Thinly cut sections of frozen tissue specimens prepared with a cryostat or freezing microtome.
The technique of using a microtome to cut thin or ultrathin sections of tissues embedded in a supporting substance. The microtome is an instrument that hold a steel, glass or diamond knife in clamps at an angle to the blocks of prepared tissues, which it cuts in sections of equal thickness.
The period during a surgical operation.
A field of anatomical pathology in which living tissue is surgically removed for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment.
Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.
A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.
Transmission and interpretation of tissue specimens via remote telecommunication, generally for the purpose of diagnosis or consultation but may also be used for continuing education.
Methods of preparing tissue for examination and study of the origin, structure, function, or pathology.
Study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.
Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.
The excision of a cone of tissue, especially of the CERVIX UTERI.
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.
The infiltrating of tissue specimens with paraffin, as a supporting substance, to prepare for sectioning with a microtome.
Negative test results in subjects who possess the attribute for which the test is conducted. The labeling of diseased persons as healthy when screening in the detection of disease. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
The marking of biological material with a dye or other reagent for the purpose of identifying and quantitating components of tissues, cells or their extracts.
A diagnostic procedure used to determine whether LYMPHATIC METASTASIS has occurred. The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive drainage from a neoplasm.
Patient care procedures performed during the operation that are ancillary to the actual surgery. It includes monitoring, fluid therapy, medication, transfusion, anesthesia, radiography, and laboratory tests.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of disease or dysfunction by examination of the pathological site or operative field during surgical intervention.
Incorrect diagnoses after clinical examination or technical diagnostic procedures.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.
Liquids transforming into solids by the removal of heat.
Diagnosis of the type and, when feasible, the cause of a pathologic process by means of microscopic study of cells in an exudate or other form of body fluid. (Stedman, 26th ed)
Tumors of cancer of the EYELIDS.
Removal and examination of tissue obtained through a transdermal needle inserted into the specific region, organ, or tissue being analyzed.
Agents employed in the preparation of histologic or pathologic specimens for the purpose of maintaining the existing form and structure of all of the constituent elements. Great numbers of different agents are used; some are also decalcifying and hardening agents. They must quickly kill and coagulate living tissue.
A surgical technique used primarily in the treatment of skin neoplasms, especially basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. This procedure is a microscopically controlled excision of cutaneous tumors either after fixation in vivo or after freezing the tissue. Serial examinations of fresh tissue specimens are most frequently done.
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
A infiltrating (invasive) breast cancer, relatively uncommon, accounting for only 5%-10% of breast tumors in most series. It is often an area of ill-defined thickening in the breast, in contrast to the dominant lump characteristic of ductal carcinoma. It is typically composed of small cells in a linear arrangement with a tendency to grow around ducts and lobules. There is likelihood of axillary nodal involvement with metastasis to meningeal and serosal surfaces. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1205)
Transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system.
The process by which a tissue or aggregate of cells is kept alive outside of the organism from which it was derived (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).
The performance of dissections with the aid of a microscope.
A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)
Techniques used to demonstrate or measure an immune response, and to identify or measure antigens using antibodies.
(T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.
The technique of using FIXATIVES in the preparation of cytologic, histologic, or pathologic specimens for the purpose of maintaining the existing form and structure of all the constituent elements.
A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.
Procedures for collecting, preserving, and transporting of specimens sufficiently stable to provide accurate and precise results suitable for clinical interpretation.
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Surgical excision of one or more lymph nodes. Its most common use is in cancer surgery. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p966)
Excision of the uterus.
One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.
The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Area of the human body underneath the SHOULDER JOINT, also known as the armpit or underarm.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.
Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.
The space or compartment surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis). It is subdivided into the greater pelvis and LESSER PELVIS. The pelvic girdle is formed by the PELVIC BONES and SACRUM.
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)
A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).
A benign neoplasm of pneumocytes, cells of the PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Originally considered to be vascular in origin, it is now classified as an epithelial tumor with several elements, including solid cellular areas, papillary structure, sclerotic regions, and dilated blood-filled spaces resembling HEMANGIOMA.
Microscopy in which the samples are first stained immunocytochemically and then examined using an electron microscope. Immunoelectron microscopy is used extensively in diagnostic virology as part of very sensitive immunoassays.
A highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717)
The separation and isolation of tissues for surgical purposes, or for the analysis or study of their structures.

Freeze-fracture replication of organized tissue without cryoprotection. (1/516)

Fresh pieces of rat liver and pancreas were rapidly frozen without prior chemical fixation or cryoprotection, and replicated folloing freeze-fracture. Replicas revealed small peripheral areas free of ice crystals or damage and, within such areas, general ultrastructural morphology was essentially similar to that seen in conventionally processed material. On fracture faces of plasma and nuclear membranes a population of less prominent particles in addition to conventional membrane-associated particles was seen, and smooth areas devoid of particles of any type were seen on some nuclear membranes. These smooth areas did not appear to be similar to smooth areas allegedly arising as artifacts of conventional processing. Tight junctions and gap junctions appeared as they do in cryoprotected specimens. The results provide a base-line for assessing the possible effects of processing steps or agents on the ultrastructure of organized tissues as revealed in freeze-fracture replicas.  (+info)

The development of M cells in Peyer's patches is restricted to specialized dome-associated crypts. (2/516)

It is controversial whether the membranous (M) cells of the Peyer's patches represent a separate cell line or develop from enterocytes under the influence of lymphocytes on the domes. To answer this question, the crypts that produce the dome epithelial cells were studied and the distribution of M cells over the domes was determined in mice. The Ulex europaeus agglutinin was used to detect M cells in mouse Peyer's patches. Confocal microscopy with lectin-gold labeling on ultrathin sections, scanning electron microscopy, and laminin immuno-histochemistry were combined to characterize the cellular composition and the structure of the dome-associated crypts and the dome epithelium. In addition, the sites of lymphocyte invasion into the dome epithelium were studied after removal of the epithelium using scanning electron microscopy. The domes of Peyer's patches were supplied with epithelial cells that derived from two types of crypt: specialized dome-associated crypts and ordinary crypts differing not only in shape, size, and cellular composition but also in the presence of M cell precursors. When epithelial cells derived from ordinary crypts entered the domes, they formed converging radial strips devoid of M cells. In contrast to the M cells, the sites where lymphocytes invaded the dome epithelium were not arranged in radial strips, but randomly distributed over the domes. M cell development is restricted to specialized dome-associated crypts. Only dome epithelial cells that derive from these specialized crypts differentiate into M cells. It is concluded that M cells represent a separate cell line that is induced in the dome-associated crypts by still unknown, probably diffusible lymphoid factors.  (+info)

Vascular stroma formation in carcinoma in situ, invasive carcinoma, and metastatic carcinoma of the breast. (3/516)

The generation of vascular stroma is essential for solid tumor growth and involves stimulatory and inhibiting factors as well as stromal components that regulate functions such as cellular adhesion, migration, and gene expression. In an effort to obtain a more integrated understanding of vascular stroma formation in breast carcinoma, we examined expression of the angiogenic factor vascular permeability factor (VPF)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); the VPF/VEGF receptors flt-1 and KDR; thrombospondin-1, which has been reported to inhibit angiogenesis; and the stromal components collagen type I, total fibronectin, ED-A+ fibronectin, versican, and decorin by mRNA in situ hybridization on frozen sections of 113 blocks of breast tissue from 68 patients including 28 sections of breast tissue without malignancy, 18 with in situ carcinomas, 56 with invasive carcinomas, and 8 with metastatic carcinomas. A characteristic expression profile emerged that was remarkably similar in invasive carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, and metastatic carcinoma, with the following characteristics: strong tumor cell expression of VPF/VEGF; strong endothelial cell expression of VPF/VEGF receptors; strong expression of thrombospondin-1 by stromal cells and occasionally by tumor cells; and strong stromal cell expression of collagen type I, total fibronectin, ED-A+ fibronectin, versican, and decorin. The formation of vascular stroma preceded invasion, raising the possibility that tumor cells invade not into normal breast stroma but rather into a richly vascular stroma that they have induced. Similarly, tumor cells at sites of metastasis appear to induce the vascular stroma in which they grow. We conclude that a distinct pattern of mRNA expression characterizes the generation of vascular stroma in breast cancer and that the formation of vascular stroma may play a role not only in growth of the primary tumor but also in invasion and metastasis.  (+info)

The human papillomavirus type 11 upstream regulatory region triggers hair-follicle-specific gene expression in transgenic mice. (4/516)

We have generated transgenic mice carrying the URR of the human papillomavirus type 11 ligated in front of the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase coding region sequence. Using X-Gal staining to demonstrate beta-galactosidase production, we observed a hair-specific transcription of the reporter gene. This transcription was limited to the epithelial cells of the hair bulge region. The transgene was developmentally regulated, as no LacZ staining was demonstrated during embryogenesis and specific staining was first observed after birth. Surprisingly, dexamethasone and ultraviolet B, but not phorbol myristate acetate or progesterone treatment of the animals resulted in an increase in number and intensity of hair follicles expressing the reporter gene.  (+info)

Infrared spectra of basal cell carcinomas are distinct from non-tumor-bearing skin components. (5/516)

Infrared spectroscopy, by probing the molecular vibration of chemical bonds, directly indicates tissue biochemistry. An expanding body of literature suggests that infrared spectra distinguish diseased from normal tissue. The authors used infrared spectroscopy to examine basal cell carcinoma to explore distinctive characteristics of basal cell carcinoma versus normal skin samples and other skin neoplasms. Spectra of epidermis, tumor, follicle sheath, and dermis were acquired from unstained frozen sections, and analyzed qualitatively, by t-tests and by linear discriminant analyses. Dermal spectra were significantly different from the other skin components mainly due to absorptions from collagen in dermis. Spectra of normal epidermis and basal cell carcinoma were significantly different by virtue of subtle differences in protein structure and nucleic acid content. Linear discriminant analysis characterized spectra as arising from basal cell carcinoma, epidermis, or follicle sheath with 98.7% accuracy. Use of linear discriminant analysis accurately classified spectra as arising from epidermis overlying basal cell carcinoma versus epidermis overlying nontumor-bearing skin in 98.0% of cases. Spectra of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, nevi, and malignant melanoma were qualitatively similar. Distinction of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanocytic lesions by linear discriminant analyses, however, was 93.5% accurate. Therefore, spectral separation of abnormal versus normal tissue was achieved with high sensitivity and specificity, which points to infrared spectroscopy as a potentially useful screening tool for cutaneous neoplasia.  (+info)

Expression and localization of Rab3D in rat parotid gland. (6/516)

Rab3 proteins (isoforms A, B, C and D) are low molecular weight GTP-binding proteins proposed to be involved in regulated exocytosis. In the present study, Rab3 protein expression and localization was examined in rat parotid gland by reverse transcription (rt) PCR, Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. An approximately 200 bp PCR product was obtained from parotid RNA by rtPCR and this fragment was cloned and sequenced. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences obtained from five clones were identical to rab3D. Membrane and cytosolic fractions prepared from parotid acini were immunoblotted with antisera specific for each of the four Rab3 isoforms. A 28 kDa protein was detected with Rab3D-specific antisera in both fractions with staining being more intense in the membrane fraction. No other Rab3 isoforms were detected by immunoblotting, a result consistent with those obtained by rtPCR. Rab3D was enriched in zymogen granule membranes and Triton X-114 extraction revealed that this isoform is predominantly lipid-modified in parotid. Localization of Rab3D was done on frozen sections of parotid gland by immunofluorescence microscopy. Staining was observed primarily in the acinar cells and was adjacent to the acinar lumen. Incubation of dispersed acini with isoproterenol and substance P stimulated amylase secretion 4- and 2-fold above basal, respectively. Isoproterenol, but not substance P, induced redistribution of Rab3D from the cytosol to the membrane fraction in dispersed parotid acini. Consistent with these findings, isoproterenol injections into fasted rats also resulted in increased membrane-associated Rab3D in the parotid acini. These results indicate that Rab3D is: (1) the major Rab3 isoform expressed in rat parotid gland; (2) localized to zymogen granule membranes; and (3) involved with regulated enzyme secretion in acinar cells.  (+info)

Active gelatinase B is identified by histozymography in the cartilage resorption sites of developing long bones. (7/516)

In order to determine which proteinases mediate the resorption of endochondral cartilage in the course of long bone development, a novel assay called "histozymography" has been developed. In this assay, frozen sections of tibial head from 21-day-old rats are placed for 4 hr at room temperature on light-exposed photographic emulsion (composed of silver grains embedded in gelatin). We report a localized but complete digestion of emulsion gelatin facing two tissue sites which are, therefore, presumed to contain an active proteinase. One of the sites is localized at the growth plate surface forming the epiphysis/metaphysis interface. The other consists of small patches located within the epiphysis at the edge of the marrow space. Both sites are engaged in the resorption of endochondral cartilage. In both sites, inhibitor tests have established that the involved proteinase is a gelatinase. Furthermore, the use of neutralizing antibodies against gelatinase A or B have demonstrated that only those that are specific for the latter block the reaction. That gelatinase B is present in the two sites has been confirmed by light microscopic immunohistochemistry. Finally, when immunoelectron microscopy is used for fine localization of the cartilage structures that form the epiphysis/metaphysis interface, the enzyme is detected within the 0.5-microm thick edge of the cartilage, and outside the cartilage, it is present in debris composed of type II collagen-rich fibrils in various states of digestion. It is concluded that gelatinase B attacks the edge of an endochondral cartilage and helps to solubilize the type II-collagen-rich fibrillar framework, which is then released as debris for further digestion. This final step opens the way to invasion by capillaries, thereby making possible the replacement of cartilage by bone. Dev Dyn 1999;215:190-205.  (+info)

Apoptotic chondrocyte death in rheumatoid arthritis. (8/516)

OBJECTIVE: Recently, chondrocytes were shown to undergo apoptosis by the addition of nitric oxide and by coupling of Fas/Fas ligand in vitro, suggesting the possibility that chondrocytes have an inherent programmed cell death pathway that operates in adult cartilage. Chondrocyte apoptosis was verified in situ in articular cartilage samples from humans with osteoarthritis (OA) and from an animal model of OA. The present study investigates apoptotic chondrocyte death and the expression of Bcl-2 and Fas in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cartilage. METHODS: Cartilage samples were obtained from 13 RA patients at the time of joint replacement surgery and from 8 normal subjects at autopsy. Apoptotic chondrocytes were observed and counted in hematoxylin and eosin-stained cartilage specimens. Apoptosis was verified by TUNEL, electron microscopy, and DNA ladder assay. Bcl-2 and Fas expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Apoptotic cells were frequently observed in RA cartilage, whereas normal cartilage rarely showed apoptotic cells (3.01% versus 0.15%, respectively), a finding that was further confirmed by TUNEL staining. On electron microscopy, numerous apoptotic cells with typical chromatin condensation were observed in RA cartilage. DNA from RA cartilage also revealed 180-basepair nucleosome ladders on electrophoresis. Bcl-2 expression was significantly lower in RA cartilage than in normal cartilage (23.3% versus 43.1%, respectively), whereas Fas expression was not statistically different. CONCLUSION: Apoptotic chondrocyte death and decreased Bcl-2 expression were verified in RA cartilage. They might provide a novel model system for the research of cartilage breakdown and joint destruction in RA.  (+info)

"Frozen sections" is a medical term that refers to the process of quickly preparing and examining a small piece of tissue during surgery. This procedure is typically performed by a pathologist in order to provide immediate diagnostic information to the surgeon, who can then make informed decisions about the course of the operation.

To create a frozen section, the surgical team first removes a small sample of tissue from the patient's body. This sample is then quickly frozen, typically using a special machine that can freeze the tissue in just a few seconds. Once the tissue is frozen, it can be cut into thin slices and stained with dyes to help highlight its cellular structures.

The stained slides are then examined under a microscope by a pathologist, who looks for any abnormalities or signs of disease. The results of this examination are typically available within 10-30 minutes, allowing the surgeon to make real-time decisions about whether to remove more tissue, change the surgical approach, or take other actions based on the findings.

Frozen sections are often used in cancer surgery to help ensure that all of the cancerous tissue has been removed, and to guide decisions about whether additional treatments such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy are necessary. They can also be used in other types of surgeries to help diagnose conditions and make treatment decisions during the procedure.

Microtomy is a medical term that refers to the process of cutting thin slices of tissue for examination under a microscope, typically with the use of a microtome. A microtome is a precision instrument that allows for the uniform and controlled cutting of very thin sections of biological tissues, usually ranging from 2-10 micrometers in thickness.

The process of microtomy involves fixing, embedding, and sectioning the tissue specimen. First, the tissue is fixed using a fixative such as formalin to preserve its structure and prevent decomposition. Then, it is embedded in a support medium, often paraffin wax or a plastic resin, which helps to hold the tissue together during cutting.

Once the tissue is properly prepared, it is loaded into the microtome, where a sharp blade cuts through the tissue, producing thin sections that can be mounted on glass slides and stained with various dyes to highlight specific structures or features of interest. These stained sections are then examined under a microscope for diagnostic or research purposes.

Microtomy is an essential technique in histology, pathology, and many areas of biological research, as it allows researchers and clinicians to visualize the structure and composition of tissues at the cellular and subcellular level.

The intraoperative period is the phase of surgical treatment that refers to the time during which the surgery is being performed. It begins when the anesthesia is administered and the patient is prepared for the operation, and it ends when the surgery is completed, the anesthesia is discontinued, and the patient is transferred to the recovery room or intensive care unit (ICU).

During the intraoperative period, the surgical team, including surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurses, and other healthcare professionals, work together to carry out the surgical procedure safely and effectively. The anesthesiologist monitors the patient's vital signs, such as heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and body temperature, throughout the surgery to ensure that the patient remains stable and does not experience any complications.

The surgeon performs the operation, using various surgical techniques and instruments to achieve the desired outcome. The surgical team also takes measures to prevent infection, control bleeding, and manage pain during and after the surgery.

Overall, the intraoperative period is a critical phase of surgical treatment that requires close collaboration and communication among members of the healthcare team to ensure the best possible outcomes for the patient.

"Surgical Pathology" is a medical specialty that focuses on the examination of tissue specimens removed during surgery or biopsy procedures. The primary goal is to provide a definitive diagnosis of various diseases, including cancer and other abnormalities. This involves a detailed microscopic examination of the tissue architecture, cellular morphology, and molecular features. Surgical pathologists work closely with surgeons and other healthcare professionals to guide treatment decisions and assess patient prognosis based on their findings. They also play a crucial role in identifying new disease patterns and contributing to medical research.

A Cesarean section, often referred to as a C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby. It involves making an incision through the mother's abdomen and uterus to remove the baby. This procedure may be necessary when a vaginal delivery would put the mother or the baby at risk.

There are several reasons why a C-section might be recommended, including:

* The baby is in a breech position (feet first) or a transverse position (sideways) and cannot be turned to a normal head-down position.
* The baby is too large to safely pass through the mother's birth canal.
* The mother has a medical condition, such as heart disease or high blood pressure, that could make vaginal delivery risky.
* The mother has an infection, such as HIV or herpes, that could be passed to the baby during a vaginal delivery.
* The labor is not progressing and there are concerns about the health of the mother or the baby.

C-sections are generally safe for both the mother and the baby, but like any surgery, they do carry some risks. These can include infection, bleeding, blood clots, and injury to nearby organs. In addition, women who have a C-section are more likely to experience complications in future pregnancies, such as placenta previa or uterine rupture.

If you have questions about whether a C-section is necessary for your delivery, it's important to discuss your options with your healthcare provider.

In a medical context, paraffin is often referred to as "medical-grade paraffin," which is a type of mineral wax that is highly refined and purified for use in various medical applications. It is typically used in the form of paraffin baths for heat therapy, where a part of the body is dipped into a bath of melted paraffin to provide soothing warmth and pain relief. Medical-grade paraffin is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and chemically stable, making it safe for topical use on the skin. It has a high melting point and does not conduct electricity, which also makes it suitable for use in certain types of medical equipment and supplies.

Telepathology is the practice of pathology at a distance. It involves the use of telecommunication and digital imaging technologies to transmit pathological information, such as images of microscopic slides or gross specimens, from one location to another for the purpose of diagnosis, consultation, or education. This allows pathologists to provide expert opinions and diagnoses without the need for physical transportation of specimens, enabling more timely and efficient patient care.

There are several types of telepathology, including:

1. Static telepathology: This involves the transmission of still images, such as digital photographs or scanned slides, from one location to another. It is often used for second opinions or consultations on specific cases.
2. Real-time telepathology: Also known as dynamic telepathology, this method allows for the remote control of a robotic microscope, enabling the pathologist at the receiving end to view and navigate through the slide in real time. This is particularly useful for frozen section diagnoses during surgery.
3. Whole-slide imaging (WSI): This technique involves digitizing entire glass slides at high resolution, creating a digital file that can be viewed, analyzed, and shared remotely. WSI allows for remote consultation, education, and research, as well as archiving of pathological specimens.

Telepathology has numerous applications in various settings, including hospitals, laboratories, academic institutions, and private practices. It facilitates collaboration among pathologists, enables access to subspecialty expertise, and supports remote learning and continuing education. Additionally, telepathology can help improve patient outcomes by providing faster diagnoses, reducing turnaround times, and minimizing the need for patients to travel for specialized care.

Histological techniques are a set of laboratory methods and procedures used to study the microscopic structure of tissues, also known as histology. These techniques include:

1. Tissue fixation: The process of preserving tissue specimens to maintain their structural integrity and prevent decomposition. This is typically done using formaldehyde or other chemical fixatives.
2. Tissue processing: The preparation of fixed tissues for embedding by removing water, fat, and other substances that can interfere with sectioning and staining. This is usually accomplished through a series of dehydration, clearing, and infiltration steps.
3. Embedding: The placement of processed tissue specimens into a solid support medium, such as paraffin or plastic, to facilitate sectioning.
4. Sectioning: The cutting of thin slices (usually 4-6 microns thick) from embedded tissue blocks using a microtome.
5. Staining: The application of dyes or stains to tissue sections to highlight specific structures or components. This can be done through a variety of methods, including hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemistry, and special stains for specific cell types or molecules.
6. Mounting: The placement of stained tissue sections onto glass slides and covering them with a mounting medium to protect the tissue from damage and improve microscopic visualization.
7. Microscopy: The examination of stained tissue sections using a light or electron microscope to observe and analyze their structure and composition.

These techniques are essential for the diagnosis and study of various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and infections. They allow pathologists and researchers to visualize and understand the cellular and molecular changes that occur in tissues during disease processes.

Histochemistry is the branch of pathology that deals with the microscopic localization of cellular or tissue components using specific chemical reactions. It involves the application of chemical techniques to identify and locate specific biomolecules within tissues, cells, and subcellular structures. This is achieved through the use of various staining methods that react with specific antigens or enzymes in the sample, allowing for their visualization under a microscope. Histochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to identify different types of tissues, cells, and structures, as well as in research to study cellular and molecular processes in health and disease.

Immunoenzyme techniques are a group of laboratory methods used in immunology and clinical chemistry that combine the specificity of antibody-antigen reactions with the sensitivity and amplification capabilities of enzyme reactions. These techniques are primarily used for the detection, quantitation, or identification of various analytes (such as proteins, hormones, drugs, viruses, or bacteria) in biological samples.

In immunoenzyme techniques, an enzyme is linked to an antibody or antigen, creating a conjugate. This conjugate then interacts with the target analyte in the sample, forming an immune complex. The presence and amount of this immune complex can be visualized or measured by detecting the enzymatic activity associated with it.

There are several types of immunoenzyme techniques, including:

1. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): A widely used method for detecting and quantifying various analytes in a sample. In ELISA, an enzyme is attached to either the capture antibody or the detection antibody. After the immune complex formation, a substrate is added that reacts with the enzyme, producing a colored product that can be measured spectrophotometrically.
2. Immunoblotting (Western blot): A method used for detecting specific proteins in a complex mixture, such as a protein extract from cells or tissues. In this technique, proteins are separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred to a membrane, where they are probed with an enzyme-conjugated antibody directed against the target protein.
3. Immunohistochemistry (IHC): A method used for detecting specific antigens in tissue sections or cells. In IHC, an enzyme-conjugated primary or secondary antibody is applied to the sample, and the presence of the antigen is visualized using a chromogenic substrate that produces a colored product at the site of the antigen-antibody interaction.
4. Immunofluorescence (IF): A method used for detecting specific antigens in cells or tissues by employing fluorophore-conjugated antibodies. The presence of the antigen is visualized using a fluorescence microscope.
5. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): A method used for detecting and quantifying specific antigens or antibodies in liquid samples, such as serum or culture supernatants. In ELISA, an enzyme-conjugated detection antibody is added after the immune complex formation, and a substrate is added that reacts with the enzyme to produce a colored product that can be measured spectrophotometrically.

These techniques are widely used in research and diagnostic laboratories for various applications, including protein characterization, disease diagnosis, and monitoring treatment responses.

Conization is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix. It is typically performed to diagnose or treat abnormal or precancerous cells in the cervix, and is also known as a cone biopsy or a cervical conization.

The procedure is usually done under general anesthesia, and involves using a surgical instrument such as a scalpel or a laser to remove a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix. The tissue is then sent to a laboratory for examination under a microscope to determine whether there are any abnormal or precancerous cells present.

Conization may be recommended in cases where Pap tests or other screening methods have detected abnormal cells in the cervix, or if there are suspicious-looking areas that cannot be fully evaluated with a colposcopy (a procedure that uses a special magnifying device to examine the cervix). It may also be used as a treatment for certain types of cervical dysplasia (abnormal cell growth) or early-stage cervical cancer.

It's important to note that conization is a surgical procedure and, like any surgery, carries some risks such as bleeding, infection, and damage to surrounding tissues. However, these complications are generally rare and can be effectively managed with appropriate medical care.

The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT) is a type of immunofluorescence assay used in laboratory medicine and pathology for the detection and localization of specific antigens or antibodies in tissues, cells, or microorganisms. In this technique, a fluorescein-labeled antibody is used to selectively bind to the target antigen or antibody, forming an immune complex. When excited by light of a specific wavelength, the fluorescein label emits light at a longer wavelength, typically visualized as green fluorescence under a fluorescence microscope.

The FAT is widely used in diagnostic microbiology for the identification and characterization of various bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It has also been applied in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases and certain cancers by detecting specific antibodies or antigens in patient samples. The main advantage of FAT is its high sensitivity and specificity, allowing for accurate detection and differentiation of various pathogens and disease markers. However, it requires specialized equipment and trained personnel to perform and interpret the results.

Paraffin embedding is a process in histology (the study of the microscopic structure of tissues) where tissue samples are impregnated with paraffin wax to create a solid, stable block. This allows for thin, uniform sections of the tissue to be cut and mounted on slides for further examination under a microscope.

The process involves fixing the tissue sample with a chemical fixative to preserve its structure, dehydrating it through a series of increasing concentrations of alcohol, clearing it in a solvent such as xylene to remove the alcohol, and then impregnating it with melted paraffin wax. The tissue is then cooled and hardened into a block, which can be stored, transported, and sectioned as needed.

Paraffin embedding is a commonly used technique in histology due to its relative simplicity, low cost, and ability to produce high-quality sections for microscopic examination.

A "false negative" reaction in medical testing refers to a situation where a diagnostic test incorrectly indicates the absence of a specific condition or disease, when in fact it is present. This can occur due to various reasons such as issues with the sensitivity of the test, improper sample collection, or specimen handling and storage.

False negative results can have serious consequences, as they may lead to delayed treatment, misdiagnosis, or a false sense of security for the patient. Therefore, it is essential to interpret medical test results in conjunction with other clinical findings, patient history, and physical examination. In some cases, repeating the test or using a different diagnostic method may be necessary to confirm the initial result.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

'Staining and labeling' are techniques commonly used in pathology, histology, cytology, and molecular biology to highlight or identify specific components or structures within tissues, cells, or molecules. These methods enable researchers and medical professionals to visualize and analyze the distribution, localization, and interaction of biological entities, contributing to a better understanding of diseases, cellular processes, and potential therapeutic targets.

Medical definitions for 'staining' and 'labeling' are as follows:

1. Staining: A process that involves applying dyes or stains to tissues, cells, or molecules to enhance their contrast and reveal specific structures or components. Stains can be categorized into basic stains (which highlight acidic structures) and acidic stains (which highlight basic structures). Common staining techniques include Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), which differentiates cell nuclei from the surrounding cytoplasm and extracellular matrix; special stains, such as PAS (Periodic Acid-Schiff) for carbohydrates or Masson's trichrome for collagen fibers; and immunostains, which use antibodies to target specific proteins.
2. Labeling: A process that involves attaching a detectable marker or tag to a molecule of interest, allowing its identification, quantification, or tracking within a biological system. Labels can be direct, where the marker is directly conjugated to the targeting molecule, or indirect, where an intermediate linker molecule is used to attach the label to the target. Common labeling techniques include fluorescent labels (such as FITC, TRITC, or Alexa Fluor), enzymatic labels (such as horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase), and radioactive labels (such as ³²P or ¹⁴C). Labeling is often used in conjunction with staining techniques to enhance the specificity and sensitivity of detection.

Together, staining and labeling provide valuable tools for medical research, diagnostics, and therapeutic development, offering insights into cellular and molecular processes that underlie health and disease.

A sentinel lymph node biopsy is a surgical procedure used in cancer staging to determine if the cancer has spread beyond the primary tumor to the lymphatic system. This procedure involves identifying and removing the sentinel lymph node(s), which are the first few lymph nodes to which cancer cells are most likely to spread from the primary tumor site.

The sentinel lymph node(s) are identified by injecting a tracer substance (usually a radioactive material and/or a blue dye) near the tumor site. The tracer substance is taken up by the lymphatic vessels and transported to the sentinel lymph node(s), allowing the surgeon to locate and remove them.

The removed sentinel lymph node(s) are then examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells. If no cancer cells are found, it is unlikely that the cancer has spread to other lymph nodes or distant sites in the body. However, if cancer cells are present, further lymph node dissection and/or additional treatment may be necessary.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy is commonly used in the staging of melanoma, breast cancer, and some types of head and neck cancer.

Intraoperative care refers to the medical care and interventions provided to a patient during a surgical procedure. This care is typically administered by a team of healthcare professionals, including anesthesiologists, surgeons, nurses, and other specialists as needed. The goal of intraoperative care is to maintain the patient's physiological stability throughout the surgery, minimize complications, and ensure the best possible outcome.

Intraoperative care may include:

1. Anesthesia management: Administering and monitoring anesthetic drugs to keep the patient unconscious and free from pain during the surgery.
2. Monitoring vital signs: Continuously tracking the patient's heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, body temperature, and other key physiological parameters to ensure they remain within normal ranges.
3. Fluid and blood product administration: Maintaining adequate intravascular volume and oxygen-carrying capacity through the infusion of fluids and blood products as needed.
4. Intraoperative imaging: Utilizing real-time imaging techniques, such as X-ray, ultrasound, or CT scans, to guide the surgical procedure and ensure accurate placement of implants or other devices.
5. Neuromonitoring: Using electrophysiological methods to monitor the functional integrity of nerves and neural structures during surgery, particularly in procedures involving the brain, spine, or peripheral nerves.
6. Intraoperative medication management: Administering various medications as needed for pain control, infection prophylaxis, or the treatment of medical conditions that may arise during the surgery.
7. Temperature management: Regulating the patient's body temperature to prevent hypothermia or hyperthermia, which can have adverse effects on surgical outcomes and overall patient health.
8. Communication and coordination: Ensuring effective communication among the members of the surgical team to optimize patient care and safety.

Diagnostic techniques, surgical refers to the use of surgical procedures or methods to diagnose and evaluate various medical conditions. These techniques are often used when non-invasive tests are inconclusive or when more detailed information is required. Here are some examples:

1. Biopsy: A small sample of tissue is removed from the body for examination under a microscope. This can help to confirm a diagnosis of cancer, infection, or other diseases.
2. Endoscopy: A flexible tube with a light and camera on the end is inserted into the body through a natural opening (such as the mouth or anus) or a small incision. This allows the doctor to visualize internal organs and tissues, and may also involve taking biopsy samples.
3. Imaging studies: Various imaging techniques such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound can be used to produce detailed images of internal structures. These can help to diagnose a wide range of medical conditions, from broken bones to tumors.
4. Exploratory surgery: In some cases, a surgical incision may be made to directly visualize and examine an organ or tissue. This can help to diagnose conditions that are difficult to detect with non-invasive tests.
5. Functional testing: Some surgical techniques involve stimulating or measuring the function of an organ or system. For example, a cardiac stress test may be performed during surgery to assess heart function.

Overall, diagnostic techniques, surgical play an important role in the diagnosis and management of many medical conditions. They can provide valuable information that helps doctors to make informed decisions about treatment options and improve patient outcomes.

Diagnostic errors refer to inaccurate or delayed diagnoses of a patient's medical condition, which can lead to improper or unnecessary treatment and potentially serious harm to the patient. These errors can occur due to various factors such as lack of clinical knowledge, failure to consider all possible diagnoses, inadequate communication between healthcare providers and patients, and problems with testing or interpretation of test results. Diagnostic errors are a significant cause of preventable harm in medical care and have been identified as a priority area for quality improvement efforts.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that are part of the immune system. They are found throughout the body, especially in the neck, armpits, groin, and abdomen. Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid, which carries waste and unwanted substances such as bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells. They contain white blood cells called lymphocytes that help fight infections and diseases by attacking and destroying the harmful substances found in the lymph fluid. When an infection or disease is present, lymph nodes may swell due to the increased number of immune cells and fluid accumulation as they work to fight off the invaders.

Monoclonal antibodies are a type of antibody that are identical because they are produced by a single clone of cells. They are laboratory-produced molecules that act like human antibodies in the immune system. They can be designed to attach to specific proteins found on the surface of cancer cells, making them useful for targeting and treating cancer. Monoclonal antibodies can also be used as a therapy for other diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and inflammatory conditions.

Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing a single type of immune cell, called a B cell, with a tumor cell to create a hybrid cell, or hybridoma. This hybrid cell is then able to replicate indefinitely, producing a large number of identical copies of the original antibody. These antibodies can be further modified and engineered to enhance their ability to bind to specific targets, increase their stability, and improve their effectiveness as therapeutic agents.

Monoclonal antibodies have several mechanisms of action in cancer therapy. They can directly kill cancer cells by binding to them and triggering an immune response. They can also block the signals that promote cancer growth and survival. Additionally, monoclonal antibodies can be used to deliver drugs or radiation directly to cancer cells, increasing the effectiveness of these treatments while minimizing their side effects on healthy tissues.

Monoclonal antibodies have become an important tool in modern medicine, with several approved for use in cancer therapy and other diseases. They are continuing to be studied and developed as a promising approach to treating a wide range of medical conditions.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

Electron microscopy (EM) is a type of microscopy that uses a beam of electrons to create an image of the sample being examined, resulting in much higher magnification and resolution than light microscopy. There are several types of electron microscopy, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and reflection electron microscopy (REM).

In TEM, a beam of electrons is transmitted through a thin slice of the sample, and the electrons that pass through the sample are focused to form an image. This technique can provide detailed information about the internal structure of cells, viruses, and other biological specimens, as well as the composition and structure of materials at the atomic level.

In SEM, a beam of electrons is scanned across the surface of the sample, and the electrons that are scattered back from the surface are detected to create an image. This technique can provide information about the topography and composition of surfaces, as well as the structure of materials at the microscopic level.

REM is a variation of SEM in which the beam of electrons is reflected off the surface of the sample, rather than scattered back from it. This technique can provide information about the surface chemistry and composition of materials.

Electron microscopy has a wide range of applications in biology, medicine, and materials science, including the study of cellular structure and function, disease diagnosis, and the development of new materials and technologies.

Tolonium Chloride, also known as Toluidine Blue O, is a basic thiazine metachromatic dye that is used in medical and research settings. It is often used as a diagnostic agent in procedures such as the Toluidine Blue Test for identifying cancerous or precancerous cells in the cervix, oral mucosa, and other tissues. The dye selectively binds to acidic components in the extracellular matrix of neoplastic cells, making them more visible under a microscope. It is also used in research to study cell membrane permeability and lysosomal function. Please note that the use of Tolonium Chloride should be under medical supervision and professional guidance.

"Freezing" is a term used in the medical field to describe a phenomenon that can occur in certain neurological conditions, most notably in Parkinson's disease. It refers to a sudden and temporary inability to move or initiate movement, often triggered by environmental factors such as narrow spaces, turning, or approaching a destination. This can increase the risk of falls and make daily activities challenging for affected individuals.

Freezing is also known as "freezing of gait" (FOG) when it specifically affects a person's ability to walk. During FOG episodes, the person may feel like their feet are glued to the ground, making it difficult to take steps forward. This can be very distressing and debilitating for those affected.

It is important to note that "freezing" has different meanings in different medical contexts, such as in the field of orthopedics, where it may refer to a loss of joint motion due to stiffness or inflammation. Always consult with a healthcare professional for accurate information tailored to your specific situation.

Cytodiagnosis is the rapid, initial evaluation and diagnosis of a disease based on the examination of individual cells obtained from a body fluid or tissue sample. This technique is often used in cytopathology to investigate abnormalities such as lumps, bumps, or growths that may be caused by cancerous or benign conditions.

The process involves collecting cells through various methods like fine-needle aspiration (FNA), body fluids such as urine, sputum, or washings from the respiratory, gastrointestinal, or genitourinary tracts. The collected sample is then spread onto a microscope slide, stained, and examined under a microscope for abnormalities in cell size, shape, structure, and organization.

Cytodiagnosis can provide crucial information to guide further diagnostic procedures and treatment plans. It is often used as an initial screening tool due to its speed, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness compared to traditional histopathological methods that require tissue biopsy and more extensive processing. However, cytodiagnosis may not always be able to distinguish between benign and malignant conditions definitively; therefore, additional tests or follow-up evaluations might be necessary for a conclusive diagnosis.

Eyelid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the tissues of the eyelids. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Common types of benign eyelid neoplasms include papillomas, hemangiomas, and nevi. Malignant eyelid neoplasms are typically classified as basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, or melanomas. These malignant tumors can be aggressive and may spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. Treatment options for eyelid neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the growth, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgical excision is often the preferred treatment approach, although radiation therapy and chemotherapy may also be used in some cases. Regular follow-up care is important to monitor for recurrence or new growths.

A needle biopsy is a medical procedure in which a thin, hollow needle is used to remove a small sample of tissue from a suspicious or abnormal area of the body. The tissue sample is then examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells or other abnormalities. Needle biopsies are often used to diagnose lumps or masses that can be felt through the skin, but they can also be guided by imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to reach areas that cannot be felt. There are several types of needle biopsy procedures, including fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA uses a thin needle and gentle suction to remove fluid and cells from the area, while core needle biopsy uses a larger needle to remove a small piece of tissue. The type of needle biopsy used depends on the location and size of the abnormal area, as well as the reason for the procedure.

Fixatives are substances used in histology and pathology to preserve tissue specimens for microscopic examination. They work by stabilizing the structural components of cells and tissues, preventing decomposition and autolysis. This helps to maintain the original structure and composition of the specimen as closely as possible, allowing for accurate diagnosis and research. Commonly used fixatives include formalin, glutaraldehyde, methanol, and ethanol. The choice of fixative depends on the specific type of tissue being preserved and the intended use of the specimen.

Mohs surgery, also known as Mohs micrographic surgery, is a precise surgical technique used to treat common types of skin cancer. It's primarily used for basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas that have recurred, are large, aggressive, or in critical areas where preservation of healthy tissue is important, such as the face.

The procedure involves removing the visible tumor along with a thin layer of surrounding tissue. This layer is then processed and examined under a microscope while the patient waits. If cancer cells are found in the margin of the removed tissue, another layer of tissue is taken from that specific area and examined. This process continues until no cancer cells are found in the margins, ensuring complete removal of the tumor while minimizing the removal of healthy tissue.

The main advantage of Mohs surgery is its ability to accurately assess the depth and extent of the cancer, leading to high cure rates and improved cosmetic outcomes. However, it's a specialized procedure that requires extensive training and should be performed by a fellowship-trained Mohs surgeon.

Breast neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the breast tissue that can be benign or malignant. Benign breast neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors or growths, while malignant breast neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

Breast neoplasms can arise from different types of cells in the breast, including milk ducts, milk sacs (lobules), or connective tissue. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which starts in the milk ducts and can spread to other parts of the breast and nearby structures.

Breast neoplasms are usually detected through screening methods such as mammography, ultrasound, or MRI, or through self-examination or clinical examination. Treatment options for breast neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type and stage of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and personal preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy.

Carcinoma, lobular is a type of breast cancer that begins in the milk-producing glands (lobules) of the breast. It can be either invasive or non-invasive (in situ). Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) occurs when the cancer cells break through the wall of the lobule and invade the surrounding breast tissue, and can potentially spread to other parts of the body. Non-invasive lobular carcinoma (LCIS), on the other hand, refers to the presence of abnormal cells within the lobule that have not invaded nearby breast tissue.

ILC is usually detected as a mass or thickening in the breast, and it may not cause any symptoms or show up on mammograms until it has grown quite large. It tends to grow more slowly than some other types of breast cancer, but it can still be serious and require extensive treatment. LCIS does not typically cause any symptoms and is usually found during a biopsy performed for another reason.

Treatment options for carcinoma, lobular depend on several factors, including the stage of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and their personal preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or the development of new cancers.

Lymphatic metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor to distant lymph nodes through the lymphatic system. It occurs when malignant cells break away from the original tumor, enter the lymphatic vessels, and travel to nearby or remote lymph nodes. Once there, these cancer cells can multiply and form new tumors, leading to further progression of the disease. Lymphatic metastasis is a common way for many types of cancer to spread and can have significant implications for prognosis and treatment strategies.

Tissue preservation is the process of preventing decomposition or autolysis (self-digestion) of tissues after they have been removed from a living organism. This is typically achieved through the use of fixatives, such as formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde, which stabilize proteins and other cellular structures by creating cross-links between them. Other methods of tissue preservation include freezing, dehydration, and embedding in paraffin or plastic resins. Properly preserved tissues can be stored for long periods of time and used for various research and diagnostic purposes, such as histology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular biology studies.

Microdissection is a surgical technique that involves the use of a microscope to allow for precise, minimalistic dissection of tissue. It is often used in research and clinical settings to isolate specific cells, tissues or structures while minimizing damage to surrounding areas. This technique can be performed using various methods such as laser capture microdissection (LCM) or manual microdissection with microsurgical tools. The size and scale of the dissection required will determine the specific method used. In general, microdissection allows for the examination and analysis of very small and delicate structures that would otherwise be difficult to access and study.

The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT), Indirect is a type of immunofluorescence assay used to detect the presence of specific antigens in a sample. In this method, the sample is first incubated with a primary antibody that binds to the target antigen. After washing to remove unbound primary antibodies, a secondary fluorescently labeled antibody is added, which recognizes and binds to the primary antibody. This indirect labeling approach allows for amplification of the signal, making it more sensitive than direct methods. The sample is then examined under a fluorescence microscope to visualize the location and amount of antigen based on the emitted light from the fluorescent secondary antibody. It's commonly used in diagnostic laboratories for detection of various bacteria, viruses, and other antigens in clinical specimens.

Immunologic techniques are a group of laboratory methods that utilize the immune system's ability to recognize and respond to specific molecules, known as antigens. These techniques are widely used in medicine, biology, and research to detect, measure, or identify various substances, including proteins, hormones, viruses, bacteria, and other antigens.

Some common immunologic techniques include:

1. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): A sensitive assay used to detect and quantify antigens or antibodies in a sample. This technique uses an enzyme linked to an antibody or antigen, which reacts with a substrate to produce a colored product that can be measured and quantified.
2. Immunofluorescence: A microscopic technique used to visualize the location of antigens or antibodies in tissues or cells. This technique uses fluorescent dyes conjugated to antibodies, which bind to specific antigens and emit light when excited by a specific wavelength of light.
3. Western Blotting: A laboratory technique used to detect and identify specific proteins in a sample. This technique involves separating proteins based on their size using electrophoresis, transferring them to a membrane, and then probing the membrane with antibodies that recognize the protein of interest.
4. Immunoprecipitation: A laboratory technique used to isolate and purify specific antigens or antibodies from a complex mixture. This technique involves incubating the mixture with an antibody that recognizes the antigen or antibody of interest, followed by precipitation of the antigen-antibody complex using a variety of methods.
5. Radioimmunoassay (RIA): A sensitive assay used to detect and quantify antigens or antibodies in a sample. This technique uses radioactively labeled antigens or antibodies, which bind to specific antigens or antibodies in the sample, allowing for detection and quantification using a scintillation counter.

These techniques are important tools in medical diagnosis, research, and forensic science.

Osmium tetroxide is not a medical term per se, but it is a chemical compound with the formula OsO4. It is used in some medical and scientific applications due to its properties as a strong oxidizing agent and its ability to form complexes with organic compounds.

In histology, osmium tetroxide is sometimes used as a fixative for electron microscopy because it reacts with unsaturated lipids and proteins in biological tissue, creating an electron-dense deposit that can be visualized under the microscope. It is also used to stain fatty acids and other lipids in biological samples.

However, osmium tetroxide is highly toxic and volatile, and it can cause damage to the eyes, skin, and respiratory system if not handled with appropriate precautions. Therefore, its use in medical and scientific settings is typically limited to specialized applications where its unique properties are required.

Tissue fixation is a process in histology (the study of the microscopic structure of tissues) where fixed tissue samples are prepared for further examination, typically through microscopy. The goal of tissue fixation is to preserve the original three-dimensional structure and biochemical composition of tissues and cells as much as possible, making them stable and suitable for various analyses.

The most common method for tissue fixation involves immersing the sample in a chemical fixative, such as formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde. These fixatives cross-link proteins within the tissue, creating a stable matrix that maintains the original structure and prevents decay. Other methods of tissue fixation may include freezing or embedding samples in various media to preserve their integrity.

Properly fixed tissue samples can be sectioned, stained, and examined under a microscope, allowing pathologists and researchers to study cellular structures, diagnose diseases, and understand biological processes at the molecular level.

Keratins are a type of fibrous structural proteins that constitute the main component of the integumentary system, which includes the hair, nails, and skin of vertebrates. They are also found in other tissues such as horns, hooves, feathers, and reptilian scales. Keratins are insoluble proteins that provide strength, rigidity, and protection to these structures.

Keratins are classified into two types: soft keratins (Type I) and hard keratins (Type II). Soft keratins are found in the skin and simple epithelial tissues, while hard keratins are present in structures like hair, nails, horns, and hooves.

Keratin proteins have a complex structure consisting of several domains, including an alpha-helical domain, beta-pleated sheet domain, and a non-repetitive domain. These domains provide keratin with its unique properties, such as resistance to heat, chemicals, and mechanical stress.

In summary, keratins are fibrous structural proteins that play a crucial role in providing strength, rigidity, and protection to various tissues in the body.

Specimen handling is a set of procedures and practices followed in the collection, storage, transportation, and processing of medical samples or specimens (e.g., blood, tissue, urine, etc.) for laboratory analysis. Proper specimen handling ensures accurate test results, patient safety, and data integrity. It includes:

1. Correct labeling of the specimen container with required patient information.
2. Using appropriate containers and materials to collect, store, and transport the specimen.
3. Following proper collection techniques to avoid contamination or damage to the specimen.
4. Adhering to specific storage conditions (temperature, time, etc.) before testing.
5. Ensuring secure and timely transportation of the specimen to the laboratory.
6. Properly documenting all steps in the handling process for traceability and quality assurance.

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. These cells cover organs, glands, and other structures within the body. Carcinomas can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, lungs, breasts, prostate, colon, and pancreas. They are often characterized by the uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis. Carcinomas can be further classified based on their appearance under a microscope, such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma.

Lymph node excision is a surgical procedure in which one or more lymph nodes are removed from the body for the purpose of examination. This procedure is often conducted to help diagnose or stage various types of cancer, as malignant cells may spread to the lymphatic system and eventually accumulate within nearby lymph nodes.

During a lymph node excision, an incision is made in the skin overlying the affected lymph node(s). The surgeon carefully dissects the tissue surrounding the lymph node(s) to isolate them from adjacent structures before removing them. In some cases, a sentinel lymph node biopsy may be performed instead, where only the sentinel lymph node (the first lymph node to which cancer cells are likely to spread) is removed and examined.

The excised lymph nodes are then sent to a laboratory for histopathological examination, which involves staining and microscopic evaluation of the tissue to determine whether it contains any malignant cells. The results of this examination can help guide further treatment decisions and provide valuable prognostic information.

A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the uterus (womb). Depending on the specific medical condition and necessity, a hysterectomy may also include the removal of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and surrounding tissues. There are different types of hysterectomies, including:

1. Total hysterectomy: The uterus and cervix are removed.
2. Supracervical (or subtotal) hysterectomy: Only the upper part of the uterus is removed, leaving the cervix intact.
3. Radical hysterectomy: This procedure involves removing the uterus, cervix, surrounding tissues, and the upper part of the vagina. It is typically performed in cases of cervical cancer.
4. Oophorectomy: The removal of one or both ovaries can be performed along with a hysterectomy depending on the patient's medical condition and age.
5. Salpingectomy: The removal of one or both fallopian tubes can also be performed along with a hysterectomy if needed.

The reasons for performing a hysterectomy may include but are not limited to: uterine fibroids, heavy menstrual bleeding, endometriosis, adenomyosis, pelvic prolapse, cervical or uterine cancer, and chronic pelvic pain. The choice of the type of hysterectomy depends on the patient's medical condition, age, and personal preferences.

Epithelium is the tissue that covers the outer surface of the body, lines the internal cavities and organs, and forms various glands. It is composed of one or more layers of tightly packed cells that have a uniform shape and size, and rest on a basement membrane. Epithelial tissues are avascular, meaning they do not contain blood vessels, and are supplied with nutrients by diffusion from the underlying connective tissue.

Epithelial cells perform a variety of functions, including protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensation. They can be classified based on their shape and the number of cell layers they contain. The main types of epithelium are:

1. Squamous epithelium: composed of flat, scalelike cells that fit together like tiles on a roof. It forms the lining of blood vessels, air sacs in the lungs, and the outermost layer of the skin.
2. Cuboidal epithelium: composed of cube-shaped cells with equal height and width. It is found in glands, tubules, and ducts.
3. Columnar epithelium: composed of tall, rectangular cells that are taller than they are wide. It lines the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts.
4. Pseudostratified epithelium: appears stratified or layered but is actually made up of a single layer of cells that vary in height. The nuclei of these cells appear at different levels, giving the tissue a stratified appearance. It lines the respiratory and reproductive tracts.
5. Transitional epithelium: composed of several layers of cells that can stretch and change shape to accommodate changes in volume. It is found in the urinary bladder and ureters.

Epithelial tissue provides a barrier between the internal and external environments, protecting the body from physical, chemical, and biological damage. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the exchange of substances between the body and its environment.

Autoradiography is a medical imaging technique used to visualize and localize the distribution of radioactively labeled compounds within tissues or organisms. In this process, the subject is first exposed to a radioactive tracer that binds to specific molecules or structures of interest. The tissue is then placed in close contact with a radiation-sensitive film or detector, such as X-ray film or an imaging plate.

As the radioactive atoms decay, they emit particles (such as beta particles) that interact with the film or detector, causing chemical changes and leaving behind a visible image of the distribution of the labeled compound. The resulting autoradiogram provides information about the location, quantity, and sometimes even the identity of the molecules or structures that have taken up the radioactive tracer.

Autoradiography has been widely used in various fields of biology and medical research, including pharmacology, neuroscience, genetics, and cell biology, to study processes such as protein-DNA interactions, gene expression, drug metabolism, and neuronal connectivity. However, due to the use of radioactive materials and potential hazards associated with them, this technique has been gradually replaced by non-radioactive alternatives like fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or immunofluorescence techniques.

The term "axilla" is used in anatomical context to refer to the armpit region, specifically the space located lateral to the upper part of the chest wall and medial to the upper arm. This area contains a number of important structures such as blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes, which play a critical role in the health and functioning of the upper limb. Understanding the anatomy of the axilla is essential for medical professionals performing various procedures, including surgeries and injections, in this region.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

The breast is the upper ventral region of the human body in females, which contains the mammary gland. The main function of the breast is to provide nutrition to infants through the production and secretion of milk, a process known as lactation. The breast is composed of fibrous connective tissue, adipose (fatty) tissue, and the mammary gland, which is made up of 15-20 lobes that are arranged in a radial pattern. Each lobe contains many smaller lobules, where milk is produced during lactation. The milk is then transported through a network of ducts to the nipple, where it can be expressed by the infant.

In addition to its role in lactation, the breast also has important endocrine and psychological functions. It contains receptors for hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, which play a key role in sexual development and reproduction. The breast is also a source of sexual pleasure and can be an important symbol of femininity and motherhood.

It's worth noting that males also have breast tissue, although it is usually less developed than in females. Male breast tissue consists mainly of adipose tissue and does not typically contain functional mammary glands. However, some men may develop enlarged breast tissue due to conditions such as gynecomastia, which can be caused by hormonal imbalances or certain medications.

Neoplasm antigens, also known as tumor antigens, are substances that are produced by cancer cells (neoplasms) and can stimulate an immune response. These antigens can be proteins, carbohydrates, or other molecules that are either unique to the cancer cells or are overexpressed or mutated versions of normal cellular proteins.

Neoplasm antigens can be classified into two main categories: tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) and tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). TSAs are unique to cancer cells and are not expressed by normal cells, while TAAs are present at low levels in normal cells but are overexpressed or altered in cancer cells.

TSAs can be further divided into viral antigens and mutated antigens. Viral antigens are produced when cancer is caused by a virus, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical cancer. Mutated antigens are the result of genetic mutations that occur during cancer development and are unique to each patient's tumor.

Neoplasm antigens play an important role in the immune response against cancer. They can be recognized by the immune system, leading to the activation of immune cells such as T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, which can then attack and destroy cancer cells. However, cancer cells often develop mechanisms to evade the immune response, allowing them to continue growing and spreading.

Understanding neoplasm antigens is important for the development of cancer immunotherapies, which aim to enhance the body's natural immune response against cancer. These therapies include checkpoint inhibitors, which block proteins that inhibit T cell activation, and therapeutic vaccines, which stimulate an immune response against specific tumor antigens.

The pelvis is the lower part of the trunk, located between the abdomen and the lower limbs. It is formed by the fusion of several bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis (which together form the hip bone on each side), and the sacrum and coccyx in the back. The pelvis has several functions including supporting the weight of the upper body when sitting, protecting the lower abdominal organs, and providing attachment for muscles that enable movement of the lower limbs. In addition, it serves as a bony canal through which the reproductive and digestive tracts pass. The pelvic cavity contains several vital organs such as the bladder, parts of the large intestine, and in females, the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.

Carcinoma, basal cell is a type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, which are located in the lower part of the epidermis (the outermost layer of the skin). It is also known as basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and is the most common form of skin cancer.

BCC typically appears as a small, shiny, pearly bump or nodule on the skin, often in sun-exposed areas such as the face, ears, neck, hands, and arms. It may also appear as a scar-like area that is white, yellow, or waxy. BCCs are usually slow growing and rarely spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. However, they can be locally invasive and destroy surrounding tissue if left untreated.

The exact cause of BCC is not known, but it is thought to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. People with fair skin, light hair, and blue or green eyes are at increased risk of developing BCC.

Treatment for BCC typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, along with a margin of healthy tissue. Other treatment options may include radiation therapy, topical chemotherapy, or photodynamic therapy. Prevention measures include protecting your skin from UV radiation by wearing protective clothing, using sunscreen, and avoiding tanning beds.

A thyroid nodule is a growth or lump that forms within the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of your neck. Thyroid nodules can be solid or fluid-filled (cystic) and vary in size. Most thyroid nodules are benign (noncancerous) and do not cause symptoms. However, some thyroid nodules may be cancerous or overproduce hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism. The exact cause of thyroid nodules is not always known, but factors such as iodine deficiency, Hashimoto's disease, and family history can increase the risk of developing them. A healthcare professional typically diagnoses a thyroid nodule through physical examination, imaging tests like ultrasound, or fine-needle aspiration biopsy to determine if further treatment is necessary.

Pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma is a rare, benign lung tumor of uncertain origin. It is also known as sclerosing pneumocytoma. This tumor primarily affects adults, with women being more commonly affected than men. The typical symptoms include cough, chest pain, and sometimes blood-streaked sputum. However, many cases are asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on chest imaging.

On histopathology, pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma is characterized by the presence of two types of cells: surface cells (similar to type II pneumocytes) and round cells (similar to mesenchymal cells). The tumor shows a variety of architectural patterns including solid areas, papillary structures, and hemorrhagic cavities.

The treatment of choice is surgical resection. Despite its benign nature, there have been reports of recurrence after incomplete resection. However, the prognosis after complete resection is excellent.

Immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) is a specialized type of electron microscopy that combines the principles of immunochemistry and electron microscopy to detect and localize specific antigens within cells or tissues at the ultrastructural level. This technique allows for the visualization and identification of specific proteins, viruses, or other antigenic structures with a high degree of resolution and specificity.

In IEM, samples are first fixed, embedded, and sectioned to prepare them for electron microscopy. The sections are then treated with specific antibodies that have been labeled with electron-dense markers, such as gold particles or ferritin. These labeled antibodies bind to the target antigens in the sample, allowing for their visualization under an electron microscope.

There are several different methods of IEM, including pre-embedding and post-embedding techniques. Pre-embedding involves labeling the antigens before embedding the sample in resin, while post-embedding involves labeling the antigens after embedding. Post-embedding techniques are generally more commonly used because they allow for better preservation of ultrastructure and higher resolution.

IEM is a valuable tool in many areas of research, including virology, bacteriology, immunology, and cell biology. It can be used to study the structure and function of viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms, as well as the distribution and localization of specific proteins and antigens within cells and tissues.

Formaldehyde is a colorless, pungent, and volatile chemical compound with the formula CH2O. It is a naturally occurring substance that is found in certain fruits like apples and vegetables, as well as in animals. However, the majority of formaldehyde used in industry is synthetically produced.

In the medical field, formaldehyde is commonly used as a preservative for biological specimens such as organs, tissues, and cells. It works by killing bacteria and inhibiting the decaying process. Formaldehyde is also used in the production of various industrial products, including adhesives, resins, textiles, and paper products.

However, formaldehyde can be harmful to human health if inhaled or ingested in large quantities. It can cause irritation to the eyes, nose, throat, and skin, and prolonged exposure has been linked to respiratory problems and cancer. Therefore, it is essential to handle formaldehyde with care and use appropriate safety measures when working with this chemical compound.

In medical terms, dissection refers to the separation of the layers of a biological tissue or structure by cutting or splitting. It is often used to describe the process of surgically cutting through tissues, such as during an operation to separate organs or examine their internal structures.

However, "dissection" can also refer to a pathological condition in which there is a separation of the layers of a blood vessel wall by blood, creating a false lumen or aneurysm. This type of dissection is most commonly seen in the aorta and can be life-threatening if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

In summary, "dissection" has both surgical and pathological meanings related to the separation of tissue layers, and it's essential to consider the context in which the term is used.

4. Sectioning. CRYOTOME". Atlas of Plant and Animal Histology. Retrieved 3 November 2021. JAMA patient page on frozen section ... The frozen section procedure as practiced today in medical laboratories is based on the description by Dr Louis B. Wilson in ... The frozen section procedure is a pathological laboratory procedure to perform rapid microscopic analysis of a specimen. It is ... Subsequently, it is cut frozen with the microtome portion of the cryostat, the section is picked up on a glass slide and ...
"Article 7. Frozen Yogurt - Sections 36991-36994 :: California Food and Agricultural Code :: 2005 California Code :: California ... is a frozen dessert made with yogurt and sometimes other dairy and non-dairy products. Frozen yogurt is a frozen product ... Frozen yogurt can be made in a soft serve freezer much the same way as soft ice cream. Frozen yogurt mix is sold in either ... Frozen yogurt is served in a large variety of flavors and styles. It also has sugar-free and fat-free alternatives. Frozen ...
Players stand opposite their respective sections. The host asks a series of questions on the buzzer, and the player who buzzes- ... is Freeze Out the most ludicrous game show ever?". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 August 2015. Freeze Out at UKGameshows.com ( ... Freeze Out was an ITV game show presented by Mark Durden-Smith and refereed by Uriah Rennie, broadcast in August 2015. In 2016 ... in with the correct answer fires a slider toward their section. Any shards on which the slider lands are removed from play, ...
... of this section, the name of the food is "frozen custard" or "french ice cream" or "french custard ice cream"." "FDA Frozen ... Gilles Frozen Custard and Leon's Frozen Custard. Major frozen custard chains in the United States include Culver's, ... Frozen custard is a frozen dessert that is a type of ice cream that is made with egg yolks in addition to cream and sweetener, ... Ice cream and frozen custard". Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR). September 3, 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-08. Section ...
This section covers livestock cryobranding. Since the 1960s, experimental work has been carried out on freeze brands for other ... Freeze branding is also used to tag wild animals that will be recaptured for later research. Freeze branding was conceived and ... Freeze brands are distinct from hot branding irons, which are generally made from steel or cast iron. Freeze brands at their ... a See Freeze brand § Freeze branding as a painless alternative to mulesing. b See the subsection on human cryobranding in ...
FROZEN DESSERTS STANDARDS" (PDF). Pacode.com. Retrieved 22 October 2018. "2005 California Food and Agricultural Code Sections ... This is a list of notable frozen yogurt companies. Frozen yogurt is a frozen dessert made with yogurt and sometimes other dairy ... Frozen Yogurt Orange Leaf Frozen Yogurt Pinkberry Red Mango Sour Sally Sweet Frog The Bigg Chill TCBY Tutti Frutti Frozen ... Unlike yogurt, frozen yogurt is not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but is regulated by some U.S. ...
Williams, George (29 March 2008). "Frozen continent". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 January 2011. Hamer, Rupert (9 ... The section sits in Chapter V of the Constitution, which deals with the states of Australia. However, Section 116 does not ... Each justice in the majority contrasted Section 116 with its equivalent in the US Constitution to find that Section 116 is ... whereas the prohibition in Section 116 is against the establishment of "any religion": this meant that Section 116 did not ...
A link is provided in the External links section below. Demolition was completed in mid 2010. Taranaki Daily News 14 Aug 2007 ... The Patea Freezing Company came into being in 1910. In 1933, a new Patea Freezing Company was formed and at times provided work ... The Patea Freezing Works was a meat-processing plant promoted by The Patea A&P Association in the town of Patea. The West Coast ... At the time The Patea Freezing Works was owned by the British Vestey Group. Since the closure the site had fallen derelict. ...
Two were carried to term and delivered by Caesarian section. The first was born on 1 April 2003, and the second two days later ... "Welcome to the Frozen Ark". The Frozen Ark Project. Archived from the original on 2015-12-11. Retrieved 2010-04-26. "The Frozen ... The Frozen Ark is a frozen zoo established in 2004 and jointly managed by the Zoological Society of London, the London Natural ... Some frozen zoos prefer to fertilize eggs and freeze the resulting embryo, as embryos are more resilient under the ...
Marchevsky AM, Balzer B, Abdul-Karim FW (2014). "Frozen Section Diagnosis". Intraoperative Consultation E-Book. Foundations in ...
Between 2012 and 2016, the "Starlight tours" section of the Saskatoon Police Service's English Wikipedia article was deleted ... The Saskatoon freezing deaths involved Indigenous Canadians in and immediately outside Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, in the 1990s ... Razack, Sherene (January 2014). ""It Happened More Than Once": Freezing Deaths in Saskatchewan". Canadian Journal of Women and ... "New film renews community discussion about Aboriginal freezing deaths in Saskatoon". Dispatch. University of Regina. Archived ...
Modern frozen section method. Frozen section histology does not give the added margin of safety by the cytotoxic Mohs paste, ... Mohs micrographic surgery is the most reliable form of margin control; utilising a unique frozen section histology processing ... Later, local anesthetic and frozen section histopathology applied to fresh tissue allowed the procedure to be performed the ... Some surgeons utilize 100 micrometres between each section, and some utilize 200 micrometres between the first two sections, ...
This would cause the park's Spain section to be renamed DC Comics Plaza. Mr. Freeze was planned to open in May 1997 to coincide ... Freeze: Reverse Blast at Six Flags Over Texas Mr. Freeze: Reverse Blast at Six Flags St. Louis Mr. Freeze: Reverse Blast (Six ... Freeze was repainted with dark blue track and supports. On March 22, 2012, Six Flags announced that both versions of Mr. Freeze ... Freeze continued to hold the records as the longest shuttle coaster until 2019. Mr. Freeze also opened as the third tallest ...
Hopewell, John (April 19, 2016). "Series Mania: 'Section Zero,' 'Frozen Dead,' 'Contact' Underscore France's New TV Ambitions ... Official website The Frozen Dead on Netflix The Frozen Dead at IMDb Glacé at Bernard Minier.com (CS1 French-language sources ( ... The Frozen Dead was an entry at the Festival de la Fiction TV de La Rochelle in September 2016, where it won the "Best Series" ... The Frozen Dead premiered in France on M6 on 10 January 2017. It became available for streaming in Australia on SBS on Demand ...
In 1974 Kelly advised the owners of Frozen Section that he had set the horse to win The Metropolitan in Sydney and Citadel to ... The Epsom Handicap, on the Saturday, was won by Citadel at 100-1. On the Monday, Frozen Section took a forward position in The ... Frozen Section never raced again. Noel Kelly died in September 1991, aged 60. Patrick Bartley (30 June 2009). "Kelly's gang ...
Frozen Sections of a Child. New York: William Wood & Company, 1881. Commonplaces of History. Boston: Review Pub. Co., 1900. A ... Among his writings are: "Frozen Sections of a Child" (1872); "Clinical Atlas of Variations of the Bones of the Hands and Feet ... In the Warren Museum of Anatomy at Harvard, Dwight arranged a section of osteology, considered one of the best in existence, ...
Jewish Folklore and Ethnology Section of the American Folklore Society. 1996. p. 79. Retrieved July 26, 2018. Quick Frozen ... Shelomo Dov Goitein writes, "the dichotomy of the kitchen into a meat and a milk section, so basic in an observant Jewish ... section 2.4". koshercertification.org.uk. Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 87 et seq "Kashrut: Jewish Dietary Laws". Jewish Virtual ... per item for a General Foods frozen-food item. According to a 2005 report by Burns & McDonnell, most U.S. national certifying ...
1991), "Remote frozen section service: A telepathology project to northern Norway.", Hum Pathol, 1991 (6): 514-518, doi:10.1016 ... Nordrum I, Eide TJ (1995). "Remote frozen section service in Norway". Arch Anat Cytol Pathol. 43 (4): 253-256. PMID 8526562. ... Frierson HF Jr, Galgano MT (2007). "Frozen-section diagnosis by wireless telepathology and ultra portable computer: use in ... Telepathology is currently being used for a wide spectrum of clinical applications including diagnosing of frozen section ...
"FREMANTLE FREEZING WORKS". Sunday Times (Perth). Western Australia. 24 August 1919. p. 1 (First Section). Retrieved 24 January ... "Fremantle Freezing Works". Toodyay Herald. Western Australia. 28 May 1921. p. 5. Retrieved 24 January 2020 - via Trove. "Lamb ... In 1921 the Fremantle Freezing Works began operation as one of the three State Government regulated abattoirs under the 1909 ...
Approximately 80 miles (130 km) of hiking trail connect the remote sections of Frozen Head State Park. Most of the trailheads ... Frozen Head State Park - official website Frozen Head landforms Frozen Head tower (Articles with short description, Short ... Frozen Head- elevation 3,324 feet (1,013 m), located near the center of the park. Frozen Head consists of a long ridge that ... A section of the Cumberland Trail traverses the south slope of Bird Mountain (this section of the trail runs congruent with the ...
1) the starting point should always be the words of section 98(4) themselves; (2) in applying the section an industrial ... Iceland Frozen Foods Ltd v Jones [1983] ICR 17 is a UK labour law case, concerning unfair dismissal, now governed by the ...
p. 12 in section 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2011. Lenceck, Lena; Gideon Bosker ( ... 1985). Frozen Music, a History of Portland Architecture. Oregon Historical Society. ISBN 0-87595-164-3. Wikimedia Commons has ...
Sections from this block are cut using a microtome, mounted on a microscope slide and then analyzed by any method of standard ... One variation is a Frozen tissue array. The use of tissue microarrays in combination with immunohistochemistry has been a ... Since patient samples are assembled into the same block, sections can be stained with the same protocol to avoid experimental ... Each microarray block can be cut into 100 - 500 sections, which can be subjected to independent tests. Tests commonly employed ...
In the third section the music is played on top of stock footage of Patrick. David Dewhurst personally did not find "Frozen" ... Frozen' Meets Politics: Creative Candidates Turn To Disney Hit To 'Freeze' Out The Competition". Independent Journal. Archived ... "Frozen" consists of a roughly animated version of Patrick lip-synching to a parody of "Let It Go". The lyrics to the parody ... "Frozen" consisted of an edited version of Patrick, dressed like Elsa, singing a parody of "Let It Go". The lyrics to the parody ...
The student section for the team sits in Section 118 and is called the "Dog Pound". The upper level of section 118 is reserved ... The arena hosted the 2009 Women's Frozen Four. The venue was also scheduled to host the 2020 Women's Frozen Four before the ... "BU to Host 2020 Women's Frozen Four at Agganis". Boston University Athletics. "NCAA cancels remaining winter and spring ...
... a teenage motorist froze to death by following Google Maps directions to use the shorter but abandoned section of the road via ... This section is known as the Old Summer Road, and has fallen into disrepair, with washed-out bridges and sections of road ... The old 420 km section via Tomtor was largely unmaintained; the 200 km section between Tomtor and Kadykchan was completely ... During winter, frozen rivers may assist river crossings. Old Summer Road remains one of the great challenges for adventuring ...
"Frozen Vacuum Sewers and the Lessons from Europe". flovac.com. Flovac Vacuum Sewerage Systems. 29 May 2015. "Section 5.10. ... If the temperatures in an area dip below freezing in winter, the vacuum line is buried below the frost line, in ground that ... In the case of Plum Island (Massachusetts), the island was prone to freezing temperature and excessive snowfall that initially ...
"John Dunn: Frozen Footsteps: Trekking in the Arctic". ExpeditionTrips.com. Retrieved 4 November 2009. "Articles by John Dunn at ... They carried an inflatable canoe to aid them on particular sections of the journey. Each lost around 14 kilograms (31 lb) in ...
Another section of the pipeline exploded in the Poltava Oblast on 17 June 2014, one day after Russia limited the supply of gas ... "Go Inside the Frozen Trenches of Eastern Ukraine". Time. Retrieved 26 April 2022. Brown, Daniel. "Here's what it's like inside ... "UN News - Close to 8,000 people killed in eastern Ukraine, says UN human rights report". UN News Service Section. Retrieved 9 ... The relatively static conflict was labelled a "frozen" by some, but Russia never achieved this as the fighting never stopped. ...
"Tissue Freezing Methods for Cryostat Sectioning" (PDF). Knox, R. B. (1970). "Freeze-sectioning of plant tissues". Stain ... Both fresh tissue and fixed tissue can be frozen. Moreover, it is also a technique used for freezing sections of either fresh ... Freezing technique is the most commonly used sectioning method. This method can preserve the immune activity of various ... The freezing method allows sectioning tissues rapidly and biopsy without using reagents. This procedure should be rapidly in ...
4. Sectioning. CRYOTOME". Atlas of Plant and Animal Histology. Retrieved 3 November 2021. JAMA patient page on frozen section ... The frozen section procedure as practiced today in medical laboratories is based on the description by Dr Louis B. Wilson in ... The frozen section procedure is a pathological laboratory procedure to perform rapid microscopic analysis of a specimen. It is ... Subsequently, it is cut frozen with the microtome portion of the cryostat, the section is picked up on a glass slide and ...
... Rozhl Chir. 2005 May;84(5):217-22. ... Aim of the study: Intraoperative frozen section (FS) examination of the Sentinel node (SN) in breast cancer patients is ... incorrect negative rate 15.6%). 158 of 282 patients (56%) were found through H&E serial sectioning, whereas 124 of 282 patients ...
... represented angiosarcoma in permanent sections. Angiosarcoma may present a challenge in intraoperative frozen section diagnosis ... The frozen section diagnosis was at least mucinous borderline tumor. The hemorrhagic area, which was intraoperatively ... The frozen section diagnosis was at least mucinous borderline tumor, pending adequate tissue sampling for permanent sections to ... represented angiosarcoma in permanent sections. Angiosarcoma may present a challenge in intraoperative frozen section diagnosis ...
Human Spleen Frozen Sections from ZYAGEN. Cat Number: HF-701. UK & Europe Distribution. ... Human Spleen Frozen Sections , HF-701 Zyagen Human Sections Human Spleen Frozen Sections , HF-701. (No reviews yet) Write a ... Human Spleen Frozen Sections , HF-701 , Zyagen. Tissues are freshly snapped frozen in OCT blocks, sectioned at a thickness of 7 ... snapped frozen in OCT and sectioned as above. Frozen sections are shipped in tightly closed slide boxes or slide mailers on dry ...
Chicken Lung Frozen Sections from ZYAGEN. Cat Number: CF-601. UK & Europe Distribution. ... Chicken Lung Frozen Sections , CF-601 Zyagen Chicken Sections Chicken Lung Frozen Sections , CF-601. (No reviews yet) Write a ... Chicken Lung Frozen Sections , CF-601 , Zyagen. Tissues are freshly snapped frozen in OCT blocks, sectioned at a thickness of 7 ... snapped frozen in OCT and sectioned as above. Frozen sections are shipped in tightly closed slide boxes or slide mailers on dry ...
"Is there value in intraoperative frozen section during thyroidectomy for thyroid nodules" Journal of The American College of ... Is there value in intraoperative frozen section during thyroidectomy for thyroid nodules ...
Thinly cut sections of frozen tissue specimens prepared with a cryostat or freezing microtome. ... Thinly cut sections of frozen tissue specimens prepared with a cryostat or freezing microtome. ... FROZEN SECTION \fɹˈə͡ʊzən sˈɛkʃən], \fɹˈə‍ʊzən sˈɛkʃən], \f_ɹ_ˈəʊ_z_ə_n s_ˈɛ_k_ʃ_ə_n]\ ...
Ice age in the frozen foods section. The line at Mitchells Ice Cream was huge yesterday, as it tends to be on hot Mission ... Apparently a giant comet had struck the frozen food section the night before, resulting in drastic climate changes that plunged ... So I picked out a pint of Starbucks Java Chip ice cream and headed out of the section. I checked out the different toppings on ... So Shan and I walked an extra block to the freezer section of the nearby Safeway. ...
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BioChains Frozen Tissue Slides are ideal for rapidly identifying cellular localization of RNA or protein. More organs may be ...
Whole genome amplification from flash-frozen tissue sections using the REPLI-g Advanced DNA Single Cell Kit. ...
BioChains Frozen Tissue Slides are ideal for rapidly identifying cellular localization of RNA or protein. More organs may be ...
Cheer up! Remember the less you have, the more there is to get. ...
Digital pathology for intraoperative frozen section diagnosis of thoracic specimens: an evaluation of a system using remote ... Digital pathology for intraoperative frozen section diagnosis of thoracic specimens: an evaluation of a system using remote ...
... congo red on frozen sections Hi everyone, Happy Friday! Has anyone done a congo red on frozen sections? Which method do you use ... Histonet] congo red on frozen sections. Celebre Julia celebrej ,@t, HHSC.CA Fri Apr 22 10:59:38 CDT 2005 *Previous message: [ ... I am attempting one on muscle frozen sections (my control is FFPE) and I am not sure what results to expect. Thank you all for ... Happy Friday right back acha... We do Highmans Congo Red on frozen muscle biopsies that have been fixed in Bakers Formol ...
LYMPH NODE, SMALL BIOPSY / OUTSIDE BLOCK (INCLUDING FROZEN SECTION & IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY) breadCrumb. * Home ...
Section menu. * Constitutional Documents. *Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. *Consolidation of Constitution Acts, 1867 ... Freezing Assets of Corrupt Foreign Officials Act. Footnote a, hereby makes the annexed Freezing Assets of Corrupt Foreign ... Freezing Assets of Corrupt Foreign Officials (Tunisia) Regulations. SOR/2011-78. FREEZING ASSETS OF CORRUPT FOREIGN OFFICIALS ... 2 Section 3 applies in respect of the property of the politically exposed foreign persons listed in Schedule 1. ...
Amazon Fresh launches in London: Some postcodes now get one-hour chilled and frozen food deliveries through Prime Now By: ... Last week, we added a range of chilled and frozen items to this selection in Birmingham as we continue to expand the number and ... Amazon is delivering fresh chilled and frozen food in selected London postcodes for the first time, testing out the waters for ... Now, the Prime Now chilled and frozen selection, which includes items such as Chicago Town pizzas, Birds Eye fish fingers and ...
Section Menu: Alumni. * Alumni Site Help * Overview of Alumni Help * Site Login ... Alumni Alumni News Books Freezing Order: A True Story of Money Laundering, Murder, and Surviving Vladimir Putins Wrath ... As Freezing Order reveals, Browders campaign to expose Putins corruption was a factor behind Russias intervention in the ... As law enforcement agencies began freezing the money, Putin retaliated. He and his cronies set up honey traps, hired process ...
Section menu. * Constitutional Documents. *Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. *Consolidation of Constitution Acts, 1867 ... Freezing Assets of Corrupt Foreign Officials (Ukraine) Regulations (SOR/2014-44). Full Document: *HTMLFull Document: Freezing ... XMLFull Document: Freezing Assets of Corrupt Foreign Officials (Ukraine) Regulations [13 KB] , ... PDFFull Document: Freezing Assets of Corrupt Foreign Officials (Ukraine) Regulations [113 KB] ...
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Section Special Capsule Issue on Teaching Creativity License The Canadian Journal of Education follows Creative Commons ... The New Ice-Age: Frozen and Thawing Perceptions of Imagination Authors. * Blaine E. Hatt Nipissing University ... Hatt, B. E. (2018). The New Ice-Age: Frozen and Thawing Perceptions of Imagination. Canadian Journal of Education/Revue ...
Results show spectral changes depending on the freezing procedure, with samples frozen on dry ice showing the largest ... Urine aliquots were frozen either at −20 °C, on dry ice, at −80 °C or in liquid nitrogen and then stored at −20 °C, −80 °C or ... Thus, we recommend that urine samples should be frozen at −20 °C and transferred to lower storage temperatures within one week ... The aim of this work, therefore, was to systematically investigate the influence of freezing procedures and storage ...
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Frozen section. The most common indication for a frozen section is to determine whether surgical margins are free of tumor (ie ... A frozen section should not be used for an "on-the-spot" diagnosis, since frozen tissue rendered tissue morphology is less ...
Individually frozen chicken wing sections. contains up to a 15% solution of water, salt and sodium phosphates. protected by a ... Grill from frozen, turning every 4-5 minutes, for approximately 20-30 minutes, until chicken can be easily pierced with fork ... Bake uncovered at 400 F for 30-40 minutes if thawed, or for 35-45 minutes if frozen. Bake until chicken can be easily pierced ...
Tissue Sections *Frozen Tissue Sections *CD1 Mouse Frozen Tissue Sections *CD1 Mouse Frozen Tissue Sections ... Home → Tissue SectionsFrozen Tissue Sections → CD1 Mouse Frozen Tissue Sections → CD1 Mouse Placenta Frozen Tissue Sections ... C57 Mouse Frozen Tissue Sections *Mouse C57 Frozen Tissue Sections *C57 Mouse Brain Regions Frozen Tissue Sections *Mouse C57 ... BALB/C Mouse Frozen Tissue Sections *BALBC Mouse Frozen Tissue Sections *BALBC Mouse Brain Regions Frozen Tissue Sections * ...
Fresh, frozen, canned and dried fruits and vegetables can be good for you. Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables are picked ... Shopping the Produce Section. When it comes to fresh vegetables and fruits, shop seasonally. Local, seasonal produce is at its ... Look for Frozen or Canned Alternatives. If the produce item you want isnt in season or doesnt fit in your budget, consider ... Canned and frozen foods offer an alternative to fresh and may be more budget friendly. Be sure to check the ingredients list to ...
4 Information Packed Sections!. Farm and Dairy Cover Section. Farm and Agriculture News, Local Market Prices and Crop Reports, ... Now, here in mid-January, were happy to have some bitterly cold nights and days, which have led to frozen ground, which make ...
  • Angiosarcoma may present a challenge in intraoperative frozen section diagnosis of an ovarian mass. (hindawi.com)
  • Frozen tissue sections are prepared in RNase-, protease-free environment and are ideal for immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. (delos.info)
  • Custom Research Services: If you are interested in frozen sections of any mouse placenta of any mouse strain or required tissue sections to be specifically prepared to meet your application, please contact technical support at [email protected] or at 858 546 0720 for more information. (zyagen.com)
  • The Prosigna test utilizes RNA extracted from macrodissected tumor cells obtained from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. (lu.se)
  • The frozen section diagnosis was at least mucinous borderline tumor. (hindawi.com)
  • The frozen section diagnosis was at least mucinous borderline tumor, pending adequate tissue sampling for permanent sections to rule out mucinous adenocarcinoma. (hindawi.com)
  • A frozen section should not be used for an "on-the-spot" diagnosis, since frozen tissue rendered tissue morphology is less optimal for microscopic examination. (medscape.com)
  • The loss of passive range of motion (ROM) is a critical element in establishing the diagnosis of a true frozen shoulder. (medscape.com)
  • More than a quarter of the ovary which made the diagnosis and thus the was removed by wedge resection and was management straightforward with wedge sent for frozen sectioning. (who.int)
  • At the time of surgical biopsy, frozen section histology raised the possibility of a high-grade astrocytoma or lymphoma, prompting resection of a 3x3-cm well-circumscribed left frontal lobe mass. (cdc.gov)
  • Idina Menzel is the star voice of Elsa in the film "Frozen" and famously performed "Let it Go" at last year's Oscars after John Travolta flubbed her name in front of a worldwide audience. (mndaily.com)
  • Instead, she and Savannah played "Frozen" - pretending Elsa was freezing the road around them and singing "Let it Go" on repeat. (cdc.gov)
  • Ovarian oedema resection, frozen section and fixation of the was confirmed. (who.int)
  • This Frozen Section Library: Pancreas enters few upon operation and shall be in state until tax, Sunday, August 14, 2011, unless acquired, informed, was, or had In to that board. (vfcde.de)
  • IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have used my Frozen Section Library: Pancreas 2011 In and required to be attained the Great Seal of Louisiana, at the Capitol, in the family of Baton Rouge, on this European food of August, 2011. (vfcde.de)
  • There take more Frozen Section Library: Pancreas cells and site-specific foundations than In for the Moonlight Enchantments process this staff not. (vfcde.de)
  • A Frozen Section Library: Pancreas prototype in which a query occurs other collections of moon. (vfcde.de)
  • The intraoperative consultation is the name given to the whole intervention by the pathologist, which includes not only frozen section but also gross evaluation of the specimen, examination of cytology preparations taken on the specimen (e.g. touch imprints), and aliquoting of the specimen for special studies (e.g. molecular pathology techniques, flow cytometry). (wikipedia.org)
  • The principal use of the frozen section procedure is the examination of tissue while surgery is taking place. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intraoperative frozen section (FS) examination of the Sentinel node (SN) in breast cancer patients is questioned due to the relatively high number of positive SN(s) found in the permanent histological examination. (nih.gov)
  • The purpose of this report was to describe the features of angiosarcoma arising in mucinous tumor that was initially misinterpreted as a nonneoplastic vascular proliferation in the intraoperative frozen section examination. (hindawi.com)
  • Patients with primary frozen shoulder have no significant findings in the history, clinical examination, or radiographic evaluation to explain their motion loss and pain. (medscape.com)
  • Tissues are freshly snapped frozen in OCT blocks, sectioned at a thickness of 7-10microns and sections are mounted on positively charged slides (2 sections per slide). (delos.info)
  • Our Party Pack includes 5 pounds of raw frozen Crab Sections freshly harvested from the icy waters of the Barents Sea. (seattleseafoodcenter.com)
  • Tyson Frozen Chicken Wing Sections, 10 lbs. (bjs.com)
  • The quality of the slides produced by frozen section is of lower quality than formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue processing. (wikipedia.org)
  • BioChain's Frozen Tissue Slides are ideal for rapidly identifying cellular localization of RNA or protein. (biochain.com)
  • Placentas are snapped frozen in OCT blocks, sectioned at a thickness of 7-10 microns and mounted on positively charged slides (2 sections per slide). (zyagen.com)
  • Zyagen offers high quality CD1 (ICR) mouse placenta frozen sections at different stages of pregnancy from E11 to E18. (zyagen.com)
  • New York: Conagra Brands Inc agreed to buy Pinnacle Foods Inc for about $8.1 billion (Dh29.7 billion) in cash and stock, gaining freezer-aisle brands such as Birds Eye to capitalise on growing demand for frozen foods. (gulfnews.com)
  • The demand for frozen food continues to rise globally as consumers seek convenient and time-saving meal options without compromising on quality and nutrition. (wix.com)
  • Fresh, frozen, canned and dried fruits and vegetables can be good for you. (eatright.org)
  • Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables are picked at peak freshness and can be just as nutritious as fresh foods because canning and freezing preserves many nutrients. (eatright.org)
  • Offering a diverse range of frozen products, including meals, vegetables, fruits, meats, desserts and specialty items, can attract a wider customer base and increase net profit and sales potential. (wix.com)
  • The aim of this work, therefore, was to systematically investigate the influence of freezing procedures and storage temperatures and their effect on NMR spectra as a potentially disturbing aspect for NMR-based metabolomics studies. (mdpi.com)
  • Butler County Schools maintenance department and custodial staff worked alongside ServPro to mitigate damage and clean up Georgianna School's pre-kindergarten classroom after freezing temperatures caused sprinkler system pipes to burst on Christmas night. (greenvilleadvocate.com)
  • Annual freezing and thawing indices are defined as the cumulative number of degree-days when air temperatures are below and above 0 degrees C. The values were calculated based upon the monthly mean air temperature from the 1901-2002, 0.5 deg. (nsidc.org)
  • Even millennials, known for their foodie tastes, are embracing frozen meals, which are convenient and less expensive than takeout. (gulfnews.com)
  • Starting a frozen food business allows you to tap into this thriving market and offer products that cater to the needs and desires of consumers looking for convenient and delicious frozen meals. (wix.com)
  • Frozen food provides convenience to consumers, allowing them to have quick and easy meals without the need for extensive preparation. (wix.com)
  • So Shan and I walked an extra block to the freezer section of the nearby Safeway. (docpop.org)
  • The frozen section procedure is a pathological laboratory procedure to perform rapid microscopic analysis of a specimen. (wikipedia.org)
  • The frozen section procedure as practiced today in medical laboratories is based on the description by Dr Louis B. Wilson in 1905. (wikipedia.org)
  • Wilson developed the technique from earlier reports at the request of Dr William Mayo, surgeon and one of the founders of the Mayo Clinic Earlier reports by Dr Thomas S. Cullen at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore also involved frozen section, but only after formalin fixation, and pathologist Dr William Welch, also at Hopkins, experimented with Cullen's procedure but without clinical consequences. (wikipedia.org)
  • For fixed frozen sections, tissues are fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin or 4% paraformaldehyde, cryoprotected in sucrose solution, snapped frozen in OCT and sectioned as above. (delos.info)
  • therefore, definitive differentiation of Hürthle cell carcinoma from Hürthle-cell adenoma is based on vascular invasion and/or capsular invasion, as well as on permanent histologic sections or extrathyroidal tumor spread and lymph node and systemic metastases. (medscape.com)
  • How difficult it was to differentiate between the regular and low fat varieties of frozen dairy. (docpop.org)
  • CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. (cdc.gov)
  • Frozen pizza is fast, easy, and usually pretty cheap - and fortunately, there are now a few options that are also relatively nutritious (and tasty, too)! (ochsner.org)
  • By focusing on high-quality ingredients, nutritious recipes and catering to specific dietary preferences or restrictions, you can tap into the growing demand for healthier frozen food options. (wix.com)
  • Fifty-three consecutive frozen section cases were examined by 3 expert pathologists. (fbk.eu)
  • Enjoy leftovers later in the week or freeze for future use. (eatright.org)
  • Canned and frozen foods offer an alternative to fresh and may be more budget friendly. (eatright.org)
  • You can buy in bulk, prepare ahead of time and then freeze so you always have protein and fiber-rich foods on hand. (eatright.org)
  • Conagra, which has brands such as Slim Jim and Reddi-wip, is buying Pinnacle Foods Inc. in a cash-and-stock deal valued at about $10.9 billion that will help the food company expand in the frozen food and snacks categories. (gulfnews.com)
  • The pressure on packaged-food makers to get bigger has intensified in the aftermath of Whole Foods Market Inc.'s sale last year to Amazon.com Inc. Frozen food, however, is considered relatively resistant to Amazon's push to get shoppers to buy more groceries online because they're tricky to deliver. (gulfnews.com)
  • The New York-based hedge fund, run by Barry Rosenstein, said in a filing then that it thought the company was in a good position to consider consolidation given its strength in the frozen foods industry. (gulfnews.com)
  • Title : Emergency handling of frozen foods Personal Author(s) : Hozier, John B.;Anderegg, James A. (cdc.gov)
  • Heralded by The New Yorker as "thrilling" and "genuinely moving," Frozen features the songs you know and love from the original Oscar®-winning film, plus an expanded score with a dozen new numbers by the film's songwriters, Oscar winner Kristen Anderson-Lopez and EGOT winner Robert Lopez . (etix.com)
  • Apparently a giant comet had struck the frozen food section the night before, resulting in drastic climate changes that plunged the dessert section into a new ice age. (docpop.org)
  • Amazon is delivering fresh chilled and frozen food in selected London postcodes for the first time, testing out the waters for Amazon Fresh. (cityam.com)
  • The purchase will give Chicago-based Conagra more exposure to one of the few bright spots in the grocery store: Frozen food sales are growing after years of decline. (gulfnews.com)
  • If you have a passion for frozen food, a deep understanding of the industry and a desire to turn your love for frozen food into a business, starting a frozen food business can be an exciting and fulfilling venture. (wix.com)
  • In this guide, we'll walk you through the process of starting a frozen food business, from developing your concept to creating a professional business website and provide you with valuable insights to help you succeed in this dynamic industry. (wix.com)
  • The frozen food industry has experienced significant growth in recent years, driven by changing consumer lifestyles, convenience and an increased focus on healthy and quality food options. (wix.com)
  • What is a frozen food business? (wix.com)
  • A frozen food business involves producing, packaging and selling a variety of frozen food products. (wix.com)
  • The key is to identify a niche within the frozen food industry that aligns with your interests, expertise and target market. (wix.com)
  • Why start a frozen food business? (wix.com)
  • The frozen food industry offers numerous opportunities for entrepreneurs to establish successful businesses. (wix.com)
  • With busy lifestyles becoming the norm, frozen food offers a solution for those looking for convenient and delicious meal options. (wix.com)
  • The majority of people want to eat healthy and are seeking healthier options even in the frozen food category. (wix.com)
  • Frozen food appeals to a wide range of consumers, including busy professionals, families, students and individuals with specific dietary needs. (wix.com)
  • Can a frozen food business be profitable? (wix.com)
  • A frozen food business can be profitable, but the exact profitability can vary based on several factors including your location, product selection, pricing strategy, distribution channels, and operational efficiency. (wix.com)
  • Profit margins in the frozen food industry can vary depending on the type of product and your sourcing costs. (wix.com)
  • To accurately assess the profitability of a frozen food business, you need to conduct a comprehensive financial analysis that considers all expenses and revenue streams. (wix.com)
  • Starting a frozen food business requires careful planning, research and execution. (wix.com)
  • Clarify your vision and identify the specific niche or segment of the frozen food industry you want to focus on. (wix.com)
  • The most common indication for a frozen section is to determine whether surgical margins are free of tumor (ie, to assess the adequacy of tissue excision). (medscape.com)
  • FROM the Year who is in the verification equality to Go the Persons of those around them to the credibility who is the new section to be a laboratory understanding nonfiction. (vfcde.de)
  • Refer to the Laboratory Method Files section for a detailed description of the laboratory methods used. (cdc.gov)
  • However, RNA extracted from fresh-frozen (FF) bulk tissue without macrodissection is widely used for research purposes, and yields high-quality RNA for downstream. (lu.se)
  • Aim of this study was to assess the performance of a static telemicroscopy system (STMS) as a remote frozen section service. (fbk.eu)
  • Lundberg divided patients who met the pain and motion requirements of frozen shoulder into two groups: primary and secondary. (medscape.com)
  • The microtome device that cold cuts thin blocks of frozen tissue is called a cryotome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Russia's Gazprombank is reported to have frozen the accounts of Venezuelan state oil company PDVSA and halted transactions with the firm in the wake of US sanctions on the South American country. (domain-b.com)
  • Frozen sections are shipped in tightly closed slide boxes or slide mailers on dry ice and are good for one year if properly stored. (delos.info)
  • This data set contains annual freezing and thawing indices for each year from 1901 to 2002 on the 25 km resolution Equal-Area Scalable Earth Grid (EASE-Grid). (nsidc.org)
  • So I picked out a pint of Starbucks Java Chip ice cream and headed out of the section. (docpop.org)
  • The hemorrhagic area, which was intraoperatively interpreted as organizing vessels associated with previous hemorrhage, represented angiosarcoma in permanent sections. (hindawi.com)
  • The hemorrhagic area sampled in the frozen section was interpreted as organizing vessels associated with intratumoral hemorrhage (Figure 1(b) ). (hindawi.com)
  • Butler County Schools officials discovered water damage at two area schools Dec. 26 after freezing weather Christmas night caused sprinkler system pipes to burst. (greenvilleadvocate.com)
  • The Labelling document should include a description of any special storage conditions as Section 9: Special storage conditions. (who.int)
  • 6. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE stored in military depots and storage facilities across the United States (see Section 5.1). (cdc.gov)
  • The eighth annual Big Freeze was Saturday at Edgewater Bay Pavilion, and wow - what a fantastic day of sunshine! (albertleatribune.com)
  • Bibi takes concepts from the kitchen, today he freezes tomorrow he thaws. (israelnationalnews.com)
  • Tyson frozen chicken has been a kitchen staple for decades. (bjs.com)
  • The animals were embedded in carboxymethyl cellulose and frozen immediately. (cdc.gov)
  • Last week, we added a range of chilled and frozen items to this selection in Birmingham as we continue to expand the number and variety of products that can be ordered for delivery within 60 minutes. (cityam.com)
  • More than half of Pinnacle's revenue comes from frozen brands including Birds Eye, Van de Kamp's and the Gardein line of vegetarian products. (gulfnews.com)
  • As Freezing Order reveals, Browder's campaign to expose Putin's corruption was a factor behind Russia's intervention in the 2016 US presidential election. (stanford.edu)
  • At once a financial caper, an international adventure, and a passionate plea for justice, Freezing Order is "mandatory reading for anyone who wants to understand the tactics of modern autocracy," (Anne Applebaum, Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Twilight of Democracy ). (stanford.edu)
  • Please refer to the Analytic Notes section for more details on the use of the data. (cdc.gov)
  • Refer to the Help section for more detailed instructions. (cdc.gov)
  • Is there value in intraoperative frozen section during thyroidectomy for thyroid nodules" Journal of The American College of Surgeons Vol. 221 Iss. (bepress.com)
  • unlikely of these bundles platonist on data personal to section. (luropi.de)
  • 2 Section 3 applies in respect of the property of the politically exposed foreign persons listed in Schedule 1. (gc.ca)
  • If the produce item you want isn't in season or doesn't fit in your budget, consider purchasing it frozen or canned . (eatright.org)
  • Now, here in mid-January, we're happy to have some bitterly cold nights and days, which have led to frozen ground, which make feeding a bit easier and more manageable in general. (farmanddairy.com)