Galactose. Medical search

An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood.

An enzyme that oxidizes galactose in the presence of molecular oxygen to D-galacto-hexodialdose. It is a copper protein. EC 1.1.3.9.

D-Galactose:NAD(P)+ 1-oxidoreductases. Catalyzes the oxidation of D-galactose in the presence of NAD+ or NADP+ to D-galactono-gamma-lactone and NADH or NADPH. Includes EC 1.1.1.48 and EC 1.1.1.120.

Phosphoric acid esters of galactose.

A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)

A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a source of galactose in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, cerebrosides, and lactose.

A necessary enzyme in the metabolism of galactose. It reversibly catalyzes the conversion of UDPglucose to UDPgalactose. NAD+ is an essential component for enzymatic activity. EC 5.1.3.2.

An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the formation of galactose 1-phosphate and ADP from ATP and D-galactose. Galactosamine can also act as the acceptor. A deficiency of this enzyme results in GALACTOSEMIA. EC 2.7.1.6.

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of UDPgalactose from UTP and galactose-1-phosphate. It is present in low levels in fetal and infant liver, but increases with age, thereby enabling galactosemic infants who survive to develop the capacity to metabolize galactose. EC 2.7.7.10.

A naturally occurring product of plants obtained following reduction of GALACTOSE. It appears as a white crystalline powder with a slight sweet taste. It may form in excess in the lens of the eye in GALACTOSEMIAS, a deficiency of GALACTOKINASE.

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.

Simple sugars, carbohydrates which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis. They are colorless crystalline substances with a sweet taste and have the same general formula CnH2nOn. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of galactose from a nucleoside diphosphate galactose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.

The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.

Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.

A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of UMP from UDPglucose to galactose 1-phosphate, forming UDPgalactose and glucose 1-phosphate. Deficiency in this enzyme is the major cause of GALACTOSEMIA. EC 2.7.7.12.

Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.

A family of galactoside hydrolases that hydrolyze compounds with an O-galactosyl linkage. EC 3.2.1.-.

Oligosaccharides containing two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond.

Enzymes that catalyze the epimerization of chiral centers within carbohydrates or their derivatives. EC 5.1.3.

Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alpha D-glucose 1-phosphate to alpha D-glucose 6-phosphate. EC 5.4.2.2.

An analytical technique for resolution of a chemical mixture into its component compounds. Compounds are separated on an adsorbent paper (stationary phase) by their varied degree of solubility/mobility in the eluting solvent (mobile phase).

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight.

SUGARS containing an amino group. GLYCOSYLATION of other compounds with these amino sugars results in AMINOGLYCOSIDES.

A group of naturally occurring N-and O-acyl derivatives of the deoxyamino sugar neuraminic acid. They are ubiquitously distributed in many tissues.

Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of galactose with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include both alpha- and beta-galactosides.

A class of inorganic or organic compounds that contain the borohydride (BH4-) anion.

Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. Some carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) from PLANTS also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. Many plant lectins change the physiology of the membrane of BLOOD CELLS to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes. They may play a role in plant defense mechanisms.

The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.

Endogenous glycoproteins from which SIALIC ACID has been removed by the action of sialidases. They bind tightly to the ASIALOGLYCOPROTEIN RECEPTOR which is located on hepatocyte plasma membranes. After internalization by adsorptive ENDOCYTOSIS they are delivered to LYSOSOMES for degradation. Therefore receptor-mediated clearance of asialoglycoproteins is an important aspect of the turnover of plasma glycoproteins. They are elevated in serum of patients with HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS or HEPATITIS.

Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)

A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides.

A family of calcium-binding alpha-globulins that are synthesized in the LIVER and play an essential role in maintaining the solubility of CALCIUM in the BLOOD. In addition the fetuins contain aminoterminal cystatin domains and are classified as type 3 cystatins.

Lipids containing at least one monosaccharide residue and either a sphingoid or a ceramide (CERAMIDES). They are subdivided into NEUTRAL GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS comprising monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylsphingoids and monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylceramides; and ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS which comprises sialosylglycosylsphingolipids (GANGLIOSIDES); SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS (formerly known as sulfatides), glycuronoglycosphingolipids, and phospho- and phosphonoglycosphingolipids. (From IUPAC's webpage)

A strong oxidizing agent.

Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.

A disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage.

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518)

Acids derived from monosaccharides by the oxidation of the terminal (-CH2OH) group farthest removed from the carbonyl group to a (-COOH) group. (From Stedmans, 26th ed)

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-galactose residues in alpha-galactosides including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans, and galactolipids.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

An order of gram-positive, primarily aerobic BACTERIA that tend to form branching filaments.

A monosaccharide in sweet fruits and honey that is soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. It is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.

A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of UDPglucose from UTP plus glucose 1-phosphate. EC 2.7.7.9.

A large group of membrane transport proteins that shuttle MONOSACCHARIDES across CELL MEMBRANES.

A non-pathogenic species of LACTOCOCCUS found in DAIRY PRODUCTS and responsible for the souring of MILK and the production of LACTIC ACID.

A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Glycosphingolipids containing N-acetylglucosamine (paragloboside) or N-acetylgalactosamine (globoside). Globoside is the P antigen on erythrocytes and paragloboside is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of erythrocyte blood group ABH and P 1 glycosphingolipid antigens. The accumulation of globoside in tissue, due to a defect in hexosaminidases A and B, is the cause of Sandhoff disease.

Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

A C-type lectin that is a cell surface receptor for ASIALOGLYCOPROTEINS. It is found primarily in the LIVER where it mediates the endocytosis of serum glycoproteins.

Monosaccharide transport proteins that function as active symporters. They utilize SODIUM or HYDROGEN IONS to transport GLUCOSE across CELL MEMBRANES.

Polysaccharides composed of repeating galactose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A genus of leguminous shrubs or trees, mainly tropical, yielding useful compounds such as ALKALOIDS and PLANT LECTINS.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

An ascomycetous yeast of the fungal family Saccharomycetaceae, order SACCHAROMYCETALES.

A rather large group of enzymes comprising not only those transferring phosphate but also diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and others. These have also been subdivided according to the acceptor group. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.

Carbohydrates covalently linked to a nonsugar moiety (lipids or proteins). The major glycoconjugates are glycoproteins, glycopeptides, peptidoglycans, glycolipids, and lipopolysaccharides. (From Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 2d ed; From Principles of Biochemistry, 2d ed)

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Neutral glycosphingolipids that contain a monosaccharide, normally glucose or galactose, in 1-ortho-beta-glycosidic linkage with the primary alcohol of an N-acyl sphingoid (ceramide). In plants the monosaccharide is normally glucose and the sphingoid usually phytosphingosine. In animals, the monosaccharide is usually galactose, though this may vary with the tissue and the sphingoid is usually sphingosine or dihydrosphingosine. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1st ed)

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.

A subclass of ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS. They contain one or more sialic acid (N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID) residues. Using the Svennerholm system of abbrevations, gangliosides are designated G for ganglioside, plus subscript M, D, or T for mono-, di-, or trisialo, respectively, the subscript letter being followed by a subscript arabic numeral to indicated sequence of migration in thin-layer chromatograms. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1997)

Oligosaccharides containing three monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.

The A protein of the lactose synthase complex. In the presence of the B protein (LACTALBUMIN) specificity is changed from N-acetylglucosamine to glucose. EC 2.4.1.90.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A group of enzymes with the general formula CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:acceptor N-acetylneuraminyl transferase. They catalyze the transfer of N-acetylneuraminic acid from CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid to an acceptor, which is usually the terminal sugar residue of an oligosaccharide, a glycoprotein, or a glycolipid. EC 2.4.99.-.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

Gangliosides of human kidney. (1/3083)

Five gangliosides isolated from human kidney have been characterized. The two main fractions were shown to be typical extraneural gangliosides in having lactose as their neutral carbohydrate moiety. Their structures were identified as: AcNeu(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc(beta1-1)Cer and AcNeu(alpha2-8)AcNeu(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc(beta1-1)Cer. The two main hexosamine-containing gangliosides are structurally related to human blood group substances of glycosphingolipid nature. The following structures are postulated: AcNeu(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc(beta1-1)Cer and AcNeu(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-4)[Fuc(alpha1-3)]GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc(beta1-1) Cer. The third hexosamine-containing ganglioside belongs to a different series of glycolipids and was shown to have the structure of a major ganglioside of human brain: AcNeu(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-3)GalNAc(beta1-4)[AcNeu(alpha2-3)]Gal(beta1-4)Glc(beta1- 1)Cer. The fatty acid structure of different gangliosides was shown to resemble that of neutral glycolipids of human kidney with the nonhydroxy acids C16:0, C22:0, and C24:0 as major components. (+info)

Missense mutations in SGLT1 cause glucose-galactose malabsorption by trafficking defects. (2/3083)

Glucose-galactose malabsorption (GGM) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by defects in the Na+/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1). Neonates present with severe diarrhea while on any diet containing glucose and/or galactose [1]. This study focuses on a patient of Swiss and Dominican descent. All 15 exons of SGLT1 were screened using single stranded conformational polymorphism analyses, and aberrant PCR products were sequenced. Two missense mutations, Gly318Arg and Ala468Val, were identified. SGLT1 mutants were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes for radiotracer uptake, electrophysiological experiments, and Western blotting. Uptakes of [14C]alpha-methyl-d-glucoside by the mutants were 5% or less than that of wild-type. Two-electrode voltage-clamp experiments confirmed the transport defects, as no noticeable sugar-induced current could be elicited from either mutant [2]. Western blots of cell protein showed levels of each SGLT1 mutant protein comparable to that of wild-type, and that both were core-glycosylated. Presteady-state current measurements indicated an absence of SGLT1 in the plasma membrane. We suggest that the compound heterozygote missense mutations G318R and A468V lead to GGM in this patient by defective trafficking of mutant proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane. (+info)

Carbohydrate on human factor VIII/von Willebrand factor. Impairment of function by removal of specific galactose residues. (3/3083)

Human factor VIII/von Willebrand factor protein containing 120 +/- 12 nmol of sialic acid and 135 +/- 13 nmol of galactose/mg of protein was digested with neuraminidase. The affinity of native factor VIII/von Willebrand factor and its asialo form for the hepatic lectin that specifically binds asialoglycoproteins was assessed from in vitro binding experiments. Native factor VIII/von Willebrand factor exhibited negligible affinity while binding of the asialo derivative was comparable to that observed for asialo-alpha1-acid glycoprotein. Incubation of asialo-factor VIII/von Willebrand factor with Streptococcus pneumoniae beta-galactosidase removed only 62% of the galactose but abolished binding to the purified hepatic lectin. When the asialo derivative was incubated with purified beta-D-galactoside alpha2 leads to 6 sialyltransferase and CMP-[14C]NeuAc, only 61% of the galactose incorporated [14C]NeuAc. From the known specificites of these enzymes, it is concluded that galactose residues important in lectin binding are present in a terminal Gal/beta1 leads to 4GlcNAc sequence on asialo-factor VIII/von Willebrand factor. The relative ristocetin-induced platelet aggregating activity of native, asialo-, and agalacto-factor VIII/von Willebrand factor was 100:38:12, respectively, while procoagulant activity was 100:100:103. (+info)

Stimulation of collagen galactosyltransferase and glucosyltransferase activities by lysophosphatidylcholine. (4/3083)

Lysophosphatidylcholine stimulated the activities of collagen galactosyl- and glucosyl-transferases in chick-embryo extract and its particulate fractions in vitro, whereas essentially no stimulation was noted in the high-speed supernatant, where the enzymes are soluble and membrane-free. The stimulatory effect of lysophosphatidylcholine was masked by 0.1% Triton X-100. In kinetic experiments lysophosphatidylcholine raised the maximum velocities with respect to the substrates and co-substrates, whereas no changes were observed in the apparant Km values. Phospholipase A preincubation of the chick-embryo extract resulted in stimulation of both transferase activities, probably gy generating lysophosphatides from endogenous phospholipids. No stimulation by lysophosphatidylcholine was found when tested with 500-fold-purified glycosyltransferase. The results suggest that collagen glycosyltransferases must be associated with the membrane structures of the cell in order to be stimulated by lysophosphatidylcholine. Lysophosphatidylcholine could have some regulatory significance in vivo, since its concentration in the cell is comparable with that which produced marked stimulation in vitro. (+info)

Oligomycin induces a decrease in the cellular content of a pathogenic mutation in the human mitochondrial ATPase 6 gene. (5/3083)

A T --> G mutation at position 8993 in human mitochondrial DNA is associated with the syndrome neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa and with a maternally inherited form of Leigh's syndrome. The mutation substitutes an arginine for a leucine at amino acid position 156 in ATPase 6, a component of the F0 portion of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex. Fibroblasts harboring high levels of the T8993G mutation have decreased ATP synthesis activity, but do not display any growth defect under standard culture conditions. Combining the notions that cells with respiratory chain defects grow poorly in medium containing galactose as the major carbon source, and that resistance to oligomycin, a mitochondrial inhibitor, is associated with mutations in the ATPase 6 gene in the same transmembrane domain where the T8993G amino acid substitution is located, we created selective culture conditions using galactose and oligomycin that elicited a pathological phenotype in T8993G cells and that allowed for the rapid selection of wild-type over T8993G mutant cells. We then generated cytoplasmic hybrid clones containing heteroplasmic levels of the T8993G mutation, and showed that selection in galactose-oligomycin caused a significant increase in the fraction of wild-type molecules (from 16 to 28%) in these cells. (+info)

Quantitative determination of N-acetylglucosamine residues at the non-reducing ends of peptidoglycan chains by enzymic attachment of [14C]-D-galactose. (6/3083)

The ability of human milk galactosyltransferase to attach D-galactose residues quantitatively to the C-4 of N-acetylglucosamine moieties at the ends of oligosaccharides has been utilized for the specific labeling and quantitative determination of the chain length of the glycan moiety of the bacterial cell wall. The average polysaccharide chain length of the soluble, uncrosslinked peptidoglycan secreted by Micrococcus luteus cells on incubation with penicillin G was studied with this technique and found to be approximately 70 hexosamines long. Furthermore, the peptidoglycan chain length of Escherichia coli sacculi of different cell shapes and dimensions was determined both in rod-shaped cells and in filaments induced by temperature shift of a division mutant or by addition of cephalexin or nalidixic acid. The average chain length found in most of these sacculi was between 70 and 100 hexosamines long. Small spherical 'mini' cells had chain lengths similar to those of the isogenic rod-like cells. (+info)

A unique primary structure, cDNA cloning and function of a galactose-specific lectin from ascidian plasma. (7/3083)

The complete amino acid sequence of a galactose-specific lectin from the plasma of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi has been determined by sequential Edman degradation analysis of peptide fragments derived by proteolytic fragmentation and chemical cleavage of the reductive S-pyridylethylated lectin. Peptide fragments were separated by reverse-phase HPLC. The N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequences were determined by Edman degradation and enzymatic digestion. The H. roretzi plasma lectin is a single-chain protein consisting of 327 amino acids and four disulfide bonds, one of which was found to be cross-linked intramolecularly. A comparison of the amino acid sequence of the H. roretzi plasma lectin with the sequences of other proteins reveals that the H. roretzi lectin has a structure consisting of a twice-repeated sequence, a fibrinogen-related sequence and a C-type lectin-homologous sequence. The above amino acid sequence was verified by cDNA cloning of this lectin. Three cDNA clones that have single ORFs encoding the lectin precursor were isolated from an H. roretzi hepatopancreas cDNA library. The deduced amino acid sequences in the three cDNA clones contain the same sequence of the mature lectin molecule and the same putative signal sequence. In addition, it was demonstrated that this lectin can enhance phagocytosis by H. roretzi hemocytes. Thus, the plasma lectin is constructed into an oligomer structure via intermolecular disulfide bonds and plays a role in the biological defense of H. roretzi as a defense molecule. (+info)

Orotate decreases the inhibitory effect of ethanol on galactose elimination in the perfused rat liver. (8/3083)

1. The galactose-elimination rate in perfused livers from starved rats was decreased in the presence of ethanol (2-28mM) to one-third of the control values. Orotate injections partly reversed the effect of ethanol, so that the galactose-elimination rate was about two-thirds of the control values. Orotate alone had no effect on the galactose-elimination rate. 2. Ethanol increased [galactose 1-phosphate] and [UDP-galactose], and decreased (UDP-glucose] and [UTP], both with and without orotate. Orotate increased [UTP], [UDP-galactose], both with and without ethanol. The increase of [galactose 1-phosphate] in the presence of ethanol was inhibited by orotate. Orotate alone had no appreciable effect on [galactose 1-phosphate]. 3. Both the effect of ethanol and that of orotate on the galactose-elimination rate can be accounted for by assuming inhibition of galactokinase by galactose 1-phosphate with Ki about 0.2mM, the inhibition being either non-competitive or uncompetitive. 4. The primary effect of ethanol seems to be inhibition of UDP-glucose epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2), followed by accumulation of UDP-galactose, trapping of UDP-glucose and increase of [galactose 1-phosphate]. Orotate decreased the effect of ethanol, probably by increasing [UDP-glucose]. (+info)

Examples are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Muscovado - a minimally processed sugar Non-centrifugal cane sugar - made by the ... Fruit juice concentrate Fucose Galactose - a monosaccharide sugar not as sweet as glucose or fructose Glucose, glucose solids ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sugars

... is a disaccharide made by condensation of one molecule of each of the monosaccharides glucose and galactose, whereas the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaccharide

l-galactose. l-Galactose reacts with the enzyme l-galactose dehydrogenase, whereby the lactone ring opens and forms again but ... l-galactose dehydrogenase in spinach.[132] Ascorbic acid efflux by embryo of dicots plants is a well-established mechanism of ... In plants, this is accomplished through the conversion of mannose or galactose to ascorbic acid.[114][115] ... galactose, L-galactonolactone and ascorbic acid.[134][135] There is feedback regulation in place, in that the presence of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-ascorbic_acid

The xylose residues are often capped with a galactose residue sometimes followed by a fucose residue. The specific structure of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyloglucan

Galactose, a sugar. *Galanin, a peptide encoded by the GAL gene. *Galeandra, an orchid genus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal

β-D-Galactose Hexose Gal β-D-Mannose Hexose Man α-L-Fucose Deoxyhexose Fuc ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein

Changed: 'ImageFile' ('Uridine diphosphate galactose.svg' -, 'UDP-Galactose.svg'). *17:31:44 (2, 3, 4) (EDIT) User:Yikrazuul ( ... 17:30:13 (2, 3, 4) (EDIT) User:Yikrazuul (contribs, talk) edited Uridine_diphosphate_galactose (diff, hist). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Log/2011-03-07

Chemical structure of galactose. Leloir and his team discovered that in galactosemia, patients lacked the necessary enzyme ( ... "Lipid-bond Saccharides containing glucose and galactose in agrobacterium tumefaciens", (1984). *. Zorreguieta, A.; Ugalde, R.A ... Leloir and his colleagues elucidated the primary mechanisms of galactose metabolism (now coined the Leloir pathway[12]) and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir

Galactose addition occurs primarily through the β-1,4-galactosyltransferase enzyme (β4Gal-T1) while the enzymes responsible for ... The enzyme KS-Gal6ST (CHST1) transfers sulfate groups to galactose while N-acetylglucosaminyl-6-sulfotransferase (GlcNAc6ST) ( ... or galactose.[3] Glycosaminoglycans are highly polar and attract water. They are therefore useful to the body as a lubricant or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan

Accumulation of galactose[edit]. Reduction to galactitol[edit]. In galactosemic patients, the accumulation of galactose becomes ... Galactosemia (British galactosaemia, from Greek γαλακτόζη + αίμα, meaning galactose + blood, accumulation of galactose in blood ... However, recent studies suggest that galactose dehydrogenase is responsible for converting galactose to galactonolactone, which ... In individuals with galactosemia, the enzymes needed for further metabolism of galactose (Galactokinase and galactose-1- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosemia

... is a hexosamine derived from galactose with the molecular formula C6H13NO5. This amino sugar is a constituent of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosamine

An example is lacZ-α which codes for the N-terminus fragment of β-galactosidase, an enzyme that digests galactose. A multiple ... with an insert may be identified using blue/white selection by growing cells in media containing an analogue of galactose (X- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(molecular_biology)

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase. Is the most problematic, as ... Galactolysis refers to the catabolism of galactose. In the liver, galactose is converted through the Leloir pathway to glucose ... Causes cataracts, which are treatable by restricting galactose from the diet. UDPgalactose-4-epimerase deficiency. UDPgalactose ... If a galactose-free diet is administered, cataracts and acute symptoms such as kidney and liver failure respond immediately. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactolysis

The IB enzyme adds a galactose. The i allele produces no modification. Thus IA and IB alleles are each dominant to i (IAIA and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_trait

Filled by {{ebicite}}. This category contains pages which have been tagged by User:CheMoBot as having a verified EBI field (ChEBI or ChEMBL) which has been changed since the page has been verified. ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_changed_EBI_identifier

Gums contain galactose in form of galacturonic acid. This sugar is part of lactose, which is milk sugar, so consumption of gums ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummivory

Arabinogalactan is a biopolymer consisting of arabinose and galactose monosaccharides. It is a major component of many plant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_gum

You're already immune to alpha-1,3-galactosyl-galactose bonds. All humans are. Why not divert a fraction of those antibodies to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kary_Mullis

Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only ... Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion

def: "Catalysis of the reaction: lactose + H2O=D-glucose + D-galactose." [EC:3.2.1.108]. synonym: "lactase-phlorizin hydrolase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_ontology

Galactosemia results from an inability to process galactose, a simple sugar. This deficiency occurs when the gene for galactose ... The full name of B transferase is alpha 1-3-galactosyltransferase, and its function in the cell is to add a galactose molecule ... Its primary action is to produce lactose from glucose and UDP-galactose. This occurs via the following pathway: UDP-β-D- ... Most symptoms of the disease are caused by a buildup of galactose-1-phosphate in the body. Common symptoms include liver ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase

L-Galactose reacts with the enzyme L-galactose dehydrogenase, whereby the lactone ring opens and forms again but with between ... In plants, this is accomplished through the conversion of mannose or galactose to ascorbic acid.[116][117] ... galactose, L-galactonolactone and ascorbic acid.[136][137] There is feedback regulation in place, in that the presence of ... L-Ascorbic acid has a negative feedback on L-galactose dehydrogenase in spinach.[134] Ascorbic acid efflux by embryo of dicots ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascorbic_acid

"Galactose Mutations of Escherichia Coli K-12 Not Amenable to Lambda Transduction", by Morse, M. L. and J. W. Labelle, Genetics ... "Mapping studies of galactose mutants of Escherichia coli K-12", by Morse, M. L., Genetics, 45, 1001, 1960 and PNAS, Aug., 1962 ... "Galactose Mutants of E. coli not Serving as Recipients in Lambda Transduction", by Morse, M. L., Biophysical Society Sixth ... "Reverse Mutation Among Galactose Mutations of E. coli K-12", by Morse, M. L., Bacteria Proceedings （abstract）, p. 42, 1962 ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/半乳糖血症

This endosperm consists of a very large polysaccharide of galactose and mannose. This polymer is water-soluble and exhibits a ... The latter is polysaccharide containing polymers of mannose and galactose in a ratio of 2:1 with many branches.[5] Thanks to ... It is a neutral polysaccharide consisting of a mannose backbone chain with single galactose side units occurring on almost two ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guar

Lactase: This is a significant enzyme that converts lactose into glucose and galactose. A majority of Middle-Eastern and Asian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_enzyme

Galaktosak bi enantiomero ditu, L- eta D-, baina monosakaridoetan ohikoa den bezala D-Galaktosa baino ez da agertzen naturan. Kate askea zein eraztunak osatuz aurkitzen da. Egitura ohikoena pirano (eraztun hexagonala) den arren furano (eraztun pentagonala) itxura ere har dezake. Galaktofuranosa ordea bakterio, onddo eta protozooetan baino ez da aurkitu[1]. ...

https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktosa

GALE: UDP-galactose-4-epimerase. *GADD45A (1p31). *GBP1 (1p22). *GBP2: guanylate binding protein 2 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_1

Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition

While α-galactose as a part of glycoprotein glycans from vertebrates other than higher apes was known for a long time as being ... "Drug allergens and food--the cetuximab and galactose-α-1,3-galactose story". Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 112 (2): 97-101. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-reactive_carbohydrate_determinants

... is a biopolymer consisting of arabinose and galactose monosaccharides. Two classes of arabinogalactans are ... Both the arabinose and galactose exist solely in the furanose configuration. The galactan portion of microbial arabinogalactan ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabinogalactan

The organization and transcription of the galactose gene cluster of Saccharomyces.. St John TP, Davis RW. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6276569?dopt=Abstract

"https://hi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=साँचा:Fructose_and_galactose_metabolism_enzymes&oldid=2191100" से लिया गया ...

https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE:Fructose_and_galactose_metabolism_enzymes

Galactose toxicity-induced cell lysis in the galE mutant by galactose metabolites. (A) Leloir pathway for galactose metabolism ... The resulting product, galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-P), is then converted to UDP-galactose by the galactose-1-phosphate ... galK encodes a galactose kinase, galT encodes a galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, and galE encodes a UDP-galactose ... and galactose (Gal), whereas the material extracted from the epsA-O mutant completely lacked N-acetyl-galactose and galactose ( ...

https://mbio.asm.org/content/3/4/e00184-12?ijkey=e1bb834c2adae8e6471c743e90204dcd779b8edf&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

galactose. dc.title. Understanding dynamic activities of the yeast galactose utilization network under environmental changes. ... This network allows yeast cells to metabolize galactose in the absence of glucose and is tightly repressed when glucose is ... Understanding dynamic activities of the yeast galactose utilization network under environmental changes. dc.contributor.advisor ... Using a microfluidic device, we supplied yeast cells with both glucose and galactose before linearly depleting glucose at ...

https://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/88376?show=full

THE GALACTOSE TOLERANCE TEST IN JAUNDICE; A CONSIDERATION OF THE EVIDENCE PERMITTING THE MEASUREMENT OF GALACTOSE UTILIZATION ... that there be no renal threshold for the excretion of galactose; (2) that galactose utilization remain unmodified by the ... In 1931, in a paper on the study of the metabolism of galactose in the human subject, Shay, Schloss and Bell1 concluded that ... SHAY H, FIEMAN P. THE GALACTOSE TOLERANCE TEST IN JAUNDICE; A CONSIDERATION OF THE EVIDENCE PERMITTING THE MEASUREMENT OF ...

https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/671245/galactose-tolerance-test-jaundice-consideration-evidence-permitting-measurement-galactose-utilization

For example, the galactose utilization network in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is activated by the presence of galactose but ... Timing and Variability of Galactose Metabolic Gene Activation Depend on the Rate of Environmental Change. ... Upon depletion of glucose, the genes encoding galactose metabolic proteins will activate. Here, we show that the rate at which ... Nguyen-Huu, Truong D., Gupta, Chinmaya, Ma, Bo, et al., . "Timing and Variability of Galactose Metabolic Gene Activation Depend ...

https://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/82041

Further sulfation on galactose residues produces KSPG (Bos taurus) Further sulfation on galactose residues produces KSPG (Canis ... Further sulfation on galactose residues produces KSPG (Danio rerio) Further sulfation on galactose residues produces KSPG ( ... Further sulfation on galactose residues produces KSPG (Gallus gallus) Further sulfation on galactose residues produces KSPG ( ... Further sulfation on galactose residues produces KSPG (Sus scrofa) Further sulfation on galactose residues produces KSPG ( ...

http://www.reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-2046175

With our food browser, you can sort thousands of different foods and recipes by galactose, or by dozens of other nutrients. ... High galactose recipes. ×. Info With our food browser, you can sort thousands of different foods and recipes by galactose, or ...

https://www.eatthismuch.com/food/browse/high-galactose-recipes/?q=&type=recipe&order_by=-galactose&show_nutrient=galactose

Categories Biochemistry Tags Galactose, Galactose Metabolism, Galactose Metabolism Location, Galactose Metabolism Pathway, ... Galactose Metabolism Related Diseases, Galactose Metabolism Results, Galactose Metabolism Significance Leave a comment ... Galactose Metabolism Related Diseases Galactose Metabolism. February 16, 2019. by Sagar Aryal ... Galactose and glucose are epimers that differ in their configuration at C-4. Thus the entry of galactose into glycolysis ...

https://microbenotes.com/tag/galactose-metabolism-related-diseases/

A disaccharide composed of two units of galactose, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), has been recognized as a ... phosphorylates α-D-galactose to galactose-1-phosphate, or Gal-1-P; Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) transfers a ... A galactose molecule linked with a glucose molecule forms a lactose molecule. Galactan is a polymeric form of galactose found ... Galactose metabolism, which converts galactose into glucose, is carried out by the three principal enzymes in a mechanism known ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose

D-Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the intraconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. It is formed ... The Leloir pathway is responsible for such metabolism of galactose and its intermediate, galactose-1-phosphate. Deficiency of ... Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase "Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyltransferase Deficiency (Galactosemia)". StatPearls. ... Utility of Galactose, Galactitol, Galactonate, and Galactose 1-Phosphate". Clinical Chemistry. 56 (7): 1177-1182. doi:10.1373/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose_1-phosphate

... galactose (CHEBI:28260). D-galactose (CHEBI:12936) is a galactose (CHEBI:28260). L-galactose (CHEBI:37618) is a galactose ( ... galactose (CHEBI:28260) has role fundamental metabolite (CHEBI:78675) galactose (CHEBI:28260) is a aldohexose (CHEBI:33917) ... CHEBI:28260 - galactose. Main. ChEBI Ontology. Automatic Xrefs. Reactions. Pathways. Models. .gridLayoutCellStructure { min- ...

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:28260

... the sugars glucose and galactose, which primarily results in severe diarrhea. Explore symptoms, inheritance, genetics of this ... Glucose-galactose malabsorption is a condition in which the body cannot take in (absorb) ... Glucose-galactose malabsorption is a condition in which the body cannot take in (absorb) the sugars glucose and galactose, ... Glucose and galactose are simple sugars; they are present in many foods, or they can be obtained from the breakdown of lactose ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/glucose-galactose-malabsorption/

β-D-galactose (CHEBI:27667) is a D-galactopyranose (CHEBI:4139) β-D-galactose (CHEBI:27667) is enantiomer of β-L-galactose ( ... 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-galactose (CHEBI:49145) has functional parent β-D-galactose (CHEBI:27667). 3-O-sulfo-β-D-galactose (CHEBI: ... β-D-galactose (CHEBI:27667) has role epitope (CHEBI:53000) β-D-galactose (CHEBI:27667) has role mouse metabolite (CHEBI:75771) ... β-L-galactose (CHEBI:37620) is enantiomer of β-D-galactose (CHEBI:27667). β-D-galactosyl groups (CHEBI:22778) is substituent ...

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:27667

Galactose -- Carbon,C6Hydrogen,H12Oxygen,OHydrogen,H An optical isomer of the famous Glucose which is different from it at the ... Galactoses Fischer* drawings:. L-Gal: D-Gal: C1-HO C1-HO OH-C2-H H-C2-OH H-C3-OH OH-C3-H H-C4-OH OH-C4-H OH-C5-H H-C5-OH C6-H2 ... lactose is a dimeric form of galactose, converted to galactose by acid or enzymatic activity (beta-galactosidase) © Webster ... Galactose -- C6H12OH. An optical isomer of the famous Glucose which is different from it at the fourth Carbon (Its OH group is ...

https://everything2.com/title/galactose

... *Formula: C22H55NO6Si5 ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=R241702

... *Formula: C21H52O6Si5 ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=R509256&Units=SI&Mask=FFFF

A galactose-restricted diet free of lactose is lifesaving in patients with galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) ... A galactose-restricted diet free of lactose is lifesaving in patients with galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) ... and the presence of bound galactose in many food plants. Galactose, in various glycosidic linkages, such as α-1,6, β−1,3 and β− ... Feruloylated disaccharides ofd-galactose andl-arabinose from spinach polysaccharide. Biochem J 203: 493-504PubMedGoogle Scholar ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02143811

Previous casereports in PGM1-CDG patients receiving oral D-galactose (D-gal) showed clinical improvement. So far no systematic ... Overall, the spectra suggest that galactose is able to directly restore the lack of galactose on the truncated glycans, while ... These alterations improved but did not completely normalize with galactose supplementation. Interestingly, galactose ... Wong, S., Gadomski, T., van Scherpenzeel, M. et al. Oral D-galactose supplementation in PGM1-CDG. Genet Med 19, 1226-1235 (2017 ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/gim201741?error=cookies_not_supported&code=7a225607-7f51-40a2-982e-17494533d9ed

... bipin k. dalmia dalmiabk at phibred.com Mon Jul 14 14:58:21 EST 1997 *Previous message: Best ...

http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/methods/1997-July/059331.html

... Z.J. Zhang via yeast%40net.bio.net (by ZZhang from uwyo.edu). Tue Sep 4 16:27:43 EST 2007 * ... Slow galactose induction Hi, I am looking for suggestions as to why my galactose induction process takes 6 hours. I am ... Next message: [Yeast] RE: Slow galactose induction (Kerry Geiler) * Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ ... Next message: [Yeast] RE: Slow galactose induction (Kerry Geiler) * Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ ...

http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/yeast/2007-September/010892.html

A disaccharide composed of two units of galactose, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), has been recognized as a ... For the EP by The Sweet Science, see Galactose (EP).. Galactose (/ɡəˈlæktoʊs/, galacto- + -ose, "milk sugar"), sometimes ... phosphorylates α-D-galactose to galactose-1-phosphate, or Gal-1-P; Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) transfers a ... The initial stage is the conversion of β-D-galactose to α-D-galactose by the enzyme, mutarotase (GALM). The Leloir pathway then ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose

Galactose; Linear Formula: C6H12O6; find Sigma-Aldrich-G0750 MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar ... Galactose has been used:. • as a component of galactosyltransferase labeling buffer.. • as a supplement in MRS broth for the ... Galactose is a simple monosaccharide that serves as an energy source and as an essential component of glycolipids and ... Galactose contributes to energy metabolism via its conversion to glucose by the enzymes that constitute the Leloir pathway. ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/g0750?lang=en®ion=US

D(+)-Galactose D-galactose EINECS 200-416-4 Galactose, pure galactose (3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol 147- ... galactose PubChem Notes: Galactose An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, ... MediLexicon galactose - Medical Dictionary Definition for Term galactose [1. An aldohexose found (in d form) as a constituent ... causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood. ...

http://sci-toys.com/scichem/jqp001/6036.html

Galactosemia is one of many genetically inherited diseases and it affects one s ability to process galactose. Learn about the ... Galactosemia is a genetic disorder in which the body cannot process galactose, which is a simple sugar that is found in many ... The affected infant will not be able to process and use galactose in energy production, as would a healthy baby, and this will ... This can be extremely serious because it means that the infant cannot break down galactose from mother s milk resulting in a ...

https://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/galactosemia.htm

The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in ... Gene Ontology Term: galactose metabolic process. GO ID. GO:0006012 Aspect. Biological Process. Description. ...

https://www.yeastgenome.org/go/GO:0006012

First described in a variant patient in 1935 by Mason and Turner, galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency is ... Uridine diphosphate (UDP) galactose-4-epimerase epimerizes UDP galactose to UDP glucose and is also uncommon. [12] ... Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase Deficiency (Galactosemia) * Sections Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase Deficiency ... Galactokinase converts galactose to galactose-1-phosphate and is not a common deficiency. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/944069-overview

But overall, the galactose intake from fermented dairy (which in the paper focuses on soured milk and yoghurt) is equal to the ... For (semi)hard cheeses, there is a somewhat lower galactose intake, due to the washing of the curd during production, but also ... As lactose is composed of glucose and galactose (which have equal molecular weight), this decrease in lactose would lead to ... This therefore shows that yoghurt leads to equal galactose intake as milk (and in lactase non-persistent consumer to even ...

https://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g6015/rr/778979

Enzyme Formation in Galactose-Negative Mutants of Escherichia coli Message Subject. (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you ...

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/125/3238/114

When concentrated nitric acid is heated together with galactose, a dicarboxylic acid... ... The mucic acid test is used to identify the presence of the sugar galactose in food or in synthetics manufacture. ... The mucic acid test is used to identify the presence of the sugar galactose in food or in synthetics manufacture. When ... The mucic acid test gives a positive result with several galactose-containing substances such as lactose and dulcite. With ...

https://www.reference.com/science/mucic-acid-test-galactose-ece7ac8c03b042a5

In a batch process, this system enables ~ 50% conversion in 4 h starting with 300 mM galactose (an average productivity of 37 ... Production of tagatose, a sugar substitute, by isomerization of galactose suffers from unfavorable enzymatic kinetics, low ... for d-galactose to d-tagatose isomerization-that is limited by all three reaction parameters. The enzyme demonstrates low ... Whole-cell catalyst was incubated with either 30 mM galactose, 15 mM of galactose and tagatose, or 30 mM tagatose. ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12497-8?error=cookies_not_supported&code=da38add1-3f31-4f19-8d20-de5744795c53

... galactose InChI: InChI=1/C16H25N5O16P2/c17-16-19-12-6(13(28)20-16)18-3-21(12)14-10(26)8(24)5(34-14)2-33-38(29,30)37-39(31 ...

https://sci-toys.com/scichem/jqp025/18396.html

The galactose represser protein from E. coli has a pI of about 5.9. While purification protocols were being designed, it was ... Galactose represser protein. Add. Remove. This content was COPIED from BrainMass.com - View the original, and get the already- ... The galactose represser protein from E. coli has a pI of about 5.9. While purification protocols were being designed, it was ... It discusses pH, protein structure, and isoelectric points to discuss the galactose represser protein. ...

https://brainmass.com/biology/dna-proteins-and-rna/galactose-represser-protein-35732

1996) Transport of UDP-galactose into the Golgi lumen regulates the biosynthesis of proteoglycans. J Biol Chem 271(7):3897-3901 ... 2006) Characterization of AtNST-KT1, a novel UDP-galactose transporter from Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 580(17):4246-4251. ... 2010) Characterization of rice nucleotide sugar transporters capable of transporting UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose. J Biochem ... The Golgi localized bifunctional UDP-rhamnose/UDP-galactose transporter family of Arabidopsis. Carsten Rautengarten, Berit ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/111/31/11563?ijkey=ae3dc72619f447a342e5acad7ac6759a41c5f31c&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex assemblies. As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists.

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/protein/P02872

The organization and transcription of the galactose gene cluster of Kluyveromyces lactis.. Webster TD1, Dickson RC. ... The yeast Kluyveromyces lactis grows on galactose by inducing the Leloir pathway enzymes-kinase, epimerase, and transferase. To ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3047676?dopt=Abstract

Xu LQ, Xie YL, Gui SH, Zhang X, Mo ZZ, Sun CY, Li CL, Luo DD, Zhang ZB, Su ZR, Xie JH (2016) Polydatin attenuates d-galactose- ... Scutellaria baicalensis Aging D-galactose Metabolomics Electronic supplementary material. The online version of this article ( ... Qu Z, Zhang J, Yang H, Huo L, Gao J, Chen H, Gao W (2016) Protective effect of tetrahydropalmatine against d-galactose induced ... This study aimed to investigate the intervention effects of SBG ethanol extract on aging rats induced by D-galactose (D-gal) ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11011-018-0229-z

High-Resolution Crystal Structure of Trypanosoma Brucei Udp-Galactose 4-Epimerase: A Potential Target for Structure-Based ...

https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/materialsAndMethods.do?structureId=1GY8

Additionally, we demonstrated that galactose metabolism genes play an essential role in B. subtilis biofilm formation and that the expressions of both the gal and eps genes are interrelated. (asm.org)
This allowed us to demonstrate that galactose metabolism is essential for the synthesis of the extracellular matrix. (asm.org)
One of the major sugar metabolism pathways is the Leloir pathway, which allows the catabolism of galactose via conversion to UDP-galactose ( Fig. 1A ) ( 7 ). (asm.org)
In 1931, in a paper on the study of the metabolism of galactose in the human subject, Shay, Schloss and Bell 1 concluded that this hexose was best suited for testing the carbohydrate function of the liver. (annals.org)
Paradoxically, we find that Gal1p, an enzyme needed for galactose metabolism, accumulates more quickly if glucose is depleted slowly rather than taken away quickly. (rice.edu)
Galactose Metabolism Galactose is a major dietary sugar for humans. (microbenotes.com)
Herein we describe the model construction and application to hepatic galactose metabolism demonstrating its utility via i) the personalization of liver function tests based on galactose elimination capacity (GEC), ii) the explanation of changes in liver function with aging, and iii) the prediction of population variability in liver function based on variability in liver volume and perfusion. (fairdomhub.org)

This network allows yeast cells to metabolize galactose in the absence of glucose and is tightly repressed when glucose is available in the environment. (rice.edu)

To understand the dynamics of a gene network in response to temporally and spatially environmental changes, we focus on the galactose utilization network in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (rice.edu)
For example, the galactose utilization network in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is activated by the presence of galactose but repressed by glucose. (rice.edu)

Galactose is a common monosaccharide that can be utilized by all living organisms via the activities of three main enzymes that make up the Leloir pathway: GalK, GalT, and GalE. (asm.org)
In the first step of the pathway, galactose is phosphorylated by the galactokinase GalK. (asm.org)

The resulting product, galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-P), is then converted to UDP-galactose by the galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase GalT, which exchanges the glucose-1-phosphate (Glu-P) moiety of UDP-glucose with Gal-P, thereby producing UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal) and releasing glucose-1-phosphate. (asm.org)
Neonatal Galactose Transferase (GALT) kits are intended for the semi-quantitative determination of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) activity in blood specimens collected onto filter paper, in screening newborns for galactosemia. (perkinelmer.com)

Using a microfluidic device, we supplied yeast cells with both glucose and galactose before linearly depleting glucose at different rates. (rice.edu)

The hydrolysis of the disaccharide lactose (in milk) yields galactose and glucose. (microbenotes.com)

Upon depletion of glucose, the genes encoding galactose metabolic proteins will activate. (rice.edu)

This effect can be attributed to the accumulation of toxic galactose metabolites, since the galE mutant is blocked in the final step of galactose catabolism. (asm.org)

The organization and transcription of the galactose gene cluster of Saccharomyces. (nih.gov)

In many bacterial species, sugar nucleotides, such as UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose, are essential for exopolysaccharide biosynthesis. (asm.org)

Development of a galactose biosensor with galactose oxidase-immobilize" by Hencher H.C. Lee, Esther S.C. Wong et al. (edu.hk)

We propose that UDP-galactose is the toxic galactose metabolite and that it is used in the synthesis of EPS. (asm.org)

Finally, we propose that B. subtilis and other members of the Bacillus genus may have evolved to utilize naturally occurring polymers of galactose, such as galactan, as carbon sources. (asm.org)

Here, we show that the rate at which glucose levels are depleted determines the timing and variability of galactose gene activation. (rice.edu)
Our mathematical modeling suggests that the dynamics of the metabolic transition from glucose to galactose are responsible for the variability in galactose gene activation. (rice.edu)

In a screen for suppressor mutants restoring viability to a galE null mutant in the presence of galactose, we identified mutations in sinR , which is the major biofilm repressor gene. (asm.org)

In studying the synthesis of the biofilm matrix of Bacillus subtilis , we provide further understanding of a long-standing microbiological observation that certain mutants defective in the utilization of galactose became sensitive to it. (asm.org)

When cells are grown under conditions that favor matrix production, the toxicity of galactose is relieved. (asm.org)

In Bacillus subtilis , the absence of GalE causes sensitivity to exogenous galactose, leading to rapid cell lysis. (asm.org)

Galactosemia is an inability to properly break down galactose due to a genetically inherited mutation in one of the enzymes in the Leloir pathway. (wikipedia.org)
It is formed from galactose by galactokinase.The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of galactosemia. (wikipedia.org)
Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood. (sci-toys.com)
Galactosemia is a genetic disorder in which the body cannot process galactose, which is a simple sugar that is found in many foods. (medindia.net)
Classic galactosemia , also referred to as type I galactosemia, is the most threatening of all and infants suffering from this condition may even develop life-threatening complications within just a few days of birth unless the infant is put on a low-galactose diet. (medindia.net)
If symptoms of galactosemia surface, galactose should be completely eliminated from the diet. (medindia.net)
If an infant suffers from galactosemia, it means that one of the three necessary enzymes for the breakdown of galactose is missing and consequently there is a buildup of galactose which can be detected in the blood or urine sample. (medindia.net)
Dietary galactose restriction does not appear to be necessary or beneficial in patients with Duarte D-2 variant galactosemia. (medscape.com)
Tratamento   Consiste na retirada total de alimentos que possuem Galactose (exceto na Galactosemia Tipo 3).crianças que apresentaram a doença poderão consumir leite. (scribd.com)
Galactosemia is an inherited disorder caused by a deficiency of one of three enzymes responsible for the metabolism of a-D-galactose. (perkinelmer.com)
Schapira F, Kaplan JC (1969) Electrophoretic abnormality of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in galactosemia. (springer.com)
Schwarz HP, Zuppinger KA, Zimmermann A, Dauwalder H, Scherz R, Bier D (1982) Galactose intolerance in individuals with double heterozygosity for Duarte variant and galactosemia. (springer.com)
A very rare, moderate to severe form of galactosemia characterized by moderate to severe signs of impaired galactose metabolism. (nih.gov)

The detection of a substantial decrease of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase activity in patients with presenile cataract evidences the disturbance of galactose metabolism these patients and allows to accept this genetic defect as the causes of opacification of the lens. (unboundmedicine.com)
OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that high galactose consumption and low activity of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (transferase) is associated with early ovarian senescence among nongalactosemic women. (unc.edu)
The investigated enzymes were the galactokinase, the UDP-galactose-epimerase and the galactose-1-phosphate-uridyl-transferase. (arvojournals.org)
Galactose utilization in Lactobacillus helveticus: isolation and characterization of the galactokinase (galK) and galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (galT) genes. (asm.org)
By complementing appropriate gal lesions in Escherichia coli K802, we were able to isolate the galactokinase (galK) and galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (galT) genes of Lactobacillus helveticus. (asm.org)
The deduced amino acid sequence of the galK gene product showed significant homologies to other prokaryotic and eukaryotic galactokinase sequences, whereas galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase did not show any sequence similarities to other known proteins. (asm.org)
Galactose for example can be converted to glucose via Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase. (biology-online.org)

The enzymes are listed in the order of the metabolic pathway: galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), and UDP-galactose-4'-epimerase (GALE). (wikipedia.org)
One of such enzymes is galactose-1-phosphate uridylytransferase (GALT). (wikipedia.org)
The role of free and bound galactose in cereals, fruits, legumes, nuts, organ meats, seeds, and vegetables in the poor outcome seen in some patients with GALT deficiency is unknown. (springer.com)
It is certain that no patients with GALT deficiency have ever ingested a galactose-free diet. (springer.com)
[ 8 ] Both patients probably had galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency, which is the most common enzyme deficiency that causes hypergalactosemia. (medscape.com)
Individuals with GALT deficiency manifest abnormal galactose tolerance. (medscape.com)
2) A quantitative galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase level (GALT / Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase [GALT], Blood) is required for accurate interpretation. (uiowa.edu)
Galactose-1-P uridyltransferase ( galT ) converts galactose-1-P into UDP-galactose using UDP-glucose as a substrate. (frontiersin.org)
Galactose is a common monosaccharide that can be utilized by all living organisms via the activities of three main enzymes that make up the Leloir pathway: GalK, GalT, and GalE. (asm.org)
The resulting product, galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-P), is then converted to UDP-galactose by the galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase GalT, which exchanges the glucose-1-phosphate (Glu-P) moiety of UDP-glucose with Gal-P, thereby producing UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal) and releasing glucose-1-phosphate. (asm.org)

This allowed us to demonstrate that galactose metabolism is essential for the synthesis of the extracellular matrix. (asm.org)

The second way to import galactose is via a PEP-transferase system (PTS). (frontiersin.org)
podemos constatar se há ausência ou deficiência da Galactose-1fosfato uridil-transferase. (scribd.com)
devido à síntese da enzima Galactose-1-fosfato-pirofosforilase que catalisa a mesma reação da Galactose-1-fosfato uridil-transferase.na fase adulta. (scribd.com)

The Leloir pathway is responsible for such metabolism of galactose and its intermediate, galactose-1-phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
While glucose readily enters glycolysis, further metabolism of galactose can be less efficient in some strains. (frontiersin.org)
In 1931, in a paper on the study of the metabolism of galactose in the human subject, Shay, Schloss and Bell 1 concluded that this hexose was best suited for testing the carbohydrate function of the liver. (annals.org)

The initial stage is the conversion of β-D-galactose to α-D-galactose by the enzyme, mutarotase (GALM). (wikipedia.org)
The enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a UDP-activator group from UDP-glucose to galactose-1-phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
This enzyme catalyzes conversion of galactose-1-phosphate and UDP glucose to UDP galactose and glucose-1-phosphate. (medscape.com)
Some of the limitations of tagatose biosynthesis using LAI that may be hindering commercial viability are, (1) unfavorable enzymatic kinetics since galactose is not the native substrate of LAI, (2) low enzyme stability, particularly in the absence of divalent metal ions, and (3) low equilibrium constant for galactose to tagatose isomerization. (nature.com)
GALM encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the epimerization of hexose sugars such as glucose and galactose. (antikoerper-online.de)
The enzyme galactose-1-P-uridyltransferase (Gt), which exhibits a genetic polymorphism, has an important function in the galactose metabolism. (springer.com)
Several enzyme defects of the galactose pathway may lead to congenital cataract formation. (arvojournals.org)
From 1998 on, in all children undergoing surgery for congenital cataract of unclear etiology, lens material and blood samples were investigated for enzyme defects or elevated levels of galactitol as an indirect parameter for a disorder in galactose metabolism. (arvojournals.org)
8 children showed a reduced activity of UDP-Galactose-4-epimerase, 1 child showed a defect of galactokinase and 2 childs revealed higher levels of galactitol without detectable enzyme defects. (arvojournals.org)
An antibody reactive with the galactosyl(α1-2)galactose [gal(α1-2)gal] epitope was characterized in human sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, red blood cell (RBC) and laminin absorption, and oligosaccharide inhibition. (ajtmh.org)
Galactose epimerase deficiency is caused by mutations in the GALE gene (1p36) encoding the UDP-galactose 4-epimerase enzyme . (nih.gov)
a deficiency of this enzyme results in an accumulation of galactose, galactose-1-phosphate, and galactitol. (thefreedictionary.com)

a neonatal cataract associated with intralenticular accumulation of galactose alcohol. (drugs.com)
Attention was called to the eventual importance of these investigations because of the adoption of a diet without galactose in person threatened+ by cataract could prevent or check this disease. (unboundmedicine.com)
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of disorders in galactose metabolism in different morphological forms of congenital cataract. (arvojournals.org)
In 56 children (71%, mean age at surgery 49 months, 28 females, 28 males) with no evident etiology for congenital cataract lens material and blood samples were investigated for disorders in galactose metabolism. (arvojournals.org)
In about 20% of children with congenital cataract of unknown etiology a defect in galactose metabolism was found. (arvojournals.org)
Thus, in patients with unexplained congenital or developmental cataract, investigations of enzymes and polyols of galactose metabolism are recommended and may help to decide about dietary intervention. (arvojournals.org)

Galactokinase converts galactose to galactose-1-phosphate and is not a common deficiency. (medscape.com)
Imported galactose is modified by galactose mutarotase (encoded by galM ) into α- D -galactose as only this galactose anomer can serve as a substrate for galactokinase ( galK ), which catalyzes the phosphorylation of internalized galactose. (frontiersin.org)

Topical liposomal MgT delays cataractogenesis in galactose-fed rats by maintaining the lens mineral homeostasis and reducing lenticular oxidative and nitrosative stress. (molvis.org)

Galactose (/ɡəˈlæktoʊs/, galacto- + -ose, "milk sugar") sometimes abbreviated Gal, is a monosaccharide sugar that is about as sweet as glucose, and about 65% as sweet as sucrose. (wikipedia.org)
Two studies have suggested a possible link between galactose in milk and ovarian cancer. (wikipedia.org)
The signs and symptoms of glucose-galactose malabsorption appear early in life when affected infants are fed breast milk or regular infant formulas. (medlineplus.gov)
Galactose is found in milk , sugar beets , seaweed , and in nerve and brain tissue. (everything2.com)
Galactose ( / ɡ ə ˈ l æ k t oʊ s / , galacto- + -ose , "milk sugar"), sometimes abbreviated Gal , is a monosaccharide sugar that is about as sweet as glucose , and about 30% as sweet as sucrose . (wikipedia.org)
This can be extremely serious because it means that the infant cannot break down galactose from mother s milk resulting in a buildup of galactose containing substances, which then begin to affect various organs. (medindia.net)
Many metabolic disease specialists take a conservative approach and recommend galactose restriction in the first year of life when milk intake is highest, but this restriction is based primarily on theoretical concerns of galactose toxicity in infants with the Duarte D-2 variant. (medscape.com)
The mechanism proposed by the authors is based on the assumption that fermented dairy products (which showed the opposite effects compared to non-fermented milk) is free of galactose. (bmj.com)
This therefore shows that yoghurt leads to equal galactose intake as milk (and in lactase non-persistent consumer to even higher galactose intakes compared to intake of non-fermented milk). (bmj.com)
But overall, the galactose intake from fermented dairy (which in the paper focuses on soured milk and yoghurt) is equal to the galactose intake from regular dairy, therefore making this proposed mechanism highly unlikely. (bmj.com)
The most common dietary sources of Galactose are dairy products and human breast milk, where it is bound to another very important monosaccharide, Glucose - the primary source of energy for all living things. (prohealth.com)
The investigators will also determine the relationship between simple milk sugar intake (galactose dose) in the diet and the blood and urine markers of protein glycosylation abnormalities. (clinicaltrials.gov)
The primary hypothesis in this study is that adding simple milk sugar (galactose) to the diet of Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation patients will normalize the metabolic abnormalities. (clinicaltrials.gov)
We examined the association between consumption of dairy products, especially milk, milk fat, and galactose, and testicular cancer in a population-based case-control study including 269 case and 797 controls (response proportions of 76% and 46%, respectively). (aacrjournals.org)
The RR for seminoma was 1.30 (95% CI, 1.15-1.48) for each additional 200 g milk fat per month and was 2.01 (95% CI, 1.41-2.86) for each additional 200 g galactose per month during adolescence. (aacrjournals.org)
Our results suggest that milk fat and/or galactose may explain the association between milk and dairy product consumption and seminomatous testicular cancer. (aacrjournals.org)
In milk cultures, galactose-positive strains produced d - and l -lactic acid with little galactose accumulation, whereas galactose-negative strains produced d -lactic acid, and galactose accumulated to high levels. (asm.org)

Glucose is more stable than galactose and is less susceptible to the formation of nonspecific glycoconjugates, molecules with at least one sugar attached to a protein or lipid. (wikipedia.org)
In the intestinal tract, the SGLT1 protein helps the body absorb glucose and galactose from the diet so the body can use them. (medlineplus.gov)
3 In vitro studies in skin fibroblast cell lines derived from three patients showed improvement in protein glycosylation following D- galactose ( D- gal) treatment. (nature.com)
The mglB product is the galactose-binding protein. (asm.org)
Previous evidence, supported by our new findings, shows that the galactose-binding protein is the recognition component for galactose taxis as well as for galactose transport. (asm.org)
The bacteria detect changes in the fraction of binding protein associated with galactose, not changes in the rate of transport. (asm.org)
2 Galactose occurs, only rarely, as a free molecule in nature, but is commonly found linked to other molecules, forming more complex compounds such as glycolipids (bound to a fat molecule), glycoproteins (bound to a protein molecule), and more complex carbohydrates. (prohealth.com)
Zusätzlich bieten wir Ihnen Galactose Mutarotase (Aldose 1-Epimerase) Proteine (21) und Galactose Mutarotase (Aldose 1-Epimerase) Kits (5) und viele weitere Produktgruppen zu diesem Protein an. (antikoerper-online.de)
The encoded protein is expressed in the cytoplasm and has a preference for galactose. (antikoerper-online.de)
The encoded protein may be required for normal galactose metabolism by maintaining the equilibrium of alpha and beta anomers of galactose. (antikoerper-online.de)
The secondary hypothesis posits that galactose intervention in Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation patients will normalize specific physiological biomarkers of protein glycosylation that can be utilized for future phase II/III trial development. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Concerns around impurities being introduced through addition of Galactose into cell culture that would have an impact on the product yield, protein integrity and glycosylation can be effectively addressed by using Galactose that is good manufacturing practice (GMP) produced, high purity/low endotoxin and contains lower levels of metals that are controlled and quantitatively characterised. (pharmaceutical-business-review.com)
Galactose is viewed as a cell metabolism modulator to improve the performance of the cells and is more recognised as a critical component of cell culture media and feeds for production of protein therapeutics. (pharmaceutical-business-review.com)
Information on the nature of alterations in the protein composition of the lens preceding the formation of nuclear cataracts in galactose-fed rats was sought in an investigation of a group of enzymatic proteins. (arvojournals.org)
The sensitivity of an enzymatic protein to lens changes induced by galactose is probably influenced by its intrinsic metabolic stability, regional distribution, and subcellidar localization, but is not related to a sulfhydryl requirement for catalytic activity. (arvojournals.org)

Berry GT, Palmieri M, Gross KC, Acosta PB, Henstenburg JA, Mazur A, Reynolds R, Segal S (1993) The effect of dietary fruits and vegetables on urinary galactitol excretion in galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency. (springer.com)

citation needed] Chronic systemic exposure of mice, rats, and Drosophila to D-galactose causes the acceleration of senescence (aging). (wikipedia.org)
This study aimed to investigate the intervention effects of SBG ethanol extract on aging rats induced by D-galactose (D-gal) and to explore potential mechanisms by serum and liver metabolic profiles. (springer.com)
We developed a liposomal formulation of magnesium taurate (MgT) and studied its effects on Ca/Mg homeostasis and lenticular oxidative and nitrosative stress in galactose-fed rats. (molvis.org)
The galactose-fed rats were topically treated with liposomal MgT (LMgT), liposomal taurine (LTau), or corresponding vehicles twice daily for 28 days with weekly anterior segment imaging. (molvis.org)
A study was made of inhibitory effects of an aldose reductase inhibitor, CT-112 (5-(3-ethoxy-4-pentyloxyphenyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione) ophthalmic solution, on the accumulation of sugar alcohol (dulcitol) in the corneal epithelium of rats fed on a 50% galactose diet. (nih.gov)

This study demonistrated that polymorphism in galactose mutarotase (GALM ) is associated with serotonin transporter (zeige SLC6A4 Antikörper ) binding potential in the human thalamus. (antikoerper-online.de)
however, in Yersinia pestis , the galactose mutarotase ( galM ) gene is inactivated by a single-base-pair deletion. (asm.org)
The only exception is the galactose mutarotase ( galM ) gene of Yersinia pestis , which is converted to a pseudogene by a single-base-pair deletion. (asm.org)

Mutations in the SLC5A1 gene cause glucose-galactose malabsorption. (medlineplus.gov)
however, other proteins in the kidneys are able to absorb enough glucose into the bloodstream, so that glucosuria is mild, if present at all, in people with glucose-galactose malabsorption. (medlineplus.gov)
Defects of SLC5A1, which encodes a glucose transporter that is the primary mediator of glucose and galactose uptake from the intestinal lumen, cause glucose-galactose malabsorption. (thefreedictionary.com)

While improvements were documented in a few patients ingesting D- gal, a systematic clinical study has yet to assess the effect of oral galactose supplementation on other features of PGM1-CDG and establish the extent of clinical improvement. (nature.com)
The investigators propose to administer oral galactose supplementation for a period of 18 weeks in increasing dose to assess its effectiveness at normalizing glycosylation. (clinicaltrials.gov)
To assess the effects of oral galactose supplementation for each participant, changes in participant growth, as well as blood sugar levels, coagulation parameters and liver function (the primary clinical features of Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation) will be correlated with biomarkers derived from participant blood and urine samples obtained at key time points and then compared to standard normative ranges of data for each measure. (clinicaltrials.gov)

Galactose is a monosaccharide. (wikipedia.org)
Galactose is a simple monosaccharide that serves as an energy source and as an essential component of glycolipids and glycoproteins. (sigmaaldrich.com)
An autosomal recessive disorder (OMIM:606824) caused by intestinal monosaccharide transporter deficiency that appears shortly after birth, characterised by severe diarrhoea and dehydration that are usually fatal unless glucose and galactose are eliminated from the diet. (thefreedictionary.com)
Molecular model of the monosaccharide sugar galactose (C6.H12.O6). (sciencephoto.com)
On the other hand, galactose also comes under the family of monosaccharide and it is a type of sugar that is less sweet in comparison to glucose. (differencebetween.net)

10 A similar example of the powerful presence of Galactose is in the differentiation between blood types O and B. These two blood types are chemically identical except that B has a molecule of Galactose. (prohealth.com)

In a landmark study, we reported on improved glycosylation with galactose supplementation in PGM1-CDG. (nature.com)
The investigators aim to assess the safety and tolerability of oral galactose treatment in a small pilot group of Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation patients. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Lack of GalM activity indicates that the two anomers of d -galactose are used for different purposes, α- d -galactose as a carbon source and β- d -galactose for induction of UDP-galactose synthesis for biosynthetic glycosylation. (asm.org)

The major sources of galactose include sugar beets, dairy products and different gums & mucilages. (differencebetween.net)

These genes contain the code or set of instructions for the production of enzymes that are needed to process and break down galactose in the body. (medindia.net)

The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. (yeastgenome.org)

In this work, we study Lactobacillus sakei l -arabinose isomerase (LsLAI) for d -galactose to d -tagatose isomerization-that is limited by all three reaction parameters. (nature.com)
In the present study, Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) CCFM10 and RS15-3 were examined for their abilities to resist oxidative stress in d-galactose (d-gal)-exposed mice. (nih.gov)
The ability to ferment galactose is a major characteristic which can be used to differentiate Lactobacillus helveticus (galactose positive) from Lactobacillus lactis and Lactobacillus bulgaricus (galactose negative). (asm.org)

We report the presence of considerable amounts of free galactose in some legumes (dried beans and peas) and the presence of bound galactose in many food plants. (springer.com)
Foods fermented by micro-organisms for preparation or preservation purposes may contain free galactose. (springer.com)

yeast from magpie.bio.indiana.edu Subject: [Yeast] Slow galactose induction Hi, I am looking for suggestions as to why my galactose induction process takes 6 hours. (bio.net)
To understand the dynamics of a gene network in response to temporally and spatially environmental changes, we focus on the galactose utilization network in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (rice.edu)
This network allows yeast cells to metabolize galactose in the absence of glucose and is tightly repressed when glucose is available in the environment. (rice.edu)
Using a microfluidic device, we supplied yeast cells with both glucose and galactose before linearly depleting glucose at different rates. (rice.edu)

Uridine diphosphate (UDP) galactose-4-epimerase epimerizes UDP galactose to UDP glucose and is also uncommon. (medscape.com)
UDP-glucose 4-epimerase ( galE ) catalyzes the interconversion between UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose. (frontiersin.org)
Galactoquinase e UDP-galactose-4-epimerase. (scribd.com)
Galactose epimerase deficiency is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. (nih.gov)

D-Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the intraconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. (wikipedia.org)

The pathogenesis of IgAN is related to aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 wherein some O -linked glycans in the hinge region contain terminal N -acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) rather than a GalNAc-galactose structure [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 207: In addition to the alpha 1, 3 GalNAc (galactose) transferases such as A and B transferases, there are more than a hundred genes encoding glycosyltransferases with different specificities. (google.com)

Are we missing a good definition for galactose dehydrogenases ? (definitions.net)

Galactose is a type of sugar, similar to fructose and glucose. (prohealth.com)
can galactose be convert into fructose? (biology-online.org)
and secondly, can galactose be transformed to fructose? (biology-online.org)
Since I have yet to learn about phosphorylation, I can only answer your second question about 'the transformation of galactose to fructose' . (biology-online.org)
If I'm not mistaken, no , galactose cannot be transformed/converted to fructose (a sugar found in fruits). (biology-online.org)
Fructose absorption occurs via the GLUT-5[32] (fructose only) transporter, and the GLUT2 transporter, for which it competes with glucose and galactose . (biology-online.org)

The organization and transcription of the galactose gene cluster of Saccharomyces. (nih.gov)
In a screen for suppressor mutants restoring viability to a galE null mutant in the presence of galactose, we identified mutations in sinR , which is the major biofilm repressor gene. (asm.org)

Aydin AF, Coban J, Dogan-Ekici I, Betul-Kalaz E, Dogru-Abbasoglu S, Uysal M (2016) Carnosine and taurine treatments diminished brain oxidative stress and apoptosis in D-galactose aging model. (springer.com)
Long-term treatment with high levels of D-galactose (D-gal) induces brain aging by accumulated oxidative stress. (mdpi.com)

β-Methylgalactoside ( mgl ) permease mutants of Escherichia coli , which are defective in three genes, mglA, mglB , and mglC , were assayed for galactose taxis and galactose transport. (asm.org)
The mglA and mglC products have not yet been identified, but they must be components of the galactose transport machinery since mutants defective in mglA or mglC , or both, showed strongly reduced transport. (asm.org)
Here, with the help of transcriptome analyses and genetic knock-out mutants, we reveal the identities of two low-affinity galactose PTSs. (frontiersin.org)

In Bacillus subtilis , the absence of GalE causes sensitivity to exogenous galactose, leading to rapid cell lysis. (asm.org)
This effect can be attributed to the accumulation of toxic galactose metabolites, since the galE mutant is blocked in the final step of galactose catabolism. (asm.org)

A novel plant-niche-related PTS component Llmg_0963 forming a hybrid transporter Llmg_0963PtcBA and a glucose/mannose-specific PTS are shown to be involved in galactose transport in L. lactis MG1363. (frontiersin.org)

Lactic acid bacteria can import and utilize galactose in two main ways. (frontiersin.org)
Galactose is important for the survival and virulence of bacteria. (asm.org)

2-Deoxy-D-galactose is an analog of hexose that can be incorporated into rat gangliosides GM2 and GD3 in positions that are usually occupied by galactose. (agscientific.com)

Galactan is a polymeric form of galactose found in hemicellulose, and forming the core of the galactans, a class of natural polymeric carbohydrates. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, there is polymer of sugar galactose called galactan. (differencebetween.net)
Whenever there will be an additional requirement of galactose than the process of hydrolysis takes place and galactan is eventually converted into galactose. (differencebetween.net)
Finally, we propose that B. subtilis and other members of the Bacillus genus may have evolved to utilize naturally occurring polymers of galactose, such as galactan, as carbon sources. (asm.org)

5 (These people need to get Galactose from other sources such as the pectins of fruits and vegetables, legumes, tomatoes, persimmons, and pumpkins, 6,7 or via dietary supplements such as BioPure Healing Products' Galactose powder. (prohealth.com)
Galactose will be given in a series of doses within the range of normal dietary intake of galactose over fixed time points. (clinicaltrials.gov)

7 , 8 Although the exact mechanism remains unclear, PGM1 deficiency has been associated with abnormal intracellular levels of glucose and galactose metabolites, as well as reduced assembly and remodeling of N -linked glycans. (nature.com)

Anatomy1

Organisms6

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs80

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Phenomena and Processes13

Information Science3

Gangliosides of human kidney. (1/3083)

Missense mutations in SGLT1 cause glucose-galactose malabsorption by trafficking defects. (2/3083)

Carbohydrate on human factor VIII/von Willebrand factor. Impairment of function by removal of specific galactose residues. (3/3083)

Stimulation of collagen galactosyltransferase and glucosyltransferase activities by lysophosphatidylcholine. (4/3083)

Oligomycin induces a decrease in the cellular content of a pathogenic mutation in the human mitochondrial ATPase 6 gene. (5/3083)

Quantitative determination of N-acetylglucosamine residues at the non-reducing ends of peptidoglycan chains by enzymic attachment of [14C]-D-galactose. (6/3083)

A unique primary structure, cDNA cloning and function of a galactose-specific lectin from ascidian plasma. (7/3083)

Orotate decreases the inhibitory effect of ethanol on galactose elimination in the perfused rat liver. (8/3083)

Galactose

Galactose Oxidase

Galactose Dehydrogenases

Galactosephosphates

Galactosemias

Uridine Diphosphate Galactose

UDPglucose 4-Epimerase

Galactokinase

UTP-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase

Galactitol

Carbohydrates

Fucose

Lactose

Monosaccharides

Galactosyltransferases

Hexoses

Acetylgalactosamine

Lectins

Mannose

Carbohydrate Sequence

UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase

Oligosaccharides

Glucose

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrate Conformation

Galactosidases

Disaccharides

Methylgalactosides

Carbohydrate Epimerases

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Phosphoglucomutase

Glucosamine

Chromatography, Paper

Molecular Sequence Data

Glycopeptides

Amino Sugars

Sialic Acids

Glycolipids

Uridine Diphosphate Sugars

Glycoproteins

Galactosides

Borohydrides

Plant Lectins

Acetylglucosamine

Asialoglycoproteins

Hexosamines

Arabinose

Glycosides

Rhamnose

Neuraminic Acids

Fetuins

Glycosphingolipids

Galactosamine

Periodic Acid

Chromatography, Thin Layer

Polysaccharides, Bacterial

Melibiose

Glycosylation

N-Acetylneuraminic Acid

Uronic Acids

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Glycoside Hydrolases

Ricin

alpha-Galactosidase

Kinetics

Escherichia coli

Xylose

Actinomycetales

Fructose

Neuraminidase

beta-Galactosidase

Fermentation

Hexosephosphates

Cell Wall

Uridine Diphosphate Glucose

Mutation

UTP-Glucose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase

Monosaccharide Transport Proteins

Lactococcus lactis

Ribose