Galactose. Medical search

An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood.

An enzyme that oxidizes galactose in the presence of molecular oxygen to D-galacto-hexodialdose. It is a copper protein. EC 1.1.3.9.

D-Galactose:NAD(P)+ 1-oxidoreductases. Catalyzes the oxidation of D-galactose in the presence of NAD+ or NADP+ to D-galactono-gamma-lactone and NADH or NADPH. Includes EC 1.1.1.48 and EC 1.1.1.120.

Phosphoric acid esters of galactose.

A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)

A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a source of galactose in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, cerebrosides, and lactose.

A necessary enzyme in the metabolism of galactose. It reversibly catalyzes the conversion of UDPglucose to UDPgalactose. NAD+ is an essential component for enzymatic activity. EC 5.1.3.2.

An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the formation of galactose 1-phosphate and ADP from ATP and D-galactose. Galactosamine can also act as the acceptor. A deficiency of this enzyme results in GALACTOSEMIA. EC 2.7.1.6.

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of UDPgalactose from UTP and galactose-1-phosphate. It is present in low levels in fetal and infant liver, but increases with age, thereby enabling galactosemic infants who survive to develop the capacity to metabolize galactose. EC 2.7.7.10.

A naturally occurring product of plants obtained following reduction of GALACTOSE. It appears as a white crystalline powder with a slight sweet taste. It may form in excess in the lens of the eye in GALACTOSEMIAS, a deficiency of GALACTOKINASE.

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.

Simple sugars, carbohydrates which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis. They are colorless crystalline substances with a sweet taste and have the same general formula CnH2nOn. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of galactose from a nucleoside diphosphate galactose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.

The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.

Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.

A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of UMP from UDPglucose to galactose 1-phosphate, forming UDPgalactose and glucose 1-phosphate. Deficiency in this enzyme is the major cause of GALACTOSEMIA. EC 2.7.7.12.

Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.

A family of galactoside hydrolases that hydrolyze compounds with an O-galactosyl linkage. EC 3.2.1.-.

Oligosaccharides containing two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond.

Enzymes that catalyze the epimerization of chiral centers within carbohydrates or their derivatives. EC 5.1.3.

Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alpha D-glucose 1-phosphate to alpha D-glucose 6-phosphate. EC 5.4.2.2.

An analytical technique for resolution of a chemical mixture into its component compounds. Compounds are separated on an adsorbent paper (stationary phase) by their varied degree of solubility/mobility in the eluting solvent (mobile phase).

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight.

SUGARS containing an amino group. GLYCOSYLATION of other compounds with these amino sugars results in AMINOGLYCOSIDES.

A group of naturally occurring N-and O-acyl derivatives of the deoxyamino sugar neuraminic acid. They are ubiquitously distributed in many tissues.

Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of galactose with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include both alpha- and beta-galactosides.

A class of inorganic or organic compounds that contain the borohydride (BH4-) anion.

Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. Some carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) from PLANTS also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. Many plant lectins change the physiology of the membrane of BLOOD CELLS to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes. They may play a role in plant defense mechanisms.

The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.

Endogenous glycoproteins from which SIALIC ACID has been removed by the action of sialidases. They bind tightly to the ASIALOGLYCOPROTEIN RECEPTOR which is located on hepatocyte plasma membranes. After internalization by adsorptive ENDOCYTOSIS they are delivered to LYSOSOMES for degradation. Therefore receptor-mediated clearance of asialoglycoproteins is an important aspect of the turnover of plasma glycoproteins. They are elevated in serum of patients with HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS or HEPATITIS.

Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)

A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides.

A family of calcium-binding alpha-globulins that are synthesized in the LIVER and play an essential role in maintaining the solubility of CALCIUM in the BLOOD. In addition the fetuins contain aminoterminal cystatin domains and are classified as type 3 cystatins.

Lipids containing at least one monosaccharide residue and either a sphingoid or a ceramide (CERAMIDES). They are subdivided into NEUTRAL GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS comprising monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylsphingoids and monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylceramides; and ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS which comprises sialosylglycosylsphingolipids (GANGLIOSIDES); SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS (formerly known as sulfatides), glycuronoglycosphingolipids, and phospho- and phosphonoglycosphingolipids. (From IUPAC's webpage)

A strong oxidizing agent.

Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.

A disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage.

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518)

Acids derived from monosaccharides by the oxidation of the terminal (-CH2OH) group farthest removed from the carbonyl group to a (-COOH) group. (From Stedmans, 26th ed)

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-galactose residues in alpha-galactosides including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans, and galactolipids.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

An order of gram-positive, primarily aerobic BACTERIA that tend to form branching filaments.

A monosaccharide in sweet fruits and honey that is soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. It is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.

A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of UDPglucose from UTP plus glucose 1-phosphate. EC 2.7.7.9.

A large group of membrane transport proteins that shuttle MONOSACCHARIDES across CELL MEMBRANES.

A non-pathogenic species of LACTOCOCCUS found in DAIRY PRODUCTS and responsible for the souring of MILK and the production of LACTIC ACID.

A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Glycosphingolipids containing N-acetylglucosamine (paragloboside) or N-acetylgalactosamine (globoside). Globoside is the P antigen on erythrocytes and paragloboside is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of erythrocyte blood group ABH and P 1 glycosphingolipid antigens. The accumulation of globoside in tissue, due to a defect in hexosaminidases A and B, is the cause of Sandhoff disease.

Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

A C-type lectin that is a cell surface receptor for ASIALOGLYCOPROTEINS. It is found primarily in the LIVER where it mediates the endocytosis of serum glycoproteins.

Monosaccharide transport proteins that function as active symporters. They utilize SODIUM or HYDROGEN IONS to transport GLUCOSE across CELL MEMBRANES.

Polysaccharides composed of repeating galactose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A genus of leguminous shrubs or trees, mainly tropical, yielding useful compounds such as ALKALOIDS and PLANT LECTINS.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

An ascomycetous yeast of the fungal family Saccharomycetaceae, order SACCHAROMYCETALES.

A rather large group of enzymes comprising not only those transferring phosphate but also diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and others. These have also been subdivided according to the acceptor group. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.

Carbohydrates covalently linked to a nonsugar moiety (lipids or proteins). The major glycoconjugates are glycoproteins, glycopeptides, peptidoglycans, glycolipids, and lipopolysaccharides. (From Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 2d ed; From Principles of Biochemistry, 2d ed)

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Neutral glycosphingolipids that contain a monosaccharide, normally glucose or galactose, in 1-ortho-beta-glycosidic linkage with the primary alcohol of an N-acyl sphingoid (ceramide). In plants the monosaccharide is normally glucose and the sphingoid usually phytosphingosine. In animals, the monosaccharide is usually galactose, though this may vary with the tissue and the sphingoid is usually sphingosine or dihydrosphingosine. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1st ed)

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.

A subclass of ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS. They contain one or more sialic acid (N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID) residues. Using the Svennerholm system of abbrevations, gangliosides are designated G for ganglioside, plus subscript M, D, or T for mono-, di-, or trisialo, respectively, the subscript letter being followed by a subscript arabic numeral to indicated sequence of migration in thin-layer chromatograms. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1997)

Oligosaccharides containing three monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.

The A protein of the lactose synthase complex. In the presence of the B protein (LACTALBUMIN) specificity is changed from N-acetylglucosamine to glucose. EC 2.4.1.90.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A group of enzymes with the general formula CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:acceptor N-acetylneuraminyl transferase. They catalyze the transfer of N-acetylneuraminic acid from CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid to an acceptor, which is usually the terminal sugar residue of an oligosaccharide, a glycoprotein, or a glycolipid. EC 2.4.99.-.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

Gangliosides of human kidney. (1/3083)

Five gangliosides isolated from human kidney have been characterized. The two main fractions were shown to be typical extraneural gangliosides in having lactose as their neutral carbohydrate moiety. Their structures were identified as: AcNeu(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc(beta1-1)Cer and AcNeu(alpha2-8)AcNeu(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc(beta1-1)Cer. The two main hexosamine-containing gangliosides are structurally related to human blood group substances of glycosphingolipid nature. The following structures are postulated: AcNeu(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc(beta1-1)Cer and AcNeu(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-4)[Fuc(alpha1-3)]GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc(beta1-1) Cer. The third hexosamine-containing ganglioside belongs to a different series of glycolipids and was shown to have the structure of a major ganglioside of human brain: AcNeu(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-3)GalNAc(beta1-4)[AcNeu(alpha2-3)]Gal(beta1-4)Glc(beta1- 1)Cer. The fatty acid structure of different gangliosides was shown to resemble that of neutral glycolipids of human kidney with the nonhydroxy acids C16:0, C22:0, and C24:0 as major components. (+info)

Missense mutations in SGLT1 cause glucose-galactose malabsorption by trafficking defects. (2/3083)

Glucose-galactose malabsorption (GGM) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by defects in the Na+/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1). Neonates present with severe diarrhea while on any diet containing glucose and/or galactose [1]. This study focuses on a patient of Swiss and Dominican descent. All 15 exons of SGLT1 were screened using single stranded conformational polymorphism analyses, and aberrant PCR products were sequenced. Two missense mutations, Gly318Arg and Ala468Val, were identified. SGLT1 mutants were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes for radiotracer uptake, electrophysiological experiments, and Western blotting. Uptakes of [14C]alpha-methyl-d-glucoside by the mutants were 5% or less than that of wild-type. Two-electrode voltage-clamp experiments confirmed the transport defects, as no noticeable sugar-induced current could be elicited from either mutant [2]. Western blots of cell protein showed levels of each SGLT1 mutant protein comparable to that of wild-type, and that both were core-glycosylated. Presteady-state current measurements indicated an absence of SGLT1 in the plasma membrane. We suggest that the compound heterozygote missense mutations G318R and A468V lead to GGM in this patient by defective trafficking of mutant proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane. (+info)

Carbohydrate on human factor VIII/von Willebrand factor. Impairment of function by removal of specific galactose residues. (3/3083)

Human factor VIII/von Willebrand factor protein containing 120 +/- 12 nmol of sialic acid and 135 +/- 13 nmol of galactose/mg of protein was digested with neuraminidase. The affinity of native factor VIII/von Willebrand factor and its asialo form for the hepatic lectin that specifically binds asialoglycoproteins was assessed from in vitro binding experiments. Native factor VIII/von Willebrand factor exhibited negligible affinity while binding of the asialo derivative was comparable to that observed for asialo-alpha1-acid glycoprotein. Incubation of asialo-factor VIII/von Willebrand factor with Streptococcus pneumoniae beta-galactosidase removed only 62% of the galactose but abolished binding to the purified hepatic lectin. When the asialo derivative was incubated with purified beta-D-galactoside alpha2 leads to 6 sialyltransferase and CMP-[14C]NeuAc, only 61% of the galactose incorporated [14C]NeuAc. From the known specificites of these enzymes, it is concluded that galactose residues important in lectin binding are present in a terminal Gal/beta1 leads to 4GlcNAc sequence on asialo-factor VIII/von Willebrand factor. The relative ristocetin-induced platelet aggregating activity of native, asialo-, and agalacto-factor VIII/von Willebrand factor was 100:38:12, respectively, while procoagulant activity was 100:100:103. (+info)

Stimulation of collagen galactosyltransferase and glucosyltransferase activities by lysophosphatidylcholine. (4/3083)

Lysophosphatidylcholine stimulated the activities of collagen galactosyl- and glucosyl-transferases in chick-embryo extract and its particulate fractions in vitro, whereas essentially no stimulation was noted in the high-speed supernatant, where the enzymes are soluble and membrane-free. The stimulatory effect of lysophosphatidylcholine was masked by 0.1% Triton X-100. In kinetic experiments lysophosphatidylcholine raised the maximum velocities with respect to the substrates and co-substrates, whereas no changes were observed in the apparant Km values. Phospholipase A preincubation of the chick-embryo extract resulted in stimulation of both transferase activities, probably gy generating lysophosphatides from endogenous phospholipids. No stimulation by lysophosphatidylcholine was found when tested with 500-fold-purified glycosyltransferase. The results suggest that collagen glycosyltransferases must be associated with the membrane structures of the cell in order to be stimulated by lysophosphatidylcholine. Lysophosphatidylcholine could have some regulatory significance in vivo, since its concentration in the cell is comparable with that which produced marked stimulation in vitro. (+info)

Oligomycin induces a decrease in the cellular content of a pathogenic mutation in the human mitochondrial ATPase 6 gene. (5/3083)

A T --> G mutation at position 8993 in human mitochondrial DNA is associated with the syndrome neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa and with a maternally inherited form of Leigh's syndrome. The mutation substitutes an arginine for a leucine at amino acid position 156 in ATPase 6, a component of the F0 portion of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex. Fibroblasts harboring high levels of the T8993G mutation have decreased ATP synthesis activity, but do not display any growth defect under standard culture conditions. Combining the notions that cells with respiratory chain defects grow poorly in medium containing galactose as the major carbon source, and that resistance to oligomycin, a mitochondrial inhibitor, is associated with mutations in the ATPase 6 gene in the same transmembrane domain where the T8993G amino acid substitution is located, we created selective culture conditions using galactose and oligomycin that elicited a pathological phenotype in T8993G cells and that allowed for the rapid selection of wild-type over T8993G mutant cells. We then generated cytoplasmic hybrid clones containing heteroplasmic levels of the T8993G mutation, and showed that selection in galactose-oligomycin caused a significant increase in the fraction of wild-type molecules (from 16 to 28%) in these cells. (+info)

Quantitative determination of N-acetylglucosamine residues at the non-reducing ends of peptidoglycan chains by enzymic attachment of [14C]-D-galactose. (6/3083)

The ability of human milk galactosyltransferase to attach D-galactose residues quantitatively to the C-4 of N-acetylglucosamine moieties at the ends of oligosaccharides has been utilized for the specific labeling and quantitative determination of the chain length of the glycan moiety of the bacterial cell wall. The average polysaccharide chain length of the soluble, uncrosslinked peptidoglycan secreted by Micrococcus luteus cells on incubation with penicillin G was studied with this technique and found to be approximately 70 hexosamines long. Furthermore, the peptidoglycan chain length of Escherichia coli sacculi of different cell shapes and dimensions was determined both in rod-shaped cells and in filaments induced by temperature shift of a division mutant or by addition of cephalexin or nalidixic acid. The average chain length found in most of these sacculi was between 70 and 100 hexosamines long. Small spherical 'mini' cells had chain lengths similar to those of the isogenic rod-like cells. (+info)

A unique primary structure, cDNA cloning and function of a galactose-specific lectin from ascidian plasma. (7/3083)

The complete amino acid sequence of a galactose-specific lectin from the plasma of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi has been determined by sequential Edman degradation analysis of peptide fragments derived by proteolytic fragmentation and chemical cleavage of the reductive S-pyridylethylated lectin. Peptide fragments were separated by reverse-phase HPLC. The N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequences were determined by Edman degradation and enzymatic digestion. The H. roretzi plasma lectin is a single-chain protein consisting of 327 amino acids and four disulfide bonds, one of which was found to be cross-linked intramolecularly. A comparison of the amino acid sequence of the H. roretzi plasma lectin with the sequences of other proteins reveals that the H. roretzi lectin has a structure consisting of a twice-repeated sequence, a fibrinogen-related sequence and a C-type lectin-homologous sequence. The above amino acid sequence was verified by cDNA cloning of this lectin. Three cDNA clones that have single ORFs encoding the lectin precursor were isolated from an H. roretzi hepatopancreas cDNA library. The deduced amino acid sequences in the three cDNA clones contain the same sequence of the mature lectin molecule and the same putative signal sequence. In addition, it was demonstrated that this lectin can enhance phagocytosis by H. roretzi hemocytes. Thus, the plasma lectin is constructed into an oligomer structure via intermolecular disulfide bonds and plays a role in the biological defense of H. roretzi as a defense molecule. (+info)

Orotate decreases the inhibitory effect of ethanol on galactose elimination in the perfused rat liver. (8/3083)

1. The galactose-elimination rate in perfused livers from starved rats was decreased in the presence of ethanol (2-28mM) to one-third of the control values. Orotate injections partly reversed the effect of ethanol, so that the galactose-elimination rate was about two-thirds of the control values. Orotate alone had no effect on the galactose-elimination rate. 2. Ethanol increased [galactose 1-phosphate] and [UDP-galactose], and decreased (UDP-glucose] and [UTP], both with and without orotate. Orotate increased [UTP], [UDP-galactose], both with and without ethanol. The increase of [galactose 1-phosphate] in the presence of ethanol was inhibited by orotate. Orotate alone had no appreciable effect on [galactose 1-phosphate]. 3. Both the effect of ethanol and that of orotate on the galactose-elimination rate can be accounted for by assuming inhibition of galactokinase by galactose 1-phosphate with Ki about 0.2mM, the inhibition being either non-competitive or uncompetitive. 4. The primary effect of ethanol seems to be inhibition of UDP-glucose epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2), followed by accumulation of UDP-galactose, trapping of UDP-glucose and increase of [galactose 1-phosphate]. Orotate decreased the effect of ethanol, probably by increasing [UDP-glucose]. (+info)

There are two main types of galactosemia:

1. Classical galactosemia: This is the most severe form of the disorder, and it is characterized by a complete lack of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). Without GALT, galactose builds up in the blood and tissues, leading to serious health problems.
2. Dialectical galactosemia: This form of the disorder is less severe than classical galactosemia, and it is characterized by a partial deficiency of GALT. People with dialectical galactosemia may experience some symptoms, but they are typically milder than those experienced by people with classical galactosemia.

Symptoms of galactosemia can include:

* Diarrhea
* Vomiting
* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
* Fatigue
* Poor feeding in infants
* Developmental delays

If left untreated, galactosemia can lead to a range of complications, including:

* Liver disease
* Kidney disease
* Increased risk of infections
* Delayed growth and development

The diagnosis of galactosemia is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. Treatment for the disorder typically involves a strict diet that limits or eliminates galactose-containing foods, such as milk and other dairy products. In some cases, medication may also be prescribed to help manage symptoms.

Overall, early diagnosis and treatment of galactosemia are important for preventing or minimizing the risk of complications associated with this condition.

A disaccharide composed of two units of galactose, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), has been recognized as a ... phosphorylates α-D-galactose to galactose-1-phosphate, or Gal-1-P; Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) transfers a ... A galactose molecule linked with a glucose molecule forms a lactose molecule. Galactan is a polymeric form of galactose found ... Galactose metabolism, which converts galactose into glucose, is carried out by the three principal enzymes in a mechanism known ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose

... (aldose 1-epimerase) (gene name GALM) is a human enzyme that converts alpha-aldose to the beta-anomer. It ... PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Aldose 1-epimerase (Galactose ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose_mutarotase

Galactose is the self-released debut EP by The Dead Science under their original name 'The Sweet Science'. "The Satin Glove" - ... 5:35 "Prefect" - 4:21 "Galactose" - 3:47 "Curtain" - 2:31 "I Don't Believe" - 6:17 "Endless Cities" - 4:32 "Tangle Eye" - 3:31 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose_(EP)

... (D-galactose:oxygen 6-oxidoreductase, D-galactose oxidase, beta-galactose oxidase; abbreviated GAO, GAOX, ... Galactose oxidase belongs to the family of oxidoreductases. Copper ion is required as a cofactor for galactose oxidase. A ... In fact, galactose oxidase catalyzes dihydroxyacetone three times faster than it does to galactose. The reaction is ... In yeasts, galactose oxidase catalyzes the following reaction: D-galactose + O2 ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } D-galacto ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose_oxidase

D-Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the intraconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. It is formed ... The Leloir pathway is responsible for such metabolism of galactose and its intermediate, galactose-1-phosphate. Deficiency of ... Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase "Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyltransferase Deficiency (Galactosemia)". StatPearls. ... Utility of Galactose, Galactitol, Galactonate, and Galactose 1-Phosphate". Clinical Chemistry. 56 (7): 1177-1182. doi:10.1373/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose_1-phosphate

Galactose UDP galactose epimerase Uridine diphosphate "Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyltransferase Deficiency". StatPearls. ... Uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-galactose) is an intermediate in the production of polysaccharides. It is important in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate_galactose

"Orphanet: Glucose galactose malabsorption". National Library of Medicine. Genetics Home Reference- Glucose-galactose ... Glucose-galactose malabsorption is a rare condition in which the cells lining the intestine cannot take in the sugars glucose ... Glucose and galactose are called simple sugars, or monosaccharides. Sucrose and lactose are called disaccharides because they ... However, they are able to digest fructose-based formulas that do not contain glucose or galactose. Some affected children are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-galactose_malabsorption

... , also known as GALE deficiency, Galactosemia III and UDP-galactose-4-epimerase deficiency, is a ... UDP-Galactose-4-Epimerase - 606953 Lai K, Elsas LJ, Wierenga KJ (November 2009). "Galactose toxicity in animals". IUBMB Life. ... preventing the formation of glucose-1-phosphate and leading to the accumulation of galactose and galactose-1-phosphate. High ... Park HD, Park KU, Kim JQ, Shin CH, Yang SW, Lee DH, Song YH, Song J (November 2005). "The molecular basis of UDP-galactose-4- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose_epimerase_deficiency

Other names in common use include D-galactose dehydrogenase, beta-galactose dehydrogenase, and NAD+-dependent D-galactose ... In enzymology, a galactose 1-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.48) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction D-galactose + NAD+ ... This enzyme participates in galactose metabolism. De Ley J, Doudoroff M (1957). "The metabolism of D-galactose in Pseudomonas ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-galactose:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose_1-dehydrogenase

"Association of the Golgi UDP-galactose transporter with UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase allows UDP-galactose ... UDP-galactose translocator is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC35A2 gene. Variants of the SLC35A2 gene haven ... Yoshioka S, Sun-Wada GH, Ishida N, Kawakita M (October 1997). "Expression of the human UDP-galactose transporter in the Golgi ... Hara T, Yamauchi M, Takahashi E, Hoshino M, Aoki K, Ayusawa D, Kawakita M (November 1993). "The UDP-galactose translocator gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDP-galactose_translocator

Rees DA (November 1961). "Enzymic synthesis of 3:6-anhydro-l-galactose within porphyran from l-galactose 6-sulphate units". The ... galactose-6-sulfatase, and galactose 6-sulfatase. Rees DA (September 1961). "Enzymic desulphation of porphyran". The ... In enzymology, a galactose-6-sulfurylase (EC 2.5.1.5) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Eliminates sulfate from ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-galactose-6-sulfate:alkyltransferase (cyclizing). Other names in common use ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose-6-sulfurylase

"Methyl-alpha-d-galactose". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2022-08-20. ... Methyl-α-D-galactose is a constituent of Eleutherococcus senticosus. No authors Listed (2021-05-17). Eleuthero. NBK501806 (1st ... Galactose, Monosaccharide derivatives, All stub articles, Organic compound stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl-α-D-galactose

In enzymology, a dTDP-galactose 6-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.186) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction dTDP-D- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is dTDP-D-galactose:NADP+ 6-oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called thymidine- ... 2 H+ The 3 substrates of this enzyme are dTDP-D-galactose, NADP+, and H2O, whereas its 3 products are dTDP-D-galacturonate, ... diphosphate-galactose dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in nucleotide sugars metabolism. Katan R, Avigad G (1966). "NADP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTDP-galactose_6-dehydrogenase

In enzymology, a galactose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.1.1.120) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction D-galactose ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-galactose:NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include D-galactose ... dehydrogenase (NADP+), and galactose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP+). This enzyme participates in galactose metabolism. Cline AL, Hu AS ... the two substrates of this enzyme are D-galactose and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are D-galactonolactone, NADPH, and H+. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose_1-dehydrogenase_(NADP )

In enzymology, a galactose-6-phosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.26) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction D-galactose 6- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-galactose-6-phosphate aldose-ketose-isomerase. This enzyme participates in ... phosphate ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } D-tagatose 6-phosphate Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, D-galactose 6- ... galactose metabolism. de Vos WM, Boerrigter I, van Rooyen RJ, Reiche B, Hengstenberg W (1990). "Characterization of the lactose ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose-6-phosphate_isomerase

galactose glucose GALT catalyzes the second reaction of the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism through ping pong bi-bi ... UDP-glucose + E-His ⇌ Glucose-1-phosphate + E-His-UMP Galactose-1-phosphate + E-His-UMP ⇌ UDP-galactose + E-His The three- ... Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) catalyzes the second step of the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism, ... "Entrez Gene: GALT galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase". Wong LJ, Frey PA (September 1974). "Galactose-1-phosphate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose-1-phosphate_uridylyltransferase

... (EC 2.7.7.69, VTC2, VTC5) is an enzyme with systematic name GDP:alpha-L-galactose 1-phosphate ... GDP-L-galactose+phosphorylase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 2.7.7) ... Linster CL, Adler LN, Webb K, Christensen KC, Brenner C, Clarke SG (July 2008). "A second GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase in ... This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction GDP-L-galactose + phosphate ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } alpha-L ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP-L-galactose_phosphorylase

The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-galactose:undecaprenyl-phosphate galactose phosphotransferase. Other names in ... In enzymology, an undecaprenyl-phosphate galactose phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.6) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical ... the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-galactose and undecaprenyl phosphate, whereas its two products are UMP and alpha-D- ... reaction UDP-galactose + undecaprenyl phosphate ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } UMP + alpha-D-galactosyl- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undecaprenyl-phosphate_galactose_phosphotransferase

Other names in common use include dTDP galactose pyrophosphorylase, galactose 1-phosphate thymidylyl transferase, thymidine ... dTDP-galactose Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are dTTP and alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate, whereas its two products are ... alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase from Streptococcus faecalis grown on D-galactose". The Journal of ... In enzymology, a galactose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.32) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose-1-phosphate_thymidylyltransferase

... s is a family of several mammalian galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase proteins. Gal-3-O- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase

L-rhamnose and D-galactose share the same hydroxyl group orientation at C2 and C4 of the pyranose ring structure. A cysteine- ... In molecular biology, the galactose binding lectin domain is a protein domain. It is found in many proteins including the ... rich domain (the galactose binding lectin domain) homologous to the SUEL protein has been identified in the following proteins ... The galactose-binding lectin domain is not required for alpha-latratoxin binding. Human latrophilin-1. Human Latrophilin-2. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose_binding_lectin_domain

... (EC 1.1.1.316, L-GalDH, L-galactose dehydrogenase) is an enzyme with the systematic name L- ... galactose:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction: L-galactose + NAD+ ⇌ {\displaystyle \ ... L-galactose+1-dehydrogenase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 1.1.1). ... Gatzek S, Wheeler GL, Smirnoff N (June 2002). "Antisense suppression of l-galactose dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis thaliana ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-galactose_1-dehydrogenase

... glucose and galactose. In the first step of galactose metabolism, galactose is converted to galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1-P) by ... Gal-1-P is converted to uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-galactose) by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, ... "Distinct roles of galactose-1P in galactose-mediated growth arrest of yeast deficient in galactose-1P uridylyltransferase (GALT ... UDP-galactose can then be converted to lactose, by the enzyme lactose synthase or to UDP-glucose by UDP-galactose epimerase ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose-1-phosphate_uridylyltransferase_deficiency

... , commonly known as alpha gal and the Galili antigen, is a carbohydrate found in most mammalian ... "Identification of galactose-α-1,3-galactose in the gastrointestinal tract of the tick Ixodes ricinus; possible relationship ... Alpha-gal allergy Galactose Singh, S., Thompson, J. A., Yilmaz, B., Li, H., Weis, S., Sobral, D., Truglio, M., Aires da Silva, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose

The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-galactose:UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine galactose phosphotransferase. Other names ... In enzymology, an UDP-galactose-UDP-N-acetylglucosamine galactose phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.18) is an enzyme that catalyzes ... D-galactose-1-phospho)-D-glucosamine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-galactose and UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, ... Nakanishi Y, Otsu K, Suzuki S (1983). "Enzymatic transfer of galactosyl phosphate from UDP-galactose to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDP-galactose—UDP-N-acetylglucosamine_galactose_phosphotransferase

6-dideoxy-alpha-D-galactose TDP-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose takes part in the biosynthesis of enterobacterial common ... DTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.210, TDP-fucosamine acetyltransferase, WECD, RFFC) is an enzyme ... DTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose+acyltransferase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ... This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-galactose ⇌ {\displaystyle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose_acyltransferase

The galactose component originates from UDP-galactose and the GalNAc component originates from UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine. These ... Overlapping and distinct roles of Aspergillus fumigatus UDP-glucose 4-epimerases in galactose metabolism and the synthesis of ... Galactosaminogalactan (commonly abbreviated as GAG or GG), is an exopolysaccharide composed of galactose and N- ... galactose-containing cell wall polysaccharides. J Biol Chem. 2014 Jan 17;289(3):1243-56. (Polysaccharides, Galactose). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosaminogalactan

Typically, the severe diarrhea improves with a diet low in glucose/galactose and the tolerability to glucose/galactose improves ... Glucose-galactose malabsorption, a genetic disorder caused by changes in a protein critical for the transport of glucose and ... "Glucose-galactose malabsorption , Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) - an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info. ... galactose across the intestine which leads to impaired glucose/galactose absorption, dehydration, and severe diarrhea in young ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_diarrhea_of_infancy

"Email from Leon, 2012". galactose.neocities.org. Retrieved 2020-05-06. Levee Blues at AllMusic. Retrieved November 14, 2016. ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levee_Blues

A Core 1 structure is generated by the addition of galactose. A Core 2 structure is generated by the addition of N-acetyl- ... These are formed by the repetitive addition of galactose and N-acetyl-glucosamine units. Polylactosamine chains on O-linked ... White square = N-acetyl-galactosamine; black circle = galactose; Black square = N-acetyl-glucosamine. Note: There is a mistake ... galactose, neuraminic acid, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose, mannose, and other monosaccharides. In eukaryotes, N-linked glycans ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycan

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase is a blood test that measures the level of a substance called GALT, which helps break ... Galactose-1-phosphate - blood. In: Chernecky CC, Berger BJ, eds. Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures. 6th ed. St Louis, ... Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase is a blood test that measures the level of a substance called GALT, which helps break ... In normal diets, most galactose comes from the breakdown (metabolism) of lactose, which is found in milk and dairy products. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003636.htm

Structure of the beta-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis in complex with galactose ... Here we report its three-dimensional structure both in the free state and complexed with the product galactose. The monomer ... Here we report its three-dimensional structure both in the free state and complexed with the product galactose ... ... Structure of the beta-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis in complex with galactose. *PDB DOI: https://doi.org/10.2210/ ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3OB8

2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-galactose , C6H11FO5 , CID 7191874 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, ...

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7191874

2 with an increase in galactose of 1.3 g/100 g. Because lactose is composed of glucose and galactose, which have equal ... and in lactase non-persistent people may lead to even higher galactose intakes). The galactose content of (semi)hard cheeses is ... Overall, the galactose intake from fermented dairy products (soured milk and yoghurt in the paper) is equal to that from ... Letters: Milk and Mortality : Study used wrong assumption about galactose content of fermented dairy products. Hettinga, K.A. ...

https://www.wur.nl/en/publication-details.htm?publicationId=publication-way-343832363831

Galactose and Hepatic Metabolism in Malnutrition and Sepsis in Man G. Royle; G. Royle ... G. Royle, M. G. W. Kettlewell, Vera Ilic, D. H. Williamson; Galactose and Hepatic Metabolism in Malnutrition and Sepsis in Man ... 2. Blood galactose half-life was not significantly increased in the septic group despite abnormal liver-function tests, whereas ... 6. It is suggested that alterations in hepatic blood flow and the metabolic fate of galactose within the liver may explain the ...

https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/article-abstract/55/2/199/71069/Galactose-and-Hepatic-Metabolism-in-Malnutrition?redirectedFrom=fulltext

... and galactose are not removed from the diet. Half of the 200 severe GGM cases found worldwide result from familial ... is a rare metabolic disorder caused by a defect in glucose and galactose transport across the intestinal lining. GGM is ... Glucose Galactose Malabsorption (GGM) is a rare metabolic disorder caused by a defect in glucose and galactose transport across ... Glucose galactose malabsorption - Genes and Disease. Glucose galactose malabsorption - Genes and Disease. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/gnd/glucosegalactosemalabsorption

Im galactose intolerant. LaffGaff Galaxy Move June 6, 2023 by laffgaff As soon as space travel is possible, Im moving from ... Im galactose intolerant" was posted on Reddit-Dadjokes on January 24, 2019. Twitter Paul W @whatsamatta_u I cant even look at ... Im galactose intolerant Twitter Dad Jokes @Dadsaysjokes As soon as space travel is possible, Im moving from the Milky Way to ... Im galactose intolerant. 5:07 AM · Jan 24, 2019 Twitter PUNS @ThePunnyWorld As soon as space travel is possible, Im moving ...

https://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/whats_a_vampires_favorite_fruit/

... acrylamide and methylene bisacrylamide Accu Gels. December 4, 2021. by Angela ... Categories anti rabbit, Blog, Comet Assay Kit, Dna Plasmids, Galactose Assay, Gene Vector, human albumin antibody, Product, ... Categories anti rabbit, Blog, cloud clone, Dna Plasmids, Galactose Assay, mda assay, Product, qpcr plates, Tyrosinase Antibody ... Categories anti rabbit, Blog, cloud clone, Dna Plasmids, Galactose Assay, Gene Vector, human albumin antibody, Product, qpcr ...

https://www.swissprot20.org/category/galactose-assay/

A total of 151 galactose tolerance tests (GTT) and liver biopsies were performed in a consecutive study of 45 psoriatic ... Galactose tolerance test and methotrexate-induced liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with psoriasis P Lenler-Petersen, H ... Galactose tolerance test and methotrexate-induced liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with psoriasis P Lenler-Petersen et ... A total of 151 galactose tolerance tests (GTT) and liver biopsies were performed in a consecutive study of 45 psoriatic ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6183903

Genetic and Functional Aspects of Galactose Metabolism in Escherichia coli K-12 Creator:. Lederberg, Esther Zimmer, 1922-2006 ... Genetic and Functional Aspects of Galactose Metabolism in Escherichia coli K-12. body { margin: 0; padding: 0; overflow: hidden ... Genetic and Functional Aspects of Galactose Metabolism in Escherichia coli K-12. Volume 10 of the Symposia of the Society for ... Genetic and Functional Aspects of Galactose Metabolism in Escherichia coli K-12 ...

https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/bb/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584906X1053-doc

Neuroblastoma cells were used to analyze the effect of galactose supplementation on myo-inositol metabolism, polyol ... Treatment of the galactose-containing media with 0.4 mM sorbinil partially prevented the galactose-mediated decreases in myo- ... Effect of Galactose and Glucose Levels and Sorbinil Treatment on myo-Inositol Metabolism and Na+-K+ Pump Activity in Cultured ... The activity of the Na+-K+ pump was decreased by 20% in cells cultured in 30 mM galactose and was partially protected by ...

https://diabetesjournals.org/diabetes/article/38/8/996/7175/Effect-of-Galactose-and-Glucose-Levels-and

The fine specificity of mannose-binding and galactose-binding lectins revealed using outlier motif analysis of glycan array ... The fine specificity of mannose-binding and galactose-binding lectins revealed using outlier motif analysis of glycan array ... and two galactose binders (Bauhinia purpurea and peanut agglutinin). The study confirmed the known, primary specificity of each ... and penultimate β-linked galactose under certain limitations. Peanut agglutinin may bind terminal Galβ1,3Gal, a glycolipid ...

https://edrn.nci.nih.gov/data-and-resources/publications/21875884-2226-the-fine-specificity-of-mannose-binding-and-galactose-binding-lectins-revealed-using-outlier-motif-analysis-of-glycan-array-data/

Lowery, Henry Kenneth, "Starvation and Particle Effects on the Galactose Transport System of a Psychrophilic Marine Vibrio" ( ... Starvation and Particle Effects on the Galactose Transport System of a Psychrophilic Marine Vibrio ...

https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/arv_theses/5401/

Author mjlCategories [BRAINDUMP]Tags casein, galactose, saccharomyces Leave a Reply Cancel reply. You must be logged in to post ... Brain Dump - 2015.02.15 - Casein & Galactose. Lactose digestion in humans - PDF. Lactose digestion in humans: intestinal ...

https://3.5tolife.com/brain-dump-2015-02-15-casein-galactose/

Genetic and Functional Aspects of Galactose Metabolism in Escherichia coli K-12. Contributor(s):. Lederberg, Esther Zimmer, ...

https://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101584906X1053

... No candidates for glcU: galactose ABC ...

https://papers.genomics.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/gapView.cgi?orgs=orgsFit&set=carbon&orgId=FitnessBrowser__Caulo&path=galactose&step=glcU

Patients with Galactose Intolerance. Since this medicinal product contains lactose, patients with rare hereditary problems of ... galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine. ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=925e2ea9-f51a-4b89-ab5d-ce590b6c4d85

Galactose Idioma: Inglês Revista: J Radiat Res Ano de publicação: 2023 Tipo de documento: Artigo País de afiliação: Croácia ... Galactose Idioma: Inglês Revista: J Radiat Res Ano de publicação: 2023 Tipo de documento: Artigo País de afiliação: Croácia ... D-galactose might protect against ionizing radiation by stimulating oxidative metabolism and modulating redox homeostasis. ... D-galactose might protect against ionizing radiation by stimulating oxidative metabolism a ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/controlecancer/resource/pt/mdl-37312584

Galactose +[13] D-Glucose +[13] D-Mannose +[13] Borrelia burgdorferi is a microaerophile, requiring small amounts of oxygen in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferi

Galactose: Structure and Function in Biology and Medicine. $110.00. Select options. * Strawberries: Cultivation, Antioxidant ...

https://novapublishers.com/product-category/series/nutrition-and-diet-research-progress/page/5/

It is made up of glucose and galactose.. *Maltose (malt sugar) is produced during fermentation. It is found in beer and breads. ...

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002444.htm

In a mixed sugar (galactose+glucose) condition, the existence of glucose retarded galactose utilization however, 120g/L of the ... In a mixed sugar (galactose+glucose) condition, the existence of glucose retarded galactose utilization however, 120g/L of the ... In a mixed sugar (galactose+glucose) condition, the existence of glucose retarded galactose utilization however, 120g/L of the ... In a mixed sugar (galactose+glucose) condition, the existence of glucose retarded galactose utilization however, 120g/L of the ...

https://yonsei.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/simultaneous-utilization-of-galactose-and-glucose-by-saccharomyce

Galactose. Nutrient Val: 0 g. Additional Fortification: Tag Name: GALS. Rounded to dec points: 2. Calcium, Ca. Nutrient Val: 56 ...

https://www.bellaonline.com/nutrition/details/16069

While none of the adalimumab-treated subjects achieved the primary outcome, 2 subjects in the galactose and 2 in the standard ... galactose, standard medical therapy-- were administered for 26 weeks. The primary endpoint was a 50 % reduction in proteinuria ... was designed to assess the efficacy of adalimumab and galactose compared to standard medical therapy which was comprised of ... Efficacy of galactose and adalimumab in patients with resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: report of the font clinical ...

https://scholarlyexchange.childrensmercy.org/papers/1174/

FCFondler High End Galactose Joined:. Jan 26, 2009. Messages:. 1,622. Likes Received:. 759. ...

https://forum.grasscity.com/threads/is-lsd-sacred.341780/

Galactose-binding domain-like. The name of this superfamily has been modified since the most recent official CATH+ release (v4_ ...

http://www.cathdb.info/version/v4_3_0/superfamily/2.60.120.260/classification

Galactose. Saccharin. Glucose. Dextrose. Which of the items below is not an artificial sweetener?. Nutralose is not an ...

https://www.medicinenet.com/sugar_quiz/quiz.htm?ecd=mnl_spc_012420

Glucose Galactose Malabsorption (GGM) is a rare metabolic disorder caused by a defect in glucose and galactose transport across the intestinal lining. (nih.gov)
GGM is characterized by severe diarrhea and dehydration as early as the first day of life and can result in rapid death if lactose (milk sugar), sucrose (table sugar), glucose, and galactose are not removed from the diet. (nih.gov)
Normally within the space enclosed by the small intestine (called the lumen), lactose is broken down into glucose and galactose by an enzyme called lactase, while sucrose is broken down into glucose and fructose by an enzyme called sucrase. (nih.gov)
Usually the mutations carried by GGM individuals result in nonfunctional truncated SGLT1 proteins or in the improper placement of the proteins such that they can not transport glucose and galactose out of the intestinal lumen. (nih.gov)
The glucose and galactose, if left untransported, draw water out of the body into the intestinal lumen, resulting in diarrhea. (nih.gov)
Because lactose is composed of glucose and galactose, which have equal molecular weight, this decrease in lactose would lead to 1.25 g/100 g of galactose formed (equal to the 1.3 g/100 g in the quoted paper). (wur.nl)
It is made up of glucose and galactose. (nih.gov)

In normal diets, most galactose comes from the breakdown ( metabolism ) of lactose, which is found in milk and dairy products. (medlineplus.gov)
The paper quoted by the authors shows a decrease in lactose from 4.8 g/100 g to 2.3 g/100 g (loss of 2.5 g/100 g) in yoghurt compared with milk,2 with an increase in galactose of 1.3 g/100 g. (wur.nl)
Galactose intolerant" is portmanteau of "galaxy" and "lactose intolerant," and it's often used in puns with "Milky Way. (barrypopik.com)
The signals of α/β-lactose and α/β-galactose were separately observed in the 1 H NMR spectra. (mdpi.com)
Galactose is primarily part of a larger sugar called lactose, which is found in all dairy products and many baby formulas. (nih.gov)

This technology includes selective inhibitors of the human enzyme galactokinase (EC 2.7.1.6), which may be useful for the treatment of Galactosemia and other diseases caused by aberrant galactose metabolism, including cancer. (nih.gov)
Treatment of Galactosemia and other diseases caused by aberrant galactose metabolism, including some cancers. (nih.gov)
UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase (GALE)-deficient galactosemia is an autosomal recessive disorder with clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic, where enzyme deficiency is restricted to peripheral blood, to severe, with a generalized GALE deficiency affecting multiple tissues. (umaryland.edu)
Misfolding of galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase can result in type I galactosemia. (nih.gov)

The authors report a novel ethanogenic strain capable of fermenting galactose, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (elsevierpure.com)

This chemical reaction also produces another form of galactose (UDP-galactose) that is used to build galactose-containing proteins and fats. (nih.gov)

1. Hepatic carbohydrate metabolism was studied by an intravenous galactose test in control patients, malnourished non-septic patients, patients with prolonged severe sepsis and patients after recovery from sepsis. (portlandpress.com)
Neuroblastoma cells were used to analyze the effect of galactose supplementation on myo -inositol metabolism, polyol accumulation, and Na +- K + pump activity. (diabetesjournals.org)
Treatment of the galactose-containing media with 0.4 mM sorbinil partially prevented the galactose-mediated decreases in myo -inositol metabolism and content. (diabetesjournals.org)
The effects of long-term galactose supplementation on myo -inositol metabolism, polyol accumulation, and Na +- K + -ATPase transport activity in cultured neuroblastoma cells are similar to the effects of high concentrations of glucose. (diabetesjournals.org)
D-galactose might protect against ionizing radiation by stimulating oxidative metabolism and modulating redox homeostasis. (bvsalud.org)
These compounds inhibit the first step in galactose metabolism, thereby eliminating the build-up of toxic metabolites during the aberrant metabolism of galactose, as well as inhibitor the entry of galactose into glycolysis and other downstream assays. (nih.gov)

The GALT gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. (nih.gov)

Most changes in the GALT gene alter single protein building blocks (amino acids) in galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. (nih.gov)

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase is a blood test that measures the level of a substance called GALT, which helps break down milk sugars in your body. (medlineplus.gov)

In a mixed sugar (galactose+glucose) condition, the existence of glucose retarded galactose utilization however, 120g/L of the mixed sugar was completely consumed within 60h at any galactose concentration. (elsevierpure.com)

From this result, the ethanol fermentation efficiency of the novel S. cerevisiae strain using the galactose base of red algae was superior to the fermentation efficiency when using the wild type strain, and the novel strain was found to have resistance to the major inhibitors generated during the saccharification process. (elsevierpure.com)

Yoghurt therefore contains the same amount of galactose as milk (and in lactase non-persistent people may lead to even higher galactose intakes). (wur.nl)

This mutant yeast strain exhibited exceptional fermentative performance on galactose and a mixture of galactose and glucose. (elsevierpure.com)

Most of these mutations severely reduce or eliminate the activity of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. (nih.gov)

As a result, galactose-1-phosphate and related compounds can build up to toxic levels in the body. (nih.gov)

6. It is suggested that alterations in hepatic blood flow and the metabolic fate of galactose within the liver may explain the changes in the metabolic response to galactose observed in malnourished or septic patients. (portlandpress.com)

Michaëlsson and colleagues' proposed mechanism for the effect of milk intake on the risk of mortality and fractures is based on the assumption that fermented dairy products (which had the opposite effects to those of non-fermented milk) are free of galactose.1 For most fermented dairy products, however, this is untrue. (wur.nl)
Overall, the galactose intake from fermented dairy products (soured milk and yoghurt in the paper) is equal to that from regular dairy products, which makes the authors' proposed mechanism highly unlikely. (wur.nl)

Following exposure to milk, which contains high levels of galactose, affected infants may experience rapid onset and progression of potentially lethal symptoms. (nih.gov)

All patients were on galactose-restricted diets. (nih.gov)

2. Blood galactose half-life was not significantly increased in the septic group despite abnormal liver-function tests, whereas it was approximately doubled in the malnourished patients. (portlandpress.com)

abstract = "The present paper explores the antioxidant and antiaging properties of agar extracted from Laminaria digitata (L. digitata) on a D-galactose (D-Gal)-induced mouse model. (elsevier.com)

3. The rise in blood glucose after galactose injection was less in both the septic and malnourished groups, as compared with that in the control subjects. (portlandpress.com)
While none of the adalimumab-treated subjects achieved the primary outcome, 2 subjects in the galactose and 2 in the standard medical therapy arm had a 50 % reduction in proteinuria without a decline in eGFR. (childrensmercy.org)

Exposing neuroblastoma cells to 30 mM galactose causes a decrease in the levels of phosphatidylinositol that is partially restored by the addition of sorbinil. (diabetesjournals.org)

The experimental treatments - adalimumab, galactose, standard medical therapy-- were administered for 26 weeks. (childrensmercy.org)

The galactose content of (semi)hard cheeses is somewhat lower because the curd is washed during production, but cheese is not usually free from galactose. (wur.nl)
The effect of galactose on the intracellular content of galactitol and myo -inositol was concentration dependent. (diabetesjournals.org)

Efficacy of galactose and adalimumab in patients with resistant focal " by Howard Trachtman, Suzanne Vento et al. (childrensmercy.org)
Efficacy of galactose and adalimumab in patients with resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: report of the font clinical trial group. (childrensmercy.org)

Without this substance, the body cannot break down galactose, and the substance builds up in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)

The protein product of SGLT1 then moves the glucose and the galactose from the lumen of the small intestine into intestinal cells. (nih.gov)

Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase is responsible for one step in a chemical process that breaks down galactose into other molecules that can be used by the body. (nih.gov)

This enzyme enables the body to process a simple sugar called galactose, which is present in small amounts in many foods. (nih.gov)

Specifically, this enzyme converts a modified form of galactose (galactose-1-phosphate) to glucose, which is another simple sugar. (nih.gov)

Extracellular myo -inositol accumulation and incorporation into phospholipid decreased by 20-30% in cells grown in 30 mM galactose. (diabetesjournals.org)
The activity of the Na +- K + pump was decreased by 20% in cells cultured in 30 mM galactose and was partially protected by sorbinil treatment. (diabetesjournals.org)
A shortage of this enzyme prevents cells from processing galactose obtained from the diet. (nih.gov)

The Duarte variant reduces but does not eliminate the activity of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. (nih.gov)

The Milky Way is a hard place to be if you're galactose-intolerant" was posted on Twitter by God (Not a Parody, Actually God) on December 29, 2011. (barrypopik.com)

We developed a systematic approach, called outlier-motif analysis, for extracting fine-specificity information from glycan-array data, and we applied the method to the study of four commonly used lectins: two mannose binders (concanavalin A and Lens culinaris) and two galactose binders (Bauhinia purpurea and peanut agglutinin). (nih.gov)

We found broader specificity for bauhinea purpurea (BPL) than previously reported, showing that BPL can bind terminal N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and penultimate β-linked galactose under certain limitations. (nih.gov)

Anatomy1

Organisms6

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs80

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Phenomena and Processes13

Information Science3

Gangliosides of human kidney. (1/3083)

Missense mutations in SGLT1 cause glucose-galactose malabsorption by trafficking defects. (2/3083)

Carbohydrate on human factor VIII/von Willebrand factor. Impairment of function by removal of specific galactose residues. (3/3083)

Stimulation of collagen galactosyltransferase and glucosyltransferase activities by lysophosphatidylcholine. (4/3083)

Oligomycin induces a decrease in the cellular content of a pathogenic mutation in the human mitochondrial ATPase 6 gene. (5/3083)

Quantitative determination of N-acetylglucosamine residues at the non-reducing ends of peptidoglycan chains by enzymic attachment of [14C]-D-galactose. (6/3083)

A unique primary structure, cDNA cloning and function of a galactose-specific lectin from ascidian plasma. (7/3083)

Orotate decreases the inhibitory effect of ethanol on galactose elimination in the perfused rat liver. (8/3083)

Galactose

Galactose Oxidase

Galactose Dehydrogenases

Galactosephosphates

Galactosemias

Uridine Diphosphate Galactose

UDPglucose 4-Epimerase

Galactokinase

UTP-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase

Galactitol

Carbohydrates

Fucose

Lactose

Monosaccharides

Galactosyltransferases

Hexoses

Acetylgalactosamine

Lectins

Mannose

Carbohydrate Sequence

UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase

Oligosaccharides

Glucose

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrate Conformation

Galactosidases

Disaccharides

Methylgalactosides

Carbohydrate Epimerases

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Phosphoglucomutase

Glucosamine

Chromatography, Paper

Molecular Sequence Data

Glycopeptides

Amino Sugars

Sialic Acids

Glycolipids

Uridine Diphosphate Sugars

Glycoproteins

Galactosides

Borohydrides

Plant Lectins

Acetylglucosamine

Asialoglycoproteins

Hexosamines

Arabinose

Glycosides

Rhamnose

Neuraminic Acids

Fetuins

Glycosphingolipids

Galactosamine

Periodic Acid

Chromatography, Thin Layer

Polysaccharides, Bacterial

Melibiose

Glycosylation

N-Acetylneuraminic Acid

Uronic Acids

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Glycoside Hydrolases

Ricin

alpha-Galactosidase

Kinetics

Escherichia coli

Xylose

Actinomycetales

Fructose

Neuraminidase

beta-Galactosidase

Fermentation

Hexosephosphates

Cell Wall

Uridine Diphosphate Glucose

Mutation

UTP-Glucose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase

Monosaccharide Transport Proteins

Lactococcus lactis

Ribose