AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
Receptors, GABACrotonatesGABA AntagonistsGABA AgonistsGABA-A Receptor AntagonistsPicrotoxinReceptors, GABA-Agamma-Aminobutyric AcidBicucullinePhosphinic AcidsReceptors, GABA-BPyridazinesCadmium CompoundsAzetidinecarboxylic AcidRetinaReceptors, GlycinePatch-Clamp TechniquesGABA AgentsOrganophosphorus CompoundsGABA Uptake InhibitorsRetinal Cone Photoreceptor CellsGABA ModulatorsOocytesXenopus laevisElectrophysiologyIon Channel GatingGABA Plasma Membrane Transport ProteinsMembrane PotentialsMuscimolDose-Response Relationship, DrugIctaluridaeGABA-A Receptor AgonistsBaclofenNipecotic AcidsRetinal Bipolar CellsUrodelaGABA-B Receptor AgonistsNeuronsAmbystoma4-Aminobutyrate TransaminaseGABA-B Receptor AntagonistsNeural InhibitionGlutamate DecarboxylaseInhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialsRetinal Ganglion CellsChloride ChannelsSynaptic TransmissionDiazepamElectric ConductivityRecombinant ProteinsPlants, Genetically ModifiedStreptomycesPlant ExtractsPlant LeavesMolecular Sequence DataPlant ProteinsPlant Roots
Receptors, GABA: Cell-surface proteins that bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. GABA-A receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. They are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA-B receptors act through G-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for L-baclofen.Crotonates: Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID that include a double bond between carbon 2 and 3 of the aliphatic structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobutryrate structure.GABA Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and GABA RECEPTOR AGONISTS.GABA Agonists: Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA).GABA-A Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA-A RECEPTORS thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous GABA-A RECEPTOR AGONISTS.Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.Receptors, GABA-A: Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.Phosphinic Acids: Inorganic or organic derivatives of phosphinic acid, H2PO(OH). They include phosphinates and phosphinic acid esters.Receptors, GABA-B: A subset of GABA RECEPTORS that signal through their interaction with HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.PyridazinesCadmium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain cadmium as an integral part of the molecule.Azetidinecarboxylic Acid: A proline analog that acts as a stoichiometric replacement of proline. It causes the production of abnormal proteins with impaired biological activity.Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.Receptors, Glycine: Cell surface receptors that bind GLYCINE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glycine receptors in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM have an intrinsic chloride channel and are usually inhibitory.Patch-Clamp Techniques: An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.GABA Agents: Substances used for their pharmacological actions on GABAergic systems. GABAergic agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.Organophosphorus Compounds: Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. Included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as PESTICIDES and DRUGS.GABA Uptake Inhibitors: Compounds that suppress or block the plasma membrane transport of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID by GABA PLASMA MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS.Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells: Photosensitive afferent neurons located primarily within the FOVEA CENTRALIS of the MACULA LUTEA. There are three major types of cone cells (red, blue, and green) whose photopigments have different spectral sensitivity curves. Retinal cone cells operate in daylight vision (at photopic intensities) providing color recognition and central visual acuity.GABA Modulators: Substances that do not act as agonists or antagonists but do affect the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor-ionophore complex. GABA-A receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA-A) appear to have at least three allosteric sites at which modulators act: a site at which BENZODIAZEPINES act by increasing the opening frequency of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride channels; a site at which BARBITURATES act to prolong the duration of channel opening; and a site at which some steroids may act. GENERAL ANESTHETICS probably act at least partly by potentiating GABAergic responses, but they are not included here.Oocytes: Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).Xenopus laevis: The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.Ion Channel Gating: The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins: A family of plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporter proteins that regulates extracellular levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. They differ from GABA RECEPTORS, which signal cellular responses to GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. They control GABA reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through high-affinity sodium-dependent transport.Membrane Potentials: The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Ictaluridae: A family of North American freshwater CATFISHES. It consists of four genera (Ameiurus, Ictalurus, Noturus, Pylodictis,) comprising several species, two of which are eyeless.GABA-A Receptor Agonists: Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate GABA-A RECEPTORS.Baclofen: A GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID derivative that is a specific agonist of GABA-B RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MUSCLE SPASTICITY, especially that due to SPINAL CORD INJURIES. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission.Nipecotic AcidsRetinal Bipolar Cells: INTERNEURONS of the vertebrate RETINA containing two processes. They receive inputs from the RETINAL PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS and send outputs to the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS. The bipolar cells also make lateral connections in the retina with the RETINAL HORIZONTAL CELLS and with the AMACRINE CELLS.Urodela: An order of the Amphibia class which includes salamanders and newts. They are characterized by usually having slim bodies and tails, four limbs of about equal size (except in Sirenidae), and a reduction in skull bones.GABA-B Receptor Agonists: Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate GABA-B RECEPTORS.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Ambystoma: A genus of the Ambystomatidae family. The best known species are the axolotl AMBYSTOMA MEXICANUM and the closely related tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum. They may retain gills and remain aquatic without developing all of the adult characteristics. However, under proper changes in the environment they metamorphose.4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase: An enzyme that converts brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID) into succinate semialdehyde, which can be converted to succinic acid and enter the citric acid cycle. It also acts on beta-alanine. EC 2.6.1.19.GABA-B Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA-B RECEPTORS thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous GABA-B RECEPTOR AGONISTS.Neural Inhibition: The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.Glutamate Decarboxylase: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials: Hyperpolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during NEUROTRANSMISSION. They are local changes which diminish responsiveness to excitatory signals.Retinal Ganglion Cells: Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.Chloride Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins that form channels to selectively pass chloride ions. Nonselective blockers include FENAMATES; ETHACRYNIC ACID; and TAMOXIFEN.Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.Electric Conductivity: The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Plants, Genetically Modified: PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.Streptomyces: A genus of bacteria that form a nonfragmented aerial mycelium. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. This genus is responsible for producing a majority of the ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS of practical value.Plant Extracts: Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.Plant Leaves: Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.Plant Roots: The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
Receptors, GABACrotonatesGABA AntagonistsGABA AgonistsGABA-A Receptor AntagonistsPicrotoxinReceptors, GABA-Agamma-Aminobutyric AcidBicucullinePhosphinic AcidsReceptors, GABA-BPyridazinesCadmium CompoundsAzetidinecarboxylic AcidRetinaReceptors, GlycinePatch-Clamp TechniquesGABA AgentsOrganophosphorus CompoundsGABA Uptake InhibitorsRetinal Cone Photoreceptor CellsGABA ModulatorsOocytesXenopus laevisElectrophysiologyIon Channel GatingGABA Plasma Membrane Transport ProteinsMembrane PotentialsMuscimolDose-Response Relationship, DrugIctaluridaeGABA-A Receptor AgonistsBaclofenNipecotic AcidsRetinal Bipolar CellsUrodelaGABA-B Receptor AgonistsNeuronsAmbystoma4-Aminobutyrate TransaminaseGABA-B Receptor AntagonistsNeural InhibitionGlutamate DecarboxylaseInhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialsRetinal Ganglion CellsChloride ChannelsSynaptic TransmissionDiazepamElectric ConductivityRecombinant ProteinsPlants, Genetically ModifiedStreptomycesPlant ExtractsPlant LeavesMolecular Sequence DataPlant ProteinsPlant Roots
GABRR2GABRR2
GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain where it acts at GABA receptors, which are ligand-gated ... 2001). "GABAC receptor sensitivity is modulated by interaction with MAP1B". J. Neurosci. 20 (23): 8643-50. PMID 11102469. ... receptor, rho 2". Hackam AS, Wang TL, Guggino WB, Cutting GR (1997). "The N-terminal domain of human GABA receptor rho1 ... 1999). "Consensus phosphorylation sites of human GABA(c)/GABArho receptors are not critical for inhibition by protein kinase C ...
N4-Chloroacetylcytosine arabinosideN4-Chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside
"Identification and expression of GABAC receptor in rat testis and spermatozoa". Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica. 40 (8): ... N4-Chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside is a GABA agonist.[dubious - discuss] Li, S; Zhang, Y; Liu, H; Yan, Y; Li, Y (2008). " ...
Z)-4-Amino-2-butenoic acidZ)-4-Amino-2-butenoic acid
... is a GABA receptor partial agonist selective for the GABAA-ρ (previously known as GABAC) subtype. cis-4-Aminocrotonic acid at ... receptors in the peripheral antinociceptive effect induced by GABA(C) receptor agonist cis-4-aminocrotonic acid". Life Sciences ... GABA(C) receptors". Journal of Neurochemistry. 75 (6): 2602-10. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0752602.x. PMID 11080214. Reis, GM ... "Selective agonists for GABAC receptors". Trends in Neurosciences. 19 (5): 190. doi:10.1016/0166-2236(96)85451-8. PMID 8723205. ...
GABRR1GABRR1
GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain where it acts at GABA receptors, which are ligand-gated ... 2001). "GABAC receptor sensitivity is modulated by interaction with MAP1B". J. Neurosci. 20 (23): 8643-50. PMID 11102469. Wang ... May 1991). "Cloning of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) rho 1 cDNA: a GABA receptor subunit highly expressed in the retina". ... 2000). "Regulation of recombinant gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) and GABA(C) receptors by protein kinase C". Mol. Pharmacol ...
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiencySuccinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency
GABA acts via binding to its receptors which include the ligand gated ion channels, GABAA and GABAC and the G-protein couple ... The GABAB receptor has been found to be the most important of the three receptors for this disorder as it is vital in both GABA ... GABA is synthesized in a single step from its precursor glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase. GABA is metabolized by ... Studies have shown that alterations of both the GABAA receptor and the GABAB receptor early in the life of the Aldh5a1-/- mice ...
GABA receptorGABA receptor
... was designated GABAС receptor. Native responses of the GABAC receptor type occur in retinal bipolar or horizontal cells across ... Although the term "GABAС receptor" is frequently used, GABAС may be viewed as a variant within the GABAA receptor family. ... The GABA receptors are a class of receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the chief ... GABA receptors influence neural function by coordinating with glutamatergic processes. A subclass of ionotropic GABA receptors ...
GABAA receptorGABAA receptor
4-Iodopropofol GABA receptor GABAB receptor GABAA-ρ receptor Gephyrin Glycine receptor GABAA receptor positive allosteric ... formerly classified as GABAC receptors but now this nomenclature has been deprecated ). GABAA receptors are responsible for ... GABA receptors A review of GABA and the receptors to which it binds. Tocris Cookson LTD. Enz R, Cutting GR (1998). "Molecular ... The ligand GABA is the endogenous compound that causes this receptor to open; once bound to GABA, the protein receptor changes ...
GABAA-rho receptorGABAA-rho receptor
GABAc receptors in the vertebrate retina. Retrieved on February 14, 2007. Sivilotti L, Nistri A (1991). "GABA receptor ... The GABAA-rho receptor (previously known as the GABAC receptor) is a subclass of GABAA receptors composed entirely of rho (ρ) ... Although the term "GABAС receptor" is frequently used, GABAС may be viewed as a variant within the GABAA receptor family. ... was designated GABAС receptor. Native responses of the GABAC receptor type occur in retinal bipolar or horizontal cells across ...
GABAB receptorGABAB receptor
GABA receptor GABAA receptor GABAA-ρ receptor Chen K, Li HZ, Ye N, Zhang J, Wang JJ (2005). "Role of GABAB receptors in GABA ... but also GABAC antagonist CGP-44532 CGP-7930 BHFF Fendiline BHF-177 BSPP GS-39783 Homotaurine Ginsenosides 2-OH-saclofen ... GABAB receptors (GABABR) are metabotropic transmembrane receptors for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that are linked via G- ... Hyland, NP; Cryan, JF (2010). "A Gut Feeling about GABA: Focus on GABA(B) Receptors". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 1: 124. doi: ...
GABA receptorGABA receptor
Bormann J, Feigenspan A (December 1995). "GABAC receptors". Trends Neurosci. 18 (12): 515-9. doi:10.1016/0166-2236(95)98370-E. ... GABAA and GABAB. GABAA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels (also known as ionotropic receptors); whereas GABAB receptors ... GABAB receptorEdit. Main article: GABAB receptor. A slow response to GABA is mediated by GABAB receptors,[40] originally ... GABAA-ρ receptorEdit. Main article: GABAA-rho receptor. A subclass of ionotropic GABA receptors, insensitive to typical ...
Molecular neuroscienceMolecular neuroscience
GABAC receptors have a higher affinity for GABA, they are likely to be longer-lasting in activity, and their responses are ... Various metabotropic receptors can include certain glutamate receptors, muscarinic ACh receptors, GABAB receptors, and receptor ... GABAA and GABAC receptors are known to be ionotropic, while the GABAB receptor is metabotropic. GABAA receptors mediate fast ... NDMA receptors have multiple binding sites just like ionotropic GABA receptors and can be influenced by co-agonists such the ...
cis-2-Aminomethylcyclopropane carboxylic acidcis-2-Aminomethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid
GABA(C) receptors". Journal of Neurochemistry. 75 (6): 2602-10. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0752602.x. PMID 11080214. Carland ... position of human GABAC rho 1 receptors invert ion selectivity and influence open state probability". The Journal of Biological ... cis-2-Aminomethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid ((+)-CAMP) is an agonist for the GABAA-rho receptor. "AC1LT400 - Compound Summary ...
GABRR3GABRR3
2005). "GABA receptor rho subunit expression in the developing rat brain". Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 154 (1): 15-23. doi: ... binds to GABAC receptors, PKC-zeta, and Kv beta 2". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (8): 6128-35. doi:10.1074/jbc.M205162200. PMID 12431995 ... "Genetic linkage and radiation hybrid mapping of the three human GABA(C) receptor rho subunit genes: GABRR1, GABRR2 and GABRR3 ... Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRR3 gene. The protein encoded ...
MAP1BMAP1B
Hanley JG, Koulen P, Bedford F, Gordon-Weeks PR, Moss SJ (1999). "The protein MAP-1B links GABA(C) receptors to the ... Billups D, Hanley JG, Orme M, Attwell D, Moss SJ (2000). "GABAC receptor sensitivity is modulated by interaction with MAP1B". J ...
Neurotransmitter receptorNeurotransmitter receptor
These receptors can also be inhibited by neurotransmitters like GABA and glycine. Conversely, G-protein-coupled receptors are ... GABAC Glutaminergic: NMDA, AMPA, kainate, mGluR1, mGluR2, mGluR3, mGluR4, mGluR5, mGluR6, mGluR7 Histaminergic: H1, H2, H3 ... 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), comprise a large protein ... Many neurotransmitter receptors are categorized as a serpentine receptor or G protein-coupled receptor because they span the ...
AllopregnanoloneAllopregnanolone
GABA) at GABAA receptor. Allopregnanolone has effects similar to those of other positive allosteric modulators of the GABA ... Li W, Jin X, Covey DF, Steinbach JH (October 2007). "Neuroactive steroids and human recombinant rho1 GABAC receptors". J. ... In addition to its actions on GABA receptors, allopregnanolone, like progesterone, is known to be a negative allosteric ... Herd, MB; Belelli, D; Lambert, JJ (2007). Neurosteroid modulation of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors. Pharmacol. ...
Translocator proteinTranslocator protein
... (TSPO) is an 18 kDa protein mainly found on the outer mitochondrial membrane. It was first described as peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), a secondary binding site for diazepam, but subsequent research has found the receptor to be expressed throughout the body and brain. In humans, the translocator protein is encoded by the TSPO gene. It belongs to family of tryptophan-rich sensory proteins. Regarding intramitochondrial cholesterol transport, TSPO has been proposed to interact with StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein) to transport cholesterol into mitochondria, though evidence is mixed. In animals, TSPO (PBR) is a mitochondrial protein usually located in the outer mitochondrial membrane and characterised by its ability to bind a variety of benzodiazepine-like drugs, as well as to dicarboxylic tetrapyrrole intermediates of the haem biosynthetic pathway. TSPO has many proposed functions depending on the tissue. The most studied of these include roles in the ...
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1
... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRA1 gene. GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain where it acts at GABA-A receptors, which are ligand-gated chloride channels. Chloride conductance of these channels can be modulated by agents such as benzodiazepines that bind to the GABA-A receptor. At least 16 distinct subunits of GABA-A receptors have been identified. The GABRA1 receptor is the specific target of the z-drug class of nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic agents and is responsible for their hypnotic and hallucinogenic effects. GABAA receptor GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000022355 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000010803 - Ensembl, May 2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". "Mouse PubMed Reference:". Johnson KJ, Sander T, Hicks AA, van Marle A, Janz D, Mullan MJ, Riley BP, Darlison MG (Dec 1992). ...
Ro5-4864Ro5-4864
... (4'-chlorodiazepam) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative of diazepam. However unlike most benzodiazepine derivatives, Ro5-4864 lacks affinity for GABAA receptors and lacks typical benzodiazepine effects, instead being sedative yet also convulsant and anxiogenic in effects. Ro5-4864 was found to be a potent ligand for the "peripheral benzodiazepine receptor", later renamed to mitochondrial translocator protein 18kDa (TSPO). Despite its convulsant effects, at lower doses Ro5-4864 has proved to be neuroprotective and has become widely used for research into the role of the TSPO protein in neurotoxicity. In vitro studies and rodent models also suggest the possibility of analgesic, antidepressant, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer effects.[non-primary source needed] Diclazepam (2'-chlorodiazepam) PK-11195 US 3136815 Patel J, Marangos PJ (May 1982). "Differential effects of GABA on peripheral and central type benzodiazepine binding ...
Template:GABA receptor modulatorsTemplate:GABA receptor modulators
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GABRA4GABRA4
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRA4 gene.[5][6] GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain where it acts at GABA-A receptors, which are ligand-gated chloride channels. Chloride conductance of these channels can be modulated by agents such as benzodiazepines that bind to the GABA-A receptor. At least 16 distinct subunits of GABA-A receptors have been identified.[6] ...
PicamilonPicamilon
... (also known as N-nicotinoyl-GABA, pycamilon, and pikamilon) is a drug formed by a synthetic combination of niacin and GABA. It was developed in the Soviet Union in 1969 and further studied in both Russia and Japan as a prodrug of GABA. In Russia, picamilon is sold as a prescription drug. The rights to the drug belong to the Russian pharmaceutical company NPK ECHO ("НПК ЭХО"). It is not approved for sale in the United States and has been deemed as an adulterating agent in dietary supplements, with five American companies required to remove their picamilon products from the market in November, 2015. One study in animals showed that picamilon permeated the blood-brain barrier and then is hydrolyzed into GABA and niacin. The released GABA in theory would activate GABA receptors potentially producing an anxiolytic response. The second released component, niacin, is a ...
TeriflunomideTeriflunomide
... (trade name Aubagio, marketed by Sanofi) is the active metabolite of leflunomide. Teriflunomide was investigated in the Phase III clinical trial TEMSO as a medication for multiple sclerosis (MS). The study was completed in July 2010. 2-year results were positive. However, the subsequent TENERE head-to-head comparison trial reported that "although permanent discontinuations [of therapy] were substantially less common among MS patients who received teriflunomide compared with interferon beta-1a, relapses were more common with teriflunomide." The drug was approved by the FDA on September 13, 2012 and in the European Union on August 26, 2013. Teriflunomide is an immunomodulatory drug inhibiting pyrimidine de novo synthesis by blocking the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. It is uncertain whether this explains its effect on MS lesions. Teriflunomide inhibits rapidly dividing cells, including activated T cells, which are thought to drive the disease process in MS. Teriflunomide may ...
Netrin 1Netrin 1
Netrin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NTN1 gene. Netrin is included in a family of laminin-related secreted proteins. The function of this gene has not yet been defined; however, netrin is thought to be involved in axon guidance and cell migration during development. Mutations and loss of expression of netrin suggest that variation in netrin may be involved in cancer development. NTN1 has been shown to interact with Deleted in Colorectal Cancer. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000065320 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000020902 - Ensembl, May 2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". "Mouse PubMed Reference:". Meyerhardt JA, Caca K, Eckstrand BC, Hu G, Lengauer C, Banavali S, Look AT, Fearon ER (Apr 1999). "Netrin-1: interaction with deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and alterations in brain tumors and neuroblastomas". Cell Growth Differ. 10 (1): 35-42. PMID 9950216. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) "Entrez Gene: NTN1 netrin 1". Geisbrecht, Brian ...
Orada - Viquipèdia, lenciclopèdia lliureOrada - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure
Els exemplars més vells poden pesar 17,2 kg[60] i passar dels 70 cm de longitud, tot i que la seua mida normal n'és de 35.[61] Té el cos ovalat, comprimit per ambdós costats i de color gris platejat al ventre, verd blavós al dors i groc grisenc als flancs. El cap és gran, arrodonit i amb la vora dorsal corbada. Té els ulls petits, les galtes escamoses i el preopercle sense escates. Boca baixa i molt poc inclinada. Llavis gruixuts. La primera filera de dents està composta per 4, 5 o 6 ullals punxeguts, subjectes a unes fortes mandíbules. Les dents molars se situen després dels ullals, en 4 o 5 fileres. Té una gran taca negra a l'origen de la línia lateral (la qual desborda per l'opercle, on va subratllada per una àrea vermellosa), una franja daurada entre els ulls (vorejada per dues zones fosques) i els extrems de la cua vorejats de negre. Musell fosc i de mida més del doble de llarg que el diàmetre de l'ull. Presenta una sola aleta dorsal. Onze espines i 13-14 radis tous a l'aleta ...
GABAB receptor - Википедија, слободна енциклопедијаGABAB receptor - Википедија, слободна енциклопедија
Oni mogu da stimulišu otvaranje K+ kanala ćime se neuron približava ravnotežnom potencijalu K+ jona, te dolazi do popularizaciju neurona. Time se sprečava otvaranje natrijumovog kanala, dejstvo akcionog potencijala, i otvaranje VDCC kanala, te se zaustavlja otpuštanje neurotransmitera. GABAB receptori se smatraju inhibitornim receptorima.. GABAB receptori takođe mogu da umanje aktivnost adenilil ciklaze i da redukuju ćelijsku provodnost za Ca2+.. GABAB receptori posreduju dejstvo etanola,[2] i gama-hidroksibuterne kiseline (GHB).[3][4] Nedavna istraživanja sugeriraju da ovi receptori imaju važnu ulogu u razvoju organizma.[5]. ...
Kyselina gama-aminomaslová - WikipédiaKyselina gama-aminomaslová - Wikipédia
GABAA receptory sú ligandom riadené chloridové kanály, ktoré keď sú aktivované kyselinou γ-aminomaslovou, umožnujú prietok chloridových aniónov cez bunkovú membránu. To či je tento prietok depolarijuzujúci (membránový potenciál sa zvyšuje) alebo hyperpolarizujúci/inhibičný (membránový potenciál sa znižuje) závisí od smeru toku chloridových aniónov. Pokiaľ z bunky chloridové anióny odtekajú GABA je depolarizujúca a pokiaľ do bunky pritekajú GABA je hyperpolarizujúca (inhibičná). Predpokladá sa, že pri vývoji nastáva zmena v bunkovom mechanizme regulujúcom koncentráciu chloridových aniónov v bunke, čím GABA mení svoju funkciu medzi vývojom z kojenca na dospelého. V dospelom mozgu mení GABA svoju funkciu z excitačnej na inhibičnú.[2] ...
GABAB receptor - Википедија, слободна енциклопедијаGABAB receptor - Википедија, слободна енциклопедија
Oni mogu da stimulišu otvaranje K+ kanala ćime se neuron približava ravnotežnom potencijalu K+ jona, te dolazi do popularizaciju neurona. Time se sprečava otvaranje natrijumovog kanala, dejstvo akcionog potencijala, i otvaranje VDCC kanala, te se zaustavlja otpuštanje neurotransmitera. GABAB receptori se smatraju inhibitornim receptorima.. GABAB receptori takođe mogu da umanje aktivnost adenilil ciklaze i da redukuju ćelijsku provodnost za Ca2+.. GABAB receptori posreduju dejstvo etanola,[2] i gama-hidroksibuterne kiseline (GHB).[3][4] Nedavna istraživanja sugeriraju da ovi receptori imaju važnu ulogu u razvoju organizma.[5]. ...
Kyselina gama-aminomaslová - WikipédiaKyselina gama-aminomaslová - Wikipédia
GABAA receptory sú ligandom riadené chloridové kanály, ktoré keď sú aktivované kyselinou γ-aminomaslovou, umožnujú prietok chloridových aniónov cez bunkovú membránu. To či je tento prietok depolarijuzujúci (membránový potenciál sa zvyšuje) alebo hyperpolarizujúci/inhibičný (membránový potenciál sa znižuje) závisí od smeru toku chloridových aniónov. Pokiaľ z bunky chloridové anióny odtekajú GABA je depolarizujúca a pokiaľ do bunky pritekajú GABA je hyperpolarizujúca (inhibičná). Predpokladá sa, že pri vývoji nastáva zmena v bunkovom mechanizme regulujúcom koncentráciu chloridových aniónov v bunke, čím GABA mení svoju funkciu medzi vývojom z kojenca na dospelého. V dospelom mozgu mení GABA svoju funkciu z excitačnej na inhibičnú.[2] ...
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
Receptors, GABACrotonatesGABA AntagonistsGABA AgonistsGABA-A Receptor AntagonistsPicrotoxinReceptors, GABA-Agamma-Aminobutyric AcidBicucullinePhosphinic AcidsReceptors, GABA-BPyridazinesCadmium CompoundsAzetidinecarboxylic AcidRetinaReceptors, GlycinePatch-Clamp TechniquesGABA AgentsOrganophosphorus CompoundsGABA Uptake InhibitorsRetinal Cone Photoreceptor CellsGABA ModulatorsOocytesXenopus laevisElectrophysiologyIon Channel GatingGABA Plasma Membrane Transport ProteinsMembrane PotentialsMuscimolDose-Response Relationship, DrugIctaluridaeGABA-A Receptor AgonistsBaclofenNipecotic AcidsRetinal Bipolar CellsUrodelaGABA-B Receptor AgonistsNeuronsAmbystoma4-Aminobutyrate TransaminaseGABA-B Receptor AntagonistsNeural InhibitionGlutamate DecarboxylaseInhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialsRetinal Ganglion CellsChloride ChannelsSynaptic TransmissionDiazepamElectric ConductivityRecombinant ProteinsPlants, Genetically ModifiedStreptomycesPlant ExtractsPlant LeavesMolecular Sequence DataPlant ProteinsPlant Roots
GABA transporters and GABAC-like receptors on catfish cone- but not rod-driven horizontal cells. - PubMed - NCBIGABA transporters and GABAC-like receptors on catfish cone- but not rod-driven horizontal cells. - PubMed - NCBI
... in catfish cone horizontal cells the bicuculline-resistant GABA receptor current is most likely mediated by the GABAC receptor ... GABA transporters and GABAC-like receptors on catfish cone- but not rod-driven horizontal cells.. Dong CJ1, Picaud SA, Werblin ... The relative effectiveness of GABA, muscimol, trans- and cis-4-aminocrotonic acid (TACA and CACA) was determined at this GABAC ... This current, ranging between 100 and 400 pA, consisted of two components: (1) a GABA receptor-gated chloride current that ...
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
In vivo Effects of 2-AEMP Analog of GABA, a GABAc Receptor Antagonist, on Dark-Adapted Mouse ERG | IOVS | ARVO JournalsIn vivo Effects of 2-AEMP Analog of GABA, a GABAc Receptor Antagonist, on Dark-Adapted Mouse ERG | IOVS | ARVO Journals
In isolated rat bipolar cells, 2-AEMP exhibited GABA antagonist activity that preferentially inhibited GABAc receptors. ... In vivo Effects of 2-AEMP Analog of GABA, a GABAc Receptor Antagonist, on Dark-Adapted Mouse ERG ... In vivo Effects of 2-AEMP Analog of GABA, a GABAc Receptor Antagonist, on Dark-Adapted Mouse ERG ... Purpose: : To compare effects of 2-aminoethyl methylphosphonate (2-AEMP) analogue of GABA, recently reported to have GABAc ...
iovs.arvojournals.org
GABA receptor - WikipediaGABA receptor - Wikipedia
... was designated GABAС receptor. Native responses of the GABAC receptor type occur in retinal bipolar or horizontal cells across ... Although the term "GABAС receptor" is frequently used, GABAС may be viewed as a variant within the GABAA receptor family. ... The GABA receptors are a class of receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the chief ... GABA receptors influence neural function by coordinating with glutamatergic processes. A subclass of ionotropic GABA receptors ...
en.wikipedia.org
Evidence for phosphorylation-dependent internalization of recombinant human rho1 GABAC receptorsEvidence for phosphorylation-dependent internalization of recombinant human rho1 GABAC receptors
2. Standard whole-cell recordings with 4 mM Mg-ATP in the patch pipette induced a time-dependent decrease in the GABA-act … ... Recombinant wild-type or mutant human rho1 GABA receptors were expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 or monkey COS-7 ... Evidence for phosphorylation-dependent internalization of recombinant human rho1 GABAC receptors J Physiol. 1999 Jul 15;518 ( ... 1. Recombinant wild-type or mutant human rho1 GABA receptors were expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 or monkey COS-7 ...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
GABAA receptor - WikipediaGABAA receptor - Wikipedia
4-Iodopropofol GABA receptor GABAB receptor GABAA-ρ receptor Gephyrin Glycine receptor GABAA receptor positive allosteric ... formerly classified as GABAC receptors but now this nomenclature has been deprecated ). GABAA receptors are responsible for ... GABA receptors A review of GABA and the receptors to which it binds. Tocris Cookson LTD. Enz R, Cutting GR (1998). "Molecular ... The ligand GABA is the endogenous compound that causes this receptor to open; once bound to GABA, the protein receptor changes ...
en.wikipedia.org
GABA receptor - WikipediaGABA receptor - Wikipedia
Bormann J, Feigenspan A (December 1995). "GABAC receptors". Trends Neurosci. 18 (12): 515-9. doi:10.1016/0166-2236(95)98370-E. ... GABAA and GABAB. GABAA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels (also known as ionotropic receptors); whereas GABAB receptors ... GABAB receptorEdit. Main article: GABAB receptor. A slow response to GABA is mediated by GABAB receptors,[40] originally ... GABAA-ρ receptorEdit. Main article: GABAA-rho receptor. A subclass of ionotropic GABA receptors, insensitive to typical ...
en.m.wikipedia.org
GABAC receptor ion channels. - Semantic ScholarGABAC receptor ion channels. - Semantic Scholar
... develop selective GABAC receptor ligands; and (ii) understand the impact of amino acid changes on GABAC receptor pharmacology ... It concentrates on the structure-activity relationship profiles of the receptor and how these studies were used to: (i) ... 2. Structure-activity relationship studies involving variations of both ligands and their receptor targets are vital to the ... discovery of drugs that interact selectively with particular native and mutant receptor subtypes. Such agents may be useful for ...
semanticscholar.org
PPT - Gamma- Amino- Butyric- Acid (GABA) Before 1883 known as a metabolite of plants and microorganisms ...PPT - Gamma- Amino- Butyric- Acid (GABA) Before 1883 known as a metabolite of plants and microorganisms ...
GABA) Before 1883 known as a metabolite of plants and microorganisms (Basidio-, Streptomycetes) 1883 synthesized 1949 ... in periphery (strech receptor) and CNS main inhibitory fuctions in the vertebrate CNS ... Gamma- Amino- Butyric- Acid (GABA) Before 1883 known as a metabolite of plants and microorganisms - PowerPoint PPT Presentation ... Gamma- Amino- Butyric- Acid (GABA) Before 1883 known as a metabolite of plants and microorganisms (Basidio-, Streptomycetes) ...
slideserve.com
Emeritus Professor Graham Johnston - The University of SydneyEmeritus Professor Graham Johnston - The University of Sydney
The effects of cyclopentane and cyclopentene analogues of GABA at recombinant GABAc receptors. European Journal of Pharmacology ... Johnston, G. (2017). GABA Australis, some reflections on the history of GABA receptor research in Australia. Pharmacological ... Johnston, G. (2017). GABA Australis, some reflections on the history of GABA receptor research in Australia. Pharmacological ... GABA effects at extrasynaptic a4b1/b3d GABAA receptor subtypes indicate a different binding mode for GABA at these receptors. ...
sydney.edu.au
Developmental Changes of Inhibitory Synaptic Currents in Cerebellar Granule Neurons: Role of GABAA Receptor α6 Subunit |...Developmental Changes of Inhibitory Synaptic Currents in Cerebellar Granule Neurons: Role of GABAA Receptor α6 Subunit |...
... and α1β2 GABAA receptor subunits is shown. Superimposed to each current trace are shown the biexponential fitting of GABAC ... The expression of specific GABAA receptor subunits with development may also account for changes in sIPSC decay if the GABAA ... 1992a) The distribution of 13 GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in the rat brain. II. Olfactory bulb and cerebellum. J Neurosci 12: ... 1992) Differential and transient expression of the GABAA receptor α subunit mRNA in the developing rat CNS. J Neurosci 12:2888- ...
jneurosci.org
Toronto Research ChemicalsToronto Research Chemicals
GABA receptors. GABAA GABAB GABAC Glutamate Receptors. Kainate mGlu8 mGlu7 mGlu5 mGlu4 ...
trc-canada.com
Neuro Flashcards by Katherine Dodd | BrainscapeNeuro Flashcards by Katherine Dodd | Brainscape
Do this through interference of NMDA receptor mediated post synaptic activation or stimulation of GABA receptors. Eg. Diazepam ... GABAa, GABAc ionotropic - permeable to Cl which inhibits postsynaptic cells. Have 2 binding sites for GABA.. GABAb metabotropic ... What do ACh, glycine and GABA all have in common in terms of receptor binding sites? ... Withdrawal from GABA agonists, administration of GABA agonists and hypo magnesia can all cause seizures. What is the common ...
brainscape.com
A diversity of GABA receptors in the retina. - PubMed - NCBIA diversity of GABA receptors in the retina. - PubMed - NCBI
... the ionotropic GABAA and GABAC receptors and the metabotropic GABAB receptor. GABAC receptors are enriched in the retina, ... GABAB and GABAC receptors suggests that individual neurons with different receptor complements have unique responses to GABA. ... GABAC and GABAB receptors are found on subsets of neurons, whereas GABAA receptors are ubiquitous. The distinct functional ... A diversity of GABA receptors in the retina.. Lukasiewicz PD1, Shields CR. ...
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ZIP3, a new splice variant of the PKC-zeta-interacting protein family, binds to GABAC receptors, PKC-zeta, and Kv beta 2.ZIP3, a new splice variant of the PKC-zeta-interacting protein family, binds to GABAC receptors, PKC-zeta, and Kv beta 2.
GABA(C) receptors are composed of three rho subunits (rho 1-3) that are highly expressed in the retina, where they are ... ZIP3, a new splice variant of the PKC-zeta-interacting protein family, binds to GABAC receptors, PKC-zeta, and Kv beta 2.. ... A yeast two-hybrid screen for the GABA(C) receptor rho 3 subunit identified ZIP3, a new C-terminal splice variant of the ZIP ... Our results indicate the formation of a ternary postsynaptic complex containing PKC-zeta, ZIP3, and GABA(C) receptors. ...
uniprot.org
GABA Receptors - Neuronal SignalingGABA Receptors - Neuronal Signaling
GABAA/GABAC agonist Muscimol is a full GABAA agonist and partial GABAC agonist. It binds GABAA on both high- and low-affinity ... GABA(A) receptor agonist Muscimol hydrobromide is a potent but toxic structural analog of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), with a ... GABA receptor agonist Piperazine is an organic compound that consists of a six-membered ring containing two nitrogen atoms at ... GABAA receptor ligand U-93631 is a GABAA receptor ligand of novel chemical structure with IC50 of 100 nM,and has been shown to ...
adooq.com
Excitatory And Inhibitory AAs Flashcards by Amy Hannaford | BrainscapeExcitatory And Inhibitory AAs Flashcards by Amy Hannaford | Brainscape
What is GABA synthesized from?. What enzyme catalyses its synthesis?. Where is this enzyme mostly found, what co-factor does ... Which metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes are in GROUP I? What do they stimulate?. What compounds are they activated by? ... Which metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes are in GROUP II? What do they stimulate?. What compounds are they activated by? ... GABA has 5 distinct binding sites for what molecules? What do agonists of these sites do? (In brackets) ...
brainscape.com
Elimination Of The GABAC Receptor Alters Inner Retinal Signaling In The Cone Pathway | IOVS | ARVO JournalsElimination Of The GABAC Receptor Alters Inner Retinal Signaling In The Cone Pathway | IOVS | ARVO Journals
These data indicate that the GABACρ1 subunit is critical to normal function of the GABAC receptor in the cone pathway, as well ... We eliminated the GABACρ1 subunit in mice using gene targeting. The mice failed to express the GABAC receptor. In WT cone ... To determine the effects of the elimination of the GABAC receptor on retinal processing through the cone pathways. Methods:GABA ... ρ1 null mice the GABA response was mediated exclusively by bicuculline sensitive GABAA receptors. Using strobe flash stimuli of ...
iovs.arvojournals.org
The N-terminal domain of GABA receptor subunit ρ1 contains regions required for subunit assembly<...The N-terminal domain of GABA receptor subunit ρ1 contains regions required for subunit assembly<...
The retina GABAC-like receptor subunit ρ1 forms robustly expressing homooligomeric receptors, whereas the GABAA receptor ... The retina GABAC-like receptor subunit ρ1 forms robustly expressing homooligomeric receptors, whereas the GABAA receptor ... The retina GABAC-like receptor subunit ρ1 forms robustly expressing homooligomeric receptors, whereas the GABAA receptor ... The retina GABAC-like receptor subunit ρ1 forms robustly expressing homooligomeric receptors, whereas the GABAA receptor ...
jhu.pure.elsevier.com
KEGG PATHWAY: GABAergic synapse - Ornithorhynchus anatinus (platypus)KEGG PATHWAY: GABAergic synapse - Ornithorhynchus anatinus (platypus)
GABA binds to three major classes of receptors: GABAA, GABAB, and GABAC receptors. GABAA and GABAC receptors are ionotropic and ... while GABAB receptors are metabotropic and mediate slower GABA responses by activating G-proteins and influencing second ... GABA release by the presynaptic terminal is negatively regulated by GABAB autoreceptors, and is cleared from the extracellular ... Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). ...
genome.jp
Bipolar Cell Pathways in the Vertebrate Retina by Ralph Nelson and Victoria Connaughton - WebvisionBipolar Cell Pathways in the Vertebrate Retina by Ralph Nelson and Victoria Connaughton - Webvision
The molecular properties of retinal GABAC receptors are explained in the Webvision chapter GABAc Receptors in the Vertebrate ... Interestingly, though most bipolar cells appear to express both GABAA and GABAC receptors, it is the GABAC receptor that ... GABAB is the metabotopic GABA receptor. These receptors have been identified on the axon terminals of salamander and goldfish ... Expression of both GABAA and GABAC receptors allows bipolar axon terminals to respond to a range of GABA concentrations and ...
webvision.med.utah.edu
Multiple GABA receptor subtypes mediate inhibition of calcium influx at rat retinal bipolar cell terminals | Journal of...Multiple GABA receptor subtypes mediate inhibition of calcium influx at rat retinal bipolar cell terminals | Journal of...
... insensitive GABA receptor at bipolar cell terminals is most similar to the GABAC receptor reported by Feigenspan et al. (1993 ... a conventional GABAA receptor and a bicuculline/baclofen-insensitive GABA receptor. Activation of either GABA receptor ... However, these two GABA receptor subtypes have distinct properties. GABAA receptors suppress the Ca2+ response only at ... Therefore, it may be appropriate to refer to this receptor as a picrotoxin-insensitive GABAc receptor. 3- Aminopropyl(methyl) ...
jneurosci.org
AII Amacrine Cells by Mahnoosh Farsaii and Victoria P. Connaughton - WebvisionAII Amacrine Cells by Mahnoosh Farsaii and Victoria P. Connaughton - Webvision
Euler T, Wassle H. Different contributions of GABAA and GABAC receptors to rod and cone bipolar cells in a rat retinal slice ... GABAc Receptors in the Vertebrate Retina by Haohua Qian. *S-Potentials and Horizontal Cells by Ido Perlman, Helga Kolb and ... Fletcher EL, Koulen P, Wassle H. GABAA and GABAC receptors on mammalian rod bipolar cells. J Comp Neurol. 1998;396:351-365. [ ... These GABA-elicited responses, from GABAA receptor activation, would result in a faster modification of AII responses compared ...
webvision.med.utah.edu
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency - WikipediaSuccinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency - Wikipedia
GABA acts via binding to its receptors which include the ligand gated ion channels, GABAA and GABAC and the G-protein couple ... The GABAB receptor has been found to be the most important of the three receptors for this disorder as it is vital in both GABA ... GABA is synthesized in a single step from its precursor glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase. GABA is metabolized by ... Studies have shown that alterations of both the GABAA receptor and the GABAB receptor early in the life of the Aldh5a1-/- mice ...
en.wikipedia.org
Modulation of Extracellular Proton Fluxes from Retinal Horizontal Cells of the Catfish by Depolarization and Glutamate | JGPModulation of Extracellular Proton Fluxes from Retinal Horizontal Cells of the Catfish by Depolarization and Glutamate | JGP
GABA transporters and GABAC-like receptors on catfish cone-but not rod-driven horizontal cells. J. Neurosci. 14:2648-2658. ... The AMPA/kainate receptor agonist kainate and the NMDA receptor agonist N-methyl-d-aspartate both mimicked the effect of ... known to activate Group 1 metabotropic receptors, and LAP-4, an agonist of Group 3 receptors (Caramelo et al., 1999), to ... and the effect of NMDA was abolished by the NMDA receptor antagonist DAP-5. Metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists produced ...
jgp.rupress.org
Molecular Vision: Review: Zincs functional significance in the vertebrate retinaMolecular Vision: Review: Zinc's functional significance in the vertebrate retina
Qian H, Li L, Chappell R, Ripps H. GABA receptors of bipolar cells from the skate retina: actions of zinc on GABA-mediated ... GABAA and GABAC receptors on hybrid bass retinal bipolar cells. J Neurophysiol. 1995; 74:1920-8. [PMID: 8592185] ... Zn2+ differentially modulates kinetics of GABA(C) vs GABA(A) receptors in carp retinal bipolar cells. Neuroreport. 1999; 10: ... Zn2+ differentially modulates glycine receptors versus GABA receptors in isolated carp retinal third-order neurons. Neurosci ...
molvis.org
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
Receptors, GABACrotonatesGABA AntagonistsGABA AgonistsGABA-A Receptor AntagonistsPicrotoxinReceptors, GABA-Agamma-Aminobutyric AcidBicucullinePhosphinic AcidsReceptors, GABA-BPyridazinesCadmium CompoundsAzetidinecarboxylic AcidRetinaReceptors, GlycinePatch-Clamp TechniquesGABA AgentsOrganophosphorus CompoundsGABA Uptake InhibitorsRetinal Cone Photoreceptor CellsGABA ModulatorsOocytesXenopus laevisElectrophysiologyIon Channel GatingGABA Plasma Membrane Transport ProteinsMembrane PotentialsMuscimolDose-Response Relationship, DrugIctaluridaeGABA-A Receptor AgonistsBaclofenNipecotic AcidsRetinal Bipolar CellsUrodelaGABA-B Receptor AgonistsNeuronsAmbystoma4-Aminobutyrate TransaminaseGABA-B Receptor AntagonistsNeural InhibitionGlutamate DecarboxylaseInhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialsRetinal Ganglion CellsChloride ChannelsSynaptic TransmissionDiazepamElectric ConductivityRecombinant ProteinsPlants, Genetically ModifiedStreptomycesPlant ExtractsPlant LeavesMolecular Sequence DataPlant ProteinsPlant Roots
AntagonistAgonistNeuronsShunting inhibitionGlycine receptorsRetinalAntagonistsSubunitSubtypesPostsynapticMuscimolCurrentsBarbituratesChlorideSelectiveExcitatoryNicotinic acetylchoVertebrateTransportersLigandsBicuculline-sensitiveRecombinantPharmacologyLigandNeurotransmitter receptorsSuperfamilyResponsesAgonistsBindsTargetsAminobutyric acidGlutamate receptorNMDAProtein-coupled receptorInhibitory synapsesRetinaKainateSynaptic transmissionChannel was subsequently termedBaclofen-insensitiveMajor inhibitoryRho1InducesBipolarProteinsNeuronal membraneAMPAActivationBinding protein
Antagonist18
Agonist12
Neurons20
Shunting inhibition1
Glycine receptors4
Retinal10
Antagonists6
Subunit12
Subtypes5
Postsynaptic4
Muscimol6
Currents3
Barbiturates5
Chloride6
Selective3
Excitatory12
Nicotinic acetylcho2
Vertebrate6
Transporters3
Ligands4
Bicuculline-sensitive1
Recombinant5
Pharmacology2
Ligand9
Neurotransmitter receptors1
Superfamily1
  • nAChRs belong to the superfamily of "Cys-Loop" receptors that are so termed due to the presence of a disulfide bond between two conserved cysteine residues separated by 13 amino acids. (creativebiomart.net)
Responses4
Agonists2
Binds1
Targets3
Aminobutyric acid11
Glutamate receptor1
  • The NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) glutamate receptor is essential to this process, and the transmitters acetylcholine and GABA also are being investigated for their roles in control of plasticity. (buffalo.edu)
NMDA2
Protein-coupled receptor2
Inhibitory synapses1
Retina4
  • The effects of GABA and related agents were studied in solitary rod- and cone-driven horizontal cells, acutely isolated from the catfish retina using enzymatic and mechanical treatment. (nih.gov)
  • A diversity of GABA receptors in the retina. (nih.gov)
  • GABAC receptors are enriched in the retina, compared to other parts of the CNS. (nih.gov)
  • An example of a solitary rod-driven horizontal cell isolated from white perch retina is shown in Fig. 1, together with a typical GABA-elicited response from such a cell. (utah.edu)
Kainate1
  • Blocking AMPA and kainate receptors didn't have a substantial influence on the replies to ACh (NBQX 5 M, 94.2 2.9% of control, = 5, = 0.2, Body ?Body1D),1D), suggesting these were generated by direct cholinergic activation of ACs presynaptic to RB cells. (technumber.com)
Synaptic transmission1
Channel was subsequently termed1
Baclofen-insensitive1
Major inhibitory1
Rho14
  • 4. Mutation of the three PKC consensus sequences of the rho1 receptor had no significant effect on the decline in IGABA, indicating that direct phosphorylation of these putative sites on the rho1 receptor does not underlie the time-dependent decrease in amplitude. (nih.gov)
  • 5. In COS-7 cells transfected with wild-type rho1 receptors, the amplitude of IGABA had completely recovered to the original value when the same cells were repatched after 30-40 min, indicating that the decline in IGABA was a reversible process. (nih.gov)
  • 9. The specificity of the decrease in IGABA was assessed by coexpressing the voltage-dependent potassium channel Kv1.4 along with the rho1 receptor in HEK293 cells. (nih.gov)
  • Our findings suggest that there are functional, as well as therapeutic, implications for the use of guanidino compounds in targeting the GABA-A rho1 receptor mediated activity. (unt.edu)
Induces4
  • Over-excitation of this receptor induces receptor remodeling and the eventual invagination of the GABA receptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • The results of the present study showed that administration of testosterone induces anxiolytic-like behaviors in the rats and GABA C receptors possibly are not involved in the anxiolytic effect of testosterone. (ac.ir)
  • 8.Ambar G, Chiavegatto S. Anabolic-androgenic steroid treatment induces behavioral disinhibition and down regulation of serotonin receptor messenger RNA in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala of male mice. (ac.ir)
  • Open up in another window Body 1 ACh induces GABA discharge from A17 cells onto fishing rod bipolar cells. (technumber.com)
Bipolar2
Proteins2
  • citation needed] Structural understanding of the GABAA receptor was initially based on homology models, obtained using crystal structures of homologous proteins like Acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP) and nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors as templates. (wikipedia.org)
  • These neurotransmitters are sent from one neuron to another, where they bind to receptor proteins on a neighbouring neuron, enabling them to "hear" the message. (naturalstacks.com.au)
Neuronal membrane1
AMPA1
Activation8
  • Since then, using technology such as in-vivo electrophysiology/imaging and optogenetics, two in-vivo studies have reported the effect of GABA on neonatal brain, and both have shown that GABA is indeed overall inhibitory, with its activation in the developing rodent brain not resulting in network activation, and instead leading to a decrease of activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Upon activation, the GABAA receptor selectively conducts Cl− through its pore, resulting in hyperpolarization of the neuron. (wikipedia.org)
  • Activation of either GABA receptor inhibited the K(+)-evoked Ca2+ response. (jneurosci.org)
  • Activation of membrane receptors by neurotransmitter released from temperature-sensitive hydrogels. (cambridge.org)
  • Activation of membrane receptors by a neurotransmitter conjugate designed for surface attachment. (cambridge.org)
  • It is worth noting that since AChBP lacks a transmembrane domain (TMD) it is not an ion channel and thus no information on nAChR receptor activation can be obtained from this model. (creativebiomart.net)
  • Activation of nAChRs induced GABA launch after Ca2+ build up in A17 cell dendrites and varicosities mediated by L-type voltage-gated calcium mineral stations (VGCCs) and intracellular Ca2+ shops. (technumber.com)
  • The techniques that have been used in these experiments include extracellular electrophysiological recording methods, immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, calcium imaging, receptor binding, whole-cell patch-clamping, knockdown techniques to control activation of transmitter systems, and anatomical tracing methods. (buffalo.edu)
Binding protein1