in the physiology of hearing by participating in the recycling of potassium to the cochlear endolymph. Negative regulator of bladder functional capacity: acts by enhancing intercellular electrical and chemical transmission, thus sensitizing bladder muscles to cholinergic neural stimuli and causing them to contract. May play a role in cell growth inhibition through the regulation of NOV expression and localization. Plays an essential role in gap junction communication in the ventricles (By similarity).
http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q6S9C0
Downregulation of Immunodetectable Connexin43 and Decreased Gap Junction Size in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Hibernation in the...Downregulation of Immunodetectable Connexin43 and Decreased Gap Junction Size in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Hibernation in the...
Evidence implicating alterations in connexin43 gap junctions in arrhythmogenesis in different models of human heart disease has steadily accumulated.20 21 22 26 29 30 The novel findings of the present study are that (1) a reduction in connexin43 gap junctions occurs in hibernating myocardium beyond that seen in reversible ischemia, and (2) a specific feature characterizing hibernating myocardium is a loss of the population of large gap junctions at the disk periphery. These changes seen by laser scanning immunoconfocal microscopy were subsequently confirmed by quantification with PC image analysis. The use of quantitative immunofluorescence for measurement of gap junction size has been previously validated with a polyclonal anti-connexin43 antibody in rat left ventricular tissue by comparison of measurements from immunoconfocal (0.53 μm) and freeze-fracture (0.57 μm) electron microscopy.28 In the present study, quantification of images obtained with a different primary antibody yielded a mean ...
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/97/7/651
Compartmentalized and Signal-Selective Gap Junctional Coupling in the Hearing Cochlea | Journal of NeuroscienceCompartmentalized and Signal-Selective Gap Junctional Coupling in the Hearing Cochlea | Journal of Neuroscience
Our results demonstrate changes of gap junction channel characteristics and alterations in the pathways of intercellular communication in the organ of Corti during postnatal development. The characteristics of early postnatal GJIC bear little resemblance to those in the hearing cochlea. These observations have implications for the interpretation of studies of GJIC in normal hearing and disease. We have provided functional evidence for the existence of gap junction channels comprising heteromeric Cx26/Cx30 connexons in native cochlear tissue in hearing animals based on the selective transfer of diagnostic dyes, in conjunction with the colocalization of Cx26 and Cx30 within supporting cells. We found evidence for Cx26-only channels (i.e., LY permeable) only in peripheral supporting cells within the organ of Corti in hearing animals (supplemental Fig. 4, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material). Furthermore, we have provided functional and anatomical evidence that is consistent with ...
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/26/4/1260?ijkey=5a4399167749c13dbb8490026f4e60df0cb15a2b&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Talk:2011 Group 2 Project - CellBiologyTalk:2011 Group 2 Project - CellBiology
Guys, Ive uploaded my disease stuff except im having problems with uploading the references and pictures. WIll try again later. Ive also added a few things to our glossary. Anyway hope youve all had a good break! --Elizabeth Blanchard 10:28, 30 April 2011 (EST) I found another article concerning disease that might be of use: Gap-Junction Channels Dysfunction in Deafness and Hearing Loss I wouldnt put the abstract since its too long. [1] --z3283837 23:00, 26 April 2011 (EST) Hey guys, I am kind of finished with my part for the intro and the function although it needs a little bit of touch up. Anyway, while researching, I just found a few review articles that might be helpful. Whoever is doing the location of gap junctions, this article below gives you an overview of the expression patterns of different connexins in different tissues. Diversity and properties of connexin gap junction channels Gap junction channels are composed of two apposing hemichannels (connexons) in the contiguous cells ...
https://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Talk:2011_Group_2_Project&oldid=30004
Difference between revisions of Talk:2011 Group 2 Project - CellBiologyDifference between revisions of Talk:2011 Group 2 Project - CellBiology
Guys, Ive uploaded my disease stuff except im having problems with uploading the references and pictures. WIll try again later. Ive also added a few things to our glossary. Anyway hope youve all had a good break! --Elizabeth Blanchard 10:28, 30 April 2011 (EST) I found another article concerning disease that might be of use: Gap-Junction Channels Dysfunction in Deafness and Hearing Loss I wouldnt put the abstract since its too long. [1] --z3283837 23:00, 26 April 2011 (EST) Hey guys, I am kind of finished with my part for the intro and the function although it needs a little bit of touch up. Anyway, while researching, I just found a few review articles that might be helpful. Whoever is doing the location of gap junctions, this article below gives you an overview of the expression patterns of different connexins in different tissues. Diversity and properties of connexin gap junction channels Gap junction channels are composed of two apposing hemichannels (connexons) in the contiguous cells ...
https://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Talk:2011_Group_2_Project&diff=30459&oldid=29812
Plus itPlus it
Purpose: Cancer patients are often concurrently treated with analgesics and antineoplastic drugs, yet the influence of analgesic agents on therapeutic activity of antineoplastic drugs is largely unexplored. This study investigates the effects of three commonly used analgesics, which produce analgesia by different mechanisms, on cytotoxicity induced by cisplatin, a widely used antitumor agent, and the relation between those effects and modulation of gap junction function by the analgesics.. Experimental Design: The role of gap junctions in the modulation of cisplatin toxicity is explored by manipulation of connexin expression, and gap junction presence and function, using clinically relevant concentrations of the analgesics and cisplatin.. Results: Short-term exposure of transformed cells to cisplatin reduced the clonogenic survival in low-density cultures (without gap junction formation) and in high density (with gap junction formation), but the toxic effect was greater at high density. In the ...
http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2009/08/30/1078-0432.CCR-09-0811
Items where Author is Peters, N - Surrey Research Insight Open AccessItems where Author is Peters, N - Surrey Research Insight Open Access
Ng, FS, Lyon, AR, Shadi, IT, Chang, ETY, Chowdhury, RA, Dupont, E and Peters, NS (2010) GAP JUNCTIONAL UNCOUPLING WITH CARBENOXOLONE SLOWS CONDUCTION AND INCREASES VULNERABILITY TO VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS IN STRUCTURALLY NORMAL HEARTS: AN OPTICAL MAPPING STUDY In: Annual Conference and Exhibition of the British-Cardiovascular-Society, 2010-06-07 - 2010-06-09, Manchester, ENGLAND. Ng, FS, Lyon, AR, Shadi, IT, Chang, ETY, Chowdhury, RA, Dupont, E and Peters, NS (2010) MODULATION OF GAP JUNCTIONAL COUPLING AS AN ANTI-ARRHYTHMIC STRATEGY TO PREVENT REPERFUSION VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS In: Annual Conference and Exhibition of the British-Cardiovascular-Society, 2010-06-07 - 2010-06-09, Manchester, ENGLAND. Dhillon, PS, Gray, R, Kojodjojo, P, Jabr, R, Chowdhury, RA, Fry, CH and Peters, NS (2009) The Relationship Between Gap Junction Conductance and Conduction Velocity in Intact Myocardium In: 82nd Scientific Session of the American-Heart-Association, 2009-11-14 - 2009-11-18, Orlando, FL. Dhillon, P, ...
http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/view/creators/Peters,_N.html
Gap junctions in Malpighian tubules of Aedes aegypti | Journal of Experimental BiologyGap junctions in Malpighian tubules of Aedes aegypti | Journal of Experimental Biology
The molecular basis of gap junctions in invertebrates has been a mystery for decades. Connexin proteins were first identified in the 1970s as the structural components of gap junctions in vertebrates (Goodenough, 1974). For more than 20 years, the term `connexin became synonymous with gap junctions, whereas efforts to find the homologous connexin in invertebrates were unsuccessful (Phelan et al., 1998). It was only in 1998 that the gene family encoding invertebrate gap-junction proteins, innexins, was first confirmed in Drosophila (Phelan et al., 1998). To date, eight innexin genes have been found in the fruit fly, and 25 innexin genes in C. elegans (Phelan, 2005).. In the present study we identify six innexin-like genes in Aedes (Table 5). The neighbor-joining tree (Fig. 9) shows that most of the innexins in Aedes are still closely related to their Drosophila homologues despite the 250 million years of evolution that separate the mosquito from the fruit fly (Severson et al., 2004). The strong ...
http://jeb.biologists.org/content/211/3/409
ScholarSpace at University of Hawaii at Manoa: pp60src-mediated phosphorylation of connexin43, a gap junction proteinScholarSpace at University of Hawaii at Manoa: pp60src-mediated phosphorylation of connexin43, a gap junction protein
Several laboratories have demonstrated a decrease in gap junctional communication in cells transformed by the src oncogene of the Rous sarcoma virus. The decrease In gap junctional communication was associated with tyrosine phosphorylation of the gap junction protein, connexin43 (Cx43). This study was initiated to determine if the phosphorylation of Cx43 is the result of a direct kinase-substrate interaction between the highly active tyrosine kinase, pp60v-src, and Cx43. Confocal microscopy data indicates that the two proteins are within physical proximity allowing for a potential kinase-substrate interaction. Previous biochemical studies have been limited by the low levels of Cx43 protein in fibroblast cell lines. To obtain larger quantities of Cx43 we constructed a recombinant baculovirus expressing Cx43 in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) cells and subsequently purified the expressed Cx43 by immunoaffinity chromatography. We observed that this partially-purified Cx43 was phosphorylated on ...
http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/9407
Connexin 43 Downregulation and Dephosphorylation in Nonischemic Heart Failure Is Associated With Enhanced Colocalized Protein...Connexin 43 Downregulation and Dephosphorylation in Nonischemic Heart Failure Is Associated With Enhanced Colocalized Protein...
Heart failure (HF), whether nonischemic or ischemic, is associated with a nearly 50% incidence of sudden death, primarily from ventricular tachycardia (VT) degenerating to ventricular fibrillation (VF).1 Whereas VT in nonischemic HF initiates primarily by a nonreentrant mechanism,2 myocardium from patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM) exhibits nonuniform anisotropy, slow conduction, and conduction block3 that could underlie reentry during the transition from VT to VF. Conduction slowing could arise from decreased depolarizing currents and/or decreased gap junctional coupling.4 However, the degree of slow conduction and block in failing myocardium appears to be out of proportion to the changes in active membrane properties.5 Moreover, LV myocytes from an animal model of nonischemic HF exhibit markedly decreased gap junctional conductance.6 Thus, alterations in intercellular coupling involving cardiac gap junctions may underlie slow conduction in nonischemic HF.. Gap junctions are ...
http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/96/1/54
A non-connexon protein (MIP) is involved in eye lens gap-junction formation | Journal of Cell ScienceA non-connexon protein (MIP) is involved in eye lens gap-junction formation | Journal of Cell Science
New immunolocalization data put the role of the lens MP26 (MIP) protein in a new perspective. During maturation of lens fibre cells, MIP is found to associate specifically with two structures, gap junctions and cell interlocking processes (known as ball and socket domains). It is significant that the zone in which these associations are most striking is discrete, coinciding with the zone of rapidly enlarging junctional plaques and newly forming ball and socket domains. Observation of domain-specific interactions of MIP with forming gap junctions and ball and socket domains suggests that MIP may be involved in the formation of close membrane appositions. Furthermore, previous ambiguities in the literature over the presence of MIP in gap junctions are clarified by the knowledge that, in situ, MIP associates strongly with gap junctions for only a brief period (with less than about 5% of all lens gap junctions at any one time) during the assembly of junctional plaques. ...
http://jcs.biologists.org/content/93/3/509
Model of the role of FGF in establishing regional diffe | Open-iModel of the role of FGF in establishing regional diffe | Open-i
Model of the role of FGF in establishing regional differences in gap junction-mediated intercellular communication in the lens. (A) The concentration of FGF i
https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=PMC2196873_0101057f11&req=4
Vasomotion - WikipediaVasomotion - Wikipedia
Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration exhibits periodic oscillations in vascular smooth muscle cells. This is thought to result from Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, due to inositol triphosphate and ryanodine-sensitive channel activation. This activation has been shown to result in either Ca2+ sparks, highly localized calcium increases, or waves, global Ca2+ increase that propagates the length of the cell.[3] To allow vasomotion to occur, synchronization must occur between the individual oscillations, resulting in global calcium synchronization and vessel tone oscillation.[4] Gap junctions are thought to play a large role in this synchronization, as application of gap junction blockers has been shown to abolish vasomotion, indicating a critical role.[5] Due to regional variations in gap junction distribution and coupling (homocellular vs. heterocellular) several hypotheses have been suggested to account for vasomotion occurrence. The classic mechanism of vasomotion generation ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasomotion
Plus itPlus it
In the present study, we provide experimental evidence that gap junctions/hemichannels are involved in the apical phase of interkinetic nuclear migration in neural precursors. Our data suggest that regulation of apically directed interkinetic nuclear migration by intracellular Ca2+ signaling via both ATP release and Ca2+-mobilizing messenger diffusion may be an important mechanism by which functional gap junctions/hemichannels maintain the neural progenitor pool during their division.. Cytosolic Ca2+ signaling has previously been implicated in several aspects of nervous system development, including cell proliferation (Weissman et al., 2004; Pearson et al., 2005), differentiation (Gu and Spitzer, 1995), migration (Komuro and Rakic, 1993), neurite outgrowth, and growth cone behavior (Gomez and Spitzer, 1999). In the present study, we confirmed the existence of Ca2+ signaling fluctuations in neural precursors of the VZ/SVZ (Owens and Kriegstein, 1998; Weissman et al., 2004). However, in addition, ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/30/12/4197
Gap junction communication between uterine stromal cells plays a critical role in pregnancy-associated neovascularization and...Gap junction communication between uterine stromal cells plays a critical role in pregnancy-associated neovascularization and...
When DArcy Wentworth Thompsons On Growth and Form was published 100 years ago, it raised the question of how biological forms arise during development and across evolution. In light of the advances in molecular and cellular biology since then, a succinct modern view of the question states: how do genes encode geometry? Our new special issue is packed with articles that use mathematical and physical approaches to gain insights into cell and tissue patterning, morphogenesis and dynamics, and that provide a physical framework to capture these processes operating across scales.. Read the Editorial by guest editors Thomas Lecuit and L. Mahadevan, as they provide a perspective on the influence of DArcy Thompsons work and an overview of the articles in this issue.. ...
http://dev.biologists.org/content/early/2008/07/03/dev.019810
Regulation of Connexin40 Gap Junctions by Thomas Vinaya SheelaRegulation of Connexin40 Gap Junctions by Thomas Vinaya Sheela
Gap junctions provide direct electrical and biochemical communication between cardiomyocytes in the heart. Connexin40 (Cx40) is the major connexin in the atria of the heart and little is known regarding its regulation. Thus, the goal was to investigate the regulation of Cx40 in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The first objective of this thesis was to determine whether Cx40 gap junctions were regulated by â-adrenergic receptor activation. Cx40 has previously been shown to be acutely activated by cAMP, this cAMP-induced increase in Cx40-mediated cell-to-cell dye transfer has been shown to be effected through the â-adrenergic receptor-adenylyl cyclase- Protein Kinase A (PKA) pathway in Cx40-transfected HeLa cells. The second objective of this thesis was to determine whether Cx40 gap junctions were regulated by intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i ). [Ca2+]i was increased by addition of the ionophore ionomycin and elevating extracellular calcium [Ca2+]o from 1.8 mM to 21.8 mM.
https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/biology_diss/55/
The role of gap junction channels during physiologic and pathologic conditions of the human central nervous system.
Gap junctions (GJs) are expressed in most cell types of the nervous system, including neuronal stem cells, neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, cells of the blood brain barrier (endothelial cells and astrocytes) and under inflammatory conditions in microglia/macrophages. GJs connect cells by the docking of two hemichannels, one from each cell with each hemichannel being formed by 6 proteins named connexins (Cx). Unapposed hemichannels (uHC) also can be open on the surface of the cells allowing the release of different intracellular factors to the extracellular space. GJs provide a mechanism of cell-to-cell communication between adjacent cells that enables the direct exchange of intracellular messengers, such as calcium, nucleotides, IP(3), and diverse metabolites, as well as electrical signals that ultimately coordinate tissue homeostasis, proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, cell survival and death. Despite their essential functions in physiological conditions, relatively little is ...
http://vivo.mblwhoilibrary.org/display/publication207584
Sequence and tissue distribution of a second protein of hepatic gap junctions, Cx26, as deduced from its cDNA. | JCBSequence and tissue distribution of a second protein of hepatic gap junctions, Cx26, as deduced from its cDNA. | JCB
While a number of different gap junction proteins have now been identified, hepatic gap junctions are unique in being the first demonstrated case where two homologous, but distinct, proteins (28,000 and 21,000 Mr) are found within a single gap junctional plaque (Nicholson, B. J., R. Dermietzel, D. Teplow, O. Traub, K. Willecke, and J.-P. Revel. 1987. Nature [Lond.]. 329:732-734). The cDNA for the major 28,000-Mr component has been cloned (Paul, D. L. 1986. J. Cell Biol. 103:123-134) (Kumar, N. M., and N. B. Gilula. 1986. J. Cell Biol. 103:767-776) and, based on its deduced formula weight of 32,007, has been designated connexin 32 (or Cx32 as used here). We now report the selection and characterization of clones for the second 21,000-Mr protein using an oligonucleotide derived from the amino-terminal protein sequence. Together the cDNAs represent 2.4 kb of the single 2.5-kb message detected in Northern blots. An open reading frame of 678 bp coding for a protein with a calculated molecular mass of ...
http://jcb.rupress.org/content/109/6/3391
Effects of second messengers on gap junctional intercellular c...Effects of second messengers on gap junctional intercellular c...
Effects of second messengers on gap junctional intercellular communication of ovine luteal cells throughout the estrous cycle.: Corpora lutea (CL) from Days 5,
https://www.mysciencework.com/publication/show/effects-second-messengers-gap-junctional-intercellular-communication-ovine-luteal-cells-throughout-estrous-cycle-a5c13be0
Modulatory effects of cAMP and PKC activation on gap junctional intercellular communication among thymic epithelial cells | BMC...Modulatory effects of cAMP and PKC activation on gap junctional intercellular communication among thymic epithelial cells | BMC...
In the present study we demonstrated, by various experimental approaches, that cAMP and PKC are involved in the modulation of inter-TEC GJIC: the cAMP agonist 8-Br-cAMP enhanced inter-TEC coupling whereas PMA-induced PKC activation triggered an opposite effect.. Using flow cytometry we first detected in a mouse TEC line, that up to 90% of DiIc18(3)+ cells co-cultured in 1:1 ratio with calcein+ cells became double positive, a phenomenon which was readily inhibited by the gap junction inhibitors 18-β-glycyrrhetinic acid and carbenoxolone. This result clearly demonstrates that the thymic epithelium spontaneously forms a GJIC-dependent functional syncytium in vitro. Under these conditions, 8-Br-cAMP and forskolin did not significantly modify this spontaneous percentage of coupled cells. However, both compounds enhanced up to 3 fold the calcein fluorescence intensity of the double positive cells, indicating an increase in the rate of dye transfer among coupled cells. Importantly, 8-Br-cAMP also ...
https://bmccellbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2121-11-3
Molecular cloning and functional expression of mouse connexin-30, a gap junction gene highly expressed in adult brain and skin<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Molecular cloning and functional expression of mouse connexin-30, a gap junction gene highly expressed in adult brain and skin. AU - Dahl, Edgar. AU - Manthey, Dieter. AU - Chen-Izu, Ye. AU - Schwarz, Hans Jürgen. AU - Chang, Young Sook. AU - Lalley, Peter A.. AU - Nicholson, Bruce J.. AU - Willecke, Klaus. PY - 1996. Y1 - 1996. N2 - A new gap junction gene isolated from the mouse genome codes for a connexin protein of 261 amino acids. Because of its theoretical molecular mass of 30.366 kDa, it is named connexin-30. Within the connexin gene family, this protein is most closely related to connexin-26 (77% amino acid sequence identity). The coding region of mouse connexin-30 is uninterrupted by introns and is detected in the mouse genome as a single copy gene that is assigned to mouse chromosome 14 by analysis of mouse x hamster somatic cell hybrids. Abundant amounts of connexin-30 mRNA (two transcripts of 2.0 and 2.3 kilobase pairs) were found after 4 weeks of postnatal ...
https://ucdavis.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/molecular-cloning-and-functional-expression-of-mouse-connexin-30-
Connexin Composition in Apposed Gap Junction Hemiplaques Revealed by Matched Double-Replica Freeze-Fracture Replica Immunogold...Connexin Composition in Apposed Gap Junction Hemiplaques Revealed by Matched Double-Replica Freeze-Fracture Replica Immunogold...
Read Connexin Composition in Apposed Gap Junction Hemiplaques Revealed by Matched Double-Replica Freeze-Fracture Replica Immunogold Labeling, The Journal of Membrane Biology on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.
https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/springer_journal/connexin-composition-in-apposed-gap-junction-hemiplaques-revealed-by-eIld6yiuvk
Gap junction mediated signaling between satellite glia and neurons in trigeminal ganglia. | Glia;67(5): 791-801, 2019 05. |...
Peripheral sensory ganglia contain the somata of neurons mediating mechanical, thermal, and painful sensations from somatic, visceral, and oro-facial organs. Each neuronal cell body is closely surrounded by satellite glial cells (SGCs) that have properties and functions similar to those of central astrocytes, including expression of gap junction proteins and functional dye coupling. As shown in other pain models, after systemic pain induction by intra-peritoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide, dye coupling among SGCs in intact trigeminal ganglion was enhanced. Moreover, neuron-neuron and neuron-SGC coupling was also detected. To verify the presence of gap junction-mediated coupling between SGCs and sensory neurons, we performed dual whole cell patch clamp recordings from both freshly isolated and short term cultured cell pairs dissociated from mouse trigeminal ganglia. Bidirectional gap junction mediated electrical responses were frequently recorded between SGCs, between neurons and between ...
https://pesquisa.bvs.br/brasil/resource/pt/mdl-30715764
The molecular basis of selective permeability of connexins is complex and includes both size and charge<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The molecular basis of selective permeability of connexins is complex and includes both size and charge. AU - Nicholson, B. J.. AU - Weber, P. A.. AU - Cao, F.. AU - Chang, H. C.. AU - Lampe, P.. AU - Goldberg, G.. PY - 2000/4. Y1 - 2000/4. N2 - Although gap junction channels are still widely viewed as large, non-specific pores connecting cells, the diversity in the connexin family has led more attention to be focused on their permeability characteristics. We summarize here the current status of these investigations, both published and on-going, that reveal both charge and size selectivity between gap junction channels composed of different connexins. In particular, this review will focus on quantitative approaches that monitor the expression level of the connexins, so that it is clear that differences that are seen can be attributed to channel properties. The degree of selectivity that is observed is modest compared to other channels, but is likely to be significant for ...
https://www.researchwithnj.com/en/publications/the-molecular-basis-of-selective-permeability-of-connexins-is-com
Human amniotic fluid cells form functional gap junctions with cortical cells.
The usage of stem cells is a promising strategy for the repair of damaged tissue in the injured brain. Recently, amniotic fluid (AF) cells have received a lot of attention as an alternative source of stem cells for cell-based therapies. However, the
http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Human-Amniotic-Fluid-Cells-Form/22792116.html
Effects of SV40 transformation on intercellular gap junctional communication in human fibroblasts. - Immunology
The effect of SV40 viral transformation of human fibroblasts on intercellular gap junctional communication (IJC) was investigated using a short-term quantitative assay. IJC was measured using metabolic cooperation in a coculture system of argininosuccinate synthetase- and argininosuccinate lyase-deficient human fibroblasts. These cell lines were transformed with origin-defective adenovirus/SV40 recombinant virions, and IJC was determined both between transformed cells (homologous IJC) and between transformed and untransformed cells (heterologous IJC). At equivalent cell densities, homologous IJC between transformed cells was reduced to 25-55% of the level between untransformed cells. Intermediate levels of IJC (50-70% of normal) were observed in heterologous cocultures of transformed with untransformed cells. Transformed and untransformed cells were equally sensitive to inhibition of IJC by phorbol esters and by glycyrrhetinic acid, and also did not differ in the degree of upregulation of IJC by
https://www.immunology.ox.ac.uk/publications/1306
The role of Connexin 43 gap junction formation in monocytes trans-endothelial migration. - Surrey Research Insight Open AccessThe role of Connexin 43 gap junction formation in monocytes trans-endothelial migration. - Surrey Research Insight Open Access
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by the accumulation of monocytic cells and lipids within the sub-endothelial space by direct monocyte to endothelial cell contact through gap junctions (GJs). Both cell types express connexin 43 (Cx43) isoforms that permit the formation of GJs. This is enhanced by adhesion molecules in the presence of pro-inflammatory stimuli, such as tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α). TNF-α is suggested to have a role in Cx43 expression mainly mediated through MAPK pathways over other intercellular pathways; however, to date the mechanism remains unclear. Experiments were carried out in the absence and presence of 25ng/ml TNF-α and the functional integrity of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers was assessed by measuring the trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). The trans-endothelial migration (TEM) assay used as a model for the transmigration of monocytes to the sub-endothelial space. Monocytes were added to HUVEC ...
http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/813695/
Summary: Connexins: the Basis of Functional Coupling of Myocytes
Efficient inter-myocyte communication is essential for synchronised myocardial contraction. Gap junctions are areas where adjacent cell membranes are more closely apposed to each other. Within these gap junctions are present communication ports called connexins. Connexin channels are composed of two grummet shaped hemi-channels called connexons. Each connexon in turn is a hexamer of 6 connexin protein molecules. Connexin channels are selectively permeable to certain ions and molecules less than 1kDa in weight and less than 2nm in diameter. There are three isotypes of connexins expressed by the human myocardium, connexin-40 (Cx40), connexin-43 (Cx43), and connexin-45 (Cx45). Each isotype has distinct unitary conductance, permeability, and gating properties. Cx40 are high conductance channels expressed by atrial myocytes and the conduction system. Cx43 is mainly expressed by ventricular and to a lesser extent by atrial myocytes. Cx45 are low conductance channels mainly expressed by myocytes in the ...
http://www.kup.at/journals/summary/5569.html
Control of single-molecule junction conductance of porphyrins via a transition-metal center<...Control of single-molecule junction conductance of porphyrins via a transition-metal center<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Control of single-molecule junction conductance of porphyrins via a transition-metal center. AU - Liu, Zhen Fei. AU - Wei, Sujun. AU - Yoon, Hongsik. AU - Adak, Olgun. AU - Ponce, Ingrid. AU - Jiang, Yivan. AU - Jang, Woo Dong. AU - Campos, Luis M.. AU - Venkataraman, Latha. AU - Neaton, Jeffrey B.. PY - 2014/9/10. Y1 - 2014/9/10. N2 - Using scanning tunneling microscope break-junction experiments and a new first-principles approach to conductance calculations, we report and explain low-bias charge transport behavior of four types of metal-porphyrin-gold molecular junctions. A nonequilibrium Greens function approach based on self-energy corrected density functional theory and optimally tuned range-separated hybrid functionals is developed and used to understand experimental trends quantitatively. Importantly, due to the localized d states of the porphyrin molecules, hybrid functionals are essential for explaining measurements; standard semilocal functionals yield qualitatively ...
https://yonsei.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/control-of-single-molecule-junction-conductance-of-porphyrins-via
Debate with Christof Koch - Heading in the wrong direction | Quantum Consciousness
1) Gap junction hyper-neurons. Stuart: Regarding my suggestion that gap junction-connected neurons (hyper-neurons) may be the neural correlate of consciousness, Christof raises the issue of connexin-36 (a brain gap junction protein) knockout mice who appear relatively normal from a cognitive standpoint, and are presumably conscious. (This exact point was debated on PSYCHE-B a year or so ago, raised by Johnjoe MacFadden). Christof notes that gamma synchrony continued in the knockout mice, though reduced.. As Christof notes, there at least ten types of connexins. Additional connexins are being discovered all the time. Further, another family of gap junction proteins - the pannexins - has been uncovered. So when Christof says: The most important connexin of the adult brain is Cx36, this is not necessarily the case. And to say that connexin-36 knockout mice lack functional gap junctions in their brains is an extremely weak contention (e.g. shown by the occurrence of even weak gamma synchrony). ...
http://www.hameroff.com/content/debate-christof-koch-heading-wrong-direction
Debate with Christof Koch - Heading in the wrong direction | Quantum Consciousness
1) Gap junction hyper-neurons. Stuart: Regarding my suggestion that gap junction-connected neurons (hyper-neurons) may be the neural correlate of consciousness, Christof raises the issue of connexin-36 (a brain gap junction protein) knockout mice who appear relatively normal from a cognitive standpoint, and are presumably conscious. (This exact point was debated on PSYCHE-B a year or so ago, raised by Johnjoe MacFadden). Christof notes that gamma synchrony continued in the knockout mice, though reduced.. As Christof notes, there at least ten types of connexins. Additional connexins are being discovered all the time. Further, another family of gap junction proteins - the pannexins - has been uncovered. So when Christof says: The most important connexin of the adult brain is Cx36, this is not necessarily the case. And to say that connexin-36 knockout mice lack functional gap junctions in their brains is an extremely weak contention (e.g. shown by the occurrence of even weak gamma synchrony). ...
http://www.quantumconsciousness.org/content/debate-christof-koch-heading-wrong-direction
Correlations of differentially expressed gap junction connexins cx26, cx30, cx32, cx43 and cx46 with breast cancer progression...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Correlations of differentially expressed gap junction connexins cx26, cx30, cx32, cx43 and cx46 with breast cancer progression and prognosis. AU - Teleki, Ivett. AU - Szász, A.. AU - Maros, Mate Elod. AU - Györffy, B.. AU - Kulka, J.. AU - Meggyeshazi, Nora. AU - Kiszner, Gergo. AU - Balla, Peter. AU - Samu, Aliz. AU - Krenács, T.. PY - 2014/11/10. Y1 - 2014/11/10. N2 - Background and Aims: Connexins and their cell membrane channels contribute to the control of cell proliferation and compartmental functions in breast glands and their deregulation is linked to breast carcinogenesis. Our aim was to correlate connexin expression with tumor progression and prognosis in primary breast cancers.Materials and Methods: Meta-analysis of connexin isotype expression data of 1809 and 1899 breast cancers from the Affymetrix and Illumina array platforms, respectively, was performed. Expressed connexins were also monitored at the protein level in tissue microarrays of 127 patients equally ...
https://hungary.pure.elsevier.com/hu/publications/correlations-of-differentially-expressed-gap-junction-connexins-c
Scientific.Net: Materials ScienceScientific.Net: Materials Science
Abstract: Heart development is a precisely harmonized process of cellular proliferation, migration, differentiation, and integrated morphogenetic interactions, and therefore it is extremely vulnerable to developmental defects that cause congenital heart diseases (CHD). One of the major causes of CHD has been shown to be the mutations in key cardiac channel-forming proteins namely, connexins (Cxs). Cxs are tetra-spanning transmembrane proteins that form gap junction channels and hemichannels on cellular membrane. They allow passage of small molecules or ions between adjacent cells or between cells and the extracellular environment. Studies have revealed that the spatiotemporal expression of Cxs mainly, Cx31.9, Cx40, Cx43, and Cx45 is essentially involved in early developmental events, morphogenetic transformations, maturation, and functional significance of heart. Our lab and others have shown that mutations in gap junction proteins could result in impaired trafficking, misfolding, and improper ...
https://www.scientific.net/keyword/Gene_Delivery
ganglion cell | The Marclab for Connectomicsganglion cell | The Marclab for Connectomics
This abstract was presented at the 2014 FASEB Summer Research Conference in Saxtons River, Vermont by J. Scott Lauritzen, Crystal L. Sigulinsky, Noah T. Nelson, Nathan R. Sherbotie, Danny P. Emrich, Rebecca L. Pfeiffer, Jefferson R. Brown, John V. Hoang, Joshua M. Dudleston, Carl B. Watt, Kevin Rapp, Marguerite V. Shaw, Jia-Hui Yang, James R. Anderson, Bryan W. Jones and Robert E. Marc.. Purpose: Functional mapping in tiger salamander shows that bipolar cell (BC) projective fields far exceed their axonal fields, and directly implicates wide-field GABAergic amacrine cells (wf γACs) and gap junctions (Asari & Meister, 2014). Strikingly, single BCs exert differential effects on functionally distinct ganglion cells (GCs), likely achieved by privatized amacrine cell (AC) presynaptic inhibition to specific BC-GC synaptic pairs (Asari & Meister, 2012). To address whether BC projective fields in the mammal are equally broad, wf γAC- and gap junction-dependent, and GC type unselective, we reconstructed ...
http://marclab.org/blog/tag/ganglion-cell/
OpenEmory | Search ResultsOpenEmory | Search Results
Connexins are tetraspan transmembrane proteins that form gap junctions and facilitate direct intercellular communication, a critical feature for the development, function, and homeostasis of tissues and organs. In addition, a growing number of gap junction-independent functions are being ascribed to these proteins. The connexin gene family is under extensive regulation at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level, and undergoes numerous modifications at the protein level, including phosphorylation, which ultimately affects their trafficking, stability, and function. Here, we summarize these key regulatory events, with emphasis on how these affect connexin multifunctionality in health and disease ...
https://open.library.emory.edu/publications/search/?keywords=scienc&keywords=technolog&author=Koval%2C+Michael+H&author=Lynn,%20K.%20Sabrina
Biswas, Mol Vis 2007; 13:345-359.Biswas, Mol Vis 2007; 13:345-359.
Discussion. This study presents for the first time that gap junctions in the fiber cells of embryonic chicken lenses contain different amounts of cholesterol as determined by filipin cytochemistry and freeze-fracture TEM. For the purpose of determining their heterogeneous distributions in different cortical regions of the lens, we have classified these cholesterol-containing gap junctions as three subtypes based on the number of filipin-cholesterol complexes (FCCs) per unit area (i.e., μm2) of gap junction plaques. Namely, cholesterol-poor and -free subtypes contain 0-50 FCCs/μm2 Gj area, cholesterol-intermediate subtypes contain 51-100 FCCs/μm2 Gj area, and cholesterol-rich subtypes contain 101-300 FCCs/μm2 Gj area. By using the same technique, the presence of cholesterol-free gap junctions has previously been found in the aging human lens [25]. In addition, in view of the presence of the similar aquaporin junctions which contain aquaporin 0 [27] in lens fiber cells, the nature of these ...
http://www.molvis.org/molvis/v13/a38/
GJA5 gap junction protein alpha 5 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBIGJA5 gap junction protein alpha 5 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI
This gene is a member of the connexin gene family. The encoded protein is a component of gap junctions, which are composed of arrays of intercellular channels that provide a route for the diffusion of low molecular weight materials from cell to cell. Mutations in this gene may be associated with atrial fibrillation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same isoform have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008 ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2702
Properties and regulation of gap junctional hemichannels in the plasma membranes of cultured cells. | Journal of Cell Biology |...Properties and regulation of gap junctional hemichannels in the plasma membranes of cultured cells. | Journal of Cell Biology |...
During the assembly of gap junctions, a hemichannel in the plasma membrane of one cell is thought to align and dock with another in an apposed membrane to form a cell-to-cell channel. We report here on the existence and properties of nonjunctional, plasma membrane connexin43 (Cx43) hemichannels. The opening of the hemichannels was demonstrated by the cellular uptake of 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein from the culture medium when extracellular calcium levels were reduced. Dye uptake exhibited properties similar to those of gap junction channels. For example, using different dyes, the levels of uptake were correlated with molecular size: 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (approximately 32%), 7-hydroxycoumarin-3-carboxylic acid (approximately 24%), fura-2 (approximately 11%), and fluorescein-dextran (approximately 0.4%). Octanol and heptanol also reduced dye uptake by approximately 50%. Detailed analysis of one clone of Novikoff cells transfected with a Cx43 antisense expression vector revealed a reduction in dye ...
https://rupress.org/jcb/article/134/4/1019/15332/Properties-and-regulation-of-gap-junctional
Connection | Profiles RNS
Human ODDD-retinal Degeneration Mimicked By A Mouse Mutant Reveals Early Diagnostic Markers And Disease Mechanisms | IOVS |...Human ODDD-retinal Degeneration Mimicked By A Mouse Mutant Reveals Early Diagnostic Markers And Disease Mechanisms | IOVS |...
Purpose: : Oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD) is characterized by ocular abnormalities including microphthalmia, enophthalmia, iris malformation and microcornea. A recent clinical report (Gabriel et al, 2011. Arch Ophthalmol 129: 781) examined two ODDD patients and found optic nerve and retinal aberrations not emphasized previously. Also, ciliary body cysts in one patient had not been associated with human ODDD previously. Gja1Jrt/+ mice, a mimic of human ODDD, have ciliary body cysts and retinal abnormalities (Tsui et al. IOVS 52:3539). Gja1Jrt/+ mice carry a glycine to serine substitution at position 60 (G60S) in connexin43, the product of the gap junction alpha 1 (Gja1) gene. Connexins form gap junctions between cells in multiple structures of the eye: ciliary body, lens, iris and retina. The purpose of this project was to show the high prevalence of retinal aberrations in older ODDD mice and the correlation between anterior segment phenotype and the mutant domain of the protein. Methods: : ...
http://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2353644
British Library EThOS: Connexin 43 influences lineage commitment of human neural progenitor cellsBritish Library EThOS: Connexin 43 influences lineage commitment of human neural progenitor cells
Gap junctions (GJs) are intercellular channels connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. This type of connection is an efficient way of cellular communications in many tissues including the central nervous system. Connexins are the proteins that constitute mammalian GJs, and Connexin43 (Cx43) is the most abundant isoform expressed in body cells. Cx43 has been detected within immature neural populations, but only in astrocytes in the adult brain and investigations have shown that Cx43 channel and adhesive properties largely influence neuronal differentiation of mouse neural progenitor (NP) cells. To date the role of Cx43 in neuronal differentiation remains unexplored in human systems, hence our study aimed to investigate the Cx43 participation in human NP differentiation. We largely detected Cx43 protein within the immature neural populations showing that protein expression occurred by fibroblast growth factor (FGF _2) stimulation through the ERKlj2 pathway; FGF _2 withdrawal induced NP ...
https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556745
Faculty Details | Brooklyn CollegeFaculty Details | Brooklyn College
NIH 1RO1-GM098584-01A1, for Structure-function Relation of Connexin Disease Mutations. Principal investigator. Sept. 1, 2012 - Aug. 31, 2016; $109,468 per year. In this grant I investigate structural alterations in the N-termini of Connexin gap junction molecules in diseases such as deafness, fatal skin disease and neuropathy. I use NMR spectroscopy to produce structural data of these molecules, which are then analyzed with functional data showing alterations in gap junctions observed in these diseases. The structural and functional data may provide insight into the etiology of these diseases as well as molecular mechanistic information on gap junction assembly and gating. (Grants and Fellowships) ...
http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/web/academics/schools/naturalsciences/faculty_details.php?faculty=33
Pesquisa | Portal Regional da BVSPesquisa | Portal Regional da BVS
During the last decades it became increasingly evident that electrical synapses are capable of activity-dependent plasticity. However, measuring the actual strength of electrical transmission remains difficult. Usually changes in coupling strength can only be inferred indirectly from measures such as the coupling coefficient and the coupling conductance. Because these are affected by both junctional and non-junctional conductance, plastic changes can potentially be due to both components. Furthermore, these techniques also require the blocking of chemical transmission, so that processes that involve crosstalk between chemical and electrical synapses will be suppressed. To directly examine the magnitude of errors that can occur, we use dual whole-cell current- and voltage-clamp recordings from the soma of the pair of easily accessible, electrically coupled Retzius cells in the leech to simultaneously determine coupling coefficients, coupling conductances and directly measured gap junctional ...
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=pt&q=au:%22Schuster,%20Stefan%22
JCI - Cx43 hemichannel microdomain signaling at the intercalated disc enhances cardiac excitabilityJCI - Cx43 hemichannel microdomain signaling at the intercalated disc enhances cardiac excitability
Cx43, a major cardiac connexin, forms precursor hemichannels that accrue at the intercalated disc to assemble as gap junctions. While gap junctions are crucial for electrical conduction in the heart, little is known about the potential roles of hemichannels. Recent evidence suggests that inhibiting Cx43 hemichannel opening with Gap19 has antiarrhythmic effects. Here, we used multiple electrophysiology, imaging, and super-resolution techniques to understand and define the conditions underlying Cx43 hemichannel activation in ventricular cardiomyocytes, their contribution to diastolic Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and their impact on electrical stability. We showed that Cx43 hemichannels were activated during diastolic Ca2+ release in single ventricular cardiomyocytes and cardiomyocyte cell pairs from mice and pigs. This activation involved Cx43 hemichannel Ca2+ entry and coupling to Ca2+ release microdomains at the intercalated disc, resulting in enhanced Ca2+ dynamics. Hemichannel ...
https://www.jci.org/articles/view/137752/sd/4
Sungkyunkwan University
SKKUs research team led by Prof. Jong Sun KANG of the Dept. of Medicine demonstrated a role of a cell surface receptor Cdon in preventing cardiac remodeling through suppression of Wnt signaling. Cdon is expressed and predominantly localized at intercalated disk in both mice and human hearts. Cdon−/− mice develop cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis with altered expression of remodeling genes. Cdon deficiency causes aberrant localization and function of gap junction protein connexin 43, correlating with hyperactivated Wnt signaling. Blocking of Wnt signaling in Cdon-depleted cardiomyocytes attenuates aberrant intercellular coupling. Conversely, Wnt activator causes aberrant activation of gap junction with decreased Cdon levels, suggestive of a feedback mechanism. This data suggests that Cdon is required for the control of Wnt signaling to prevent cardiac remodeling.. The research, supported by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, as a part of a project supporting the cultivation of ...
http://www.skku.edu/eng_home/campus/skk_comm/news_view.jsp?bName=board_news&bCode=1&boardNum=2273
Connexin 36 Expression Regulates Neuronal Differentiation from Neural Progenitor CellsConnexin 36 Expression Regulates Neuronal Differentiation from Neural Progenitor Cells
Background Gap junction communication has been shown in glial and neuronal cells and it is thought they mediate inter- and intra-cellular communication. Connexin 36 (Cx36) is expressed extensively in the developing brain, with levels peaking at P14 after which its levels fall and its expression becomes entirely neuronal. These and other data have led to the hypothesis that Cx36 may direct neuronal coupling and neurogenesis during development. Methodology/Principal Findings To investigate Cx36 function we used a neurosphere model of neuronal cell development and developed lentiviral Cx36 knockdown and overexpression strategies. Cx36 knockdown was confirmed by western blotting, immunocytochemistry and functionally by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). We found that knockdown of Cx36 in neurosphere neuronal precursors significantly reduced neuronal coupling and the number of differentiated neurons. Correspondingly, the lentiviral mediated overexpression of Cx36 significantly increased the
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0014746
Gap Junctions: Molecular Basis of Cell Communication in Health and Disease, Volume 49 - 1st EditionGap Junctions: Molecular Basis of Cell Communication in Health and Disease, Volume 49 - 1st Edition
Purchase Gap Junctions: Molecular Basis of Cell Communication in Health and Disease, Volume 49 - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN 9780125506458, 9780080925240
https://www.elsevier.com/books/gap-junctions-molecular-basis-of-cell-communication-in-health-and-disease/peracchia/978-0-08-092524-0
Frontiers | Pannexin2 oligomers localize in the membranes of endosomal vesicles in mammalian cells while Pannexin1 channels...Frontiers | Pannexin2 oligomers localize in the membranes of endosomal vesicles in mammalian cells while Pannexin1 channels...
Pannexin2 (Panx2) is the largest of three members of the pannexin proteins. Pannexins are topologically related to connexins and innexins, but serve different functional roles than forming gap junctions. We previously showed that pannexins form oligomeric channels but unlike connexins and innexins, they form only single membrane channels. High levels of Panx2 mRNA and protein in the Central Nervous System (CNS) have been documented. Whereas Pannexin1 (Panx1) is fairly ubiquitous and Pannexin3 (Panx3) is found in skin and connective tissue, both are fully glycosylated, traffic to the plasma membrane and have functions correlated with extracellular ATP release. Here, we describe trafficking and subcellular localizations of exogenous Panx2 and Panx1 protein expression in MDCK, HeLa, and HEK 293T cells as well as endogenous Panx1 and Panx2 patterns in the CNS. Panx2 was found in intracellular localizations, was partially N-glycosylated, and localizations were non-overlapping with Panx1. Confocal images of
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2014.00468/full
Frontiers | Molecular pathways of pannexin1-mediated neurotoxicity | PhysiologyFrontiers | Molecular pathways of pannexin1-mediated neurotoxicity | Physiology
Pannexin1 (Panx1) forms nonselective membrane channels, structurally similar to gap junction hemichannels, that is permeable to ions, nucleotides and other small molecules below 900 Da. Panx1 activity is implicated in paracrine signaling and inflammasome regulation. Recent studies in different animal models showed that Panx1 overactivation correlates with a selective demise of several types of neurons, including retinal ganglion cells, brain pyramidal and enteric neurons. The list of Panx1 activators includes extracellular ATP, glutamate, high K+, Zn2+, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), pro-inflammatory cytokines and elevation of intracellular Ca2+. Most of these molecules are released following mechanical, ischemic or inflammatory injury of the CNS, and rapidly activate this channel. As a result, prolonged opening of Panx1 channel induced by these
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2014.00023/full
anti-cx35 antibody | Mouse Connexin 35 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone 2Q2144)-NP 919401.1anti-cx35 antibody | Mouse Connexin 35 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone 2Q2144)-NP 919401.1
Buy anti-cx35 antibody, Mouse Connexin 35 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone 2Q2144)-NP_919401.1 (MBS603567) product datasheet at MyBioSource, Primary Antibodies. Application: Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
https://www.mybiosource.com/prods/Antibody/Monoclonal/Connexin-35/cx35/datasheet.php?products_id=603567
Publications : CRDSI
Intercellular gap-junctional communication (GJC) plays an important role in ovarian cell physiology. Closure of GJC has been proposed to be involved in oocyte maturation, particularly in the resumption of meiosis, both in vivo and in vitro, by controlling the flow of meiosis inhibitors, such as cAMP and cGMP. Understanding how GJC dynamics are regulated during in vitro maturation (IVM) could provide a powerful tool for controlling meiotic resumption and oocyte maturation in vitro. Since little is known about the GJC dynamic regulation between cumulus cells, we have developed an assay based on recovery of calcein fluorescence in photobleached cumulus cells, a gap-FRAP assay. The GJC profile has been characterized during the first hours of porcine IVM. We showed that equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) down-regulated GJC effectiveness between cumulus cells. However, human chorionic gonadotropin was not down-regulating GJC effectiveness. We also showed that the GJC ...
https://www.crdsi.ulaval.ca/index.php?id=12&L=1%23c17896%27%5B0%5D%20&id=12&tx_fsaacentrerecherche_gestionpublication%5BauteurSelected%5D=16&tx_fsaacentrerecherche_gestionpublication%5Baction%5D=show&tx_fsaacentrerecherche_gestionpublication%5Bcontroller%5D=Publication&tx_fsaacentrerecherche_gestionpublication%5B%40widget_0%5D%5BcurrentPage%5D=2&cHash=ba93b4ec7fc0a636018e63bcf7ce2861&tx_fsaacentrerecherche_gestionpublication%5Bpublication%5D=216
US20110152961A1 - Electric energy storage device electrode including an overcurrent protector - Google Patents
One embodiment includes a capacitor case sealed to retain electrolyte, at least one electrode disposed in the capacitor case, the at least one electrode comprising an overcurrent protector, a conductor coupled to the overcurrent protector and in electrical communication with a remainder of the electrode, the conductor sealingly extending through the capacitor case to a terminal disposed on an exterior of the capacitor case, a second electrode disposed in the capacitor case, a separator disposed between the electrode and the second electrode and a second terminal disposed on the exterior of the capacitor case and in electrical communication with the second electrode, with the terminal and the second terminal electrically isolated from one another, wherein the overcurrent protector is to interrupt electrical communication between the terminal and the remainder of the electrode at a selected current level.
https://patents.google.com/patent/US20110152961
The Sound of Silence | Science SignalingThe Sound of Silence | Science Signaling
The spontaneous firing of auditory neurons triggered by the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate from the inner hair cells (IHCs) of the cochlea is critical for neuronal survival during development of the auditory system. However, how these responses are triggered before the auditory canal has opened (that is, without sound as a stimulus) is unknown. Tritsch et al. removed cochlea from postnatal rats with closed auditory canals, performed whole-cell voltage clamp experiments, and measured low-frequency spontaneous currents and extracellular potentials in the supporting cells of a structure called Köllikers organ, which resides close to the IHCs. Antagonists of the P2 purinergic receptors P2Y and P2X inhibited these spontaneous potentials, as did the ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme, apyrase. The supporting cells contain connexin 26 and are connected to each other by gap junctions, and ATP-dependent spontaneous potentials were blocked by gap junction inhibitors. The authors then simultaneously ...
https://stke.sciencemag.org/content/2007/411/tw403
Involvement of gap junctions in the manifestation and control of the duration of seizures in rats in vivoInvolvement of gap junctions in the manifestation and control of the duration of seizures in rats in vivo
After repeated seizures, the expression levels of Cx32, Cx43, and Cx36 mRNAs at the epileptic foci were increased significantly. Blockade of the gap junctions with carbenoxolone shortened the duration of seizures and decreased the amplitude of the seizure discharges, whereas their opening with trime …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14636335/
Gap junction and purinergic P2 receptor proteins as a functional unit: insights from transcriptomicsGap junction and purinergic P2 receptor proteins as a functional unit: insights from transcriptomics
Autori: Iacobas DA, Suadicani SO, Iacobas S, Chrisman C, Cohen M, Spray DC, Scemes E. Editorial: J Membr Biol, 217(1-3), p.83-91, 2007.. Rezumat:. Gap junctions and purinergic P2 receptors (P2Rs) can be regarded as belonging to a common functional unit, given that they are involved in the transmission of calcium signals between cells. We have previously shown that deletion of the Gja1 gene alters expression levels of numerous genes encoding proteins with diverse functions, including purinergic receptors (P2Rs), and have found that genes synergistically or antagonistically expressed in wild-type tissues are more prone to be similarly or oppositely regulated in Cx43-nulls. We have now explored the use of coordination analysis of gene expression as a strategy to identify interlinked genes encoding functionally related proteins and pull-downs to evaluate their interlinkage. Our findings indicate that, in brain and in cultured astrocytes, several of these coexpressed genes encode proteins that are ...
http://ad-astra.ro/2008/07/27/gap-junction-and-purinergic-p2-receptor-proteins-as-a-functional-unit-insights-from-transcriptomics/
Gap junction trafficking and regulation (Homo sapiens) - WikiPathwaysGap junction trafficking and regulation (Homo sapiens) - WikiPathways
Connexins (Cxs) are encoded by a large gene family predicted to include at least 20 isoforms in humans. Most mammalian Cx genes consist of two exons. The first consists of untranslated sequence, and the second contains the entire coding sequence. Exceptionally, Cx36 and Cx45 contain 3 exons and 2 introns and the third exon contains the coding sequence (Belluardo et al. 1999 ; Jacob and Beyer 2001). Connexins have been divided in two major subgroups, alpha and beta, according to their amino acid sequence similarity (see Bruzzone et al., 2001; Willecke et al., 2002). Alternative names and additional subgroups have been suggested as well. Cx are synthesized by ribosomes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. All Cx proteins contain four trans-membrane domains (TM1 to TM4), two extracellular loops (E1 and E2) and one cytoplasmic loop. The amino- and carboxyl termini are located in the cytosol (reviewed in Segretain and Falk, 2004). After targeting to the ER, connexins are checked by a quality ...
https://www.wikipathways.org/index.php?title=Pathway:WP1820&direction=prev&oldid=83093
Gap junction trafficking and regulation (Homo sapiens) - WikiPathwaysGap junction trafficking and regulation (Homo sapiens) - WikiPathways
Connexins (Cxs) are encoded by a large gene family predicted to include at least 20 isoforms in humans. Most mammalian Cx genes consist of two exons. The first consists of untranslated sequence, and the second contains the entire coding sequence. Exceptionally, Cx36 and Cx45 contain 3 exons and 2 introns and the third exon contains the coding sequence (Belluardo et al. 1999 ; Jacob and Beyer 2001). Connexins have been divided in two major subgroups, alpha and beta, according to their amino acid sequence similarity (see Bruzzone et al., 2001; Willecke et al., 2002). Alternative names and additional subgroups have been suggested as well. Cx are synthesized by ribosomes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. All Cx proteins contain four trans-membrane domains (TM1 to TM4), two extracellular loops (E1 and E2) and one cytoplasmic loop. The amino- and carboxyl termini are located in the cytosol (reviewed in Segretain and Falk, 2004). After targeting to the ER, connexins are checked by a quality ...
https://www.wikipathways.org/index.php?title=Pathway:WP1820&direction=next&oldid=83093
Gap junctionGap junction
... "gap junction" and "gap junction plaque" non-interchangeable as the area of the gap junction plaque may contain proteins other ... "gap junction" and "gap junction plaque" non-interchangeable. In other words, the commonly used term "gap junction" always ... Some headway on the in vivo composition of the gap junction plaque is being made using TEM FRIL. Gap junction modulation Gap ... Gap junctions are not found in simpler organisms such as sponges and slime molds. A gap junction may also be called a nexus or ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_junction
Gap junction proteinGap junction protein
... s Gap junction α (GJA) proteins GJA1, gap junction alpha-1 protein GJA2, gap junction alpha-2 protein GJA3 ... gap junction beta-5 protein GJB6, gap junction beta-6 protein GJB7, gap junction beta-7 protein Gap junction γ (GJC) proteins ... gap junction alpha-3 protein GJA4, gap junction alpha-4 protein GJA5, gap junction alpha-5 protein GJA6, gap junction alpha-6 ... gap junction alpha-12 protein Gap junction β (GJB) proteins GJB1, gap junction beta-1 protein GJB2, gap junction beta-2 protein ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_junction_protein
Gap junction modulationGap junction modulation
As gap junctions have a major role in regulating the homeostasis of the liver, an abnormal expression of gap junctions can be a ... The pathogenesis of gap junctions varies between diseases. For inflammatory bowel disease, a decrease in gap junction ... Gap junction modulation describes the functional manipulation of gap junctions, specialized channels that allow direct ... This coupling is done by gap junctions. Gap junctions permit the passive diffusion of materials-such as ions-across the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_junction_modulation
Cell junctionCell junction
... anchoring junctions) Gap junctions (communicating junction) Tight junctions (occluding junctions) Invertebrates have several ... Communicating junctions, or gap junctions allow for direct chemical communication between adjacent cellular cytoplasm through ... gap) junctions. Cell junctions are also important in reducing stress placed upon cells. In plants, similar communication ... Gap junctions play vital roles in the human body, including their role in the uniform contractile of the heart muscle. They are ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_junction
Neuron doctrineNeuron doctrine
Electrical synapses are formed by gap junctions that allow molecules to directly pass between neurons, creating a cytoplasm-to- ... Goodenough, Daniel A. (2009). "Gap junctions". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 1:a002576 (1): a002576. doi:10.1101/ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron_doctrine
Cardiac action potentialCardiac action potential
Gap junctions allow the action potential to be transferred from one cell to the next (they are said to electrically couple ... Kurtenbach S, Kurtenbach S, Zoidl G (2014). "Gap junction modulation and its implications for heart function". Frontiers in ... ISBN 978-0-912912-11-0. Goodenough, Daniel A.; Paul, David L. (2009-07-01). "Gap junctions". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in ... Severs, Nicholas J. (2002-12-01). "Gap junction remodeling in heart failure". Journal of Cardiac Failure. 8 (6 Suppl): S293-299 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential
GJA4GJA4
"Entrez Gene: GJA4 gap junction protein, alpha 4, 37kDa". Winterhager E, Kidder GM (May 2015). Gap junction connexins in female ... Gap junction alpha-4 protein, also known as Connexin-37 or Cx37, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GJA4 gene. This ... Van Camp G, Coucke P, Speleman F, Van Roy N, Beyer EC, Oostra BA, Willems PJ (November 1995). "The gene for human gap junction ... ISBN 978-1-934115-46-6. Beyer EC, Paul DL, Goodenough DA (July 1990). "Connexin family of gap junction proteins". The Journal ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJA4
CochleaCochlea
The epithelial-cell gap-junction network couples non-sensory epithelial cells, while the connective-tissue gap-junction network ... Gap-junction channels recycle potassium ions back to the endolymph after mechanotransduction in hair cells. Importantly, gap ... Gap-junction proteins, called connexins, expressed in the cochlea play an important role in auditory functioning. Mutations in ... Kikuchi, T.; Kimura, R. S.; Paul, D. L.; Takasaka, T.; Adams, J. C. (2000). "Gap junction systems in the mammalian cochlea". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlea
Action potentialAction potential
Due to the direct connection between excitable cells in the form of gap junctions, an action potential can be transmitted ... Brink PR, Cronin K, Ramanan SV (August 1996). "Gap junctions in excitable cells". Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes. 28 ... A special case of a chemical synapse is the neuromuscular junction, in which the axon of a motor neuron terminates on a muscle ... Muscle action potentials are provoked by the arrival of a pre-synaptic neuronal action potential at the neuromuscular junction ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential
Tomess processTomes's process
Gap junctions synchronize cell activation. The body of the cell between the processes first deposits enamel, which will become ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomes's_process
Anne Warner (scientist)Anne Warner (scientist)
For the last 20 years before Warner began her research on gap junctions, embryologists had been working hard to prove that gap ... Warner, Anne (1992). "Gap junctions in development--a perspective". Semin. Cell Biol. 3 (1): 81-91. doi:10.1016/S1043-4682(10) ... After confirming the successful blocking of the gap junctions in the 8-cell-embryos, Warner continued to grow the embryos and ... After injecting the embryos with a specific antibody, which was said to have blocked the channels of gap junctions, Warner ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Warner_(scientist)
Tight junctionTight junction
Cadherin Gap junction Tight junction protein (disambiguation) Zonulin Bhat, Ajaz A.; Uppada, Srijayaprakash; Achkar, Iman W.; ... An Overview of the Tight Junction at Zonapse.Net Occludin in Focus at Zonapse.Net Tight+Junctions at the US National Library of ... They are understood to be the backbone of tight junctions and play a significant role in the tight junction's ability to seal ... Tight junctions, also known as occluding junctions or zonulae occludentes (singular, zonula occludens), are multiprotein ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_junction
Multi-junction solar cellMulti-junction solar cell
This alloy range provides for the ability to have band gaps in the range 1.92-1.87 eV. The lower GaAs junction has a band gap ... In order to decrease this effect, a tunnel junction is used. It is simply a wide band gap, highly doped diode. The high doping ... Multi-junction (MJ) solar cells are solar cells with multiple p-n junctions made of different semiconductor materials. Each ... The J-V characteristic of the tunnel junction is very important because it explains why tunnel junctions can be used to have a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell
BioelectricityBioelectricity
Britz-Cunningham, S. H; Shah, M. M; Zuppan, C. W; Fletcher, W. H (1995). "Mutations of the Connexin43 gap-junction gene in ... Oviedo, N. J; Levin, M (2007). "Smedinx-11 is a planarian stem cell gap junction gene required for regeneration and homeostasis ... Bauer, R; Lehmann, C; Fuss, B; Eckardt, F; Hoch, M (2002). "The Drosophila gap junction channel gene innexin 2 controls foregut ... Levin, M; Mercola, M (1999). "Gap junction-mediated transfer of left-right patterning signals in the early chick blastoderm is ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioelectricity
Juxtacrine signallingJuxtacrine signalling
Gap junctions are critical for cardiac myocytes; mice and humans deficient in a particular gap junction protein have severe ... gap junctions in animals and plasmodesmas in plants. Gap junctions are made of connexins in vertebrates and innexins in ... Electrical synapses are electrically conductive gap junctions between neurons. ... A communicating junction links the intracellular compartments of two adjacent cells, allowing transit of relatively small ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juxtacrine_signalling
Slow-wave potentialSlow-wave potential
Gap junctions have been demonstrated in rare circumstances as one coupling mechanism between ICC and smooth muscle cells. ... Are gap junctions required for intercellular coupling?". Experientia. 46 (10): 1002-5. doi:10.1007/BF01940654. PMID 2226711. ... Electron microscopic and dye coupling studies to date have confirmed gap junctions as the major coupling mechanisms between ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow-wave_potential
Intestinal epitheliumIntestinal epithelium
Gap junctions Desmosomes Adherens junctions Tight junctions Gap junctions bring the adjacent cells within 2 nanometers of each ... Bennett, M. V.; Barrio, L. C.; Bargiello, T. A.; Spray, D. C.; Hertzberg, E.; Sáez, J. C. (1 March 1991). "Gap junctions: new ... Desmosomes leave a gap of 30 nanometers between cells. Adherens junctions, also called zonula adherens, are multiprotein ... Similar to adherens junctions, the intracellular domains of tight junctions interact with different scaffold proteins, adapter ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_epithelium
Tudor Morley GriffithTudor Morley Griffith
Gap junctions and edhf. Univ Wales Medicine July 2004: EP1435925 Gap junctions and EDHF. June 2003: US 20030105165 Gap ... and in particular on the role of gap junctions. He conducted research in three areas: endothelial control of arterial tone by ... junctions and endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor (edhf). University Of Wales College Of Medecine April 2003: WO 2003/ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Morley_Griffith
Hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasiaHereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia
Gap junctions are specialized channels located within the cell membrane of many animal cell types, which serve as gateways that ... Witkop Jr, C. J.; White, J. G.; Waring, G. O. (1982). "Hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia, a disease of gap junction and ... Lampe, P.; Lau, A. F. (Dec 2000). "Regulation of gap junctions by phosphorylation of connexins". Archives of Biochemistry and ... The disorder is attributed to improper formation of desmosomes and gap junctions, which prevents proper cornification of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_mucoepithelial_dysplasia
OsteoblastOsteoblast
The gap junctions also connect deeper layers of cells to the surface layer (osteocytes when surrounded by bone). This was ... The osteoblasts are also connected by gap junctions, small pores that connect osteoblasts, allowing the cells in one cohort to ... Doty SB (1981). "Morphological evidence of gap junctions between bone cells". Calcif. Tissue Int. 33 (5): 509-12. doi:10.1007/ ... Yellowley CE, Li Z, Zhou Z, Jacobs CR, Donahue HJ (February 2000). "Functional gap junctions between osteocytic and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoblast
Potassium spatial bufferingPotassium spatial buffering
... rather it gap junctions with adjacent astrocytes, providing secondary pathway to nearby oligodendrocytes. With direct gap ... 2009). "Impaired astrocytic gap junction coupling and potassium buffering in a mouse model of tuberous sclerosis complex." ... With impairment in gap junction coupling between astrocytes, myriad of abnormalities in potassium buffering occurs which ... The panglial syncytium is a large network of interconnected glial cells, which are extensively linked by gap junctions. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_spatial_buffering
GJB5GJB5
Gap junction beta-5 protein (GJB5), also known as connexin-31.1 (Cx31.1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GJB5 ... Gap junctions are conduits that allow the direct cell-to-cell passage of small cytoplasmic molecules, including ions, metabolic ... Gap junction channels consist of connexin protein subunits, which are encoded by a multigene family. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89 ... "Entrez Gene: gap junction protein". Canova C, Hashibe M, Simonato L, et al. (2009). "Genetic associations of 115 polymorphisms ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJB5
GJD4GJD4
Gap junction delta-4 protein (GJD4), also known as connexin-40.1 (Cx40.1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GJD4 ... "Entrez Gene: gap junction protein". Söhl G, Nielsen PA, Eiberger J, Willecke K (2003). "Expression profiles of the novel human ... Each gap junction channel is formed by docking of 2 hemichannels, each of which contains 6 connexin subunits. GRCh38: Ensembl ... Connexins, such as GJD4, are involved in the formation of gap junctions, intercellular conduits that directly connect the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJD4
GJD3GJD3
Gap junction delta-2 (GJD2), also known as connexin-36 (Cx36) or gap junction alpha-9 (GJA9), is a protein that in humans is ... "Entrez Gene: gap junction protein". White TW, Srinivas M, Ripps H, et al. (2002). "Virtual cloning, functional expression, and ... This gene is a member of the large family of connexins that are required for the formation of gap junctions. Six connexin ... 2001). "Identification and functional expression of HCx31.9, a novel gap junction gene". Cell Commun. Adhes. 8 (4-6): 173-8. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJD3
GJB7GJB7
Gap junction beta-7 protein (GJB7), also known as connexin-25 (Cx25), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GJB7 gene. ... "Entrez Gene: gap junction protein". Söhl G, Nielsen PA, Eiberger J, Willecke K (2003). "Expression profiles of the novel human ... Each gap junction channel is formed by docking of 2 hemichannels, each of which contains 6 connexin subunits. GRCh38: Ensembl ... Connexins, such as GJB7, are involved in the formation of gap junctions, intercellular conduits that directly connect the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJB7
GJA10GJA10
Gap junction alpha-10 protein, also known as connexin-62 (Cx62), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GJA10 gene. ... "Entrez Gene: gap junction protein". Söhl G, Nielsen PA, Eiberger J, Willecke K (2003). "Expression profiles of the novel human ... Each gap junction channel is formed by docking of 2 hemichannels, each of which contains 6 connexin subunits. ENSG00000288435 ... Connexins, such as GJA10, are involved in the formation of gap junctions, intercellular conduits that directly connect the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJA10
GJC2GJC2
Gap junction gamma-2 (GJC2), also known as connexin-46.6 (Cx46.6) and connexin-47 (Cx47) and gap junction alpha-12 (GJA12), is ... This gene encodes a gap junction protein. Gap junction proteins are members of a large family of homologous connexins and ... "Entrez Gene: gap junction protein". Ostergaard P, Simpson MA, Brice G, et al. (2011). "Rapid identification of mutations in ... 2010). "Two novel gap junction protein alpha 12 gene mutations in two Chinese patients with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJC2
MiR-155MiR-155
It has been demonstrated that miR-155 can be transferred through gap junctions from leukemic cells to healthy B cells and ... Nesmiyanov P, Strygin A, Tolkachev B, Kaplanov K, Dotsenko A, Strygina A (2016). "mIRNA-155 shuttling through gap junctions ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiR-155
Stria vascularis of cochlear ductStria vascularis of cochlear duct
They are connected to basal cells with gap junctions. The stria vascularis also contains pericytes, melanocytes, and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stria_vascularis_of_cochlear_duct
Sinoatrial nodeSinoatrial node
These gap junctions are made of proteins called connexins. There are fewer gap junctions within the SA node and they are ... Action potentials pass from one cardiac cell to the next through pores known as gap junctions. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinoatrial_node
Cotylorhiza tuberculataCotylorhiza tuberculata
... which is made possible due to the organism's efficient intercellular gap junction communication. While further studies have ... "Extract from the zooxanthellate jellyfish Cotylorhiza tuberculata modulates gap junction intercellular communication in human ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotylorhiza_tuberculata
U.S. Route 36 in ColoradoU.S. Route 36 in Colorado
This first junction with I-70 east of Aurora is in Bennett, at exit 306. The second such junction is at an underpass near ... and creation of gaps on SH 7 and SH 66. In 2012, the turnpike was also given the honorary name Buffalo Highway in recognition ... The junction with US 40 near Strasburg-Byers was changed again in 1954-1955, now following County Road 181 east of Byers. ... At the very complicated junction of US 36, I-25, I-76, and I-270, US 36 emerges overlapped and unsigned with I-270, and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_36_in_Colorado
Langar, NottinghamshireLangar, Nottinghamshire
Further south, the border is to the east of the old railway and south of Granby Gap woods, which are outside the parish, in ... The former vicarage is a Grade II* listed Queen Anne house, on the junction of Church Lane and Barnstone Road. The village has ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langar,_Nottinghamshire
15th Guards Rifle Division15th Guards Rifle Division
The assault broke through along a 3 km front and by the end of the day had widened the gap to 5 km and captured the German ... over the Northern Donets near Belgorod facing the 81st Guards Rifle Division and in the center where it aimed at the junction ... However the German XXIX and VIII Army Corps to the north struck more than twice that distance, tearing a yawning gap between ... Not only did reconnaissance patrols of 7th Panzer discover the handover was taking place they also discovered a gap left ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Guards_Rifle_Division
Reading ViaductReading Viaduct
At Callowhill Junction, the City Branch turns west to join the former Reading Company main line at Belmont Junction. The main ... Except for a gap caused by the construction of the Vine Street Expressway (I-676/US 30), and a few blocks at the north end, the ... The viaduct heads north from Reading Terminal and at Callowhill Junction, forks, with Ninth Street Branch formally merging with ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Viaduct
European route E80European route E80
Instead the route needs to turn to the east some 4 km (2.5 mi) before Bijelo Polje, at Ribarevina junction, and towards ... Porto di Pescara Gap - Adriatic Sea : Porto di Pescara - Dubrovnik Croatia D8: Dubrovnik (start of concurrency with E65) - ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E80
Widnes South railway stationWidnes South railway station
This route was constructed by the LNWR to improve traffic flow on the busy Ditton Junction to Warrington Bank Quay Low Level ... an earlier station on the G&WR line located slightly further south and also had a connection to the St Helens and Runcorn Gap ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widnes_South_railway_station
Eisenach stationEisenach station
From 1856 Eisenach developed into a railway junction with the opening of the Werra Railway on 2 November 1858. Already the ... The line was connected to Gerstungen on 25 September 1849, closing the gap with the Hessian Frederick William Northern Railway ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenach_station
Memorial Parkway (Huntsville, Alabama)Memorial Parkway (Huntsville, Alabama)
Continuing due north, the Parkway passes Mountain Gap Road and Meadowbrook Drive. Just north of Meadowbrook Drive, the first of ... this interchange is sometimes referred to as Malfunction Junction. The Parkway has an overpass at US 72 West/University Drive ... Walker Lane Patterson Lane Meridianville Bottom Road Winchester Road Mastin Lake Road Mountain Gap Road/Hobbs Road Green Cove ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Parkway_(Huntsville,_Alabama)
Pennsylvania Route 41Pennsylvania Route 41
The route heads north and crosses into Salisbury Township, where it enters the residential community of Gap and has a junction ... where PA 41 headed east through Strasburg to Gap. From Gap, PA 41 ran southeast along the Gap Newport Pike to the Delaware ... The Gap and Newport Turnpike was charted in 1807 to run from Gap southeast to the Delaware border, where it was to continue to ... When Pennsylvania first legislated routes in 1911, the Gap Newport Pike along with the road running from Gap west to Lancaster ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_41
New York State Route 25ANew York State Route 25A
Past this point, the route slowly curves back to the east ahead of a junction with NY 106 south of East Norwich. NY 25A's run ... Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues Second Edition, Edited by Pyong Gap Min. Pine Forge Press - An Imprint of Sage ... The highway serves the Long Island City Courthouse on its way to a junction with Queens Boulevard (NY 25) at the foot of the ... The Jericho Turnpike name ends a short distance into the community at a junction with Edgewood Avenue, giving way to Main ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25A
U.S. Route 441 in GeorgiaU.S. Route 441 in Georgia
In Homerville, US 441 junctions with US 84, SR 38, and SR 187. North of Homerville, SR 89 junctions with SR 122. SR 89 then ... Unfortunately within Rabun Gap it narrows back down to three lanes again north of Kelly's Creek Road, this time with only one ... US 441/SR 89 begins at the Florida state line in Echols County, but has no major junctions in the county. US 441 enters Clinch ... The road returns to four lanes in Mountain City north of Cross Street and remains that way through York and Rabun Gap, where it ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_441_in_Georgia
LewesLewes
... is located at the point where the River Ouse flows through a narrow gap in the east-west line of the South Downs. The ... The Magnus Inscription (c. 1200) sits in the East wall of St John Sub Castro on the Junction of Abinger Place and Lancaster ... William Morris (1834-1896) Lewes is situated on the Greenwich or Prime Meridian, in a gap in the South Downs, cut through by ... In 1846 the town became a railway junction, with lines constructed from the north, south and east to two railway stations. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes
Maryland Route 194Maryland Route 194
This gap in the state road system remained through at least 1949. MD 71 received a new steel I-beam bridge over Big Pipe Creek ... the Woodsboro and Frederick Turnpike extended from Woodsboro south to the junction with the Liberty and Frederick Turnpike in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Route_194
Self-aligned gateSelf-aligned gate
To ensure the gate actually overlaps the underlying source and drain, the gate material has to be wider than the gap between ... He also invented the 'buried contacts,' a method to make direct contact between amorphous silicon and silicon junctions, ... the switching energy of a FET is very small compared to earlier bipolar junction transistor types where the gate (or base as it ... since aluminum could not withstand the high temperature required for the conventional doping of the source and drain junctions ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-aligned_gate
Eileen SouthgateEileen Southgate
600 gap junctions (where communication is through electrical signals). Having the map helped establish C. elegans as a model ... They found close to 8,000 total synapses (cell to cell connections) which included around 2000 neuromuscular junctions, 5000 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Southgate
Milton Keynes grid road systemMilton Keynes grid road system
It is a single carriageway to its junction with the H6 where it picks up the A4146 road. It is then a dual carriageway as far ... It is the shortest of all grid roads, having only two grid roundabouts and with a large gap where a bridge over the A5 should ... The H5 Portway begins its life in Oakhill as a single carriageway and remains as such up until its junction with the A5. From ... All grid junctions are roundabouts, and the absence of traffic lights (from most) enables remarkably free and efficient ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_grid_road_system
Intercolonial RailwayIntercolonial Railway
In 1887 the ICR took over and completed construction of a line running from Oxford Junction to Stellarton, along Nova Scotia ... A major obstacle involved crossing the Cobequid Mountains with the Intercolonial's route running through the "Folly Gap", also ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercolonial_Railway
River WithamRiver Witham
A gap in the limestone scarp (see Lincolnshire Wolds) near Ancaster may represent an earlier course of the River Trent towards ... Former railway station, Southrey Sluice gate for the Kyme Eau, once the junction for the Sleaford canal Day mooring at Southrey ... The bridge not only restricts navigation due to its small size, but the volume of water that can pass through the gap is ... From Lincoln, the river again turns first east, then south, making a cut through a belt of upland known as the Lincoln Gap. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Witham
16th Infantry Regiment (United States)16th Infantry Regiment (United States)
Their efforts would fail and the German Seventh Army would be largely destroyed as it attempted to escape via the Falaise Gap. ... During the first part of 1967 the 2nd Rangers participated in Operation Lam Son in the Phu Loi area and Operation Junction City ... The 1st Rangers participated in two major fights during Junction City: Prek Klok and Ap Gu. In the former battle, Platoon ... Cedar Falls was followed by the enormous and extended Operation Junction City. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)
Roads and motorways in CyprusRoads and motorways in Cyprus
Also the upgrading of the Limassol Junctions and the A1 Nicosia - Limassol Motorway to a 6 lane road between the Strovolos ... so they will remain without a serial number and road signs will remain with gaps until the next road numbering evaluation. ... Junction and Alampra Interchange are completed. The following are under design: A7 Paphos - Polis Motorway is promoted through ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_and_motorways_in_Cyprus
Gas attacks at WulverghemGas attacks at Wulverghem
... leaving a gap in the Allied line. The German attack was a strategic diversion, rather than a breakthrough attempt and ... against the junction of the 9th and 8th brigades, where the British were defending mineshafts. (German records relate the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_attacks_at_Wulverghem
István SzéchenyiIstván Széchenyi
The Count quickly became aware of the growing gap between the modern world and his native Hungary. For the rest of his life, he ... He fought with distinction at the battle of Raab (14 June 1809) and on 19 July brought about the subsequent junction of the two ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/István_Széchenyi
A563 roadA563 road
It forms a near-complete circuit except for a gap of around 2.2 miles (3.5 km) in the east of the city. An indirect route ... As the road bears eastward at Beaumont Leys there is a junction with the A5630, providing a link to the A46 Leicester Western ... Traffic can continue straight on at the A47 junction down the Goodwood Road (or go via the A47 and Spencefield Lane) and then ... A6 junction))), the road goes west, between Knighton and Wigston (crossing the A5199 Welford Road), then to the south of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A563_road
List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom, 1994List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom, 1994
Daglingworth Quarry Junction) Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2416) A417 Trunk Road (Daglingworth Quarry Junction) (Detrunking) Order ... Prohibition of Use of Gaps in Central Reservation) Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/1780) Chinnor and Princes Risborough Railway Order ... 2) Regulations 1994 (S.I. 1994/2510) A1 Trunk Road (Wetherby to Kirk Deighton New Junction and Connecting Roads) Order 1994 (S. ... Junction 29 and the A30 Trunk Road Honiton to Exeter Improvement) (Slip Roads Special Roads) Scheme 1994 (S.I. 1994/1011) ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Statutory_Instruments_of_the_United_Kingdom,_1994
FallschirmjägerFallschirmjäger
The Fallschirmjäger also had their first defeat in Norway, when a company was dropped on the village and railroad junction of ... On 15 April 1945, 760 Allied bombers pounded the positions of 1st Parachute Corps and other Axis units in the Argenta Gap, ... The Fallschirmjäger managed to assist other German forces in plugging the gaps created by the Soviet advance. On 15 December ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallschirmjäger
Basal electrical rhythmBasal electrical rhythm
These cells are connected to the smooth muscle via gap junctions and the myenteric plexus. The cell membranes of the pacemaker ... This electrical rhythm is spread through gap junctions in the smooth muscle of the GI tract. These pacemaker cells, also called ... This action potential is transmitted to other smooth muscle cells via gap junctions, creating a peristaltic wave. The specific ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_electrical_rhythm
Maryland Route 75Maryland Route 75
The Uniontown Road from New Windsor to near the modern MD 75-MD 84 junction was paved in macadam as a state aid road in 1911. ... The three remaining gaps in modern MD 75-Hyattstown to Green Valley, midway between New London and Libertytown, and midway ... After the eastern junction with MD 800, MD 75 veers southeast and meets the southern end of MD 84 (Clear Ridge Road), which ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Route_75
Intrinsic semiconductorIntrinsic semiconductor
It is however the behavior of the p-n junction which is the key to the enormous variety of solid-state electronic devices The ... When the electron in pure silicon crosses the gap, it leaves behind an electron vacancy or "hole" in the regular silicon ... The conduction of current of intrinsic semiconductor is enabled purely by electron excitation across the band-gap, which is ... there will be some electrons which are excited across the band gap into the conduction band and which can support charge ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_semiconductor
GJB7 gap junction protein beta 7 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBIGJB7 gap junction protein beta 7 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI
gap junction beta-7 protein. Names. connexin-25. gap junction protein, beta 7, 25kDa. ... gap junction protein beta 7provided by HGNC. Primary source. HGNC:HGNC:16690 See related. Ensembl:ENSG00000164411 MIM:611921; ... Each gap junction channel is formed by docking of 2 hemichannels, each of which contains 6 connexin subunits (Sohl et al., 2003 ... enables gap junction channel activity IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor. more info ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/375519
THE ISOLATION OF MOUSE HEPATOCYTE GAP JUNCTIONS | Journal of Cell Biology | Rockefeller University PressTHE ISOLATION OF MOUSE HEPATOCYTE GAP JUNCTIONS | Journal of Cell Biology | Rockefeller University Press
A method is reported for isolating a preparation of hepatic gap junctions from the mouse. The method involves a collagenase ... Gap junction structures. I. Correlated electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Gap junction structures: Analysis of the x- ... THE ISOLATION OF MOUSE HEPATOCYTE GAP JUNCTIONS : Preliminary Chemical Characterization and X-Ray Diffraction Daniel A. ... A method is reported for isolating a preparation of hepatic gap junctions from the mouse. The method involves a collagenase ...
https://rupress.org/jcb/article/54/3/646/18004/THE-ISOLATION-OF-MOUSE-HEPATOCYTE-GAP-JUNCTIONS
GAP JUNCTION PROTEIN, BETA-3; GJB3 GAP JUNCTION PROTEIN, BETA-3; GJB3
Xenbase: The Xenopus Model Organism Knowledgebase.
https://www.xenbase.org/entry/showDisease.do?omimId=603324
Involvement of Gap Junction Proteins in Infectious Diseases Caused by Parasites | IntechOpenInvolvement of Gap Junction Proteins in Infectious Diseases Caused by Parasites | IntechOpen
Gap junction proteins are present in both vertebrates and invertebrates permitting direct and indirect cellular communication. ... Inhibitors of channels formed by proteins of the gap junction family such as suramin and probenecid are currently used for ... In this chapter, we summarized the current knowledge about the role of gap junction family proteins and channels in parasitic ... Recent evidences suggest that gap junction proteins play a critical role in bacterial and viral infections. Nonetheless, little ...
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/53917
AVHANDLINGAR.SE: Neural stem cell engraftment: Functional interactions, brain repair and gap junctions
Avhandling: Neural stem cell engraftment: Functional interactions, brain repair and gap junctions. ... Neural stem cell engraftment: Functional interactions, brain repair and gap junctions. Författare: Johan Jäderstad; Karolinska ... Both in vitro and in vivo the beneficial actions of the NSCs were abrogated by suppressing gap junction formation and function ... In both murine and human NSCs grafted to slice cultures and rodent models of neurodegeneration, gap junction formation was ...
https://www.avhandlingar.se/avhandling/116ce160b8/
KAKEN - Research Projects | Role of gap junctions in apoptosis induced by anticancer drugscombined with radiation (KAKENHI...KAKEN - Research Projects | Role of gap junctions in apoptosis induced by anticancer drugscombined with radiation (KAKENHI...
Role of gap junctions in apoptosis induced by anticancer drugscombined with radiation. Research Project ...
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-19591469/
MicrocircuitDB: Hippocampal basket cell gap junction network dynamics (Saraga et al. 2006)MicrocircuitDB: Hippocampal basket cell gap junction network dynamics (Saraga et al. 2006)
2 cell network of hippocampal basket cells connected by gap junctions. Paper explores how distal gap junctions and active ... Hippocampal basket cell gap junction network dynamics (Saraga et al. 2006). Download zip file Auto-launch. Help downloading and ... 1 . Saraga F, Ng L, Skinner FK (2006) Distal gap junctions and active dendrites can tune network dynamics. J Neurophysiol 95: ... Olfactory bulb mitral cell gap junction NN model: burst firing and synchrony (O`Connor et al. 2012). Optimal balance predicts/ ...
https://senselab.med.yale.edu/MicrocircuitDB/ShowModel.cshtml?model=114047
Gap Junctions - ExpiiGap Junctions - Expii
You need to enable JavaScript to run this app ...
https://www.expii.com/t/gap-junctions-5677
Shifting paradigms in gap junction turnoverShifting paradigms in gap junction turnover
StartFragmentAn established model of gap junction protein turnover is challenged by researchers who find this process is ... Phosphorylated Cx43 relocates to the plasma membrane, stabilizing junctions, reducing junction turnover and enlarging junctions ... In particular, Dunn et al. hypothesized that the protein Akt may be regulating Cx43 turnover at gap junctions. Their reasoning ... They also show that when Akt is ubiquitinated, Cx43 is a target of Akt-specific phosphorylation and the gap junctions become ...
https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/spotlight/2012/01/shifting-paradigms-in-gap-junction-turnover.html
The 43-kD polypeptide of heart gap junctions: immunolocalization, topology, and functional domains. | Journal of Cell Biology |...The 43-kD polypeptide of heart gap junctions: immunolocalization, topology, and functional domains. | Journal of Cell Biology |...
Analysis by SDS-PAGE of gap junction fractions isolated from heart suggests that the junctions are comprised of a protein with ... Analysis by SDS-PAGE of gap junction fractions isolated from heart suggests that the junctions are comprised of a protein with ... The 43-kD polypeptide of heart gap junctions: immunolocalization, topology, and functional domains. S B Yancey, S B Yancey ... S B Yancey, S A John, R Lal, B J Austin, J P Revel; The 43-kD polypeptide of heart gap junctions: immunolocalization, topology ...
https://rupress.org/jcb/article/108/6/2241/55641/The-43-kD-polypeptide-of-heart-gap-junctions
Glioblastoma Spread Slowed in Mouse Model by Cutting Off Communication Mechanism of Cancer Cells; Gap Junction Targeting May Be...Glioblastoma Spread Slowed in Mouse Model by Cutting Off Communication Mechanism of Cancer Cells; Gap Junction Targeting May Be...
Glioblastoma Spread Slowed in Mouse Model by Cutting Off Communication Mechanism of Cancer Cells; Gap Junction Targeting May Be ... Connexin 46 is part of intercellular channels known as a gap junctions. Those intercellular channels, which allow cells to ...
https://bioquicknews.com/glioblastoma-spread-slowed-in-mouse-model-by-cutting-off-communication-mechanism-of-cancer-cells-gap-junction-targeting-may-be-effective-approach-to-treatment/
ReP USP - Detalhe do registro: Reduction of gap and adherens junction proteins and intercalated disc structural remodeling in...
Reduction of gap and adherens junction proteins and intercalated disc structural remodeling in the hearts of mice submitted to ... Reduction of gap and adherens junction proteins and intercalated disc structural remodeling in the hearts of mice submitted to ... Reduction of gap and adherens junction proteins and intercalated disc structural remodeling in the hearts of mice submitted to ... Reduction of gap and adherens junction proteins and intercalated disc structural remodeling in the hearts of mice submitted to ...
https://repositorio.usp.br/item/001718351
ESC 365 - Heterotypic Cx43/Cx45 gap junction channel conductance depends on pulse rate and could rescue from arrhythmogenic...ESC 365 - Heterotypic Cx43/Cx45 gap junction channel conductance depends on pulse rate and could rescue from arrhythmogenic...
Heterotypic Cx43/Cx45 gap junction channel conductance depends on pulse rate and could rescue from arrhythmogenic activity in ...
https://esc365.escardio.org/presentation/252793?resource=slide
Gap junctions in the ventral hippocampal-medial prefrontal pathway are involved in anxiety regulation. | Department of...Gap junctions in the ventral hippocampal-medial prefrontal pathway are involved in anxiety regulation. | Department of...
Gap junctions in the ventral hippocampal-medial prefrontal pathway are involved in anxiety regulation.. Title. Gap junctions in ... Using pharmacological blockade of neuronal gap junctions combined with electrophysiological recordings, we found that gap ... Gap junctions exist in brain regions important for anxiety regulation, such as the ventral hippocampus (vHIP) and mPFC, but ... Animals, Anxiety, Behavior, Animal, Connexins, Electroencephalography, Gap Junctions, Hippocampus, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred ...
https://molbio.princeton.edu/publications/gap-junctions-ventral-hippocampal-medial-prefrontal-pathway-are-involved-anxiety
Microglia at brain stab wounds express connexin 43 and in vitro form functional gap junctions after treatment with interferon-γ...Microglia at brain stab wounds express connexin 43 and in vitro form functional gap junctions after treatment with interferon-γ...
Dive into the research topics of Microglia at brain stab wounds express connexin 43 and in vitro form functional gap junctions ... Microglia at brain stab wounds express connexin 43 and in vitro form functional gap junctions after treatment with interferon-γ ... Microglia at brain stab wounds express connexin 43 and in vitro form functional gap junctions after treatment with interferon-γ ... Microglia at brain stab wounds express connexin 43 and in vitro form functional gap junctions after treatment with interferon-γ ...
https://researchexperts.utmb.edu/en/publications/microglia-at-brain-stab-wounds-express-connexin-43-and-in-vitro-f
Gap junctions - Rooks Textbook of DermatologyGap junctions - Rooks Textbook of Dermatology
Rooks Textbook of Dermatology is the most comprehensive work of reference available to the dermatologist. Covering all aspects of skin disease from basic science through pathology and epidemiology to clinical practice, the text is recognized for its unparalleled coverage of diagnosis.. ...
http://rooks9.bw.semcs.net/manual/c02-sec-0017?view=chapter
Structural organization of gap junction channels - Fingerprint - Scholars @ UT Health San AntonioStructural organization of gap junction channels - Fingerprint - Scholars @ UT Health San Antonio
Dive into the research topics of Structural organization of gap junction channels. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
https://scholars.uthscsa.edu/en/publications/structural-organization-of-gap-junction-channels/fingerprints/
Eine vergleichende Genexpressionsanalyse von Gap- Junction- Strukturproteinen in oralen Plattenepithelkarzinomen und gesunder..."Eine vergleichende Genexpressionsanalyse von Gap- Junction- Strukturproteinen in oralen Plattenepithelkarzinomen und gesunder...
Keywords: connexin; connexins; gap junction; GJIC; Cx 45; Cx 26; Cx-45; Cx-26; oral squamous cell carcinoma; carcinogenesis; ... A comparative gene expression study of gap-junction proteins in oral squamous cell carcinomas and normal mucosa ... "Eine vergleichende Genexpressionsanalyse von Gap- Junction- Strukturproteinen in oralen Plattenepithelkarzinomen und gesunder ... Schlagwörter: Connexin; Connexine; Gap Junction; oral;Plattenepithelkarzinom; PEC; Genexpression; Expression; Karzinogenese; ...
https://ediss.uni-goettingen.de/handle/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B31D-1?locale-attribute=de
Frontiers | Hemichannel composition and electrical synaptic transmission: molecular diversity and its implications for...Frontiers | Hemichannel composition and electrical synaptic transmission: molecular diversity and its implications for...
... of HCs impact electrical synaptic transmission between neurons when they form intercellular heterotypic gap junctions (GJs). ... of hemichannels impact electrical synaptic transmission between neurons when they form intercellular heterotypic gap junctions ... Unapposed hemichannels formed by oligomerized hexamers of gap junction proteins are now known to be involved in various ... formed by hexamers of gap junction proteins are now known to be involved in various cellular processes under both physiological ...
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2014.00324/full
Archives | International Gap Junction ConferenceArchives | International Gap Junction Conference
Sep 24, 2021. September 15, 2021 The first webinar after summer took place on September 15th 2021 and featured two speakers from our community. Chenju Yi, associate professor in The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (Shenzhen, China) elegantly presented their ...
https://igjconference.org/2021/09/
Gap-junction channels inhibit transverse propagation in cardiac muscle | BioMedical Engineering OnLine | Full TextGap-junction channels inhibit transverse propagation in cardiac muscle | BioMedical Engineering OnLine | Full Text
The number of g-j channels per junction was varied from zero to 100, 1,000 and 10,000 (Rgj of ∞, 100 MΩ, 10 MΩ, 1.0 MΩ, ... The effect of adding many gap-junctions (g-j) channels between contiguous cells in a linear chain on transverse propagation ... When gap-junction channels were added, a resistor (Rgj) was inserted across each cell junction, from the interior of one cell ... Gap-junction channels inhibit transverse propagation in cardiac muscle. *Nicholas Sperelakis. 1 & ...
https://biomedical-engineering-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-925X-4-7
Other questions - www.neuron.yale.edu
Rectifying gap junctions Last post by ted « Fri Jul 16, 2021 11:40 pm. ...
https://www.neuron.yale.edu/phpBB2/viewforum.php?f=8
gap junction | The Marclab for Connectomicsgap junction | The Marclab for Connectomics
Tag Archives: gap junction. Mapping the network architecture of gap junctional coupling among parallel processing channels in ... Gap junctions within and between the parallel processing channels afforded by retinal bipolar cells have been reported or ... Since virtually every gap junction in the inner plexiform layer contains Connexin36, these circuits likely participate in the ... Gap junctions were validated by 0.25 nm resolution recapture with goniometric tilt when necessary. Motifs were compared to ...
https://marclab.org/blog/tag/gap-junction/
Search ResultsSearch Results
Gap Junction Proteins (10) Golgi Markers (12) GPCR (1062) Growth Factors (849) GTPases (12) Heat Shock Proteins (9) Hormones (9 ...
https://www.biolegend.com/de-de/search-results?GroupID=&PageNum=3&k1=mouse%20F4/80
Volume 533 Issue 7604, 26 May 2016Volume 533 Issue 7604, 26 May 2016
Carcinoma-astrocyte gap junctions promote brain metastasis by cGAMP transfer A heterotypic cell interaction between astrocytes ... by establishing gap junctions, tumour cells trigger the activation of innate immune response signalling in astrocytes, which ...
https://www.nature.com/nature/volumes/533/issues/7604?error=cookies_not_supported&code=5f6b5e4f-a17d-49e0-a3f6-296b4ebdeee5
Frontiers | Cortical Dynamics of Figure-Ground Separation in Response to 2D Pictures and 3D Scenes: How V2 Combines Border...Frontiers | Cortical Dynamics of Figure-Ground Separation in Response to 2D Pictures and 3D Scenes: How V2 Combines Border...
T-junctions and end gaps in figure-ground perception. (A) T-Junction Sensitivity: (left panel) T-junction in an image. (middle ... As soon as end gaps are formed at T-junctions, however, and filling-in can distinguish closed vs. open boundaries, surface ... causing end gaps in the line. End gaps were first used to explain how color can flow out of line ends during percepts of neon ... These end gaps allow brightness and color to flow between the vertical bars and their surrounds during surface filling-in, ...
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02054/full
MedlinePlus: Genes: GMedlinePlus: Genes: G
GJA1: gap junction protein alpha 1. *GJB1: gap junction protein beta 1 ... GJB2: gap junction protein beta 2. *GJB3: gap junction protein beta 3 ... GJB4: gap junction protein beta 4. *GJB6: gap junction protein beta 6 ...
https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene-g/
Normal differentiation of cultured lens cells after inhibition of gap junction-mediated intercellular communication<...Normal differentiation of cultured lens cells after inhibition of gap junction-mediated intercellular communication<...
To investigate the function of gap junctions in the development of the lens, we have examined the effect of the gap junction ... To investigate the function of gap junctions in the development of the lens, we have examined the effect of the gap junction ... To investigate the function of gap junctions in the development of the lens, we have examined the effect of the gap junction ... To investigate the function of gap junctions in the development of the lens, we have examined the effect of the gap junction ...
https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/normal-differentiation-of-cultured-lens-cells-after-inhibition-of-2
Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Drinking Water Linked to Industrial Sites, Military Fire...Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Drinking Water Linked to Industrial Sites, Military Fire...
Phosphatidylcholine Specific PLC-Induced Dysregulation of Gap Junctions, a Robust Cellular Response to Environmental Toxicants ... Chemopreventive Agents Attenuate Rapid Inhibition of Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication Induced by Environmental ...
https://www.canr.msu.edu/resources/detection-of-poly-and-perfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas-in-us-drinking-water-linked-to-industrial-sites-military-fire-training-areas-and-wastewater-treatment-plants
ProteinsCx43ConnexinsPresence of gap junctionsCellsInhibition of gapExtracellularIntercellular communicationIntracellularHemichannelsRegulationRolesMoleculesCx50CellConnexin-36NeuronalDistalSynaptic transmissionEpithelialDesmosomesTightPropagationPathwaysConductionAntibodiesCx36Regulates gapCardiacBlockerMutationsFractionsCalciumChannel conductanceVitroMammalianBlocked gap junctionalExtensivelyRoleSuggestsLateralBiologicalRotigaptidePlaquesLucifer yellowAdjacentTissueMembranes
Proteins12
  • Inhibitors of channels formed by proteins of the gap junction family such as suramin and probenecid are currently used for treatment of parasitic diseases caused by pathogenic protozoan. (intechopen.com)
  • Gap junction proteins are present in both vertebrates and invertebrates permitting direct and indirect cellular communication. (intechopen.com)
  • Recent evidences suggest that gap junction proteins play a critical role in bacterial and viral infections. (intechopen.com)
  • In this chapter, we summarized the current knowledge about the role of gap junction family proteins and channels in parasitic infections. (intechopen.com)
  • Loss of function mutations in this and other connexin proteins have been associated with human disease, as gap junctions play essential roles in development, tissue homeostasis, cell growth, and the coordination of electric signals between nerve, heart muscle, and smooth muscle cells of the intestine. (fredhutch.org)
  • Our experimental evidence thus indicates that, in spite of the differences in amino acid sequence, the gap junction proteins in heart and liver share a general organizational plan and that there may be several domains (including the amino terminus) of the molecule that are involved in the control of junctional permeability. (rupress.org)
  • Unapposed hemichannels (HCs) formed by hexamers of gap junction proteins are now known to be involved in various cellular processes under both physiological and pathological conditions. (frontiersin.org)
  • Recently, great interest has been shown in understanding the functional roles of specific gap junction proteins (connexins) in brain, lens, retina, and elsewhere. (uab.edu)
  • Little is known about how gap channel proteins, called connexins, conduct electric current and how this current flow is regulated by physiological or pathophysiological (disease) conditions. (upstate.edu)
  • By producing site-directed mutations in the two major cardiac gap junction proteins, connexin43 (Cx43) and connexin40 (Cx40), we are examining the molecular basis for the selective electrical conductance and molecular permeability properties of cardiac gap junctions. (upstate.edu)
  • The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of CONNEXINS , the family of proteins which form the junctions. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, no role for the gap junction proteins Innexins has so far been described. (knaw.nl)
Cx4314
  • An updated model of connexin 43 (Cx43) turnover explains how proteasomal inhibition leads to larger gap junctions: MG132 inhibits proteasomal degradation of ubiquitinated (Ub) Akt. (fredhutch.org)
  • Phosphorylated Cx43 relocates to the plasma membrane, stabilizing junctions, reducing junction turnover and enlarging junctions. (fredhutch.org)
  • Previous investigations into the mechanisms that govern Cx43 degradation have demonstrated that proteosomal inhibitors stabilized Cx43 in gap junctions, leading to larger junctions. (fredhutch.org)
  • hypothesized that the protein Akt may be regulating Cx43 turnover at gap junctions. (fredhutch.org)
  • In the present study, the authors found that when Akt activity is blocked through chemical inhibition or with a dominant negative variant of Akt that prevents wild-type Akt from functioning, Cx43 phosphorylation and localization at gap junctions is reduced. (fredhutch.org)
  • They also show that when Akt is ubiquitinated, Cx43 is a target of Akt-specific phosphorylation and the gap junctions become larger. (fredhutch.org)
  • They speculate that phosphorylation regulates Cx43 incorporation into gap junctions. (fredhutch.org)
  • Although the authors recognize that multiple signaling pathways can signal for gap junction turnover, their contribution corrects the long-standing misconception that Cx43 turnover is initiated by ubiquitination of Cx43. (fredhutch.org)
  • Under resting conditions, rat microglia (FITC-isolectin-B4-reactive cells) were sparsely distributed in the neocortex, and most (95%) were not immunoreactive for Cx43, a gap junction protein subunit. (utmb.edu)
  • It is hypothesized that overexpression of Cx45 may be responsible for a decreased GJIC and suppressed contact-inhibition by forming less conducting heteromeric Gap Junctions in colocalization with Cx43. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Altered expression and function of astroglial gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43) has increasingly been associated to neurotoxicity in Alzheimer disease (AD). (jbc.org)
  • Here, using mouse primary astrocyte cultures, we have examined the cellular processes by which Aβ can alter Cx43 gap junctions. (jbc.org)
  • We hope to make structural inferences about gap junction channel pore structure by observing how endogenous polyamines, small polybasic molecules derived from amino acids such as spermine, block Cx40 and three other connexin gap junctions while having no effect on Cx43 and the majority of other 20 mammalian connexin-specific gap junctions. (upstate.edu)
  • We are also examining the mechanisms by which human atrial fibrillation mutations in Cx40 or Cx43 alter cardiac gap junction function to produce cardiac arrhythmias or other human diseases. (upstate.edu)
Connexins6
  • Connexins, such as GJB7, are involved in the formation of gap junctions, intercellular conduits that directly connect the cytoplasms of contacting cells. (nih.gov)
  • After mechanical injury to the host tissue and successive NSC engraftment the expression of connexins, the substrate for gap junction formation, changed significantly in both graft and host cells. (avhandlingar.se)
  • Therefore, it would be extremely useful to have pharmacological agents that block specific connexins, without major effects on other gap junctions or membrane channels. (uab.edu)
  • Functional Roles of Connexins and Gap Junctions in Osteo-Chondral Cellular Components. (bvsalud.org)
  • Gap junctions (GJs) formed by connexins (Cxs) play an important role in the intercellular communication within most body tissues . (bvsalud.org)
  • Using fluorescent substances to probe inter-cellular diffusion, we show that colorectal cancer (CRC) cells are coupled by gap junctions assembled from connexins, particularly Cx26. (ox.ac.uk)
Presence of gap junctions3
  • Although the presence of gap junctions between oligodendrocytes and astrocytes have been well documented, evidence for gap junction-mediated calcium transfer between these two glial populations is still missing. (ulaval.ca)
  • The structure of the transplanted engineered myocardial tissue was similar with native heart tissue in that it was positive for the cardiomyocyte-specific protein troponin I and had a natural structure similar to native tissue with the presence of gap junctions and desomosomes, which are needed for tissue conduction," lead investigator Dr Lv An-Lin (Xijing Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China) told heart wire . (medscape.com)
  • Scanning with transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of gap junctions and desomosomes. (medscape.com)
Cells34
  • We observed that one of the first and essential ways in which grafted murine as well as human NSCs integrate functionally into host neural circuitry and affect host cells, even before consummation of neuronal differentiation, is via gap-junctional coupling. (avhandlingar.se)
  • In addition to providing a potential template for subsequent mature electrical coupling, the gap junctions permit exogenous NSCs to exchange ions and molecules with host cells and participate in host network activity, including synchronized calcium transients in fluctuating networks. (avhandlingar.se)
  • In both murine and human NSCs grafted to slice cultures and rodent models of neurodegeneration, gap junction formation was associated with the rescue of host cells. (avhandlingar.se)
  • Gap junction is a specialized protein complex between two animal cells. (coursera.org)
  • Gap junction mediates direct transfer of chemical signals through cells. (coursera.org)
  • As you see the figure on your right, two cells, they do share their cytoplasmic information through gap junction. (coursera.org)
  • Secondly, second messengers such as calcium, IP3, cyclic AMP, they can be directly transferred to other neighboring cells through these gap junction structure. (coursera.org)
  • 2 cell network of hippocampal basket cells connected by gap junctions. (yale.edu)
  • Most cells communicate directly with their neighboring cells through gap junctions, where channels in closely apposed membranes facilitate the exchange of small molecules such as ions and metabolites. (fredhutch.org)
  • Gap junctional communication between microglia was investigated at rat brain stab wounds and in primary cultures of rat and mouse cells. (utmb.edu)
  • The effect of adding many gap-junctions (g-j) channels between contiguous cells in a linear chain on transverse propagation between parallel chains was examined in a 5 × 5 model (5 parallel chains of 5 cells each) for cardiac muscle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the review process for our recent paper [ 24 ], one of the referees asked us to determine the effect of introducing strong cell coupling via gap-junction (g-j) channels between cells within each chain on the transverse propagation in our 5 × 5 model (5 parallel chains of 5 cells each). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gap junctions within and between the parallel processing channels afforded by retinal bipolar cells have been reported or predicted, but their roles, partners, and patterns remain largely unknown. (marclab.org)
  • All superclasses of retinal neurons, including bipolar cells (BCs), amacrine cells (ACs) and ganglion cells (GCs), display gap junctional coupling. (marclab.org)
  • The cells of the vertebrate lens are linked to each other by gap junctions, clusters of intercellular channels that mediate the direct transfer of low-molecular-weight substances between the cytosols of adjoining cells. (elsevier.com)
  • Although gap junctions are detectable in the unspecialized epithelial cells that comprise the anterior face of the organ, both their number and size are greatly increased in the secondary fiber cells that differentiate from them at the lens equator. (elsevier.com)
  • To investigate the function of gap junctions in the development of the lens, we have examined the effect of the gap junction blocker 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (βGA) on the differentiation of primary cultures (both dissociated cell-derived monolayers and central epithelium explants) of embryonic chick lens epithelial cells. (elsevier.com)
  • Le, ACN & Musil, LS 1998, ' Normal differentiation of cultured lens cells after inhibition of gap junction-mediated intercellular communication ', Developmental Biology , vol. 204, no. 1, pp. 80-96. (elsevier.com)
  • The existence of functional gap junctions in migratory cells of the immune system is a controversial issue. (elsevier.com)
  • Astroglial cells are extensively connected through gap junctions forming the glial syncytium. (ulaval.ca)
  • These findings suggest that coordinated synaptic transmission and gap junction coupling synchronize the spontaneous bursting of ET cells of the same glomerulus. (jneurosci.org)
  • We hypothesize that spontaneous mutations in 'metabolic genes' will not necessarily produce functional defects because mutation-bearing cells may be rescued by metabolite exchange with neighboring wild-type cells via gap junctions. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The rate of gap junction communication has been investigated in the primary culture of highly differentiated mesenchymal cells (subendothelial smooth muscle cells isolated from grossly normal and atherosclerotic areas of human aorta), and in poorly differentiated cells of mesenchymal origin (adult human skin fibroblasts as well as skin fibroblasts and aortic smooth muscle cells derived from human fetus). (inat.ru)
  • In cell cultures isolated from grossly normal and atherosclerotic aorta the number of cells coupled via gap junction increased with cell density and reached the plateau at a cell density of 50-70 cells/mm2. (inat.ru)
  • Gap junctional communication between cells loaded with lipid inclusions was lower that that between cells free of excess of intracellular lipids. (inat.ru)
  • Definition noun, plural: cell junctions Intercellular connections between adjacent cells, resulting in varying degrees of. (biologyonline.com)
  • Definition noun, plural: hemidesmosomes A type of anchoring junction between neighboring cells forming a rivet-like links. (biologyonline.com)
  • Definition noun A type of anchoring junction between neighboring cells forming a plaquelike site on the cell. (biologyonline.com)
  • The effects of oleic acid (OA) on gap junction-mediated intercellular communication between A7r5 cells and neonatal rat cardiac myocytes were determined. (arizona.edu)
  • Lanthanum, a connexin hemichannel blocker that does not affect gap junction (GJ) channels when applied extracellularly, limited the propagation of Ca(2+) responses to cells adjacent to the photostimulated area. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • The total number of dye positive adjacent cells were used as an indication of gap junction intercellular communication. (cdc.gov)
  • These junctions control the amount of molecules being delivered between the cells: if there is an increased expression of gap junctions, more molecules can be delivered across the cell barrier, while tight junctions restrict the extracellular movement of molecules. (innovationtoronto.com)
  • Electrical excitation (generated by the pacemaker cells) is spread cell-cell via gap junctions. (wordpress.com)
  • Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. (bvsalud.org)
Inhibition of gap2
  • Furthermore, inhibition of gap junctions had no apparent effect on either of the two other types of intercellular (adherens and tight) junctions present in the lens. (elsevier.com)
  • The authors conclude that fractionated asphalt fume condensates may have tumor promoting activity by inducing an inhibition of gap junction intercellular communication. (cdc.gov)
Extracellular4
  • We also examined the possible presence of hemigap junction channels activated by extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using a dye uptake assay and the whole cell patch-clamp technique. (elsevier.com)
  • Conditions expected to close gap junction hemichannels (exposure to octanol and low intracellular pH) did not decrease ATP-induced Lucifer Yellow uptake, whereas conditions expected to increase hemichannel opening either did not affect ATP permeabilization (dibutyryl adenosine monophosphate) or decreased it (zero extracellular Ca 2+ ). (elsevier.com)
  • Our experimental data thus indicate that macrophages in vitro do not form functional gap junctions and that the permeability pathway activated by extracellular ATP is not formed by a hemigap junction channel. (elsevier.com)
  • Definition noun, plural: tight junctions A type of cell junction that is attached to components of the extracellular. (biologyonline.com)
Intercellular communication5
  • Background: Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) and connexin (Cx) expression are associated with cell-cycle control. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • We conclude that the high level of gap junctional intercellular communication characteristic of the lens equator in vivo is not required for secondary fiber formation as assayed in culture. (elsevier.com)
  • The effect of asphalt fume condensate fractions on gap junctional intercellular communication in a human epidermal keratinocyte cell line was investigated. (cdc.gov)
  • Gap junction intercellular communication was assessed by the dye coupling method using fluorescent dye microinjection. (cdc.gov)
  • All the fractions demonstrated a concentration dependent inhibition of dye coupling, indicating an inhibition in gap junction intercellular communication. (cdc.gov)
Intracellular2
  • To test whether these cell types expressed functional gap junctions, we assayed dye coupling by intracellular injection of Lucifer Yellow. (elsevier.com)
  • Intracellular calcium elicits myocardial contraction and, at least under pathophysiological conditions, can shut down gap junction communication. (upstate.edu)
Hemichannels6
  • Each gap junction channel is formed by docking of 2 hemichannels, each of which contains 6 connexin subunits (Sohl et al. (nih.gov)
  • (C) Hemichannels of different molecular composition can assemble into intercellular "heterotypic" gap junction channels. (frontiersin.org)
  • Are there functional gap junctions or junctional hemichannels in macrophages? (elsevier.com)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Are there functional gap junctions or junctional hemichannels in macrophages? (elsevier.com)
  • Measurement of the width of the extra-cellular space separating adjacent plasma membranes indicates that the gold complexes in the gap junctions represent Cx50 channels and those in the non-junctional plasma membrane, Cx50 hemichannels. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, in lens fibers, Cx50 hemichannels are inserted via exocytosis and are rapidly assembled into channels assembled in gap junction plaques. (nih.gov)
Regulation6
  • Gap junctions in the ventral hippocampal-medial prefrontal pathway are involved in anxiety regulation. (princeton.edu)
  • Gap junctions exist in brain regions important for anxiety regulation, such as the ventral hippocampus (vHIP) and mPFC, but their functions in these areas have not been investigated. (princeton.edu)
  • Collectively, these findings suggest that neuronal gap junctions in the vHIP-mPFC pathway are important for theta rhythm and anxiety regulation under sedentary conditions but that additional mechanisms are likely involved in running-induced reduction in anxiety. (princeton.edu)
  • Up- regulation of gap junctions is therefore likely to be a consequence rather than a cause of lens fiber differentiation and may primarily play a role in lens physiology. (elsevier.com)
  • Recently published observations provide new insights as to how this is effected and we are studying how the (patho)physiological regulation of cardiac, lens, and liver gap junctions may be altered by naturally occurring mutations. (upstate.edu)
  • Molecular interaction and functional regulation of connexin50 gap junctions by calmodulin. (upstate.edu)
Roles1
  • Gap junctions provide the anatomical basis for electrical synapses and are prevalent throughout the neural retina with essential roles in signal transmission. (marclab.org)
Molecules1
  • Less than 500 daltons small molecules can be freely transferred when gap junction is open. (coursera.org)
Cx502
  • Mefloquine also blocked channels formed by the lens gap junction protein, Cx50 (IC50 ≈ 1.1 μM). (uab.edu)
  • In equatorial lens fibers, the Cx50-gold complexes label gap junctions at high densities and non-junctional plasma membranes at lower densities. (nih.gov)
Cell12
  • MicrocircuitDB: Hippocampal basket cell gap junction network dynamics (Saraga et al. (yale.edu)
  • We have developed an electric field hypothesis for the mechanism of transmission of excitation from one cell to the next that does not require gap-junction channels [ 1 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Unexpectedly, we found that strong cell coupling (10,000 or 1,000 g-j channels per junction) actually inhibited transverse propagation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this report, we have focused on one particular cell type, namely the macrophages, because connexin-43, a protein that forms gap junctions, has been described in peritoneal macrophages and a macrophage cell line (J774), by Northern and Western blot analysis. (elsevier.com)
  • We observed that nonstimulated macrophages are not coupled among themselves and did not form functional gap junctions with an epithelial cell line, which expresses functional gap junctions formed by connexin-43. (elsevier.com)
  • An important mode of communication between various cell types in the nervous system involves gap junctions. (ulaval.ca)
  • Fourth, in the presence of fast synaptic blockers, ET cell pairs exhibit synchronous slow membrane current oscillations associated with rhythmic spikelets, which were sensitive to the gap junction blocker carbenoxolone. (jneurosci.org)
  • It is hypothesized that the reduced gap junctional communication in atherosclerotic human aorta is associated with alterations in the degree of smooth muscle cell differentiation. (inat.ru)
  • Definition noun, plural: gap junctions A type of cell junction characterized by the intercellular channel that is formed in. (biologyonline.com)
  • Definition noun, plural: desmosomes A type of cell junction made up of desmosome-intermediate filament complexes, which in. (biologyonline.com)
  • NB Purkinje fibres do not excite every cardiac cell- full excitation is completed by gap junction spread. (wordpress.com)
  • A critical pre-requisite for dorsal closure is integrity of these tissues that in part is mediated by cell-cell junctions and cell adhesion. (knaw.nl)
Connexin-361
  • Since physical exercise is known to reduce anxiety, we examined the effects of long-term running on the expression of the neuronal gap junction protein connexin-36 among inhibitory interneurons and found a reduction in the vHIP. (princeton.edu)
Neuronal2
  • Using pharmacological blockade of neuronal gap junctions combined with electrophysiological recordings, we found that gap junctions play a role in theta rhythm in the vHIP and mPFC of adult mice. (princeton.edu)
  • Bilateral infusion of neuronal gap junction blockers into the vHIP decreased anxiety-like behavior on the elevated plus maze and open field. (princeton.edu)
Distal2
  • Paper explores how distal gap junctions and active dendrites can tune network dynamics. (yale.edu)
  • 1 . Saraga F, Ng L, Skinner FK (2006) Distal gap junctions and active dendrites can tune network dynamics. (yale.edu)
Synaptic transmission1
  • On the other hand, less is known regarding how differences in the molecular composition of HCs impact electrical synaptic transmission between neurons when they form intercellular heterotypic gap junctions (GJs). (frontiersin.org)
Epithelial1
  • Tight junctions are the intercellular barrier between two neighboring endothelial and epithelial. (biologyonline.com)
Desmosomes1
  • Kerantinocytes form this layer making cross-linked scaffolds by means of cellular junctions, like desmosomes. (uvigo.es)
Tight3
  • What are tight junctions? (biologyonline.com)
  • Genetic analysis of genes related to tight junction function in the Korean population with non-syndromic hearing loss. (cdc.gov)
  • Mutation in gap and tight junctions in patients with non-syndromic hearing loss. (cdc.gov)
Propagation1
  • To measure functional coupling between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and to test whether this coupling is mediated by gap junctions we used laser photostimulation and monitored Ca(2+) propagation in cultures from transgenic animals in which oligodendrocytes express enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). (ulaval.ca)
Pathways2
  • Throughout 6 weeks, we will study biochemical basis of electrical signaling, chemical signaling as well as gap junction-mediated signaling pathways. (coursera.org)
  • The third class is gap junction mediated signaling pathways. (coursera.org)
Conduction1
  • There is no known clinical therapeutic pharmacology for gap junctions despite their importance to the conduction of the heartbeat for every second of life. (upstate.edu)
Antibodies1
  • Both antibodies bind exclusively to gap junctions in fractions from heart examined by EM after gold labeling. (rupress.org)
Cx362
  • For example, such studies have implicated the gap junction protein Cx36 in synchronizing rhythmic activity of neurons in several brain regions. (uab.edu)
  • Cx36- containing gap junctions are phosphorylated in the open state and dephosphorylated in the closed state. (imsa.edu)
Regulates gap1
  • 2011. Activation of AKT, but not connexin43 ubiquitination, regulates gap junction stability. (fredhutch.org)
Cardiac3
  • We have investigated the mechanism by which the first experimental gap junction agonist, rotigaptide, helps preserve gap junction communication during a heart attack and slow the onset of lethal cardiac arrhythmias. (upstate.edu)
  • We have also begun investigating what effects novel types of anti-cancer drugs called histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have on cardiac gap junctions and the action potential they conduct. (upstate.edu)
  • Measurement of single channel currents from cardiac gap junctions. (upstate.edu)
Blocker2
  • The cytokine-induced dye coupling was reversibly inhibited by 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid, a gap junction blocker. (utmb.edu)
  • We show that waves of Ca(2+) spread from astrocytes to oligodendrocytes and that these waves are blocked by the broad-spectrum gap junction blocker carbenoxolone, but not the neuron-specific gap junction blocker quinine. (ulaval.ca)
Mutations2
  • Solute exchange through gap junctions lessens the adverse effects of inactivating mutations in metabolite-handling genes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In this regard, mutations impairing junction formation and/or adhesion lead to dorsal closure. (knaw.nl)
Fractions1
  • Analysis by SDS-PAGE of gap junction fractions isolated from heart suggests that the junctions are comprised of a protein with an Mr 43,000. (rupress.org)
Calcium1
  • Intercellular calcium signaling between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes via gap junctions in culture. (ulaval.ca)
Channel conductance1
  • Selectivity of connexin-specific gap junction channels does not correlate with channel conductance. (upstate.edu)
Vitro1
  • Both in vitro and in vivo the beneficial actions of the NSCs were abrogated by suppressing gap junction formation and function via pharmacologic and/ or RNA-inhibition strategies. (avhandlingar.se)
Mammalian1
  • We presented a poster on Mapping the network architecture of gap junctional coupling among parallel processing channels in the mammalian retina at the 2019 HHMI Connectomics meeting in Berlin today. (marclab.org)
Blocked gap junctional1
  • Mefloquine, at 25 μM, blocked gap junctional coupling between interneurons in neocortical slices, with minimal nonspecific actions. (uab.edu)
Extensively1
  • Cone-cone gap junction modulation has not been extensively studied, however, the presence of rod-cone gap junction modulation raises the possibility that the same is true for cone pairs. (imsa.edu)
Role2
  • In other organs, gap junctions have been shown to play an important role in tissue development and differentiation. (elsevier.com)
  • Role of gap junctions in adverse reproductive outcome. (cdc.gov)
Suggests1
  • Preliminary analysis suggests that the ratio of dephosphorylated to phosphorylated gap junctions is higher in dopamine versus the dopamine antagonist treated tissue. (imsa.edu)
Lateral1
  • Here, we report measurements of both the superconducting energy gap Δ and critical temperature T C in high-quality monocrystals of few-layer NbSe2, using planar-junction tunneling spectroscopy and lateral transport. (hse.ru)
Biological1
  • We are going to study the main concepts of gap junction mediated signaling and its biological importance. (coursera.org)
Rotigaptide1
  • Enhancement of ventricular gap junction coupling by rotigaptide. (upstate.edu)
Plaques1
  • RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Here, we show that Innexin 1, 2 and 3, are present in the ectoderm but also in the amnioserosa in plaques consistent with gap junctions. (knaw.nl)
Lucifer yellow1
  • We found that βGA greatly reduced gap junction-mediated intercellular transfer of Lucifer yellow and biocytin throughout the 8-day culture period. (elsevier.com)
Adjacent1
Tissue1
  • Cone-cone gap junctions were then imaged in the tissue slices and the colocalization of the antibody labels under the two conditions was quantified. (imsa.edu)
Membranes1
  • As you see the diagram in the slide, two cellular membranes are physically linked throughout ion channel like structure called gap junction. (coursera.org)