Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.
Dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other in cerebral functions.
The founding member of the nodal signaling ligand family of proteins. Nodal protein was originally discovered in the region of the mouse embryo primitive streak referred to as HENSEN'S NODE. It is expressed asymmetrically on the left side in chordates and plays a critical role in the genesis of left-right asymmetry during vertebrate development.
A congenital abnormality in which organs in the THORAX and the ABDOMEN are opposite to their normal positions (situs solitus) due to lateral transposition. Normally the STOMACH and SPLEEN are on the left, LIVER on the right, the three-lobed right lung is on the right, and the two-lobed left lung on the left. Situs inversus has a familial pattern and has been associated with a number of genes related to microtubule-associated proteins.
The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.
The dorsal posterior subdivision of the diencephalon. The epithalamus is generally considered to include the habenular nuclei (HABENULA) and associated fiber bundles, the PINEAL BODY, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle. The anterior and posterior paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus are included with the THALAMIC NUCLEI although they develop from the same pronuclear mass as the epithalamic nuclei and are sometimes considered part of the epithalamus.
Abnormal thoracoabdominal VISCERA arrangement (visceral heterotaxy) or malformation that involves additional CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS (e.g., heart isomerism; DEXTROCARDIA) and/or abnormal SPLEEN (e.g., asplenia and polysplenia). Irregularities with the central nervous system, the skeleton and urinary tract are often associated with the syndrome.
The species Delphinapterus leucas, in the family Monodontidae, found primarily in the Arctic Ocean and adjoining seas. They are small WHALES lacking a dorsal fin.
A small protuberance at the dorsal, posterior corner of the wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE, adjacent to the dorsal THALAMUS and PINEAL BODY. It contains the habenular nuclei and is a major part of the epithalamus.
A family of rat kangaroos found in and around Australia. Genera include Potorous and Bettongia.
Signaling ligands that act in opposition to NODAL PROTEIN. During vertebrate development they regulate the degree of left-right asymmetry by controlling the spatiotemporal influence of NODAL PROTEIN.
Tests for central hearing disorders based on the competing message technique (binaural separation).
An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.
A verbal or nonverbal means of communicating ideas or feelings.
A group of islands in Melanesia constituting a French overseas territory. The group includes New Caledonia (the main island), Ile des Pins, Loyalty Island, and several other islet groups. The capital is Noumea. It was discovered by Captain Cook in 1774 and visited by various navigators, explorers, and traders from 1792 to 1840. Occupied by the French in 1853, it was set up as a penal colony 1864-94. In 1946 it was made a French overseas territory. It was named by Captain Cook with the 5th and 6th century A.D. Latin name for Scotland, Caledonia. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p830 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p375)
Proteins obtained from the ZEBRAFISH. Many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (EMBRYOLOGY).
A growth differentiation factor that plays a role in the genesis of left-right asymmetry during vertebrate development. Evidence for this role is seen in MICE where loss of growth differentiation factor 1 function results in right-left isomerism of visceral organs. In HUMANS heterozygous loss of growth differentiation factor 1 function has been associated with CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS and TRANSPOSITION OF GREAT VESSELS.
Populations of thin, motile processes found covering the surface of ciliates (CILIOPHORA) or the free surface of the cells making up ciliated EPITHELIUM. Each cilium arises from a basic granule in the superficial layer of CYTOPLASM. The movement of cilia propels ciliates through the liquid in which they live. The movement of cilia on a ciliated epithelium serves to propel a surface layer of mucus or fluid. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Artery formed by the bifurcation of the BASILAR ARTERY. Branches of the posterior cerebral artery supply portions of the OCCIPITAL LOBE; PARIETAL LOBE; inferior temporal gyrus, brainstem, and CHOROID PLEXUS.
A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565)
Common name for the largest birds in the order PASSERIFORMES, family Corvidae. These omnivorous black birds comprise most of the species in the genus Corvus, along with ravens and jackdaws (which are often also referred to as crows).
Substances and materials manufactured for use in various technologies and industries and for domestic use.
Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.
An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a triad of DEXTROCARDIA; INFERTILITY; and SINUSITIS. The syndrome is caused by mutations of DYNEIN genes encoding motility proteins which are components of sperm tails, and CILIA in the respiratory and the reproductive tracts.
The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the temporal lobe, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (i.e., related to an identified disease process or lesion). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321)
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
A spectrum of septal defects involving the ATRIAL SEPTUM; VENTRICULAR SEPTUM; and the atrioventricular valves (TRICUSPID VALVE; BICUSPID VALVE). These defects are due to incomplete growth and fusion of the ENDOCARDIAL CUSHIONS which are important in the formation of two atrioventricular canals, site of future atrioventricular valves.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication.
Tests designed to assess language behavior and abilities. They include tests of vocabulary, comprehension, grammar and functional use of language, e.g., Development Sentence Scoring, Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Scale, Parsons Language Sample, Utah Test of Language Development, Michigan Language Inventory and Verbal Language Development Scale, Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, Northwestern Syntax Screening Test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Ammons Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test, and Assessment of Children's Language Comprehension.
A new pattern of perceptual or ideational material derived from past experience.
The ability to differentiate tones.
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.
Tumors or cancer of the RETINA.
The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.
The measurement of magnetic fields over the head generated by electric currents in the brain. As in any electrical conductor, electric fields in the brain are accompanied by orthogonal magnetic fields. The measurement of these fields provides information about the localization of brain activity which is complementary to that provided by ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY. Magnetoencephalography may be used alone or together with electroencephalography, for measurement of spontaneous or evoked activity, and for research or clinical purposes.
The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized, and interpreted by the organism.
Dyneins that are responsible for ciliary and flagellar beating.
A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)
A condition of an inequality of refractive power of the two eyes.
Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. It is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE.
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)
Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.
Common name for perch-like fish of the family Cichlidae, belonging to the suborder Labroidei, order PERCIFORMES.
The heart of the fetus of any viviparous animal. It refers to the heart in the postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (HEART/embryology) only on the basis of time.
Proteins obtained from various species of Xenopus. Included here are proteins from the African clawed frog (XENOPUS LAEVIS). Many of these proteins have been the subject of scientific investigations in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.
A light-sensitive neuroendocrine organ attached to the roof of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain. The pineal gland secretes MELATONIN, other BIOGENIC AMINES and NEUROPEPTIDES.
Motion of an object in which either one or more points on a line are fixed. It is also the motion of a particle about a fixed point. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.
The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.
Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen.
Formation of differentiated cells and complicated tissue organization to provide specialized functions.
Bony structure of the mouth that holds the teeth. It consists of the MANDIBLE and the MAXILLA.
A front limb of a quadruped. (The Random House College Dictionary, 1980)
Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.
The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.
Paired, segmented masses of MESENCHYME located on either side of the developing spinal cord (neural tube). Somites derive from PARAXIAL MESODERM and continue to increase in number during ORGANOGENESIS. Somites give rise to SKELETON (sclerotome); MUSCLES (myotome); and DERMIS (dermatome).
A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.
A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.
Receptors for ACTIVINS are membrane protein kinases belonging to the family of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES, thus also named activin receptor-like kinases (ALK's). Activin receptors also bind TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. As those transmembrane receptors of the TGF-beta superfamily (RECEPTORS, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA), ALK's consist of two different but related protein kinases, Type I and Type II. Activins initiate cellular signal transduction by first binding to the type II receptors (ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE II ) which then recruit and phosphorylate the type I receptors (ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I ) with subsequent activation of the type I kinase activity.
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.
The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.
Includes both producing and responding to words, either written or spoken.
The common chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family HOMINIDAE. It lives in Africa, primarily in the tropical rainforests. There are a number of recognized subspecies.
Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.
The developmental stage that follows BLASTULA or BLASTOCYST. It is characterized by the morphogenetic cell movements including invagination, ingression, and involution. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the PRIMITIVE STREAK, and ends with the formation of three GERM LAYERS, the body plan of the mature organism.
Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).
Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. It is located posterior to central sulcus, anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE, and superior to the TEMPORAL LOBES.
The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
The distal part of the arm beyond the wrist in humans and primates, that includes the palm, fingers, and thumb.
Performance of complex motor acts.
The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.
Area of the FRONTAL LOBE concerned with primary motor control located in the dorsal PRECENTRAL GYRUS immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It is comprised of three areas: the primary motor cortex located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain; the premotor cortex located anterior to the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex.
The detailed examination of observable activity or behavior associated with the execution or completion of a required function or unit of work.
Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.
Family of the suborder HAPLORHINI (Anthropoidea) comprising bipedal primate MAMMALS. It includes modern man (HOMO SAPIENS) and the great apes: gorillas (GORILLA GORILLA), chimpanzees (PAN PANISCUS and PAN TROGLODYTES), and orangutans (PONGO PYGMAEUS).
Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.
Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. The technique is used especially in CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY as well as for studies of other vascular structures.
One of the two types of ACTIVIN RECEPTORS or activin receptor-like kinases (ALK'S). There are several type I activin receptors. The major active ones are ALK-2 (ActR-IA) and ALK-4 (ActR-IB).
The region of the cerebral cortex that receives the auditory radiation from the MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY.
An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.
A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.
An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).
A characteristic symptom complex.
The science and art of collecting, summarizing, and analyzing data that are subject to random variation. The term is also applied to the data themselves and to the summarization of the data.
Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.

Central peptidergic neurons are hyperactive during collateral sprouting and inhibition of activity suppresses sprouting. (1/6942)

Little is known regarding the effect of chronic changes in neuronal activity on the extent of collateral sprouting by identified CNS neurons. We have investigated the relationship between activity and sprouting in oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) neurons of the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system (MNS). Uninjured MNS neurons undergo a robust collateral-sprouting response that restores the axon population of the neural lobe (NL) after a lesion of the contralateral MNS (). Simultaneously, lesioned rats develop chronic urinary hyperosmolality indicative of heightened neurosecretory activity. We therefore tested the hypothesis that sprouting MNS neurons are hyperactive by measuring changes in cell and nuclear diameters, OT and VP mRNA pools, and axonal cytochrome oxidase activity (COX). Each of these measures was significantly elevated during the period of most rapid axonal growth between 1 and 4 weeks after the lesion, confirming that both OT and VP neurons are hyperactive while undergoing collateral sprouting. In a second study the hypothesis that chronic inhibition of neuronal activity would interfere with the sprouting response was tested. Chronic hyponatremia (CH) was induced 3 d before the hypothalamic lesion and sustained for 4 weeks to suppress neurosecretory activity. CH abolished the lesion-induced increases in OT and VP mRNA pools and virtually eliminated measurable COX activity in MNS terminals. Counts of the total number of axon profiles in the NL revealed that CH also prevented axonal sprouting from occurring. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that increased neuronal activity is required for denervation-induced collateral sprouting to occur in the MNS.  (+info)

Retinotopic mapping of lateral geniculate nucleus in humans using functional magnetic resonance imaging. (2/6942)

Subcortical nuclei in the thalamus, which play an important role in many functions of the human brain, provide challenging targets for functional mapping with neuroimaging techniques because of their small sizes and deep locations. In this study, we explore the capability of high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging at 4 Tesla for mapping the retinotopic organization in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Our results show that the hemifield visual stimulation only activates LGN in the contralateral hemisphere, and the lower-field and upper-field visual stimulations activate the superior and inferior portion of LGN, respectively. These results reveal a similar retinotopic organization between the human and nonhuman primate LGN and between LGN and the primary visual cortex. We conclude that high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging is capable of functional mapping of suborganizations in small nuclei together with cortical activation. This will have an impact for studying the thalamocortical networks in the human brain.  (+info)

Command-related distribution of regional cerebral blood flow during attempted handgrip. (3/6942)

To localize a central nervous feed-forward mechanism involved in cardiovascular regulation during exercise, brain activation patterns were measured in eight subjects by employing positron emission tomography and oxygen-15-labeled water. Scans were performed at rest and during rhythmic handgrip before and after axillary blockade with bupivacaine. After the blockade, handgrip strength was reduced to 25% (range 0-50%) of control values, whereas handgrip-induced heart rate and blood pressure increases were unaffected (13 +/- 3 beats/min and 12 +/- 5 mmHg, respectively; means +/- SE). Before regional anesthesia, handgrip caused increased activation in the contralateral sensory motor area, the supplementary motor area, and the ipsilateral cerebellum. We found no evidence for changes in the activation pattern due to an interaction between handgrip and regional anesthesia. This was true for both the blocked and unblocked arm. It remains unclear whether the activated areas are responsible for the increase in cardiovascular variables, but neural feedback from the contracting muscles was not necessary for the activation in the mentioned areas during rhythmic handgrip.  (+info)

Language processing is strongly left lateralized in both sexes. Evidence from functional MRI. (4/6942)

Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to examine gender effects on brain activation during a language comprehension task. A large number of subjects (50 women and 50 men) was studied to maximize the statistical power to detect subtle differences between the sexes. To estimate the specificity of findings related to sex differences, parallel analyses were performed on two groups of randomly assigned subjects. Men and women showed very similar, strongly left lateralized activation patterns. Voxel-wise tests for group differences in overall activation patterns demonstrated no significant differences between women and men. In further analyses, group differences were examined by region of interest and by hemisphere. No differences were found between the sexes in lateralization of activity in any region of interest or in intrahemispheric cortical activation patterns. These data argue against substantive differences between men and women in the large-scale neural organization of language processes.  (+info)

Selective horizontal dysmetropsia following prestriate lesion. (5/6942)

We describe a patient (P.S.) who, following a right prestriate lesion, reported that objects in the left visual field appeared distorted and smaller than those on the right. Other aspects of visual processing were remarkably unaffected. We carried out a series of size comparison tests using simple or complex stimuli and requiring different types of behavioural responses. We found that P.S. significantly underestimated the size of stimuli presented in her left visual field. When comparison tasks involved stimuli placed along the vertical axis or in the right visual field, P.S. performed well. The vertical and horizontal components of size distortion were found to be differentially affected. We conclude that size processing may be dissociated from other aspects of visual processing, such as form or colour processing, and depends critically on part of the occipital, prestriate areas (Brodmann areas 18-19).  (+info)

The role of ventral medial wall motor areas in bimanual co-ordination. A combined lesion and activation study. (6/6942)

Two patients with midline tumours and disturbances of bimanual co-ordination as the presenting symptoms were examined. Both reported difficulties whenever the two hands had to act together simultaneously, whereas they had no problems with unimanual dexterity or the use of both hands sequentially. In the first patient the lesion was confined to the cingulate gyrus; in the second it also invaded the corpus callosum and the supplementary motor area. Kinematic analysis of bimanual in-phase and anti-phase movements revealed an impairment of both the temporal adjustment between the hands and the independence of movements between the two hands. A functional imaging study in six volunteers, who performed the same bimanual in-phase and anti-phase tasks, showed strong activations of midline areas including the cingulate and ventral supplementary motor area. The prominent activation of the ventral medial wall motor areas in the volunteers in conjunction with the bimanual co-ordination disorder in the two patients with lesions compromising their function is evidence for their pivotal role in bimanual co-ordination.  (+info)

Multicentre European study of thalamic stimulation in parkinsonian and essential tremor. (7/6942)

OBJECTIVES: Thalamic stimulation has been proposed to treat disabling tremor. The aims of this multicentre study were to evaluate the efficacy and the morbidity of thalamic stimulation in a large number of patients with parkinsonian or essential tremor. METHODS: One hundred and eleven patients were included in the study and 110 were implanted either unilaterally or bilaterally. Patients were evaluated with clinical scales, before and up to 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: Upper and lower limb tremor scores were reduced in both groups. Eighty five per cent of the electrodes satisfied the arbitrary criteria of two point reduction in rest tremor reduction in the parkinsonian tremor group and 89% for postural tremor reduction in the essential tremor group. In the parkinsonian tremor group, limb akinesia and limb rigidity scores were moderately but significantly reduced. Axial scores were unchanged. In the essential tremor group, head tremor was significantly reduced only at 3 months and voice tremor was non-significantly reduced. Activities of daily living were improved in both groups. Changes in medication were moderate. Adverse effects related to the surgery were mild and reversible. CONCLUSIONS: Thalamic stimulation was shown to be an effective and relatively safe treatment for disabling tremor. This procedure initially applied in a very limited number of centres has been successfully used in 13 participating centres.  (+info)

Cognitive outcome after unilateral pallidal stimulation in Parkinson's disease. (8/6942)

OBJECTIVES: Chronic high frequency electrostimulation of the globus pallidus internus mimics pallidotomy and improves clinical symptoms in Parkinson's disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the cognitive consequences of unilateral deep brain stimulation. METHODS: Twenty non-demented patients with Parkinson's disease (age range 38-70 years) were neuropsychologically assessed 2 months before and 3 months after unilateral pallidal stimulation. The cognitive assessment included measures of memory, spatial behaviour, and executive and psychomotor function. In addition to group analysis of cognitive change, a cognitive impairment index (CII) was calculated for each individual patient representing the percentage of cognitive measures that fell more than 1 SD below the mean of a corresponding normative sample. RESULTS: Neurological assessment with the Hoehn and Yahr scale and the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale disclosed a significant postoperative reduction in average clinical Parkinson's disease symptomatology (p<0.001). Repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (using right/left side of stimulation as a between subjects factor) showed no significant postoperative change in cognitive performance for the total patient group (main effect of operation). The side of stimulation did not show a significant differential effect on cognitive performance (main effect of lateralisation). There was no significant operation by lateralisation interaction effect. Although the patients experienced significant motor symptom relief after pallidal stimulation, they remained mildly depressed after surgery. Analysis of the individual CII changes showed a postoperative cognitive decline in 30% of the patients. These patients were significantly older and took higher preoperative doses of levodopa than patients showing no change or a postoperative cognitive improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Left or right pallidal stimulation for the relief of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease seems relatively safe, although older patients and patients needing high preoperative doses of levodopa seem to be more vulnerable for cognitive decline after deep brain stimulation.  (+info)

The symptoms of situs inversus totalis can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the specific organs involved. Some common symptoms include:

* Chest pain or discomfort
* Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fatigue or weakness
* Swelling in the legs or feet
* Pale or blue-tinged skin

The exact cause of situs inversus totalis is not known, but it is believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The condition is usually diagnosed during fetal development, and it can be detected through ultrasound imaging.

Treatment for situs inversus totalis typically involves surgery to correct the inverted organs. In some cases, a heart-lung transplant may be necessary. Medications such as antibiotics and pain relievers may also be prescribed to manage symptoms.

The prognosis for situs inversus totalis varies depending on the severity of the condition and the specific organs involved. In general, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications. However, the condition can be life-threatening, and some individuals with situs inversus totalis may not survive beyond infancy or childhood.

In summary, situs inversus totalis is a rare congenital condition where all the major organs in the chest and abdomen are inverted or mirrored from their normal positions. Symptoms can include chest pain, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, nausea, and fatigue. Treatment typically involves surgery to correct the inverted organs, and medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms. The prognosis varies depending on the severity of the condition and the specific organs involved.

The term "heterotaxy" comes from the Greek words "heteros," meaning "different," and "taxis," meaning "arrangement." This condition is also known as situs inversus totalis or "complete reversal of internal organs." Heterotaxy syndrome can be diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI.

The symptoms of heterotaxy syndrome vary depending on the severity of the condition and the specific organs affected. Common symptoms include difficulty breathing, swallowing, and digesting food, as well as abdominal pain, fatigue, and palpitations. Treatment options for heterotaxy syndrome may include surgery to correct any anatomical abnormalities, medication to manage symptoms, and close monitoring by a healthcare provider.

It is essential to seek medical attention if you or your child experiences any of the above symptoms, especially if they worsen over time. An early diagnosis can help prevent complications and improve the chances of successful treatment.

Conjoined twins are relatively rare, occurring in about 1 in every 200,000 births. The most common type of conjoined twinning is thoracopagus, where the twins are connected at the chest area, but other types include abdomino-placental, omphalopagus, and craniopagus.

Conjoined twins face unique health challenges due to their shared physiology. Simple daily activities like eating, breathing, and moving can be difficult or impossible for conjoined twins, and they often require specialized medical care and surgical interventions to improve their quality of life. In some cases, the connection between the twins may be too complex to be separated safely, and the decision to separate them may be a difficult one.

Conjoined twinning is thought to occur due to genetic or environmental factors during early pregnancy, although the exact cause is not fully understood. While conjoined twins are rare, advances in medical technology and surgical techniques have improved their chances of survival and quality of life.

People with Kartagener Syndrome have defects in the genes that code for proteins involved in cilia formation and function, which can lead to a range of respiratory and digestive problems. The syndrome is usually inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that a person must inherit two copies of the faulty gene (one from each parent) to develop the condition.

Symptoms of Kartagener Syndrome can include:

* Chronic respiratory infections and inflammation
* Recurring pneumonia
* Persistent cough
* Shortness of breath
* Digestive problems such as diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain
* Poor growth and development
* Infertility and/or miscarriage

Kartagener Syndrome can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment for the condition typically involves managing symptoms with antibiotics, bronchodilators, and other medications, as well as addressing any underlying respiratory or digestive problems. In some cases, a lung transplant may be necessary.

Overall, Kartagener Syndrome is a rare and complex condition that can significantly impact quality of life if left untreated. However, with appropriate medical care and support, many people with the syndrome are able to manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives.

Epilepsy, temporal lobe can cause a variety of seizure types, including:

1. Partial seizures: These are seizures that affect only one part of the brain, such as the temporal lobe.
2. Simple partial seizures: These are seizures that do not involve convulsions or loss of consciousness.
3. Complex partial seizures: These are seizures that involve impaired awareness or altered perception, and may involve convulsions or muscle stiffness.
4. Tonic-clonic seizures (formerly known as grand mal seizures): These are seizures that involve convulsions, loss of consciousness, and muscle stiffness.

The symptoms of epilepsy, temporal lobe can vary depending on the location of the seizure focus within the temporal lobe and the individual's age, but may include:

1. Auras (sensory disturbances such as flashing lights or unusual smells)
2. Confusion or disorientation
3. Memory loss or difficulty with memory
4. Emotional changes (such as fear, anxiety, or euphoria)
5. Speech difficulties
6. Muscle stiffness or weakness
7. Coordination problems
8. Vision changes (such as blurred vision or double vision)
9. Hearing changes (such as ringing in the ears)
10. Numbness or tingling sensations

Epilepsy, temporal lobe is typically diagnosed using a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or lifestyle modifications.

Endocardial cushion defects can be classified into several types based on their location and severity. Some common types of endocardial cushion defects include:

1. Atrial septal defect (ASD): A hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart, known as the atria.
2. Ventricular septal defect (VSD): A hole in the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart, known as the ventricles.
3. Endocardial cushion defect (ECD): A defect that affects the endocardial cushions in one or more of the heart's chambers.
4. Double outlet right ventricle (DORV): A condition where two major blood vessels arise from the same ventricle, instead of one.
5. Tetralogy of Fallot: A combination of four heart defects that include a VSD, pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary artery), a thickened muscle wall in the ventricles, and an enlarged aorta.

Endocardial cushion defects can cause a range of symptoms, including shortness of breath, fatigue, and poor growth or development in children. In some cases, these defects may not cause any symptoms at all until later in life.

Diagnosis of endocardial cushion defects typically involves a combination of physical examination, echocardiography (ultrasound imaging of the heart), electrocardiography (ECG or heart rhythm testing), and other tests such as chest X-rays or cardiac catheterization.

Treatment for endocardial cushion defects depends on the severity of the defect and may include medications, surgery, or a combination of both. In some cases, no treatment may be necessary if the defect is mild and not causing any symptoms. Surgical repair of endocardial cushion defects can involve patching or replacing the affected area with healthy tissue, and may also involve other procedures such as balloon dilation or stenting to widen narrowed blood vessels.

In some cases, endocardial cushion defects may be associated with other genetic or chromosomal disorders, such as Down syndrome or Turner syndrome. In these cases, treatment may also involve management of the underlying condition.

Overall, while endocardial cushion defects can be serious and require ongoing medical attention, many people with these conditions can lead active and fulfilling lives with proper treatment and monitoring.

Types of congenital heart defects include:

1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD): A hole in the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart, allowing abnormal blood flow.
2. Atrial septal defect (ASD): A hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart, also allowing abnormal blood flow.
3. Tetralogy of Fallot: A combination of four heart defects, including VSD, pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary valve), and abnormal development of the infundibulum (a part of the heart that connects the ventricles to the pulmonary artery).
4. Transposition of the great vessels: A condition in which the aorta and/or pulmonary artery are placed in the wrong position, disrupting blood flow.
5. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS): A severe defect in which the left side of the heart is underdeveloped, resulting in insufficient blood flow to the body.
6. Pulmonary atresia: A condition in which the pulmonary valve does not form properly, blocking blood flow to the lungs.
7. Truncus arteriosus: A rare defect in which a single artery instead of two (aorta and pulmonary artery) arises from the heart.
8. Double-outlet right ventricle: A condition in which both the aorta and the pulmonary artery arise from the right ventricle instead of the left ventricle.

Causes of congenital heart defects are not fully understood, but genetics, environmental factors, and viral infections during pregnancy may play a role. Diagnosis is typically made through fetal echocardiography or cardiac ultrasound during pregnancy or after birth. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the defect and may include medication, surgery, or heart transplantation. With advances in medical technology and treatment, many children with congenital heart disease can lead active, healthy lives into adulthood.


There are several types of retinal neoplasms, including:

1. Retinal angiomatosis: This is a benign tumor that grows new blood vessels in the retina.
2. Retinal astrocytoma: This is a malignant tumor that arises from the supportive cells of the retina called astrocytes.
3. Retinal melanoma: This is a malignant tumor that arises from the pigment-producing cells of the retina called melanocytes. It is the most common type of primary intraocular cancer (cancer that originates in the eye).
4. Retinal osteochondroma: This is a benign tumor that grows from the supporting tissue of the retina.
5. Retinal sarcoma: This is a malignant tumor that arises from the connective tissue of the retina.

Retinal neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including:

1. Blurred vision
2. Distorted vision
3. Flashes of light
4. Floaters (specks or cobwebs in your vision)
5. Eye pain
6. Redness and swelling of the eye
7. Sensitivity to light
8. Difficulty seeing colors

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to see an eye doctor as soon as possible for a comprehensive examination. Retinal neoplasms can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound and MRI, and laboratory tests such as blood tests.

Treatment options for retinal neoplasms depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the severity of the symptoms. Some common treatment options include:

1. Observation: Small, benign tumors may not require immediate treatment and can be monitored with regular eye exams to see if they grow or change over time.
2. Photocoagulation: This is a procedure that uses laser light to damage the tumor and prevent it from growing further. It can be used to treat retinal melanoma and other types of retinal neoplasms.
3. Cryotherapy: This is a procedure that uses extreme cold to freeze and destroy the tumor. It can be used to treat retinal sarcoma and other types of retinal neoplasms.
4. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the tumor. This can involve removing the affected eye (enucleation) or removing only the tumor and a small amount of surrounding tissue (vitrectomy).
5. Chemotherapy: This is a treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It may be used in combination with other treatments, such as photocoagulation or surgery, to treat retinal neoplasms.

It is important to note that early detection and treatment of retinal neoplasms can help preserve vision and improve outcomes. If you experience any symptoms of a retinal tumor, such as blurred vision, flashes of light, or floaters, it is important to see an eye doctor as soon as possible for an evaluation.

The symptoms of retinoblastoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include:

* A white or colored mass in one eye
* Redness or swelling of the eye
* Sensitivity to light
* Blurred vision or vision loss
* Crossed eyes (strabismus)
* Eye pain or discomfort

Retinoblastoma is usually diagnosed with a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound and MRI, and genetic testing. Treatment options depend on the stage and location of the tumor, but may include:

* Chemotherapy to shrink the tumor before surgery
* Surgery to remove the tumor and/or the affected eye (enucleation)
* Radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells
* Targeted therapy with drugs that specifically target cancer cells

The prognosis for retinoblastoma depends on the stage of the disease at diagnosis. If the tumor is confined to one eye and has not spread to other parts of the body, the 5-year survival rate is high (around 90%). However, if the tumor has spread to other parts of the body (known as metastatic retinoblastoma), the prognosis is much poorer.

Retinoblastoma can be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a single copy of the mutated RB1 gene is enough to cause the condition. Families with a history of retinoblastoma may undergo genetic testing and counseling to determine their risk of developing the disease.

Anisometropia is typically diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, which includes visual acuity testing, refraction, and retinoscopy. Treatment options for anisometropia depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, and may include glasses or contact lenses, prism lenses, or surgery. In some cases, anisometropia can be treated with orthokeratology (OK) or corneal reshaping, which involves wearing a specialized contact lens at night to reshape the cornea and improve vision during the day.

Anisometropia is relatively rare, but it can have a significant impact on quality of life, particularly in children and young adults. If you suspect that you or your child may have anisometropia, it's important to schedule an eye exam as soon as possible to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

There are many different types of epilepsy, each with its own unique set of symptoms and characteristics. Some common forms of epilepsy include:

1. Generalized Epilepsy: This type of epilepsy affects both sides of the brain and can cause a range of seizure types, including absence seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, and atypical absence seizures.
2. Focal Epilepsy: This type of epilepsy affects only one part of the brain and can cause seizures that are localized to that area. There are several subtypes of focal epilepsy, including partial seizures with complex symptoms and simple partial seizures.
3. Tonic-Clonic Epilepsy: This type of epilepsy is also known as grand mal seizures and can cause a loss of consciousness, convulsions, and muscle stiffness.
4. Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: This is a rare and severe form of epilepsy that typically develops in early childhood and can cause multiple types of seizures, including tonic, atonic, and myoclonic seizures.
5. Dravet Syndrome: This is a rare genetic form of epilepsy that typically develops in infancy and can cause severe, frequent seizures.
6. Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome: This is a rare genetic disorder that can cause intellectual disability, developmental delays, and various types of seizures.
7. Other forms of epilepsy include Absence Epilepsy, Myoclonic Epilepsy, and Atonic Epilepsy.

The symptoms of epilepsy can vary widely depending on the type of seizure disorder and the individual affected. Some common symptoms of epilepsy include:

1. Seizures: This is the most obvious symptom of epilepsy and can range from mild to severe.
2. Loss of consciousness: Some people with epilepsy may experience a loss of consciousness during a seizure, while others may remain aware of their surroundings.
3. Confusion and disorientation: After a seizure, some people with epilepsy may feel confused and disoriented.
4. Memory loss: Seizures can cause short-term or long-term memory loss.
5. Fatigue: Epilepsy can cause extreme fatigue, both during and after a seizure.
6. Emotional changes: Some people with epilepsy may experience emotional changes, such as anxiety, depression, or mood swings.
7. Cognitive changes: Epilepsy can affect cognitive function, including attention, memory, and learning.
8. Sleep disturbances: Some people with epilepsy may experience sleep disturbances, such as insomnia or sleepiness.
9. Physical symptoms: Depending on the type of seizure, people with epilepsy may experience physical symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness or tingling, and sensory changes.
10. Social isolation: Epilepsy can cause social isolation due to fear of having a seizure in public or stigma associated with the condition.

It's important to note that not everyone with epilepsy will experience all of these symptoms, and some people may have different symptoms depending on the type of seizure they experience. Additionally, some people with epilepsy may experience additional symptoms not listed here.

There are several types of aphasia, including:

1. Broca's aphasia: Characterized by difficulty speaking in complete sentences and using correct grammar.
2. Wernicke's aphasia: Characterized by difficulty understanding spoken language and speaking in complete sentences.
3. Global aphasia: Characterized by a severe impairment of all language abilities.
4. Primary progressive aphasia: A rare form of aphasia that is caused by neurodegeneration and worsens over time.

Treatment for aphasia typically involves speech and language therapy, which can help individuals with aphasia improve their communication skills and regain some of their language abilities. Other forms of therapy, such as cognitive training and physical therapy, may also be helpful.

It's important to note that while aphasia can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, it does not affect their intelligence or cognitive abilities. With appropriate treatment and support, individuals with aphasia can continue to lead fulfilling lives and communicate effectively with others.

The term "schizophrenia" was first used by the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1908 to describe the splitting of mental functions, which he believed was a key feature of the disorder. The word is derived from the Greek words "schizein," meaning "to split," and "phrenos," meaning "mind."

There are several subtypes of schizophrenia, including:

1. Paranoid Schizophrenia: Characterized by delusions of persecution and suspicion, and a tendency to be hostile and defensive.
2. Hallucinatory Schizophrenia: Characterized by hearing voices or seeing things that are not there.
3. Disorganized Schizophrenia: Characterized by disorganized thinking and behavior, and a lack of motivation or interest in activities.
4. Catatonic Schizophrenia: Characterized by immobility, mutism, and other unusual movements or postures.
5. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia: Characterized by a combination of symptoms from the above subtypes.

The exact cause of schizophrenia is still not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. It is important to note that schizophrenia is not caused by poor parenting or a person's upbringing.

There are several risk factors for developing schizophrenia, including:

1. Genetics: A person with a family history of schizophrenia is more likely to develop the disorder.
2. Brain chemistry: Imbalances in neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin have been linked to schizophrenia.
3. Prenatal factors: Factors such as maternal malnutrition or exposure to certain viruses during pregnancy may increase the risk of schizophrenia in offspring.
4. Childhood trauma: Traumatic events during childhood, such as abuse or neglect, have been linked to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia.
5. Substance use: Substance use has been linked to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia, particularly cannabis and other psychotic substances.

There is no cure for schizophrenia, but treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Treatment options include:

1. Medications: Antipsychotic medications are the primary treatment for schizophrenia. They can help reduce positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, and negative symptoms such as a lack of motivation or interest in activities.
2. Therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of talk therapy can help individuals with schizophrenia manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.
3. Social support: Support from family, friends, and support groups can be an important part of the treatment plan for individuals with schizophrenia.
4. Self-care: Engaging in activities that bring pleasure and fulfillment, such as hobbies or exercise, can help individuals with schizophrenia improve their overall well-being.

It is important to note that schizophrenia is a complex condition, and treatment should be tailored to the individual's specific needs and circumstances. With appropriate treatment and support, many people with schizophrenia are able to lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals.

There is no cure for tinnitus, but there are several treatment options available to help manage the condition. These include sound therapy, which involves exposing the ear to soothing sounds to mask the tinnitus, and counseling, which can help individuals cope with the emotional effects of tinnitus. Other treatments may include medications to relieve anxiety or depression, relaxation techniques, and lifestyle changes such as avoiding loud noises and taking steps to reduce stress.

It is important for individuals who experience tinnitus to seek medical attention if the condition persists or worsens over time, as it can be a symptom of an underlying medical condition that requires treatment. A healthcare professional can evaluate the individual's hearing and overall health to determine the cause of the tinnitus and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

In the medical field, hallucinations are often used as a diagnostic tool to help identify underlying conditions that may be causing them. For example, hallucinations can be a symptom of schizophrenia, depression, anxiety disorders, and other mental health conditions. They can also be caused by neurological disorders such as epilepsy, migraines, and stroke.

Some common types of hallucinations include:

* Visual hallucinations: seeing things that are not there, such as shapes, colors, or objects.
* Auditory hallucinations: hearing sounds or voices that are not real.
* Tactile hallucinations: feeling sensations on the skin that are not real, such as itching, tingling, or pain.
* Olfactory hallucinations: smelling things that are not there.
* Gustatory hallucinations: tasting things that are not there.

The diagnosis of hallucinations typically involves a comprehensive medical history and physical examination, as well as laboratory tests and imaging studies to rule out other possible causes. Treatment for hallucinations depends on the underlying cause, and may include medication, therapy, or a combination of both.

In some cases, hallucinations can be benign and do not require treatment. However, in other cases, they can be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition that requires medical attention. It is important to seek medical advice if you are experiencing hallucinations, as they can be a sign of an underlying condition that needs to be addressed.

Some examples of multiple abnormalities include:

1. Multiple chronic conditions: An individual may have multiple chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, and heart disease, which can affect their quality of life and increase their risk of complications.
2. Congenital anomalies: Some individuals may be born with multiple physical abnormalities or birth defects, such as heart defects, limb abnormalities, or facial deformities.
3. Mental health disorders: Individuals may experience multiple mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder, which can impact their cognitive functioning and daily life.
4. Neurological conditions: Some individuals may have multiple neurological conditions, such as epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and stroke, which can affect their cognitive and physical functioning.
5. Genetic disorders: Individuals with genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome or Turner syndrome, may experience a range of physical and developmental abnormalities.

The term "multiple abnormalities" is often used in medical research and clinical practice to describe individuals who have complex health needs and require comprehensive care. It is important for healthcare providers to recognize and address the multiple needs of these individuals to improve their overall health outcomes.

Examples of syndromes include:

1. Down syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 that affects intellectual and physical development.
2. Turner syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by a missing or partially deleted X chromosome that affects physical growth and development in females.
3. Marfan syndrome: A genetic disorder affecting the body's connective tissue, causing tall stature, long limbs, and cardiovascular problems.
4. Alzheimer's disease: A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, confusion, and changes in personality and behavior.
5. Parkinson's disease: A neurological disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with movement.
6. Klinefelter syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra X chromosome in males, leading to infertility and other physical characteristics.
7. Williams syndrome: A rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of genetic material on chromosome 7, characterized by cardiovascular problems, developmental delays, and a distinctive facial appearance.
8. Fragile X syndrome: The most common form of inherited intellectual disability, caused by an expansion of a specific gene on the X chromosome.
9. Prader-Willi syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by a defect in the hypothalamus, leading to problems with appetite regulation and obesity.
10. Sjogren's syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that affects the glands that produce tears and saliva, causing dry eyes and mouth.

Syndromes can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment for a syndrome depends on the underlying cause and the specific symptoms and signs presented by the patient.

Gur RE, Chin S (1999). "Laterality in functional brain imaging studies of schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 25 (1): 141- ... Similarly, there is now evidence to suggest there may be a number of functional and structural anomalies in the brains of some ... Some functional neuroimaging studies have also shown that, after taking amphetamine, patients diagnosed with schizophrenia show ... Arinami T, Gao M, Hamaguchi H, Toru M (April 1997). "A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the dopamine D2 ...
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Conditions include leftward functional hemispheric lateralization, loss of laterality for language comprehension, a reduction ... Split-brain Laterality Lateralization of brain function Alien hand syndrome Michael Gazzaniga Roger Wolcott Sperry Nielsen, J. ... Studies have found that individuals with schizophrenia have a lack in brain asymmetry thus reducing the functional efficiency ... right-brain hypothesis with resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging. PLOS ONE, 8(8), e71275. LeMay M ( ...
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Stewart, T.A.; Albertson, R.C. (2010). "Evolution of a unique predatory feeding apparatus: functional anatomy, development and ... a genetic locus for jaw laterality in Lake Tanganyika scale-eating cichlids". BMC Biology. 8 (1): 8. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-8 ...
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... and Roger Wolcott Sperry in the 1960s on split-brain patients led to an even greater understanding of functional laterality. ... Because of this functional division of the left and right sides of the body and of the space that surrounds it, the processing ... Furthermore, the functional map of the motor and sensory cortices is fairly consistent from person to person; Penfield and ... Lucas TH, McKhann GM, Ojemann GA (September 2004). "Functional separation of languages in the bilingual brain: a comparison of ...
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The unusual functional laterality in speech production (e.g. right hemisphere auditory processing) found in some individuals ...
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He founded the journal Laterality in 1995 and co-edited it until 2008. He also was a member of numerous editorial boards and ... doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.10.016 Milivojevic, B., Hamm, J. P., & Corballis, M. C. (2009). "Functional neuroanatomy of ... Nelson-Hall (1983) Human Laterality, Academic Press (1984) Memory Mechanisms: A Tribute to Graham Goddard with Cliff Abraham ... doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0301 245 citations (Semantic Scholar/DOI) [2022-07-25]. Corballis, Michael C. (1989). Laterality and ...
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Evidence supports its use in treating pain and edema associated with CRPS although it does not seem to increase functional ... laterality reconstruction, (b) motor imagery, and (c) mirror therapy. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) ... After capturing a set of baseline images, some labs further require the patient to undergo cold-water autonomic-functional- ... a functional MRI study". Pain. 114 (1-2): 93-103. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.001. PMID 15733635. S2CID 19187294. DR WILL HOWARD ...
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A 2021 meta-synthesis of existing literature found that sex accounted for 1% of the brain's structure or laterality, finding ... studies indicates that male and female brains cannot always be assumed to be identical from either a structural or functional ...
Recently, work has shown that the Nodal-Pitx2 pathway is present and functional in the non-vertebrate deuterostomes (tunicates ... mutations that affect cilia formation do not cause laterality defects in chicken. Instead, chickens establish LR asymmetry ...
Functional neuroimaging methods such as PET and fMRI are used to study the complex neural mechanisms of the human language ... Most neuroimaging studies show no laterality differences between monolingual and bilingual speakers, supporting the hypothesis ... Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), representations of L1 and L2 have been found in spatially isolated parts of ... Functional imaging methods have revealed that holding proficiency constant leads to age of acquisition not having a large ...
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Functional approaches rely on understanding what roles emotions play in humans and examining that role in animals. A widely ... This has been called the "laterality-valence hypothesis". In humans, a distinction is sometimes made between "basic" and " ... Mendl, M.; Burman, O.H.P.; Paul, E.S. (2010). "An integrative and functional framework for the study of animal emotion and mood ... Dawkins suggests that merely mechanistic or functional research will provide the answer on its own, but suggests that a mixture ...
Incidence and laterality". J AAPOS. 11 (4): 367-372. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2007.02.017. PMID 17588790. Huang MH, Gruss JS, ... but also the functional aspect. This is especially prevalent with asymmetric conditions, such as unilateral coronal synostosis ... "Long-term functional outcome in 167 patients with syndromic craniosynostosis; defining a syndrome-specific risk profile". ...
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Kim J, Ahn S, Ren XR, Whalen EJ, Reiter E, Wei H, Lefkowitz RJ (2005). "Functional antagonism of different G protein-coupled ... a series of developmental defects arising from improper left-right laterality during organogenesis. Overexpression of GRK5 in ... also called functional selectivity), where a drug binding to a receptor may bias that receptor's signaling toward a particular ...
Other critical functional parts are the N-terminal Cobl Homology domain, which can also be found in the ancestor of Cobl, Cobl- ... Zebra fish deficient for Cobl showed severe defects in body laterality and balance keeping. Several actin nucleators are ... An important functional part of this actin-nucleating protein is the C-terminus, which contains 3 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome ... Cobl was then cloned fully and its neuronal functions were characterized in primary neuronal cultures in functional slices of ...
Both the right and left hemispheres generate an N1, but the laterality of the N1 depends on whether a stimulus is presented ... Functional dissociation of P1 and N1 components. Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 75(6): 528-542. Callaway, E ...
Cuvier's insistence on the functional integration of organisms led him to classify animals into four "branches," or ... Glossary of plant morphology Glossary of leaf morphology Glossary of entomology terms Plant morphology Handedness Laterality ... Cuvier's insistence on the functional integration of organisms led him to classify animals into four "branches," or ...
Komisaruk BR, Whipple B (2005). "Functional MRI of the brain during orgasm in women". Annual Review of Sex Research. 16: 62-86 ... Cohen, Harvey D.; Rosen, Raymond C.; Goldstein, Leonide (May 1976). "Electroencephalographic laterality changes during human ... Before Komisaruk et al.'s functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) research on nipple stimulation in 2011, reports of women ... when several women stimulated themselves in a functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) machine. "I think that the bulk of the ...
The laterality of the sensory inputs makes a difference insofar as left-sided inputs directed to the intact left hemisphere are ... Different degrees of multisensory integration may occur depending upon the functional relevance of a given modality. Altogether ... Jan 1982). "Failure to obtain functional equivalence between dopamine receptor blockade and extinction: evidence supporting a ...
... and cerebral laterality". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 9 (3): 544-555. doi:10.1037/0278 ... impair cognitive functions but leave emotional responses fully functional. The mere-exposure effect posits that repeated ...
ISBN 978-81-7141-746-9. William O. Reece (2009). Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN ... Laterality. 15 (5): 514-534. doi:10.1080/13576500903049324. PMID 19629847. S2CID 13283847. Proctor, Helen S.; Carder, Gemma (9 ...
Bache, M.A.B.; Naranjo-Orellana, J. (2014). "Laterality and Sports Performance". Arch. Med. Deporte (in Spanish). 31 (3): 200- ... Weiner, Kevin S.; Zilles, Karl (March 2016). "The anatomical and functional specialization of the fusiform gyrus". ... the eyedness or eye-laterality as a key to detect and to relate brain lateralization which that behavioural disorder when it is ... crossed-eye-hand laterality which has also been related in a work, reporting a sample of 5% of crossed left-handedness into a ...
Paranoid schizophrenia is explained as a misdirected and irrelevant SA as an outcome of the functional deficiency of the ... brain monoamines activity and brain laterality. The term SAC was coined during the 1970s by V.S. Rotenberg together with V.V. ...
Functional imaging studies have found that when shown pictures of faces, there is a large increase in the activity of the ... "Laterality of expression in portraiture: Putting your best cheek forward". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 266 (1428): 1517 ...
Witelson SF, Nowakowski RS (1991). "Left out axons make men right: a hypothesis for the origin of handedness and functional ... Other correlates to handedness (e.g., cerebral laterality, prenatal hormonal profiles, spatial ability) have been linked to ...
Laterality and movement in visual art includes aspects such as interest, weight, and balance. Many studies have been conducted ... The center bias manifests can explain the preference for the most important or functional part of an object to occupy the ... ten Cate, Carel (2002). "Posing as Professor: Laterality in Posing Orientation for Portraits of Scientists". Journal of ... laterality and movement. Top-down influences identified as being related to art appreciation include prototypicality, novelty, ...
... a functional evolutionary approach (7th ed.). Thomson, Belmont: Thomson-Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-03-025982-7. Butler, Paul; Mitchell ... PME being the largest In the Salticidae the AME are the largest Chirality Geometric terms of location Handedness Laterality ...
Li, D.; Christ, S. E.; Cowan, N. (2014). "2014, Neuroimage, Domain-General and Domain-Specific Functional Networks in Working ... learning computer programming and studying hemispheric laterality, and had a paid assistantship the next summer (with David ...
Since then, several waves of research produced important functional data showing the role that bioelectricity plays in the ... "Mutations of the Connexin43 gap-junction gene in patients with heart malformations and defects of laterality". New England ... While these channelopathies are rare, they show that functional ion channels are important for development. Furthermore, in ... Nogi, Taisaku; Levin, Michael (2005). "Characterization of innexin gene expression and functional roles of gap-junctional ...
Rarely, left atrial isomeric patients have a single, normal, functional spleen. Patients lacking a functional spleen are in ... "Laterality defects in the national birth defects prevention study (1998-2007): Birth prevalence and descriptive epidemiology". ... Functionally asplenic patients have an elevated lifetime risk of sepsis, as they have no functional spleen for fighting ... Left-atrial isomeric patients have less severe complications, as they typically have 2 functional ventricles. In this case, ...
As a result, they found that one antenna was sufficient for correct sun compass orientation, regardless of its laterality. The ... Thain SC, Hall A, Millar AJ (August 2000). "Functional independence of circadian clocks that regulate plant gene expression". ...
Here, we study the laterality patterns of short-range (implicated in functional specialization) and long-range (implicated in ... functional integration) connectivity and the gender effects on … ... Laterality patterns of brain functional connectivity: gender effects Dardo Tomasi et al. Cereb Cortex. 2012 Jun. ... Laterality patterns of brain functional connectivity: gender effects Dardo Tomasi 1 , Nora D Volkow ...
Start Over You searched for: Subjects Functional Laterality ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Functional Laterality Publication Year ... Functional Laterality. Diseases in Twins 2. A study of cicatrices, with reference to right- and left-handedness and ...
It was an observational study; we looked for the right homogeneous functional laterality by clinical tests on the eyes, feet ... Symmetry of postural tone in right homogeneous functional laterality evaluated by Fukuda test.. Arabi, Hafid; Adarmouch, Latifa ... The functional homogeneous laterality did not influence postural tone. The lateralization is a complex phenomenon. ... To study the symmetry of postural tone in subjects with right homogeneous functional laterality. METHODS:. ...
The lateralities of preferred chewing side, footedness and eyedness were assessed by functional tests and handedness was ... Relations of laterality and chewing sidedness in twins Kirsi Pihlaja 1 , Ville Vuollo 1 2 , Mantas Sidlauskas 3 , Virpi Harila ... Relations of laterality and chewing sidedness in twins Kirsi Pihlaja et al. Eur J Orthod. 2019. . ... Chewing side preference as a type of hemispheric laterality. Nissan J, Gross MD, Shifman A, Tzadok L, Assif D. Nissan J, et al. ...
Functional Laterality * Helianthus * Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / pathology * Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / ...
Establishing language laterality: does resting-state functional MRI help?. Singh S; Alhasan MSM; Wang Z; Clarke R; Xi Y; ... The presupplementary area within the language network: a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging functional ... 8. Functional hemispheric lateralization for language in patients with schizophrenia.. Alary M; Delcroix N; Leroux E; ... 7. Resting-state functional connectivity predicts the strength of hemispheric lateralization for language processing in ...
Functional Laterality. 1. 2003. 2288. 0.010. Why? Down-Regulation. 1. 2003. 3066. 0.010. Why? ...
Tomasi D., Volkow N.D. Laterality patterns of brain functional connectivity: gender effects. Cereb Cortex. 2012 Jun;22(6):1455- ... Wang R, Li M, Zhao M, Yu D, Hu Y, Wiers CE, Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Yuan K. Internet gaming disorder: deficits in functional and ... Structural and functional connectivity of the precuneus and thalamus to the default mode network. Hum Brain Mapp. 2017 Feb;38(2 ... Tomasi D., Wang G.J., Volkow N.D. Energetic cost of brain functional connectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Aug 13;110(33 ...
Functional Laterality Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH * Add to Search ...
Functional Laterality; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism; Hippocampus/pathology*; Lateral Ventricles/drug effects; ...
Functional Laterality / physiology* Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH * Add to Search ... The autism group had lower functional connectivity within the ToM network and also between the ToM and a left hemisphere ... Furthermore, the within-network functional connectivity in autism was correlated with the size of the anterior portion of the ... Sentence comprehension in autism: thinking in pictures with decreased functional connectivity. Kana RK, Keller TA, Cherkassky ...
Lowell, S.Y., Reynolds, R.C., Chen, G., Horwitz, B., Ludlow, C.L.: Functional connectivity and laterality of the motor and ... Coderre, E.L., Smith, J.F., van Heuven, W.J., Horwitz, B.: The functional overlap of executive control and language processing ... Simonyan, K., Ostuni, J., Ludlow, C.L., Horwitz, B. Functional but not structural networks of the human laryngeal motor cortex ... Banerjee, A., Horwitz, B.: Can quantum probability help analyze the behavior of functional brain networks?, Beh. Brain Sci. 36 ...
... cerebellar functional connectivity revealed by the laterality index in tool‐use learning. Neuroreport 10, 325-31 (1999). ... Homberger, D. G. Functional morphology and evolution of the feeding apparatus in parrots, with special reference to the ... Moore, J. M., Devoogd, T. J. & Moore, J. M. Concerted and mosaic evolution of functional modules in songbird brains. 284 (2017 ... as well to the correlated evolution of functional circuits in the brain of mammals9,11. This further supports the notion that ...
Corpus callosum white matter microstructures links to cognitive performance and functional laterality in preterm and term born ... Rehabilitation of chronic spatial neglect strengthens functional connectivity between nodes of the dorsal attention network ...
Functional Laterality Preferred Term Term UI T661867. Date12/08/2005. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2007). ... Functional Laterality Preferred Concept UI. M0012253. Scope Note. Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which ... Behavioral Laterality Handedness Laterality of Motor Control Mirror Writing See Also. Split-Brain Procedure. Public MeSH Note. ... 2007; see LATERALITY 1966-2006; for AMBIDEXTERITY see LATERALITY 1966-1974; for MIRROR WRITING see DOMINANCE, CEREBRAL 1976- ...
Laterality - "functional laterality," as it has been more recently described - represents one of these motor behavioral traits ... Laterality, therefore, affects symmetry, and this asymmetry can create a functional deficit that may ultimately affect ... dominant limb need to be equally developed in order to narrow the functional deficit that occurs as a consequence of laterality ... Insight 1: They dont care about functional movement patterns.. You were done at the "fun" in functional. Deceleration skills? ...
Functional Laterality*. *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental. *Pineal Gland/cytology. *Pineal Gland/physiology* ...
Codes describing the types of functional roles performers can take on when performing events.. Example. ... May include laterality.. Example. SNOMEDCTBodyStructures ChargeItem.reason Example binding for reason.. Example. ICD-10Codes ...
Very few functional studies of human vessels have been performed, highlighting the importance of developing techniques that ... During development, molecular markers dictate organ laterality and are essential for organ morphogenesis and function. Other ... As a result, there is a significant lack of functional studies on healthy human vessels studying lymphatic pumping and valvular ... In contrast to the extensive molecular and functional characterization of blood vascular cells, little is known about the ...
Functional Laterality. Public MeSH Note. 2006. History Note. 2006. Date Established. 2006/01/01. Date of Entry. 2005/06/30. ...
Attention, Brain, Evoked Potentials, Functional Laterality, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Parietal Lobe, Prefrontal ...
Van der Meer, A., & Husby, A. (2006). Handedness as a major determinant of functional cradling bias. Laterality, 11, 263-276. ...
Functional Laterality Preferred Term Term UI T661867. Date12/08/2005. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2007). ... Functional Laterality Preferred Concept UI. M0012253. Scope Note. Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which ... Behavioral Laterality Handedness Laterality of Motor Control Mirror Writing See Also. Split-Brain Procedure. Public MeSH Note. ... 2007; see LATERALITY 1966-2006; for AMBIDEXTERITY see LATERALITY 1966-1974; for MIRROR WRITING see DOMINANCE, CEREBRAL 1976- ...
Functional Laterality. 1. 2022. 207. 0.050. Why? Treatment Failure. 2. 2016. 340 ...
Functional laterality. Diaphragm. Document type. info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis. Version. info:eu-repo/semantics/ ...
Functional Laterality MeSH General Symptoms DeCS Key Symptoms DeCS Local Symptoms DeCS Modalities, Alimentary DeCS Modalities, ...
Functional Laterality 100% * Psychotic Disorders 53% * Hand 16% * Self Report 6% * Emotions 5% ...
Cerebellar functional regions follow a gradual organization, which progresses from primary (motor) to transmodal (Default Mode ... Right: Gradients 1-8. Gradients 3 and 4 revealed laterality asymmetries in areas of nonmotor processing (Crus I, Crus II, VIIB ... Functional gradients calculated based on functional connectivity between the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex revealed a ... Of note, our cerebellar functional gradients were calculated using functional connectivity values of each cerebellar voxel with ...
However, an alternative hypothesis has proposed a functional lack of transcallosal inhibitory fibers. METHODS: T1-weighted ... Adult, Brain, Functional Laterality, Humans, Hypertrophy, Kallmann Syndrome, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, ... However, an alternative hypothesis has proposed a functional lack of transcallosal inhibitory fibers. METHODS: T1-weighted ...
Functional Laterality Medicine & Life Sciences 100% * infant Social Sciences 66% * Hand Medicine & Life Sciences 59% ...
  • Speech-induced striatal dopamine release is left lateralized and coupled to functional striatal circuits in healthy humans: A combined PET, fMRI and DTI study , Neuroimage, 70: 21-32, 2013. (nih.gov)
  • 2. Overt speech feasibility using continuous functional magnetic resonance imaging: Isolation of areas involved in phonology and prosody. (nih.gov)
  • 10. The presupplementary area within the language network: a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging functional connectivity analysis. (nih.gov)
  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) specific imaging information. (nih.gov)
  • With the aim of understanding network functioning in the brain, one analytic strategy has been to examine the correlations between activation in regionally disparate brain regions during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). (nih.gov)
  • The lateralities of preferred chewing side, footedness and eyedness were assessed by functional tests and handedness was checked by asking. (nih.gov)
  • 16. Handedness-dependent functional organizational patterns within the bilateral vestibular cortical network revealed by fMRI connectivity based parcellation. (nih.gov)
  • Handedness as a major determinant of functional cradling bias. (bvsalud.org)
  • Resting-State fMRI Functional Connectivity Is Associated with Sleepiness, Imagery, and Discontinuity of Mind. (nih.gov)
  • Symmetry of postural tone in right homogeneous functional laterality evaluated by Fukuda test. (bvsalud.org)
  • To study the symmetry of postural tone in subjects with right homogeneous functional laterality . (bvsalud.org)
  • The functional homogeneous laterality did not influence postural tone. (bvsalud.org)
  • Se procedió a la recogida de datos de una valoración, en una única sesión, incluyendo pruebas para función pulmonar, fuerza de los músculos respiratorios, control postural de tronco y escalas y cuestionarios para calidad de vida, nivel de actividad física, dolor y discapacidad. (uah.es)
  • Here, we study the laterality patterns of short-range (implicated in functional specialization) and long-range (implicated in functional integration) connectivity and the gender effects on these laterality patterns. (nih.gov)
  • Parallel computing was used to quantify short- and long-range functional connectivity densities in 913 healthy subjects. (nih.gov)
  • 7. Resting-state functional connectivity predicts the strength of hemispheric lateralization for language processing in temporal lobe epilepsy and normals. (nih.gov)
  • PreSMA stimulation changes task-free functional connectivity in the fronto-basal-ganglia that correlates with response inhibition efficiency , Hum Brain Mapp 37(9):3236-49, doi: 10.1002/hbm.23236, 2016. (nih.gov)
  • Detecting functional connectivity during audiovisual integration with MEG: A comparison of connectivity metrics , Brain Connectivity 5: 336-348, 2015. (nih.gov)
  • Interpreting the effects of altered brain anatomical connectivity on functional connectivity: A role for computational neural modeling , Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7: 649, doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00649, 2013. (nih.gov)
  • A resting-state functional connectivity fingerprinting approach (n = 261) identified "laterality hotspots"-loci whose profiles of connectivity with ipsilateral and contralateral frontal cortex were disproportionately dissimilar-in the right rostral ventral putamen, left rostral central caudate, and bilateral caudal ventral caudate. (nih.gov)
  • In sum, we find robust and reproducible evidence for striatal loci with disproportionately lateralized connectivity profiles where interindividual differences in laterality magnitude are associated with behavioral capacities on lateralized functions. (nih.gov)
  • Psychophysiological interactions (PPI) analysis is another functional connectivity method used to analyze the coupling of neuronal activity between distinct brain regions while an individual is engaged in a task. (nih.gov)
  • This is different than other functional connectivity methods (e.g., resting-state functional connectivity) in that it allows one to assess the impact of task condition (or context) on the functional connectivity of two distinct brain regions. (nih.gov)
  • Dr. Horwitz's work focused on developing methods for using positron emission tomography and other functional neuroimaging data to determine how different brain regions interact in human subjects. (nih.gov)
  • Can quantum probability help analyze the behavior of functional brain networks? (nih.gov)
  • Across subjects, greater rightward connectional laterality at the right ventral putamen hotspot and greater leftward connectional laterality at the left rostral caudate hotspot were associated with higher performance on tasks engaging lateralized functions (i.e., response inhibition and language, respectively). (nih.gov)
  • Overall, our findings provide a normative template with which to evaluate potential abnormalities of corticostriatal laterality in addiction and other forms of psychopathology. (nih.gov)
  • For this purpose we study how reward circuits modulate executive function (self-control), interoception, and motivation in the normal human brain including an understanding of the role of brain dopamine signaling, functional brain network interactions and genetics. (nih.gov)
  • In this paper, NIDA scientists provide a normative description of laterality in the circuits that connect the frontal cortex to the striatum - a system centrally implicated in addiction. (nih.gov)
  • Normative quantitation of the dissimilarity between striatal loci's hemispheric connection profiles and its spatial variance across the striatum, and assessment of how interindividual differences relate to function, stands to further the understanding of the role of corticostriatal circuits in lateralized functions and the role of abnormal corticostriatal laterality in neurodevelopmental and other neuropsychiatric disorders. (nih.gov)
  • Yet, alpha- and beta-band rhythms differed in their anatomical and functional properties, were weakly correlated, and traveled along opposite directions across the sensorimotor cortex. (elifesciences.org)
  • Figure 1A ) to assess the anatomical and functional specificity of alpha- and beta-band rhythms and their effects on the local excitability of sensorimotor neuronal ensembles during performance of a motor imagery task that offers a window into movement selection. (elifesciences.org)
  • With PPI, seed regions can either be defined by functional subsets of data (i.e., masks) created in group-level analysis by selecting the volume elements (i.e., voxels)-three-dimensional elements that make up an image-that are most active during the task condition, or by a priori selection of a particular anatomical brain ROI (O'Reilly et al. (nih.gov)
  • 12. A comparison of brain activity associated with language production in brain tumor patients with left and right sided language laterality. (nih.gov)
  • Differences in the structure and connections of the right and left hemispheres (i.e., "lateralities") help to facilitate these functional specialties. (nih.gov)
  • 8. Functional hemispheric lateralization for language in patients with schizophrenia. (nih.gov)
  • 15. Establishing language laterality: does resting-state functional MRI help? (nih.gov)
  • Until Dr. Horwitz's retirement in 2017, his laboratory studied the neural basis of human cognition, especially auditory and language function, using functional brain imaging and computational neural modeling. (nih.gov)
  • Neuromodeling, functional brain imaging, and language. (nih.gov)
  • The functional overlap of executive control and language processing in bilinguals , Bilingualism 19(3):471-488, doi: 10.1017/S1366728915000188, 2016. (nih.gov)
  • Moreover, at these so-called "laterality hotspots", the magnitude of connectional laterality in a given individual was significantly associated with his/her performance on tasks that gauge lateralized functions (i.e., inhibitory control and language). (nih.gov)
  • we looked for the right homogeneous functional laterality by clinical tests on the eyes , feet and hands . (bvsalud.org)
  • However, an alternative hypothesis has proposed a functional lack of transcallosal inhibitory fibers. (ox.ac.uk)
  • It appears that in order to trigger a psychotic disorder, women undergo a lack of basic and functional needs and more exposure to stressful life events than men. (psychowellnesscenter.com)
  • The functional connectome of speech control , PloS Biology 13: e1002209. (nih.gov)
  • We hypothesized that mutations altering sites critical to this regulation would lead to functional or developmental abnormalities of the heart. (nih.gov)
  • Imaging in functional movement disorders has increasingly identified structural and functional abnormalities that implicate hypoactivation of the cortical and subcortical motor pathways and increased modulation by the limbic system. (medscape.com)
  • Overall, our findings provide a normative template with which to evaluate potential abnormalities of corticostriatal laterality in addiction and other forms of psychopathology. (nih.gov)
  • Functional imaging of the receptive language cortex using a whole-head neuromagnetometer was performed in 19 consecutive pediatric epilepsy patients also undergoing IAP. (medscape.com)
  • 11. Activation of Bilateral Secondary Somatosensory Cortex With Right Hand Touch Stimulation: A Meta-Analysis of Functional Neuroimaging Studies. (nih.gov)
  • In this paper, NIDA scientists provide a normative description of laterality in the circuits that connect the frontal cortex to the striatum - a system centrally implicated in addiction. (nih.gov)
  • A resting-state functional connectivity fingerprinting approach (n = 261) identified "laterality hotspots"-loci whose profiles of connectivity with ipsilateral and contralateral frontal cortex were disproportionately dissimilar-in the right rostral ventral putamen, left rostral central caudate, and bilateral caudal ventral caudate. (nih.gov)
  • Handedness as a major determinant of functional cradling bias. (bvsalud.org)
  • PreSMA stimulation changes task-free functional connectivity in the fronto-basal-ganglia that correlates with response inhibition efficiency , Hum Brain Mapp 37(9):3236-49, doi: 10.1002/hbm.23236, 2016. (nih.gov)
  • Detecting functional connectivity during audiovisual integration with MEG: A comparison of connectivity metrics , Brain Connectivity 5: 336-348, 2015. (nih.gov)
  • Interpreting the effects of altered brain anatomical connectivity on functional connectivity: A role for computational neural modeling , Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7: 649, doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00649, 2013. (nih.gov)
  • 1. Altered functional connectivity differs in stroke survivors with impaired touch sensation following left and right hemisphere lesions. (nih.gov)
  • 4. Changes in Functional Connectivity of Default Mode Network with Auditory and Right Frontoparietal Networks in Poststroke Aphasia. (nih.gov)
  • 5. Discrete Patterns of Cross-Hemispheric Functional Connectivity Underlie Impairments of Spatial Cognition after Stroke. (nih.gov)
  • 9. Reduced thalamocortical functional connectivity in temporal lobe epilepsy. (nih.gov)
  • 10. Abnormal resting-state functional connectivity study in unilateral pulsatile tinnitus patients with single etiology: A seed-based functional connectivity study. (nih.gov)
  • 12. Improvement in Touch Sensation after Stroke is Associated with Resting Functional Connectivity Changes. (nih.gov)
  • 13. Functional connectivity and laterality of the motor and sensory components in the volitional swallowing network. (nih.gov)
  • 16. Transcutaneous Spinal Direct Current Stimulation Alters Resting-State Functional Connectivity. (nih.gov)
  • We also review the imaging advances in functional neurological disorders, particularly highlighting their insights into the functional and structural connectivity in this condition. (medscape.com)
  • In sum, we find robust and reproducible evidence for striatal loci with disproportionately lateralized connectivity profiles where interindividual differences in laterality magnitude are associated with behavioral capacities on lateralized functions. (nih.gov)
  • Functional movement disorders (FMDs) describe involuntary movements and posturing that are not in keeping with a known neurological cause. (medscape.com)
  • Increasing research in this field has revealed that functional neurological disorders are associated with distinctive imaging changes, which has further informed several theories about its underlying pathophysiology. (medscape.com)
  • Normative quantitation of the dissimilarity between striatal loci's hemispheric connection profiles and its spatial variance across the striatum, and assessment of how interindividual differences relate to function, stands to further the understanding of the role of corticostriatal circuits in lateralized functions and the role of abnormal corticostriatal laterality in neurodevelopmental and other neuropsychiatric disorders. (nih.gov)
  • Dopamine transporter single-photon emission computer tomography (DAT-SPECT), detects presynaptic dopaminergic deficit, and can distinguish degenerative parkinsonism from mimics such as essential tremor, drug-induced parkinsonism, and functional parkinsonism with high sensitivity and specificity. (medscape.com)
  • The functional overlap of executive control and language processing in bilinguals , Bilingualism 19(3):471-488, doi: 10.1017/S1366728915000188, 2016. (nih.gov)
  • If accessible, it compensates for the limitations of the clinical exam and is especially useful where there is overlap of functional symptoms with classical presentations of disease. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast to the extensive molecular and functional characterization of blood vascular cells, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate the formation and lineage specific differentiation of lymphatic vascular cells. (nih.gov)
  • During development, molecular markers dictate organ laterality and are essential for organ morphogenesis and function. (nih.gov)
  • This update summarizes the literature to date and explores the role of imaging in the diagnosis of functional movement disorders and in detecting its underlying molecular network. (medscape.com)
  • These terms imply that the symptoms are derived from a psychological trigger, which is not a requirement to diagnose functional disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Neuroimaging has been pivotal in identifying and reframing our understanding of functional movement disorders. (medscape.com)
  • This framework challenges our traditional understanding of functional movement disorders as distinct from the deceptive term of 'organic' diseases and proposes that these conditions are not considered as mutually exclusive. (medscape.com)
  • Functional disorders can either occur independently or accompany classical illness, which makes the distinction challenging with examination alone. (medscape.com)
  • Functional disorders have been previously referenced as psychogenic, somatization or conversion disorder. (medscape.com)
  • [ 9 ] While terminology plays a key role in distinguishing from malingering or feigning symptoms, an accurate term has been challenging because of a limited understanding of the underlying physiology of functional disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Imaging can play a vital role in the diagnosis of functional movement disorders, especially when diagnostic clarity cannot be obtained with clinical exam alone. (medscape.com)
  • Until Dr. Horwitz's retirement in 2017, his laboratory studied the neural basis of human cognition, especially auditory and language function, using functional brain imaging and computational neural modeling. (nih.gov)
  • 18. Network asymmetry of motor areas revealed by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. (nih.gov)
  • Certified centers for stroke care have proven to have better outcomes in terms of morbidity, mortality, and eventual functional outcome relative to those without such specialization. (medscape.com)
  • Comparison to subacute rehabilitation, typically provided in a skilled nursing facility, in terms of functional outcome, is discussed later in this article. (medscape.com)
  • This effort to maximize functional outcome and independence and targeting expensive resources to patients who will benefit is a very important role for physiatrists and other rehabilitation specialists. (medscape.com)
  • Based on a study by Stone and colleagues, [ 10 ] the term 'functional' was the most preferred by patients. (medscape.com)
  • Dr. Horwitz's work focused on developing methods for using positron emission tomography and other functional neuroimaging data to determine how different brain regions interact in human subjects. (nih.gov)
  • Language laterality indices were highly correlated for the IAP and MSI. (medscape.com)
  • Neuromodeling, functional brain imaging, and language. (nih.gov)
  • Moreover, at these so-called "laterality hotspots", the magnitude of connectional laterality in a given individual was significantly associated with his/her performance on tasks that gauge lateralized functions (i.e., inhibitory control and language). (nih.gov)