An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the cleavage of fructose 1,6-biphosphate to form dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The enzyme also acts on (3S,4R)-ketose 1-phosphates. The yeast and bacterial enzymes are zinc proteins. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) E.C. 4.1.2.13.
An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.
Diphosphoric acid esters of fructose. The fructose-1,6- diphosphate isomer is most prevalent. It is an important intermediate in the glycolysis process.
Hexosediphosphates are organic compounds consisting of a hexose sugar molecule, such as glucose, linked to two phosphate groups, playing crucial roles in energy metabolism and signaling pathways in living organisms.
A monosaccharide in sweet fruits and honey that is soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. It is used as a preservative and an intravenous infusion in parenteral feeding.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Fructosephosphates are organic compounds resulting from the combination of fructose with a phosphate group, playing crucial roles in various metabolic processes, particularly within carbohydrate metabolism.
Enzymes that catalyze a reverse aldol condensation. A molecule containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group is cleaved at a C-C bond to produce two smaller molecules (ALDEHYDES or KETONES). EC 4.1.2.
An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.
A compound that, along with its isomer, Cleland's reagent (DITHIOTHREITOL), is used for the protection of sulfhydryl groups against oxidation to disulfides and for the reduction of disulfides to sulfhydryl groups.
A species of EDWARDSIELLA distinguished by its nonmotility. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
A phosphoinositide present in all eukaryotic cells, particularly in the plasma membrane. It is the major substrate for receptor-stimulated phosphoinositidase C, with the consequent formation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglycerol, and probably also for receptor-stimulated inositol phospholipid 3-kinase. (Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)
A carboxy-lyase that plays a key role in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in the CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE by catalyzing the formation of 3-phosphoglycerate from ribulose 1,5-biphosphate and CARBON DIOXIDE. It can also utilize OXYGEN as a substrate to catalyze the synthesis of 2-phosphoglycolate and 3-phosphoglycerate in a process referred to as photorespiration.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
An autosomal recessive fructose metabolism disorder due to deficient fructose-1-phosphate aldolase (EC 2.1.2.13) activity, resulting in accumulation of fructose-1-phosphate. The accumulated fructose-1-phosphate inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, causing severe hypoglycemia following ingestion of fructose. Prolonged fructose ingestion in infants leads ultimately to hepatic failure and death. Patients develop a strong distaste for sweet food, and avoid a chronic course of the disease by remaining on a fructose- and sucrose-free diet.
A metabolic process that converts GLUCOSE into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID through a series of enzymatic reactions. Energy generated by this process is conserved in two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is the universal catabolic pathway for glucose, free glucose, or glucose derived from complex CARBOHYDRATES, such as GLYCOGEN and STARCH.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and water to D-fructose 6-phosphate and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.11.

Fecal coliform elevated-temperature test: a physiological basis. (1/806)

The physiological basis of the Eijkman elevated-temperature test for differentiating fecal from nonfecal coliforms was investigated. Manometric studies indicated that the inhibitory effect upon growth and metabolism in a nonfecal coliform at 44.5 degrees C involved cellular components common to both aerobic and fermentative metabolism of lactose. Radioactive substrate incorporation experiments implicated cell membrane function as a principal focus for temperature sensitivity at 44.5 degrees C. A temperature increase from 35 to 44.5 degrees C drastically reduced the rates of [14C]glucose uptake in nonfecal coliforms, whereas those of fecal coliforms were essentially unchanged. In addition, relatively low levels of nonfecal coliform beta-galactosidase activity coupled with thermal inactivation of this enzyme at a comparatively low temperature may also inhibit growth and metabolism of nonfecal coliforms at the elevated temperature.  (+info)

Functional studies by site-directed mutagenesis on the role of Sp1 in the expression of the pyruvate kinase M and aldolase A genes. (2/806)

During the cell cycle of mitogen stimulated rat thymocytes, an 8-10-fold induction of glycolytic enzymes and a corresponding increase in the mRNA levels has been observed. This prompted us to study the transcriptional regulation of the rat aldolase A and pyruvate kinase M genes. cis-Regulatory elements of both promoters were evaluated by site-directed mutagenesis of promoter/luciferase constructs and transient transfections of rat hepatoma FTO2B cells. Furthermore, the binding proteins were identified by mobility shift assays in the presence of specific antibodies. In the aldolase AH1 promoter, five binding sites for Sp1 and Sp3 and a TPA responsive element were identified as essential for transcriptional regulation. Most of the promoter activity can be attributed to these regulatory elements. In the pyruvate kinase M promoter three out of five binding sites of Sp1 and Sp3 (B box and GC boxes 1 and 3) turned out to be functional in the transfection assays whereas the disruption of GC box 2 had no effect, and the disruption of the GC box 4 had only a minor effect on the promoter activity. Both promoters are stimulated by Sp1 as well as Sp3, as judged by cotransfection experiments of Drosophila SL2 cells. Therefore, the Sp1- and Sp3-directed transcription provides a means for common regulatory mechanism of the aldolase A and the pyruvate kinase M genes.  (+info)

Crystal structure of human muscle aldolase complexed with fructose 1,6-bisphosphate: mechanistic implications. (3/806)

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase catalyzes the reversible cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and fructose 1-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and either glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or glyceraldehyde, respectively. Catalysis involves the formation of a Schiff's base intermediate formed at the epsilon-amino group of Lys229. The existing apo-enzyme structure was refined using the crystallographic free-R-factor and maximum likelihood methods that have been shown to give improved structural results that are less subject to model bias. Crystals were also soaked with the natural substrate (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate), and the crystal structure of this complex has been determined to 2.8 A. The apo structure differs from the previous Brookhaven-deposited structure (1ald) in the flexible C-terminal region. This is also the region where the native and complex structures exhibit differences. The conformational changes between native and complex structure are not large, but the observed complex does not involve the full formation of the Schiff's base intermediate, and suggests a preliminary hydrogen-bonded Michaelis complex before the formation of the covalent complex.  (+info)

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is a heparin-binding protein. (4/806)

Proteins with affinity to heparin under physiological conditions were isolated from bovine cerebral cortex. First, the extract of cerebral cortex was applied to a chondroitin polysulfate column under physiological conditions. Then, the pass-through fraction was applied to a heparin column. Among the bands on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the fraction bound to the heparin column, the major one was identified as fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FPA), a cytosolic enzyme involved in the glycolytic pathway. The results indicated that FPA is a heparin-binding protein which exhibits no affinity to chondroitin polysulfate. The results of affinity chromatographies revealed that FPA binds to intact heparin and modified heparins desulfated at C2 OH of the iduronic acid residue or at C6 OH or C2 NH2 of the glucosamine residue. When 6-O-desulfated heparin was employed as the affinity ligand, a single peak having FPA activity was isolated from the extract of bovine cerebral cortex. By further Mono Q chromatography and Superdex gel-filtration, five isoenzymes were purified with more than 50% recovery. These isoenzymes were identified as FPA A4, A3C1, A2C2, A1C3, and C4 by native electrophoresis with and without 4 M urea and subsequent amino acid sequence analysis. The use of 6-O-desulfated heparin affinity chromatography thus facilitated the purification of FPA.  (+info)

Glucose metabolism in Neurospora is altered by heat shock and by disruption of HSP30. (5/806)

We compared the metabolism of [1-13C]glucose by wild type cells of Neurospora crassa at normal growth temperature and at heat shock temperatures, using nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of cell extracts. High temperature led to increased incorporation of 13C into trehalose, relative to all other metabolites, and there was undetectable synthesis of glycerol, which was a prominent metabolite of glucose at normal temperature (30 degrees C). Heat shock strongly reduced formation of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, approximately 10-fold, and mannitol synthesis was severely depressed at 46 degrees C, but only moderately reduced at 45 degrees C. A mutant strain of N. crassa that lacks the small alpha-crystallin-related heat shock protein, Hsp30, shows poor survival during heat shock on a nutrient medium with restricted glucose. An analysis of glucose metabolism of this strain showed that, unlike the wild type strain, Hsp30-deficient cells may accumulate unphosphorylated glucose at high temperature. This suggestion that glucose-phosphorylating hexokinase activity might be depressed in mutant cells led us to compare hexokinase activity in the two strains at high temperature. Hexokinase was reduced more than 35% in the mutant cell extracts, relative to wild type extracts. alpha-Crystallin and an Hsp30-enriched preparation protected purified hexokinase from thermal inactivation in vitro, supporting the proposal that Hsp30 may directly stabilize hexokinase in vivo during heat shock.  (+info)

Aldolase binding to actin-containing filaments. Formation of paracrystals. (6/806)

Electron-microscopy observation show that when aldolase binds to F-actin or F-actin-tropomyosin, highly ordered paracrystalline structures are formed consisting of tightly packed filament bundles cross-banded at 36 nm intervals. Morphologically different paracrystalline arrays are formed between aldolase and F-actin-tropomyosin-troponin. The filament bundles are far more extensive and are characterized by a prominent cross-striation at 38nm intervals. It is suggested that this reflects an interaction between troponin and aldolase.  (+info)

Chloroplast class I and class II aldolases are bifunctional for fructose-1,6-biphosphate and sedoheptulose-1,7-biphosphate cleavage in the Calvin cycle. (7/806)

Class I and class II aldolases are products of two evolutionary non-related gene families. The cytosol and chloroplast enzymes of higher plants are of the class I type, the latter being bifunctional for fructose-1,6- and sedoheptulose-1,7-P2 in the Calvin cycle. Recently, class II aldolases were detected for the cytosol and chloroplasts of the lower alga Cyanophora paradoxa. The respective chloroplast enzyme has been shown here to be also bifunctional for fructose-1,6- and sedoheptulose-1,7-P2. Kinetics, also including fructose-1-P, were determined for all these enzymes. Apparently, aldolases are multifunctional enzymes, irrespective of their class I or class II type.  (+info)

Alteration of substrate specificity by a naturally-occurring aldolase B mutation (Ala337-->Val) in fructose intolerance. (8/806)

A molecular analysis of human aldolase B genes in two newborn infants and a 4-year-old child with hereditary fructose intolerance, the offspring of a consanguineous union, has identified the novel mutation Ala337-->Val in homozygous form. This mutation was also detected independently in two other affected individuals who were compound heterozygotes for the prevalent aldolase B allele, Ala149-->Pro, indicating that the mutation causes aldolase B deficiency. To test for the effect of the mutation, catalytically active wild-type human aldolase B and the Val337 variant enzyme were expressed in Escherichia coli. The specific activities of the wild-type recombinant enzyme were 4.8 units/mg and 4.5 units/mg towards fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) and fructose 1-phosphate (F-1-P) as substrates with Michaelis constants of 4 microM and 2.4 mM respectively. The specific activities of purified tetrameric Val337 aldolase B, which affects an invariant residue in the C-terminal region, were 4.2 units/mg and 2.6 units/mg towards FBP and F-1-P as substrates respectively; the corresponding Michaelis constants were 22 microM and 24 mM. The FBP-to-F-1-P substrate activity ratios were 0.98 and 1.63 for wild-type and Val337 variant enzymes respectively. The Val337 mutant aldolase had an increased susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage in E. coli and rapidly lost activity on storage. Comparative CD determinations showed that the Val337 protein had a distinct thermal denaturation profile with markedly decreased enthalpy, indicating that the mutant protein is partly unfolded. The undegraded mutant had preferentially decreased affinity and activity towards its specific F-1-P substrate and maintained appreciable activity towards FBP. In contrast, fluorescence studies of the mutant showed an increased binding affinity for products of the aldolase reaction, indicating a role for the C-terminus in mediating product release. These findings in a rare but widespread naturally occurring mutant implicate the C-terminus in the activity of human aldolase B towards its specific substrates and demonstrate its role in maintaining the overall stability of the enzyme tetramer.  (+info)

Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase is a crucial enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, which is a metabolic process that breaks down glucose to produce energy. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two triose sugars: dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

There are two main types of aldolase isoenzymes in humans, classified as aldolase A (or muscle type) and aldolase B (or liver type). Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase refers specifically to aldolase A, which is primarily found in the muscles, brain, and red blood cells. Aldolase B, on the other hand, is predominantly found in the liver, kidney, and small intestine.

Deficiency or dysfunction of fructose-bisphosphate aldolase can lead to metabolic disorders, such as hereditary fructose intolerance, which results from a deficiency in another enzyme called aldolase B. However, it is essential to note that the term "fructose-bisphosphate aldolase" typically refers to aldolase A and not aldolase B.

Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DHAP) is a 3-carbon organic compound that plays a crucial role in the metabolic pathway called glycolysis. It is an intermediate molecule formed during the conversion of glucose into pyruvate, which ultimately produces energy in the form of ATP.

In the glycolytic process, DHAP is produced from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase. Then, DHAP is converted back to G3P in a subsequent step, which prepares it for further processing in the glycolytic pathway. This reversible conversion of DHAP and G3P helps maintain the equilibrium of the glycolytic process.

Apart from its role in energy metabolism, DHAP is also involved in other biochemical processes, such as the synthesis of glucose during gluconeogenesis and the formation of lipids in the liver.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fructosediphosphates" is not a recognized term in medicine or biochemistry. It's possible there may be a spelling mistake or misunderstanding in the term you're looking for.

If you meant "Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate," that is a key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. It's formed from fructose 6-phosphate in the process of glucose breakdown (glycolysis) and is then used in the generation of energy through the citric acid cycle.

If these terms are not what you were looking for, could you please provide more context or check the spelling? I'm here to help!

Hexose diphosphates refer to a class of organic compounds that consist of a hexose sugar molecule (a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms) linked to two phosphate groups. The most common examples of hexose diphosphates are glucose 1,6-bisphosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, which play important roles in cellular metabolism.

Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate is involved in the regulation of glycolysis, a process by which glucose is broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP. It acts as an allosteric regulator of several enzymes involved in this pathway and helps to maintain the balance between different metabolic processes.

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, on the other hand, is a key intermediate in gluconeogenesis, a process by which cells synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. It is also involved in the regulation of glycolysis and helps to control the flow of metabolites through these pathways.

Overall, hexose diphosphates are important regulators of cellular metabolism and play a critical role in maintaining energy homeostasis in living organisms.

Fructose is a simple monosaccharide, also known as "fruit sugar." It is a naturally occurring carbohydrate that is found in fruits, vegetables, and honey. Fructose has the chemical formula C6H12O6 and is a hexose, or six-carbon sugar.

Fructose is absorbed directly into the bloodstream during digestion and is metabolized primarily in the liver. It is sweeter than other sugars such as glucose and sucrose (table sugar), which makes it a popular sweetener in many processed foods and beverages. However, consuming large amounts of fructose can have negative health effects, including increasing the risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (also known as fructose 1,6-diphosphate or Fru-1,6-BP) is the chemical compound that plays a crucial role in cellular respiration and glucose metabolism. It is not accurate to refer to "fructosephosphates" as a medical term, but fructose-1-phosphate and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate are important fructose phosphates with specific functions in the body.

Fructose-1-phosphate is an intermediate metabolite formed during the breakdown of fructose in the liver, while fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is a key regulator of glycolysis, the process by which glucose is broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate allosterically regulates the enzyme phosphofructokinase, which is the rate-limiting step in glycolysis, and its levels are tightly controlled to maintain proper glucose metabolism. Dysregulation of fructose metabolism has been implicated in various metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Aldehyde-lyases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the breakdown or synthesis of molecules involving an aldehyde group through a reaction known as lyase cleavage. This type of reaction results in the removal of a molecule, typically water or carbon dioxide, from the substrate.

In the case of aldehyde-lyases, these enzymes specifically catalyze reactions that involve the conversion of an aldehyde into a carboxylic acid or vice versa. These enzymes are important in various metabolic pathways and play a crucial role in the biosynthesis and degradation of several biomolecules, including carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids.

The systematic name for this class of enzymes is "ald(e)hyde-lyases." They are classified under EC number 4.3.1 in the Enzyme Commission (EC) system.

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) is a crucial intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis metabolic pathways. It is an triose sugar phosphate, which means it contains three carbon atoms and has a phosphate group attached to it.

In the glycolysis process, G3P is produced during the third step of the process from the molecule dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) via the enzyme triosephosphate isomerase. In the following steps, G3P is converted into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, which eventually leads to the production of ATP and NADH.

In gluconeogenesis, G3P is produced from the reverse reaction of the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, using the molecule dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) as a starting point. G3P is then converted into glucose-6-phosphate, which can be further metabolized or released from the cell.

It's important to note that Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate plays a key role in energy production and carbohydrate metabolism.

Dithioerythritol is a chemical compound with the formula (HOCH₂)₂SS(CHOH)₂. It is a colorless, viscous liquid that is used as a reducing agent and antioxidant in various industrial and laboratory applications. In the medical field, it has been studied for its potential use as an anti-inflammatory and antiviral agent, although it is not currently approved for use as a drug. It may also be used as a reagent in diagnostic tests and as a solvent in pharmaceutical preparations.

'Edwardsiella ictaluri' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is a facultative anaerobe, which means it can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen. This bacterium is known to cause enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), a significant disease in farm-raised catfish in the United States. The infection can lead to high mortality rates in young fish, causing significant economic losses for the aquaculture industry. It's essential to maintain proper biosecurity measures and use effective vaccines to control ESC in farmed catfish.

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate (PIP2) is a phospholipid molecule that plays a crucial role as a secondary messenger in various cell signaling pathways. It is a constituent of the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane and is formed by the phosphorylation of Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate (PIP) at the 5th position of the inositol ring by enzyme Phosphoinositide kinase.

PIP2 is involved in several cellular processes, including regulation of ion channels, cytoskeleton dynamics, and membrane trafficking. It also acts as a substrate for the generation of two important secondary messengers, Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol (DAG), which are produced by the action of Phospholipase C enzyme in response to various extracellular signals. These second messengers then mediate a variety of cellular responses such as calcium mobilization, gene expression, and cell proliferation.

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) is a crucial enzyme in the Calvin cycle, which is a process that plants use to convert carbon dioxide into glucose during photosynthesis. RuBisCO catalyzes the reaction between ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate and carbon dioxide, resulting in the formation of two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate, which can then be converted into glucose.

RuBisCO is considered to be the most abundant enzyme on Earth, making up as much as 50% of the soluble protein found in leaves. It is a large and complex enzyme, consisting of eight small subunits and eight large subunits that are arranged in a barrel-shaped structure. The active site of the enzyme, where the reaction between ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate and carbon dioxide takes place, is located at the interface between two large subunits.

RuBisCO also has a secondary function as an oxygenase, which can lead to the production of glycolate, a toxic compound for plants. This reaction occurs when the enzyme binds with oxygen instead of carbon dioxide and is more prevalent in environments with low carbon dioxide concentrations and high oxygen concentrations. The glycolate produced during this process needs to be recycled through a series of reactions known as photorespiration, which can result in significant energy loss for the plant.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Rabbits" is a common name used to refer to the Lagomorpha species, particularly members of the family Leporidae. They are small mammals known for their long ears, strong legs, and quick reproduction.

However, if you're referring to "rabbits" in a medical context, there is a term called "rabbit syndrome," which is a rare movement disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements of the fingers, resembling those of a rabbit chewing. It is also known as "finger-chewing chorea." This condition is usually associated with certain medications, particularly antipsychotics, and typically resolves when the medication is stopped or adjusted.

Fructose intolerance, also known as hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI), is a genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to metabolize the sugar called fructose, which is found in fruits, vegetables, and processed foods. It is caused by a deficiency of an enzyme called aldolase B, which is necessary for the breakdown and absorption of fructose in the liver.

When individuals with fructose intolerance consume food or drinks containing fructose, the undigested fructose accumulates in the bloodstream and gets absorbed by other organs, leading to a range of symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, vomiting, and low blood sugar. Prolonged exposure to high levels of fructose can also cause liver damage, kidney failure, and growth retardation in children.

The diagnosis of fructose intolerance is usually made through a combination of clinical symptoms, genetic testing, and a fructose tolerance test. The treatment for fructose intolerance involves avoiding foods and drinks that contain fructose or limiting their consumption to very small amounts. In some cases, supplementation with enzyme replacement therapy may be recommended.

Glycolysis is a fundamental metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells, consisting of a series of biochemical reactions. It's the process by which a six-carbon glucose molecule is broken down into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules. This process generates a net gain of two ATP molecules (the main energy currency in cells), two NADH molecules, and two water molecules.

Glycolysis can be divided into two stages: the preparatory phase (or 'energy investment' phase) and the payoff phase (or 'energy generation' phase). During the preparatory phase, glucose is phosphorylated twice to form glucose-6-phosphate and then converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. These reactions consume two ATP molecules but set up the subsequent breakdown of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into triose phosphates in the payoff phase. In this second stage, each triose phosphate is further oxidized and degraded to produce one pyruvate molecule, one NADH molecule, and one ATP molecule through substrate-level phosphorylation.

Glycolysis does not require oxygen to proceed; thus, it can occur under both aerobic (with oxygen) and anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions. In the absence of oxygen, the pyruvate produced during glycolysis is further metabolized through fermentation pathways such as lactic acid fermentation or alcohol fermentation to regenerate NAD+, which is necessary for glycolysis to continue.

In summary, glycolysis is a crucial process in cellular energy metabolism, allowing cells to convert glucose into ATP and other essential molecules while also serving as a starting point for various other biochemical pathways.

Fructose-bisphosphatase (FBPase) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the regulation of gluconeogenesis, which is the process of generating new glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate sources in the body. Specifically, FBPase is involved in the fourth step of gluconeogenesis, where it catalyzes the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate.

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is a key intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and its conversion to fructose-6-phosphate represents an important regulatory point in these pathways. FBPase is inhibited by high levels of energy charge (i.e., when the cell has plenty of ATP and low levels of ADP), as well as by certain metabolites such as citrate, which signals that there is abundant energy available from other sources.

There are two main isoforms of FBPase in humans: a cytoplasmic form found primarily in the liver and kidney, and a mitochondrial form found in various tissues including muscle and brain. Mutations in the gene that encodes the cytoplasmic form of FBPase can lead to a rare inherited metabolic disorder known as fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency, which is characterized by impaired gluconeogenesis and hypoglycemia.

... which are tagatose-bisphosphate aldolase, are homologs of class II fructose-bisphosphate aldolase. Two histidine residues in ... fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + 2(NADP+ + ADP + Pi) fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O → fructose 6-phosphate + Pi In gluconeogenesis ... Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13), often just aldolase, is an enzyme catalyzing a reversible reaction that splits ... Archaeal fructose-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphatase is presumably involved in gluconeogenesis because its product is fructose 6 ...
... fructose-bisphosphate aldolase)-lysine N6-methyltransferase Other names are: rubisco methyltransferase ribulose-bisphosphate- ... fructose-bisphosphate aldolase]-L-lysine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + [fructose- ... Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase]-lysine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.259) is an enzyme that catalyses the following chemical ... fructose-bisphosphate+aldolase)-lysine+N-methyltransferase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( ...
... (ALDOA, or ALDA), also known as fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALDOA ... "Entrez Gene: ALDOA aldolase A, fructose-bisphosphate". Du, S; Guan, Z; Hao, L; Song, Y; Wang, L; Gong, L; Liu, L; Qi, X; Hou, Z ... PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A ( ... Fructose-Bisphosphate+Aldolase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ALDOA EC 4.1.2.13 Human ...
... aldolase usually refers to the enzyme fructose-bisphosphate aldolase. Aldolase may also refer to: Aldolase A Aldolase B ... aldolase Phenylserine aldolase Rhamnulose-1-phosphate aldolase Sphinganine-1-phosphate aldolase Tagatose-bisphosphate aldolase ... aldolase Dihydroneopterin aldolase Dimethylaniline-N-oxide aldolase Ketotetrose-phosphate aldolase Lactate aldolase L-fuculose- ... pentonate aldolase 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase 2-dehydropantoate aldolase 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate aldolase ...
Samland AK, Wang M, Sprenger GA (April 2008). "MJ0400 from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii exhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphate ... aldolase activity". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 281 (1): 36-41. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01079.x. PMID 18318840. 6-deoxy-5- ... This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction (1) methylglyoxal + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate ⇌ {\displaystyle \ ... D-fructose 1-phosphate ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } D-glyceraldehyde + 1-deoxy-D-threo-hexo-2,5-diulose 6-phosphate ...
Samland AK, Wang M, Sprenger GA (April 2008). "MJ0400 from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii exhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphate ... aldolase activity". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 281 (1): 36-41. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01079.x. PMID 18318840. Morar M, ...
Say RF, Fuchs G (April 2010). "Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphatase may be an ancestral gluconeogenic enzyme". Nature ... However, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase converts fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate, using one water molecule and ... It is proposed that fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphatase was an ancestral gluconeogenic enzyme and had preceded ... 6-bisphosphate (FBP) aldolase/phosphatase with both FBP aldolase and FBP phosphatase activity. This enzyme is missing in most ...
One of the most important glycolytic genes is fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (fbaA). The mRNA level of fbaA is increased ...
Du S, Guan Z, Hao L, Song Y, Wang L, Gong L, Liu L, Qi X, Hou Z, Shao S (2014). "Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase a is a ... Aldolase C, fructose-bisphosphate (ALDOC, or ALDC), is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the ALDOC gene on chromosome 17 ... "Entrez Gene: ALDOC aldolase C, fructose-bisphosphate". Rocchi M, Vitale E, Covone A, Romeo G, Santamaria R, Buono P, Paolella G ... This gene encodes a member of the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase gene family. Expressed specifically in the hippocampus ...
2016). "Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolase, a Novel Immunogenic Surface Protein on Listeria Species". PLOS ONE. 11 (8): ...
A role for ketohexokinase and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase in the metabolic production of oxalate from xylitol". Biochem. J. ... Hepatic fructokinase (or ketohexokinase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose to produce fructose-1- ... ATP + ⟶ {\displaystyle \longrightarrow } ADP + ATP + D-fructose → ADP + D-fructose-1-phosphate A deficiency is associated with ...
6-bisphosphate aldolase as a potential vaccine candidate against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida in Asian sea bass ( ... Trung Hieu Pham; Shreesha Rao; Ta-Chih Cheng; Pei-Chi Wang; Shih-Chu Chen (2021). "The moonlighting protein fructose 1, ...
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is another temperature dependent enzyme that plays an important role in the regulation of ... systematic name D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphohydrolase) catalyses the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to ... This adaptation allows enzymes such as FBPase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase to track intracellular pH changes in ... ISBN 978-3-642-80817-3. Dawson NJ, Biggar KK, Storey KB (2013). "Characterization of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase during ...
Patron, Nicola J.; Rogers, Matthew B.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2004). "Gene Replacement of Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolase ... 2004) considered the presence of a unique class of FBA (fructose-1,6-biophosphate-aldolase) enzyme not similar to that found in ...
... also known as fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B or liver-type aldolase is one of three isoenzymes (A, B, and C) of ... The generic fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase enzyme catalyzes the reversible cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) into ... The generic fructose bisphosphate aldolase enzyme cleaves a 6-carbon fructose sugar into two 3-carbon products in a reverse ... "Entrez Gene: ALDOB aldolase B, fructose-bisphosphate". Henry I, Gallano P, Besmond C, Weil D, Mattei MG, Turleau C, Boué J, ...
Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase [EC 4.1.2.13] catalyzes a key reaction in glycolysis and energy production and is produced by ... Kim H, Certa U, Döbeli H, Jakob P, Hol WG (1998). "Crystal structure of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from the human ... The P.falciparum aldolase is a 41 kDa protein and has 61-68% sequence similarity to known eukaryotic aldolases. Its crystal ... Meier B, Döbeli H, Certa U (1992). "Stage-specific expression of aldolase isoenzymes in the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium ...
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (ALDO) belongs to a family include aldolase A, B and C. Unique in glycolysis, aldolase ... Lorentzen E, Siebers B, Hensel R, Pohl E (March 2005). "Mechanism of the Schiff base forming fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase ... With the HIF-1 mediated expression of aldolase A under hypoxic conditions, the catalysis of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate to ... fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (ALDO), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), ...
These enzymes include BRN-1, vacuolar protease, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase, formate ...
... galbus fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is a member of the class II aldolases". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 197 (1): 53-58. ...
Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase)-lysine N-methyltransferase (Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase)-lysine N-methyltransferase This ...
EC 4.1.2 Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13) Category:EC 4.2.1 Carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) Tryptophan synthase (EC ... Function: Sucrase is a stomachs related protein that mobilizes hydrolysis to convert sucrose into glucose and fructose. ... Fructose bisphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) Category:EC 3.1.4 Phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.3) CGMP specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (EC ...
... fructose-bisphosphate aldolase]-lysine N-methyltransferase EC 2.1.1.260: rRNA small subunit pseudouridine methyltransferase ... 6-bisphosphate synthase EC 2.7.1.107: diacylglycerol kinase EC 2.7.1.108: dolichol kinase EC 2.7.1.109: Now EC 2.7.11.31, [ ... 5-bisphosphate phosphokinase EC 2.7.4.24: diphosphoinositol-pentakisphosphate kinase EC 2.7.4.25: (d)CMP kinase EC 2.7.4.26: ... 5-bisphosphate 3-kinase EC 2.7.1.154: phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase EC 2.7.1.155: Now EC 2.7.4.24, ...
2-dehydro-3-deoxyphosphoheptonate aldolase MeSH D08.811.520.224.062.400 - fructose-bisphosphate aldolase MeSH D08.811.520.224. ... fructose-bisphosphatase MeSH D08.811.277.352.650.225 - glucose-6-phosphatase MeSH D08.811.277.352.650.300 - histidinol- ... glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase (isomerizing) MeSH D08.811.913.477.700.525 - glycine transaminase MeSH D08.811. ... ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase MeSH D08.811.520.224.125.875 - tyrosine decarboxylase MeSH D08.811.520.224.125.900 - ...
... fructose-bisphosphate aldolase class II (FBA class II), 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate independent phosphoglycerate mutase (iPGM), and ... Four alternative glycolytic enzymes include pyrophosphate-fructose-6-phosphate phosphotransferase (PFP), ...
... aldol reaction catalyzed by the enzyme aldolase A (also known as fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase). In the glyoxylate cycle ... Examples of aldol reactions in biochemistry include the splitting of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone and ... This is the basis of the catalytic strategy of class I aldolases in nature, as well as numerous small-molecule amine catalysts ... This cleavage is similar mechanistically to the aldolase A reaction of glycolysis. The aldol reaction was discovered ...
Trung Hieu Pham, Shreesha Rao, Ta-Chih Cheng, Pei-Chi Wang, Shih-Chu Chen, The moonlighting protein fructose 1,6-bisphosphate ... aldolase as a potential vaccine candidate against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida in Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer ...
... who discovered two different forms of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, one occurring in yeast cells and the other occurring ...
... or Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, an enzyme ALD-52, a chemical analogue of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) ALDE ( ... ALD or Ald may refer to: Adrenoleukodystrophy, a disease linked to the X chromosome Alcoholic liver disease Aldolase or ALD, an ... All pages with titles containing ald Aldehyde, an organic compound Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), a type of enzyme Aldolase, ...
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is formed from the following three compounds in reversible reactions: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate ( ... F1,6BP), catalyzed by aldolase. Compound C05378 at KEGG Pathway Database. Enzyme 4.1.2.13 at KEGG Pathway Database. Compound ... The numbering of the carbon atoms indicates the fate of the carbons according to their position in fructose 6-phosphate. ... 5-bisphosphate (RuBP) and carbon dioxide are catalysed by the rubisco enzyme. The GP is converted to D-glyceraldehyde 3- ...
In particular increased fructose-1,6-bisphosphate accumulation can have inhibitory effects on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ... Elevated liver glycogen in one patent was rationalised through an accumulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate leading to impaired ... Aldolase A deficiency is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder resulting in a deficiency of the enzyme aldolase A; the ... "Human aldolase A deficiency associated with a hemolytic anemia: Thermolabile aldolase due to a single base mutation". Proc. ...
... which are tagatose-bisphosphate aldolase, are homologs of class II fructose-bisphosphate aldolase. Two histidine residues in ... fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + 2(NADP+ + ADP + Pi) fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O → fructose 6-phosphate + Pi In gluconeogenesis ... Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13), often just aldolase, is an enzyme catalyzing a reversible reaction that splits ... Archaeal fructose-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphatase is presumably involved in gluconeogenesis because its product is fructose 6 ...
When fructose is absorbed, it is phosphorylated by fructokinase to form fructose 1-phosphate. Aldolase B then catalyzes F1P ... Though it does catalyze the breakdown of glucose, it plays a particularly important role in fructose metabolism, which occurs ... Aldolase B plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism as it catalyzes one of the major steps of the glycolytic-gluconeogenic ... When fructose is absorbed, it is phosphorylated by fructokinase to form fructose 1-phosphate. Aldolase B then catalyzes F1P ...
... fructose-bisphosphate aldolase activity (Molecular function). Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate = ...
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolases in amitochondriate protists constitute a single protein subfamily with eubacterial ... Sequences of putative fructose-1,6-bisphospate aldolases (FBA) in five amitochondriate unicellular eukaryotes, the diplomonads ... Class II aldolases are not homologous to Class I enzymes, to which animal and plant enzymes belong. The results indicate that ... Type B enzymes are distant from Type A Class II aldolases, which consists of a number of bacterial and fungal enzymes and also ...
Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase Grants and funding * P41 GM103310/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ...
Fructose is a fruit sugar that naturally occurs in the body. Man-made fructose is used as ... Fructose is a fruit sugar that naturally occurs in the body. Man-made fructose is used as ... Hereditary fructose intolerance is a disorder in which a person lacks the protein needed to break down fructose. ... Hereditary fructose intolerance is a disorder in which a person lacks the protein needed to break down fructose. ...
Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase class 1 (Fda). P99117. 1.54 ↓. 15. Riboflavin biosynthesis protein RibBA (RibBA). Q7A511. 1.62 ↓ ... Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase class 1 (Fda). P99117. 1.68 ↓. 1.56 ↓. 14. Triosephosphate isomerase (TpiA). P99133. 1.59 ↓. ... fructose-bisphosphate aldolase class 1 (Fda), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GapA1) (Supplementary Figure S4 ...
... fructose-bisphosphate aldolase; 71, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase class 1; 72, transketolase; 73, ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase ... fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase; 46, triose-phosphate isomerase; 47, type I glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; 48, ... 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase; TCA Cycle: 56, pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) (aceE); 57, citrate (Si ... 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) (rbcLSQO); 67, phosphoglycerate kinase; 68, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ...
Co-expression of additional EMP enzymes, fructose bisphosphate aldolase (Fba) and triose phosphate isomerase (Tpi), with Pfk I ... Co-expression of additional EMP enzymes, fructose bisphosphate aldolase (Fba) and triose phosphate isomerase (Tpi), with Pfk I ... Co-expression of additional EMP enzymes, fructose bisphosphate aldolase (Fba) and triose phosphate isomerase (Tpi), with Pfk I ... fructose bisphosphate aldolase; Tpi, triosephosphate isomerase. The arrows show the directions of the flux through EMP or ED ...
Class II fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from helicobacter pylori in complex with N-(4-hydroxybutyl)- ...
aldolase C, fructose-bisphosphate. EntrezGene. 230. PheGenI. 230. VariationViewer. 230. ClinVar. ALDOC. ...
Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase and pyruvate kinase, two novel immunogens in Madurella mycetomatis. Med Mycol. 2011 Jul 5. [QxMD ...
PDB Compounds: (A:) Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A. SCOPe Domain Sequences for d1zala_:. Sequence; same for both SEQRES and ... Protein Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase [51576] (11 species). *. Species Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), muscle isozyme [ ... PDB Description: fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from rabbit muscle in complex with partially disordered tagatose-1,6- ... d1zala_ c.1.10.1 (A:) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase {Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), muscle isozyme [TaxId: 9986]} ...
... fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, FBA; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH; phosphopyruvate hydratase, PPH. (g) ... fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and phosphopyruvate hydratase (PPH), ...
fructose-bisphosphate aldolase. NP_228086. 15643043. pMH1. 897161. TM0252. glutamyl tRNA-Gln amidotransferase subunit C. NP_ ... 2-dehydro-3-deoxyphosphogluconate aldolase/4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase. NP_227882. 15642841. pMH2T7. ... deoxyribose-phosphate aldolase. NP_229359. 15644307. pMH1. 897387. TM1515. ferric uptake regulation protein. NP_229315. ...
... fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA), tansaldolase EC 2.2.1.2, and the ribose/xylose transporter subunit rbsB. In the last ... 3). Aldohexoses (such as d-allose, d-glucose, d-mannose, etc.) are imported and transformed into fructose-6P in two reactions ( ... PPP: genes involved in the main interconversion loop between ribose-5 phosphate and fructose-6 phosphate. Wood-Ljungdahl ...
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and aldolase mediate glucose sensing by AMPK. Nature , 2017 Jul 19; 548(7665):112-116. Epub 2017 Jul ...
Comparisons of TBPA with the related fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBPA) identifies common features with implications for ... Tagatose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (TBPA) is a tetrameric class II aldolase that catalyzes the reversible condensation of ... 6-bisphosphate Aldolase. Insight into chiral discrimination, mechanism, and specificity of class II aldolases. Journal of ... 6-bisphosphate Aldolase. Insight into chiral discrimination, mechanism, and specificity of class II aldolases ...
... substantially higher activity of fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13) was observed in the blood, indicating liver ... and increased fructose monophosphate aldolase activity, suggesting that there had been an adverse effect on the liver (Ivanov ... blood fructose-1-phosphate aldolase, decreased the activity of butyrylcholine esterase (EC 3.1.1.8) (Ivanov et al., 1979), and ...
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is an enzyme that participates in both the glycolytic (sugar burning) and gluconeogenesis ( ... The reaction catalyzed by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is a condensation between two 3-carbon sugars, glyceraldehyde-3- ... Interestingly, it appears that in bacteria, the fructose bisphosphate aldolase enzyme evolved separately from the corresponding ... Recall that fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (section 13.3B) is active in the direction of sugar breakdown (glycolysis) as ...
One of these is the glycolytic enzyme Aldolase C, belonging to the fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family and mainly expressed ... Our interaction study was extended to the other two aldolase isoenzymes, aldolase A and B, that share a high sequence identity ... methylene blue; aptamers; aldolase. Settori scientifico-disciplinari del MIUR:. Area 03 - Scienze chimiche , CHIM/02 - Chimica ... Our results showed that all three aldolases interact with PrP with a binding constant within the micromolar range. We surmise ...
CA storage led to significantly higher abundance of GAPDH and the expression of chloroplastic fructose-bisphosphate aldolase 3 ... Accumulated sucrose in immature fruit tissues is hydrolyzed into monosaccharide (such as fructose and glucose). These three ...
aldolase, fructose-bisphosphate A [Sourc.... ARPC5L. 81873. ARPC5L. actin related protein 2/3 complex subuni.... ...
Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A. $5.00. USD Add to cart. * Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B. $5.00. USD Add to cart ...
Level 1 data-placement=right src=/Images/silver1.png /> PFR11180: Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase *Home ...
Altered proteins such as phospholipase A2, fructose- bisphosphate aldolase, and enolase have been reported through other ...
  • Structure of Tagatose-1,6-bisphosphate Aldolase. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Tagatose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (TBPA) is a tetrameric class II aldolase that catalyzes the reversible condensation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to produce tagatose 1,6-bisphosphate. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • In glycolysis fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is made into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate through the use of aldolase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aldolase used in gluconeogenesis and glycolysis is a cytoplasmic protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aldolases A and C are mainly involved in glycolysis, while aldolase B is involved in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rounding out the upper glycolysis pathway, the identity of the fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase in the genome was verified and reported to have substantial activity with fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, in the presence of the divalent ion, Zn 2+ . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fructose 1,6-phosphate lies within the glycolysis metabolic pathway and is produced by phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate . (wikidoc.org)
  • In glycolysis, aldolase catalyzes fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to phosphoenolpyruvate through an oxidative reaction. (medscape.com)
  • The Escherichia coli galactitol operon protein, gatY, and N-acetyl galactosamine operon protein, agaY, which are tagatose-bisphosphate aldolase, are homologs of class II fructose-bisphosphate aldolase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aldolase used by plants and algae in the Calvin cycle is usually a plastid-targeted protein encoded by a nuclear gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hereditary fructose intolerance is a disorder in which a person lacks the protein needed to break down fructose. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13), often just aldolase, is an enzyme catalyzing a reversible reaction that splits the aldol, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, into the triose phosphates dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). (wikipedia.org)
  • The metabolism of free fructose in liver exploits the ability of aldolase B to use fructose 1-phosphate as a substrate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aldolase B plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism as it catalyzes one of the major steps of the glycolytic-gluconeogenic pathway. (mitosciences.com)
  • Though it does catalyze the breakdown of glucose, it plays a particularly important role in fructose metabolism, which occurs mostly in the liver, renal cortex, and small intestinal mucosa. (mitosciences.com)
  • Aldolase is a cytoplasmic enzyme responsible for converting sugar into energy, specifically splitting aldol, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, into the triose phosphates dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate (a reversible reaction). (medscape.com)
  • Some defects in aldolase B cause hereditary fructose intolerance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Defects in ALDOB are the cause of hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) [ MIM:229600 ]. (mitosciences.com)
  • Hereditary fructose intolerance is inherited, which means it can be passed down through families. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hereditary fructose intolerance may be mild or severe. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) is a genetic disease characterized as a defect in aldolase B enzyme, causing improper processing of fructose-1-phosphate (F1P), leading to a toxic buildup of F1P in bodily tissue. (medscape.com)
  • Aldolase has also been implicated in many "moonlighting" or non-catalytic functions, based upon its binding affinity for many other proteins including F-actin, α-tubulin, light chain dynein, WASP, Band 3 anion exchanger, phospholipase D (PLD2), glucose transporter GLUT4, inositol trisphosphate, V-ATPase and ARNO (a guanine nucleotide exchange factor of ARF6). (wikipedia.org)
  • The vast majority of glucose and fructose entering a cell will become converted to fructose 1,6-phosphate at some point. (wikidoc.org)
  • Aldolase is an enzyme responsible for breaking down glucose products into energy, specifically converting fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into the triose phosphates dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate. (medscape.com)
  • Pfp (Cthe_0347) was previously characterized as pyrophosphate dependent with fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) as its substrate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Altered proteins such as phospholipase A2, fructose- bisphosphate aldolase, and enolase have been reported through other authors associated with neuropsychiatric processes (Martins-de-Souza et al. (wgc2010.sk)
  • 2, 3] Aldolase also reversibly cleaves fructose 1-phosphate to glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. (medscape.com)
  • The chief products of the Calvin cycle are triose phosphate (TP), which is a mixture of DHAP and G3P, and fructose 6-phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Co-expression of additional EMP enzymes, fructose bisphosphate aldolase (Fba) and triose phosphate isomerase (Tpi), with Pfk I did not enable EMP flux, and resulted in production of glycerol as a side product. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the Calvin cycle aldolase also catalyzes the production of sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate from DHAP and erythrose 4-phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aldolase B then catalyzes F1P breakdown into glyceraldehyde and DHAP. (mitosciences.com)
  • In gluconeogenesis, aldolase catalyzes the reduction of phosphoenolpyruvate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. (medscape.com)
  • The word aldolase also refers, more generally, to an enzyme that performs an aldol reaction (creating an aldol) or its reverse (cleaving an aldol), such as Sialic acid aldolase, which forms sialic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • This condition occurs when the body is missing an enzyme called aldolase B. This substance is needed to break down fructose. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Aldolase is indirectly measured from a product using a substance that will react with the aldolase enzyme within the collected sample. (medscape.com)
  • Plants and algae have plastidal aldolase, sometimes a relic of endosymbiosis, in addition to the usual cytosolic aldolase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Type B enzymes are distant from Type A Class II aldolases, which consists of a number of bacterial and fungal enzymes and also contains the cytosolic FBA of Euglena gracilis. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • In gluconeogenesis glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is reduced to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate with aldolase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Archaeal fructose-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphatase is presumably involved in gluconeogenesis because its product is fructose 6-phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
  • The liver, enterocytes and kidney contain aldolase B and the brain contains both aldolase A and C. (medscape.com)
  • Even removing fructose and sucrose from the diet may not prevent severe liver disease in these children. (medlineplus.gov)
  • An aldolase blood test is used to help identify damaged structures to organs such as liver, muscle, kidney, or heart. (medscape.com)
  • Aldolase B levels are elevated in liver disease or heart disease (myocardial infarction). (medscape.com)
  • In both pathways 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA or 3-PG) is reduced to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate with aldolase catalyzing the last reaction. (wikipedia.org)
  • A fifth reaction, catalyzed in both pathways by fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, hydrolyzes the fructose 1-6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate and inorganic phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate = glycerone phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Both clades are part of the Type B of Class II aldolases, a complex that contains at least three additional lineages (subgroups) of enzymes. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Class II aldolases are not homologous to Class I enzymes, to which animal and plant enzymes belong. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Because the major product of the condensation catalyzed by the enzymes differs in the chirality at a single position, models of FBPA and TBPA with their cognate bisphosphate products provide insight into chiral discrimination by these aldolases. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • PfkB, showed no activity with F6P, but had significant activity with fructose, while utilizing either ATP or GTP, making it a fructokinase. (biomedcentral.com)
  • not fasting or strenuous activity may lead to muscle breakdown and falsely elevate aldolase levels, making it uninterruptible. (medscape.com)
  • If both parents carry a nonworking copy of the aldolase B gene, each of their children has a 25% (1 in 4) chance of being affected. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Aldolase can also produce DHAP from other (3S,4R)-ketose 1-phosphates such as fructose 1-phosphate and sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fructose is a fruit sugar that naturally occurs in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When damage occurs to aldolase containing cells, aldolase is released into the bloodstream at high levels. (medscape.com)
  • HFI is an autosomal recessive disease that results in an inability to metabolize fructose and related sugars. (mitosciences.com)
  • The early symptoms of fructose intolerance are similar to those of galactosemia (inability to use the sugar galactose). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Aldolase is divided into two classes by mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
  • A bifunctional fructose-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphatase, with class I mechanism, has been found widely in archaea and in some bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Comparisons of TBPA with the related fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBPA) identifies common features with implications for the mechanism. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • The active site of this archaeal aldolase is also in a TIM barrel. (wikipedia.org)
  • Importantly, in vivo the homocitrullinated aldolase specific response was associated with efficient CD8 dependent antitumor therapy of the aggressive murine B16 tumor model indicating that this epitope is naturally presented in the tumor. (bmj.com)
  • If a person without this substance eats fructose or sucrose (cane or beet sugar, table sugar), complicated chemical changes occur in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • and finally iii) a possible physiological function of PrP regulated by the interaction with aldolases. (unina.it)
  • Elevated aldolase levels may be seen in conditions such as damage to the skeletal muscle (trauma), dermatomyositis, infectious mononucleosis, muscular dystrophy, myocardial infarction, viral / auto-immune hepatitis or hepatic cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and osteosarcoma. (medscape.com)
  • For example, aldolase A is contained in muscle tissue and used to monitor the course of muscular dystrophy. (medscape.com)
  • Measurement of aldolase A can also help differentiate between muscle versus neurological myopathy. (medscape.com)
  • If aldolase A is elevated, the primary cause of myopathy may be related to an inflammatory state of the muscle. (medscape.com)
  • An example is a patient with a history of multiple sclerosis who presents with muscle weakness and has normal aldolase A levels. (medscape.com)
  • Aldolase A is primary contained in the muscle and erythrocytes. (medscape.com)
  • Couples with a family history of fructose intolerance who wish to have a baby may consider genetic counseling. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In addition, the homocitrullinated aldolase epitope was also detected in human tumor samples. (bmj.com)
  • Man-made fructose is used as a sweetener in many foods, including baby food and drinks. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Fructose 1,6-phosphate has only one biologically active isomer , the β- D -form. (wikidoc.org)
  • Results Homocitrullinated peptides from aldolase and cytokeratin were identified, that stimulated CD8-mediated responses in vivo. (bmj.com)
  • Interpreting results requires understanding of the subclasses of aldolase. (medscape.com)
  • When fructose is absorbed, it is phosphorylated by fructokinase to form fructose 1-phosphate. (mitosciences.com)
  • Aldolase levels are measured in units per liter and range from 1.0-7.5. (medscape.com)
  • Certain medications may also falsely elevate aldolase levels (statin induced myopathy or steroid induced myopathy). (medscape.com)
  • The measurement of the end product determines the level of aldolase contained in the patient's serum. (medscape.com)
  • Blood sugar will be low, especially after receiving fructose or sucrose. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Fructose 1,6-phosphate is fructose sugar phosphorylated on carbons 1 and 6 (ie. (wikidoc.org)
  • The numbering of the carbon atoms indicates the fate of the carbons according to their position in fructose 6-phosphate. (wikidoc.org)
  • Removing fructose and sucrose from the diet is an effective treatment for most people. (medlineplus.gov)