Fundus oculi. Medical search

The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

The superior portion of the body of the stomach above the level of the cardiac notch.

A genus of gram-negative organisms including saprophytic and parasitic or pathogenic species.

Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.

The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.

Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.

Method of making images on a sensitized surface by exposure to light or other radiant energy.

The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.

Catalyzes the reduction of tetrazolium compounds in the presence of NADH.

Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.

Examination of the interior of the eye with an ophthalmoscope.

The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION and project to the TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication.

Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction without causing depolarization of the motor end plate. They prevent acetylcholine from triggering muscle contraction and are used as muscle relaxants during electroshock treatments, in convulsive states, and as anesthesia adjuvants.

The first digit on the radial side of the hand which in humans lies opposite the other four.

The blood vessels which supply and drain the RETINA.

The 6th cranial nerve which originates in the ABDUCENS NUCLEUS of the PONS and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the EYE. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control.

Devices for examining the interior of the eye, permitting the clear visualization of the structures of the eye at any depth. (UMDNS, 1999)

Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. FACIAL NERVE DISEASES generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISEASES and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause facial paralysis or paresis.

A genus, commonly called budgerigars, in the family PSITTACIDAE. In the United States they are considered one of the five species of PARAKEETS.

The motion of air currents.

Reflex closure of the eyelid occurring as a result of classical conditioning.

An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.

Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.

Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.

Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.

An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.

A disorder whose predominant feature is a loss or alteration in physical functioning that suggests a physical disorder but that is actually a direct expression of a psychological conflict or need.

Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye or of vision disorders.

A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C7 to T1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm.

Colloid or hyaline bodies lying beneath the retinal pigment epithelium. They may occur either secondary to changes in the choroid that affect the pigment epithelium or as an autosomal dominant disorder of the retinal pigment epithelium.

An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.

A naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to ceroid. It accumulates in various normal tissues and apparently increases in quantity with age.

Recording of electric potentials in the retina after stimulation by light.

Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.

The striated muscle groups which move the LARYNX as a whole or its parts, such as altering tension of the VOCAL CORDS, or size of the slit (RIMA GLOTTIDIS).

The synapse between a neuron and a muscle.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.

Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.

Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.

Androstanes and androstane derivatives which are substituted in any position with one or more hydroxyl groups.

A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles. Autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors damage the motor endplate portion of the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION, impairing the transmission of impulses to skeletal muscles. Clinical manifestations may include diplopia, ptosis, and weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles. THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1459)

The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.

A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.

An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototropic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

A group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine. The ring structure is characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids such as papaverine. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.

An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.

The constant checking on the state or condition of a patient during the course of a surgical operation (e.g., checking of vital signs).

Bleeding from the vessels of the retina.

Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina.

Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.

Central retinal vein and its tributaries. It runs a short course within the optic nerve and then leaves and empties into the superior ophthalmic vein or cavernous sinus.

Agents that dilate the pupil. They may be either sympathomimetics or parasympatholytics.

A form of MACULAR DEGENERATION also known as dry macular degeneration marked by occurrence of a well-defined progressive lesion or atrophy in the central part of the RETINA called the MACULA LUTEA. It is distinguishable from WET MACULAR DEGENERATION in that the latter involves neovascular exudates.

The single layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the RETINA, situated closely to the tips (outer segments) of the RETINAL PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. These epithelial cells are macroglia that perform essential functions for the photoreceptor cells, such as in nutrient transport, phagocytosis of the shed photoreceptor membranes, and ensuring retinal attachment.

The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve.

Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)

An area approximately 1.5 millimeters in diameter within the macula lutea where the retina thins out greatly because of the oblique shifting of all layers except the pigment epithelium layer. It includes the sloping walls of the fovea (clivus) and contains a few rods in its periphery. In its center (foveola) are the cones most adapted to yield high visual acuity, each cone being connected to only one ganglion cell. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.

Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.

The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis.

Transmission of gene defects or chromosomal aberrations/abnormalities which are expressed in extreme variation in the structure or function of the eye. These may be evident at birth, but may be manifested later with progression of the disorder.

A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)

Diseases affecting the eye.

Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)

A group of disorders involving predominantly the posterior portion of the ocular fundus, due to degeneration in the sensory layer of the RETINA; RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; BRUCH MEMBRANE; CHOROID; or a combination of these tissues.

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

The region between the sharp indentation at the lower third of the STOMACH (incisura angularis) and the junction of the PYLORUS with the DUODENUM. Pyloric antral glands contain mucus-secreting cells and gastrin-secreting endocrine cells (G CELLS).

Method of measuring and mapping the scope of vision, from central to peripheral of each eye.

The layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the RETINA; the CILIARY BODY; and the IRIS in the eye.

A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.

That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.

Optic disk bodies composed primarily of acid mucopolysaccharides that may produce pseudopapilledema (elevation of the optic disk without associated INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION) and visual field deficits. Drusen may also occur in the retina (see RETINAL DRUSEN). (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p355)

Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field.

Measurement of distances or movements by means of the phenomena caused by the interference of two rays of light (optical interferometry) or of sound (acoustic interferometry).

The use of light interaction (scattering, absorption, and fluorescence) with biological tissue to obtain morphologically based information. It includes measuring inherent tissue optical properties such as scattering, absorption, and autofluorescence; or optical properties of exogenous targeted fluorescent molecular probes such as those used in optical MOLECULAR IMAGING, or nontargeted optical CONTRAST AGENTS.

The use of green light-producing LASERS to stop bleeding. The green light is selectively absorbed by HEMOGLOBIN, thus triggering BLOOD COAGULATION.

A pathological process consisting of the formation of new blood vessels in the CHOROID.

A member of the family of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. Mutations of the gene for TIMP3 PROTEIN causes Sorsby fundus dystrophy.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

Adjustment of the eyes under conditions of low light. The sensitivity of the eye to light is increased during dark adaptation.

An optical source that emits photons in a coherent beam. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) is brought about using devices that transform light of varying frequencies into a single intense, nearly nondivergent beam of monochromatic radiation. Lasers operate in the infrared, visible, ultraviolet, or X-ray regions of the spectrum.

Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)

Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

The total area or space visible in a person's peripheral vision with the eye looking straightforward.

The light sensitive outer portion of a retinal rod or a cone photoreceptor cell. The outer segment contains a stack of disk membranes laden with photoreceptive pigments (RETINAL PIGMENTS). The outer segment is connected to the inner segment by a PHOTORECEPTOR CONNECTING CILIUM.

Autosomal dominant hereditary maculopathy with childhood-onset accumulation of LIPOFUSION in RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Affected individuals develop progressive central acuity loss, and distorted vision (METAMORPHOPSIA). It is associated with mutations in bestrophin, a chloride channel.

A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases.

Inflammation of the choroid.

Specialized PHOTOTRANSDUCTION neurons in the vertebrates, such as the RETINAL ROD CELLS and the RETINAL CONE CELLS. Non-visual photoreceptor neurons have been reported in the deep brain, the PINEAL GLAND and organs of the circadian system.

Photosensitive protein complexes of varied light absorption properties which are expressed in the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are OPSINS conjugated with VITAMIN A-based chromophores. Chromophores capture photons of light, leading to the activation of opsins and a biochemical cascade that ultimately excites the photoreceptor cells.

Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).

Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.

A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

A form of RETINAL DEGENERATION in which abnormal CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION occurs under the RETINA and MACULA LUTEA, causing bleeding and leaking of fluid. This leads to bulging and or lifting of the macula and the distortion or destruction of central vision.

Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.

A prospective study of cerebrovascular disease in Japanese rural communities, Akabane and Asahi. Part 1: evaluation of risk factors in the occurrence of cerebral hemorrhage and thrombosis. (1/1081)

An epidemiological study of cerebrovascular disease in Akabane and Asahi, Japan, was made. (These cities are located near Nagoy, Japan.) The study population included 4,737 men and women aged 40 to 79 at the time of entry into the study. There were 4,186 persons who were examined and, of these, 264 cases of cerebrovascular attacks were observed between 1964 and 1970. The incidence rate of stroke in those persons not responding to the survey was 15.9 times higher than in those persons examined according to person-year observation in Akabane. The risk factors for cerebral hemorrhage and thrombosis were evaluated by age-adjusted and sex-adjusted relative risks. The predisposing factors to cerebral hemorrhage appeared to be high blood pressure, high left R wave, ST depression, T abnormality, capillary fragility counts, previous medical history of stroke and albuminuria. For cerebral thrombosis, the predisposing factors appeared to be high blood pressure, ST depression and funduscopic sclerotic findings, and those factors assumed to be significant were glycosuria and smoking habits. Ocular funduscopic abnormality was the most prominent risk factor for cerebral thrombosis, while high blood pressure and ECG abnormalities were highly related to cerebral hemorrhage. It was suggested that those subjects with a relatively higher blood pressure may have a higher relative risk of cerebral hemorrhage than those with a lower (normal range) blood pressure. A previous or family history of stroke also appeared significantly related to cerebral hemorrhage. (+info)

Evaluation of focal defects of the nerve fiber layer using optical coherence tomography. (2/1081)

OBJECTIVE: To analyze glaucomatous eyes with known focal defects of the nerve fiber layer (NFL), relating optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings to clinical examination, NFL and stereoscopic optic nerve head (ONH) photography, and Humphrey 24-2 visual fields. DESIGN: Cross-sectional prevalence study. PARTICIPANTS: The authors followed 19 patients in the study group and 14 patients in the control group. INTERVENTION: Imaging with OCT was performed circumferentially around the ONH with a circle diameter of 3.4 mm using an internal fixation technique. One hundred OCT scan points taken within 2.5 seconds were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measurements of NFL thickness using OCT were performed. RESULTS: In most eyes with focal NFL defects, OCTs showed significant thinning of the NFL in areas closely corresponding to focal defects visible on clinical examination, to red-free photographs, and to defects on the Humphrey visual fields. Optical coherence tomography enabled the detection of focal defects in the NFL with a sensitivity of 65% and a specificity of 81%. CONCLUSION: Analysis of NFL thickness in eyes with focal defects showed good structural and functional correlation with clinical parameters. Optical coherence tomography contributes to the identification of focal defects in the NFL that occur in early stages of glaucoma. (+info)

Idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy. (3/1081)

Idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy (ICSC) is usually seen in young males with Type A personality. Clinical evaluation of the macula with fundoscopy and biomicroscopy, coupled with fluorescein angiography establishes the diagnosis. Indocyanine green angiographic studies have reinformed that the basic pathology lies in choriocapillaries and retinal pigment epithelium. Most of the ICSC resolve completely in four months, and some of them could resolve early with direct photocoagulation of the leaking site. Oral steroids have no role, and could even cause an adverse reaction. (+info)

The optic disc in glaucoma. I: Classification. (4/1081)

Five different descriptive types of glaucomatous optic discs are described, based on the examination of X2 magnification stereophotographs of 252 patients from the files of the Glaucoma Service at Wills Eye Hospital. The method of analysis is described in detail. These types include: overpass cupping, cupping without pallor of the neuroretinal rim, cupping with pallor of the neuroretinal rim, focal notching of the neuroretinal rim, and bean-pot cupping. These morphological types may be caused by variations in factors contributing to the pathogenesis of glaucomatous eyes. Recognition of these differing types may help in determining the factors in each case. (+info)

Recessive mutations in the RLBP1 gene encoding cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein in a form of retinitis punctata albescens. (5/1081)

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency and spectrum of mutations in the RLBP1 gene encoding cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP) in patients with hereditary retinal degeneration. METHODS: The single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique and a direct genomic sequencing technique were used to screen the coding exons of this gene (exons 2-8) for mutations in 324 unrelated patients with recessive or isolate retinitis pigmentosa, retinitis punctata albescens, Leber congenital amaurosis, or a related disease. Variant DNA fragments revealed by SSCP analysis were subsequently sequenced. Selected alleles that altered the coding region or intron splice sites were evaluated further through segregation analysis in the families of the index cases. RESULTS: Four novel mutations were identified in this gene among three unrelated patients with recessively inherited retinitis punctata albescens. Two of the mutations were missense: one was a frameshift, and one affected a canonical splice donor site. CONCLUSIONS: Recessive mutations in the RLBP1 gene are an uncommon cause of retinal degeneration in humans. The phenotype produced by RLBP1 mutations seems to be a form of retinitis punctata albescens. (+info)

The use of internal limiting membrane maculorrhexis in treatment of idiopathic macular holes. (6/1081)

The purpose of this study was to assess surgical results of internal limiting membrane (ILM) maculorrhexis in macular hole surgery. This study is a part of continuing prospective clinical trial of our team of researchers. Thirteen eyes of 13 patients with idiopathic macular hole underwent vitrectomy with the removal of posterior cortical vitreous, peeling of the macular ILM, and intraocular gas tamponade, followed by postoperative face-down positioning. The excised specimens were evaluated with transmission electron microscopy. Complete closure of the hole was observed in all 13 eyes (100% anatomic success rate). Visual improvement of 2 or more lines on ETDRS visual acuity chart was achieved in 11 (85%) of the 13 eyes. Six (54.5%) eyes attained visual acuity of 20/50 or better. Electron microscopy showed ILM in the removed specimens. ILM maculorrhexis is a promising new surgical approach to close idiopathic macular holes but requires further investigation and long-term evaluation. (+info)

Diagnosis and management of idiopathic macular holes. (7/1081)

Modern vitreoretinal surgery is now one of the most effective tools for treating posterior segment diseases. Recent advances in the pathogenesis and classification and better indicators of visual outcome for idiopathic macular holes have led to a renewed interest in this clinical entity. Refinements in the techniques and instrumentation have led to improvement in surgical results. This article reviews the diagnosis and management of idiopathic macular holes. (+info)

Posterior scleritis: clinical profile and imaging characteristics. (8/1081)

Posterior scleritis is relatively uncommon and is often misdiagnosed due to its protean manifestations. We report eight cases of posterior scleritis to analyse the clinical profile, ultrasonographic and computed tomography (CT) scan features of this rare disorder. Fundus findings included serous retinal detachment, choroidal folds, retinal folds, subretinal mass, choroidal detachment, disc edema, and macular edema. There was associated anterior scleritis and anterior uveitis in the majority of the cases. In all cases ultrasound with or without CT scan confirmed the clinical diagnosis. All patients responded to systemic steroids except one who required immunosuppressive therapy. This paper describes the clinical profile of a series of posterior scleritis cases highlighting varied clinical presentation, and the role of ultrasound and CT scan findings in the diagnosis. (+info)

Salus, Robert; Waldstein, Ernst (1939). "The fundus oculi in generalized hypertension and arteriosclerosis". Arch Ophthalmol. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Salus

ISBN 978-1-58890-338-9. Google books Salus, Robert; Aldstein, Ernst (1939). "The fundus oculi in generalized hypertension and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salus's_sign

He published a work on The Fundus Oculi of Birds (1917). He then lived in the Vatican where he studied foreign language works ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Albert_Wood

Wood, Casey Albert (1917). The Fundus Oculi of Birds, Especially as Viewed by the Ophthalmoscope. Chicago, IL, USA: Lakeside ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney_swift

"Atlas of ophthalmoscopy, representing the normal and pathological conditions of the fundus oculi as seen with the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Liebreich

Wood (1917), The Fundus Oculi of Birds, Especially as Viewed by the Ophthalmoscope: A Study in Comparative Anatomy and ... This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Wood's "The Fundus Oculi of Birds, Especially ... Wood, Casey Albert (1917). The Fundus Oculi of Birds, Especially as Viewed by the Ophthalmoscope: A Study in Comparative ... The upper half of the fundus is covered by a mass of dull gray dots. There is a well defined reflex near both maculae, each ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_eye

Weakness of extraocular muscle groups including, the orbicularis oculi muscle as well as facial and limb muscles may be present ... This includes mild, focal pigmentary abnormalities on funduscopy and widespread granular pigmented fundus alterations. Mild, ... As a result of the orbicularis oculi weakness, patients may suffer from exposure keratopathy (damage to cornea) from the ... however due to weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscles, care must be taken not to raise the lids in excess causing an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_progressive_external_ophthalmoplegia

... fundus oculi MeSH A09.371.729.522 - macula lutea MeSH A09.371.729.522.436 - fovea centralis MeSH A09.371.729.690 - optic disk ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(A09)

The fibrous tunic, also known as the tunica fibrosa oculi, is the outer layer of the eyeball consisting of the cornea and ... If an ophthalmoscope is used, one can see the fundus, as well as vessels (which supply additional blood flow to the retina) ... The vascular tunic, also known as the tunica vasculosa oculi or the "uvea", is the middle vascularized layer which includes the ... also known as the tunica nervosa oculi, is the inner sensory layer which includes the retina. Contributing to vision, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalian_eye

Oculus cited the limited processing power of Xbox One and PlayStation 4 as the reason why they targeted the PC gaming market ... Singh, Deependra (2 September 2022). "Virtual-reality headset mounted smartphone-based Indentation fundus videography". Taiwan ... In 2019, Oculus and PlayStation VR dominated the VR headset market. In June 2019, Valve released their own headset, the Valve ... Over four million Oculus head sets have been recalled. Facebook's VR headsets also was banned from Germany in September 2020 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset

Ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography have long been used to examine the retina. Recently, adaptive optics has been used to ... or pecten oculi, located on the blind spot or optic disk. This organ is extremely rich in blood vessels and is thought to ... "Retinal fundus images - Ground truth of vascular bifurcations and crossovers". University of Groningen. Retrieved 20 April 2018 ... of retinal blood vessel structure can be evaluated against the ground truth data of vascular bifurcations of retinal fundus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina

Patients with KSS show widespread granular pigmented alterations in the posterior fundus which correspond to granular patterns ... orbicularis oculi) and eye (extra-ocular muscles). This results in ptosis and ophthalmoplegia respectively. KSS involves a ... on fundus autofluorescence imaging. Associated changes on optical coherence tomography (OCT) include reflectivity changes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kearns–Sayre_syndrome

However, fundus imaging is performed at the same time. This allows for fundus tracking to ensure accurate stimulus placement. ... Oculus Easyfield perimeter, Olleyes VisuALL, Optopol PTS perimeter, etc. Techniques used to perform this test include the ... Pfau M, Jolly JK, Wu Z, Denniss J, Lad EM, Guymer RH, Fleckenstein M, Holz FG, Schmitz-Valckenberg S (May 2021). "Fundus- ... "Test-Retest Reliability of Scotopic and Mesopic Fundus-Controlled Perimetry Using a Modified MAIA (Macular Integrity Assessment ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_field_test

This is due to the facial nerves' innervation of the muscles of facial expression, namely orbicularis oculi, responsible for ... the taste fibers continue as the intermediate nerve which goes to the upper anterior quadrant of the fundus of the internal ... frontalis and orbicularis oculi). Lower motor neuron lesions can result in a CN VII palsy (Bell's palsy is the idiopathic form ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_nerve

Latin oculus dexter) for the right eye. OS (Latin oculus sinister) for the left eye. OU (Latin oculi uterque) for both eyes. ... ISBN 978-3-7266-0068-6. Rohrschneider, K. (2004). "Determination of the location of the fovea on the fundus". Investigative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_acuity

... disc optic foramen optic nerve optic papilla optic radiation optic recess optic tract ora serrata oral cavity orbicularis oculi ... ventricle frontal lobe frontal nerve frontal plane frontal pole frontal sinus frontonasal duct fundiform ligament fundus ... muscle occiput occlusion oculocephalic reflex oculomotor oculomotor complex oculomotor nerve oculomotor nucleus oculus odontoid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_anatomy_articles

In the human, the lower end of the uterus, the cervix, opens into the vagina, while the upper end, the fundus, is connected to ... Orbicularis oculi muscle - Orbicularis oris muscle - Orthopedic surgery - Ossicles - Otitis - Otorhinolaryngology - Ovary - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_medicine

... oculus dexter (right eye); OS, oculus sinister (left eye); OU, oculus uterque (both eyes); PR, punctate retinochoroiditis; RC, ... fundus examination; FNR, focal necrotizing retinochoroiditis, large FNR is ,3 disk diameters; IOP, intraocular pressure; KP, ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/12/20-0227-t3

Fundus Oculi * Humans * Multimodal Imaging / methods* * Reproducibility of Results * Retina / pathology* * Tomography, Optical ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28513488/

Oculus Visual Field Tester. *Fundus Non Contact Lenses- 4D, 90D, 78D. *Fundus camera- Optovue. Gonioscopy lenses- 4 - mirror ...

https://www.ferris.edu/optometry/extern/Premier_Family_Eye_Care/premier-family-eye-care.htm

Categories: Fundus Oculi Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted 5 ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Fundus+Oculi&parentid=22544&catid=11146

Anesthesia management of complicated fundus oculi surgery. Beijing Tongren Hospital, CMU. VENUE. GROUP. TEACHER. TOPIC. ...

https://www.cndent.com/archives/65287

1520 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited and divided into three groups according to their fundus oculi results: no DR ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/847669_5

Fundus Oculi. en_US. dc.subject.mesh. Humans. en_US. dc.subject.mesh. Laser Coagulation. en_US. ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/71480?mode=full

Fundus Oculi - Preferred Concept UI. M0008886. Scope note. The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the ... not FUNDUS OCULI; early coord for fundus fluorescent angiography: see hist notes under FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY. ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=5790&filter=ths_exact_term&q=FUNDO+DO+OLHO

Fundus Oculi, Humans, Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/complications, Male, Middle Aged, Mycobacterium tuberculosis ...

https://output.eyehospital.nl/en/publications/good-visual-outcome-of-tuberculous-chorioretinitis-after-art-init

title. Fundus oculi. date. 2018. city. Brazil. size. acrylic on canvas 31x39 ...

https://ru.lauraprettovargas.com/project-12

RPE: retinal pigment epithelium; OD: Oculus dexter (right eye); OS: Oculus sinister (left eye). OU: Oculus uterque (both eyes ... Deletion of the Lamp2 gene in mice resulted in age-dependent autofluorescence abnormalities of the fundus, thickening of ... METHODS: In this retrospective study, IRMAs were evaluated with multimodal imaging (fundus photography, fluorescein angiography ... ffERG: full-field electroretinography; FAF: fundus autofluorescence; OCT: optical coherence tomography; FA: fluorescein ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=pt&q=au:Konstantinou,+Eleni+K

Fundus oculi of a patient suffering from retinal edema. (Photo by: BSIP/Universal Images Group via Getty Images) Researchers ...

https://www.ophthalmologyadvisor.com/topics/systemic-ophthalmology/imaging-biomarkers-significant-predictors-of-worsening-dme/

... the fundus oculi appeared to be within normal limits.". - June, 2009: Biopsy of abdominal mass + bilateral osteomedullary ...

https://doctorsmedicalopinion.com/index.php/content/stage-4-neuroblastoma?q=index.php/content/stage-4-neuroblastoma&page=2

ENTRY 30 - LA MAGIA DEL CONTRASTO - fundus oculi 103,5×120. by CARLO SCIFF - Italy ...

https://fomenar.eu/arte/work/paintings2016

Senile cataracts, arteriosclerosis of the fundus oculi blood vessels and prematuremyopia.. *Loss of the higher intellectual ...

https://chernobylx.com/nl/chernobyl-special-forces-liquidators/

Fundus Oculi. *Gases. *Gene Expression. *Glaucoma Drainage Implants. *Glaucoma, Angle-Closure. *Glaucoma, Neovascular ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Person/132154/Network/ResearchAreas

Oculus Optikgerate GmbH. • Kowa Company, Ltd.. • Heidelberg Engineering, Inc.. • Metrovision SAS. • Optopol Technology Sp. z o. ... Aug-2019: Topcon unveiled the Maestro2, an automated OCT/Fundus camera. The new fully automated OCT Maestro2 can capture non- ... Dec-2018: Oculus rolled out the Smartfield perimeter. Through this launch, the company aimed to expand its compact visual field ... Key companies profiled in the report include Topcon Corporation, Carl Zeiss AG, Metall Zug AG, Oculus Optikgerate GmbH, Kowa ...

https://ca.movies.yahoo.com/global-automated-visual-field-analyzer-102500494.html

Research notes and correspondence about the skulls and eyes of birds, possibly for The Fundus Oculi of Birds ... "Fundus Oculi" (1911-1934), his travels and research expeditions studying birds in their natural habitat (1920-1940), political ...

https://archivalcollections.library.mcgill.ca/index.php/informationobject/browse?creators=1165&sort=lastUpdated&view=table&sortDir=desc&genres=&%3Bmediatypes=137&%3Bamp%3BshowAdvanced=1&%3Bamp%3BtopLod=0&%3Bamp%3Bsort=alphabetic&%3Bsort=alphabetic&topLod=0&media=print

Breath Shield for Fundus Camera, Nidek AFC-330. Breath Shield for Fundus Camera, Nidek AFC-330Material: Non-fragile PETGEasy to ... Breath Shield for Oculus Biometer Pentacam. Breath Shield for Oculus Biometer Pentacam.Material: AcrylicEasy to clean. See ... Breath Shield for Fundus Camera, Topcon TRC-50DX. Breath Shield for Fundus Camera, Topcon TRC-50DXMaterial: PETGEasy to clean ( ...

https://chinrestpapersource.com/AUTUMN/AMBTWU

In the examination of fundus oculi, a linear border (ridge) is seen between the healthy retina and retina that has not yet ...

https://www.tuncerguney.com/en/childhood-eye-problems_a.html

At 4 weeks, the eyes were examined clinically, and fundus photographs were obtained before enucleation and light microscopic ... Fundus Oculi * Indocyanine Green * Injections * Pigment Epithelium of Eye * Retina * Retinal Perforations ...

https://scholars.duke.edu/display/pub680330

Vision consequences from entryway of visible radiation into the oculus and the rea ... The cornea is the most powerful refracting surface of the optical system of the oculus, accounting for two-thirds of the oculus ... and followed by scrutiny of media and fundus utilizing indirect opthmoscopy and fundus camera.. 3.5 Data analysis. The natural ... For a normal oculus, visible radiation is focused to a topographic point on the retina. This message would so be sent to the ...

https://qualityessays.net/myopia-in-asian-countries-health-and-social-care-essay/

The opthalmogists can diagnose the presence of increased intracranial pressure evaluating the fundus oculi and eventual ...

https://www.actaitalica.it/article/view/1683

Fundus oculi examination at onset showed disc swelling in 9/10 in the MOG-ab-positive cohort and 2/10 in the seronegative group ... Fundus oculi examination at onset showed disc swelling in 9/10 in the MOG-ab-positive cohort and 2/10 in the seronegative group ...

https://iris.unica.it/handle/11584/344677

Fundus of eye Active Synonym false false 109287017 Fundus oculi Active Synonym false false ...

https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewCodeSystemConcept.action?oid=2.16.840.1.113883.6.96&code=65784005

The latter were taught that names, with the back treat- rabbit, which the fundus oculi? Buy Zolpidem Tartrate 5Mg. The end of ...

https://www.joeyblsphotography.com/uncategorized/bdw69tk95

Diseases of the fundus oculi 1975, Genetics in ophthalmology 1951, The incidence and causes of blindess in England and ... Named after him are Sorsby syndrome, Sorsbys macular degeneration and Sorsbys fundus dystrophy (Pictured) ...

https://museum.aco.org.au/archive/1878-emmetropia-and-its-aberrations

In the examination of fundus oculi, a linear border (ridge) is seen between the healthy retina and retina that has not yet developed. (tuncerguney.com)
For a normal oculus, visible radiation is focused to a topographic point on the retina. (qualityessays.net)
However, when the curve of the cornea is irregularly shaped, the cornea bends light amiss on the retina.A [ 15 ] When the cornea is curved excessively much, or if the oculus is excessively long, far-off objects will look blurry because they are focused in forepart of the retina. (qualityessays.net)
1. Eyes Vitamin for Eye Health: Dr. Brian lutein gummies vitamin contain 10.5mg lutein which replenish eye nutrition that the retina, Macular region, fundus oculi and Optic needed, protecting eyes vision health. (drbrian.store)

At 4 weeks, the eyes were examined clinically, and fundus photographs were obtained before enucleation and light microscopic examination. (duke.edu)
Fundus oculi examination at onset showed disc swelling in 9/10 in the MOG-ab-positive cohort and 2/10 in the seronegative group (P = 0.002). (unica.it)
Slit lamp examination: Include slit lamp examination, intraocular pressure measurement, and fundus examination in the preoperative evaluation. (medscape.com)

Genetic testing confirmed a deletion mutation in the folliculin (FLCN) gene and was negative for other relevant mutations, including EFEMP1 responsible for autosomal dominant macular and peripapillary drusen in Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy and TIMP3 responsible for Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy. (bvsalud.org)

Materials relate chiefly to Wood's "Introduction to the Literature of Vertebrate Zoology" (1921-1956), falconry (1930s), his unpublished memoir (1930s), the development of McGill University's Emma Shearer Wood and Blacker Libraries (1918-1941), the history of ophthalmology (1925-1936), "Fundus Oculi" (1911-1934), his travels and research expeditions studying birds in their natural habitat (1920-1940), political interests, and correspondence relating to these activities and subjects. (mcgill.ca)
1972, 'Systemic ophthalmology' 1951, 'Diseases of the fundus oculi' 1975, 'Genetics in ophthalmology' 1951, 'The incidence and causes of blindess in England and Wales 1948-1962' 1962, 'Medicine and mankind. (aco.org.au)

Fundus oculi of a patient suffering from retinal edema. (ophthalmologyadvisor.com)

E. coli (EAEC), another group of resonance imaging at fundus oculi. (cdc.gov)

FF 450 Plus Fundus Camera. (hollysale.com)

the fundus oculi appeared to be within normal limits. (doctorsmedicalopinion.com)

The cornea is the most powerful refracting surface of the optical system of the oculus, accounting for two-thirds of the oculus 's focusing power. (qualityessays.net)

Vision consequences from entryway of visible radiation into the oculus and the reading of this stimulation by the encephalon. (qualityessays.net)
Ocular sharp-sightedness is defined as the lucidity or acuteness of vision, which is the ability of the oculus to see and separate mulct inside informations. (qualityessays.net)

The OCULUS Easyfield® is a full-fledged compact perimeter capable of performing standard automated perimetry of the central visual field up to 30° eccentricity. (ophthalmic.com.my)
The OCULUS Easyfield® conforms to the Goldmann standard and fulfills the ISO-12866 norm for perimeters. (ophthalmic.com.my)
Measurements of the OCULUS Easyfield® are carried out using an LED grid with 135 fixed test locations, including the common 30-2, 24-2 and 10-2 patterns. (ophthalmic.com.my)
Besides the standard field indices the OCULUS Easyfield® delivers evaluations of the innovative Glaucoma Staging Program (GSP) and the classifications provided by the Glaucoma Staging System (GSS 2). (ophthalmic.com.my)
One of the most striking features of the OCULUS Easyfield ® is its small footprint. (ophthalmic.com.my)
Its robustness and low weight make the OCULUS Easyfield ® perimeter convenient for portable use. (ophthalmic.com.my)
The OCULUS Easyfield ® perimeter is operated via an external computer (notebook or PC). (ophthalmic.com.my)
High stability test strategies like SPARK and additional assessment tools improve the diagnostic value of the OCULUS Easyfield ® perimeter. (ophthalmic.com.my)

Double-pass (DP) and Hartmann--Shack (HS) are complementary techniques based on reflections of light in the ocular fundus that may be used to estimate the optical properties of the human eye. (upc.edu)

In epiblepharon, a condition most commonly seen in Asian and Native American children, the lower eyelid lashes assume a vertical orientation in the setting of a redundant superior band of orbicularis oculi muscle along the inferonasal portion of the lower eyelid. (eyerounds.org)
The orbital septum on the right side has been exposed by removal of the orbicularis oculi. (doctorlib.info)
Outer layer: palpebral skin, sweat glands, ciliary glands (= modified sweat glands, Moll glands), sebaceous glands (Zeis glands), and two striated muscles, the orbicularis oculi and levator palpebrae (upper eyelid only), innervated by the facial nerve and the oculomotor nerve, respectively. (doctorlib.info)

The peripheral fundus exam was unremarkable OU. (opted.org)

Fundus autofluorescence disclosed hypoautoflurescence with hyperfluorescent margins corresponding to the lesions observed in both eyes and the angiogram revealed hyperfluorescence since early phases without late leakage. (bvsalud.org)

The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. (jefferson.edu)

One eye of each participant was photographed by technicians with nonmydriatic fundus cameras. (unc.edu)
Optovue has developed the iCam, a nonmydriatic compact fundus camera. (ophthalmologytimes.com)

Truly flexible Multimodal Imaging Platform with an upgradable modular design which can be precisely customized according to the individual needs where options include- OCT, multi-color scanning laser fundus imaging modalities, widefield and ultra-widefield, scanning laser angiography and OCT angiography. (vaishnomedisales.com)
Ultra-widefield fundus imaging: a review of clinical applications and future trends. (opted.org)

Oculus are committed to producing the highest-quality, cutting-edge specialised ophthalmic equipment on the market and they have more than 200 distributors in over 80 countries. (birminghamoptical.co.uk)

The Age-Related Eye Disease Study system for classifying age-related macular degeneration from stereoscopic color fundus photographs: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study Report Number 6. (emmes.com)
To describe the system for grading age-related macular degeneration from fundus photographs in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study. (emmes.com)
Standardized stereoscopic 30-degree color fundus photographs are taken at 11 clinical centers and evaluated by graders at a reading center for quality and age-related macular degeneration abnormalities. (emmes.com)

Breath Shield for Fundus Camera, Nidek AFC-330Material: Non-fragile PETGEasy to clean (resistan. (panfundus.com)

Dilated fundus exam revealed cup-to-disk ratios of 0.6 OD and 0.4 OS with diffuse disc pallor OD and temporal disc pallor OS. (opted.org)

Ischemic lesions were found by magnetic resonance imaging at fundus oculi. (cdc.gov)

Materials relate chiefly to Wood's "Introduction to the Literature of Vertebrate Zoology" (1921-1956), falconry (1930s), his unpublished memoir (1930s), the development of McGill University's Emma Shearer Wood and Blacker Libraries (1918-1941), the history of ophthalmology (1925-1936), "Fundus Oculi" (1911-1934), his travels and research expeditions studying birds in their natural habitat (1920-1940), political interests, and correspondence relating to these activities and subjects. (mcgill.ca)
Then the uterine artery travels through the parametrium to the fundus of the uterus. (anatomy.app)

iCam enables practitioners to obtain high-quality, easy to use fundus photography of various pathologies. (ophthalmologytimes.com)

At Birmingham Optical we have exclusive distribution for Oculus equipment in the UK and Ireland. (birminghamoptical.co.uk)

It is an affordable combination of Confocal scanning laser fundus imaging and high-speed spectral domain OCT scan. (vaishnomedisales.com)

Fundus photographs from 1997 and 1998 were used to identify individuals with (n=390) and without AMD (n=2365). (nih.gov)
RESULTS: Among the 2755 CHS participants with gradable fundus photographs, 390 were identified as having AMD. (nih.gov)

La agudeza visual mejor corregida en la mayoría de nuestros pacientes fue menor de 85 VAR. (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy28

Organisms3

Diseases33

Chemicals and Drugs12

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Psychiatry and Psychology6

Phenomena and Processes9

Disciplines and Occupations1

Health Care1

A prospective study of cerebrovascular disease in Japanese rural communities, Akabane and Asahi. Part 1: evaluation of risk factors in the occurrence of cerebral hemorrhage and thrombosis. (1/1081)

Evaluation of focal defects of the nerve fiber layer using optical coherence tomography. (2/1081)

Idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy. (3/1081)

The optic disc in glaucoma. I: Classification. (4/1081)

Recessive mutations in the RLBP1 gene encoding cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein in a form of retinitis punctata albescens. (5/1081)

The use of internal limiting membrane maculorrhexis in treatment of idiopathic macular holes. (6/1081)

Diagnosis and management of idiopathic macular holes. (7/1081)

Posterior scleritis: clinical profile and imaging characteristics. (8/1081)

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Fundus Oculi

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