Ganglia
Retinal Ganglion Cells
Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.
Ganglia, Spinal
Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.
Basal Ganglia
Ganglia, Sympathetic
Ganglia, Autonomic
Clusters of neurons and their processes in the autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic ganglia, the preganglionic fibers from the central nervous system synapse onto the neurons whose axons are the postganglionic fibers innervating target organs. The ganglia also contain intrinsic neurons and supporting cells and preganglionic fibers passing through to other ganglia.
Trigeminal Ganglion
Ganglia, Parasympathetic
Ganglia, Sensory
Stellate Ganglion
Spiral Ganglion
Nodose Ganglion
Ganglia, Invertebrate
Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates. Invertebrate ganglia may also contain neuronal processes and non-neuronal supporting cells. Many invertebrate ganglia are favorable subjects for research because they have small numbers of functional neuronal types which can be identified from one animal to another.
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.
Neurons
Retina
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
Geniculate Ganglion
Optic Nerve
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Action Potentials
Autonomic Fibers, Preganglionic
NERVE FIBERS which project from the central nervous system to AUTONOMIC GANGLIA. In the sympathetic division most preganglionic fibers originate with neurons in the intermediolateral column of the SPINAL CORD, exit via ventral roots from upper thoracic through lower lumbar segments, and project to the paravertebral ganglia; there they either terminate in SYNAPSES or continue through the SPLANCHNIC NERVES to the prevertebral ganglia. In the parasympathetic division the fibers originate in neurons of the BRAIN STEM and sacral spinal cord. In both divisions the principal transmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE but peptide cotransmitters may also be released.
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Amacrine Cells
Sensory Receptor Cells
Optic Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the optic nerve induced by a trauma to the face or head. These may occur with closed or penetrating injuries. Relatively minor compression of the superior aspect of orbit may also result in trauma to the optic nerve. Clinical manifestations may include visual loss, PAPILLEDEMA, and an afferent pupillary defect.
Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage
Chick Embryo
Cell Count
Axotomy
Nerve Growth Factors
Synapses
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
Electrophysiology
Globus Pallidus
Hypogastric Plexus
Axonal Transport
Immunohistochemistry
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Visual Pathways
Autonomic Fibers, Postganglionic
Cats
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Synaptic Transmission
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Satellite Cells, Perineuronal
Transcription Factor Brn-3A
Hexamethonium Compounds
Cells, Cultured
Nerve Fibers
Neurites
In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.
Substance P
Transcription Factor Brn-3B
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.
Ganglionic Blockers
Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery.
In Situ Hybridization
Superior Colliculi
Rod Opsins
Patch-Clamp Techniques
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Dendrites
Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease
A pathological condition caused by impaired blood flow in the basal regions of cerebral hemispheres (BASAL GANGLIA), such as INFARCTION; HEMORRHAGE; or ISCHEMIA in vessels of this brain region including the lateral lenticulostriate arteries. Primary clinical manifestations include involuntary movements (DYSKINESIAS) and muscle weakness (HEMIPARESIS).
Photic Stimulation
Autonomic Nerve Block
Leeches
Guinea Pigs
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Aplysia
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)
Horseradish Peroxidase
Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
Tetrodotoxin
Vagus Nerve
The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).
Virus Latency
The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). In eukaryotes, subsequent activation and viral replication is thought to be caused by extracellular stimulation of cellular transcription factors. Latency in bacteriophage is maintained by the expression of virally encoded repressors.
Neuropeptides
Nociceptors
Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Sciatic Nerve
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
Neuroglia
The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
Enteric Nervous System
Two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. (From Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p766)
Disease Models, Animal
Neural Crest
The two longitudinal ridges along the PRIMITIVE STREAK appearing near the end of GASTRULATION during development of nervous system (NEURULATION). The ridges are formed by folding of NEURAL PLATE. Between the ridges is a neural groove which deepens as the fold become elevated. When the folds meet at midline, the groove becomes a closed tube, the NEURAL TUBE.
Nervous System
Models, Neurological
Choline O-Acetyltransferase
Spinal Cord
TRPV Cation Channels
Cranial Nerves
Urodela
Transcription Factor Brn-3
Retinal Bipolar Cells
Receptors, Purinergic P2X3
A purinergic P2X neurotransmitter receptor involved in sensory signaling of TASTE PERCEPTION, chemoreception, visceral distension, and NEUROPATHIC PAIN. The receptor comprises three P2X3 subunits. The P2X3 subunits are also associated with P2X2 RECEPTOR subunits in a heterotrimeric receptor variant.
Putamen
Macaca fascicularis
Peripheral Nervous System
The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.
Vision, Ocular
Neurofilament Proteins
Type III intermediate filament proteins that assemble into neurofilaments, the major cytoskeletal element in nerve axons and dendrites. They consist of three distinct polypeptides, the neurofilament triplet. Types I, II, and IV intermediate filament proteins form other cytoskeletal elements such as keratins and lamins. It appears that the metabolism of neurofilaments is disturbed in Alzheimer's disease, as indicated by the presence of neurofilament epitopes in the neurofibrillary tangles, as well as by the severe reduction of the expression of the gene for the light neurofilament subunit of the neurofilament triplet in brains of Alzheimer's patients. (Can J Neurol Sci 1990 Aug;17(3):302)
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Rats, Wistar
Neurotrophin 3
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Rana catesbeiana
Cell Survival
Subthalamic Nucleus
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nerves
The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.
Ciliary Body
Eye
Nervous System Physiological Phenomena
Myenteric Plexus
One of two ganglionated neural networks which together form the ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gut. Its neurons project to the circular muscle, to other myenteric ganglia, to submucosal ganglia, or directly to the epithelium, and play an important role in regulating and patterning gut motility. (From FASEB J 1989;3:127-38)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Sodium Channels
Virus Activation
The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses (PROVIRUSES) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, IONIZING RADIATION, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses.
Neural Conduction
Tubocurarine
Nephropidae
Optic Chiasm
The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes.
Hyperalgesia
Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells
Photosensitive afferent neurons located primarily within the FOVEA CENTRALIS of the MACULA LUTEA. There are three major types of cone cells (red, blue, and green) whose photopigments have different spectral sensitivity curves. Retinal cone cells operate in daylight vision (at photopic intensities) providing color recognition and central visual acuity.
Retinal Degeneration
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)
Neurotransmitter Agents
Histocytochemistry
Cochlea
Herpesvirus 1, Human
The type species of SIMPLEXVIRUS causing most forms of non-genital herpes simplex in humans. Primary infection occurs mainly in infants and young children and then the virus becomes latent in the dorsal root ganglion. It then is periodically reactivated throughout life causing mostly benign conditions.
Brachyura
Microelectrodes
Acetylcholine
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Sympathetic Nervous System
The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.
Oculomotor Nerve
The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain.
Nerve Endings
Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.
Aminobutyrates
Neural Inhibition
Nerve Growth Factor
Visual Fields
Retrograde Degeneration
Pathologic changes that occur in the axon and cell body of a neuron proximal to an axonal lesion. The process is characterized by central chromatolysis which features flattening and displacement of the nucleus, loss of Nissl bodies, and cellular edema. Central chromatolysis primarily occurs in lower motor neurons.
Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)
Schwann Cells
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and CHEMORECEPTOR CELLS of the carotid sinus.
NAV1.8 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel
Spinal Nerves
Parasympathetic Nervous System
The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.
Sympathectomy
Rabbits
Microscopy, Electron
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
Hexamethonium
A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.
Muscarine
Corpus Striatum
Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.
Ocular Hypertension
Photoreceptor Cells
Specialized cells that detect and transduce light. They are classified into two types based on their light reception structure, the ciliary photoreceptors and the rhabdomeric photoreceptors with MICROVILLI. Ciliary photoreceptor cells use OPSINS that activate a PHOSPHODIESTERASE phosphodiesterase cascade. Rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells use opsins that activate a PHOSPHOLIPASE C cascade.
Thalamus
Acetylcholinesterase
Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate
Carbocyanines
Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)
Optic Nerve Diseases
Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.
Dopamine
One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.
Fluorescent Dyes
Nerve Net
A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.
Serotonin
A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.
Neuralgia
Receptors, Nicotinic
One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.
Celiac Plexus
Simplexvirus
Physostigmine
Interneurons
Transcription Factor Brn-3C
Herpesvirus 3, Human
Substantia Nigra
Adaptation, Ocular
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Mechanoreceptors
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Mice, Transgenic
Caudate Nucleus
Microscopy, Confocal
Spinal Nerve Roots
Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.
Octopamine
An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.
Early specification of sensory neuron fate revealed by expression and function of neurogenins in the chick embryo. (1/953)
The generation of sensory and autonomic neurons from the neural crest requires the functions of two classes of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, the Neurogenins (NGNs) and MASH-1, respectively (Fode, C., Gradwohl, G., Morin, X., Dierich, A., LeMeur, M., Goridis, C. and Guillemot, F. (1998) Neuron 20, 483-494; Guillemot, F., Lo, L.-C., Johnson, J. E., Auerbach, A., Anderson, D. J. and Joyner, A. L. (1993) Cell 75, 463-476; Ma, Q., Chen, Z. F., Barrantes, I. B., de la Pompa, J. L. and Anderson, D. J. (1998 Neuron 20, 469-482). We have cloned two chick NGNs and found that they are expressed in a subset of neural crest cells early in their migration. Ectopic expression of the NGNs in vivo biases migrating neural crest cells to localize in the sensory ganglia, and induces the expression of sensory neuron-appropriate markers in non-sensory crest derivatives. Surprisingly, the NGNs can also induce the expression of multiple pan-neuronal and sensory-specific markers in the dermomyotome, a mesodermal derivative. Taken together, these data suggest that a subset of neural crest cells may already be specified for a sensory neuron fate early in migration, as a consequence of NGN expression. (+info)Rhythmic swimming activity in neurones of the isolated nerve cord of the leech. (2/953)
1. Repeating bursts of motor neurone impulses have been recorded from the nerves of completely isolated nerve cords of the medicinal leech. The salient features of this burst rhythm are similar to those obtained in the semi-intact preparation during swimming. Hence the basic swimming rhythm is generated by a central oscillator. 2. Quantitative comparisons between the impulse patterns obtained from the isolated nerve cord and those obtained from a semi-intact preparation show that the variation in both dorsal to ventral motor neurone phasing and burst duration with swim cycle period differ in these two preparations. 3. The increase of intersegmental delay with period, which is a prominent feature of swimming behaviour of the intact animal, is not seen in either the semi-intact or isolated cord preparations. 4. In the semi-intact preparation, stretching the body wall or depolarizing an inhibitory motor neurone changes the burst duration of excitatory motor neurones in the same segment. In the isolated nerve cord, these manipulations also change the period of the swim cycle in the entire cord. 5. These comparisons suggest that sensory input stabilizes the centrally generated swimming rhythm, determines the phasing of the bursts of impulses from dorsal and ventral motor neurones, and matches the intersegmental delay to the cycle period so as to maintain a constant body shape at all rates of swimming. (+info)Physiological properties and receptive fields of mechanosensory neurones in the head ganglion of the leech: comparison with homologous cells in segmental ganglia. (3/953)
A study of the head ganglion of the leech was made to compare the properties of specific sensory cells in this ganglion with those of homologous neurones in the segmental ganglia. 1. In the head ganglion, cells were identified that had electrical properties, sensory modalities and adaptation properties similar to those of touch (T), pressure (P) and nociceptive (N) cells in the segmental ganglia. The cell bodies of these neurones were situated in characteristics positions that could be correlated with those in the segmental ganglia. Several lines of evidence suggested that they were primary sensory neurones. Fewer T, P and N neurones were identified in the head ganglion than would be expected from its six constituent segmental ganglia. 2. The receptive fields of identified T, P and N cells were situated on the external surface of the head and the interior of the mouth with considerable overlap. They were generally smaller in size than those situated on the main part of the body. The receptive fields were also displaced anteriorly so that some of them were situated in segments anterior to those of the innervating cells. 3. The morphology of the sensory cells in the head ganglion was studied by intracellular injection of horseradish perioxidase. The general branching characteristics of the cells and the structural appearance of their processes resembled those of homologous cells in the segmental ganglia. However, the routes taken to the periphery by some of the cells were not constant from head ganglion to head ganglion. This variability was confirmed by electrophysiological evidence, and differed from the constancy seen in segmental sensory cells. (+info)Receptive fields, geometry and conduction block of sensory neurones in the central nervous system of the leech. (4/953)
1. In segmental ganglia of the leech, the cutaneous mechanosensory neurones responding to to touch innervated the skin of their own segment and of part of the anterior and posterior adjacent segments. Each touch receptive field could be divided into three non-overlapping areas: a central part innervated by the branches of the cell which ran in the nerve roots of the ganglion containing the cell body, and anterior and posterior parts innervated by its branches which ran in the nerve roots of the anterior and posterior adjacent ganglia. 2. Impulses originating from the anterior and posterior parts of the receptive fields were susceptible to conduction block within the central nervous system when the touch cells fired repetitively at frequencies that could readily be elicited with weak mechanical stimulation. In contrast, impulses originating from the central part of the receptive fields were less susceptible to block. 3. The morphology of touch cells revealed by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase suggested that conduction block occurred at specific bifurcation points where small cell processes joined the main process. Different physiological experiments supported this conclusion. 4. In some touch cells, bifurcation points with particularly low safety margins of conduction operated as low-pass filters, limiting the frequency of impulses capable of invading certain branches. 5. The results suggest that mechanical stimuli which would likely be encountered by the animal can lead to conduction block within its central nervous system and as a result modify its integrative activities. (+info)Dopaminergic synapses mediate neuronal changes in an analogue of operant conditioning. (5/953)
Feeding behavior in Aplysia can be modified by operant conditioning in which contingent reinforcement is conveyed by the esophageal nerve (E n.). A neuronal analogue of this conditioning in the isolated buccal ganglia was developed by using stimulation of E n. as an analogue of contingent reinforcement. Previous studies indicated that E n. may release dopamine. We used a dopamine antagonist (methylergonovine) to investigate whether dopamine mediated the enhancement of motor patterns in the analogue of operant conditioning. Methylergonovine blocked synaptic connections from the reinforcement pathway and the contingent-dependent enhancement of the reinforced pattern. These results suggest that dopamine mediates at least part of the neuronal modifications induced by contingent reinforcement. (+info)Detection of caprine herpesvirus 1 in sacral ganglia of latently infected goats by PCR. (6/953)
A study of the latency of caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV.1) was carried out with four latently infected goats. Three goats were treated with dexamethasone and euthanized after 4 and 6 days. PCR and virus isolation allowed us to detect CpHV.1 only in the third and fourth sacral ganglia of the two animals euthanized 6 days after the start of treatment. (+info)Extraventricular neurocytoma with ganglionic differentiation associated with complex partial seizures. (7/953)
We report an unusual case of extraventricular ("cerebral") neurocytoma with ganglion cells located in the right temporal lobe in a 9-year-old girl with complex partial seizures and precocious puberty. CT showed a calcified mass with central cystic zones. MR imaging showed a markedly hyperintense predominately solid tumor on both T1- and T2-weighted images, without appreciable contrast enhancement. Cerebral neurocytomas are histologically benign and radical surgery is curative; they should be included in the differential diagnosis of temporal lobe tumors in children. (+info)An analysis of herpes simplex virus gene expression during latency establishment and reactivation. (8/953)
In order to facilitate an analysis of the pattern of herpes simplex virus gene expression during latency establishment and reactivation, recombinant viruses containing the lacZ reporter gene under control of either the immediate early 110 (IE110) promoter or the latency-associated promoter have been constructed. Histochemical staining of ganglia taken from mice infected with these viruses allows for the rapid identification and quantification of sensory neurones in which these two promoters are active. Using the mouse ear model, this study demonstrates that, during the establishment of latency in vivo, IE110 promoter activity is only detectable in ganglia which provide innervation to the site of virus inoculation. Latency, however, is efficiently established not only in these ganglia, but also in adjacent ganglia whose neurones do not innervate the ear, and in which there was no evidence of IE110 expression during the acute phase of infection. This implies that replication-competent virus can efficiently establish latency in the absence of detectable IE110 expression. In addition, it has been possible to investigate viral gene expression in neurones following ganglionic explant culture by monitoring IE110 promoter-driven lacZ expression within reactivating neurones. This study shows that virus can be reactivated from all latently infected ganglia, but that reactivation appears to be more efficient from ganglia which provide innervation to the site of infection. The implications of these results for the mechanisms involved in latency establishment and reactivation are discussed. (+info)
Difference between revisions of The Central Ganglion - ZineWiki - the history and culture of zines, independent media and the...
Peripheral Ganglia - Human Anatomy
The Central Ganglion: 2009
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Peripheral ganglia and the eye : a connection tracing study</em>...
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what is ganglion? explain in terms of cns and cell bodies. - askIITians
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Excision of a Ganglion
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gmond.conf: configuration file for ganglia monitoring - Linux Man Pages (5)
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semilunar ganglion
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神经节 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
AN APACHE GIRLS PUBERTY DRESS. c. 1910... (Total: 2 Items) | Lot #74209 | Heritage Auctions
Spontaneous activity in the statoacoustic ganglion of the chicken embryo<...
Abstract 18522: Atrial Ganglionated Plexus Stimulation Prevents Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Arrhythmias by Preserving...
Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase and nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in the intramural ganglia of guinea pig urinary...
Excitation evoked by FMRFamide and FLRFamide in the heart of Buccinum undatum and evidence for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate as...
Peripheral ganglia in healthy rats as target structures for the evaluation of PSMA imaging agents | BMC Cancer | Full Text
Plus it
THE DISTRIBUTION OF SEVERAL AMINO ACIDS IN SPECIFIC GANGLIA AND NERVE BUNDLES OF THE LOBSTER<...
Plus it
Buccal Ganglia Map
Located in :Category:Segmental ganglion - NeuroLex
Neuropeptides, amines and amino acids in an elementary insect ganglion: functional and chemical anatomy of the unfused...
Ganglia and Nagios, Part 1: Monitor enterprise clusters with Ganglia
Ganglion
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Ganglion - Wicipedia
Monitoring with Ganglia by Matt Massie, Bernard Li, Brad Nicholes, Vladimir Vuksan - Jian Kang Di E-books
Linux Ganglia Tutorials
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BORT Ganglion Support
The distribution of fibrous flexor sheath ganglions.
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app-packages/storm-v0 91/ganglia metrics.json - incubator-retired-slider - Git at Google
Oskar Vogt
Basal ganglia[edit]. The Vogts greatly contributed to the analysis of what is known today as the basal ganglia system. Their ...
Cranial nerves
Ganglia[edit]. Main article: Cranial nerve ganglia. Some of the cranial nerves have sensory or parasympathetic ganglia ( ... The sensory ganglia are directly correspondent to dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves and are known as cranial sensory ganglia ... The trigeminal ganglia of the trigeminal nerve (V) occupies a space in the dura mater called Trigeminal cave. This ganglion ... inferior ganglion of vagus nerve (nodose ganglion) is located below the jugular foramen and contains the cell bodies of the ...
Neural pathway
Basal ganglia pathways and dopamine[edit]. Neural pathways in the basal ganglia in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical ... inner ear: Hair cells → Spiral ganglion → Cochlear nerve VIII →. *pons: Cochlear nucleus (Anterior, Dorsal) → Trapezoid body → ... Basal ganglia. direct:. 1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic ...
Abulia
Damage to the basal ganglia[edit]. Injuries to the frontal lobe and/or the basal ganglia can interfere with an individual's ... of patients with lesions on their basal ganglia suffer from some form of diminished motivation.[2] ... frontal circuits through which the flow of information from the entire cortex takes place before reaching the basal ganglia. ...
Dopamine transporter
Basal Ganglia. 6 (3): 123-148. doi:10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001. PMC 4850498. PMID 27141430. Despite the challenges in ...
Dextroamphetamine
Basal ganglia regions like the right globus pallidus, the right putamen, and the nucleus caudatus are structurally affected in ... Basal Ganglia. 6 (3): 123-148. doi:10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001. PMC 4850498. PMID 27141430. Despite the challenges in ... such as the right caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia. Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and ...
Selegiline
Csoti I, Storch A, Müller W, Jost WH (December 1, 2012). "Drug interactions with selegiline versus rasagiline". Basal Ganglia. ... basal ganglia, midbrain, and cingulate gyrus. Selegiline is mostly metabolized in the intestines and liver; it and its ...
GPR88
Basal Ganglia. 1 (2): 83-89. doi:10.1016/j.baga.2011.04.001. PMC 3144573. PMID 21804954. v t e GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ...
Amphetamine
Basal ganglia regions like the right globus pallidus, the right putamen, and the nucleus caudatus are structurally affected in ... including the basal ganglia, frontal cortex, and thalamus (Colasanti et al. 2012). Oral administration of d-amphetamine, 0.5 mg ... Basal Ganglia. 6 (3): 123-148. doi:10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001. PMC 4850498. PMID 27141430. Despite the challenges in ... such as the right caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia. Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and ...
Methylphenidate
Basal ganglia regions like the right globus pallidus, the right putamen, and the nucleus caudatus are structurally affected in ... Basal Ganglia. 6 (3): 123-148. doi:10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001. PMC 4850498. PMID 27141430. Despite the challenges in ...
Cannabinoid receptor type 1
Basal gangliaEdit. CB1 receptors are expressed throughout the basal ganglia and have well-established effects on movement in ... Dorsal root ganglion also express these receptors, which target a variety of peripheral terminals involved in nociception. ... In the retina, they are expressed in the photoreceptors, inner plexiform, outer plexiform, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and ... This alters vertical transmission between photoreceptor, bipolar and ganglion cells. Altering vertical transmission in turn ...
Thoracic splanchnic nerves
The celiac ganglia with the sympathetic plexuses of the abdominal viscera radiating from the ganglia. ... Its fibers synapse with their postganglionic counterparts in the superior mesenteric ganglia, or in the aorticorenal ganglion. ... Ganglia. Description. greater[1]. T5-T9 or T5-T10[2]. The nerve travels through the diaphragm and enters the abdominal cavity, ... The nerve's origins can be remembered by the "4-3-2 rule", accounting for the number of ganglia giving rise to each nerve. ...
Joseph Jules Dejerine
The Basal Ganglia IX. Springer. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-4419-0340-2. Robert H. Wilkins; Irwin A. Brody (1997). Neurological Classics ...
MPP+
The Basal Ganglia II. Advances in Behavioral Biology. 32. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 169-173. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5347-8_11. ...
Menton J. Matthews III
"Ganglion". Discogs.com. Retrieved June 30, 2012. "Ganglion". allmusic.com. Retrieved July 1, 2012. "Monocyte". allmusic.com. ... His debut album "Ganglion" was released in 2006 under Suspicious Records, a sub-label of Hive Records. He started cooperation ...
David Husvik
Then Comes Affliction to Awaken the Dreamer Ganglion 2002: Ganglion (7") 2003: Stripped Aperture 2006: Salvage Doctor Midnight ... He also performed in a side-project of Extol called Ganglion. Husvik began his musical career with Extol. The band has been ... "Ganglion". MusicMight. Archived from the original on October 28, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2016. Röffentlicht, Ve (July 11, ... mpo (July 13, 2002). "An interview with... Ganglion". Art For The Ears Webzine. Retrieved October 28, 2016. Greiner, Matt ( ...
Bipolar neuron
In the spinal gangliaEdit. Bipolar cells are also found in the spinal ganglia, when the cells are in an embryonic condition. ... Common examples are the retina bipolar cell, the ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve,[2] the extensive use of bipolar cells ... The majority of the bipolar neurons belonging to the vestibular nerve exist within the vestibular ganglion with axons extending ... one of the fibers is really derived from an adjoining nerve cell and is passing to end in a ramification around the ganglion ...
Procedural memory
Striatum and basal gangliaEdit. Further information on the Striatum: Striatum. Further information on the Basal Ganglia: Basal ... 1999). "MRI study of basal ganglia volumes in drug-naive first-episode patients with schizophrenia". Schizophr Res. 36: 202.. ... Parent, A (1990). "Extrinsic connections of the basal ganglia". Trends Neurosci. 13: 254-258. doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90105-j. ... The cerebellum, hippocampus, neostriatum, and basal ganglia were identified as being involved in memory acquisition tasks.[2] ...
Medial globus pallidus
Basal ganglia. direct:. 1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic ... The medial globus pallidus (or internal globus pallidus, GPi) is one of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia (the other being ... As the medial globus pallidus, along with the substantia nigra pars reticulata, forms the output of the basal ganglia, these ... As the medial globus pallidus is one of the direct output centers of the basal ganglia, this causes disinihibtion of the ...
Olfactory tubercle
... within the basal ganglia). The structure of the most ventral and anterior parts of the tubercle can be defined as anatomically ... where they form bulges in the ventricles that later become the basal ganglia, present only in embryonic stages) and the ... These visual sensory fibers arrive from the retinal ganglion cells. Thus, the olfactory tubercle may play a role in the ...
Splanchnic nerves
intrinsic ganglia of descending and sigmoid colon, rectum, and inferior hypogastric plexus and ganglia to the pelvic viscera. ... Inferior mesenteric ganglia, ganglia of intermesenteric and hypogastric plexuses. Sacral splanchnic nerves. sacral part of ... inferior hypogastric plexus and ganglia to the pelvic viscera. Pelvic splanchnic nerves. parasympathetic. S2-S4. ... cervical and upper thoracic ganglia. Thoracic cavity. Thoracic splanchnic nerves. generally. Presynaptic. lower thoracic ...
Thalamocortical radiations
Basal ganglia. direct:. 1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic ... The Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop has been traditionally associated with reward-learning and though has also been ...
Internal globus pallidus
Basal ganglia. direct:. 1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic ... The GPi is one of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia (the other being the substantia nigra pars reticulata). The GABAergic ... The place of subthalamic nucleus and external pallidium in basal ganglia circuitry". Brain Research Reviews. 20 (1): 128-154. ... As the GPi is one of the direct output centers of the basal ganglia, this causes disinhibition of the thalamus, increasing ...
Vestibulospinal tract
inner ear: Hair cells → Spiral ganglion → Cochlear nerve VIII →. *pons: Cochlear nucleus (Anterior, Dorsal) → Trapezoid body → ... Basal ganglia. direct:. 1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic ...
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Basal ganglia. direct:. 1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic ...
Postcentral gyrus
Basal ganglia. direct:. 1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic ...
Olfactory bulb
Rostral basal ganglia of the human brain and associated structures. Basal ganglia. ...
Trochophore
1 - ganglia. 2 - apical tuft. 3 - prototroch. 4 - metatroch. 5 - nephridium. 6 - anus. 7 - protonephridia. 8 - gastrointestinal ...
Hippocampus
... hippocampal dysfunction might produce an alteration of dopamine release in the basal ganglia, thereby indirectly affecting the ...
List of regions in the human brain
Basal ganglia. direct:. 1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic ...
Ganglion Cysts - Causes, Symptoms and Treatment - The Hand Society
Ganglion cysts are very common lumps within the hand and wrist. The most common locations are the top of the wrist, the palm ... How to Know If You Have a Ganglion Cyst. 5 treatment options for a Ganglion Cyst. Ask a Doctor: Ganglion Cysts. Video: Signs, ... Ganglion cysts are usually oval or round and may be soft or firm. Cysts at the base of the finger on the palm side are ... Ganglion cysts are very common lumps within the hand and wrist that occur adjacent to joints or tendons. The most common ...
Ganglia / Mailing Lists
ganglia-developers [Ganglia-developers] gmetad unable to write preamble/epilog ?. From: Ramon Bastiaans ,[email protected], - ... Ganglia. Scalable, distributed monitoring system for high-performance computing Brought to you by: bernardli, bnicholes, ...
Pterygopalatine ganglion - Wikipedia
The pterygopalatine ganglion (Meckels ganglion, nasal ganglion or sphenopalatine ganglion) is a parasympathetic ganglion found ... It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck, the others being the submandibular ganglion, otic ganglion, and ... The pterygopalatine ganglion and its branches (pterygopalatine ganglion visible but not labeled, as large yellow ganglion in ... The pterygopalatine ganglion (of Meckel), the largest of the parasympathetic ganglia associated with the branches of the ...
commit ganglia for openSUSE:Factory
Factory/ganglia/ganglia.changes 2017-11-13 14:06:14.293494423 +0100 +++ /work/SRC/openSUSE:Factory/.ganglia.new/ganglia.changes ... Factory/ganglia (Old) and /work/SRC/openSUSE:Factory/.ganglia.new (New ... commit ganglia for openSUSE:Factory root Sun, 11 Mar 2018 07:26:17 -0700 ... Package is ganglia Sun Mar 11 15:25:27 2018 rev:3 rq:585107 version:3.7.2 Changes: -------- --- /work/SRC/openSUSE: ...
Chapter 8C: The Basal Ganglia
The basal ganglia represent the largest component, and include the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus. The pars reticulata ... Chapter 8C - The Basal Ganglia. Anatomy. The extrapyramidal system consists of a series of functionally related nuclei in the ... Most of the output from the basal ganglia goes through the thalamus to the cerebral cortex, effecting movement by influencing ... Many neurons in the basal ganglia begin to show activity before movement actually takes place. These have been termed "getting ...
BTS#539204] ganglia
vestibular ganglion
The ganglion of the vestibular nerve. It contains the cell bodies of the bipolar primary afferent neurons whose peripheral ... The ganglion of the vestibular nerve. It contains the cell bodies of the bipolar primary afferent neurons whose peripheral ... The vestibular fibers arise in bipolar cells in the vestibular ganglion in the internal acoustic meatus. ... vestibular ganglion. Go to external page http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002824 Copy ...
Ganglion - Wiktionary
cardiac ganglion
Synonyms: cardiac ganglia set ganglia cardiaca Wrisberg ganglion ganglion of Wrisberg cardiac ganglion of Wrisberg ... Any of the parasympathetic ganglia of the cardiac plexus between the arch of the aorta and the bifurcation of the pulmonary ... Any of the parasympathetic ganglia of the cardiac plexus between the arch of the aorta and the bifurcation of the pulmonary ... cardiac ganglion. Go to external page http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0014463 Copy ...
Basal ganglia dysfunction: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Basal ganglia dysfunction is a problem with the deep brain structures that help start and control movement. ... Basal ganglia dysfunction is a problem with the deep brain structures that help start and control movement. ... Damage to the basal ganglia cells may cause problems controlling speech, movement, and posture. This combination of symptoms is ... A person with basal ganglia dysfunction may have difficulty starting, stopping, or sustaining movement. Depending on which area ...
RPM resource ganglia-devel
ganglia-devel-3.7.2-23.fc29.s390x.rpm. ganglia-devel-3.7.2-23.fc29.x86_64.html. Ganglia Library. Fedora 29 for x86_64. ganglia- ... ganglia-devel-3.7.2-20.fc28.s390x.rpm. ganglia-devel-3.7.2-20.fc28.x86_64.html. Ganglia Library. Fedora 28 for x86_64. ganglia- ... ganglia-devel-3.7.2-17.fc27.s390x.rpm. ganglia-devel-3.7.2-17.fc27.x86_64.html. Ganglia Library. Fedora 27 for x86_64. ganglia- ... ganglia-devel-3.7.2-23.fc29.i686.rpm. ganglia-devel-3.7.2-23.fc29.i686.html. Ganglia Library. Fedora Rawhide for i386. ganglia- ...
basal ganglia - Everything2.com
The main parts of the basal ganglia are the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus. Located on either side of ... The connections between the basal ganglia and the substantia nigra suggest that the basal ganglia may play a role in the plan ... Damage to the basal ganglia produces severe deficits in motor ability, but the neuronal activation in the basal ganglia ... Much of the output of the basal ganglia is directed at the primary motor cortex, and the motor nuclei of the brain stem. It is ...
Urban Dictionary: basal ganglia
Ganglion cyst - NHS
A ganglion cyst is a fluid-filled swelling that develops near a joint or tendon. The cyst can range from the size of a pea to ... Ganglion cyst A ganglion cyst is a fluid-filled swelling that usually develops near a joint or tendon. The cyst can range from ... Theres always a chance a ganglion cyst will come back after treatment. This is more likely if the ganglion is on certain areas ... Ganglion cysts look and feel like a smooth lump under the skin. Theyre made up of a thick, jelly-like fluid called synovial ...
Ganglion | Encyclopedia.com
A ganglion is also called a synovial hernia or synovial cyst. Description A ganglion is a non-cancerous cyst filled with a ... Ganglion Definition A ganglion is a small, usually hard bump above a tendon or in the capsule that encloses a joint. ... A ganglion is also called a synovial hernia or synovial cyst.. Description. A ganglion is a non-cancerous cyst filled with a ... ganglion (gang-li-ŏn) n. (pl. ganglia) 1. (in neurology) any structure containing a collection of nerve cell bodies and often ...
Celiac ganglia - Wikipedia
They are sometimes referred to as the semilunar ganglia or the solar ganglia. The celiac ganglion is part of the sympathetic ... The celiac ganglia or coeliac ganglia are two large irregularly shaped masses of nerve tissue in the upper abdomen. Part of the ... The main preganglion neurotransmitter of the celiac ganglion is acetylcholine, yet the celiac ganglion-mesenteric complex also ... the two celiac ganglia are the largest ganglia in the ANS, and they innervate most of the digestive tract. They have the ...
Lumbar ganglia - Wikipedia
The lumbar ganglia are paravertebral ganglia located in the inferior portion of the sympathetic trunk. The lumbar portion of ... Paravertebral ganglia are divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral ganglia. Each controls different glands and ... Superiorly, it is continuous with thoracic sympathetic ganglion and inferiorly continuous with sacral sympathetic ganglion. ... The upper two lumbar ganglia (L1 and L2) of the sympathetic chain also give rise to the lumbar splanchnic nerves. Splanchnic ...
The Basal Ganglia III | Giorgio Bernardi | Springer
This volume represents the collected papers presented at the Third Triennial Symposium of the International Basal Ganglia ... The Basal Ganglia III. Editors: Bernardi, G., Carpenter, M.B., Di Chiara, G., Morelli, M., Stanzione, P. (Eds.) ... The 80 papers collected here reflect the wide spectrum and the depth of studies on virtually all aspects of the basal ganglia. ... This volume represents the collected papers presented at the Third Triennial Symposium of the International Basal Ganglia ...
Re: [Ganglia-developers] Thoughts on host spoofing
... Spike Spiegel. * *Re: [Ganglia-developers] Thoughts on host spoof... Rick ... Ganglia-developers] Thoughts on host spoofing Spike Spiegel. * *Re: [Ganglia-developers] Thoughts on host spoofing Brad ... Re: [Ganglia-developers] Thoughts on host spoofing Spike Spiegel Fri, 06 Feb 2009 01:40:47 -0800 ... Ganglia-developers mailing list Ganglia[email protected] https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/ganglia- ...
basal ganglia | Journal of Neuroscience
Hail, Hail, The Ganglia's All Here | The New Yorker
Ganglion Removal, Causes & Symptoms
Read about causes, symptoms, treatment, and removal (surgery). Learn what ganglia look like and where cysts form (wrist, foot, ... A ganglion is a cyst that typically forms along a tendon in the hand or wrist. ... Doctors diagnose a ganglion by physical examination. These ganglions can usually be felt on examination. A ganglion can be a ... A ganglion is a cyst formed by the synovium that is filled with a thick jelly-like fluid. While ganglia can follow local trauma ...
Gasserian ganglion | Encyclopedia.com
J. L. Gasser (1723-65), Austrian anatomist] Source for information on Gasserian ganglion: A Dictionary of Nursing dictionary. ... a ganglion on the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve, deep within the skull. [ ... Gasserian ganglion (gas-eer-iăn) n. a ganglion on the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve, deep within the skull. [ J. L. ... www.encyclopedia.com/caregiving/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/gasserian-ganglion ...
Ganglion - Wikipedia
Ganglion» har flere betydninger.. Ganglion eller ganglie er innen anatomien en samling med nervevev.[1] I nevrologiske ... å få amputert sentrale deler av ganglion-nettet. Mest kjent er kanskje kakerlakker, som kan overleve å få hodet fjernet. ... Hentet fra «https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganglion&oldid=19390709» ...
Ciliary Ganglion
Biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease: MedlinePlus Genetics
... including a group of structures in the brain called the basal ganglia, which help control movement. Explore symptoms, ... Biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease is a disorder that affects the nervous system, ... Biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease should be renamed biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease: a retrospective ... Biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease is caused by mutations in the SLC19A3 gene. This gene provides instructions ...
duh · ganglia/[email protected] · GitHub
Ganglia and Nagios, Part 2: Monitor enterprise clusters with Nagios
The article also shows you how to unite Nagios with Ganglia (from Part 1) and add two other features to Nagios for standard ... article in a two-part series that looks at a hands-on approach to monitoring a data center using the open source tools Ganglia ... cp /tmp/ganglia-3.1.1/contrib/check_ganglia.py \ /usr/local/nagios/libexec/. check_ganglia. is a cool Python script that you ... define servicegroup { servicegroup_name ganglia-metrics alias Ganglia Metrics } define command { command_name check_ganglia ...
Ganglia and Nagios, Part 1: Monitor enterprise clusters with Ganglia
Also learn how to add more monitoring capability by writing Ganglia plug-ins and by enabling external-source spoofing. ... In Part 1, see how to install and configure Ganglia, the scalable, distributed monitoring system for high-performance clusters ... article in a two-part series that looks at a hands-on approach to monitoring a data center using the open source tools Ganglia ... Ganglia and Nagios, Part 1. Monitor enterprise clusters with Ganglia. Install, configure, and extend open source Ganglia to ...
Spiral ganglion | anatomy | Britannica.com
... which lead to the spiral ganglion of Corti in the modiolus of the cochlea. The spiral ganglion sends axons into the cochlear ... Other articles where Spiral ganglion is discussed: human ear: Transduction of mechanical vibrations: …endings, ... endings, which lead to the spiral ganglion of Corti in the modiolus of the cochlea. The spiral ganglion sends axons into the ... of nerve cell bodies, the spiral ganglion, located in the modiolus of the cochlea. The neurons of the spiral ganglion are ...
NeuronsRelated to the basal gangliaIncluding in the basal gangliaFibersSymptomsKnown as the basal gangliaNucleus of the basal gangliaCircuitry of the basal gangliaSuggest that the basal gangliaCiliary ganglionVestibular ganglionSubmaxillary ganglionNuclei of the basalHitting a ganglion cystSympatheticAxonsCranialCauses ganglion cystsVertebrate Basal GangliaEfferentPostganglionicScalableDiagnose a ganglionCerebralPluralType of ganglionPrevent the ganglionParasympathetic gangliaInnervateDefinitionCaudateImpar BlockCyst RemovalOtic ganglionCeliac gangliaBasal ganglionSpiral ganglionCysts disappearGasserian-ganglionTrigeminal ganglionSphenopalatine ganglionPterygopalatine ganglionSynovial fluidSubstantia nigraLatently infectedGroup of interconnectedNerve cell bodiesLumpMetricsSoft tissue tumorsGlobus pallidus
Neurons17
- In the pterygopalatine ganglion, the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the greater petrosal branch of the facial nerve synapse with neurons whose postganglionic axons, vasodilator, and secretory fibers are distributed with the deep branches of the trigeminal nerve to the mucous membrane of the nose , soft palate , tonsils , uvula , roof of the mouth, upper lip and gums, and upper part of the pharynx . (wikipedia.org)
- receives presynaptic sympathetic fibers from the lesser splanchnic nerves that synapse in the ganglia with postsynaptic sympathetic neurons that extend along the superior mesenteric and renal arteries. (drugs.com)
- Most of the fibers of the superior ovarian nerve come from the postganglionic sympathetic neurons of the celiac ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
- Each controls different glands and muscle groups since each muscle and gland receives input from postganglionic neurons that originated from different levels of paravertebral ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
- Presynaptic neurons traveling from the spinal cord terminate in the paravertebral ganglia (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral) or the prevertebral ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
- Neurotransmitters are released in the paravertebral ganglia to activate the postganglionic neurons to send efferent sympathetic output to the lower extremities to prepare the body for the "fight or flight" responses. (wikipedia.org)
- The neurons of the spiral ganglion are called bipolar cells because they have two sets of processes, or fibres, that extend from opposite ends of the cell body. (britannica.com)
- Pterygopalatine ganglion cells innervate the vasculature of the brain and eye as well as the lacrimal gland, nasal glands, and palatine glands, while neurons of the submandibular ganglion innervate the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. (britannica.com)
- The cluster of neurons known as the basal ganglia is a central hub for regulating a vast array of routine motor and behavior functions. (news-medical.net)
- With the detailed circuit map in hand, we can now plan studies to identify the specific information conveyed by each pathway, how this information impacts downstream neurons to control movement and how dysfunction in each output pathway leads to the diverse symptoms of basal ganglia diseases. (news-medical.net)
- Earlier studies of Parkinson's disease showed that, in patients with the disorder, dopamine-producing neurons in the basal ganglia area die, resulting in less dopamine transmission. (dnalc.org)
- Randall C. O'Reilly of the University of Colorado at Boulder, says that a subset of neurons in the basal ganglia actually become more active with the depleted dopamine transmission produced by punishment. (dnalc.org)
- Dorsal root ganglia (also known as the spinal ganglia) contain the cell bodies of sensory (afferent) neurons . (wikipedia.org)
- Cranial nerve ganglia contain the cell bodies of cranial nerve neurons. (wikipedia.org)
- The net effect of basal ganglia activation through this so-called direct pathway is thus excitiation of cortical neurons. (wikibooks.org)
- The subthalamic nucleus, on the other hand, forms part of an internal loop within the basal ganglia that via excitation of a portion of the globus pallidus has a net inhibitory effect on the cortical neurons, so called indirect pathway. (wikibooks.org)
- In parkinson's disease, the selective death of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta that use the neurotransmitter dopamine increases the excitatotry tone of the direct pathway through basal ganglia. (wikibooks.org)
Related to the basal ganglia1
- It is our hope that vast scientific efforts reflected in these pages will be widely disseminated and further encourage every kind of research related to the basal ganglia. (springer.com)
Including in the basal ganglia1
- Using medical imaging, generalized swelling as well as specific areas of damage (lesions) in the brain can often be seen, including in the basal ganglia. (medlineplus.gov)
Fibers12
- The ganglion also consists of sympathetic efferent (postganglionic) fibers from the superior cervical ganglion . (wikipedia.org)
- These fibers, from the superior cervical ganglion, travel through the carotid plexus , and then through the deep petrosal nerve . (wikipedia.org)
- The vestibular fibers arise in bipolar cells in the vestibular ganglion in the internal acoustic meatus. (ebi.ac.uk)
- The celiac ganglion is part of the sympathetic prevertebral chain possessing a great variety of specific receptors and neurotransmitters such as catecholamines, neuropeptides, and nitric oxide and constitutes a modulation center in the pathway of the afferent and efferent fibers between the central nervous system and the ovary. (wikipedia.org)
- The main preganglion neurotransmitter of the celiac ganglion is acetylcholine, yet the celiac ganglion-mesenteric complex also contain α and β adrenergic receptors and is innervated by fibers of adrenergic nature that come from other preaortic ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
- The lumbar splanchnic nerves arise from the ganglia here, and contribute sympathetic efferent fibers to the nearby plexuses. (wikipedia.org)
- The spiral ganglion fibers create the cochlear nerve. (innerbody.com)
- A small parasympathetic ganglion suspended from the lingual nerve, with its postganglionic branches going to the submandibular and sublingual glands and its preganglionic fibers coming from the salivary nucleus. (dictionary.com)
- [2] [3] Ganglia house the cell bodies of afferent nerves (input nerve fibers) and efferent nerves (output/motor nerve fibers), or axons . (wikipedia.org)
- A pseudoganglion looks like a ganglion, but only has nerve fibers and has no nerve cell bodies. (wikipedia.org)
- In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the central nervous system to the ganglia are known as preganglionic fibers , while those from the ganglia to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers . (wikipedia.org)
- A pseudoganglion is a localized thickening of the main part or trunk of a nerve that has the appearance of a ganglion [5] but has only nerve fibers and no nerve cell bodies. (wikipedia.org)
Symptoms9
- Where do ganglia form and what symptoms do they cause? (medicinenet.com)
- The signs and symptoms of biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease usually begin between the ages of 3 and 10, but the disorder can appear at any age. (medlineplus.gov)
- What Are the Signs & Symptoms of a Ganglion Cyst? (kidshealth.org)
- It should be kept in mind that each type of ganglion can cause local symptoms, depending on its anatomic location. (medscape.com)
- The symptoms that may be indicative of a disorder in the basal ganglia include athetosis, which is characterized by an inability to maintain a single position for a muscle group. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
- Treatment of basal ganglia disorders involve the administration of medications that help in controlling the symptoms. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
- Whether you have symptoms or not, your ganglion cyst can benefit from medical evaluation. (webmd.com)
- What are the symptoms and characteristics of ganglion cysts? (webmd.com)
- Mucous cyst ganglions usually occur when osteoarthritis symptoms develop, at middle age or older. (rexhealth.com)
Known as the basal ganglia1
- A group of nucleic structures in the brain located at bottom of the fore brain and connected to the thalamus and cerebral cortex and other areas is known as the basal ganglia. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
Nucleus of the basal ganglia3
- Now, researchers at the University of California San Diego, Columbia University's Zuckerman Institute and their colleagues have generated a precise map of brain connectivity from the largest output nucleus of the basal ganglia, an area known as the substantia nigra pars reticulata, or SNr. (news-medical.net)
- Striatum is the largest nucleus of the basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)
- 1989). While still serving this function, it is now also considered a second important input nucleus of the basal ganglia (Nambu et al. (scholarpedia.org)
Circuitry of the basal ganglia2
- Contributions to the volume from leading basal ganglia researchers altogether relate the neural architecture and functional circuitry of the basal ganglia, its interactions with other major systems of the brain, its neurotransmitter and signaling mechanisms, its role in multiple cognitive and behavioral domains and in various neurocognitive, neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. (springer.com)
- Given the complex circuitry of the basal ganglia, research has suggested that they also are a coordination system. (dnalc.org)
Suggest that the basal ganglia2
- The connections between the basal ganglia and the substantia nigra suggest that the basal ganglia may play a role in the plan ning and initiation of self-triggered (i.e. voluntary ) movement. (everything2.com)
- Convergent lines of evidence suggest that the basal ganglia are importantly involved in the control of voluntary, goal-directed behaviour. (europa.eu)
Ciliary ganglion3
- It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck, the others being the submandibular ganglion , otic ganglion , and ciliary ganglion . (wikipedia.org)
- The ciliary ganglion is a small ganglion associated with the ophthalmic nerve that descends from the trigeminal ganglion. (innerbody.com)
- Nerves of the orbit, and the ciliary ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
Vestibular ganglion1
- What made you want to look up vestibular ganglion ? (merriam-webster.com)
Submaxillary ganglion1
- Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular nerves, and the submaxillary ganglion . (wikipedia.org)
Nuclei of the basal2
- The experiments will be done with lesions of specific nuclei of the basal ganglia of rats and monkeys which learn and perform specific tasks involving basal ganglia mechanisms of reward processing and procedural motor and habit learning. (europa.eu)
- The external globus pallidus (GP) is an intrinsic nucleus as most of its connections are with the input and output nuclei of the basal ganglia. (scholarpedia.org)
Hitting a ganglion cyst1
- A traditional remedy involves hitting a ganglion cyst with a heavy object, such as a book. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Sympathetic9
- Sympathetic connections of the sphenopalatine and superior cervical ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
- Part of the sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the two celiac ganglia are the largest ganglia in the ANS, and they innervate most of the digestive tract. (wikipedia.org)
- The lumbar ganglia are paravertebral ganglia located in the inferior portion of the sympathetic trunk. (wikipedia.org)
- The lumbar portion of the sympathetic trunk typically has 4 lumbar ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
- The lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk contains four interconnected ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
- Superiorly, it is continuous with thoracic sympathetic ganglion and inferiorly continuous with sacral sympathetic ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
- The upper two lumbar ganglia (L1 and L2) of the sympathetic chain also give rise to the lumbar splanchnic nerves. (wikipedia.org)
- The lumbar splanchnic nerves travel through the lumbar sympathetic ganglion but do not synapse there. (wikipedia.org)
- The ganglion receives, on its medial side, filaments from the carotid plexus of the sympathetic. (wikipedia.org)
Axons3
- The spiral ganglion sends axons into the cochlear nerve. (britannica.com)
- of the axons innervate the pterygopalatine ganglion, and others project to the submandibular ganglion. (britannica.com)
- Note the axons growing out of the ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
Cranial1
- The spiral ganglion is one of the two ganglion parts that make up the acoustic nerve complex (a group of ganglion cells closely applied to the cranial edge of the auditory vesicle). (innerbody.com)
Causes ganglion cysts3
- What Causes Ganglion Cysts? (kidshealth.org)
- Doctors don't know exactly what causes ganglion cysts. (kidshealth.org)
- Doctors do not know what causes ganglion cysts. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Vertebrate Basal Ganglia1
- We propose that the vertebrate basal ganglia have evolved as a centralised selection device, specialised to resolve conflicts over access to limited motor and cognitive resources. (psu.edu)
Efferent1
- The external globus pallidus (GPe) is principally an intrinsic structure that receives most of its afferents from, and provides efferent connections to other basal ganglia nuclei. (scholarpedia.org)
Postganglionic1
- The deep petrosal nerve (carrying postganglionic sympathetics) joins with the greater petrosal nerve (carrying preganglionic parasympathetics) to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal , which passes through the pterygoid canal before entering the ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
Scalable8
- Ganglia doesn't have a built-in notification system, but it was designed to support scalable built-in agents on target hosts. (ibm.com)
- Nagios doesn't seem to have scalable built-in agents on target hosts (people may argue on that point) while this was part of the intentional, original design of Ganglia. (ibm.com)
- Package: gmetad Architecture: any Depends: ${misc:Depends}, ${shlibs:Depends}, adduser, libganglia1 (=${binary:Version}) Suggests: ganglia-monitor, ganglia-webfrontend Description: cluster monitoring toolkit - Ganglia Meta-Daemon Ganglia is a scalable, real-time distributed monitoring environment that collects cluster statistics in an open and well-defined XML format. (debian.org)
- Package: libganglia1 Architecture: any Section: libs Depends: ${misc:Depends}, ${shlibs:Depends} Description: cluster monitoring toolkit - shared libraries Ganglia is a scalable, real-time distributed monitoring environment that collects cluster statistics in an open and well-defined XML format. (debian.org)
- Package: libganglia1-dev Architecture: any Section: libdevel Depends: ${misc:Depends}, libganglia1 (=${binary:Version}), ${shlibs:Depends} Description: cluster monitoring toolkit - development libraries Ganglia is a scalable, real-time distributed monitoring environment that collects cluster statistics in an open and well-defined XML format. (debian.org)
- Ganglia is a scalable distributed system monitor tool for high-performance computing systems such as clusters and grids. (archlinux.org)
- Ganglia is described as 'scalable distributed monitoring system for high-performance computing systems such as clusters and Grids' and is an app in the Network & Admin category. (alternativeto.net)
- Ganglia is a scalable, real-time monitoring and execution environment with all execution requests and statistics expressed in an open well-defined XML format. (pro-linux.de)
Diagnose a ganglion2
- Doctors diagnose a ganglion by physical examination. (medicinenet.com)
- Doctors usually can diagnose a ganglion cyst based on where it is and how it looks and feels. (kidshealth.org)
Cerebral9
- Located on either side of the thalamus , the basal ganglia receive input from much of the cerebral cortex , particularly the primary motor and somatosensory cortices, as well as the substantia nigra . (everything2.com)
- The CNS of many invertebrates consists largely of ganglia, connected by nerve cords, variously arranged but usually well developed in the head (cerebral ganglia). (daviddarling.info)
- Due to the basal ganglia being connected to the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem, the area is found to play a part in numerous function in the body, many of which are still being learned about. (reference.com)
- Basal Ganglia refer to four masses of gray matter located deep in the cerebral hemispheres including caudate, lentiform, and amygdaloid nuclei and the claustrum. (ebscohost.com)
- The basal ganglia, a group of interconnected brain areas located deep in the cerebral cortex, have proved to be at work in learning, the formation of good and bad habits, and some psychiatric and addictive disorders. (dnalc.org)
- However, in the brain (part of the central nervous system ), the " basal ganglia " is a group of nuclei interconnected with the cerebral cortex , thalamus , and brainstem , associated with a variety of functions: motor control, cognition, emotions, and learning. (wikipedia.org)
- The experiments will investigate regional cerebral blood flow as an indicator of brain activity in human volunteers during specific learning tasks which are known from lesion studies to involve the basal ganglia. (europa.eu)
- General Functional Significance of the Basal Ganglia A. Involved in the regulation of movement: through direct and indirect connections with the cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia influence descending motor systems (e.g., corticospinal and corticobulbar). (scribd.com)
- To report a reduction in macular ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer (GCL+IPL) thickness and circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) thickness using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in patients with homonymous hemianopia due to posterior cerebral artery (PCA) stroke. (mendeley.com)
Plural1
- Latin plural of ganglion . (thesaurus.com)
Type of ganglion1
- This type of ganglion is more common in women than men. (rexhealth.com)
Prevent the ganglion2
- The area is sometimes also injected with a dose of steroid medication to help prevent the ganglion returning, although there's no clear evidence this reduces the risk of recurrence. (www.nhs.uk)
- They may inject the area with a steroid to prevent the ganglion from returning. (nuffieldhealth.com)
Parasympathetic ganglia2
- The pterygopalatine ganglion (of Meckel ), the largest of the parasympathetic ganglia associated with the branches of the maxillary nerve , is deeply placed in the pterygopalatine fossa , close to the sphenopalatine foramen . (wikipedia.org)
- Any of the parasympathetic ganglia of the cardiac plexus between the arch of the aorta and the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery. (ebi.ac.uk)
Innervate1
- Instead, they synapse at the inferior mesenteric ganglion and innervate the smooth muscle lining the large intestines, kidney, bladder, glands of the hindgut, and pelvic viscera. (wikipedia.org)
Definition1
- A definition of the medical term "basal ganglia" is presented. (ebscohost.com)
Caudate2
- The basal ganglia represent the largest component, and include the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus. (dartmouth.edu)
- The main parts of the basal ganglia are the caudate nucleus , the putamen , and the globus pallidus. (everything2.com)
Impar Block1
- I went to a pain clinic this morning and the doctor wants to give me a Ganglion Impar Block. (dailystrength.org)
Cyst Removal2
- Ganglion cyst removal is a minor procedure. (nuffieldhealth.com)
- Most people make a good recovery and return to normal activities following ganglion cyst removal. (nuffieldhealth.com)
Otic ganglion1
- The otic ganglion and its branches. (wikipedia.org)
Celiac ganglia1
- The celiac ganglia or coeliac ganglia are two large irregularly shaped masses of nerve tissue in the upper abdomen. (wikipedia.org)
Basal ganglion1
- 4. My father recently had what is diagnosed as a hemorrhagic basal ganglion stroke caused by high blood pressure. (medhelp.org)
Spiral ganglion2
- endings, which lead to the spiral ganglion of Corti in the modiolus of the cochlea. (britannica.com)
- of nerve cell bodies, the spiral ganglion, located in the modiolus of the cochlea. (britannica.com)
Cysts disappear2
- Half of all ganglion cysts disappear without intervention. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Because many ganglion cysts disappear on their own, watching it to make sure it is improving may be all that is needed. (denverhealth.org)
Gasserian-ganglion2
- Gasserian ganglion (gas- eer -iăn) n. a ganglion on the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve, deep within the skull. (encyclopedia.com)
- The trigeminal ganglion (or Gasserian ganglion , or semilunar ganglion , or Gasser's ganglion ) is a sensory ganglion of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) that occupies a cavity ( Meckel's cave ) in the dura mater , covering the trigeminal impression near the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone . (wikipedia.org)
Trigeminal ganglion5
- After recovery from a primary herpes infection, the virus is not cleared from the body, but rather lies dormant in a non-replicating state within the trigeminal ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
- The trigeminal ganglion is damaged, by infection or surgery, in Trigeminal trophic syndrome . (wikipedia.org)
- The thermocoagulation or injection of glycerol into the trigeminal ganglion has been used in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia . (wikipedia.org)
- In rodents, the trigeminal ganglion is important as it is the first part of the pathway from the whiskers to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
- There are around 26,000-43,000 cell bodies in rodent Trigeminal ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
Sphenopalatine ganglion3
- The pterygopalatine ganglion ( Meckel's ganglion , nasal ganglion or sphenopalatine ganglion ) is a parasympathetic ganglion found in the pterygopalatine fossa . (wikipedia.org)
- RCT of Sphenopalatine Ganglion (SPG) Blocks using anesthetics vs. placebo for migraine. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- UCSF Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block Study- a Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial to Compare Nasal Anesthetics for Migraine Prevention in Adults. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Pterygopalatine ganglion3
- The flow of blood to the nasal mucosa , in particular the venous plexus of the conchae, is regulated by the pterygopalatine ganglion and heats or cools the air in the nose . (wikipedia.org)
- The pterygopalatine ganglion supplies the lacrimal gland , paranasal sinuses , glands of the mucosa of the nasal cavity and pharynx , the gingiva , and the mucous membrane and glands of the hard palate . (wikipedia.org)
- nerve, they pass to the pterygopalatine ganglion via the greater petrosal nerve (a branch of the facial nerve) and to the submandibular ganglion by way of the chorda tympani nerve (another branch of the facial nerve, which joins the lingual branch of the mandibular nerve). (britannica.com)
Synovial fluid1
- A ganglion cyst is a lump under the skin containing synovial fluid. (nuffieldhealth.com)
Substantia nigra4
- For example, the substantia nigra pars compacta provides critically important dopaminergic innervation and several raphe nuclei give rise to serotonin input to the basal ganglia. (dartmouth.edu)
- The basal ganglia comprise two principal input nuclei, the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and two principal output nuclei, the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and the internal globus pallidus (GPi) (primates) which in cats and rodents is known as the entopeduncular nucleus ( Figure 1 ). (scholarpedia.org)
- Finally, dopaminergic neurones in substantia nigra (pars compacta) (SNc) and the adjacent ventral tegmental area (VTA) provide other basal ganglia nuclei, principally the striatum, with important modulatory signals. (scholarpedia.org)
- Extrinsic Outputs from the basal ganglia arise mainly from the globus paliidus and substantia nigra pars reticula TO: 1. (scribd.com)
Latently infected1
- 2007). "Selective retention of herpes simplex virus-specific T cells in latently infected human trigeminal ganglia" . (wikipedia.org)
Group of interconnected1
- The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected subcortical nuclei that represent one of the brain 's fundamental processing units. (scholarpedia.org)
Nerve cell bodies2
- A ganglion is any structure containing a collection of nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS) and often also numbers of synapses . (daviddarling.info)
- A ganglion is a nerve cell cluster [1] or a group of nerve cell bodies located in the autonomic nervous system and sensory system . (wikipedia.org)
Lump10
- Ganglion cysts look and feel like a smooth lump under the skin. (www.nhs.uk)
- A ganglion is also the name of a benign lump, often at the wrist , found close to tendons and containing jelly-like fluid. (daviddarling.info)
- Ganglion cysts form a benign lump that often goes away on its own. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A ganglion cyst that occurs at the base of the finger may feel like a pea-sized lump under the skin. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A ganglion cyst is a common, benign (noncancerous), fluid-filled lump found on joints or tendons. (healthline.com)
- Is the lump on your wrist a ganglion cyst? (healthline.com)
- After your doctor has diagnosed your lump as a ganglion cyst, remember that if your cyst doesn't cause pain or interfere with your range of motion, treatment might not be necessary. (healthline.com)
- If your doctor identifies your lump as a ganglion cyst, they might recommend home treatment, medical treatment, or no treatment. (healthline.com)
- A ganglion cyst is a noncancerous lump that most commonly develops on the wrist or hand. (healthline.com)
- A ganglion cyst is a round, fluid-filled lump. (healthline.com)
Metrics4
- Ganglia used to require an agent to run on every host to gather information from it, but now metrics can be obtained from just about anything through Ganglia's spoofing mechanism. (ibm.com)
- Nagios, like Ganglia, is used heavily in HPC and other environments, but Nagios is more of an alerting mechanism that Ganglia (which is more focused on gathering and tracking metrics). (ibm.com)
- Ganglia is more concerned with gathering metrics and tracking them over time while Nagios has focused on being an alerting mechanism. (ibm.com)
- There are additional parameters which go in the hdfs config which tell it to send data to Ganglia which while not required will give you Hadoop specific metrics. (apache.org)
Soft tissue tumors2
- Although they're known medically as soft tissue tumors, ganglion (GAN-glee-in) cysts are not cancerous and are easily treated. (kidshealth.org)
- Ganglions in general represent 50-70% of all soft-tissue tumors of the hand and wrist. (medscape.com)
Globus pallidus3
- Striatal medium spiny neurones are GABAergic providing inhibitory inputs to adjacent spiny neurones via local axon collaterals, to the globus pallidus (external), and to both basal ganglia output nuclei. (scholarpedia.org)
- The subthalamic nucleus has a predominant cell type that is immunoreactive for glutamate that sends excitatory projections to both basal ganglia output nuclei and the external globus pallidus. (scholarpedia.org)
- Globus pallidus (internal)/entopeduncular nucleus is one of the two output nuclei that receive inputs from other basal ganglia nuclei and provides output to external targets in the thalamus and brainstem. (scholarpedia.org)