Galactose. Medical search

An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood.

An enzyme that oxidizes galactose in the presence of molecular oxygen to D-galacto-hexodialdose. It is a copper protein. EC 1.1.3.9.

D-Galactose:NAD(P)+ 1-oxidoreductases. Catalyzes the oxidation of D-galactose in the presence of NAD+ or NADP+ to D-galactono-gamma-lactone and NADH or NADPH. Includes EC 1.1.1.48 and EC 1.1.1.120.

Phosphoric acid esters of galactose.

A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)

A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a source of galactose in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, cerebrosides, and lactose.

A necessary enzyme in the metabolism of galactose. It reversibly catalyzes the conversion of UDPglucose to UDPgalactose. NAD+ is an essential component for enzymatic activity. EC 5.1.3.2.

An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the formation of galactose 1-phosphate and ADP from ATP and D-galactose. Galactosamine can also act as the acceptor. A deficiency of this enzyme results in GALACTOSEMIA. EC 2.7.1.6.

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of UDPgalactose from UTP and galactose-1-phosphate. It is present in low levels in fetal and infant liver, but increases with age, thereby enabling galactosemic infants who survive to develop the capacity to metabolize galactose. EC 2.7.7.10.

A naturally occurring product of plants obtained following reduction of GALACTOSE. It appears as a white crystalline powder with a slight sweet taste. It may form in excess in the lens of the eye in GALACTOSEMIAS, a deficiency of GALACTOKINASE.

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.

Simple sugars, carbohydrates which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis. They are colorless crystalline substances with a sweet taste and have the same general formula CnH2nOn. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of galactose from a nucleoside diphosphate galactose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.

The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.

Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.

A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of UMP from UDPglucose to galactose 1-phosphate, forming UDPgalactose and glucose 1-phosphate. Deficiency in this enzyme is the major cause of GALACTOSEMIA. EC 2.7.7.12.

Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.

A family of galactoside hydrolases that hydrolyze compounds with an O-galactosyl linkage. EC 3.2.1.-.

Oligosaccharides containing two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond.

Enzymes that catalyze the epimerization of chiral centers within carbohydrates or their derivatives. EC 5.1.3.

Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alpha D-glucose 1-phosphate to alpha D-glucose 6-phosphate. EC 5.4.2.2.

An analytical technique for resolution of a chemical mixture into its component compounds. Compounds are separated on an adsorbent paper (stationary phase) by their varied degree of solubility/mobility in the eluting solvent (mobile phase).

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight.

SUGARS containing an amino group. GLYCOSYLATION of other compounds with these amino sugars results in AMINOGLYCOSIDES.

A group of naturally occurring N-and O-acyl derivatives of the deoxyamino sugar neuraminic acid. They are ubiquitously distributed in many tissues.

Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of galactose with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include both alpha- and beta-galactosides.

A class of inorganic or organic compounds that contain the borohydride (BH4-) anion.

Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. Some carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) from PLANTS also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. Many plant lectins change the physiology of the membrane of BLOOD CELLS to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes. They may play a role in plant defense mechanisms.

The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.

Endogenous glycoproteins from which SIALIC ACID has been removed by the action of sialidases. They bind tightly to the ASIALOGLYCOPROTEIN RECEPTOR which is located on hepatocyte plasma membranes. After internalization by adsorptive ENDOCYTOSIS they are delivered to LYSOSOMES for degradation. Therefore receptor-mediated clearance of asialoglycoproteins is an important aspect of the turnover of plasma glycoproteins. They are elevated in serum of patients with HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS or HEPATITIS.

Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)

A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides.

A family of calcium-binding alpha-globulins that are synthesized in the LIVER and play an essential role in maintaining the solubility of CALCIUM in the BLOOD. In addition the fetuins contain aminoterminal cystatin domains and are classified as type 3 cystatins.

Lipids containing at least one monosaccharide residue and either a sphingoid or a ceramide (CERAMIDES). They are subdivided into NEUTRAL GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS comprising monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylsphingoids and monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylceramides; and ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS which comprises sialosylglycosylsphingolipids (GANGLIOSIDES); SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS (formerly known as sulfatides), glycuronoglycosphingolipids, and phospho- and phosphonoglycosphingolipids. (From IUPAC's webpage)

A strong oxidizing agent.

Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.

A disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage.

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518)

Acids derived from monosaccharides by the oxidation of the terminal (-CH2OH) group farthest removed from the carbonyl group to a (-COOH) group. (From Stedmans, 26th ed)

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-galactose residues in alpha-galactosides including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans, and galactolipids.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

An order of gram-positive, primarily aerobic BACTERIA that tend to form branching filaments.

A monosaccharide in sweet fruits and honey that is soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. It is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.

A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of UDPglucose from UTP plus glucose 1-phosphate. EC 2.7.7.9.

A large group of membrane transport proteins that shuttle MONOSACCHARIDES across CELL MEMBRANES.

A non-pathogenic species of LACTOCOCCUS found in DAIRY PRODUCTS and responsible for the souring of MILK and the production of LACTIC ACID.

A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Glycosphingolipids containing N-acetylglucosamine (paragloboside) or N-acetylgalactosamine (globoside). Globoside is the P antigen on erythrocytes and paragloboside is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of erythrocyte blood group ABH and P 1 glycosphingolipid antigens. The accumulation of globoside in tissue, due to a defect in hexosaminidases A and B, is the cause of Sandhoff disease.

Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

A C-type lectin that is a cell surface receptor for ASIALOGLYCOPROTEINS. It is found primarily in the LIVER where it mediates the endocytosis of serum glycoproteins.

Monosaccharide transport proteins that function as active symporters. They utilize SODIUM or HYDROGEN IONS to transport GLUCOSE across CELL MEMBRANES.

Polysaccharides composed of repeating galactose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A genus of leguminous shrubs or trees, mainly tropical, yielding useful compounds such as ALKALOIDS and PLANT LECTINS.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

An ascomycetous yeast of the fungal family Saccharomycetaceae, order SACCHAROMYCETALES.

A rather large group of enzymes comprising not only those transferring phosphate but also diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and others. These have also been subdivided according to the acceptor group. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.

Carbohydrates covalently linked to a nonsugar moiety (lipids or proteins). The major glycoconjugates are glycoproteins, glycopeptides, peptidoglycans, glycolipids, and lipopolysaccharides. (From Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 2d ed; From Principles of Biochemistry, 2d ed)

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Neutral glycosphingolipids that contain a monosaccharide, normally glucose or galactose, in 1-ortho-beta-glycosidic linkage with the primary alcohol of an N-acyl sphingoid (ceramide). In plants the monosaccharide is normally glucose and the sphingoid usually phytosphingosine. In animals, the monosaccharide is usually galactose, though this may vary with the tissue and the sphingoid is usually sphingosine or dihydrosphingosine. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1st ed)

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.

A subclass of ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS. They contain one or more sialic acid (N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID) residues. Using the Svennerholm system of abbrevations, gangliosides are designated G for ganglioside, plus subscript M, D, or T for mono-, di-, or trisialo, respectively, the subscript letter being followed by a subscript arabic numeral to indicated sequence of migration in thin-layer chromatograms. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1997)

Oligosaccharides containing three monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.

The A protein of the lactose synthase complex. In the presence of the B protein (LACTALBUMIN) specificity is changed from N-acetylglucosamine to glucose. EC 2.4.1.90.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A group of enzymes with the general formula CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:acceptor N-acetylneuraminyl transferase. They catalyze the transfer of N-acetylneuraminic acid from CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid to an acceptor, which is usually the terminal sugar residue of an oligosaccharide, a glycoprotein, or a glycolipid. EC 2.4.99.-.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

Gangliosides of human kidney. (1/3083)

Five gangliosides isolated from human kidney have been characterized. The two main fractions were shown to be typical extraneural gangliosides in having lactose as their neutral carbohydrate moiety. Their structures were identified as: AcNeu(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc(beta1-1)Cer and AcNeu(alpha2-8)AcNeu(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc(beta1-1)Cer. The two main hexosamine-containing gangliosides are structurally related to human blood group substances of glycosphingolipid nature. The following structures are postulated: AcNeu(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-4)GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc(beta1-1)Cer and AcNeu(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-4)[Fuc(alpha1-3)]GlcNAc(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc(beta1-1) Cer. The third hexosamine-containing ganglioside belongs to a different series of glycolipids and was shown to have the structure of a major ganglioside of human brain: AcNeu(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-3)GalNAc(beta1-4)[AcNeu(alpha2-3)]Gal(beta1-4)Glc(beta1- 1)Cer. The fatty acid structure of different gangliosides was shown to resemble that of neutral glycolipids of human kidney with the nonhydroxy acids C16:0, C22:0, and C24:0 as major components. (+info)

Missense mutations in SGLT1 cause glucose-galactose malabsorption by trafficking defects. (2/3083)

Glucose-galactose malabsorption (GGM) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by defects in the Na+/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1). Neonates present with severe diarrhea while on any diet containing glucose and/or galactose [1]. This study focuses on a patient of Swiss and Dominican descent. All 15 exons of SGLT1 were screened using single stranded conformational polymorphism analyses, and aberrant PCR products were sequenced. Two missense mutations, Gly318Arg and Ala468Val, were identified. SGLT1 mutants were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes for radiotracer uptake, electrophysiological experiments, and Western blotting. Uptakes of [14C]alpha-methyl-d-glucoside by the mutants were 5% or less than that of wild-type. Two-electrode voltage-clamp experiments confirmed the transport defects, as no noticeable sugar-induced current could be elicited from either mutant [2]. Western blots of cell protein showed levels of each SGLT1 mutant protein comparable to that of wild-type, and that both were core-glycosylated. Presteady-state current measurements indicated an absence of SGLT1 in the plasma membrane. We suggest that the compound heterozygote missense mutations G318R and A468V lead to GGM in this patient by defective trafficking of mutant proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane. (+info)

Carbohydrate on human factor VIII/von Willebrand factor. Impairment of function by removal of specific galactose residues. (3/3083)

Human factor VIII/von Willebrand factor protein containing 120 +/- 12 nmol of sialic acid and 135 +/- 13 nmol of galactose/mg of protein was digested with neuraminidase. The affinity of native factor VIII/von Willebrand factor and its asialo form for the hepatic lectin that specifically binds asialoglycoproteins was assessed from in vitro binding experiments. Native factor VIII/von Willebrand factor exhibited negligible affinity while binding of the asialo derivative was comparable to that observed for asialo-alpha1-acid glycoprotein. Incubation of asialo-factor VIII/von Willebrand factor with Streptococcus pneumoniae beta-galactosidase removed only 62% of the galactose but abolished binding to the purified hepatic lectin. When the asialo derivative was incubated with purified beta-D-galactoside alpha2 leads to 6 sialyltransferase and CMP-[14C]NeuAc, only 61% of the galactose incorporated [14C]NeuAc. From the known specificites of these enzymes, it is concluded that galactose residues important in lectin binding are present in a terminal Gal/beta1 leads to 4GlcNAc sequence on asialo-factor VIII/von Willebrand factor. The relative ristocetin-induced platelet aggregating activity of native, asialo-, and agalacto-factor VIII/von Willebrand factor was 100:38:12, respectively, while procoagulant activity was 100:100:103. (+info)

Stimulation of collagen galactosyltransferase and glucosyltransferase activities by lysophosphatidylcholine. (4/3083)

Lysophosphatidylcholine stimulated the activities of collagen galactosyl- and glucosyl-transferases in chick-embryo extract and its particulate fractions in vitro, whereas essentially no stimulation was noted in the high-speed supernatant, where the enzymes are soluble and membrane-free. The stimulatory effect of lysophosphatidylcholine was masked by 0.1% Triton X-100. In kinetic experiments lysophosphatidylcholine raised the maximum velocities with respect to the substrates and co-substrates, whereas no changes were observed in the apparant Km values. Phospholipase A preincubation of the chick-embryo extract resulted in stimulation of both transferase activities, probably gy generating lysophosphatides from endogenous phospholipids. No stimulation by lysophosphatidylcholine was found when tested with 500-fold-purified glycosyltransferase. The results suggest that collagen glycosyltransferases must be associated with the membrane structures of the cell in order to be stimulated by lysophosphatidylcholine. Lysophosphatidylcholine could have some regulatory significance in vivo, since its concentration in the cell is comparable with that which produced marked stimulation in vitro. (+info)

Oligomycin induces a decrease in the cellular content of a pathogenic mutation in the human mitochondrial ATPase 6 gene. (5/3083)

A T --> G mutation at position 8993 in human mitochondrial DNA is associated with the syndrome neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa and with a maternally inherited form of Leigh's syndrome. The mutation substitutes an arginine for a leucine at amino acid position 156 in ATPase 6, a component of the F0 portion of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex. Fibroblasts harboring high levels of the T8993G mutation have decreased ATP synthesis activity, but do not display any growth defect under standard culture conditions. Combining the notions that cells with respiratory chain defects grow poorly in medium containing galactose as the major carbon source, and that resistance to oligomycin, a mitochondrial inhibitor, is associated with mutations in the ATPase 6 gene in the same transmembrane domain where the T8993G amino acid substitution is located, we created selective culture conditions using galactose and oligomycin that elicited a pathological phenotype in T8993G cells and that allowed for the rapid selection of wild-type over T8993G mutant cells. We then generated cytoplasmic hybrid clones containing heteroplasmic levels of the T8993G mutation, and showed that selection in galactose-oligomycin caused a significant increase in the fraction of wild-type molecules (from 16 to 28%) in these cells. (+info)

Quantitative determination of N-acetylglucosamine residues at the non-reducing ends of peptidoglycan chains by enzymic attachment of [14C]-D-galactose. (6/3083)

The ability of human milk galactosyltransferase to attach D-galactose residues quantitatively to the C-4 of N-acetylglucosamine moieties at the ends of oligosaccharides has been utilized for the specific labeling and quantitative determination of the chain length of the glycan moiety of the bacterial cell wall. The average polysaccharide chain length of the soluble, uncrosslinked peptidoglycan secreted by Micrococcus luteus cells on incubation with penicillin G was studied with this technique and found to be approximately 70 hexosamines long. Furthermore, the peptidoglycan chain length of Escherichia coli sacculi of different cell shapes and dimensions was determined both in rod-shaped cells and in filaments induced by temperature shift of a division mutant or by addition of cephalexin or nalidixic acid. The average chain length found in most of these sacculi was between 70 and 100 hexosamines long. Small spherical 'mini' cells had chain lengths similar to those of the isogenic rod-like cells. (+info)

A unique primary structure, cDNA cloning and function of a galactose-specific lectin from ascidian plasma. (7/3083)

The complete amino acid sequence of a galactose-specific lectin from the plasma of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi has been determined by sequential Edman degradation analysis of peptide fragments derived by proteolytic fragmentation and chemical cleavage of the reductive S-pyridylethylated lectin. Peptide fragments were separated by reverse-phase HPLC. The N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequences were determined by Edman degradation and enzymatic digestion. The H. roretzi plasma lectin is a single-chain protein consisting of 327 amino acids and four disulfide bonds, one of which was found to be cross-linked intramolecularly. A comparison of the amino acid sequence of the H. roretzi plasma lectin with the sequences of other proteins reveals that the H. roretzi lectin has a structure consisting of a twice-repeated sequence, a fibrinogen-related sequence and a C-type lectin-homologous sequence. The above amino acid sequence was verified by cDNA cloning of this lectin. Three cDNA clones that have single ORFs encoding the lectin precursor were isolated from an H. roretzi hepatopancreas cDNA library. The deduced amino acid sequences in the three cDNA clones contain the same sequence of the mature lectin molecule and the same putative signal sequence. In addition, it was demonstrated that this lectin can enhance phagocytosis by H. roretzi hemocytes. Thus, the plasma lectin is constructed into an oligomer structure via intermolecular disulfide bonds and plays a role in the biological defense of H. roretzi as a defense molecule. (+info)

Orotate decreases the inhibitory effect of ethanol on galactose elimination in the perfused rat liver. (8/3083)

1. The galactose-elimination rate in perfused livers from starved rats was decreased in the presence of ethanol (2-28mM) to one-third of the control values. Orotate injections partly reversed the effect of ethanol, so that the galactose-elimination rate was about two-thirds of the control values. Orotate alone had no effect on the galactose-elimination rate. 2. Ethanol increased [galactose 1-phosphate] and [UDP-galactose], and decreased (UDP-glucose] and [UTP], both with and without orotate. Orotate increased [UTP], [UDP-galactose], both with and without ethanol. The increase of [galactose 1-phosphate] in the presence of ethanol was inhibited by orotate. Orotate alone had no appreciable effect on [galactose 1-phosphate]. 3. Both the effect of ethanol and that of orotate on the galactose-elimination rate can be accounted for by assuming inhibition of galactokinase by galactose 1-phosphate with Ki about 0.2mM, the inhibition being either non-competitive or uncompetitive. 4. The primary effect of ethanol seems to be inhibition of UDP-glucose epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2), followed by accumulation of UDP-galactose, trapping of UDP-glucose and increase of [galactose 1-phosphate]. Orotate decreased the effect of ethanol, probably by increasing [UDP-glucose]. (+info)

... is a disaccharide made by condensation of one molecule of each of the monosaccharides glucose and galactose, whereas the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaccharide

Galactose metabolismEdit. Lactose, or milk sugar, consists of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose.[7] After ... Galactokinase uses one molecule of ATP to phosphorylate galactose.[2] The phosphorylated galactose is then converted to glucose ... mannose and galactose.[4] Glucose is distributed to cells in the tissues, where it is broken down or stored as glycogen.[3][4] ... Most of the fructose and galactose travel to the liver, where they can be converted to glucose and fat.[4] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism

l-galactose. l-Galactose reacts with the enzyme l-galactose dehydrogenase, whereby the lactone ring opens and forms again but ... l-galactose dehydrogenase in spinach.[132] Ascorbic acid efflux by embryo of dicots plants is a well-established mechanism of ... In plants, this is accomplished through the conversion of mannose or galactose to ascorbic acid.[114][115] ... galactose, L-galactonolactone and ascorbic acid.[134][135] There is feedback regulation in place, in that the presence of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-ascorbic_acid

Typically, the severe diarrhea improves with a diet low in glucose/galactose and the tolerability to glucose/galactose improves ... Glucose-galactose malabsorption, a genetic disorder caused by changes in a protein critical for the transport of glucose and ... "Glucose-galactose malabsorption , Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) - an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info. ... galactose across the intestine which leads to impaired glucose/galactose absorption, dehydration, and severe diarrhea in young ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_diarrhea_of_infancy

"Email from Leon, 2012". galactose.neocities.org. Retrieved 2020-05-06. Levee Blues at AllMusic. Retrieved November 14, 2016.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levee_Blues

A Core 1 structure is generated by the addition of galactose. A Core 2 structure is generated by the addition of N-acetyl- ... These are formed by the repetitive addition of galactose and N-acetyl-glucosamine units. Polylactosamine chains on O-linked ... White square = N-acetyl-galactosamine; black circle = galactose; Black square = N-acetyl-glucosamine. Note: There is a mistake ... galactose, neuraminic acid, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose, mannose, and other monosaccharides. In eukaryotes, N-linked glycans ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycan

Galactose, a sugar. *Galanin, a peptide encoded by the GAL gene. *Galeandra, an orchid genus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal

β-D-Galactose Hexose Gal β-D-Mannose Hexose Man α-L-Fucose Deoxyhexose Fuc ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein

Changed: 'ImageFile' ('Uridine diphosphate galactose.svg' -, 'UDP-Galactose.svg'). *17:31:44 (2, 3, 4) (EDIT) User:Yikrazuul ( ... 17:30:13 (2, 3, 4) (EDIT) User:Yikrazuul (contribs, talk) edited Uridine_diphosphate_galactose (diff, hist). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Log/2011-03-07

MC2R Glucose-galactose malabsorption; 606824; SLC5A1 GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1; 606777; SLC2A1 GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2; ... GALK1 Galactose epimerase deficiency; 230350; GALE Galactosemia; 230400; GALT Galactosialidosis; 256540; CTSA Gallbladder ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OMIM_disorder_codes

Diagnosis is established by high blood levels of galactose, normal activity of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate ... disorder marked by an accumulation of galactose and galactitol secondary to the decreased conversion of galactose to galactose- ... Unlike galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency, the symptoms of galactokinase deficiency are relatively mild. The ... Elimination of lactose and galactose sources suffices for definitive therapy. Activity No restriction is necessary. (Roth MD, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactokinase_deficiency

Louis Pasteur crystallizes galactose. Charles-Adolphe Wurtz discovers the glycols. May 20 - Dr David Livingstone arrives at ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_in_science

Chemical structure of galactose. Leloir and his team discovered that in galactosemia, patients lacked the necessary enzyme ( ... "Lipid-bond Saccharides containing glucose and galactose in agrobacterium tumefaciens", (1984). *. Zorreguieta, A.; Ugalde, R.A ... Leloir and his colleagues elucidated the primary mechanisms of galactose metabolism (now coined the Leloir pathway[12]) and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir

Galactose addition occurs primarily through the β-1,4-galactosyltransferase enzyme (β4Gal-T1) while the enzymes responsible for ... The enzyme KS-Gal6ST (CHST1) transfers sulfate groups to galactose while N-acetylglucosaminyl-6-sulfotransferase (GlcNAc6ST) ( ... or galactose.[3] Glycosaminoglycans are highly polar and attract water. They are therefore useful to the body as a lubricant or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan

β-galactosides include carbohydrates containing galactose where the glycosidic bond lies above the galactose molecule. ... Beta-galactose is used in such dairy products as yogurt, sour cream, and some cheeses which are treated with the enzyme to ... When water participates in the reaction, galactose is formed, otherwise, when D-glucose acts as the acceptor in the second step ... It can also hydrolyze lactose into galactose and glucose which will proceed into glycolysis. The active site of β-galactosidase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-galactosidase

... galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, galactose 1-phosphate ... UDP-galactose Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UTP and alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate, whereas its two products are ... This enzyme participates in galactose metabolism and nucleotide sugars metabolism. As of late 2007[update], 3 structures have ... Lee L, Kimura A, Tochikura T (October 1979). "Purification and properties of UDP-glucose (UDP-galactose) pyrophosphorylase from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTP—hexose-1-phosphate_uridylyltransferase

Abbott WM, Mellor A, Edwards Y, Feizi T (April 1989). "Soluble bovine galactose-binding lectin. cDNA cloning reveals the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBD3

UDP-galactose Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-glucose and alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate, whereas its two ... This enzyme participates in galactose metabolism and nucleotide sugars metabolism. As of late 2007, 4 structures have been ... Mayes JS; Hansen RG (1966). "Galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase". Methods Enzymol. 9: 708-713. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(66) ... KURAHASHI K, SUGIMURA A (1960). "Purification and properties of galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase from Escherichia coli ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDP-glucose—hexose-1-phosphate_uridylyltransferase

This enzyme participates in galactose metabolism. Shaw DR (November 1956). "Polyol dehydrogenases. 3. Galactitol dehydrogenase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactitol_2-dehydrogenase

This enzyme participates in galactose metabolism. It employs one cofactor, zinc. Nobelmann B, Lengeler JW (1995). "Sequence of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactitol-1-phosphate_5-dehydrogenase

Other names in common use include UDP-D-galactose:inositol galactosyltransferase, UDP-galactose:myo-inositol 1-alpha-D- ... This enzyme participates in galactose metabolism. Pharr DM, Sox, HN, Locy RD, Huber SC (1981). "Partial characterization of the ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-galactose:myo-inositol 3-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase. ... the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-galactose and myo-inositol, whereas its two products are UDP and [[O-alpha-D- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inositol_3-alpha-galactosyltransferase

This enzyme participates in galactose metabolism. As of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagatose-bisphosphate_aldolase

Kelch motif: Galactose oxidase, central domain; Found to cause formation of ß propeller tertiary structure of the protein. ... SCOP also indicated that the beta-propeller in MEGF8 is a member of the galactose oxidase super family. Each of the seven ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_Epidermal_Growth_Factor-like_Domains_8

Examples are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Muscovado - a minimally processed sugar Non-centrifugal cane sugar - made by the ... Fruit juice concentrate Fucose Galactose - a monosaccharide sugar not as sweet as glucose or fructose Glucose, glucose solids ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sugars

This enzyme participates in galactose metabolism. As of 2007[update], four structures have been solved for this class of ... 6-phospho-D-galactose + an alcohol Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 6-phospho-beta-D-galactoside and H2O, whereas ... its two products are 6-phospho-D-galactose and alcohol. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-phospho-beta-galactosidase

Galactose uses the same transport system. Fructose, on the other hand, crosses the apical membrane of the enterocyte, using ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterocyte

Lastly, galM catalyzes the conversion of β-D-galactose to α-D-galactose as the first step in galactose metabolism. The gal ... GalE encodes for an epimerase that converts UDP-glucose into UDP-galactose. This is required for the formation of UDP-galactose ... GalK encodes for a kinase that phosphorylates α-D-galactose to galactose 1-phosphate. ... Activity of this repressor protein is controlled based on the levels of D-galactose in the cell. Increased levels of this sugar ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal_operon

This enzyme participates in galactose metabolism. Lehle L, Tanner W (1973). "The function of myo-inositol in the biosynthesis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactinol—sucrose_galactosyltransferase

The IB enzyme adds a galactose. The i allele produces no modification. Thus the IA and IB alleles are each dominant to i (IAIA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)

This enzyme participates in galactose metabolism. DE LEY J, DOUDOROFF M (1957). "The metabolism of D-galactose in Pseudomonas ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactonate_dehydratase

... galactose (CHEBI:28260). D-galactose (CHEBI:12936) is a galactose (CHEBI:28260). L-galactose (CHEBI:37618) is a galactose ( ... galactose (CHEBI:28260) has role fundamental metabolite (CHEBI:78675) galactose (CHEBI:28260) is a aldohexose (CHEBI:33917) ... CHEBI:28260 - galactose. Main. ChEBI Ontology. Automatic Xrefs. Reactions. Pathways. Models. .gridLayoutCellStructure { min- ...

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:28260

... is a D-aldohexose (CHEBI:17608) D-galactose (CHEBI:12936) is a galactose (CHEBI:28260) ... aldehydo-D-galactose (CHEBI:17118) is a D-galactose (CHEBI:12936). D-galactofuranose (CHEBI:143624) is a D-galactose (CHEBI: ... 2-deoxy-D-galactose (CHEBI:27411) has functional parent D-galactose (CHEBI:12936). 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose (CHEBI:27861) has ... α-D-galactose 6-sulfate (CHEBI:28525) has functional parent D-galactose (CHEBI:12936). α-D-Glcp-(1→4)-D-Galp (CHEBI:150544) has ...

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:12936

... the sugars glucose and galactose, which primarily results in severe diarrhea. Explore symptoms, inheritance, genetics of this ... Glucose-galactose malabsorption is a condition in which the body cannot take in (absorb) ... Glucose-galactose malabsorption is a condition in which the body cannot take in (absorb) the sugars glucose and galactose, ... Glucose and galactose are simple sugars; they are present in many foods, or they can be obtained from the breakdown of lactose ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/glucose-galactose-malabsorption/

Galactose -- Carbon,C6Hydrogen,H12Oxygen,OHydrogen,H An optical isomer of the famous Glucose which is different from it at the ... Galactoses Fischer* drawings:. L-Gal: D-Gal: C1-HO C1-HO OH-C2-H H-C2-OH H-C3-OH OH-C3-H H-C4-OH OH-C4-H OH-C5-H H-C5-OH C6-H2 ... lactose is a dimeric form of galactose, converted to galactose by acid or enzymatic activity (beta-galactosidase) © Webster ... Galactose -- C6H12OH. An optical isomer of the famous Glucose which is different from it at the fourth Carbon (Its OH group is ...

https://everything2.com/title/galactose

A disaccharide composed of two units of galactose, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), has been recognized as a ... phosphorylates α-D-galactose to galactose-1-phosphate, or Gal-1-P; Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) transfers a ... A galactose molecule linked with a glucose molecule forms a lactose molecule. Galactan is a polymeric form of galactose found ... Galactose metabolism, which converts galactose into glucose, is carried out by the three principal enzymes in a mechanism known ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose

Galactose mutarotase (aldose 1-epimerase) (gene name GALM) is a human enzyme that converts alpha-aldose to the beta-anomer. It ... PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Aldose 1-epimerase (Galactose ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose_mutarotase

... *Formula: C22H55NO6Si5 ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=R241702

... *Formula: C21H52O6Si5 ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=R509256&Units=SI&Mask=FFFF

A galactose-restricted diet free of lactose is lifesaving in patients with galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) ... A galactose-restricted diet free of lactose is lifesaving in patients with galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) ... and the presence of bound galactose in many food plants. Galactose, in various glycosidic linkages, such as α-1,6, β−1,3 and β− ... Feruloylated disaccharides ofd-galactose andl-arabinose from spinach polysaccharide. Biochem J 203: 493-504PubMedGoogle Scholar ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02143811

Previous casereports in PGM1-CDG patients receiving oral D-galactose (D-gal) showed clinical improvement. So far no systematic ... Overall, the spectra suggest that galactose is able to directly restore the lack of galactose on the truncated glycans, while ... These alterations improved but did not completely normalize with galactose supplementation. Interestingly, galactose ... Wong, S., Gadomski, T., van Scherpenzeel, M. et al. Oral D-galactose supplementation in PGM1-CDG. Genet Med 19, 1226-1235 (2017 ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/gim201741?error=cookies_not_supported&code=7a225607-7f51-40a2-982e-17494533d9ed

... bipin k. dalmia dalmiabk at phibred.com Mon Jul 14 14:58:21 EST 1997 *Previous message: Best ...

http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/methods/1997-July/059331.html

... Z.J. Zhang via yeast%40net.bio.net (by ZZhang from uwyo.edu). Tue Sep 4 16:27:43 EST 2007 * ... Slow galactose induction Hi, I am looking for suggestions as to why my galactose induction process takes 6 hours. I am ... Next message: [Yeast] RE: Slow galactose induction (Kerry Geiler) * Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ ... Next message: [Yeast] RE: Slow galactose induction (Kerry Geiler) * Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ ...

http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/yeast/2007-September/010892.html

A disaccharide composed of two units of galactose, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), has been recognized as a ... For the EP by The Sweet Science, see Galactose (EP).. Galactose (/ɡəˈlæktoʊs/, galacto- + -ose, "milk sugar"), sometimes ... phosphorylates α-D-galactose to galactose-1-phosphate, or Gal-1-P; Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) transfers a ... The initial stage is the conversion of β-D-galactose to α-D-galactose by the enzyme, mutarotase (GALM). The Leloir pathway then ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose

Galactose; Linear Formula: C6H12O6; find Sigma-Aldrich-G0750 MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar ... Galactose has been used:. • as a component of galactosyltransferase labeling buffer.. • as a supplement in MRS broth for the ... Galactose is a simple monosaccharide that serves as an energy source and as an essential component of glycolipids and ... Galactose contributes to energy metabolism via its conversion to glucose by the enzymes that constitute the Leloir pathway. ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/g0750?lang=en®ion=US

D(+)-Galactose D-galactose EINECS 200-416-4 Galactose, pure galactose (3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol 147- ... galactose PubChem Notes: Galactose An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, ... MediLexicon galactose - Medical Dictionary Definition for Term galactose [1. An aldohexose found (in d form) as a constituent ... causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood. ...

http://sci-toys.com/scichem/jqp001/6036.html

Galactosemia is one of many genetically inherited diseases and it affects one s ability to process galactose. Learn about the ... Galactosemia is a genetic disorder in which the body cannot process galactose, which is a simple sugar that is found in many ... The affected infant will not be able to process and use galactose in energy production, as would a healthy baby, and this will ... This can be extremely serious because it means that the infant cannot break down galactose from mother s milk resulting in a ...

https://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/galactosemia.htm

The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in ... Gene Ontology Term: galactose metabolic process. GO ID. GO:0006012 Aspect. Biological Process. Description. ...

https://www.yeastgenome.org/go/GO:0006012

First described in a variant patient in 1935 by Mason and Turner, galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency is ... Uridine diphosphate (UDP) galactose-4-epimerase epimerizes UDP galactose to UDP glucose and is also uncommon. [12] ... Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase Deficiency (Galactosemia) * Sections Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase Deficiency ... Galactokinase converts galactose to galactose-1-phosphate and is not a common deficiency. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/944069-overview

But overall, the galactose intake from fermented dairy (which in the paper focuses on soured milk and yoghurt) is equal to the ... For (semi)hard cheeses, there is a somewhat lower galactose intake, due to the washing of the curd during production, but also ... As lactose is composed of glucose and galactose (which have equal molecular weight), this decrease in lactose would lead to ... This therefore shows that yoghurt leads to equal galactose intake as milk (and in lactase non-persistent consumer to even ...

https://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g6015/rr/778979

Enzyme Formation in Galactose-Negative Mutants of Escherichia coli Message Subject. (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you ...

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/125/3238/114

When concentrated nitric acid is heated together with galactose, a dicarboxylic acid... ... The mucic acid test is used to identify the presence of the sugar galactose in food or in synthetics manufacture. ... The mucic acid test is used to identify the presence of the sugar galactose in food or in synthetics manufacture. When ... The mucic acid test gives a positive result with several galactose-containing substances such as lactose and dulcite. With ...

https://www.reference.com/science/mucic-acid-test-galactose-ece7ac8c03b042a5

In a batch process, this system enables ~ 50% conversion in 4 h starting with 300 mM galactose (an average productivity of 37 ... Production of tagatose, a sugar substitute, by isomerization of galactose suffers from unfavorable enzymatic kinetics, low ... for d-galactose to d-tagatose isomerization-that is limited by all three reaction parameters. The enzyme demonstrates low ... Whole-cell catalyst was incubated with either 30 mM galactose, 15 mM of galactose and tagatose, or 30 mM tagatose. ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12497-8?error=cookies_not_supported&code=da38add1-3f31-4f19-8d20-de5744795c53

... galactose InChI: InChI=1/C16H25N5O16P2/c17-16-19-12-6(13(28)20-16)18-3-21(12)14-10(26)8(24)5(34-14)2-33-38(29,30)37-39(31 ...

https://sci-toys.com/scichem/jqp025/18396.html

The galactose represser protein from E. coli has a pI of about 5.9. While purification protocols were being designed, it was ... Galactose represser protein. Add. Remove. This content was COPIED from BrainMass.com - View the original, and get the already- ... The galactose represser protein from E. coli has a pI of about 5.9. While purification protocols were being designed, it was ... It discusses pH, protein structure, and isoelectric points to discuss the galactose represser protein. ...

https://brainmass.com/biology/dna-proteins-and-rna/galactose-represser-protein-35732

The organization and transcription of the galactose gene cluster of Saccharomyces.. St John TP, Davis RW. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6276569?dopt=Abstract

1996) Transport of UDP-galactose into the Golgi lumen regulates the biosynthesis of proteoglycans. J Biol Chem 271(7):3897-3901 ... 2006) Characterization of AtNST-KT1, a novel UDP-galactose transporter from Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 580(17):4246-4251. ... 2010) Characterization of rice nucleotide sugar transporters capable of transporting UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose. J Biochem ... The Golgi localized bifunctional UDP-rhamnose/UDP-galactose transporter family of Arabidopsis. Carsten Rautengarten, Berit ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/111/31/11563?ijkey=ae3dc72619f447a342e5acad7ac6759a41c5f31c&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex assemblies. As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists.

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/protein/P02872

The organization and transcription of the galactose gene cluster of Kluyveromyces lactis.. Webster TD1, Dickson RC. ... The yeast Kluyveromyces lactis grows on galactose by inducing the Leloir pathway enzymes-kinase, epimerase, and transferase. To ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3047676?dopt=Abstract

Xu LQ, Xie YL, Gui SH, Zhang X, Mo ZZ, Sun CY, Li CL, Luo DD, Zhang ZB, Su ZR, Xie JH (2016) Polydatin attenuates d-galactose- ... Scutellaria baicalensis Aging D-galactose Metabolomics Electronic supplementary material. The online version of this article ( ... Qu Z, Zhang J, Yang H, Huo L, Gao J, Chen H, Gao W (2016) Protective effect of tetrahydropalmatine against d-galactose induced ... This study aimed to investigate the intervention effects of SBG ethanol extract on aging rats induced by D-galactose (D-gal) ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11011-018-0229-z

High-Resolution Crystal Structure of Trypanosoma Brucei Udp-Galactose 4-Epimerase: A Potential Target for Structure-Based ...

https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/materialsAndMethods.do?structureId=1GY8

Galactosemia is an inability to properly break down galactose due to a genetically inherited mutation in one of the enzymes in the Leloir pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood. (sci-toys.com)
Galactosemia is a genetic disorder in which the body cannot process galactose, which is a simple sugar that is found in many foods. (medindia.net)
Classic galactosemia , also referred to as type I galactosemia, is the most threatening of all and infants suffering from this condition may even develop life-threatening complications within just a few days of birth unless the infant is put on a low-galactose diet. (medindia.net)
If symptoms of galactosemia surface, galactose should be completely eliminated from the diet. (medindia.net)
If an infant suffers from galactosemia, it means that one of the three necessary enzymes for the breakdown of galactose is missing and consequently there is a buildup of galactose which can be detected in the blood or urine sample. (medindia.net)
Dietary galactose restriction does not appear to be necessary or beneficial in patients with Duarte D-2 variant galactosemia. (medscape.com)
Tratamento   Consiste na retirada total de alimentos que possuem Galactose (exceto na Galactosemia Tipo 3).crianças que apresentaram a doença poderão consumir leite. (scribd.com)
Galactosemia is an inherited disorder caused by a deficiency of one of three enzymes responsible for the metabolism of a-D-galactose. (perkinelmer.com)
Schapira F, Kaplan JC (1969) Electrophoretic abnormality of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in galactosemia. (springer.com)
Schwarz HP, Zuppinger KA, Zimmermann A, Dauwalder H, Scherz R, Bier D (1982) Galactose intolerance in individuals with double heterozygosity for Duarte variant and galactosemia. (springer.com)

A galactose-restricted diet free of lactose is lifesaving in patients with galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) deficiency, but does not prevent long-term complications such as developmental delay, abnormal speech, poor growth and, in females, ovarian failure. (springer.com)
OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that high galactose consumption and low activity of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (transferase) is associated with early ovarian senescence among nongalactosemic women. (unc.edu)
The prevalence of the most common galactose-I-phosphate uridyl transferase gene mutations, Q188R and N314D, was assessed in 206 women with ovarian cancer, 78 women with endometriosis and 248 controls. (nih.gov)
The investigated enzymes were the galactokinase, the UDP-galactose-epimerase and the galactose-1-phosphate-uridyl-transferase. (arvojournals.org)

The enzymes are listed in the order of the metabolic pathway: galactokinase (GALK), galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), and UDP-galactose-4'-epimerase (GALE). (wikipedia.org)
The role of free and bound galactose in cereals, fruits, legumes, nuts, organ meats, seeds, and vegetables in the poor outcome seen in some patients with GALT deficiency is unknown. (springer.com)
It is certain that no patients with GALT deficiency have ever ingested a galactose-free diet. (springer.com)
[ 8 ] Both patients probably had galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency, which is the most common enzyme deficiency that causes hypergalactosemia. (medscape.com)
Individuals with GALT deficiency manifest abnormal galactose tolerance. (medscape.com)
2) A quantitative galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase level (GALT / Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase [GALT], Blood) is required for accurate interpretation. (uiowa.edu)
Galactose-1-P uridyltransferase ( galT ) converts galactose-1-P into UDP-galactose using UDP-glucose as a substrate. (frontiersin.org)
Galactose is a common monosaccharide that can be utilized by all living organisms via the activities of three main enzymes that make up the Leloir pathway: GalK, GalT, and GalE. (asm.org)
The resulting product, galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-P), is then converted to UDP-galactose by the galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase GalT, which exchanges the glucose-1-phosphate (Glu-P) moiety of UDP-glucose with Gal-P, thereby producing UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal) and releasing glucose-1-phosphate. (asm.org)

The domain organization of the tertiary structure defines GlxA as a new structural member of the mono-copper oxidase family, with copper co-ordination geometry similar to, but spectroscopically distinct from fungal galactose oxidase (Gox). (rcsb.org)
The GSP Neonatal Total Galactose kit makes use of a fluorescent galactose oxidase method. (perkinelmer.com)
This mechanism is analogous to that observed for Galactose Oxidase and mimics thereof. (rsc.org)
The galactose biosensor was developed by immobilizing galactose oxidase on ZnO nanorods in conjunction with glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker molecule. (diva-portal.org)
The IRAS study provided evidence for the interaction of galactose oxidase with the surface of ZnO nanorods. (diva-portal.org)
The galactose biosensor based on galactose oxidase immobilized ZnO nanorods has a shelf life more than four weeks. (diva-portal.org)

The initial stage is the conversion of β-D-galactose to α-D-galactose by the enzyme, mutarotase (GALM). (wikipedia.org)
Galactose mutarotase (aldose 1-epimerase) (gene name GALM) is a human enzyme that converts alpha-aldose to the beta-anomer. (wikipedia.org)
Imported galactose is modified by galactose mutarotase (encoded by galM ) into α- D -galactose as only this galactose anomer can serve as a substrate for galactokinase ( galK ), which catalyzes the phosphorylation of internalized galactose. (frontiersin.org)
Zusätzlich bieten wir Ihnen Galactose Mutarotase (Aldose 1-Epimerase) Proteine (21) und Galactose Mutarotase (Aldose 1-Epimerase) Kits (5) und viele weitere Produktgruppen zu diesem Protein an. (antikoerper-online.de)
This study demonistrated that polymorphism in galactose mutarotase (GALM ) is associated with serotonin transporter (zeige SLC6A4 Antikörper ) binding potential in the human thalamus. (antikoerper-online.de)
however, in Yersinia pestis , the galactose mutarotase ( galM ) gene is inactivated by a single-base-pair deletion. (asm.org)
The only exception is the galactose mutarotase ( galM ) gene of Yersinia pestis , which is converted to a pseudogene by a single-base-pair deletion. (asm.org)

Galactose metabolism, which converts galactose into glucose, is carried out by the three principal enzymes in a mechanism known as the Leloir pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Many speculate that it is for this reason that a pathway for rapid conversion from galactose to glucose has been highly conserved among many species. (wikipedia.org)
The Leloir pathway consists of the latter stage of a two-part process that converts β-D-galactose to UDP-glucose. (wikipedia.org)
and finally, UDP galactose-4'-epimerase (GALE) interconverts UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose, thereby completing the pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Galactose contributes to energy metabolism via its conversion to glucose by the enzymes that constitute the Leloir pathway. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The yeast Kluyveromyces lactis grows on galactose by inducing the Leloir pathway enzymes-kinase, epimerase, and transferase. (nih.gov)
This protein is involved in the pathway galactose metabolism, which is part of Carbohydrate metabolism. (uniprot.org)
View all proteins of this organism that are known to be involved in the pathway galactose metabolism and in Carbohydrate metabolism . (uniprot.org)
In Escherichia coli , galactose is utilized by the Leloir pathway, which is controlled by a complex network. (asm.org)
One of the major sugar metabolism pathways is the Leloir pathway, which allows the catabolism of galactose via conversion to UDP-galactose ( Fig. 1A ) ( 7 ). (asm.org)
In the first step of the pathway, galactose is phosphorylated by the galactokinase GalK. (asm.org)
Several enzyme defects of the galactose pathway may lead to congenital cataract formation. (arvojournals.org)

Glucose-galactose malabsorption is a condition in which the body cannot take in (absorb) the sugars glucose and galactose, which primarily results in severe diarrhea. (medlineplus.gov)
These foods contain glucose, galactose, and another sugar called lactose that gets broken down into these two sugars. (medlineplus.gov)
The word galactose was coined by Charles Weissman in the mid 19th century and is derived from Greek galaktos (milk)[citation needed] and the generic chemical suffix for sugars -ose. (wikipedia.org)
In a healthy child these enzymes would break down galactose into glucose and other simple sugars that can be utilized by the body as energy. (medindia.net)
Galactose, by BioPure, is a type of sugar, similar to fructose and glucose that has been identified as one of 8 essential sugars needed in the diet for proper cell development and functioning of the human body. (prohealth.com)
It is also representative of the subclass of C-type lectins that bind galactose-related sugars. (functionalglycomics.org)
GALM encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the epimerization of hexose sugars such as glucose and galactose. (antikoerper-online.de)

Galactose (/ɡəˈlæktoʊs/, galacto- + -ose, "milk sugar") sometimes abbreviated Gal, is a monosaccharide sugar that is about as sweet as glucose, and about 65% as sweet as sucrose. (wikipedia.org)
Galactose is a monosaccharide. (wikipedia.org)
Galactose ( / ɡ ə ˈ l æ k t oʊ s / , galacto- + -ose , "milk sugar"), sometimes abbreviated Gal , is a monosaccharide sugar that is about as sweet as glucose , and about 30% as sweet as sucrose . (wikipedia.org)
Galactose is a simple monosaccharide that serves as an energy source and as an essential component of glycolipids and glycoproteins. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The most common dietary sources of Galactose are dairy products and human breast milk, where it is bound to another very important monosaccharide, Glucose - the primary source of energy for all living things. (prohealth.com)
An autosomal recessive disorder (OMIM:606824) caused by intestinal monosaccharide transporter deficiency that appears shortly after birth, characterised by severe diarrhoea and dehydration that are usually fatal unless glucose and galactose are eliminated from the diet. (thefreedictionary.com)
Molecular model of the monosaccharide sugar galactose (C6.H12.O6). (sciencephoto.com)
On the other hand, galactose also comes under the family of monosaccharide and it is a type of sugar that is less sweet in comparison to glucose. (differencebetween.net)
Galactose is a monosaccharide constituent, together with glucose, of the disaccharide lactose. (humpath.com)

Topical liposomal MgT delays cataractogenesis in galactose-fed rats by maintaining the lens mineral homeostasis and reducing lenticular oxidative and nitrosative stress. (molvis.org)

The signs and symptoms of glucose-galactose malabsorption appear early in life when affected infants are fed breast milk or regular infant formulas. (medlineplus.gov)
Galactose is found in milk , sugar beets , seaweed , and in nerve and brain tissue. (everything2.com)
However, most lactose in breast milk is synthesized from galactose taken up from the blood, and only 35±6% is made from galactose from de novo synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
Two studies have suggested a possible link between galactose in milk and ovarian cancer. (wikipedia.org)
This can be extremely serious because it means that the infant cannot break down galactose from mother s milk resulting in a buildup of galactose containing substances, which then begin to affect various organs. (medindia.net)
Many metabolic disease specialists take a conservative approach and recommend galactose restriction in the first year of life when milk intake is highest, but this restriction is based primarily on theoretical concerns of galactose toxicity in infants with the Duarte D-2 variant. (medscape.com)
The mechanism proposed by the authors is based on the assumption that fermented dairy products (which showed the opposite effects compared to non-fermented milk) is free of galactose. (bmj.com)
This therefore shows that yoghurt leads to equal galactose intake as milk (and in lactase non-persistent consumer to even higher galactose intakes compared to intake of non-fermented milk). (bmj.com)
But overall, the galactose intake from fermented dairy (which in the paper focuses on soured milk and yoghurt) is equal to the galactose intake from regular dairy, therefore making this proposed mechanism highly unlikely. (bmj.com)
Together, Glucose and Galactose form the disaccharide milk sugar known as Lactose. (prohealth.com)
The investigators will also determine the relationship between simple milk sugar intake (galactose dose) in the diet and the blood and urine markers of protein glycosylation abnormalities. (clinicaltrials.gov)
The primary hypothesis in this study is that adding simple milk sugar (galactose) to the diet of Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation patients will normalize the metabolic abnormalities. (clinicaltrials.gov)
We examined the association between consumption of dairy products, especially milk, milk fat, and galactose, and testicular cancer in a population-based case-control study including 269 case and 797 controls (response proportions of 76% and 46%, respectively). (aacrjournals.org)
The RR for seminoma was 1.30 (95% CI, 1.15-1.48) for each additional 200 g milk fat per month and was 2.01 (95% CI, 1.41-2.86) for each additional 200 g galactose per month during adolescence. (aacrjournals.org)
Our results suggest that milk fat and/or galactose may explain the association between milk and dairy product consumption and seminomatous testicular cancer. (aacrjournals.org)
In milk cultures, galactose-positive strains produced d - and l -lactic acid with little galactose accumulation, whereas galactose-negative strains produced d -lactic acid, and galactose accumulated to high levels. (asm.org)
Lactose, glucose and galactose contents in milk and fermented milk products and their lactose-free alternatives, were determined. (fil-idf.org)
Total galactose content in yoghurt, i.e., free galactose plus the galactose moiety of lactose, was 2.3-2.4 g 100 g−1 (94-95% of that in milk), whereas that in Swedish soured milk and kefir was 1.9-2.0 g 100 g−1 (75-79% of that in milk). (fil-idf.org)
Only small differences in total galactose content existed for the lactose-free alternatives of milk, yoghurt and filmjölk, all with average total galactose contents of 1.3-1.4 g 100 g−1 (55-60% of that in milk). (fil-idf.org)
In contrast, lactose-free kefir had the same galactose content as milk, 2.4 g 100 g−1. (fil-idf.org)

Galactokinase converts galactose to galactose-1-phosphate and is not a common deficiency. (medscape.com)
8 children showed a reduced activity of UDP-Galactose-4-epimerase, 1 child showed a defect of galactokinase and 2 childs revealed higher levels of galactitol without detectable enzyme defects. (arvojournals.org)

In the intestinal tract, the SGLT1 protein helps the body absorb glucose and galactose from the diet so the body can use them. (medlineplus.gov)
Glucose is more stable than galactose and is less susceptible to the formation of nonspecific glycoconjugates, molecules with at least one sugar attached to a protein or lipid. (wikipedia.org)
3 In vitro studies in skin fibroblast cell lines derived from three patients showed improvement in protein glycosylation following D- galactose ( D- gal) treatment. (nature.com)
The mglB product is the galactose-binding protein. (asm.org)
Previous evidence, supported by our new findings, shows that the galactose-binding protein is the recognition component for galactose taxis as well as for galactose transport. (asm.org)
The bacteria detect changes in the fraction of binding protein associated with galactose, not changes in the rate of transport. (asm.org)
2 Galactose occurs, only rarely, as a free molecule in nature, but is commonly found linked to other molecules, forming more complex compounds such as glycolipids (bound to a fat molecule), glycoproteins (bound to a protein molecule), and more complex carbohydrates. (prohealth.com)
The encoded protein is expressed in the cytoplasm and has a preference for galactose. (antikoerper-online.de)
The encoded protein may be required for normal galactose metabolism by maintaining the equilibrium of alpha and beta anomers of galactose. (antikoerper-online.de)
The secondary hypothesis posits that galactose intervention in Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation patients will normalize specific physiological biomarkers of protein glycosylation that can be utilized for future phase II/III trial development. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Concerns around impurities being introduced through addition of Galactose into cell culture that would have an impact on the product yield, protein integrity and glycosylation can be effectively addressed by using Galactose that is good manufacturing practice (GMP) produced, high purity/low endotoxin and contains lower levels of metals that are controlled and quantitatively characterised. (pharmaceutical-business-review.com)
Galactose is viewed as a cell metabolism modulator to improve the performance of the cells and is more recognised as a critical component of cell culture media and feeds for production of protein therapeutics. (pharmaceutical-business-review.com)
Information on the nature of alterations in the protein composition of the lens preceding the formation of nuclear cataracts in galactose-fed rats was sought in an investigation of a group of enzymatic proteins. (arvojournals.org)
The sensitivity of an enzymatic protein to lens changes induced by galactose is probably influenced by its intrinsic metabolic stability, regional distribution, and subcellidar localization, but is not related to a sulfhydryl requirement for catalytic activity. (arvojournals.org)

During infancy, but less so in childhood, these individuals may have elevated galactose metabolite levels. (medscape.com)
We propose that UDP-galactose is the toxic galactose metabolite and that it is used in the synthesis of EPS. (asm.org)

Lack of GalM activity indicates that the two anomers of d -galactose are used for different purposes, α- d -galactose as a carbon source and β- d -galactose for induction of UDP-galactose synthesis for biosynthetic glycosylation. (asm.org)

While improvements were documented in a few patients ingesting D- gal, a systematic clinical study has yet to assess the effect of oral galactose supplementation on other features of PGM1-CDG and establish the extent of clinical improvement. (nature.com)
The investigators propose to administer oral galactose supplementation for a period of 18 weeks in increasing dose to assess its effectiveness at normalizing glycosylation. (clinicaltrials.gov)
To assess the effects of oral galactose supplementation for each participant, changes in participant growth, as well as blood sugar levels, coagulation parameters and liver function (the primary clinical features of Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation) will be correlated with biomarkers derived from participant blood and urine samples obtained at key time points and then compared to standard normative ranges of data for each measure. (clinicaltrials.gov)

citation needed] Chronic systemic exposure of mice, rats, and Drosophila to D-galactose causes the acceleration of senescence (aging). (wikipedia.org)
This study aimed to investigate the intervention effects of SBG ethanol extract on aging rats induced by D-galactose (D-gal) and to explore potential mechanisms by serum and liver metabolic profiles. (springer.com)
After immature Long-Evans rats (n = 10) were fed a diet consisting of 20% galactose for 19 days, whole body, ovary and uterine weights were measured. (rti.org)
We developed a liposomal formulation of magnesium taurate (MgT) and studied its effects on Ca/Mg homeostasis and lenticular oxidative and nitrosative stress in galactose-fed rats. (molvis.org)
The galactose-fed rats were topically treated with liposomal MgT (LMgT), liposomal taurine (LTau), or corresponding vehicles twice daily for 28 days with weekly anterior segment imaging. (molvis.org)

a neonatal cataract associated with intralenticular accumulation of galactose alcohol. (drugs.com)
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of disorders in galactose metabolism in different morphological forms of congenital cataract. (arvojournals.org)
From 1998 on, in all children undergoing surgery for congenital cataract of unclear etiology, lens material and blood samples were investigated for enzyme defects or elevated levels of galactitol as an indirect parameter for a disorder in galactose metabolism. (arvojournals.org)
In 56 children (71%, mean age at surgery 49 months, 28 females, 28 males) with no evident etiology for congenital cataract lens material and blood samples were investigated for disorders in galactose metabolism. (arvojournals.org)
In about 20% of children with congenital cataract of unknown etiology a defect in galactose metabolism was found. (arvojournals.org)
Thus, in patients with unexplained congenital or developmental cataract, investigations of enzymes and polyols of galactose metabolism are recommended and may help to decide about dietary intervention. (arvojournals.org)

yeast from magpie.bio.indiana.edu Subject: [Yeast] Slow galactose induction Hi, I am looking for suggestions as to why my galactose induction process takes 6 hours. (bio.net)
To understand the dynamics of a gene network in response to temporally and spatially environmental changes, we focus on the galactose utilization network in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (rice.edu)
This network allows yeast cells to metabolize galactose in the absence of glucose and is tightly repressed when glucose is available in the environment. (rice.edu)
Using a microfluidic device, we supplied yeast cells with both glucose and galactose before linearly depleting glucose at different rates. (rice.edu)

Galactan is a polymeric form of galactose found in hemicellulose, and forming the core of the galactans, a class of natural polymeric carbohydrates. (wikipedia.org)
It is found in hemicellulose and can be converted to galactose by hydrolysis. (humpath.com)

D-galactose specific lectin. (rcsb.org)
Macrophage galactose binding lectin (MGL) is the best studied of the multiple C-type lectins on macrophages [1] [2] . (functionalglycomics.org)
Isolation and characterization of a receptor lectin specific for galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine from macrophages. (functionalglycomics.org)
Monocyte galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-specific C-type lectin receptor stimulant immunotherapy of an experimental glioma. (dovepress.com)
A peptide mimetic of a ligand for the galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-specific C-type lectin receptors (GCLR) exhibited monocyte-stimulating activity, but did not extend survival when applied alone against a syngeneic murine malignant glioma. (dovepress.com)

A galactose molecule linked with a glucose molecule forms a lactose molecule. (wikipedia.org)
The first step of lactose catabolism is the hydrolysis of the molecule resulting in production of glucose and galactose or galactose-phosphate. (frontiersin.org)
10 A similar example of the powerful presence of Galactose is in the differentiation between blood types O and B. These two blood types are chemically identical except that B has a molecule of Galactose. (prohealth.com)

In a landmark study, we reported on improved glycosylation with galactose supplementation in PGM1-CDG. (nature.com)
The investigators aim to assess the safety and tolerability of oral galactose treatment in a small pilot group of Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation patients. (clinicaltrials.gov)

This enzyme catalyzes conversion of galactose-1-phosphate and UDP glucose to UDP galactose and glucose-1-phosphate. (medscape.com)
Some of the limitations of tagatose biosynthesis using LAI that may be hindering commercial viability are, (1) unfavorable enzymatic kinetics since galactose is not the native substrate of LAI, (2) low enzyme stability, particularly in the absence of divalent metal ions, and (3) low equilibrium constant for galactose to tagatose isomerization. (nature.com)
The enzyme galactose-1-P-uridyltransferase (Gt), which exhibits a genetic polymorphism, has an important function in the galactose metabolism. (springer.com)
An antibody reactive with the galactosyl(α1-2)galactose [gal(α1-2)gal] epitope was characterized in human sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, red blood cell (RBC) and laminin absorption, and oligosaccharide inhibition. (ajtmh.org)

The major sources of galactose include sugar beets, dairy products and different gums & mucilages. (differencebetween.net)

These genes contain the code or set of instructions for the production of enzymes that are needed to process and break down galactose in the body. (medindia.net)

Treatment of the disease consists of withdrawal of all foods containing lactose and galactose from the diet. (perkinelmer.com)

While glucose readily enters glycolysis, further metabolism of galactose can be less efficient in some strains. (frontiersin.org)
In 1931, in a paper on the study of the metabolism of galactose in the human subject, Shay, Schloss and Bell 1 concluded that this hexose was best suited for testing the carbohydrate function of the liver. (annals.org)

Galactose An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. (sci-toys.com)
The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. (yeastgenome.org)

Lactose, found in dairy products and as an extender in drugs, has been considered the primary source of galactose in the diet. (springer.com)
It is actually part of the sugar called lactose, (lactose contains glucose and galactose) which is present in almost all dairy products and most foods made for babies. (medindia.net)

Here we report the synthesis and characterisation of novel vicinal dideoxy-difluorinated D -galactoses with fluorination at the 3,4-positions, and at the 2,3-positions, the latter in both the pyranose and furanose forms. (rsc.org)
In studying the synthesis of the biofilm matrix of Bacillus subtilis , we provide further understanding of a long-standing microbiological observation that certain mutants defective in the utilization of galactose became sensitive to it. (asm.org)
This allowed us to demonstrate that galactose metabolism is essential for the synthesis of the extracellular matrix. (asm.org)

Mutations in the SLC5A1 gene cause glucose-galactose malabsorption. (medlineplus.gov)
The organization and transcription of the galactose gene cluster of Saccharomyces. (nih.gov)
The organization and transcription of the galactose gene cluster of Kluyveromyces lactis. (nih.gov)
In a screen for suppressor mutants restoring viability to a galE null mutant in the presence of galactose, we identified mutations in sinR , which is the major biofilm repressor gene. (asm.org)

We report the presence of considerable amounts of free galactose in some legumes (dried beans and peas) and the presence of bound galactose in many food plants. (springer.com)
Foods fermented by micro-organisms for preparation or preservation purposes may contain free galactose. (springer.com)

The results of immunohistochemical staining showed that the GDF-9 positive follicle number and the ratio of GDF-9 positive to GDF negative (primordial/non-growing) follicles significantly decreased with this high galactose diet. (rti.org)

The GSP ® Neonatal Total Galactose (TGAL) assay is intended for the quantitative determination of both galactose and galactose-1-phosphate in blood specimens dried on filter paper. (perkinelmer.com)
The assay measures total galactose, i.e. both galactose and galactose-1-phosphate. (perkinelmer.com)

Berry GT, Palmieri M, Gross KC, Acosta PB, Henstenburg JA, Mazur A, Reynolds R, Segal S (1993) The effect of dietary fruits and vegetables on urinary galactitol excretion in galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency. (springer.com)
5 (These people need to get Galactose from other sources such as the pectins of fruits and vegetables, legumes, tomatoes, persimmons, and pumpkins, 6,7 or via dietary supplements such as BioPure Healing Products' Galactose powder. (prohealth.com)
Galactose will be given in a series of doses within the range of normal dietary intake of galactose over fixed time points. (clinicaltrials.gov)

The pathogenesis of IgAN is related to aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 wherein some O -linked glycans in the hinge region contain terminal N -acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) rather than a GalNAc-galactose structure [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 207: In addition to the alpha 1, 3 GalNAc (galactose) transferases such as A and B transferases, there are more than a hundred genes encoding glycosyltransferases with different specificities. (google.com)

In contrast, there is polymer of sugar galactose called galactan. (differencebetween.net)
Whenever there will be an additional requirement of galactose than the process of hydrolysis takes place and galactan is eventually converted into galactose. (differencebetween.net)
Galactan is a polymer of the sugar galactose . (humpath.com)
Finally, we propose that B. subtilis and other members of the Bacillus genus may have evolved to utilize naturally occurring polymers of galactose, such as galactan, as carbon sources. (asm.org)

The fundamental importance of human galactose metabolism: lessons from genetics and biochemistry. (humpath.com)

In this study we performed bioinformatical analysis of 34 reference genome sequences belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family to gain insight into the natural diversity of the d -galactose utilization network. (asm.org)

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of galactose on initiation of folliculogenesis in the peripubertal interval and the connection between galactose toxicity and GDF-9 expression in the ovary. (rti.org)
6-[Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-6-deoxygalactopyranose hydrochloride (C6-galactose mustard), a new alkylating agent with reduced bone marrow toxicity. (semanticscholar.org)
When cells are grown under conditions that favor matrix production, the toxicity of galactose is relieved. (asm.org)

7 , 8 Although the exact mechanism remains unclear, PGM1 deficiency has been associated with abnormal intracellular levels of glucose and galactose metabolites, as well as reduced assembly and remodeling of N -linked glycans. (nature.com)
The assay is used with the GSP ® instrument as an aid in screening for deficiency in any of the three enzymes involved in galactose metabolism. (perkinelmer.com)

Bind and affinity-purify lectins, galactosidases and other galactose-binding molecules using this beaded agarose resin with immobilized thio-alpha-D-galactose. (fishersci.com)
Thermo Scientific™ Pierce D-Galactose Agarose enables purification of lectins, galactosidases and other galactose-binding molecules. (fishersci.com)
Immobilized D-Galactose is a beaded agarose affinity resin that enables purification of agglutinins, lectins, toxins, and other galactose-binding proteins, N -acetylgalactosamine-binding proteins or carbohydrate-binding proteins. (fishersci.com)

Lactose is a disaccharide of galactose plus glucose. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, we studied the association between adolescent galactose consumption and testicular cancer because galactose, which is one component of the disaccharide lactose, may be toxic on the gonades and galactose metabolism may affect the structure of gonadotropins ( 11 ), which are suspected to be involved in the etiology of testicular cancer ( 12 ). (aacrjournals.org)

Aydin AF, Coban J, Dogan-Ekici I, Betul-Kalaz E, Dogru-Abbasoglu S, Uysal M (2016) Carnosine and taurine treatments diminished brain oxidative stress and apoptosis in D-galactose aging model. (springer.com)
In the present study, Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) CCFM10 and RS15-3 were examined for their abilities to resist oxidative stress in d-galactose (d-gal)-exposed mice. (nih.gov)
Long-term treatment with high levels of D-galactose (D-gal) induces brain aging by accumulated oxidative stress. (mdpi.com)

β-Methylgalactoside ( mgl ) permease mutants of Escherichia coli , which are defective in three genes, mglA, mglB , and mglC , were assayed for galactose taxis and galactose transport. (asm.org)
The mglA and mglC products have not yet been identified, but they must be components of the galactose transport machinery since mutants defective in mglA or mglC , or both, showed strongly reduced transport. (asm.org)
Here, with the help of transcriptome analyses and genetic knock-out mutants, we reveal the identities of two low-affinity galactose PTSs. (frontiersin.org)

Lactic acid bacteria can import and utilize galactose in two main ways. (frontiersin.org)
Galactose is important for the survival and virulence of bacteria. (asm.org)

2-Deoxy-D-galactose is an analog of hexose that can be incorporated into rat gangliosides GM2 and GD3 in positions that are usually occupied by galactose. (agscientific.com)

In the liver, galactose is converted to glucose 6-phosphate. (humpath.com)

Data collection consisted of a self-administered questionnaire with sections on diet (food frequency data to measure galactose consumption), reproductive, and medical histories. (unc.edu)
However, the hypothesized positive association between galactose consumption and FSH was supported. (unc.edu)

The hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose is catalyzed by the enzymes lactase and β-galactosidase. (wikipedia.org)
Galactose and glucose are produced by hydrolysis of lactose by β-galactosidase. (humpath.com)

We offer Galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase 2/GAL3ST2 Antibodies for use in common research applications: Immunohistochemistry. (novusbio.com)
Our Galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase 2/GAL3ST2 Antibodies can be used in a variety of model species: Human. (novusbio.com)

Research studies suggest that lactose and its metabolites such as galactose are essential to human life, rather than being detrimental to health. (journals.co.za)
This effect can be attributed to the accumulation of toxic galactose metabolites, since the galE mutant is blocked in the final step of galactose catabolism. (asm.org)

Pfanstiehl's vice-president of sales and marketing Jagdish Kuchibhatla said: "Use of Galactose in upstream cell culture has been documented and demonstrated to reduce accumulation of lactic acid and ammonia, both of which can interfere in the bioprocessing efficiency of the recombinant cells in culture producing therapeutic proteins. (pharmaceutical-business-review.com)

As lactose is composed of glucose and galactose (which have equal molecular weight), this decrease in lactose would lead to 1.25g/100g of galactose formed, which is equal to the 1.3 g/100g in the quoted paper. (bmj.com)
Galactose, molecular model. (sciencephoto.com)
Although the molecular formula of glucose and galactose are identical, they have distinct structural formulas. (differencebetween.net)

The mucic acid test is used to identify the presence of the sugar galactose in food or in synthetics manufacture. (reference.com)
Galactose is a type of sugar, similar to fructose and glucose. (prohealth.com)
Galactose has been called the "Brain Sugar" 13 because it appears to play an important part in brain development. (prohealth.com)
In many bacterial species, sugar nucleotides, such as UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose, are essential for exopolysaccharide biosynthesis. (asm.org)

UDP-glucose 4-epimerase ( galE ) catalyzes the interconversion between UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose. (frontiersin.org)
In Bacillus subtilis , the absence of GalE causes sensitivity to exogenous galactose, leading to rapid cell lysis. (asm.org)

In this work, we study Lactobacillus sakei l -arabinose isomerase (LsLAI) for d -galactose to d -tagatose isomerization-that is limited by all three reaction parameters. (nature.com)
The ability to ferment galactose is a major characteristic which can be used to differentiate Lactobacillus helveticus (galactose positive) from Lactobacillus lactis and Lactobacillus bulgaricus (galactose negative). (asm.org)

Anatomy1

Organisms6

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs80

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Phenomena and Processes13

Information Science3

Gangliosides of human kidney. (1/3083)

Missense mutations in SGLT1 cause glucose-galactose malabsorption by trafficking defects. (2/3083)

Carbohydrate on human factor VIII/von Willebrand factor. Impairment of function by removal of specific galactose residues. (3/3083)

Stimulation of collagen galactosyltransferase and glucosyltransferase activities by lysophosphatidylcholine. (4/3083)

Oligomycin induces a decrease in the cellular content of a pathogenic mutation in the human mitochondrial ATPase 6 gene. (5/3083)

Quantitative determination of N-acetylglucosamine residues at the non-reducing ends of peptidoglycan chains by enzymic attachment of [14C]-D-galactose. (6/3083)

A unique primary structure, cDNA cloning and function of a galactose-specific lectin from ascidian plasma. (7/3083)

Orotate decreases the inhibitory effect of ethanol on galactose elimination in the perfused rat liver. (8/3083)

Galactose

Galactose Oxidase

Galactose Dehydrogenases

Galactosephosphates

Galactosemias

Uridine Diphosphate Galactose

UDPglucose 4-Epimerase

Galactokinase

UTP-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase

Galactitol

Carbohydrates

Fucose

Lactose

Monosaccharides

Galactosyltransferases

Hexoses

Acetylgalactosamine

Lectins

Mannose

Carbohydrate Sequence

UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase

Oligosaccharides

Glucose

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrate Conformation

Galactosidases

Disaccharides

Methylgalactosides

Carbohydrate Epimerases

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Phosphoglucomutase

Glucosamine

Chromatography, Paper

Molecular Sequence Data

Glycopeptides

Amino Sugars

Sialic Acids

Glycolipids

Uridine Diphosphate Sugars

Glycoproteins

Galactosides

Borohydrides

Plant Lectins

Acetylglucosamine

Asialoglycoproteins

Hexosamines

Arabinose

Glycosides

Rhamnose

Neuraminic Acids

Fetuins

Glycosphingolipids

Galactosamine

Periodic Acid

Chromatography, Thin Layer

Polysaccharides, Bacterial

Melibiose

Glycosylation

N-Acetylneuraminic Acid

Uronic Acids

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Glycoside Hydrolases

Ricin

alpha-Galactosidase

Kinetics

Escherichia coli

Xylose

Actinomycetales

Fructose

Neuraminidase

beta-Galactosidase

Fermentation

Hexosephosphates

Cell Wall

Uridine Diphosphate Glucose

Mutation

UTP-Glucose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase

Monosaccharide Transport Proteins

Lactococcus lactis

Ribose