An ACYCLOVIR analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections.
Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21.
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.
Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.
An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.
A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.
Techniques and strategies which include the use of coding sequences and other conventional or radical means to transform or modify cells for the purpose of treating or reversing disease conditions.
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, consisting of herpes simplex-like viruses. The type species is HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN.
Genes that are used transgenically, i.e., via GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES to induce CELL DEATH.
A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).
A group of enzymes that transfers a phosphate group onto an alcohol group acceptor. EC 2.7.1.
The type species of SIMPLEXVIRUS causing most forms of non-genital herpes simplex in humans. Primary infection occurs mainly in infants and young children and then the virus becomes latent in the dorsal root ganglion. It then is periodically reactivated throughout life causing mostly benign conditions.
DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.
Rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. These tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. They may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (From Br J Neurosurg 1995 Apr;9(2):171-8)
Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species.
The result of a positive or negative response (to drugs, for example) in one cell being passed onto other cells via the GAP JUNCTIONS or the intracellular milieu.
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
Carbon-containing phosphonic acid compounds. Included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either OXYGEN atom or the PHOSPHOROUS atom of the (P=O)O2 structure.
The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.
Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)
Transplantation between individuals of the same species. Usually refers to genetically disparate individuals in contradistinction to isogeneic transplantation for genetically identical individuals.
The presence of viruses in the blood.
A family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (MASTADENOVIRUS) and birds (AVIADENOVIRUS) or both (ATADENOVIRUS). Infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases.
A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids.
The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. This resistance is acquired through gene mutation.
Nucleosides in which the purine or pyrimidine base is combined with ribose. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.
The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.
Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. Included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as PESTICIDES and DRUGS.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.
Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.
The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.
The introduction of functional (usually cloned) GENES into cells. A variety of techniques and naturally occurring processes are used for the gene transfer such as cell hybridization, LIPOSOMES or microcell-mediated gene transfer, ELECTROPORATION, chromosome-mediated gene transfer, TRANSFECTION, and GENETIC TRANSDUCTION. Gene transfer may result in genetically transformed cells and individual organisms.
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.
An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.
Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.
The type species of ROSEOLOVIRUS isolated from patients with AIDS and other LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS. It infects and replicates in fresh and established lines of hematopoietic cells and cells of neural origin. It also appears to alter NK cell activity. HHV-6; (HBLV) antibodies are elevated in patients with AIDS, Sjogren's syndrome, sarcoidosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and certain malignancies. HHV-6 is the cause of EXANTHEMA SUBITUM and has been implicated in encephalitis.
The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.
Transference of a tissue or organ from either an alive or deceased donor, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

Transduction of glioma cells using a high-titer retroviral vector system and their subsequent migration in brain tumors. (1/1216)

The intracranial migration of transduced glioma cells was investigated in order to improve the treatment of malignant glioma by gene therapy using retroviral vectors. In this study, about half the volume of the tumor mass could be transduced in 14 days after only a single implantation of 3 x 10(5) retrovirus-producing cells into a tumor mass with a diameter of 5 mm. Moreover, we were able to follow the migration of glioma cells transduced by the lacZ-harboring retroviruses originating from the high-titer retrovirus-producing cells. Besides the importance of using a high-titer retroviral vector system, our results also indicate that the implantation site of the virus-producing cells and the interval between the implantation of the virus-producing cells and the subsequent administration of ganciclovir are important factors for the efficient killing of glioma cells.  (+info)

The bystander effect in the HSVtk/ganciclovir system and its relationship to gap junctional communication. (2/1216)

The bystander effect (BSE) is an interesting and important property of the herpes thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (hTK/GCV) system of gene therapy for cancer. With the BSE, not only are the hTK expressing cells killed upon ganciclovir (GCV) exposure but also neighboring wild-type tumor cells. On testing a large number of tumor cell lines in vitro, a wide range of sensitivity to bystander killing was found. Since transfer of toxic GCV metabolites from hTK-modified to wild-type tumor cells via gap junctions (GJ) seemed to be a likely mechanism of the BSE, we tested GJ function in these various tumors with a dye transfer technique and pharmacological agents known to affect GJ communication. We confirmed that mixtures of tumor cell resistant to the BSE did not show dye transfer from cell to cell while bystander-sensitive tumor cells did. Dieldrin, a drug known to decrease GJ communication, diminished dye transfer and also inhibited the BSE. Forskolin, an upregulator of cAMP did increase GJ, but directly inhibited hTK and therefore its effect on BSE could not be determined. We conclude that these observations further support port the concept that functional GJ play an important role in the BSE and further suggest that pharmacological manipulation of GJ may influence the outcome of cancer therapy with hTK/GCV.  (+info)

Effects of nucleoside analog incorporation on DNA binding to the DNA binding domain of the GATA-1 erythroid transcription factor. (3/1216)

We investigate here the effects of the incorporation of the nucleoside analogs araC (1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine) and ganciclovir (9-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl] guanine) into the DNA binding recognition sequence for the GATA-1 erythroid transcription factor. A 10-fold decrease in binding affinity was observed for the ganciclovir-substituted DNA complex in comparison to an unmodified DNA of the same sequence composition. AraC substitution did not result in any changes in binding affinity. 1H-15N HSQC and NOESY NMR experiments revealed a number of chemical shift changes in both DNA and protein in the ganciclovir-modified DNA-protein complex when compared to the unmodified DNA-protein complex. These changes in chemical shift and binding affinity suggest a change in the binding mode of the complex when ganciclovir is incorporated into the GATA DNA binding site.  (+info)

Imaging adenoviral-directed reporter gene expression in living animals with positron emission tomography. (4/1216)

We are developing quantitative assays to repeatedly and noninvasively image expression of reporter genes in living animals, using positron emission tomography (PET). We synthesized positron-emitting 8-[18F]fluoroganciclovir (FGCV) and demonstrated that this compound is a substrate for the herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase enzyme (HSV1-TK). Using positron-emitting FGCV as a PET reporter probe, we imaged adenovirus-directed hepatic expression of the HSV1-tk reporter gene in living mice. There is a significant positive correlation between the percent injected dose of FGCV retained per gram of liver and the levels of hepatic HSV1-tk reporter gene expression (r2 > 0.80). Over a similar range of HSV1-tk expression in vivo, the percent injected dose retained per gram of liver was 0-23% for ganciclovir and 0-3% for FGCV. Repeated, noninvasive, and quantitative imaging of PET reporter gene expression should be a valuable tool for studies of human gene therapy, of organ/cell transplantation, and of both environmental and behavioral modulation of gene expression in transgenic mice.  (+info)

Idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia disclosed by the onset of empyema thoracis. (5/1216)

A 56-year-old man was admitted to our hospital in December 1996 due to empyema thoracis. A laboratory examination revealed lymphocytopenia and CD4+ T lymphocytopenia (<300 cells/ microl). No evidence for a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was found. No malignant, hematological or autoimmune disease was detected. We thus diagnosed this case as being idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia (ICL). During his hospital treatment, he was affected with cytomegaloviral retinitis and cured by therapy. His subsequent treatment went well without a recurrence of severe infection although a low CD4+ T lymphocyte count continued after the recovery from empyema thoracis.  (+info)

The U69 gene of human herpesvirus 6 encodes a protein kinase which can confer ganciclovir sensitivity to baculoviruses. (6/1216)

The protein encoded by the U69 open reading frame (ORF) of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) has been predicted to be a protein kinase. To investigate its functional properties, we have expressed the U69 ORFs from both HHV-6 variants, A and B, by using recombinant baculoviruses (BV6AU69 and BV6BU69). Nickel agarose and antibody affinity chromatography was used to purify the proteins to homogeneity and when incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP, both U69 proteins became phosphorylated on predominantly serine residues. These data strongly suggest that U69 is a protein kinase which autophosphorylates. The phosphorylation reaction was optimal at physiological pH and low NaCl concentrations. It required the presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+, and Mg2+ was able to support phosphorylation over a wider range of concentrations than Mn2+. Both ATP and GTP could donate phosphate in the protein kinase assay and the former was more efficient. U69 was capable of phosphorylating histone and casein (serine/threonine kinase substrates) but not enolase (a tyrosine kinase substrate). For the autophosphorylation reaction, the Michaelis constants for ATP of baculovirus-expressed HHV-6A and HHV-6B U69 were calculated to be 44 and 11 microM, respectively. U69 is a homologue of the UL97 gene encoded by human cytomegalovirus which has been shown to phosphorylate the antiviral drug ganciclovir (GCV). We analyzed whether the U69 ORF alone was capable of conferring GCV sensitivity on baculoviruses BV6AU69 and BV6BU69. In plaque reduction experiments, these baculoviruses displayed a GCV-sensitive phenotype compared to a control baculovirus (BVLacZ). The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of BV6AU69 and BV6BU69 were calculated to be 0.35 and 0.26 mM, respectively, whereas the control baculovirus had an IC50 of >1.4 mM. This shows that the U69 gene product is the only one required to confer GCV sensitivity on baculovirus.  (+info)

Clinical significance of expression of human cytomegalovirus pp67 late transcript in heart, lung, and bone marrow transplant recipients as determined by nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. (7/1216)

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection was monitored retrospectively by qualitative determination of pp67 mRNA (a late viral transcript) by nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) in a series of 50 transplant recipients, including 26 solid-organ (11 heart and 15 lung) transplant recipients (SOTRs) and 24 bone marrow transplant recipients (BMTRs). NASBA results were compared with those obtained by prospective quantitation of HCMV viremia and antigenemia and retrospective quantitation of DNA in leukocytes (leukoDNAemia). On the whole, 29 patients were NASBA positive, whereas 10 were NASBA negative, and the blood of 11 patients remained HCMV negative. NASBA detected HCMV infection before quantitation of viremia did but after quantitation of leukoDNAemia and antigenemia did. In NASBA-positive blood samples, median levels of viremia, antigenemia, and leukoDNAemia were significantly higher than the relevant levels detected in NASBA-negative HCMV-positive blood samples. By using the quantitation of leukoDNAemia as the "gold standard," the analytical sensitivity (47.3%), as well as the negative predictive value (68. 3%), of NASBA for the diagnosis of HCMV infection intermediate between that of antigenemia quantitation (analytical sensitivity, 72. 3%) and that of viremia quantitation (analytical sensitivity, 28.7%), while the specificity and the positive predictive value were high (90 to 100%). However, with respect to the clinically relevant antigenemia cutoff of >/=100 used in this study for the initiation of preemptive therapy in SOTRs with reactivated HCMV infection, the clinical sensitivity of NASBA reached 100%, with a specificity of 68. 9%. Upon the initiation of antigenemia quantitation-guided treatment, the actual median antigenemia level was 158 (range, 124 to 580) in SOTRs who had reactivated infection and who presented with NASBA positivity 3.5 +/- 2.6 days in advance and 13.5 (range, 1 to 270) in the group that included BMTRs and SOTRs who had primary infection (in whom treatment was initiated upon the first confirmation of detection of HCMV in blood) and who presented with NASBA positivity 2.0 +/- 5.1 days later. Following antiviral treatment, the durations of the presence of antigenemia and pp67 mRNA in blood were found to be similar. In conclusion, monitoring of the expression of HCMV pp67 mRNA appears to be a promising, well-standardized tool for determination of the need for the initiation and termination of preemptive therapy. Its overall clinical impact should be analyzed in future prospective studies.  (+info)

Cooperative therapeutic effects of androgen ablation and adenovirus-mediated herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene and ganciclovir therapy in experimental prostate cancer. (8/1216)

Adenovirus-mediated transduction of the herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene (HSV-tk) in conjunction with ganciclovir (GCV) has been shown to result in significant growth suppression and to enhance survival in a model of mouse prostate cancer. However, this therapeutic activity is not sustained, because in most cases tumors eventually regrow and ultimately cause the death of the host. Androgen ablation, an inducer of apoptosis in prostate cells which is used widely as palliative therapy in patients with prostate cancer, was combined with HSV-tk plus GCV using an androgen-sensitive mouse prostate cancer cell line. The combination of castration and HSV-tk plus GCV led to markedly enhanced tumor growth suppression in both subcutaneous and orthotopic models compared with either treatment alone and resulted in an enhanced survival in which combination-treated animals lived twice as long as controls in the subcutaneous model and over 50% longer than controls in the orthotopic model. Further analysis of apoptotic activity demonstrated high levels of apoptosis only in combined androgen ablation and HSV-tk plus GCV-treated tumors after 14 days of growth in an androgen-depleted environment and 8 days after HSV-tk plus GCV therapy. At this time, the apoptotic index, but not the percent of necrotic tissue, was significantly higher for combination therapy-treated tumors relative to control-treated tumors or either treatment alone. These data indicate that the therapeutic effects of androgen ablation and HSV-tk plus GCV are cooperative and that increased apoptosis may, in part, underlie these activities.  (+info)

Ganciclovir is an antiviral medication used to prevent and treat cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, particularly in individuals who have undergone organ transplants or have weakened immune systems due to conditions like HIV/AIDS. It works by inhibiting the replication of the virus, thereby reducing its ability to cause damage to the body's cells and tissues.

The medical definition of Ganciclovir is:

A synthetic nucleoside analogue with antiviral activity against herpesviruses, including cytomegalovirus (CMV). Ganciclovir is converted intracellularly to its active form, ganciclovir triphosphate, which inhibits viral DNA polymerase and subsequently prevents viral replication. It is primarily used for the prevention and treatment of CMV infections in immunocompromised patients, such as those who have undergone organ transplants or have HIV/AIDS. Ganciclovir is available in various formulations, including oral capsules, intravenous solution, and ocular implants.

Antiviral agents are a class of medications that are designed to treat infections caused by viruses. Unlike antibiotics, which target bacteria, antiviral agents interfere with the replication and infection mechanisms of viruses, either by inhibiting their ability to replicate or by modulating the host's immune response to the virus.

Antiviral agents are used to treat a variety of viral infections, including influenza, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, hepatitis B and C, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections.

These medications can be administered orally, intravenously, or topically, depending on the type of viral infection being treated. Some antiviral agents are also used for prophylaxis, or prevention, of certain viral infections.

It is important to note that antiviral agents are not effective against all types of viruses and may have significant side effects. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any antiviral therapy.

Thymidine kinase (TK) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of thymidine triphosphate (dTMP), a nucleotide required for DNA replication and repair. It catalyzes the phosphorylation of thymidine to thymidine monophosphate (dTMP) by transferring a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

There are two major isoforms of thymidine kinase in humans: TK1 and TK2. TK1 is primarily found in the cytoplasm of proliferating cells, such as those involved in the cell cycle, while TK2 is located mainly in the mitochondria and is responsible for maintaining the dNTP pool required for mtDNA replication and repair.

Thymidine kinase activity has been used as a marker for cell proliferation, particularly in cancer cells, which often exhibit elevated levels of TK1 due to their high turnover rates. Additionally, measuring TK1 levels can help monitor the effectiveness of certain anticancer therapies that target DNA replication.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are caused by the human herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5), a type of herpesvirus. The infection can affect people of all ages, but it is more common in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or who have undergone organ transplantation.

CMV can be spread through close contact with an infected person's saliva, urine, blood, tears, semen, or breast milk. It can also be spread through sexual contact or by sharing contaminated objects, such as toys, eating utensils, or drinking glasses. Once a person is infected with CMV, the virus remains in their body for life and can reactivate later, causing symptoms to recur.

Most people who are infected with CMV do not experience any symptoms, but some may develop a mononucleosis-like illness, characterized by fever, fatigue, swollen glands, and sore throat. In people with weakened immune systems, CMV infections can cause more severe symptoms, including pneumonia, gastrointestinal disease, retinitis, and encephalitis.

Congenital CMV infection occurs when a pregnant woman passes the virus to her fetus through the placenta. This can lead to serious complications, such as hearing loss, vision loss, developmental delays, and mental disability.

Diagnosis of CMV infections is typically made through blood tests or by detecting the virus in bodily fluids, such as urine or saliva. Treatment depends on the severity of the infection and the patient's overall health. Antiviral medications may be prescribed to help manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a sight-threatening eye infection that affects the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. It is caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV), a type of herpesvirus that can remain inactive in the body for years after initial infection.

In people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those who have undergone organ transplantation, CMV can reactivate and cause serious complications. When it infects the retina, it can cause inflammation, hemorrhage, and necrosis (cell death), leading to vision loss.

Symptoms of CMV retinitis may include floaters, blurred vision, blind spots, or loss of peripheral vision. If left untreated, the infection can spread to other parts of the eye and cause further damage. Treatment typically involves antiviral medications that are given intravenously or in the form of eye drops. In some cases, laser surgery may be necessary to prevent the spread of the infection.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a type of herpesvirus that can cause infection in humans. It is characterized by the enlargement of infected cells (cytomegaly) and is typically transmitted through close contact with an infected person, such as through saliva, urine, breast milk, or sexual contact.

CMV infection can also be acquired through organ transplantation, blood transfusions, or during pregnancy from mother to fetus. While many people infected with CMV experience no symptoms, it can cause serious complications in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing cancer treatment or those who have HIV/AIDS.

In newborns, congenital CMV infection can lead to hearing loss, vision problems, and developmental delays. Pregnant women who become infected with CMV for the first time during pregnancy are at higher risk of transmitting the virus to their unborn child. There is no cure for CMV, but antiviral medications can help manage symptoms and reduce the risk of complications in severe cases.

Foscarnet is an antiviral medication used to treat infections caused by viruses, particularly herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It is a pyrophosphate analog that inhibits viral DNA polymerase, preventing the replication of viral DNA.

Foscarnet is indicated for the treatment of severe HSV infections, such as mucocutaneous HSV in immunocompromised patients, and acyclovir-resistant HSV infections. It is also used to treat VZV infections, including shingles and varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection in immunocompromised patients.

Foscarnet is administered intravenously and its use requires careful monitoring of renal function and electrolyte levels due to the potential for nephrotoxicity and electrolyte imbalances. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and headache.

Acyclovir is an antiviral medication used for the treatment of infections caused by herpes simplex viruses (HSV) including genital herpes, cold sores, and shingles (varicella-zoster virus). It works by interfering with the replication of the virus's DNA, thereby preventing the virus from multiplying further. Acyclovir is available in various forms such as oral tablets, capsules, creams, and intravenous solutions.

The medical definition of 'Acyclovir' is:

Acyclovir (brand name Zovirax) is a synthetic nucleoside analogue that functions as an antiviral agent, specifically against herpes simplex viruses (HSV) types 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Acyclovir is converted to its active form, acyclovir triphosphate, by viral thymidine kinase. This activated form then inhibits viral DNA polymerase, preventing further replication of the virus's DNA.

Acyclovir has a relatively low toxicity profile and is generally well-tolerated, although side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and headache can occur. In rare cases, more serious side effects such as kidney damage, seizures, or neurological problems may occur. It is important to take acyclovir exactly as directed by a healthcare provider and to report any unusual symptoms promptly.

Genetic therapy, also known as gene therapy, is a medical intervention that involves the use of genetic material, such as DNA or RNA, to treat or prevent diseases. It works by introducing functional genes into cells to replace missing or faulty ones caused by genetic disorders or mutations. The introduced gene is incorporated into the recipient's genome, allowing for the production of a therapeutic protein that can help manage the disease symptoms or even cure the condition.

There are several approaches to genetic therapy, including:

1. Replacing a faulty gene with a healthy one
2. Inactivating or "silencing" a dysfunctional gene causing a disease
3. Introducing a new gene into the body to help fight off a disease, such as cancer

Genetic therapy holds great promise for treating various genetic disorders, including cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, hemophilia, and certain types of cancer. However, it is still an evolving field with many challenges, such as efficient gene delivery, potential immune responses, and ensuring the safety and long-term effectiveness of the therapy.

Simplexvirus is a genus of viruses in the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. This genus contains two species: Human alphaherpesvirus 1 (also known as HSV-1 or herpes simplex virus type 1) and Human alphaherpesvirus 2 (also known as HSV-2 or herpes simplex virus type 2). These viruses are responsible for causing various medical conditions, most commonly oral and genital herpes. They are characterized by their ability to establish lifelong latency in the nervous system and reactivate periodically to cause recurrent symptoms.

1. Genes: A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA, which contains the instructions for the development and function of all living organisms.

A prodrug is a pharmacologically inactive substance that, once administered, is metabolized into a drug that is active. Prodrugs are designed to improve the bioavailability or delivery of a drug, to minimize adverse effects, or to target the drug to specific sites in the body. The conversion of a prodrug to its active form typically occurs through enzymatic reactions in the liver or other tissues.

Prodrugs can offer several advantages over traditional drugs, including:

* Improved absorption: Some drugs have poor bioavailability due to their chemical properties, which make them difficult to absorb from the gastrointestinal tract. Prodrugs can be designed with improved absorption characteristics, allowing for more efficient delivery of the active drug to the body.
* Reduced toxicity: By masking the active drug's chemical structure, prodrugs can reduce its interactions with sensitive tissues and organs, thereby minimizing adverse effects.
* Targeted delivery: Prodrugs can be designed to selectively release the active drug in specific areas of the body, such as tumors or sites of infection, allowing for more precise and effective therapy.

Examples of prodrugs include:

* Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), which is metabolized to salicylic acid in the liver.
* Enalapril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used to treat hypertension and heart failure, which is metabolized to enalaprilat in the liver.
* Codeine, an opioid analgesic, which is metabolized to morphine in the liver by the enzyme CYP2D6.

It's important to note that not all prodrugs are successful, and some may even have unintended consequences. For example, if a patient has a genetic variation that affects the activity of the enzyme responsible for converting the prodrug to its active form, the drug may not be effective or may produce adverse effects. Therefore, it's essential to consider individual genetic factors when prescribing prodrugs.

Retinitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina is responsible for converting light into electrical signals that are then sent to the brain and interpreted as visual images. Retinitis can be caused by various factors, including infections, autoimmune diseases, or genetic conditions.

The inflammation associated with retinitis can affect any part of the retina, but it typically involves the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones). Depending on the severity and location of the inflammation, retinitis can cause a range of visual symptoms, such as blurry vision, floaters, loss of peripheral vision, or night blindness.

Retinitis is often distinguished from another condition called retinopathy, which refers to damage to the retina caused by diabetes or other systemic diseases. While both conditions can affect the retina and cause visual symptoms, retinitis is characterized by inflammation, while retinopathy is characterized by damage due to circulatory problems.

It's important to note that retinitis is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. If left untreated, it can lead to permanent vision loss or blindness. Treatment options for retinitis depend on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, corticosteroids, or other immunosuppressive medications.

Medical Definition of "Herpesvirus 1, Human" (also known as Human Herpesvirus 1 or HHV-1):

Herpesvirus 1, Human is a type of herpesvirus that primarily causes infection in humans. It is also commonly referred to as human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1) or oral herpes. This virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact with infected saliva, skin, or mucous membranes.

After initial infection, the virus typically remains dormant in the body's nerve cells and may reactivate later, causing recurrent symptoms. The most common manifestation of HHV-1 infection is oral herpes, characterized by cold sores or fever blisters around the mouth and lips. In some cases, HHV-1 can also cause other conditions such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and keratitis (inflammation of the eye's cornea).

There is no cure for HHV-1 infection, but antiviral medications can help manage symptoms and reduce the severity and frequency of recurrent outbreaks.

A genetic vector is a vehicle, often a plasmid or a virus, that is used to introduce foreign DNA into a host cell as part of genetic engineering or gene therapy techniques. The vector contains the desired gene or genes, along with regulatory elements such as promoters and enhancers, which are needed for the expression of the gene in the target cells.

The choice of vector depends on several factors, including the size of the DNA to be inserted, the type of cell to be targeted, and the efficiency of uptake and expression required. Commonly used vectors include plasmids, adenoviruses, retroviruses, and lentiviruses.

Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently in bacteria. They are often used as cloning vectors to amplify and manipulate DNA fragments. Adenoviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses that infect a wide range of host cells, including human cells. They are commonly used as gene therapy vectors because they can efficiently transfer genes into both dividing and non-dividing cells.

Retroviruses and lentiviruses are RNA viruses that integrate their genetic material into the host cell's genome. This allows for stable expression of the transgene over time. Lentiviruses, a subclass of retroviruses, have the advantage of being able to infect non-dividing cells, making them useful for gene therapy applications in post-mitotic tissues such as neurons and muscle cells.

Overall, genetic vectors play a crucial role in modern molecular biology and medicine, enabling researchers to study gene function, develop new therapies, and modify organisms for various purposes.

Gliosarcoma is a rare and aggressive type of brain tumor that arises from glial cells, which are the supportive cells in the brain. It is a subtype of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which is the most common and malignant primary brain tumor in adults.

Gliosarcoma is characterized by the presence of both glial and sarcomatous components, with the latter resembling mesenchymal tissue such as bone, cartilage, or muscle. The tumor typically grows rapidly and can invade surrounding brain tissue, making it difficult to completely remove with surgery.

The exact cause of gliosarcoma is not known, but risk factors may include exposure to ionizing radiation, certain genetic conditions, and a history of other types of brain tumors. Symptoms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness, numbness, or changes in vision, speech, or behavior.

Treatment for gliosarcoma typically involves surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy. However, despite aggressive treatment, the prognosis for patients with gliosarcoma is generally poor, with a median survival time of less than one year.

Organ transplantation is a surgical procedure where an organ or tissue from one person (donor) is removed and placed into another person (recipient) whose organ or tissue is not functioning properly or has been damaged beyond repair. The goal of this complex procedure is to replace the non-functioning organ with a healthy one, thereby improving the recipient's quality of life and overall survival.

Organs that can be transplanted include the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, pancreas, and intestines. Tissues such as corneas, skin, heart valves, and bones can also be transplanted. The donor may be deceased or living, depending on the type of organ and the medical circumstances.

Organ transplantation is a significant and life-changing event for both the recipient and their families. It requires careful evaluation, matching, and coordination between the donor and recipient, as well as rigorous post-transplant care to ensure the success of the procedure and minimize the risk of rejection.

The "bystander effect" is a social psychological phenomenon in which the presence of other people discourages an individual from intervening in an emergency situation. It is also known as bystander apathy or Genovese syndrome. This effect was named after the infamous murder of Kitty Genovese in 1964, where it was reported that dozens of witnesses heard her screams for help but did not call the police or intervene.

The bystander effect is thought to occur because individuals in a group may assume that someone else will take action, or they may feel uncertain about how to respond and hesitant to get involved. Additionally, the presence of other people can dilute an individual's sense of personal responsibility for taking action. The bystander effect has been demonstrated in numerous experiments and real-world situations, and it highlights the importance of encouraging individuals to take action and intervene in emergency situations, even when others are present.

AIDS-related opportunistic infections (AROIs) are infections that occur more frequently or are more severe in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with advanced HIV infection or AIDS. These infections take advantage of a weakened immune system and can affect various organs and systems in the body.

Common examples of AROIs include:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii
2. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection, caused by a type of bacteria called mycobacteria
3. Candidiasis, a fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, including the mouth, esophagus, and genitals
4. Toxoplasmosis, caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii
5. Cryptococcosis, a fungal infection that affects the lungs and central nervous system
6. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, caused by a type of herpes virus
7. Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
8. Cryptosporidiosis, a parasitic infection that affects the intestines
9. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a viral infection that affects the brain

Preventing and treating AROIs is an important part of managing HIV/AIDS, as they can cause significant illness and even death in people with weakened immune systems. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is used to treat HIV infection and prevent the progression of HIV to AIDS, which can help reduce the risk of opportunistic infections. In addition, medications to prevent specific opportunistic infections may be prescribed for people with advanced HIV or AIDS.

Organophosphonates are a class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of a carbon-phosphorus bond. They contain a phosphonic acid group, which consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen or nitrogen atoms, with one of those bonds being replaced by a carbon atom.

In a medical context, organophosphonates are commonly used as radiopharmaceuticals in diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures, such as bone scans. These compounds have the ability to bind to hydroxyapatite, the mineral component of bones, and can be labeled with radioactive isotopes for imaging purposes. They may also be used in therapeutic settings, including as treatments for conditions such as tumor-induced hypercalcemia and Paget's disease of bone.

It is important to note that organophosphonates are distinct from organophosphates, another class of compounds that contain a phosphorus atom bonded to three oxygen or sulfur atoms and one carbon atom. Organophosphates have been widely used as pesticides and chemical warfare agents, and can pose significant health risks due to their toxicity.

Oral administration is a route of giving medications or other substances by mouth. This can be in the form of tablets, capsules, liquids, pastes, or other forms that can be swallowed. Once ingested, the substance is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and enters the bloodstream to reach its intended target site in the body. Oral administration is a common and convenient route of medication delivery, but it may not be appropriate for all substances or in certain situations, such as when rapid onset of action is required or when the patient has difficulty swallowing.

Antimetabolites are a class of drugs that interfere with the normal metabolic processes of cells, particularly those involved in DNA replication and cell division. They are commonly used as chemotherapeutic agents to treat various types of cancer because many cancer cells divide more rapidly than normal cells. Antimetabolites work by mimicking natural substances needed for cell growth and division, such as nucleotides or amino acids, and getting incorporated into the growing cells' DNA or protein structures, which ultimately leads to the termination of cell division and death of the cancer cells. Examples of antimetabolites include methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and capecitabine.

Homologous transplantation is a type of transplant surgery where organs or tissues are transferred between two genetically non-identical individuals of the same species. The term "homologous" refers to the similarity in structure and function of the donated organ or tissue to the recipient's own organ or tissue.

For example, a heart transplant from one human to another is an example of homologous transplantation because both organs are hearts and perform the same function. Similarly, a liver transplant, kidney transplant, lung transplant, and other types of organ transplants between individuals of the same species are also considered homologous transplantations.

Homologous transplantation is in contrast to heterologous or xenogeneic transplantation, where organs or tissues are transferred from one species to another, such as a pig heart transplanted into a human. Homologous transplantation is more commonly performed than heterologous transplantation due to the increased risk of rejection and other complications associated with xenogeneic transplants.

Viremia is a medical term that refers to the presence of viruses in the bloodstream. It occurs when a virus successfully infects a host and replicates within the body's cells, releasing new viral particles into the blood. This condition can lead to various clinical manifestations depending on the specific virus involved and the immune response of the infected individual. Some viral infections result in asymptomatic viremia, while others can cause severe illness or even life-threatening conditions. The detection of viremia is crucial for diagnosing certain viral infections and monitoring disease progression or treatment effectiveness.

Adenoviridae is a family of viruses that includes many species that can cause various types of illnesses in humans and animals. These viruses are non-enveloped, meaning they do not have a lipid membrane, and have an icosahedral symmetry with a diameter of approximately 70-90 nanometers.

The genome of Adenoviridae is composed of double-stranded DNA, which contains linear chromosomes ranging from 26 to 45 kilobases in length. The family is divided into five genera: Mastadenovirus, Aviadenovirus, Atadenovirus, Siadenovirus, and Ichtadenovirus.

Human adenoviruses are classified under the genus Mastadenovirus and can cause a wide range of illnesses, including respiratory infections, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, and upper respiratory tract infections. Some serotypes have also been associated with more severe diseases such as hemorrhagic cystitis, hepatitis, and meningoencephalitis.

Adenoviruses are highly contagious and can be transmitted through respiratory droplets, fecal-oral route, or by contact with contaminated surfaces. They can also be spread through contaminated water sources. Infections caused by adenoviruses are usually self-limiting, but severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care.

Cytosine is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid molecules DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA). The single-letter abbreviation for cytosine is "C."

Cytosine base pairs specifically with guanine through hydrogen bonding, forming a base pair. In DNA, the double helix consists of two complementary strands of nucleotides held together by these base pairs, such that the sequence of one strand determines the sequence of the other. This property is critical for DNA replication and transcription, processes that are essential for life.

Cytosine residues in DNA can undergo spontaneous deamination to form uracil, which can lead to mutations if not corrected by repair mechanisms. In RNA, cytosine can be methylated at the 5-carbon position to form 5-methylcytosine, a modification that plays a role in regulating gene expression and other cellular processes.

Drug resistance, viral, refers to the ability of a virus to continue replicating in the presence of antiviral drugs that are designed to inhibit or stop its growth. This occurs when the virus mutates and changes its genetic makeup in such a way that the drug can no longer effectively bind to and inhibit the function of its target protein, allowing the virus to continue infecting host cells and causing disease.

Viral drug resistance can develop due to several factors, including:

1. Mutations in the viral genome that alter the structure or function of the drug's target protein.
2. Changes in the expression levels or location of the drug's target protein within the virus-infected cell.
3. Activation of alternative pathways that allow the virus to replicate despite the presence of the drug.
4. Increased efflux of the drug from the virus-infected cell, reducing its intracellular concentration and effectiveness.

Viral drug resistance is a significant concern in the treatment of viral infections such as HIV, hepatitis B and C, herpes simplex virus, and influenza. It can lead to reduced treatment efficacy, increased risk of treatment failure, and the need for more toxic or expensive drugs. Therefore, it is essential to monitor viral drug resistance during treatment and adjust therapy accordingly to ensure optimal outcomes.

Ribonucleosides are organic compounds that consist of a nucleoside bound to a ribose sugar. Nucleosides are formed when a nitrogenous base (such as adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine, or thymine) is attached to a sugar molecule (either ribose or deoxyribose) via a beta-glycosidic bond. In the case of ribonucleosides, the sugar component is D-ribose. Ribonucleosides play important roles in various biological processes, particularly in the storage, transfer, and expression of genetic information within cells. When ribonucleosides are phosphorylated, they become the building blocks of RNA (ribonucleic acid), a crucial biomolecule involved in protein synthesis and other cellular functions. Examples of ribonucleosides include adenosine, guanosine, uridine, cytidine, and inosine.

Intravenous injections are a type of medical procedure where medication or fluids are administered directly into a vein using a needle and syringe. This route of administration is also known as an IV injection. The solution injected enters the patient's bloodstream immediately, allowing for rapid absorption and onset of action. Intravenous injections are commonly used to provide quick relief from symptoms, deliver medications that are not easily absorbed by other routes, or administer fluids and electrolytes in cases of dehydration or severe illness. It is important that intravenous injections are performed using aseptic technique to minimize the risk of infection.

The vitreous body, also known simply as the vitreous, is the clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina in the eye. It is composed mainly of water, but also contains collagen fibers, hyaluronic acid, and other proteins. The vitreous helps to maintain the shape of the eye and provides a transparent medium for light to pass through to reach the retina. With age, the vitreous can become more liquefied and may eventually separate from the retina, leading to symptoms such as floaters or flashes of light.

Organophosphorus compounds are a class of chemical substances that contain phosphorus bonded to organic compounds. They are used in various applications, including as plasticizers, flame retardants, pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and nerve gases), and solvents. In medicine, they are also used in the treatment of certain conditions such as glaucoma. However, organophosphorus compounds can be toxic to humans and animals, particularly those that affect the nervous system by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Exposure to these compounds can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, and in severe cases, respiratory failure and death.

Viral DNA refers to the genetic material present in viruses that consist of DNA as their core component. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the two types of nucleic acids that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Viruses are infectious agents much smaller than bacteria that can only replicate inside the cells of other organisms, called hosts.

Viral DNA can be double-stranded (dsDNA) or single-stranded (ssDNA), depending on the type of virus. Double-stranded DNA viruses have a genome made up of two complementary strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA viruses contain only one strand of DNA.

Examples of dsDNA viruses include Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, and Poxviruses, while ssDNA viruses include Parvoviruses and Circoviruses. Viral DNA plays a crucial role in the replication cycle of the virus, encoding for various proteins necessary for its multiplication and survival within the host cell.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, life-threatening condition caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by the significant weakening of the immune system, making the person more susceptible to various opportunistic infections and cancers.

The medical definition of AIDS includes specific criteria based on CD4+ T-cell count or the presence of certain opportunistic infections and diseases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a person with HIV is diagnosed with AIDS when:

1. The CD4+ T-cell count falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood (mm3) - a normal range is typically between 500 and 1,600 cells/mm3.
2. They develop one or more opportunistic infections or cancers that are indicative of advanced HIV disease, regardless of their CD4+ T-cell count.

Some examples of these opportunistic infections and cancers include:

* Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
* Candidiasis (thrush) affecting the esophagus, trachea, or lungs
* Cryptococcal meningitis
* Toxoplasmosis of the brain
* Cytomegalovirus disease
* Kaposi's sarcoma
* Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
* Invasive cervical cancer

It is important to note that with appropriate antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV can maintain their CD4+ T-cell counts, suppress viral replication, and prevent the progression to AIDS. Early diagnosis and consistent treatment are crucial for managing HIV and improving life expectancy and quality of life.

A drug implant is a medical device that is specially designed to provide controlled release of a medication into the body over an extended period of time. Drug implants can be placed under the skin or in various body cavities, depending on the specific medical condition being treated. They are often used when other methods of administering medication, such as oral pills or injections, are not effective or practical.

Drug implants come in various forms, including rods, pellets, and small capsules. The medication is contained within the device and is released slowly over time, either through diffusion or erosion of the implant material. This allows for a steady concentration of the drug to be maintained in the body, which can help to improve treatment outcomes and reduce side effects.

Some common examples of drug implants include:

1. Hormonal implants: These are small rods that are inserted under the skin of the upper arm and release hormones such as progestin or estrogen over a period of several years. They are often used for birth control or to treat conditions such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids.
2. Intraocular implants: These are small devices that are placed in the eye during surgery to release medication directly into the eye. They are often used to treat conditions such as age-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy.
3. Bone cement implants: These are specially formulated cements that contain antibiotics and are used to fill bone defects or joint spaces during surgery. The antibiotics are released slowly over time, helping to prevent infection.
4. Implantable pumps: These are small devices that are placed under the skin and deliver medication directly into a specific body cavity, such as the spinal cord or the peritoneal cavity. They are often used to treat chronic pain or cancer.

Overall, drug implants offer several advantages over other methods of administering medication, including improved compliance, reduced side effects, and more consistent drug levels in the body. However, they may also have some disadvantages, such as the need for surgical placement and the potential for infection or other complications. As with any medical treatment, it is important to discuss the risks and benefits of drug implants with a healthcare provider.

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a medical procedure in which damaged or destroyed bone marrow is replaced with healthy bone marrow from a donor. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside bones that produces blood cells. The main types of BMT are autologous, allogeneic, and umbilical cord blood transplantation.

In autologous BMT, the patient's own bone marrow is used for the transplant. This type of BMT is often used in patients with lymphoma or multiple myeloma who have undergone high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy their cancerous bone marrow.

In allogeneic BMT, bone marrow from a genetically matched donor is used for the transplant. This type of BMT is often used in patients with leukemia, lymphoma, or other blood disorders who have failed other treatments.

Umbilical cord blood transplantation involves using stem cells from umbilical cord blood as a source of healthy bone marrow. This type of BMT is often used in children and adults who do not have a matched donor for allogeneic BMT.

The process of BMT typically involves several steps, including harvesting the bone marrow or stem cells from the donor, conditioning the patient's body to receive the new bone marrow or stem cells, transplanting the new bone marrow or stem cells into the patient's body, and monitoring the patient for signs of engraftment and complications.

BMT is a complex and potentially risky procedure that requires careful planning, preparation, and follow-up care. However, it can be a life-saving treatment for many patients with blood disorders or cancer.

Gene transfer techniques, also known as gene therapy, refer to medical procedures where genetic material is introduced into an individual's cells or tissues to treat or prevent diseases. This can be achieved through various methods:

1. **Viral Vectors**: The most common method uses modified viruses, such as adenoviruses, retroviruses, or lentiviruses, to carry the therapeutic gene into the target cells. The virus infects the cell and inserts the new gene into the cell's DNA.

2. **Non-Viral Vectors**: These include methods like electroporation (using electric fields to create pores in the cell membrane), gene guns (shooting gold particles coated with DNA into cells), or liposomes (tiny fatty bubbles that can enclose DNA).

3. **Direct Injection**: In some cases, the therapeutic gene can be directly injected into a specific tissue or organ.

The goal of gene transfer techniques is to supplement or replace a faulty gene with a healthy one, thereby correcting the genetic disorder. However, these techniques are still largely experimental and have their own set of challenges, including potential immune responses, issues with accurate targeting, and risks of mutations or cancer development.

Opportunistic infections (OIs) are infections that occur more frequently or are more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems, often due to a underlying condition such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplantation. These infections are caused by microorganisms that do not normally cause disease in people with healthy immune function, but can take advantage of an opportunity to infect and cause damage when the body's defense mechanisms are compromised. Examples of opportunistic infections include Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis, candidiasis (thrush), and cytomegalovirus infection. Preventive measures, such as antimicrobial medications and vaccinations, play a crucial role in reducing the risk of opportunistic infections in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Dimercaprol is a chelating agent, which means it can bind to and help remove certain toxic substances from the body. It is primarily used in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning, such as lead, mercury, or arsenic poisoning. Dimercaprol works by forming stable complexes with these toxic metals, allowing them to be excreted from the body through urine and bile.

The chemical name for dimercaprol is British Anti-Lewisite (BAL), as it was initially developed during World War II as an antidote against the chemical warfare agent Lewisite, a type of arsenic-based blistering agent. Dimercaprol is administered parenterally, usually by intramuscular injection, and its use requires medical supervision due to potential side effects, including hypertension, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, and pain at the injection site.

'Tumor cells, cultured' refers to the process of removing cancerous cells from a tumor and growing them in controlled laboratory conditions. This is typically done by isolating the tumor cells from a patient's tissue sample, then placing them in a nutrient-rich environment that promotes their growth and multiplication.

The resulting cultured tumor cells can be used for various research purposes, including the study of cancer biology, drug development, and toxicity testing. They provide a valuable tool for researchers to better understand the behavior and characteristics of cancer cells outside of the human body, which can lead to the development of more effective cancer treatments.

It is important to note that cultured tumor cells may not always behave exactly the same way as they do in the human body, so findings from cell culture studies must be validated through further research, such as animal models or clinical trials.

Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a species of the Roseolovirus genus in the Herpesviridae family. It is a double-stranded DNA virus and is one of the human herpesviruses, which are a group of viruses that includes eight different types that can infect humans.

There are two variants of HHV-6, known as HHV-6A and HHV-6B. Both variants are closely related but have distinct biological properties and clinical manifestations. HHV-6B is the cause of exanthem subitum (also known as roseola infantum or sixth disease), a common childhood illness characterized by fever and rash, while HHV-6A has been associated with various diseases in immunocompromised individuals, such as encephalitis, pneumonitis, and bone marrow suppression.

HHV-6 is highly prevalent in the human population, with most people getting infected during early childhood. After the initial infection, the virus remains latent in the body for the rest of a person's life, and it can reactivate under certain conditions, such as immune suppression or stress. Reactivation of HHV-6 has been associated with various diseases, including encephalitis, seizures, and fatigue.

It is important to note that while HHV-6 infection is common, most people do not develop any symptoms or long-term complications. However, in some cases, the virus can cause significant illness, especially in immunocompromised individuals.

Genetic transduction is a process in molecular biology that describes the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by a viral vector called a bacteriophage (or phage). In this process, the phage infects one bacterium and incorporates a portion of the bacterial DNA into its own genetic material. When the phage then infects a second bacterium, it can transfer the incorporated bacterial DNA to the new host. This can result in the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of traits such as antibiotic resistance or virulence factors between bacteria.

There are two main types of transduction: generalized and specialized. In generalized transduction, any portion of the bacterial genome can be packaged into the phage particle, leading to a random assortment of genetic material being transferred. In specialized transduction, only specific genes near the site where the phage integrates into the bacterial chromosome are consistently transferred.

It's important to note that genetic transduction is not to be confused with transformation or conjugation, which are other mechanisms of HGT in bacteria.

Viral pneumonia is a type of pneumonia caused by viral infection. It primarily affects the upper and lower respiratory tract, leading to inflammation of the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs. This results in symptoms such as cough, difficulty breathing, fever, fatigue, and chest pain. Common viruses that can cause pneumonia include influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and adenovirus. Viral pneumonia is often milder than bacterial pneumonia but can still be serious, especially in young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as rest, hydration, and fever reduction, while the body fights off the virus. In some cases, antiviral medications may be used to help manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Transplantation is a medical procedure where an organ or tissue is removed from one person (the donor) and placed into another person (the recipient) for the purpose of replacing the recipient's damaged or failing organ or tissue with a functioning one. The goal of transplantation is to restore normal function, improve quality of life, and extend lifespan in individuals with organ failure or severe tissue damage. Common types of transplants include kidney, liver, heart, lung, pancreas, small intestine, and bone marrow transplantations. The success of a transplant depends on various factors, including the compatibility between the donor and recipient, the health of both individuals, and the effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection of the transplanted organ or tissue.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

... has also been found to be an effective treatment for herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis. Ganciclovir (in gel ... Ganciclovir was patented in 1980 and approved for medical use in 1988. Ganciclovir is indicated for: Sight-threatening CMV ... "Ganciclovir". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Ganciclovir sodium". Drug Information Portal. U.S. ... The primary mechanism of ganciclovir action against CMV is inhibition of the replication of viral DNA by ganciclovir-5'- ...
"Oral ganciclovir for patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis treated with a ganciclovir implant. Roche Ganciclovir Study Group ... Antiviral drugs, such as ganciclovir, that target the replication of herpesviruses such as KSHV have been used to successfully ...
Cymevene (ganciclovir), for cytomegalovirus infection. Dalmane/Dalmadorm (flurazepam), for insomnia. Dilatrend (carvedilol), ...
Ganciclovir (Cytovene) treatment is used for people with depressed immunity who have either sight-related or life-threatening ... Drew WL (2000). "Ganciclovir resistance: a matter of time and titre". Lancet. 356 (9230): 609-610. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00) ... Ganciclovir (GCV) acts as nucleoside analogue. Its antiviral activity requires phosphorylation by the HCMV protein kinase, ... Foscarnet or cidofovir are only given to people with CMV resistant to ganciclovir, because foscarnet has notable nephrotoxicity ...
Treatment revolves around intravenous treatment of ganciclovir. Alternate treatments involve valganciclovir, or foscarnet. All ...
"Cytovene IV- ganciclovir sodium injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution". DailyMed. 19 June 2020. Retrieved 21 September ...
The options for treatment are intravenous ganciclovir and oral valganciclovir. After diagnosis, it is important to further ...
... or ganciclovir-resistant HSV and CMV infections. However, acyclovir- or ganciclovir-resistant mutants with alterations in viral ... In individuals treated with the DNA polymerase inhibitors acyclovir or ganciclovir, HSV or CMV particles can develop mutant ... However, unlike acyclovir and ganciclovir, foscarnet is not activated by viral protein kinases, making it useful in acyclovir- ... Chou S (July 2008). "Cytomegalovirus UL97 mutations in the era of ganciclovir and maribavir". Reviews in Medical Virology. 18 ( ...
Intravitreal ganciclovir implant has the benefit of less systemic toxicity. An adverse effect of this is retinal detachment ( ... Campbell RJ, Chow B, Victor G, Kravcik S, Hodge WG (September 2001). "Treatment of CMV retinitis with intravitral ganciclovir ... intravenous ganciclovir, IV foscarnet, and IV cidofovir are all efficient in the treatment of this condition. Also intravitreal ... individuals with CMV retinitis will need surgery for either retinal detachment or intravitreal instillation of ganciclovir. ...
Some medications that could be used include ganciclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir. The amount and frequency of the intravitreal ... foscarnet has to be given more frequently than ganciclovir as it has a shorter intravitreal half-life. If the traditional ...
... specifically ganciclovir or valganciclovir. Severe CMV colitis may lead a colectomy. Crohn's disease Kandiel A, Lashner B ( ...
"Cytomegalovirus resistance to ganciclovir and clinical outcomes of patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis". Am J Ophthalmol. ...
Hamel, W; Magnelli, L; Chiarugi, VP; Israel, MA (June 1996). "Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir-mediated ... association of U-87 cell death with ganciclovir-mediated apoptosis of nearby cells and lack of effect in athymic mice". Hum. ... of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir system in vitro". Gene Ther. 3 (1): 85-92. PMID 8929915. Mesnil, Marc ...
Xiong W (November 2010). "[Clinical efficacy of treating infant cytomegalovirus hepatitis with ganciclovir and impact on ...
An example would be thymidine kinase, which makes the host sensitive to ganciclovir selection. A distinction can be made ...
An example would be thymidine kinase, which makes the host sensitive to ganciclovir selection.[citation needed] Positive and ...
Cytomegalovirus can become resistant to ganciclovir and foscarnet under treatment, especially in immunosuppressed patients. ...
The nucleotide from the ganciclovir is what inhibits the DNA polymerization and the replication process. This causes the cell ... The cytotoxic drug used, ganciclovir, is capable of destroying via apoptosis transduced cells and non-transduced cells from the ... The HSVtk expression results in the phosphorylation of drug nucleoside analogues; in this case the drug ganciclovir, an ...
Amphotericin B can cause dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertension and bradycardia whereas, Ganciclovir can cause ventricular ...
Some antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir (ATC: J05AB01) and ganciclovir (ATC: J05AB06) as well as other nucleoside analogs make ... Kotini AG, de Stanchina E, Themeli M, Sadelain M, Papapetrou EP (February 2016). "Escape Mutations, Ganciclovir Resistance, and ... Chemical structures of thymidine kinase substrate analogs AZT Stavudine Idoxuridine Aciclovir Ganciclovir Other thymidine ... allowing cells expressing the gene to be killed using ganciclovir. This is desirable in case the recombinant gene causes a ...
Most commonly, valganciclovir or ganciclovir are used as first-line antiviral therapy for congenital CMV. If the cause is a ...
If encephalitis occurs in immunocompromised children, ganciclovir or foscarnet have inconsistently shown usefulness in ...
Testing of cerebrospinal fluid is usually performed.[citation needed] Antiviral therapy, such as acyclovir and ganciclovir, ...
Treatment for Necrotizing Herpetic Retinopathy, including ARN and PORN, includes the anti-viral medications Ganciclovir and ...
Ganciclovir and brivudine treatments were found to be equally as effective as acyclovir in a systematic review. Valacyclovir, a ...
Such antivirals include: Purine analogues of guanine: Aciclovir, Famciclovir, Ganciclovir, Penciclovir, Valaciclovir, ... "Crystal structures of the thymidine kinase from herpes simplex virus type-1 in complex with deoxythymidine and ganciclovir". ...
In 2016, a study found that low doses of emetine inhibited cytomegalovirus replication and was synergistic with ganciclovir. " ...
The herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase phosphorylates the pro-drug, ganciclovir, which is then incorporated into DNA, ...
These targeted tumor cells were successfully, and selectively, terminated by the antiviral drug ganciclovir in a population ...
... is more toxic and less metabolically stable than many of the other current antivirals such as acyclovir and ganciclovir. Viral ...
Ganciclovir has also been found to be an effective treatment for herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis. Ganciclovir (in gel ... Ganciclovir was patented in 1980 and approved for medical use in 1988. Ganciclovir is indicated for: Sight-threatening CMV ... "Ganciclovir". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Ganciclovir sodium". Drug Information Portal. U.S. ... The primary mechanism of ganciclovir action against CMV is inhibition of the replication of viral DNA by ganciclovir-5- ...
Ganciclovir Ophthalmic: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Before applying ganciclovir ophthalmic,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to ganciclovir, any other ... Ganciclovir ophthalmic comes as a gel to apply to the eyes. It is usually applied as one drop to the affected eye(s) five times ... Ganciclovir ophthalmic may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away: *red, ...
... ganciclovir. CMV retinitis is a potentially blinding disease of the retina that affects about 20 percent of people with AIDS. ... The Foscarnet-Ganciclovir CMV Retinitis Trial was designed to evaluate the relative efficacy and safety of foscarnet and ... The Foscarnet-Ganciclovir CMV Retinitis Trial was conducted as part of a collaborative clinical research project called the ... Both ganciclovir and foscarnet were administered as intravenous solutions. Patients underwent an intensive two-week induction ...
GANCICLOVIR, 500MG, INJ.POWDER. Common uses. This medication is typically used for an eye infection caused by cytomegalovirus ( ...
... World J Gastroenterol ... Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase and ganciclovir suicide gene therapy for human pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol ... Increased bax expression is associated with cell death induced by ganciclovir in a herpes thymidine kinase gene-expressing ... Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase and ganciclovir suicide gene therapy for human pancreatic cancer ...
... ganciclovir ophthalmic), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, contraindications, pregnancy & lactation ... encoded search term (ganciclovir ophthalmic (Zirgan)) and ganciclovir ophthalmic (Zirgan) What to Read Next on Medscape ... Inhibits replication of viral DNA after ganciclovir is phosphorylated to a substrate, which competitively inhibits the binding ... Unknown whether topical ophthalmic ganciclovir administration may result in sufficient systemic absorption to produce ...
ganciclovir sodium. INJECTABLE;INJECTION. 019661-001. Jun 23, 1989. ⤷ Try a Trial. ⤷ Try a Trial. ... ganciclovir sodium. INJECTABLE;INJECTION. 019661-001. Jun 23, 1989. ⤷ Try a Trial. ⤷ Try a Trial. ... ganciclovir sodium. INJECTABLE;INJECTION. 019661-001. Jun 23, 1989. ⤷ Try a Trial. ⤷ Try a Trial. ... The generic ingredient in CYTOVENE is ganciclovir sodium. There are twenty-seven drug master file entries for this compound. ...
Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with ganciclovir (9-[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethoxymethyl] guanine (BW B759U). ... Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with ganciclovir (9-[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethoxymethyl] guanine (BW B759U). ... Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with ganciclovir (9-[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethoxymethyl] guanine (BW B759U). ...
Bifidobacterium (BF) or BF-rTK was injected intratumorally with or without ganciclovir in a human colo320 intestinal xenograft ... Given the lack of effective treatments, we constructed a bifidobacterial recombinant thymidine kinase (BF-rTK) -ganciclovir ( ... Wang, C., Ma, Y., Hu, Q. et al. Bifidobacterial recombinant thymidine kinase-ganciclovir gene therapy system induces FasL and ... The Herpes Simplex Virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (HSV-TK + GCV) system is currently one of the best-studied tumor suicide ...
Ganciclovir answers are found in the Johns Hopkins ABX Guide powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, Android, ... "Ganciclovir." Johns Hopkins ABX Guide, The Johns Hopkins University, 2017. Johns Hopkins Guides, www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/ ... view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540238/all/Ganciclovir. Dzintars K, Pham PA, Hsu AJ. Ganciclovir. Johns Hopkins ABX Guide. The ... TY - ELEC T1 - Ganciclovir ID - 540238 A1 - Dzintars,Kathryn,Pharm.D. BCPS AU - Pham,Paul,Pharm.D. AU - Hsu,Alice,Pharm.D. Y1 ...
We offer Ganciclovir as an intermediate for Valganciclovir synthesis. ...
... is supplied for Tenders/ Emergency imports/ Un - licensed, Specials, Orphan drug/ Name patient line/ RLD ... Ganciclovir which is also known as . It is available in strength of per ml. Read more ...
Medicin.dk - professionel er en del af Medicin.dk. Medicin.dk leverer information om medicin, sygdom og behandling til hele Danmark. Medicin.dk ejes af Dansk Lægemiddel Information A/S (DLI A/S). Medicin.dk består af Medicin.dk - professionel til sundhedsfaglige, Medicin.dk - borger til borgere - og Medicin.dk - indlægssedler, der indeholder indlægssedler i et let tilgængeligt format. Læs mere om Medicin.dk og organisationen bag navnet ...
Find information on Ganciclovir in Daviss Drug Guide including dosage, side effects, interactions, nursing implications, ... www.drugguide.com/ddo/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/51348/all/ganciclovir. Vallerand AHA, Sanoski CAC, Quiring CC. Ganciclovir. Daviss ... Vallerand, A. H., Sanoski, C. A., & Quiring, C. (2023). Ganciclovir. In Daviss Drug Guide (18th ed.). F.A. Davis Company. ... TY - ELEC T1 - ganciclovir ID - 51348 A1 - Sanoski,Cynthia A, AU - Vallerand,April Hazard, AU - Quiring,Courtney, BT - Daviss ...
... ເປັນຫນຶ່ງໃນຜູ້ຜະລິດຊັ້ນນໍາແລະຜູ້ສະຫນອງຂອງ Ganciclovir ໃນປະເທດຈີນ. ໃນປັດຈຸບັນ Hubei Gedian Humanwell ເປັນຜູ້ນໍາໃນຢາສລົບ, ... Ganciclovir. Ganciclovir ມີ CP ,EP, USP specification.DMF ແລະ GMP ອະນຸມັດ.. CAS: 82410-32-0. ... Ganciclovir ມີ CP, EP, USP ສະເພາະ. ມັນແມ່ນ DMF ແລະ GMP ອະນຸມັດ.. ຮູບແບບທີ່ມີຢູ່. ການສັກຢາ, ຢາເມັດ, ແຄບຊູນແລະການກະກຽມ ophthalmic ...
Levels of ganciclovir-triphosphate are as much as 100-fold greater in CMV-infected cells than in uninfected cells, possibly ... Ganciclovir is a synthetic guanine derivative that is active against CMV. An acyclic nucleoside analog of 2′-deoxyguanosine, it ... Ganciclovir can be used to treat cytomegalovirus (CMV) meningitis in immunocompromised hosts. ...
Natclovir 250 mg (Ganciclovir) is used to prevent disease caused by a virus called cytomegalovirus (CMV) in people who have ... Be the first to review "Natclovir 250 mg (Ganciclovir)" Cancel reply. Your Rating. Rate…. Perfect. Good. Average. Not that bad ...
Ganciclovir. Følgende præparater indeholder indholdsstoffet Ganciclovir: Præparat. Dispenseringsform/styrke. Andre ... Ganciclovir "Oresund Pharma" Øresund Pharma. pulver til konc. til infusionsvæske, opl. 500 mg. ...
Natclovir 250 mg is antiviral agent having Ganciclovir as an active ingredient which is used in the treatment of eye infections ...
Ganciclovir. Injection 0.5 g Injection 500 mg (sodium) N/A 0.15% N/A Powder for injection 500 mg ...
... and intravenous ganciclovir (5 mg/kg). Mean (± SD) ganciclovir AUC and Cmax (n = 10) were 54.3 (± 19) mcg•h/mL and 11.5 (± 1.8 ... Ganciclovir Following single-dose administration to 12 stable renal transplant patients, no pharmacokinetic interaction was ... acyclovir (Zovirax®†), valacyclovir (Valtrex®†), ganciclovir (Cytovene®†-IV, Vitrasert®†), valganciclovir (Valcyte®†) •. ... In patients with renal impairment in which mycophenolate mofetil and ganciclovir or its prodrug (e.g., valganciclovir) are ...
Figure Ganciclovir Picture and Specifications of Roche. Table Ganciclovir Sales Volume (Kg), Sales Revenue (M USD), Sale Price ... Figure Ganciclovir Picture and Specifications of Luoxin. Table Ganciclovir Sales Volume (Kg), Sales Revenue (M USD), Sale Price ... Figure Ganciclovir Picture and Specifications of KANGLI. Table Ganciclovir Sales Volume (Kg), Sales Revenue (M USD), Sale Price ... Figure Ganciclovir Picture and Specifications of Bausch & Lomb. Table Ganciclovir Sales Volume (Kg), Sales Revenue (M USD), ...
USP wholesale Ganciclovir CAS 82410-32-0 company in angola For Sale. API china Fludrocortisone acetate CAS 514-36-3 company. ... We also have attached INTERMEDIATE china Ganciclovir CAS 82410-32-0 company examples to suit our customers needs. ... Location:Home > Apr > USP wholesale Ganciclovir CAS 82410-32-0 company in angola ... USP china Ganciclovir CAS 82410-32-0 manufacturer in iran. *. NON-STEROIDS wholesale Meprednisone Hemisuccinate CAS 27303-92-0 ...
Location:Home > Dec > NON-STEROIDS china Ganciclovir CAS 82410-32-0 manufacturer in angola ... NON-STEROIDS china Ganciclovir CAS 82410-32-0 manufacturer in angola For Sale. NON-STEROIDS china Fludrocortisone acetate CAS ... INTERMEDIATE wholesale Ganciclovir CAS 82410-32-0 company in kenya. *USP china Fluorogesterone acetate CAS 2529-45-5 supplier ... NON-STEROIDS china Ganciclovir CAS 82410-32-0 manufacturer in angola. USP china Fludrocortisone acetate CAS 514-36-3 supplier, ...
Ganciclovir at china-sinoway.com. Quick response,right solution and efficient on-site disposal are our tenets. ... Hot Tags : Ganciclovir Ganciclovir powder Ganciclovir API Ganciclovir raw material Ganciclovir manufacturer 82410-32-0 ... Ganciclovir (GCV) is suitable for blind cytomegalovirus retinitis caused by severe immune function, AIDS, organ transplantation ... Ganciclovir is a derivative of acyclovir (ACV). GCV was developed in the United States in 1983, and clinical trials began in ...
Efficacy of ganciclovir in liver and kidney transplant recipients with severe cytomegalovirus infection. In: Transplantation. ... Efficacy of ganciclovir in liver and kidney transplant recipients with severe cytomegalovirus infection. / Paya, Carlos V.; ... Efficacy of ganciclovir in liver and kidney transplant recipients with severe cytomegalovirus infection. Transplantation. 1988 ... Ganciclovir appears promising for treatment of severe CMV infection in patients with kidney or liver transplants. ...
  • citation needed] Valganciclovir, the prodrug of ganciclovir Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). (wikipedia.org)
  • Studies utilizing ganciclovir and valganciclovir demonstrate improved hearing and Bailey Developmental scores. (lww.com)
  • Do not take ganciclovir instead of valganciclovir on your own without consulting your doctor or pharmacist. (webmd.com)
  • The effects and the dosages of ganciclovir and valganciclovir are not equal. (webmd.com)
  • Valganciclovir turns into the drug ganciclovir inside your body. (webmd.com)
  • Today, antiviral agents such as Ganciclovir (GCV) and Valganciclovir are the most common clinical treatments for patients with such infections by targeting the viral DNA polymerase. (lu.se)
  • The selective antiviral response associated with ganciclovir treatment is achieved because of the much weaker inhibition of cellular DNA polymerases by ganciclovir-TP. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ganciclovir (in gel form) appears to be effective for treating the ophthalmic Felid herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) virus infection in cats. (wikipedia.org)
  • A topical ophthalmic gel preparation of ganciclovir was recently[when? (wikipedia.org)
  • Ganciclovir ophthalmic comes as a gel to apply to the eyes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Use ganciclovir ophthalmic at around the same times every day. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Use ganciclovir ophthalmic exactly as directed. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you become pregnant while using ganciclovir ophthalmic, call your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ganciclovir ophthalmic may cause side effects. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Results from a large, multicenter clinical trial show that patients with AIDS treated for cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, a serious eye infection, with the antiviral drug foscarnet, lived longer than those who received the standard treatment for CMV retinitis, ganciclovir. (nih.gov)
  • Trial results show that foscarnet and ganciclovir were equally effective in halting the progression of CMV retinitis and preserving vision in patients newly diagnosed with eye disease. (nih.gov)
  • The Foscarnet-Ganciclovir Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Trial, a randomized, multicenter clinical trial, is supported by the National Eye Institute, a component of the National Institutes of Health. (nih.gov)
  • According to Douglas Jabs, M.D., associate professor of ophthalmology at The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and chairman of the study, "These results suggest that, for many patients with AIDS and CMV retinitis, foscarnet may be a better initial treatment than ganciclovir. (nih.gov)
  • In this study, patients taking foscarnet lived an average of 12 months, four months longer than patients taking ganciclovir. (nih.gov)
  • The difference in mortality between patients treated with foscarnet and those treated with ganciclovir cannot be fully explained by the differential use of zidovudine (AZT) or other anti-retroviral drugs by patients in these treatment groups. (nih.gov)
  • Nor could the difference in survival between study patients treated with foscarnet and those who received ganciclovir be explained by variations in disease severity between the two patient groups at the time they entered the study, or to other chance factors. (nih.gov)
  • While study patients taking foscarnet generally lived longer than those taking ganciclovir, in a small group of patients who entered the study with decreased kidney function, those taking ganciclovir lived longer. (nih.gov)
  • Where medically appropriate, study patients will be offered an opportunity to switch from ganciclovir to foscarnet. (nih.gov)
  • Use foscarnet if a ganciclovir-resistant virus is identified or if adverse effects prevent ongoing use. (medscape.com)
  • Ganciclovir has also been found to be an effective treatment for herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ganciclovir (9-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine) is a potent inhibitor of viruses of the herpes family, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), that are pathogenic for humans and animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • To investigate the in vitro effects of suicide gene therapy system of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene (HSV-TK) in combination with the treatment of nucleotide analog-ganciclovir (GCV) on human pancreatic cancer, and to provide a novel clinical therapeutic method for human pancreatic cancer. (wjgnet.com)
  • The Herpes Simplex Virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (HSV-TK + GCV) system is currently one of the best-studied tumor suicide gene therapy systems [ 9 - 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ganciclovir ແມ່ນຢາຕ້ານເຊື້ອໄວຣັດ Herpes ທີ່ກວ້າງຂວາງ, ມີປະສິດຕິຜົນສູງແລະເປັນຢາທີ່ເລືອກສໍາລັບການຕິດເຊື້ອ cytomegalovirus, ແລະຍັງມີຜົນກະທົບທີ່ເຂັ້ມແຂງຕໍ່ເຊື້ອໄວຣັສຕັບອັກເສບ B ແລະ adenovirus. (steroid-chem.com)
  • An acyclic nucleoside analog of 2'-deoxyguanosine, ganciclovir inhibits replication of herpes viruses both in vitro and in vivo. (medscape.com)
  • Given the lack of effective treatments, we constructed a bifidobacterial recombinant thymidine kinase (BF-rTK) -ganciclovir (GCV) targeting system (BKV) to meet this requirement and to explore antitumor mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A colorectal cancer model was used to decipher the molecular mechanism of BF-rTK + GCV (bifidobacterial recombination thymidine kinase/ganciclovir) using a human apoptosis antibody array kit in a murine cancer model in vivo . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ganciclovir, sold under the brand name Cytovene among others, is an antiviral medication used to treat cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • The generic ingredient in CYTOVENE is ganciclovir sodium . (drugpatentwatch.com)
  • The primary mechanism of ganciclovir action against CMV is inhibition of the replication of viral DNA by ganciclovir-5'-triphosphate (ganciclovir-TP). (wikipedia.org)
  • Ganciclovir is indicated for: Sight-threatening CMV retinitis in severely immunocompromised people CMV pneumonitis in bone marrow transplant recipients Prevention of CMV disease in bone marrow and solid organ transplant recipients Confirmed CMV retinitis in people with AIDS (intravitreal implant) It is also used for acute CMV colitis in HIV/AIDS and CMV pneumonitis in immunosuppressed patients. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ganciclovir is also available in slow-release formulations for insertion into the vitreous humour of the eye, as treatment for CMV retinitis (associated with HIV infection). (wikipedia.org)
  • In the past, this incompatibility has forced AIDS patients with CMV retinitis to choose between taking ganciclovir to try to save their vision or opting to take AZT in the hope of prolonging their lives. (nih.gov)
  • Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with ganciclovir (9-[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethoxymethyl] guanine (BW B759U). (bmj.com)
  • Goals: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in patients with active ulcerative colitis and the therapeutic efficacy of ganciclovir against cytomegalovirus infection in patients with steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Cymevene - Ganciclovir is supplied for Tenders/ Emergency imports/ Un - licensed, Specials, Orphan drug/ Name patient line/ RLD supplies/ Reference listed drugs/ Comparator Drug/ Bio-Similar/ Innovator samples For Clinical trials. (gnhindia.com)
  • Natclovir 250 mg (Ganciclovir) is used to prevent disease caused by a virus called cytomegalovirus (CMV) in people who have received organ or bone marrow transplants. (safetymedpharmacy.com)
  • Ganciclovir is a synthetic guanine derivative that is the drug of choice for CMV infections, although experience with use in children is limited. (medscape.com)
  • Your doctor will tell you not to wear contact lenses during your treatment with ganciclovir or if you have any signs of infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Twelve liver and 5 kidney transplant recipients with severe cytomegalovirus infection were treated with Ganciclovir (7.5 mg/kg/day, intravenously). (elsevierpure.com)
  • Ganciclovir appears promising for treatment of severe CMV infection in patients with kidney or liver transplants. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Background: Universal ganciclovir (GCV) prophylaxis is a strategy aimed at reducing cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and delaying the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). (utmb.edu)
  • Eleven of 14 patients (79%) with steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis and a cytomegalovirus infection improved with ganciclovir treatment. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Ganciclovir was effective in patients with steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis who had a cytomegalovirus infection. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • medical citation needed] Ganciclovir has also been used with some success in treating Human herpesvirus 6 infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • In patients with steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis, cytomegalovirus infections were treated with intravenous ganciclovir. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Cytomegalovirus infections in the steroid-responsive group (17 of 31) did not require ganciclovir therapy. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Ganciclovir, a regular medicine used to treat human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections, was found less efficient when reacting to human's NUDT15 enzyme - based on a recent BioMAX study. (lu.se)
  • Our hypothesis is that IV ganciclovir administered early in critical illness will effectively suppress CMV reactivation in CMV seropositive adults with sepsis-associated acute respiratory failure thereby leading to improved clinical outcomes. (nih.gov)
  • Ganciclovir is in a class of medications called antivirals. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ganciclovir is the drug of choice for documented CMV pneumonitis. (medscape.com)
  • AZT generally cannot be taken in full doses concurrently with ganciclovir because both drugs have the side effect of suppressing the production of white blood cells. (nih.gov)
  • tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to ganciclovir, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in ganciclovir gel. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ganciclovir is commonly associated with a range of serious haematological adverse effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is a phase 3 study designed to evaluate whether the administration of ganciclovir increases ventilator-free days in immunocompetent patients with sepsis associated acute respiratory failure. (nih.gov)
  • www.drugguide.com/ddo/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/51348/all/ganciclovir. (drugguide.com)
  • The traditional anti-CMV drug ganciclovir is not able to prevent reactivation of endogenous virus. (figshare.com)
  • It is changed in the body to the active form of the drug called ganciclovir . (webmd.com)
  • Ganciclovir is considered a potential human carcinogen, teratogen, and mutagen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bifidobacterium (BF) or BF-rTK was injected intratumorally with or without ganciclovir in a human colo320 intestinal xenograft tumor model. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Un dépistage néonatal du cytomégalovirus, du virus de l'herpès et de Toxoplasma gondii pourrait être utile en République islamique d'Iran. (who.int)
  • Levels of ganciclovir-triphosphate are as much as 100-fold higher in CMV-infected cells than in uninfected cells, possibly due to preferential phosphorylation of ganciclovir in virus-infected cells. (medscape.com)
  • The aim of the present study is to illustrate compatibility testing of ganciclovir (GCV) with some common excipients that would be used to manufacture solid oral dosage forms. (ajbps.org)
  • The Global Ganciclovir Consumption Industry 2016 Deep Market Research Report is a professional and in-depth study on the current state of the Ganciclovir market. (bigmarketresearch.com)
  • In this study we investigated the influence of proteasome inhibitor MG132 and ganciclovir on the CMV-specific CD8(+) T-cell immune response. (figshare.com)
  • Johns Hopkins Guides , www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540238/all/Ganciclovir. (hopkinsguides.com)
  • Whats more, the Ganciclovir industry development trends and marketing channels are analyzed. (bigmarketresearch.com)
  • Secondly, the report states the global Ganciclovir market size (volume and value) , and the segment markets by regions, types, applications and companies are also discussed. (bigmarketresearch.com)
  • Ganciclovir can decrease bone marrow function. (webmd.com)
  • Activity and selectivity are also amplified by the accumulation of ganciclovir-TP in CMV-infected cells. (wikipedia.org)