Frontal lobe. Medical search

The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.

A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by seizures which arise in the FRONTAL LOBE. A variety of clinical syndromes exist depending on the exact location of the seizure focus. Frontal lobe seizures may be idiopathic (cryptogenic) or caused by an identifiable disease process such as traumatic injuries, neoplasms, or other macroscopic or microscopic lesions of the frontal lobes (symptomatic frontal lobe seizures). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp318-9)

Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. It is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

One of the paired, but seldom symmetrical, air spaces located between the inner and outer compact layers of the FRONTAL BONE in the forehead.

A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the temporal lobe, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (i.e., related to an identified disease process or lesion). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321)

The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the NASAL BONE and the CHEEK BONE on each side of the face.

Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.

Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. It is located posterior to central sulcus, anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE, and superior to the TEMPORAL LOBES.

Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.

Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.

A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.

Serum proteins that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host. The complement system is tightly regulated by inactivators that accelerate the decay of intermediates and certain cell surface receptors.

Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

Posterior portion of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES responsible for processing visual sensory information. It is located posterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus and extends to the preoccipital notch.

The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.

Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the FRONTAL SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE or HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.

The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.

Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.

Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)

A tricyclic antidepressant that has actions and uses similar to those of AMITRIPTYLINE, but has only weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p257)

A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.

Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.

In invertebrate zoology, a lateral lobe of the FOREBRAIN in certain ARTHROPODS. In vertebrate zoology, either of the corpora bigemina of non-mammalian VERTEBRATES. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1329)

An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of O-acetylcarnitine from acetyl-CoA plus carnitine. EC 2.3.1.7.

One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and CORPUS CALLOSUM and forms part of the LIMBIC SYSTEM.

Remembrance of information for a few seconds to hours.

A method of computed tomography that uses radionuclides which emit a single photon of a given energy. The camera is rotated 180 or 360 degrees around the patient to capture images at multiple positions along the arc. The computer is then used to reconstruct the transaxial, sagittal, and coronal images from the 3-dimensional distribution of radionuclides in the organ. The advantages of SPECT are that it can be used to observe biochemical and physiological processes as well as size and volume of the organ. The disadvantage is that, unlike positron-emission tomography where the positron-electron annihilation results in the emission of 2 photons at 180 degrees from each other, SPECT requires physical collimation to line up the photons, which results in the loss of many available photons and hence degrades the image.

A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.

Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

Treatment of chronic, severe and intractable psychiatric disorders by surgical removal or interruption of certain areas or pathways in the brain, especially in the prefrontal lobes.

Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.

Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.

Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.

Tomography using radioactive emissions from injected RADIONUCLIDES and computer ALGORITHMS to reconstruct an image.

Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres.

A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)

An interdisciplinary science concerned with studies of the biological bases of behavior - biochemical, genetic, physiological, and neurological - and applying these to the understanding and treatment of mental illness.

A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.

The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.

Includes both producing and responding to words, either written or spoken.

A set of cognitive functions that controls complex, goal-directed thought and behavior. Executive function involves multiple domains, such as CONCEPT FORMATION, goal management, cognitive flexibility, INHIBITION control, and WORKING MEMORY. Impaired executive function is seen in a range of disorders, e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; and ADHD.

A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE. The common names of chokeberry or chokecherry are also used for some species of PRUNUS.

A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.

Any operation on the cranium or incision into the cranium. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.

Dental occlusion in which the occlusal contact of the teeth on the working side of the jaw is accompanied by the harmonious contact of the teeth on the opposite (balancing) side. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p556)

A verbal or nonverbal means of communicating ideas or feelings.

A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

An aphasia characterized by impairment of expressive LANGUAGE (speech, writing, signs) and relative preservation of receptive language abilities (i.e., comprehension). This condition is caused by lesions of the motor association cortex in the FRONTAL LOBE (BROCA AREA and adjacent cortical and white matter regions).

Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.

The observable response of a man or animal to a situation.

The study of crime and criminals with special reference to the personality factors and social conditions leading toward, or away from crime.

The use of diffusion ANISOTROPY data from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging results to construct images based on the direction of the faster diffusing molecules.

A group of compounds with the general formula M10(PO4)6(OH)2, where M is barium, strontium, or calcium. The compounds are the principal mineral in phosphorite deposits, biological tissue, human bones, and teeth. They are also used as an anticaking agent and polymer catalysts. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions.

Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."

Ascertaining of deception through detection of emotional disturbance as manifested by changes in physiologic processes usually using a polygraph.

An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as CREATININE in the urine.

A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)

The science that investigates the principles governing correct or reliable inference and deals with the canons and criteria of validity in thought and demonstration. This system of reasoning is applicable to any branch of knowledge or study. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed & Sippl, Computer Dictionary, 4th ed)

Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.

Cognitive disorders including delirium, dementia, and other cognitive disorders. These may be the result of substance use, trauma, or other causes.

Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms.

Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure.

Tests designed to assess language behavior and abilities. They include tests of vocabulary, comprehension, grammar and functional use of language, e.g., Development Sentence Scoring, Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Scale, Parsons Language Sample, Utah Test of Language Development, Michigan Language Inventory and Verbal Language Development Scale, Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, Northwestern Syntax Screening Test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Ammons Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test, and Assessment of Children's Language Comprehension.

The measurement of magnetic fields over the head generated by electric currents in the brain. As in any electrical conductor, electric fields in the brain are accompanied by orthogonal magnetic fields. The measurement of these fields provides information about the localization of brain activity which is complementary to that provided by ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY. Magnetoencephalography may be used alone or together with electroencephalography, for measurement of spontaneous or evoked activity, and for research or clinical purposes.

The detailed examination of observable activity or behavior associated with the execution or completion of a required function or unit of work.

A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

An abrupt voluntary shift in ocular fixation from one point to another, as occurs in reading.

Communication through a system of conventional vocal symbols.

A plant family of the order Rhamnales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida, best known for the VITIS genus, the source of grapes.

A non-inherited congenital condition with vascular and neurological abnormalities. It is characterized by facial vascular nevi (PORT-WINE STAIN), and capillary angiomatosis of intracranial membranes (MENINGES; CHOROID). Neurological features include EPILEPSY; cognitive deficits; GLAUCOMA; and visual defects.

A diagnostic technique that incorporates the measurement of molecular diffusion (such as water or metabolites) for tissue assessment by MRI. The degree of molecular movement can be measured by changes of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) with time, as reflected by tissue microstructure. Diffusion MRI has been used to study BRAIN ISCHEMIA and tumor response to treatment.

The faculty of expressing the amusing, clever, or comical or the keen perception and cleverly apt expression of connections between ideas that awaken amusement and pleasure. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Acquired or developmental conditions marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or generate spoken forms of language.

The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (VIDEODISC RECORDING).

The relationships between symbols and their meanings.

A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.

Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the nervous system, central and peripheral, or demonstration of neurologic function or dysfunction.

Sleep disorders characterized by impaired arousal from the deeper stages of sleep (generally stage III or IV sleep).

Gastrointestinal infection with organisms of the genus DIENTAMOEBA.

The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

The process whereby a representation of past experience is elicited.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)

A noninvasive technique that uses the differential absorption properties of hemoglobin and myoglobin to evaluate tissue oxygenation and indirectly can measure regional hemodynamics and blood flow. Near-infrared light (NIR) can propagate through tissues and at particular wavelengths is differentially absorbed by oxygenated vs. deoxygenated forms of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Illumination of intact tissue with NIR allows qualitative assessment of changes in the tissue concentration of these molecules. The analysis is also used to determine body composition.

A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.

Timed test in which the subject must read a list of words or identify colors presented with varying instructions and different degrees of distraction. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary. 8th ed.)

A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.

Lectins purified from the germinating seeds of common wheat (Triticum vulgare); these bind to certain carbohydrate moieties on cell surface glycoproteins and are used to identify certain cell populations and inhibit or promote some immunological or physiological activities. There are at least two isoforms of this lectin.

A group of cognitive disorders characterized by the inability to perform previously learned skills that cannot be attributed to deficits of motor or sensory function. The two major subtypes of this condition are ideomotor (see APRAXIA, IDEOMOTOR) and ideational apraxia, which refers to loss of the ability to mentally formulate the processes involved with performing an action. For example, dressing apraxia may result from an inability to mentally formulate the act of placing clothes on the body. Apraxias are generally associated with lesions of the dominant PARIETAL LOBE and supramarginal gyrus. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp56-7)

Non-invasive methods of visualizing the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the brain, by various imaging modalities.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The interference with or prevention of a behavioral or verbal response even though the stimulus for that response is present; in psychoanalysis the unconscious restraining of an instinctual process.

The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.

An imaging technique using compounds labelled with short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides (such as carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15 and fluorine-18) to measure cell metabolism. It has been useful in study of soft tissues such as CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; and brain. SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY is closely related to positron emission tomography, but uses isotopes with longer half-lives and resolution is lower.

The knowledge or perception that someone or something present has been previously encountered.

A disorder characterized by the onset of myoclonus in adolescence, a marked increase in the incidence of absence seizures (see EPILEPSY, ABSENCE), and generalized major motor seizures (see EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). The myoclonic episodes tend to occur shortly after awakening. Seizures tend to be aggravated by sleep deprivation and alcohol consumption. Hereditary and sporadic forms have been identified. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p323)

Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)

The ability to generate new ideas or images.

A cognitive process involving the formation of ideas generalized from the knowledge of qualities, aspects, and relations of objects.

Methods developed to aid in the interpretation of ultrasound, radiographic images, etc., for diagnosis of disease.

Disorders of speech articulation caused by imperfect coordination of pharynx, larynx, tongue, or face muscles. This may result from CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; CEREBELLAR DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; BRAIN STEM diseases; or diseases of the corticobulbar tracts (see PYRAMIDAL TRACTS). The cortical language centers are intact in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p489)

Compounds that contain the radical R2C=N.OH derived from condensation of ALDEHYDES or KETONES with HYDROXYLAMINE. Members of this group are CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS.

A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)

Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.

Area of the FRONTAL LOBE concerned with primary motor control located in the dorsal PRECENTRAL GYRUS immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It is comprised of three areas: the primary motor cortex located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain; the premotor cortex located anterior to the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex.

Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)

Derived from TELENCEPHALON, cerebrum is composed of a right and a left hemisphere. Each contains an outer cerebral cortex and a subcortical basal ganglia. The cerebrum includes all parts within the skull except the MEDULLA OBLONGATA, the PONS, and the CEREBELLUM. Cerebral functions include sensorimotor, emotional, and intellectual activities.

Partial or complete loss of vision in one half of the visual field(s) of one or both eyes. Subtypes include altitudinal hemianopsia, characterized by a visual defect above or below the horizontal meridian of the visual field. Homonymous hemianopsia refers to a visual defect that affects both eyes equally, and occurs either to the left or right of the midline of the visual field. Binasal hemianopsia consists of loss of vision in the nasal hemifields of both eyes. Bitemporal hemianopsia is the bilateral loss of vision in the temporal fields. Quadrantanopsia refers to loss of vision in one quarter of the visual field in one or both eyes.

The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)

The process of generating three-dimensional images by electronic, photographic, or other methods. For example, three-dimensional images can be generated by assembling multiple tomographic images with the aid of a computer, while photographic 3-D images (HOLOGRAPHY) can be made by exposing film to the interference pattern created when two laser light sources shine on an object.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)

The awareness of the spatial properties of objects; includes physical space.

Heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by frontal and temporal lobe atrophy associated with neuronal loss, gliosis, and dementia. Patients exhibit progressive changes in social, behavioral, and/or language function. Multiple subtypes or forms are recognized based on presence or absence of TAU PROTEIN inclusions. FTLD includes three clinical syndromes: FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA, semantic dementia, and PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE NONFLUENT APHASIA.

Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.

The ability to learn and to deal with new situations and to deal effectively with tasks involving abstractions.

Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond.

Any of various diseases affecting the white matter of the central nervous system.

Brain waves seen on EEG characterized by a high amplitude and a frequency of 4 Hz and below. They are considered the "deep sleep waves" observed during sleep in dreamless states, infancy, and in some brain disorders.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Organic compounds that contain technetium as an integral part of the molecule. These compounds are often used as radionuclide imaging agents.

Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.

Drugs used to prevent SEIZURES or reduce their severity.

Bleeding within the subcortical regions of cerebral hemispheres (BASAL GANGLIA). It is often associated with HYPERTENSION or ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS. Clinical manifestations may include HEADACHE; DYSKINESIAS; and HEMIPARESIS.

A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the AMYGDALA; EPITHALAMUS; GYRUS CINGULI; hippocampal formation (see HIPPOCAMPUS); HYPOTHALAMUS; PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS; SEPTAL NUCLEI; anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)).

Assessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous system.

A species of protozoa that is a cause of bovine babesiosis. Ticks of the genera Boophilus, Rhipicephalus, and IXODES are the chief vectors.

The act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation.

Those affective states which can be experienced and have arousing and motivational properties.

Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.

The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).

Recurrent conditions characterized by epileptic seizures which arise diffusely and simultaneously from both hemispheres of the brain. Classification is generally based upon motor manifestations of the seizure (e.g., convulsive, nonconvulsive, akinetic, atonic, etc.) or etiology (e.g., idiopathic, cryptogenic, and symptomatic). (From Mayo Clin Proc, 1996 Apr;71(4):405-14)

Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.

A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates.

A relatively common sequela of blunt head injury, characterized by a global disruption of axons throughout the brain. Associated clinical features may include NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; DEMENTIA; and other disorders.

A characteristic symptom complex.

Surgically placed electric conductors through which ELECTRIC STIMULATION is delivered to or electrical activity is recorded from a specific point inside the body.

Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.

Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.

Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.

Mental activity, not predominantly perceptual, by which one apprehends some aspect of an object or situation based on past learning and experience.

Learning to respond verbally to a verbal stimulus cue.

Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.

The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea.

A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)

Study of mental processes and behavior of schizophrenics.

A system of record keeping in which a list of the patient's problems is made and all history, physical findings, laboratory data, etc. pertinent to each problem are placed under that heading.

The science and art of collecting, summarizing, and analyzing data that are subject to random variation. The term is also applied to the data themselves and to the summarization of the data.

Structural abnormalities of the central or peripheral nervous system resulting primarily from defects of embryogenesis.

Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities.

Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.

Mental process to visually perceive a critical number of facts (the pattern), such as characters, shapes, displays, or designs.

Differential response to different stimuli.

The class of heavy chains found in IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. They have a molecular weight of approximately 72 kDa and they contain about 57 amino acid residues arranged in five domains and have more oligosaccharide branches and a higher carbohydrate content than the heavy chains of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G.

A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.

NECROSIS occurring in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY system, including branches such as Heubner's artery. These arteries supply blood to the medial and superior parts of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, Infarction in the anterior cerebral artery usually results in sensory and motor impairment in the lower body.

Rare indolent tumors comprised of neoplastic glial and neuronal cells which occur primarily in children and young adults. Benign lesions tend to be associated with long survival unless the tumor degenerates into a histologically malignant form. They tend to occur in the optic nerve and white matter of the brain and spinal cord.

Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE over the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.

Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.

A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.

Four CSF-filled (see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres (LATERAL VENTRICLES), in the midline (THIRD VENTRICLE) and within the PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA (FOURTH VENTRICLE).

Standardized clinical interview used to assess current psychopathology by scaling patient responses to the questions.

Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL). Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the CAUDATE NUCLEUS; INTERNAL CAPSULE; PUTAMEN; SEPTAL NUCLEI; GYRUS CINGULI; and surfaces of the FRONTAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE.

Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.

Any situation where an animal or human is trained to respond differentially to two stimuli (e.g., approach and avoidance) under reward and punishment conditions and subsequently trained under reversed reward values (i.e., the approach which was previously rewarded is punished and vice versa).

An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.

The compartment containing the inferior part and anterior extremities of the frontal lobes (FRONTAL LOBE) of the cerebral hemispheres. It is formed mainly by orbital parts of the FRONTAL BONE and the lesser wings of the SPHENOID BONE.

A large group of nuclei lying between the internal medullary lamina and the INTERNAL CAPSULE. It includes the ventral anterior, ventral lateral, and ventral posterior nuclei.

The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.

An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.

Use of reflected ultrasound in the diagnosis of intracranial pathologic processes.

A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of 16 species inhabiting forests of Africa, Asia, and the islands of Borneo, Philippines, and Celebes.

A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)

The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.

The process whereby an utterance is decoded into a representation in terms of linguistic units (sequences of phonetic segments which combine to form lexical and grammatical morphemes).

The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized, and interpreted by the organism.

A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)

Compounds that are used in medicine as sources of radiation for radiotherapy and for diagnostic purposes. They have numerous uses in research and industry. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1161)

The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)

An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)

The perceiving of attributes, characteristics, and behaviors of one's associates or social groups.

Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.

Neural encoding in orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala during olfactory discrimination learning. (1/3907)

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is part of a network of structures involved in adaptive behavior and decision making. Interconnections between OFC and basolateral amygdala (ABL) may be critical for encoding the motivational significance of stimuli used to guide behavior. Indeed, much research indicates that neurons in OFC and ABL fire selectively to cues based on their associative significance. In the current study recordings were made in each region within a behavioral paradigm that allowed comparison of the development of associative encoding over the course of learning. In each recording session, rats were presented with novel odors that were informative about the outcome of making a response and had to learn to withhold a response after sampling an odor that signaled a negative outcome. In some cases, reversal training was performed in the same session as the initial learning. Ninety-six of the 328 neurons recorded in OFC and 60 of the 229 neurons recorded in ABL exhibited selective activity during evaluation of the odor cues after learning had occurred. A substantial proportion of those neurons in ABL developed selective activity very early in training, and many reversed selectivity rapidly after reversal. In contrast, those neurons in OFC rarely exhibited selective activity during odor evaluation before the rats reached the criterion for learning, and far fewer reversed selectivity after reversal. The findings support a model in which ABL encodes the motivational significance of cues and OFC uses this information in the selection and execution of an appropriate behavioral strategy. (+info)

Frontal cognitive impairments and saccadic deficits in low-dose MPTP-treated monkeys. (2/3907)

There is considerable overlap between the cognitive deficits observed in humans with frontal lobe damage and those described in patients with Parkinson's disease. Similar frontal impairments have been found in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) primate model of Parkinsonism. Here we provide quantitative documentation of the cognitive, oculomotor, and skeletomotor dysfunctions of monkeys trained on a frontal task and treated with low-doses (LD) of MPTP. Two rhesus monkeys were trained to perform a spatial delayed-response task with frequent alternations between two behavioral modes (GO and NO-GO). After control recordings, the monkeys were treated with one placebo and successive LD MPTP courses. Monkey C developed motor Parkinsonian signs after a fourth course of medium-dose (MD) MPTP and later was treated with combined dopaminergic therapy (CDoT). There were no gross motor changes after the LD MPTP courses, and the average movement time (MT) did not increase. However, reaction time (RT) increased significantly. Both RT and MT were further increased in the symptomatic state, under CDoT. Self-initiated saccades became hypometric after LD MPTP treatments and their frequency decreased. Visually triggered saccades were affected to a lesser extent by the LD MPTP treatments. All saccadic parameters declined further in the symptomatic state and improved partially during CDoT. The number of GO mode (no-response, location, and early release) errors increased after MPTP treatment. The monkeys made more perseverative errors while switching from the GO to the NO-GO mode. Saccadic eye movement patterns suggest that frontal deficits were involved in most observed errors. CDoT had a differential effect on the behavioral errors. It decreased omission errors but did not improve location errors or perseverative errors. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry showed moderate ( approximately 70-80%) reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta after MPTP treatment. These results show that cognitive and motor disorders can be dissociated in the LD MPTP model and that cognitive and oculomotor impairments develop before the onset of skeletal motor symptoms. The behavioral and saccadic deficits probably result from the marked reduction of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. We suggest that these behavioral changes result from modified neuronal activity in the frontal cortex. (+info)

Visuomotor processing as reflected in the directional discharge of premotor and primary motor cortex neurons. (3/3907)

Premotor and primary motor cortical neuronal firing was studied in two monkeys during an instructed delay, pursuit tracking task. The task included a premovement "cue period," during which the target was presented at the periphery of the workspace and moved to the center of the workspace along one of eight directions at one of four constant speeds. The "track period" consisted of a visually guided, error-constrained arm movement during which the animal tracked the target as it moved from the central start box along a line to the opposite periphery of the workspace. Behaviorally, the animals tracked the required directions and speeds with highly constrained trajectories. The eye movements consisted of saccades to the target at the onset of the cue period, followed by smooth pursuit intermingled with saccades throughout the cue and track periods. Initially, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for direction and period effects in the firing. Subsequently, a linear regression analysis was used to fit the average firing from the cue and track periods to a cosine model. Directional tuning as determined by a significant fit to the cosine model was a prominent feature of the discharge during both the cue and track periods. However, the directional tuning of the firing of a single cell was not always constant across the cue and track periods. Approximately one-half of the neurons had differences in their preferred directions (PDs) of >45 degrees between cue and track periods. The PD in the cue or track period was not dependent on the target speed. A second linear regression analysis based on calculation of the preferred direction in 20-ms bins (i.e., the PD trajectory) was used to examine on a finer time scale the temporal evolution of this change in directional tuning. The PD trajectories in the cue period were not straight but instead rotated over the workspace to align with the track period PD. Both clockwise and counterclockwise rotations occurred. The PD trajectories were relatively straight during most of the track period. The rotation and eventual convergence of the PD trajectories in the cue period to the preferred direction of the track period may reflect the transformation of visual information into motor commands. The widely dispersed PD trajectories in the cue period would allow targets to be detected over a wide spatial aperture. The convergence of the PD trajectories occurring at the cue-track transition may serve as a "Go" signal to move that was not explicitly supplied by the paradigm. Furthermore, the rotation and convergence of the PD trajectories may provide a mechanism for nonstandard mapping. Standard mapping refers to a sensorimotor transformation in which the stimulus is the object of the reach. Nonstandard mapping is the mapping of an arbitrary stimulus into an arbitrary movement. The shifts in the PD may allow relevant visual information from any direction to be transformed into an appropriate movement direction, providing a neural substrate for nonstandard stimulus-response mappings. (+info)

Improvement by nefiracetam of beta-amyloid-(1-42)-induced learning and memory impairments in rats. (4/3907)

1. We have previously demonstrated that continuous i.c.v. infusion of amyloid beta-peptide (A beta), the major constituent of senile plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease, results in learning and memory deficits in rats. 2. In the present study, we investigated the effects of nefiracetam [N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl) acetamide, DM-9384] on A beta-(1-42)-induced learning and memory deficits in rats. 3. In the A beta-(1-42)-infused rats, spontaneous alternation behaviour in a Y-maze task, spatial reference and working memory in a water maze task, and retention of passive avoidance learning were significantly impaired as compared with A beta-(40-1)-infused control rats. 4. Nefiracetam, at a dose range of 1-10 mg kg(-1), improved learning and memory deficits in the A beta-(1-42)-infused rats when it was administered p.o. 1 h before the behavioural tests. 5. Nefiracetam at a dose of 3 mg kg(-1) p.o. increased the activity of choline acetyltransferase in the hippocampus of A beta-(1-42)-infused rats. 6. Nefiracetam increased dopamine turnover in the cerebral cortex and striatum of A beta-(1-42)-infused rats, but failed to affect the noradrenaline, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid content. 7. These results suggest that nefiracetam may be useful for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease. (+info)

N-Methyl-D-aspartate antagonists and apoptotic cell death triggered by head trauma in developing rat brain. (5/3907)

Morbidity and mortality from head trauma is highest among children. No animal model mimicking traumatic brain injury in children has yet been established, and the mechanisms of neuronal degeneration after traumatic injury to the developing brain are not understood. In infant rats subjected to percussion head trauma, two types of brain damage could be characterized. The first type or primary damage evolved within 4 hr and occurred by an excitotoxic mechanism. The second type or secondary damage evolved within 6-24 hr and occurred by an apoptotic mechanism. Primary damage remained localized to the parietal cortex at the site of impact. Secondary damage affected distant sites such as the cingulate/retrosplenial cortex, subiculum, frontal cortex, thalamus and striatum. Secondary apoptotic damage was more severe than primary excitotoxic damage. Morphometric analysis demonstrated that the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonate and dizocilpine protected against primary excitotoxic damage but increased severity of secondary apoptotic damage. 2-Sulfo-alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitrone, a free radical scavenger, did not affect primary excitotoxic damage but mitigated apoptotic damage. These observations demonstrate that apoptosis and not excitotoxicity determine neuropathologic outcome after traumatic injury to the developing brain. Whereas free radical scavengers may prove useful in therapy of head trauma in children, N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists should be avoided because of their propensity to increase severity of apoptotic damage. (+info)

Crossmodal associative memory representations in rodent orbitofrontal cortex. (6/3907)

Firing patterns of neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OF) were analyzed in rats trained to perform a task that encouraged incidental associations between distinct odors and the places where their occurrence was detected. Many of the neurons fired differentially when the animals were at a particular location or sampled particular odors. Furthermore, a substantial fraction of the cells exhibited odor-specific firing patterns prior to odor presentation, when the animal arrived at a location associated with that odor. These findings suggest that neurons in the OF encode cross-modal associations between odors and locations within long-term memory. (+info)

Blind smell: brain activation induced by an undetected air-borne chemical. (7/3907)

EEG and behavioural evidence suggests that air-borne chemicals can affect the nervous system without being consciously detected. EEG and behaviour, however, do not specify which brain structures are involved in chemical sensing that occurs below a threshold of conscious detection. Here we used functional MRI to localize brain activation induced by high and low concentrations of the air-borne compound oestra-1,3,5(10),16-tetraen-3yl acetate. Following presentations of both concentrations, eight of eight subjects reported verbally that they could not detect any odour (P = 0.004). Forced choice detection performed during the presentations revealed above-chance detection of the high concentration, but no better than chance detection of the low concentration compound. Both concentrations induced significant brain activation, primarily in the anterior medial thalamus and inferior frontal gyrus. Activation in the inferior frontal gyrus during the high concentration condition was significantly greater in the right than in the left hemisphere (P = 0.03). A trend towards greater thalamic activation was observed for the high concentration than the low concentration compound (P = 0.08). These findings localize human brain activation that was induced by an undetectable air-borne chemical (the low concentration compound). (+info)

Increased poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of nuclear proteins in Alzheimer's disease. (8/3907)

Experimental studies indicate that overactivation of the DNA repair protein poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in response to oxidative damage to DNA can cause cell death due to depletion of NAD+. Oxidative damage to DNA and other macromolecules has been reported to be increased in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. In the present study we sought evidence of PARP activation in Alzheimer's disease by immunostaining sections of frontal and temporal lobe from autopsy material of 20 patients and 10 controls, both for PARP itself and for its end-product, poly(ADP-ribose). All of the brains had previously been subjected to detailed neuropathological examination to confirm the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease or, in the controls, to exclude Alzheimer's disease-type pathology. Double immunolabelling for poly(ADP-ribose) and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), glial fibrillary-acidic protein (GFAP), CD68, A beta-protein or tau was used to assess the identity of the cells with poly(ADP-ribose) accumulation and their relationship to plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Both PARP- and poly(ADP-ribose)-immunolabelled cells were detected in a much higher proportion of Alzheimer's disease (20 out of 20) brains than of control brains (5 out of 10) (P = 0.0018). Double-immunolabelling for poly(ADP-ribose) and markers of neuronal, astrocytic and microglial differentiation (MAP2, GFAP and CD68, respectively) showed many of the cells containing poly(ADP-ribose) to be neurons. Most of these were small pyramidal neurons in cortical laminae 3 and 5. A few of the cells containing poly(ADP-ribose) were astrocytes. No poly(ADP-ribose) accumulation was detected in microglia. Double-immunolabelling for poly(ADP-ribose) and tau or A beta-protein indicated that the cells with accumulation of poly(ADP-ribose) did not contain tangles and relatively few occurred within plaques. Our findings indicate that there is enhanced PARP activity in Alzheimer's disease and suggest that pharmacological interventions aimed at inhibiting PARP may have a role in slowing the progression of the disease. (+info)

The frontal lobe is responsible for several higher-level cognitive functions, including decision-making, planning, and problem-solving. Therefore, FLE can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, particularly in terms of cognitive and behavioral functioning.

There are two main types of FLE:

1. Localization-related FLE: This type of epilepsy is characterized by seizures that arise from a specific location within the frontal lobe. The seizures may be limited to one side of the brain or may involve both sides.
2. Non-localization related FLE: This type of epilepsy is characterized by seizures that do not have a specific localization within the frontal lobe. Instead, the seizures may involve multiple areas of the frontal lobe or may be widespread throughout the brain.

The symptoms of FLE can vary depending on the location and extent of the seizure activity in the frontal lobe. Some common symptoms include:

* Confusion and disorientation
* Memory loss or difficulty with memory formation
* Difficulty with attention and concentration
* Slowing down of mental processing
* Impaired decision-making and problem-solving abilities
* Changes in mood or behavior, such as irritability or apathy
* Muscle weakness or stiffness
* Involuntary movements or tremors

FLE can be diagnosed using a variety of imaging techniques, such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). Treatment options for FLE include medications, such as anticonvulsants and mood stabilizers, and surgical interventions, such as cortical resection or temporal lobectomy.

In summary, frontal lobe epilepsy is a complex condition that can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life. It is important for individuals with FLE to work closely with their healthcare providers to develop a treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and helps to manage their symptoms. With appropriate treatment, many individuals with FLE are able to lead fulfilling lives.

Epilepsy, temporal lobe can cause a variety of seizure types, including:

1. Partial seizures: These are seizures that affect only one part of the brain, such as the temporal lobe.
2. Simple partial seizures: These are seizures that do not involve convulsions or loss of consciousness.
3. Complex partial seizures: These are seizures that involve impaired awareness or altered perception, and may involve convulsions or muscle stiffness.
4. Tonic-clonic seizures (formerly known as grand mal seizures): These are seizures that involve convulsions, loss of consciousness, and muscle stiffness.

The symptoms of epilepsy, temporal lobe can vary depending on the location of the seizure focus within the temporal lobe and the individual's age, but may include:

1. Auras (sensory disturbances such as flashing lights or unusual smells)
2. Confusion or disorientation
3. Memory loss or difficulty with memory
4. Emotional changes (such as fear, anxiety, or euphoria)
5. Speech difficulties
6. Muscle stiffness or weakness
7. Coordination problems
8. Vision changes (such as blurred vision or double vision)
9. Hearing changes (such as ringing in the ears)
10. Numbness or tingling sensations

Epilepsy, temporal lobe is typically diagnosed using a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or lifestyle modifications.

There are several types of atrophy that can occur in different parts of the body. For example:

1. Muscular atrophy: This occurs when muscles weaken and shrink due to disuse or injury.
2. Neuronal atrophy: This occurs when nerve cells degenerate, leading to a loss of cognitive function and memory.
3. Cardiac atrophy: This occurs when the heart muscle weakens and becomes less efficient, leading to decreased cardiac output.
4. Atrophic gastritis: This is a type of stomach inflammation that can lead to the wasting away of the stomach lining.
5. Atrophy of the testes: This occurs when the testes shrink due to a lack of use or disorder, leading to decreased fertility.

Atrophy can be diagnosed through various medical tests and imaging studies, such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment for atrophy depends on the underlying cause and may involve physical therapy, medication, or surgery. In some cases, atrophy can be prevented or reversed with proper treatment and care.

In summary, atrophy is a degenerative process that can occur in various parts of the body due to injury, disease, or disuse. It can lead to a loss of function and decreased quality of life, but with proper diagnosis and treatment, it may be possible to prevent or reverse some forms of atrophy.

The frontal sinuses are located above the eyes and extend from the temple to the middle of the forehead. They are connected to the nasal passages and drain into the nasopharynx. When the frontal sinuses become infected or inflamed, it can cause pain and discomfort in the forehead, face, and eyes.

Frontal sinusitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections, bacterial infections, allergies, and structural abnormalities such as deviated septum. It is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, nasal endoscopy, and imaging studies such as CT scans or MRI.

Treatment options for frontal sinusitis depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Antibiotics may be prescribed to treat bacterial infections, while antihistamines and decongestants may be recommended for allergic rhinitis. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to drain the sinuses or correct anatomical abnormalities.

In summary, frontal sinusitis is a condition that affects the frontal sinuses in the forehead and can cause pain, discomfort, and other symptoms in the face and eyes. It can be caused by various factors and diagnosed through a combination of physical examination and imaging studies. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

Some common types of brain diseases include:

1. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are progressive conditions that damage or kill brain cells over time, leading to memory loss, cognitive decline, and movement disorders. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
2. Stroke: This occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to cell death and potential long-term disability.
3. Traumatic brain injury (TBI): This refers to any type of head injury that causes damage to the brain, such as concussions, contusions, or penetrating wounds.
4. Infections: Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections can all affect the brain, leading to a range of symptoms including fever, seizures, and meningitis.
5. Tumors: Brain tumors can be benign or malignant and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their location and size.
6. Cerebrovascular diseases: These conditions affect the blood vessels of the brain, leading to conditions such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and Moyamoya disease.
7. Neurodevelopmental disorders: These are conditions that affect the development of the brain and nervous system, such as autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, and intellectual disability.
8. Sleep disorders: Conditions such as insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea can all have a significant impact on brain function.
9. Psychiatric disorders: Mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia can affect the brain and its functioning.
10. Neurodegenerative with brain iron accumulation: Conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal proteins and other substances in the brain, leading to progressive loss of brain function over time.

It is important to note that this is not an exhaustive list and there may be other conditions or factors that can affect the brain and its functioning. Additionally, many of these conditions can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Partial epilepsy can be further divided into several subtypes based on the location of the affected brain area, including:

1. Temporal lobe partial epilepsy: This type of partial epilepsy affects the temporal lobe of the brain and can cause seizures that are accompanied by changes in mood, behavior, or cognitive function.
2. Frontal lobe partial epilepsy: This type of partial epilepsy affects the frontal lobe of the brain and can cause seizures that are accompanied by changes in personality, behavior, or movement.
3. Parietal lobe partial epilepsy: This type of partial epilepsy affects the parietal lobe of the brain and can cause seizures that are accompanied by sensory symptoms, such as numbness or tingling in the affected limbs.
4. Occipital lobe partial epilepsy: This type of partial epilepsy affects the occipital lobe of the brain and can cause seizures that are accompanied by visual disturbances, such as flashing lights or blind spots.
5. Temporomesial partial epilepsy: This type of partial epilepsy affects both the temporal and mesial (frontal) lobes of the brain and can cause seizures that are accompanied by changes in mood, behavior, or cognitive function.

Partial epilepsy is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment for partial epilepsy may involve medications, surgery, or other interventions, depending on the specific type and severity of the condition.

Some common causes of chronic brain damage include:

1. Traumatic brain injury (TBI): A blow to the head or other traumatic injury that causes the brain to bounce or twist inside the skull, leading to damage to brain cells and tissues.
2. Stroke or cerebral vasculature disorders: A loss of blood flow to the brain due to a blockage or rupture of blood vessels, leading to cell death and tissue damage.
3. Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain and its membranes caused by viral or bacterial infections, which can lead to damage to brain cells and tissues.
4. Chronic exposure to toxins, such as pesticides or heavy metals: Prolonged exposure to these substances can damage brain cells and tissues over time.
5. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease: These conditions are characterized by the progressive loss of brain cells and tissue, leading to cognitive decline and other symptoms.

The effects of chronic brain damage can vary depending on the location and severity of the damage. Some common effects include:

1. Cognitive impairments: Difficulty with memory, attention, problem-solving, and other cognitive functions.
2. Emotional and behavioral changes: Depression, anxiety, irritability, and mood swings.
3. Physical symptoms: Weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty with balance and coordination, and changes in sensation or perception.
4. Communication difficulties: Slurred speech, difficulty finding the right words, and trouble understanding spoken language.
5. Social and occupational impairments: Difficulty with daily activities, social interactions, and work-related tasks.

The good news is that there are several strategies that can help mitigate the effects of chronic brain damage. These include:

1. Physical exercise: Regular physical activity has been shown to promote brain health and reduce the risk of cognitive decline.
2. Cognitive stimulation: Engaging in mentally challenging activities, such as reading, puzzles, or learning a new skill, can help build cognitive reserve and reduce the risk of cognitive decline.
3. Social engagement: Building and maintaining social connections has been shown to promote brain health and reduce the risk of cognitive decline.
4. Stress management: Chronic stress can exacerbate brain damage, so finding ways to manage stress, such as through meditation or exercise, is important.
5. Proper nutrition: Eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acids can help support brain health and reduce the risk of cognitive decline.
6. Medication and therapy: In some cases, medication or therapy may be necessary to manage the symptoms of chronic brain damage.
7. Neuroplasticity-based interventions: Techniques that promote neuroplasticity, such as non-invasive brain stimulation, can help improve cognitive function and reduce the risk of cognitive decline.

It's important to note that these strategies may not reverse chronic brain damage, but they can help mitigate its effects and improve overall brain health. If you suspect that you or someone you know may be experiencing chronic brain damage, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. Early diagnosis and treatment can help reduce the risk of long-term cognitive decline and improve quality of life.

Types of Cognition Disorders: There are several types of cognitive disorders that affect different aspects of cognitive functioning. Some common types include:

1. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
2. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Caused by a blow or jolt to the head that disrupts brain function, resulting in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes.
3. Alzheimer's Disease: A progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with communication.
4. Stroke: A condition where blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to cognitive impairment and other symptoms.
5. Parkinson's Disease: A neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement, balance, and cognition.
6. Huntington's Disease: An inherited disorder that causes progressive damage to the brain, leading to cognitive decline and other symptoms.
7. Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD): A group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by changes in personality, behavior, and language.
8. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A condition that develops after a traumatic event, characterized by symptoms such as anxiety, avoidance, and hypervigilance.
9. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): A condition characterized by memory loss and other cognitive symptoms that are more severe than normal age-related changes but not severe enough to interfere with daily life.

Causes and Risk Factors: The causes of cognition disorders can vary depending on the specific disorder, but some common risk factors include:

1. Genetics: Many cognitive disorders have a genetic component, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
2. Age: As people age, their risk of developing cognitive disorders increases, such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia.
3. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as physical inactivity, smoking, and poor diet can increase the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
4. Traumatic brain injury: A severe blow to the head or a traumatic brain injury can increase the risk of developing cognitive disorders, such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).
5. Infections: Certain infections, such as meningitis and encephalitis, can cause cognitive disorders if they damage the brain tissue.
6. Stroke or other cardiovascular conditions: A stroke or other cardiovascular conditions can cause cognitive disorders by damaging the blood vessels in the brain.
7. Chronic substance abuse: Long-term use of drugs or alcohol can damage the brain and increase the risk of cognitive disorders, such as dementia.
8. Sleep disorders: Sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, can increase the risk of cognitive disorders, such as dementia.
9. Depression and anxiety: Mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, can increase the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
10. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as pesticides and heavy metals, has been linked to an increased risk of cognitive disorders.

It's important to note that not everyone with these risk factors will develop a cognitive disorder, and some people without any known risk factors can still develop a cognitive disorder. If you have concerns about your cognitive health, it's important to speak with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and diagnosis.

There are several types of dementia, each with its own set of symptoms and characteristics. Some common types of dementia include:

* Alzheimer's disease: This is the most common form of dementia, accounting for 50-70% of all cases. It is a progressive disease that causes the death of brain cells, leading to memory loss and cognitive decline.
* Vascular dementia: This type of dementia is caused by problems with blood flow to the brain, often as a result of a stroke or small vessel disease. It can cause difficulty with communication, language, and visual-spatial skills.
* Lewy body dementia: This type of dementia is characterized by the presence of abnormal protein deposits called Lewy bodies in the brain. It can cause a range of symptoms, including memory loss, confusion, hallucinations, and difficulty with movement.
* Frontotemporal dementia: This is a group of diseases that affect the front and temporal lobes of the brain, leading to changes in personality, behavior, and language.

The symptoms of dementia can vary depending on the underlying cause, but common symptoms include:

* Memory loss: Difficulty remembering recent events or learning new information.
* Communication and language difficulties: Struggling to find the right words or understand what others are saying.
* Disorientation: Getting lost in familiar places or having difficulty understanding the time and date.
* Difficulty with problem-solving: Trouble with planning, organizing, and decision-making.
* Mood changes: Depression, anxiety, agitation, or aggression.
* Personality changes: Becoming passive, suspicious, or withdrawn.
* Difficulty with movement: Trouble with coordination, balance, or using utensils.
* Hallucinations: Seeing or hearing things that are not there.
* Sleep disturbances: Having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep.

The symptoms of dementia can be subtle at first and may progress slowly over time. In the early stages, they may be barely noticeable, but as the disease progresses, they can become more pronounced and interfere with daily life. It is important to seek medical advice if you or a loved one is experiencing any of these symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can help improve outcomes.

Some common types of memory disorders include:

1. Amnesia: A condition where an individual experiences memory loss, either partial or total, due to brain damage or other causes.
2. Dementia: A broad term that describes a decline in cognitive function, including memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with communication and daily activities. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia.
3. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): A condition characterized by memory loss and other cognitive symptoms that are more severe than normal age-related changes but not as severe as dementia.
4. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A neurodevelopmental disorder that affects attention, impulse control, and hyperactivity. Memory problems are often a component of ADHD.
5. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): A condition that occurs when the brain is injured due to a blow or jolt to the head, which can result in memory loss and other cognitive problems.
6. Stroke: A condition where blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to brain cell death and potential memory loss.
7. Meningitis: An inflammatory condition that affects the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, which can lead to memory loss and other cognitive problems.
8. Encephalitis: An inflammatory condition that affects the brain directly, leading to memory loss and other cognitive problems.
9. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): A condition characterized by persistent fatigue, memory loss, and other cognitive symptoms.
10. Sleep Disorders: Sleep disturbances can affect memory and cognitive function, including conditions such as insomnia, sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome.

The diagnosis of memory disorders typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and neuropsychological evaluations. The specific treatment approach will depend on the underlying cause of the memory loss, but may include medication, behavioral interventions, and lifestyle changes.

The symptoms of catatonia can vary in severity and may include:

* Immobility or rigidity
* Mutism or difficulty speaking
* Negativism or resistance to instructions
* Perseveration or repetition of certain behaviors or movements
* Posturing or assuming abnormal positions
* Stereotypy or repetitive movements
* Echolalia or echoing of words or phrases
* Echopraxia or imitation of movements

Catatonia can be challenging to diagnose, as the symptoms can be similar to those of other conditions such as schizophrenia or depression. A thorough medical and psychiatric evaluation is necessary to rule out other conditions and confirm the diagnosis of catatonia. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication and behavioral therapy, and may include electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in severe cases.

In addition to the symptoms listed above, catatonia can also be characterized by a number of other features, including:

* Autism or social withdrawal
* Disorganization or disorientation
* Memory impairment or confusion
* Lack of initiative or interest in activities
* Emotional flatness or blunting
* Increased or decreased muscle tone

It is important to note that catatonia can be a symptom of other medical conditions, such as infections or metabolic disorders, and these underlying conditions should be ruled out before making a diagnosis of catatonia.

There are several different types of brain injuries that can occur, including:

1. Concussions: A concussion is a type of mild traumatic brain injury that occurs when the brain is jolted or shaken, often due to a blow to the head.
2. Contusions: A contusion is a bruise on the brain that can occur when the brain is struck by an object, such as during a car accident.
3. Coup-contrecoup injuries: This type of injury occurs when the brain is injured as a result of the force of the body striking another object, such as during a fall.
4. Penetrating injuries: A penetrating injury occurs when an object pierces the brain, such as during a gunshot wound or stab injury.
5. Blast injuries: This type of injury occurs when the brain is exposed to a sudden and explosive force, such as during a bombing.

The symptoms of brain injuries can vary depending on the severity of the injury and the location of the damage in the brain. Some common symptoms include:

* Headaches
* Dizziness or loss of balance
* Confusion or disorientation
* Memory loss or difficulty with concentration
* Slurred speech or difficulty with communication
* Vision problems, such as blurred vision or double vision
* Sleep disturbances
* Mood changes, such as irritability or depression
* Personality changes
* Difficulty with coordination and balance

In some cases, brain injuries can be treated with medication, physical therapy, and other forms of rehabilitation. However, in more severe cases, the damage may be permanent and long-lasting. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Broca's aphasia is characterized by difficulty speaking in complete sentences, using correct grammar, and articulating words clearly. Individuals with Broca's aphasia may also experience difficulty understanding spoken language, although comprehension of written language may be relatively preserved.

Common symptoms of Broca's aphasia include:

1. Difficulty speaking in complete sentences or using correct grammar.
2. Slurred or slow speech.
3. Difficulty articulating words clearly.
4. Difficulty understanding spoken language.
5. Preservation of comprehension of written language.
6. Word-finding difficulties.
7. Difficulty with naming objects.
8. Difficulty with sentence construction.

Broca's aphasia is often caused by damage to the brain due to stroke, traumatic brain injury, or neurodegenerative diseases such as primary progressive aphasia. Treatment for Broca's aphasia typically involves speech and language therapy to improve communication skills and cognitive rehabilitation to improve language processing abilities.

Brain neoplasms can arise from various types of cells in the brain, including glial cells (such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), neurons, and vascular tissues. The symptoms of brain neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and type, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the limbs, and changes in personality or cognitive function.

There are several different types of brain neoplasms, including:

1. Meningiomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the meninges, the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord.
2. Gliomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from glial cells in the brain. The most common type of glioma is a glioblastoma, which is aggressive and hard to treat.
3. Pineal parenchymal tumors: These are rare tumors that arise in the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland in the brain.
4. Craniopharyngiomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the epithelial cells of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus.
5. Medulloblastomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the cerebellum, specifically in the medulla oblongata. They are most common in children.
6. Acoustic neurinomas: These are benign tumors that arise on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain.
7. Oligodendrogliomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from oligodendrocytes, the cells that produce the fatty substance called myelin that insulates nerve fibers.
8. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can arise in the brain and spinal cord. The most common type of lymphoma in the CNS is primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma, which is usually a type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
9. Metastatic tumors: These are tumors that have spread to the brain from another part of the body. The most common types of metastatic tumors in the CNS are breast cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma.

These are just a few examples of the many types of brain and spinal cord tumors that can occur. Each type of tumor has its own unique characteristics, such as its location, size, growth rate, and biological behavior. These factors can help doctors determine the best course of treatment for each patient.

There are many different types of seizures, each with its own unique set of symptoms. Some common types of seizures include:

1. Generalized seizures: These seizures affect both sides of the brain and can cause a range of symptoms, including convulsions, loss of consciousness, and muscle stiffness.
2. Focal seizures: These seizures affect only one part of the brain and can cause more specific symptoms, such as weakness or numbness in a limb, or changes in sensation or vision.
3. Tonic-clonic seizures: These seizures are also known as grand mal seizures and can cause convulsions, loss of consciousness, and muscle stiffness.
4. Absence seizures: These seizures are also known as petit mal seizures and can cause a brief loss of consciousness or staring spell.
5. Myoclonic seizures: These seizures can cause sudden, brief muscle jerks or twitches.
6. Atonic seizures: These seizures can cause a sudden loss of muscle tone, which can lead to falls or drops.
7. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: This is a rare and severe form of epilepsy that can cause multiple types of seizures, including tonic, atonic, and myoclonic seizures.

Seizures can be diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as electroencephalography (EEG) or imaging studies. Treatment for seizures usually involves anticonvulsant medications, but in some cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary.

Overall, seizures are a complex and multifaceted symptom that can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life. It is important to seek medical attention if you or someone you know is experiencing seizures, as early diagnosis and treatment can help to improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

The symptoms of Alzheimer's disease can vary from person to person and may progress slowly over time. Early symptoms may include memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with problem-solving. As the disease progresses, individuals may experience language difficulties, visual hallucinations, and changes in mood and behavior.

There is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease, but there are several medications and therapies that can help manage its symptoms and slow its progression. These include cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, and non-pharmacological interventions such as cognitive training and behavioral therapy.

Alzheimer's disease is a significant public health concern, affecting an estimated 5.8 million Americans in 2020. It is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, and its prevalence is expected to continue to increase as the population ages.

There is ongoing research into the causes and potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease, including studies into the role of inflammation, oxidative stress, and the immune system. Other areas of research include the development of biomarkers for early detection and the use of advanced imaging techniques to monitor progression of the disease.

Overall, Alzheimer's disease is a complex and multifactorial disorder that poses significant challenges for individuals, families, and healthcare systems. However, with ongoing research and advances in medical technology, there is hope for improving diagnosis and treatment options in the future.

Delirium is a sudden change in mental status that can be caused by a variety of factors such as infection, medication, or surgery. It is characterized by confusion, disorientation, and a decreased level of consciousness. Dementia, on the other hand, is a gradual decline in mental abilities that can be caused by various underlying diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, or frontotemporal dementia.

Amnestic disorders refer specifically to conditions that affect memory, such as amnesia, which is the inability to form new memories. Cognitive disorders are more general term that includes a wide range of conditions that affect cognitive functions such as attention, perception, language, and problem-solving abilities.

These conditions can be caused by various factors such as genetics, head trauma, infections, or diseases such as stroke or brain tumors. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and neuropsychological evaluations.

Treatment for delirium, dementia, amnestic, and cognitive disorders can vary depending on the underlying cause but may include medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes. In some cases, these conditions may be reversible with appropriate treatment, while in others, they may be irreversible.

It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time as early diagnosis and intervention can improve outcomes for individuals with these conditions.

Tonic movement:

* Stiffening or rigidity of muscles
* Loss of postural control

Clonic movement:

* Jerky movements of the arms, legs, or entire body
* Involuntary contractions

During a tonic-clonic seizure, the person may experience a variety of symptoms, including:

* Sudden loss of consciousness
* Confusion and disorientation after regaining consciousness
* Memory loss for the event
* Weakness or fatigue
* Headache
* Nausea and vomiting

Tonic-clonic seizures can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Genetic mutations that affect brain function
* Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis
* Traumatic head injury
* Stroke or bleeding in the brain
* Brain tumors or cysts
* Drug and alcohol withdrawal
* Electrolyte imbalances

There are several different types of tonic-clonic seizures, including:

* Simple partial seizures: These are less severe than tonic-clonic seizures and may involve only one part of the body.
* Complex partial seizures: These are more severe than simple partial seizures and can involve both sides of the body.
* Tonic-clonic seizures with secondary generalization: This type of seizure starts as a simple or complex partial seizure and then spreads to other parts of the body.

Treatment for tonic-clonic seizures typically involves medication, such as anticonvulsants, which can help reduce the frequency and severity of seizures. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove a brain tumor or cyst that is causing the seizures.

Overall, tonic-clonic seizures are a serious medical condition that can have significant consequences if not properly treated. If you experience a seizure, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible to determine the cause and receive appropriate treatment.

Symptoms of Sturge-Weber Syndrome can vary in severity and may include:

* Port-wine stain (nevus flammeus) on one side of the face and/or neck
* Seizures, including epilepsy
* Developmental delays and intellectual disability
* Vision problems, including glaucoma, cataracts, and visual field defects
* Hearing loss
* Scoliosis or other spinal abnormalities
* Weakened muscles (hypotonia)

There is no cure for Sturge-Weber Syndrome, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms. These may include:

* Anticonvulsant medications to control seizures
* Surgery to remove the port-wine stain or repair related eye problems
* Physical therapy to improve muscle strength and coordination
* Speech and language therapy to address communication difficulties
* Occupational therapy to help with daily living skills

The prognosis for Sturge-Weber Syndrome varies depending on the severity of the disorder and the presence of other health problems. Some individuals with the condition may have a relatively mild course, while others may experience more significant challenges. With appropriate medical care and support, many individuals with Sturge-Weber Syndrome can lead fulfilling lives.

1. Articulation Disorders: Difficulty articulating sounds or words due to poor pronunciation, misplaced sounds, or distortion of sounds.
2. Stuttering: A disorder characterized by the repetition or prolongation of sounds, syllables, or words, as well as the interruption or blocking of speech.
3. Voice Disorders: Abnormalities in voice quality, pitch, or volume due to overuse, misuse, or structural changes in the vocal cords.
4. Language Disorders: Difficulty with understanding, using, or interpreting spoken language, including grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure.
5. Apraxia of Speech: A neurological disorder that affects the ability to plan and execute voluntary movements of the articulatory organs for speech production.
6. Dysarthria: A condition characterized by slurred or distorted speech due to weakness, paralysis, or incoordination of the articulatory muscles.
7. Cerebral Palsy: A group of disorders that affect movement, balance, and posture, often including speech and language difficulties.
8. Aphasia: A condition that results from brain damage and affects an individual's ability to understand, speak, read, and write language.
9. Dyslexia: A learning disorder that affects an individual's ability to read and spell words correctly.
10. Hearing Loss: Loss of hearing in one or both ears can impact speech development and language acquisition.

Speech disorders can be diagnosed by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) through a comprehensive evaluation, including speech and language samples, medical history, and behavioral observations. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disorder and may include therapy exercises, technology assistance, and counseling. With appropriate support and intervention, individuals with speech disorders can improve their communication skills and lead fulfilling lives.

There are several types of aphasia, including:

1. Broca's aphasia: Characterized by difficulty speaking in complete sentences and using correct grammar.
2. Wernicke's aphasia: Characterized by difficulty understanding spoken language and speaking in complete sentences.
3. Global aphasia: Characterized by a severe impairment of all language abilities.
4. Primary progressive aphasia: A rare form of aphasia that is caused by neurodegeneration and worsens over time.

Treatment for aphasia typically involves speech and language therapy, which can help individuals with aphasia improve their communication skills and regain some of their language abilities. Other forms of therapy, such as cognitive training and physical therapy, may also be helpful.

It's important to note that while aphasia can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, it does not affect their intelligence or cognitive abilities. With appropriate treatment and support, individuals with aphasia can continue to lead fulfilling lives and communicate effectively with others.

There are several types of sleep arousal disorders, including:

1. Insomnia: Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, often accompanied by difficulty relaxing and quieting the mind.
2. Sleep state misperception: A condition in which a person feels that they are not sleeping when in fact they are, or vice versa.
3. Sleep-wake transition disorder: Difficulty transitioning from a wakeful state to a sleeping state.
4. Sleep terrors (night terrors): Intense fear, screaming, and thrashing during sleep, often accompanied by physical signs such as increased heart rate and breathing.
5. Sleepwalking (somnambulism): Getting up and walking around during sleep, often without remembering it in the morning.
6. Sleep driving: Driving while asleep or getting into a car to drive while still asleep.
7. Sleep eating (nocturnal sleep-related eating disorder): Eating during sleep, often due to underlying stress or anxiety.
8. Sleep sex (sleep sexual behavior): Engaging in sexual activities during sleep, often without memory of it in the morning.

These disorders can cause significant distress and impairment in daily functioning, and may be treated with a combination of medication and behavioral interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) or relaxation techniques. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The symptoms of dientamoebiasis may include:

* Diarrhea
* Abdominal pain
* Fever
* Bloating
* Mucus in the stool

Dientamoebiasis is usually diagnosed through a stool sample or a colonoscopy. The treatment of dientamoebiasis typically involves antiparasitic medications, such as metronidazole or tinidazole. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Preventive measures for dientamoebiasis include:

* Good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with people who are infected
* Properly storing and preparing food
* Avoiding contaminated water sources

It is important to note that dientamoebiasis is a relatively rare condition in developed countries, but it can be more common in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene.

There are several subtypes of FTD, each with distinct clinical features and rates of progression. The most common subtypes include:

1. Behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD): This subtype is characterized by changes in personality, behavior, and social conduct, such as a lack of empathy, impulsivity, and aggression.
2. Language variant FTD (lvFTD): This subtype is characterized by progressive language decline, including difficulty with word-finding, syntax, and comprehension.
3. Primary progressive agrammatic alexia (PPA): This subtype is characterized by progressive loss of language abilities, including grammar and word retrieval.
4. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): This subtype is characterized by slow movement, rigidity, and dementia, with a higher risk of developing parkinsonism.

The exact cause of FTD is not yet fully understood, but it is believed to be linked to abnormal protein accumulation in the brain, including tau and TDP-43 proteins. There is currently no cure for FTD, but various medications and therapies can help manage its symptoms and slow its progression.

FTD can be challenging to diagnose, as it can resemble other conditions such as Alzheimer's disease or frontal lobe lesions. A definitive diagnosis is typically made through a combination of clinical evaluation, neuroimaging, and pathological analysis of brain tissue after death.

FTD has a significant impact on patients and their families, affecting not only cognitive function but also behavior, mood, and social relationships. It can also place a significant burden on caregivers, who may need to provide around-the-clock support and assistance.

Overall, FTD is a complex and heterogeneous disorder that requires further research to better understand its causes, improve diagnostic accuracy, and develop effective treatments.

There are many different types of epilepsy, each with its own unique set of symptoms and characteristics. Some common forms of epilepsy include:

1. Generalized Epilepsy: This type of epilepsy affects both sides of the brain and can cause a range of seizure types, including absence seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, and atypical absence seizures.
2. Focal Epilepsy: This type of epilepsy affects only one part of the brain and can cause seizures that are localized to that area. There are several subtypes of focal epilepsy, including partial seizures with complex symptoms and simple partial seizures.
3. Tonic-Clonic Epilepsy: This type of epilepsy is also known as grand mal seizures and can cause a loss of consciousness, convulsions, and muscle stiffness.
4. Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: This is a rare and severe form of epilepsy that typically develops in early childhood and can cause multiple types of seizures, including tonic, atonic, and myoclonic seizures.
5. Dravet Syndrome: This is a rare genetic form of epilepsy that typically develops in infancy and can cause severe, frequent seizures.
6. Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome: This is a rare genetic disorder that can cause intellectual disability, developmental delays, and various types of seizures.
7. Other forms of epilepsy include Absence Epilepsy, Myoclonic Epilepsy, and Atonic Epilepsy.

The symptoms of epilepsy can vary widely depending on the type of seizure disorder and the individual affected. Some common symptoms of epilepsy include:

1. Seizures: This is the most obvious symptom of epilepsy and can range from mild to severe.
2. Loss of consciousness: Some people with epilepsy may experience a loss of consciousness during a seizure, while others may remain aware of their surroundings.
3. Confusion and disorientation: After a seizure, some people with epilepsy may feel confused and disoriented.
4. Memory loss: Seizures can cause short-term or long-term memory loss.
5. Fatigue: Epilepsy can cause extreme fatigue, both during and after a seizure.
6. Emotional changes: Some people with epilepsy may experience emotional changes, such as anxiety, depression, or mood swings.
7. Cognitive changes: Epilepsy can affect cognitive function, including attention, memory, and learning.
8. Sleep disturbances: Some people with epilepsy may experience sleep disturbances, such as insomnia or sleepiness.
9. Physical symptoms: Depending on the type of seizure, people with epilepsy may experience physical symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness or tingling, and sensory changes.
10. Social isolation: Epilepsy can cause social isolation due to fear of having a seizure in public or stigma associated with the condition.

It's important to note that not everyone with epilepsy will experience all of these symptoms, and some people may have different symptoms depending on the type of seizure they experience. Additionally, some people with epilepsy may experience additional symptoms not listed here.

There are several types of apraxias, each with distinct symptoms and characteristics:

1. Ideomotor apraxia: Difficulty performing specific movements or gestures, such as grasping and manipulating objects, due to a lack of understanding of the intended purpose or meaning of the action.
2. Ideational apraxia: Inability to initiate or perform movements due to a lack of understanding of the task or goal.
3. Kinesthetic apraxia: Difficulty judging the weight, shape, size, and position of objects in space, leading to difficulties with grasping, manipulating, or coordinating movements.
4. Graphomotor apraxia: Difficulty writing or drawing due to a lack of coordination between the hand and the intended movement.
5. Dressing apraxia: Difficulty dressing oneself due to a lack of coordination and planning for the movements required to put on clothes.
6. Gait apraxia: Difficulty walking or maintaining balance due to a lack of coordinated movement of the legs, trunk, and arms.
7. Speech apraxia: Difficulty articulating words or sounds due to a lack of coordination between the mouth, tongue, and lips.

The diagnosis of apraxias typically involves a comprehensive neurological examination, including assessments of motor function, language, and cognitive abilities. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the apraxia, but may include physical therapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and medication.

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy is a specific type of this condition that affects children under the age of 16. It typically begins before the age of 12 and is more common in boys than girls. Symptoms may include muscle jerks, twitches, or stiffness, as well as confusion, loss of balance, and falling.

Treatment for myoclonic epilepsy typically involves medication to control seizures, and in some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the portion of the brain that is causing the seizures. In addition, lifestyle modifications such as avoiding triggers like stress and getting enough sleep can help manage the condition. With proper treatment and support, many people with myoclonic epilepsy are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.

There are different types of amnesia, including:

1. Retrograde amnesia: loss of memory of events that occurred before the onset of amnesia.
2. Anterograde amnesia: inability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia.
3. Transient global amnesia: temporary and reversible loss of memory due to a specific cause, such as a stroke or a head injury.
4. Korsakoff's syndrome: a condition caused by alcoholism and malnutrition that affects the hippocampus and the ability to form new memories.
5. Dissociative amnesia: loss of memory due to psychological trauma or stress, often accompanied by dissociation from reality.

The symptoms of amnesia can vary depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Some common symptoms include:

1. Difficulty learning new information
2. Forgetting recent events or conversations
3. Inability to recall past events or experiences
4. Confusion and disorientation
5. Difficulty with problem-solving and decision-making

The diagnosis of amnesia is based on a combination of medical history, physical examination, and neuropsychological tests. Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans may also be used to rule out other causes of memory loss.

Treatment for amnesia depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Medications to manage symptoms such as anxiety, depression, or cognitive impairment.
2. Cognitive rehabilitation therapy to improve memory and problem-solving skills.
3. Behavioral interventions to help the individual adapt to their condition.
4. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause of amnesia, such as a tumor or a blood clot.

Overall, amnesia can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, but with proper diagnosis and treatment, many people are able to manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives.

Dysarthria can affect both children and adults, and the symptoms can vary in severity depending on the underlying cause of the condition. Some common symptoms of dysarthria include:

* Slurred or slow speech
* Difficulty articulating words
* Poor enunciation
* Stuttering or hesitation while speaking
* Difficulty with word-finding and language processing
* Limited range of speech sounds
* Difficulty with loudness and volume control

Dysarthria can be diagnosed by a speech-language pathologist (SLP), who will typically conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the individual's speech and language abilities. This may include a series of tests to assess the individual's articulation, fluency, voice quality, and other aspects of their speech.

There are several types of dysarthria, including:

* Hypokinetic dysarthria: characterized by reduced muscle tone and slow movement of the articulatory organs, resulting in slurred or slow speech.
* Hyperkinetic dysarthria: characterized by increased muscle tone and rapid movement of the articulatory organs, resulting in fast but imprecise speech.
* Mixed dysarthria: a combination of hypokinetic and hyperkinetic features.
* Dystonic dysarthria: characterized by involuntary movements and postures of the tongue and lips, resulting in distorted speech.

Treatment for dysarthria typically involves speech therapy with an SLP, who will work with the individual to improve their speech clarity, fluency, and overall communication skills. Treatment may include exercises to strengthen the muscles used in speech production, as well as strategies to improve articulation, pronunciation, and language processing. In some cases, technology such as speech-generating devices may be used to support communication.

In addition to speech therapy, treatment for dysarthria may also involve other healthcare professionals, such as neurologists, physical therapists, or occupational therapists, depending on the underlying cause of the condition.

Overall, dysarthria is a speech disorder that can significantly impact an individual's ability to communicate effectively. However, with the right treatment and support from healthcare professionals and SLPs, many people with dysarthria are able to improve their communication skills and lead fulfilling lives.

The symptoms of a brain abscess can vary depending on the location and size of the abscess, but may include:

* Headache
* Fever
* Confusion or disorientation
* Seizures
* Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs
* Vision problems
* Speech difficulties

If a brain abscess is suspected, a doctor will typically perform a physical examination and order imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to treat the underlying infection, as well as surgery to drain the abscess and remove any infected tissue. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the patient.

With prompt and appropriate treatment, most people with a brain abscess can recover fully or almost fully, but in some cases, the condition can result in long-term complications such as memory loss, cognitive impairment, or personality changes. In rare instances, a brain abscess can be fatal if not treated promptly and properly.

There are two main types of SNP:

1. Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome (SRO): This is the most common form of SNP and is characterized by progressive gait disturbance, rigidity, and dementia.
2. Richardson's syndrome: This type is characterized by a more rapid progression of symptoms, including early cognitive decline and dementia.

The symptoms of SNP can vary from person to person and may include:

* Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
* Rigidity or stiffness in the muscles
* Loss of coordination and equilibrium
* Slurred speech and difficulty with swallowing
* Vision problems, including double vision or difficulty focusing
* Cognitive decline and dementia

There is currently no cure for SNP, but various medications and therapies can help manage the symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease. These may include:

* Medications to control rigidity and tremors
* Physical therapy to maintain mobility and balance
* Speech therapy to improve communication and swallowing difficulties
* Occupational therapy to assist with daily activities
* Cognitive therapy to slow down cognitive decline

It is important for individuals with SNP to receive timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment from a team of specialists, including neurologists, geriatricians, physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, and social workers. With appropriate care and support, individuals with SNP can improve their quality of life and maintain independence for as long as possible.

There are several causes of hemianopsia, including:

1. Stroke or cerebral vasculitis: These conditions can damage the occipital lobe and result in hemianopsia.
2. Brain tumors: Tumors in the occipital lobe can cause hemianopsia by compressing or damaging the visual pathways.
3. Traumatic brain injury: A head injury can cause damage to the occipital lobe and result in hemianopsia.
4. Cerebral palsy: This condition can cause brain damage that leads to hemianopsia.
5. Multiple sclerosis: This autoimmune disease can cause damage to the visual pathways and result in hemianopsia.

Symptoms of hemianopsia may include:

1. Blindness or impaired vision in one side of both eyes.
2. Difficulty recognizing objects or people on one side of the visual field.
3. Inability to see objects that are peripheral to the affected side.
4. Difficulty with depth perception and spatial awareness.
5. Eye movements that are abnormal or restricted.

Diagnosis of hemianopsia typically involves a comprehensive eye exam, including visual acuity testing, visual field testing, and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans to evaluate the brain. Treatment options for hemianopsia depend on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Glasses or contact lenses to correct refractive errors.
2. Prism lenses to realign the visual image.
3. Visual therapy to improve remaining vision.
4. Medications to treat underlying conditions such as multiple sclerosis or brain tumors.
5. Surgery to repair damaged blood vessels or relieve pressure on the brain.

It is important to note that hemianopsia can significantly impact daily life and may affect an individual's ability to perform certain tasks, such as driving or reading. However, with proper diagnosis and treatment, many people with hemianopsia are able to adapt and lead fulfilling lives.

* Genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities
* Infections during pregnancy, such as rubella or toxoplasmosis
* Exposure to certain medications or chemicals during pregnancy
* Maternal malnutrition or poor nutrition during pregnancy
* Certain medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism or anemia.

Microcephaly can be diagnosed by measuring the baby's head circumference and comparing it to established norms for their age and gender. Other signs of microcephaly may include:

* A small, misshapen head
* Small eyes and ears
* Developmental delays or intellectual disability
* Seizures or other neurological problems
* Difficulty feeding or sucking

There is no cure for microcephaly, but early diagnosis and intervention can help manage the associated symptoms and improve quality of life. Treatment may include:

* Monitoring growth and development
* Physical therapy to improve muscle tone and coordination
* Occupational therapy to develop fine motor skills and coordination
* Speech therapy to improve communication skills
* Medication to control seizures or other neurological problems.

In some cases, microcephaly may be associated with other medical conditions, such as intellectual disability, autism, or vision or hearing loss. It is important for individuals with microcephaly to receive regular monitoring and care from a team of healthcare professionals to address any related medical issues.

Meningioma can occur in various locations within the brain, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. The most common type of meningioma is the meningothelial meningioma, which arises from the arachnoid membrane, one of the three layers of the meninges. Other types of meningioma include the dural-based meningioma, which originates from the dura mater, and the fibrous-cap meningioma, which is characterized by a fibrous cap covering the tumor.

The symptoms of meningioma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they often include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in vision, memory, or cognitive function. As the tumor grows, it can compress the brain tissue and cause damage to the surrounding structures, leading to more severe symptoms such as difficulty speaking, walking, or controlling movement.

The diagnosis of meningioma typically involves a combination of imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and tissue sampling through biopsy or surgery. Treatment options for meningioma depend on the size, location, and aggressiveness of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Overall, the prognosis for meningioma is generally good, with many patients experiencing a good outcome after treatment. However, some types of meningioma can be more aggressive and difficult to treat, and the tumor may recur in some cases.

There are several subtypes of FTLD, including:

1. Behavioral variant FTLD (bvFTD): This is the most common subtype, accounting for about 70% of all cases. It is characterized by changes in personality, behavior, and language, as well as a decline in executive functions such as planning and decision-making.
2. Linguistic variant FTLD (lvFTD): This subtype is characterized by progressive difficulty with language, including agrammatism (difficulty producing grammatically correct sentences), anomia (word-finding difficulties), and semantic decline.
3. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): This subtype is characterized by progressive damage to the brainstem and cerebellum, leading to difficulty with movement, balance, and eye movements.
4. Pick's disease: This is a rare subtype of FTLD that is characterized by atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes, leading to memory loss, confusion, and changes in personality.

FTLD is caused by the degeneration of neurons in the frontal and temporal lobes, which can be due to various factors such as genetics, environmental factors, or a combination of both. The exact cause of FTLD is not yet fully understood, but research suggests that it may be related to the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates in the brain.

There is currently no cure for FTLD, and treatment is primarily focused on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Medications such as cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine may be used to manage cognitive and behavioral symptoms, while speech and language therapy may be helpful for individuals with linguistic variant FTLD.

FTLD is a relatively rare disorder, and the prevalence is not well established. However, it is estimated to affect approximately 1 in 100,000 to 1 in 200,000 individuals worldwide. FTLD can affect anyone, regardless of age or gender, but it is more common in older adults.

The prognosis for FTLD is generally poor, with a median survival time of approximately 3-5 years after onset of symptoms. However, the course of the disease can vary widely, and some individuals may survive for many years with relatively mild symptoms, while others may experience rapid decline and death within a few years.

FTLD is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed, as it can resemble other conditions such as Alzheimer's disease or frontotemporal dementia. A definitive diagnosis of FTLD requires an autopsy after death, but there are several clinical and imaging markers that can help support a diagnosis during life. These include:

1. Clinical features: FTLD is characterized by a distinct set of cognitive and behavioral symptoms, including changes in personality, language, and social behavior.
2. Imaging markers: FTLD is associated with atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes, which can be visualized on MRI scans.
3. Genetic testing: Many cases of FTLD are caused by mutations in genes that are involved in the formation and maintenance of synapses, such as the progranulin gene.
4. Electrophysiological markers: FTLD can be associated with abnormalities in brain activity, such as changes in electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG).

There is currently no cure for FTLD, but there are several medications and therapies that can help manage its symptoms and slow its progression. These include:

1. Cholinesterase inhibitors: These drugs, such as donepezil and rivastigmine, can improve cognitive function and slow decline in some individuals with FTLD.
2. Memantine: This medication can help manage neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as agitation and aggression, and may also have a small beneficial effect on cognition.
3. Physical therapy and occupational therapy: These interventions can help individuals with FTLD maintain their physical abilities and perform daily activities.
4. Speech therapy: This can help improve communication and address swallowing difficulties.
5. Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of psychotherapy can help individuals with FTLD cope with the emotional and behavioral changes associated with the disease.

It is important to note that these treatments may not be effective for all individuals with FTLD, and their effectiveness can vary depending on the specific type of FTLD and the individual's overall health. Research into new and more effective treatments for FTLD is ongoing.

Types of Language Disorders:

1. Developmental Language Disorder (DLD): This is a condition where children have difficulty learning language skills, such as grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure, despite being exposed to language in their environment. DLD can be diagnosed in children between the ages of 2 and 5.
2. Acquired Language Disorder: This is a condition that occurs when an individual experiences brain damage or injury that affects their ability to understand and produce language. Acquired language disorders can be caused by stroke, traumatic brain injury, or other neurological conditions.
3. Aphasia: This is a condition that occurs when an individual experiences damage to the language areas of their brain, typically as a result of stroke or traumatic brain injury. Aphasia can affect an individual's ability to understand, speak, read, and write language.
4. Dysarthria: This is a condition that affects an individual's ability to produce speech sounds due to weakness, paralysis, or incoordination of the muscles used for speaking. Dysarthria can be caused by stroke, cerebral palsy, or other neurological conditions.
5. Apraxia: This is a condition that affects an individual's ability to coordinate the movements of their lips, tongue, and jaw to produce speech sounds. Apraxia can be caused by stroke, head injury, or other neurological conditions.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetic factors: Some language disorders may be inherited from parents or grandparents.
2. Brain damage or injury: Stroke, traumatic brain injury, or other neurological conditions can cause acquired language disorders.
3. Developmental delays: Children with developmental delays or disorders, such as autism or Down syndrome, may experience language disorders.
4. Hearing loss or impairment: Children who have difficulty hearing may experience language delays or disorders.
5. Environmental factors: Poverty, poor nutrition, and limited access to educational resources can contribute to language disorders in children.

Signs and Symptoms:

1. Difficulty articulating words or sentences
2. Slurred or distorted speech
3. Limited vocabulary or grammar skills
4. Difficulty understanding spoken language
5. Avoidance of speaking or social interactions
6. Behavioral difficulties, such as aggression or frustration
7. Delayed language development in children
8. Difficulty with reading and writing skills

Treatment and Interventions:

1. Speech therapy: A speech-language pathologist (SLP) can work with individuals to improve their language skills through exercises, activities, and strategies.
2. Cognitive training: Individuals with language disorders may benefit from cognitive training programs that target attention, memory, and other cognitive skills.
3. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices: These devices can help individuals with severe language disorders communicate more effectively.
4. Behavioral interventions: Behavioral therapy can help individuals with language disorders manage their behavior and improve their social interactions.
5. Family support: Family members can provide support and encouragement to individuals with language disorders, which can help improve outcomes.
6. Educational accommodations: Individuals with language disorders may be eligible for educational accommodations, such as extra time to complete assignments or the use of a tape recorder during lectures.
7. Medication: In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage symptoms of language disorders, such as anxiety or depression.

Prognosis and Quality of Life:

The prognosis for individuals with language disorders varies depending on the severity of their condition and the effectiveness of their treatment. With appropriate support and intervention, many individuals with language disorders are able to improve their language skills and lead fulfilling lives. However, some individuals may experience ongoing challenges with communication and social interaction, which can impact their quality of life.

In conclusion, language disorders can have a significant impact on an individual's ability to communicate and interact with others. While there is no cure for language disorders, there are many effective treatments and interventions that can help improve outcomes. With appropriate support and accommodations, individuals with language disorders can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals.

There are several types of leukoencephalopathies, each with its own unique set of causes and characteristics. Some of the most common include:

1. Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD): A genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of fatty acids in the body, leading to the accumulation of toxic substances in the brain.
2. Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD): A genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of certain fats in the body, leading to the accumulation of toxic substances in the brain.
3. Krabbe disease: A rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of a substance called galactocerebroside in the brain, leading to the accumulation of toxic substances and progressive damage to the nervous system.
4. Niemann-Pick disease: A group of inherited disorders that affect the metabolism of certain fats in the body, leading to the accumulation of toxic substances in the brain and other organs.
5. Alexander disease: A rare genetic disorder that affects the breakdown of a substance called galactose in the brain, leading to the accumulation of toxic substances and progressive damage to the nervous system.

The symptoms of leukoencephalopathies can vary depending on the specific type of disorder and the severity of the disease. Common symptoms include:

* Cognitive impairment: Difficulty with learning, memory, and problem-solving skills.
* Motor dysfunction: Weakness, rigidity, or tremors in the muscles.
* Seizures: Abnormal electrical activity in the brain that can cause convulsions or other symptoms.
* Vision loss: Blindness or vision impairment due to damage to the optic nerve.
* Speech difficulties: Slurred speech, difficulty with articulation, or other communication challenges.
* Behavioral changes: Increased irritability, aggression, or other behavioral problems.

There is no cure for leukoencephalopathies, but treatment options are available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include:

1. Physical therapy: To improve motor function and reduce muscle weakness.
2. Occupational therapy: To improve daily living skills and cognitive function.
3. Speech therapy: To improve communication skills and address swallowing difficulties.
4. Medications: To control seizures, muscle spasms, or other symptoms.
5. Nutritional support: To ensure adequate nutrition and address any feeding challenges.
6. Respiratory support: To assist with breathing and manage respiratory infections.
7. Psychological support: To address behavioral changes and other psychological issues.

The prognosis for leukoencephalopathies is generally poor, as the diseases tend to progress rapidly and can lead to significant disability or death within a few years of onset. However, with appropriate management and support, many individuals with these conditions can achieve a good quality of life and live well into adulthood. It is important for families to work closely with healthcare providers to develop a comprehensive treatment plan that addresses their child's specific needs and provides ongoing support throughout their lives.

The term "basal ganglia" refers to a group of structures in the brain that play a critical role in regulating movement, emotion, and cognition. These structures include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra, among others.

A basal ganglia hemorrhage occurs when there is bleeding within one or more of these structures, often as a result of a ruptured blood vessel. This can cause damage to the surrounding brain tissue and disrupt normal functioning of the basal ganglia.

Symptoms of a basal ganglia hemorrhage can vary depending on the location and severity of the bleeding. Common symptoms include:

* Sudden weakness or paralysis on one side of the body
* Speech difficulties, such as slurred speech or difficulty finding the right words
* Confusion and disorientation
* Changes in behavior, such as increased agitation or lethargy
* Vision problems, such as double vision or loss of peripheral vision

In severe cases, a basal ganglia hemorrhage can lead to coma or death. However, with prompt medical treatment, many people are able to recover significant function and regain their ability to perform daily activities.

Treatment for a basal ganglia hemorrhage typically involves supportive care, such as mechanical ventilation and fluid replacement, as well as medications to manage symptoms and prevent further complications. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve pressure on the affected brain tissue or to repair damaged blood vessels.

Overall, a basal ganglia hemorrhage is a serious medical condition that requires prompt attention from a healthcare professional. With appropriate treatment and support, many people are able to recover significant function and lead active lives.

Cerebral infarction can result in a range of symptoms, including sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, sudden vision loss, dizziness, and confusion. Depending on the location and severity of the infarction, it can lead to long-term disability or even death.

There are several types of cerebral infarction, including:

1. Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type of cerebral infarction, accounting for around 87% of all cases. It occurs when a blood clot blocks the flow of blood to the brain, leading to cell death and tissue damage.
2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This type of cerebral infarction occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, leading to bleeding and cell death.
3. Lacunar infarction: This type of cerebral infarction affects the deep structures of the brain, particularly the basal ganglia, and is often caused by small blockages or stenosis (narrowing) in the blood vessels.
4. Territorial infarction: This type of cerebral infarction occurs when there is a complete blockage of a blood vessel that supplies a specific area of the brain, leading to cell death and tissue damage in that area.

Diagnosis of cerebral infarction typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and location of the infarction, but may include medication to dissolve blood clots, surgery to remove blockages, or supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

This definition of 'Epilepsy, Generalized' is from the Health Dictionary - a medical glossary for the layman.

Please note that this definition is an approximation and is not intended to be taken as a formal definition.

DAI is often seen in cases of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), also known as concussion, and is thought to be caused by the shearing forces that occur when the brain is subjected to rapid acceleration and deceleration, such as during a car accident or sports injury.

The symptoms of DAI can vary widely depending on the severity of the injury and may include:

* Memory loss
* Confusion
* Difficulty concentrating
* Dizziness and balance problems
* Sleep disturbances
* Mood changes, such as irritability or depression
* Changes in behavior, such as increased impulsivity or aggression

DAI is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests, such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment for DAI typically focuses on managing symptoms and supporting the brain's natural healing process, and may include medication, physical therapy, and cognitive rehabilitation.

Prognosis for DAI varies depending on the severity of the injury, but in general, people with DAI can expect a full recovery within a few months to a year after the initial injury. However, some individuals may experience persistent symptoms or develop long-term cognitive and emotional changes as a result of the injury.

Examples of syndromes include:

1. Down syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 that affects intellectual and physical development.
2. Turner syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by a missing or partially deleted X chromosome that affects physical growth and development in females.
3. Marfan syndrome: A genetic disorder affecting the body's connective tissue, causing tall stature, long limbs, and cardiovascular problems.
4. Alzheimer's disease: A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, confusion, and changes in personality and behavior.
5. Parkinson's disease: A neurological disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with movement.
6. Klinefelter syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra X chromosome in males, leading to infertility and other physical characteristics.
7. Williams syndrome: A rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of genetic material on chromosome 7, characterized by cardiovascular problems, developmental delays, and a distinctive facial appearance.
8. Fragile X syndrome: The most common form of inherited intellectual disability, caused by an expansion of a specific gene on the X chromosome.
9. Prader-Willi syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by a defect in the hypothalamus, leading to problems with appetite regulation and obesity.
10. Sjogren's syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that affects the glands that produce tears and saliva, causing dry eyes and mouth.

Syndromes can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment for a syndrome depends on the underlying cause and the specific symptoms and signs presented by the patient.

Some examples of basal ganglia diseases include:

1. Parkinson's disease: A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slow movement), and postural instability.
2. Huntington's disease: An autosomal dominant disorder that causes progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia and a decline in cognitive, motor, and psychiatric functions.
3. Dystonia: A movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions that cause abnormal postures or movements.
4. Tourette's syndrome: A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic, such as repeated sounds or words.
5. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): An anxiety disorder characterized by recurring thoughts or compulsions to perform repetitive behaviors.
6. Schizophrenia: A psychotic disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and cognitive impairments.
7. Kleine-Levin syndrome: A rare sleep disorder characterized by recurring periods of excessive sleepiness and automatic behaviors.
8. Wilson's disease: A rare genetic disorder caused by copper accumulation in the basal ganglia, leading to cognitive and motor impairments.
9. Hemiballism: A rare movement disorder characterized by unilateral or bilateral involuntary movements of the upper limbs.
10. Chorea-acanthocytosis: A rare genetic disorder characterized by chorea (involuntary movements), acanthocytosis (abnormal red blood cell shape), and cognitive decline.

These conditions are often challenging to diagnose and manage, and may require a comprehensive evaluation by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including neurologists, psychiatrists, geneticists, and other specialists. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help improve outcomes for individuals with these conditions.

Symptoms of cerebral hemorrhage may include sudden severe headache, confusion, seizures, weakness or numbness in the face or limbs, and loss of consciousness. The condition is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and laboratory tests to determine the cause of the bleeding.

Treatment for cerebral hemorrhage depends on the location and severity of the bleeding, as well as the underlying cause. Medications may be used to control symptoms such as high blood pressure or seizures, while surgery may be necessary to repair the ruptured blood vessel or relieve pressure on the brain. In some cases, the condition may be fatal, and immediate medical attention is essential to prevent long-term damage or death.

Some of the most common complications associated with cerebral hemorrhage include:

1. Rebleeding: There is a risk of rebleeding after the initial hemorrhage, which can lead to further brain damage and increased risk of death.
2. Hydrocephalus: Excess cerebrospinal fluid can accumulate in the brain, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.
3. Brain edema: Swelling of the brain tissue can occur due to the bleeding, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.
4. Seizures: Cerebral hemorrhage can cause seizures, which can be a sign of a more severe injury.
5. Cognitive and motor deficits: Depending on the location and severity of the bleeding, cerebral hemorrhage can result in long-term cognitive and motor deficits.
6. Vision loss: Cerebral hemorrhage can cause vision loss or blindness due to damage to the visual cortex.
7. Communication difficulties: Cerebral hemorrhage can cause difficulty with speech and language processing, leading to communication difficulties.
8. Behavioral changes: Depending on the location and severity of the bleeding, cerebral hemorrhage can result in behavioral changes, such as irritability, agitation, or apathy.
9. Infection: Cerebral hemorrhage can increase the risk of infection, particularly if the hemorrhage is caused by a ruptured aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (AVM).
10. Death: Cerebral hemorrhage can be fatal, particularly if the bleeding is severe or if there are underlying medical conditions that compromise the patient's ability to tolerate the injury.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) defines Autistic Disorder as a pervasive developmental disorder that meets the following criteria:

A. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, including:

1. Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity (e.g., abnormal or absent eye contact, impaired understanding of facial expressions, delayed or lack of response to social overtures).
2. Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships (e.g., difficulty initiating or sustaining conversations, impairment in understanding social norms, rules, and expectations).
3. Deficits in using nonverbal behaviors to regulate social interaction (e.g., difficulty with eye contact, facial expressions, body language, gestures).

B. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least one of the following:

1. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech (e.g., hand flapping, head banging, repeating words or phrases).
2. Insistence on sameness, inflexibility, and adherence to routines or rituals.
3. Preoccupation with specific interests or activities that are repeated in a rigid and restricted manner (e.g., preoccupation with a particular topic, excessive focus on a specific activity).

C. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period and significantly impact social, occupational, or other areas of functioning.

D. The symptoms do not occur exclusively during a medical or neurological condition (e.g., intellectual disability, hearing loss).

It is important to note that Autistic Disorder is a spectrum disorder and individuals with this diagnosis may have varying degrees of severity in their symptoms. Additionally, there are several other Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs) that have similar diagnostic criteria but may differ in severity and presentation. These include:

A. Asperger's Disorder: Characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, but without the presence of significant delay or retardation in language development.

B. Rett Syndrome: A rare genetic disorder that is characterized by difficulties with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.

C. Childhood Disintegrative Disorder: Characterized by a loss of language and social skills that occurs after a period of normal development.

It is important to consult with a qualified professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist, for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Some examples of nervous system malformations include:

1. Neural tube defects: These are among the most common types of nervous system malformations and occur when the neural tube, which forms the brain and spinal cord, fails to close properly during fetal development. Examples include anencephaly (absence of a major portion of the brain), spina bifida (incomplete closure of the spine), and encephalocele (protrusion of the brain or meninges through a skull defect).
2. Cerebral palsy: This is a group of disorders that affect movement, balance, and posture, often resulting from brain damage during fetal development or early childhood. The exact cause may not be known, but it can be related to genetic mutations, infections, or other factors.
3. Hydrocephalus: This is a condition in which there is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain, leading to increased pressure and enlargement of the head. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, infections, or blockages in the CSF circulatory system.
4. Moyamoya disease: This is a rare condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the internal carotid artery and its branches, leading to reduced blood flow to the brain. It can result in stroke-like episodes, seizures, and cognitive impairment.
5. Spinal muscular atrophy: This is a genetic disorder that affects the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement, leading to progressive muscle weakness and wasting. It can be diagnosed through blood tests or genetic analysis.
6. Neurofibromatosis: This is a genetic disorder that causes non-cancerous tumors to grow on nerve tissue, leading to symptoms such as skin changes, learning disabilities, and eye problems. It can be diagnosed through clinical evaluation and genetic testing.
7. Tuberous sclerosis: This is a rare genetic disorder that causes non-cancerous tumors to grow in the brain and other organs, leading to symptoms such as seizures, developmental delays, and skin changes. It can be diagnosed through clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and genetic testing.
8. Cerebral palsy: This is a group of disorders that affect movement, posture, and muscle tone, often resulting from brain damage sustained during fetal development or early childhood. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including premature birth, infections, and genetic mutations.
9. Down syndrome: This is a genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, leading to intellectual disability, developmental delays, and physical characteristics such as a flat face and short stature. It can be diagnosed through blood tests or genetic analysis.
10. William syndrome: This is a rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of genetic material on chromosome 7, leading to symptoms such as cardiovascular problems, growth delays, and learning disabilities. It can be diagnosed through clinical evaluation and genetic testing.

It's important to note that these are just a few examples of developmental disorders, and there are many other conditions that can affect cognitive and physical development in children. If you suspect your child may have a developmental disorder, it's important to speak with a qualified healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

There are several subtypes of agnosia, each with distinct symptoms:

1. Visual agnosia: Difficulty recognizing objects, colors, or shapes.
2. Auditory agnosia: Inability to recognize familiar sounds or voices.
3. Tactile agnosia: Difficulty identifying objects by touch.
4. Olfactory agnosia: Loss of the ability to smell.
5. Gustatory agnosia: Inability to taste or identify different flavors.
6. Hyperagnosia: Excessive sensitivity to stimuli, leading to over-recognition of objects and excessive memory for details.
7. Hypoagnosia: Under-recognition of objects, leading to difficulty identifying familiar items.

Agnosia can be caused by various factors, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, infections, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., autism spectrum disorder). Treatment options depend on the underlying cause of the agnosia and may include rehabilitation therapies, medications, or surgery.

In summary, agnosia is a neurological condition characterized by difficulty in recognizing objects, voices, or other sensory stimuli due to damage to specific areas of the brain. It can affect one or more senses and can be caused by various factors. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause of the disorder.

In the medical field, hallucinations are often used as a diagnostic tool to help identify underlying conditions that may be causing them. For example, hallucinations can be a symptom of schizophrenia, depression, anxiety disorders, and other mental health conditions. They can also be caused by neurological disorders such as epilepsy, migraines, and stroke.

Some common types of hallucinations include:

* Visual hallucinations: seeing things that are not there, such as shapes, colors, or objects.
* Auditory hallucinations: hearing sounds or voices that are not real.
* Tactile hallucinations: feeling sensations on the skin that are not real, such as itching, tingling, or pain.
* Olfactory hallucinations: smelling things that are not there.
* Gustatory hallucinations: tasting things that are not there.

The diagnosis of hallucinations typically involves a comprehensive medical history and physical examination, as well as laboratory tests and imaging studies to rule out other possible causes. Treatment for hallucinations depends on the underlying cause, and may include medication, therapy, or a combination of both.

In some cases, hallucinations can be benign and do not require treatment. However, in other cases, they can be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition that requires medical attention. It is important to seek medical advice if you are experiencing hallucinations, as they can be a sign of an underlying condition that needs to be addressed.

Intracranial hematoma occurs within the skull and is often caused by head injuries, such as falls or car accidents. It can lead to severe neurological symptoms, including confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. Extracranial hematomas occur outside the skull and are commonly seen in injuries from sports, accidents, or surgery.

The signs and symptoms of hematoma may vary depending on its location and size. Common symptoms include pain, swelling, bruising, and limited mobility. Diagnosis is typically made through imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI scans, along with physical examination and medical history.

Treatment for hematoma depends on its severity and location. In some cases, conservative management with rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) may be sufficient. However, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain the collection of blood or remove any clots that have formed.

In severe cases, hematoma can lead to life-threatening complications such as infection, neurological damage, and organ failure. Therefore, prompt medical attention is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Anterior cerebral artery infarction is relatively rare compared to other types of strokes, but it tends to affect younger people more frequently than other types of strokes. The symptoms of anterior cerebral artery infarction can vary depending on the location and severity of the obstruction, but may include sudden weakness or numbness in one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, confusion, and vision loss.

Prompt medical attention is essential for individuals experiencing these symptoms, as timely treatment can help to minimize damage to the affected brain tissue and improve outcomes. Treatment options for anterior cerebral artery infarction may include clot-busting drugs or mechanical thrombectomy, which involves removing the obstructive clot from the affected blood vessel. In some cases, surgery may also be necessary to relieve pressure on the affected blood vessels or to repair any damaged blood vessels.

Preventive measures for anterior cerebral artery infarction include controlling risk factors such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol levels, as well as avoiding activities that increase the risk of stroke such as smoking and heavy alcohol consumption. Early detection and treatment of any underlying medical conditions can help to reduce the risk of developing anterior cerebral artery infarction.

The exact cause of ganglioglioma is not fully understood, but genetic mutations and alterations have been implicated in its development. These tumors are more common in children than adults and can occur at any age.

Gangliogliomas can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and tissue biopsy. Treatment options for ganglioglioma depend on the size, location, and aggressiveness of the tumor. Surgery is often the first line of treatment, followed by radiation therapy if necessary.

Overall, ganglioglioma is a rare and relatively uncommon type of brain tumor that can be challenging to diagnose and treat. However, with advances in medical technology and research, the prognosis for patients with this condition is improving.

Word origin: Greek "hemat-" (blood) + -oma (tumor) + Latin "subduralis" (under the dura mater)

Some common types of sclerosis include:

1. Multiple sclerosis (MS): This is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS), causing inflammation and damage to the protective covering of nerve fibers, leading to communication problems between the brain and the rest of the body.
2. Systemic sclerosis (SSc): Also known as scleroderma, this is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the skin and internal organs, causing hardening and tightening of the skin and scar tissue formation in the affected areas.
3. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): This is a rare brain disorder that affects movement, balance, and eye movements, caused by degeneration of certain cells in the brainstem.
4. Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS): This is a rare neurodegenerative disorder that affects the motor neurons in the spinal cord, leading to weakness in the muscles of the legs, feet, and hands.
5. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC): This is a rare genetic disorder that causes non-cancerous tumors to grow in organs such as the brain, heart, kidneys, and lungs.

Symptoms of sclerosis vary depending on the type and location of the condition. Common symptoms include muscle weakness or stiffness, difficulty with movement and coordination, numbness or tingling sensations, and changes in sensation or perception. Treatment options for sclerosis depend on the specific type and severity of the condition, and may include medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications.

The symptoms of oligodendroglioma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and changes in personality or behavior.

Oligodendrogliomas are diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans, and tissue biopsy. Treatment options for oligodendroglioma can include surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy with drugs such as temozolomide.

Prognosis for oligodendroglioma depends on the location, size, and aggressiveness of the tumor, as well as the age and overall health of the patient. In general, benign oligodendrogliomas have a good prognosis, while malignant ones are more difficult to treat and can be associated with a poorer outcome.

There is ongoing research into new treatments for oligodendroglioma, including clinical trials of innovative drugs and therapies.

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, affecting approximately 1% of the population over the age of 60. It is more common in men than women and has a higher incidence in Caucasians than in other ethnic groups.

The primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease are:

* Tremors or trembling, typically starting on one side of the body
* Rigidity or stiffness, causing difficulty with movement
* Bradykinesia or slowness of movement, including a decrease in spontaneous movements such as blinking or smiling
* Postural instability, leading to falls or difficulty with balance

As the disease progresses, symptoms can include:

* Difficulty with walking, gait changes, and freezing episodes
* Dry mouth, constipation, and other non-motor symptoms
* Cognitive changes, such as dementia, memory loss, and confusion
* Sleep disturbances, including REM sleep behavior disorder
* Depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric symptoms

The exact cause of Parkinson's disease is not known, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The disease is associated with the degradation of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to a deficiency of dopamine in the brain. This deficiency disrupts the normal functioning of the basal ganglia, a group of structures involved in movement control, leading to the characteristic symptoms of the disease.

There is no cure for Parkinson's disease, but various treatments are available to manage its symptoms. These include:

* Medications such as dopaminergic agents (e.g., levodopa) and dopamine agonists to replace lost dopamine and improve motor function
* Deep brain stimulation, a surgical procedure that involves implanting an electrode in the brain to deliver electrical impulses to specific areas of the brain
* Physical therapy to improve mobility and balance
* Speech therapy to improve communication and swallowing difficulties
* Occupational therapy to improve daily functioning

It is important for individuals with Parkinson's disease to work closely with their healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and improves their quality of life. With appropriate treatment and support, many people with Parkinson's disease are able to manage their symptoms and maintain a good level of independence for several years after diagnosis.

The symptoms of vascular dementia can vary depending on the location and severity of the damage to the brain, but common symptoms include:

* Memory loss, such as difficulty remembering recent events or learning new information
* Confusion and disorientation
* Difficulty with communication, including trouble finding the right words or understanding what others are saying
* Difficulty with problem-solving, decision-making, and judgment
* Mood changes, such as depression, anxiety, or agitation
* Personality changes, such as becoming more passive or suspicious
* Difficulty with coordination and movement, including trouble walking or balance

Vascular dementia can be caused by a variety of conditions that affect the blood vessels in the brain, including:

* Stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA, or "mini-stroke")
* Small vessel disease, such as tiny strokes or changes in the blood vessels that occur over time
* Moyamoya disease, a rare condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the internal carotid artery and its branches
* Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, a condition in which abnormal protein deposits build up in the blood vessels of the brain
* Other conditions that can cause reduced blood flow to the brain, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease

There is no cure for vascular dementia, but there are several treatment options available to help manage its symptoms and slow its progression. These may include medications to improve memory and cognitive function, physical therapy to maintain mobility and strength, and lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet and regular exercise. In some cases, surgery or endovascular procedures may be recommended to treat the underlying cause of the dementia, such as a stroke or blocked blood vessel.

It is important for individuals with vascular dementia to receive timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment, as well as ongoing support and care from healthcare professionals, family members, and caregivers. With appropriate management, many people with vascular dementia are able to maintain their independence and quality of life for as long as possible.

The exact cause of hemangiomas is not known, but they are thought to be caused by an abnormal formation of blood vessels during fetal development. Hemangiomas are more common in infants and children, and they tend to grow rapidly during the first year of life. They are usually small and do not cause any symptoms, but can become larger and more complex over time.

The diagnosis of a hemangioma is based on a physical examination, imaging studies such as ultrasound or MRI, and a biopsy. Treatment for hemangiomas may include observation, steroid medications, or surgical removal if the lesion is causing symptoms or is large and unsightly.

The following are some of the key features of hemangioma, cavernous:

1. Location: Hemangiomas can occur anywhere in the body, but they are most common in the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
2. Composition: Hemangiomas are made up of abnormal and dilated blood vessels.
3. Size: Hemangiomas can range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.
4. Shape: Hemangiomas can be round or oval in shape, and may have a raised or depressed surface.
5. Color: Hemangiomas are typically red or purple in color, but can also be blue or brown.
6. Symptoms: Hemangiomas may cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, or bleeding, depending on their location and size.
7. Cause: The exact cause of hemangiomas is not known, but they are thought to be caused by an abnormal formation of blood vessels during fetal development.
8. Treatment: Treatment for hemangiomas may include observation, steroid medications, or surgical removal if the lesion is causing symptoms or is cosmetically unsightly.

The following are some of the key features of hemangioma, capillary:

1. Location: Hemangiomas can occur anywhere in the body, but they are most common in the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
2. Composition: Hemangiomas are made up of abnormal and dilated capillaries.
3. Size: Hemangiomas can range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.
4. Shape: Hemangiomas can be round or oval in shape, and may have a raised or depressed surface.
5. Color: Hemangiomas are typically red or purple in color, but can also be blue or brown.
6. Symptoms: Hemangiomas may cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, or bleeding, depending on their location and size.
7. Cause: The exact cause of hemangiomas is not known, but they are thought to be caused by an abnormal formation of capillaries during fetal development.
8. Treatment: Treatment for hemangiomas usually involves observation and monitoring, but may also include surgical removal or laser therapy in some cases.

It's important to note that while hemangiomas are not cancerous, they can be difficult to distinguish from other types of vascular lesions, and a biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis. If you suspect you have a hemangioma, it's important to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Intracranial aneurysms are relatively rare but can have serious consequences if they rupture and cause bleeding in the brain.

The symptoms of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm may include headaches, seizures, and visual disturbances.

If an intracranial aneurysm ruptures, it can lead to a subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding in the space around the brain), which is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.

Diagnosis of an intracranial aneurysm typically involves imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and may also involve catheter angiography.

Treatment for intracranial aneurysms usually involves surgical clipping or endovascular coiling, depending on the size, location, and severity of the aneurysm.

Preventing rupture of intracranial aneurysms is important, as they can be difficult to treat once they have ruptured.

Endovascular coiling is a minimally invasive procedure in which a catheter is inserted into the affected artery and a small coil is inserted into the aneurysm, causing it to clot and preventing further bleeding.

Surgical clipping involves placing a small metal clip across the base of the aneurysm to prevent further bleeding.

In addition to these treatments, medications such as anticonvulsants and antihypertensives may be used to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

There are several types of headaches, including:

1. Tension headache: This is the most common type of headache and is caused by muscle tension in the neck and scalp.
2. Migraine: This is a severe headache that can cause nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
3. Sinus headache: This type of headache is caused by inflammation or infection in the sinuses.
4. Cluster headache: This is a rare type of headache that occurs in clusters or cycles and can be very painful.
5. Rebound headache: This type of headache is caused by overuse of pain medication.

Headaches can be treated with a variety of methods, such as:

1. Over-the-counter pain medications, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen.
2. Prescription medications, such as triptans or ergots, for migraines and other severe headaches.
3. Lifestyle changes, such as stress reduction techniques, regular exercise, and a healthy diet.
4. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture or massage, which can help relieve tension and pain.
5. Addressing underlying causes, such as sinus infections or allergies, that may be contributing to the headaches.

It is important to seek medical attention if a headache is severe, persistent, or accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, confusion, or weakness. A healthcare professional can diagnose the cause of the headache and recommend appropriate treatment.

The lateral sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe. The frontal lobe can be divided into a lateral, polar, ... The frontal lobe is covered by the frontal cortex. The frontal cortex includes the premotor cortex, and the primary motor ... The middle and inferior frontal gyri are divided by the inferior frontal sulcus. In humans, the frontal lobe reaches full ... Common effects of damage to the frontal lobe are varied. Patients who have experienced frontal lobe trauma may know the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe

... the frontal lobe is arguably more susceptible to injuries. Following a frontal lobe injury, an individual's abilities to make ... Patients with damaged frontal lobes often complain of minimal to substantial memory loss. Because of this, frontal lobe ... A widely reported case of frontal lobe injury was that of Phineas Gage, a railroad worker whose left frontal lobe was damaged ... we may be misrepresenting the functions of the frontal lobe, specifically the role it plays in memory. Frontal lobe disorder ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe_injury

... , also frontal lobe syndrome, is an impairment of the frontal lobe that occurs due to disease or frontal ... The diagnosis of frontal lobe disorder can be divided into the following three categories: Clinical history Frontal lobe ... Frontal lobe impairment is also a feature of Alzheimer's disease, and frontotemporal dementia. The pathogenesis of frontal lobe ... "Frontal Lobe Syndrome. FLS information. Frontal Lobe Lesions , Patient". Patient. Retrieved 2016-01-30. Davis, Larry E.; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe_disorder

Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) is the best understood form of frontal lobe epilepsy but is often ... The frontal lobe has a significant function in attention regulation. Therefore, patients with frontal lobe epilepsy are often ... Other lesions on the frontal lobe such as hamartomas and nodular heterotopias can cause frontal lobe symptoms as well. Birth ... vocal outbursts and cognitive/judgment symptoms displayed during frontal lobe seizures. Frontal lobe seizures also tend to come ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe_epilepsy

... is an epileptic disorder that causes frequent violent seizures during sleep ... GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Autosomal Dominant Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy (CS1: long volume value, Articles with ... Kuryatov A, Gerzanich V, Nelson M, Olale F, Lindstrom J (1997). "Mutation causing autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe ... "Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal-lobe epilepsy: genetic heterogeneity and evidence for a second locus at 15q24". Am J Hum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomal_dominant_nocturnal_frontal_lobe_epilepsy

"Frontal Lobe". Rice University Web Calendar. 26 June 2000. Web. 06 Dec. 2010. <"Frontal Lobe". Archived from the original on ... The primary motor cortex, or precentral gyrus, is the most posterior gyrus of the frontal lobe and lies anterior to the central ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron

Risk factors are:[citation needed] Advancing age; Mental health problems; Cognitive impairment; Dementia; Frontal lobe ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-neglect

... , or frontal ataxia, is a gait apraxia found in patients with bilateral frontal lobe disorders. It is ... Many neurologists describe frontal lobe ataxia as really an apraxia, in which voluntary control of initiating movement is ... Frontal lobe ataxia is often associated with damage to the frontopontocerebellar tract (Arnold's bundle) that connects the ... Wide base, poor balance control when in stance Short stride En bloc turns Often patients with frontal lobe ataxia may ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruns_apraxia

Frontal lobe effects. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 47(1), 28. (Webarchive template wayback links, ... Frontal lobe effect.", examining electroencephalography potentials that were recorded while resting compared to subjects ... Results indicate mental work increases integrated frontal potentials. He also published several books including Group ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelbert_Ford

Brain and frontal lobe. 3D printing of BodyParts3D foot bone data. Painting colors on cervical vertebrae polygon data, included ... For example, the vertebral column is registered as FMA13478, the temporal lobe is registered as FMA61825, and so on. Version ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomography

My frontal lobe has absconded'". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 April 2017. Singh, Anita (26 January 2020). "Monty Python frontman ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Jones

May correspond to impairments in frontal lobe systems that are involved in such control. Meanness. Lacking empathy and close ... Psychopathology of Frontal Lobe Syndromes. Widiger, Thomas (1995). Personality Disorder Interview-IV, Chapter 4: Antisocial ... Half of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist consists of symptoms of mania, hypomania, and frontal-lobe dysfunction, which frequently ... while the disinhibition factor is argued to be associated with impairment of frontal lobe tasks. There is evidence that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathy

Levin, Harvey; Eisenberg, Howard; Benton, Arthur (1991). Frontal Lobe Function and Dysfunction. Oxford: Oxford University Press ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Shallice

The frontal lobe of the central raised area of the cephalon (or glabella) is much wider than the other lobes. The frontal lobe ... The eye lobe is much higher than the glabella. The "seem" that is visible from the ventral side (or doublure) is wide and flat ... The frontal band of each pleural rib is more vaulted and broader than the rear band. The pleural furrows stay clear of the ... The facial suture (almost) coincides with the frontal glabellar furrow. Eye smaller, staying clear of the lateral and posterior ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontochile

The normal age progression results in a decline in frontal lobe function. Therefore, older adults are more vulnerable to ... Asp, Eric (2012). Principles of Frontal Lobe Dysfunction. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 389. ISBN 978-0195134971. Asp, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_tagging_theory

The frontal lobe of the central raised area of the cephalon (or glabella) is much wider than the other lobes. The frontal lobe ... The frontal band of each pleural rib is more vaulted and broader than the rear band. The pleural furrows almost reach the ... The frontal margin of the cephalon is semicircular to parabolic, and it may have a simple and short anterior extension. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmanites

Patients with frontal lobe damage, such as Phineas Gage, provided the first evidence that the frontal lobes were associated ... Frontal lobe damage, particularly to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), results in impaired abilities to organize and ... Frontal Lobe Function and Dysfunction. Oxford University Press. pp. 217-229. ISBN 978-0-19-506284-7. Loewenstein, G. F.; Weber ... the right inferior parietal lobe, and the caudate nucleus than did non-users. Conversely, the cocaine users showed lesser ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_marker_hypothesis

Tulving E (2002). "Chronesthesia: Conscious Awareness of Subjective Time". Principles of Frontal Lobe Function. pp. 311-325. ... the roles of the frontal pole and the medial temporal lobes". NeuroImage. 19 (4): 1369-80. doi:10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00179-4. ... The results show that temporal-order memory of past events involves the frontal and posterior brain regions and item retrieval ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_time_travel

Principles of Frontal Lobe Function. pp. 466-503. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.003.0029. ISBN 9780195134971. Prencipe, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_and_cold_cognition

Smith EE, Jonides J (March 1999). "Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes". Science. 283 (5408): 1657-61. Bibcode ... Fuster, Joaquin M. (1997). The prefrontal cortex: anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe. Philadelphia: ... Frontal lobe function and dysfunction. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-19-506284-7. Baddeley, Alan D.; ... Both are associated with the frontal brain, self-direction and self-regulation, but cause-effect have not been confirmed, so it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_memory

Lahmeyer HW (June 1982). "Frontal lobe meningioma and depression". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 43 (6): 254-5. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnoses_of_depression

Probably the frontal lobes need to participate in basically all of the executive functions, but they are not the only brain ... Historically, the executive functions have been seen as regulated by the prefrontal regions of the frontal lobes, but it is ... Theories of the executive system were largely driven by observations of patients with frontal lobe damage. They exhibited ... Furthermore, in their review, Alvarez and Emory state that: "The frontal lobes have multiple connections to cortical, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_functions

217-229). In H.S. Levin, H.M. Eisenberg & A.L. Benton (Eds.). Frontal lobe function and dysfunction. New York: Oxford ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making

However, after temporal lobectomy, memory function is supported by the opposite temporal lobe; and recruitment of the frontal ... Focal seizures in the temporal lobe involve small areas of the lobe such as the amygdala and hippocampus.[citation needed] The ... In 2016, a case history found that a male temporal lobe epileptic patient experienced a vision of God following a temporal lobe ... Animal models and clinical studies show that memory loss correlates with temporal lobe neuronal loss in temporal lobe epilepsy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy

Duncan, John; Burgess, Paul; Emslie, Hazel (March 1995). "Fluid intelligence after frontal lobe lesions". Neuropsychologia. 33 ... "A human intracranial study of long-range oscillatory coherence across a frontal-occipital-hippocampal brain network during ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_synthesis

... nocturnal frontal lobe, 1; 600513; CHRNA4 Epilepsy, nocturnal frontal lobe, 3; 605375; CHRNB2 Epilepsy, nocturnal frontal lobe ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OMIM_disorder_codes

Position of precentral sulcus (shown in red). Lateral surface of right frontal lobe. Precentral sulcus is labeled by * and **. ... middle and superior frontal gyri from the precentral gyrus. In most brains, the precentral sulcus is divided into two parts: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precentral_sulcus

Mayberg, H. S. (November 1994). "Frontal lobe dysfunction in secondary depression". The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical ... Researchers had justified this worsening of behaviour by abnormal neurological activity within the pre-frontal cortex. The ... and was described to have symptoms of bradyphrenia after showing abnormalities within the pre-frontal cortex of the brain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradyphrenia

Beversdorf, D. Q.; Heilman, K. M. (1998-10-01). "Facilitory paratonia and frontal lobe functioning". Neurology. 51 (4): 968-971 ... particularly in relation to frontal lobe dysfunction. Paratonia is frequently encountered in clinical practice. Paratonia can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratonia

2007). The Human Frontal Lobes: Functions and Disorders. The Guilford Press. p. 355. ISBN 978-1-59385-329-7. James B. Hale; ... 2002). Principles of frontal lobe function. Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195134971. Smith, E. E.; Jonides ... Schizophrenia may be partially attributed to a lack in activity in the frontal lobe. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is ... ISBN 978-0520224612.[page needed] Miller, Bruce L. (1999). The Human Frontal Lobes. New York, New York: The Guilford Press.[ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex

C. dehaani has an uneven carapace, which is divided into four frontal lobes. Its walking legs are covered with thick, long ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiromantes_dehaani

Since then, both techniques have been applied to numerous disorders of frontal and prefrontal lobe function. Sherrill, R. (2004 ... which combined with symptoms synonymous with impaired executive control make them prime candidates for pre-frontal centric ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoencephalography

The frontal appendages are either lobopodous (soft as in gilled lobopodians) or arthropodized (hardened and segmented as in ... lobes). It is thought that these flaps moved in an up-and-down motion, in order to propel the animal forward in a fashion ... Characterized by a pair of frontal appendages and series of body flaps, the name of Dinocaridids comes from Greek, "deinos" and ... The head apparently unsegmented and had a pair of specialized frontal appendages just in front of the mouth and eyes. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinocaridida

But soon afterwards he became ill with what was later diagnosed as frontal lobe dementia, and by April 2014 he was living in a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Turner_(footballer,_born_1951)

... "frontal lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis". Cognitive Psychology. 41 (1): 49-100. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.485.1953. doi:10.1006/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexibility_(personality)

... although some successful results have been reported in other clinical studies of TMS used to treat the frontal lobe. Deep brain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-invasive_cerebellar_stimulation

2001) described the frontal lobe of children under eight as underdeveloped, which contributes to an inability to separate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobo_doll_experiment

The head itself has a groove in the middle, immediately behind the frontal shield. The lobes of the secondary antennae are ... "frontal brim" along with the frontal shield, a frontal triangle with lateral edges that never reach the areas of the ocelli, ... immediately behind the frontal shield. Armadillidium atticum brevipes (Strouhal, 1937): This subspecies has the posterior lobe ... The frontal shield surpasses the anterior edge of the head, has a straight to curved upper margin and its lateral corners are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillidium_atticum

Mirror neurones of the frontal lobe are active during this exercise and act to link speech perception and production. This ... extends to the inferior parietal cortex and ends with the posterior and inferior frontal cortexes, specifically in Broca's area ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_shadowing

Frontal lobe seizures can be mistaken for PNES, though these tend to have shorter duration, stereotyped patterns of movements, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure

Waniek C, Prohovnik I, Kaufman MA, Dwork AJ (1995). "Rapidly progressive frontal-type dementia associated with Lyme disease". ... a purplish lump that develops on the ear lobe, nipple, or scrotum. Lyme arthritis occurs in up to 60% of untreated people, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease

... pioneer of studies on the frontal lobe and the cellular basis of working memory Arnold Gesell (1911-1949): psychologist and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_School_of_Medicine

Like all other members of the superfamily Olenelloide, the eye-ridges emerge from the back of the frontal lobe (L4) of the ... Olenellus also shares the typical character of whole family Olenellidae that the frontal (L3) and middle pair (L2) of lateral ... making them 4-5 times as long as the most backward lobe of the glabella (occipital ring or L0)1. The thorax is 4-4½ times wider ... lobes of the glabella are partially merged. This creates two very typical, isolated slits. It can be distinguished from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olenellus

Multiple brain areas are involved in this process such as the frontal lobe, the right extrastriate cortex, the neocortex, and ... The visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe of the brain and harbors many other structures that aid in visual ... The primary visual cortex is located within the occipital lobe in the back of infant's brain and is responsible for processing ... the frontal eye fields pathway (FEF pathway), and the inhibitory pathway. Each pathway is crucial to the development of visual ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_learning

The Frontal Assessment Battery, Stroop test and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test are used for evaluation of executive function, and ... Other indicative and supportive biomarkers are useful in distinguishing DLB and AD (preservation of medial temporal lobe ... Memory loss in DLB has a different progression from AD because frontal structures are involved earlier, with later involvement ... lack of damage to medial temporal lobe (damage is more likely in AD); reduced occipital activity; and prominent slow-wave ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies

The basal lobes at the rear of the glabella are narrow triangular and equal in length to the frontal lobe. The central part of ... The frontal lobe the central raised area of the cephalon (or glabella) is long at about ⅓ or more of the length of the glabella ... The frontal section is split into three parts. Both lateral parts are defined by furrows on all sides: those with the central ... Opposite the tip of the side lobes there is a node on the midline. There is a furrow at midline connecting the glabella with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotagnostus

Cortical grey matter development peaks at ~12 years of age in the frontal and parietal cortices, and 14-16 years in the ... temporal lobes (with the superior temporal cortex being last to mature), peaking at about roughly the same age in both sexes ... Cortical white matter increases from childhood (~9 years) to adolescence (~14 years), most notably in the frontal and parietal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain_development_timeline

Several brain regions in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex and in the hypothalamus that are deemed important for self- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_sexuality

By chemically altering Bette's frontal lobe, Modeus gains enough strength to manipulate gravity on a scale capable of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irredeemable

came to the following conclusions: When a person is facing someone head on the occipital, inferior frontal, medial frontal, ... The connection between the amygdala, OFC, and other medial temporal lobe structures suggest that they play an important role in ... When it came to abstract speech and gestures, the left frontal gyrus would be activated according to Straube et al. After ... watched an actor who was delivering a speech talking about another person an extended network of bilateral temporal and frontal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cue

Lingo, T.D. Mountain Memory Meditation [1959] Lingo, T.D. Frontal lobes self-circuiting. Unpublished manuscript [1965] Lingo, T ... Self-Transcending Into the Dormant Frontal Lobes [1981] Lingo, T.D. Self-Transcendence Workbook [1989] "Ex-Counterculture Guru ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._D._A._Lingo

In particular, the supplementary motor complex on the medial surface of the frontal lobe appears to activate prior to primary ... posterior sequential activation process beginning in the supplementary motor area on the medial surface of the frontal lobe and ... "Internally Generated Preactivation of Single Neurons in Human Medial Frontal Cortex Predicts Volition". Neuron. 69 (3): 548-62 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will

... patients typically have damage temporal lobe damage that affects the medial and lateral cortex as well as the frontal lobe. ... Temporal lobe damage affecting the lateral and medial cortexes have been related to semantic impairments. Damage to different ... This would lead to the conclusion that any type of lesion in the temporal lobe, depending on severity and location, has the ... During semantic retrieval, two regions in the right middle frontal gyrus and the area of the right inferior temporal gyrus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory

In addition to these parietal regions, regions of the frontal lobe are also active in calculation tasks. These activations ... Neural activity recorded during the delay period showed that neurons in the intraparietal sulcus and the frontal cortex had a " ... Single-unit neurophysiology in monkeys has also found neurons in the frontal cortex and in the intraparietal sulcus that ... Nieder, A.; Miller, E. K. (2004). "A parieto-frontal network for visual numerical information in the monkey". Proceedings of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_cognition

The clypeus (frontal tooth) is transverse and lacks spines on either side. The eyes are large, but lack the lens of stemmata. ... 219 The male genitalia of Zaitzevia elongata is about 2.2 times as long as the median lobe, and the parameres are membraneous. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaitzevia_elongata

At a higher level yet is the primary motor cortex, a strip of tissue located at the posterior edge of the frontal lobe. The ... Arthropods have a central brain, the supraesophageal ganglion, with three divisions and large optical lobes behind each eye for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain

Broca's area is a region in the frontal lobe responsible for language production and processing. The discovery of mirror ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_speech

It has also been shown that activity in the frontal lobe is decreased in an individual with ADHD compared to an individual ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_ADHD_Self-Report_Scale

The surstyli and superior lobes are only slightly asymmetrical and the cerci are dentate and asymmetrical. No female specimens ... The face is black, concave, strongly projected antero-ventrally, with a weakly developed frontal prominence and long pilose ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphegina_dentata

Women with frontal focal epilepsy need closer monitoring during pregnancy because their seizures may worsen, although there ... Cite this: Frontal Lobe Epilepsy Tied to Higher Seizure Risk in Pregnancy - Medscape - Dec 06, 2018. ... NEW ORLEANS - Compared to women with other types of epilepsy, those with frontal lobe epilepsy have the highest risk of ... The new results highlight the need for closer monitoring of women with frontal lobe epilepsy during pregnancy, said Voinescu. ...

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/906147

Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) is an uncommon form of epilepsy that runs in families. Explore ... Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy 1 *Genetic Testing Registry: Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe ... Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy 3 *Genetic Testing Registry: Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe ... Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: demonstration of focal frontal onset and intrafamilial variation. Neurology ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/autosomal-dominant-nocturnal-frontal-lobe-epilepsy

Finalement, le lobe frontal joue un rôle important dans la prise de décisions, la mémoire et la créativité. En espérant que ma ... Le lobe frontal est responsable, notamment du langage. Par ailleurs, il est responsable de la coordination et de certains ... Le lobe frontal est responsable, notamment du langage. Par ailleurs, il est responsable de la coordination et de certains ... Finalement, le lobe frontal joue un rôle important dans la prise de décisions, la mémoire et la créativité. ...

https://www.alloprof.qc.ca/helpzone/discussion/66345/question

What is the influence of frontal lobe dysfunction? What are executive functions? ... ADHD and Frontal Lobe Dysfunction Abstract: Is ADHD caused by frontal lobe dysfunction? What is the influence of frontal lobe ... Is ADHD caused by frontal lobe dysfunction? What is the influence of frontal lobe dysfunction? What are executive functions?. ... ADHD and Frontal Lobe Dysfunction Intelligent natural language question-answering in the area of psychology and psychiatry. Ask ...

https://web4health.info/en/answers/adhd-cause-frontal.htm

Frontal Lobe, from a single donor from BIOCHAIN, Cat Number: D1236051Par. UK & Europe Distribution. Order Online or Request a ... Genomic DNA - Parkinsons Disease: Brain: Frontal Lobe, from a single donor , D1236051Par. (No reviews yet) Write a Review ... Genomic DNA - Parkinsons Disease: Brain: Frontal Lobe, from a single donor , D1236051Par , Biochain ... Genomic DNA - Parkinsons Disease: Brain: Frontal Lobe, from a single donor , D1236051Par ...

https://delos.info/genomic-dna-parkinsons-disease-brain-frontal-lobe-from-a-single-donor-d1236051par/

Frontal Lobe (Alzheimers Disease) tissue lysate, available in 200 μg package(s). Cited in 2 reference(s). ... Human Brain: Frontal Lobe (Alzheimers Disease) tissue lysate Cat. No. GTX26550 Reference 2 ... There are currently no reviews for Human Brain: Frontal Lobe (Alzheimers Disease) tissue lysate (GTX26550). Be the first to ...

https://www.genetex.com/Product/Detail/Human-Brain-Frontal-Lobe-Alzheimer-s-Disease-tissue-lysate/GTX26550

Another Day in the Frontal Lobe: A Brain Surgeon Exposes Life on the Inside. ... Another Day in the Frontal Lobe: A Brain Surgeon Exposes Life on the Inside ... Another Day in the Frontal Lobe: A Brain Surgeon Exposes Life on the Inside ...

https://medicine.yale.edu/news/yale-medicine-magazine/article/another-day-in-the-frontal-lobe-a-brain/

Frontal collapse of San Quintín glacier (Northern Patagonia Icefield), the last piedmont glacier lobe in the Andes Michał ... The piedmont lobe of San Quintín, the largest glacier of the Northern Patagonia Icefield, in southern Chile, has recently ... This process may lead to the disappearance of the last existing piedmont lobe in Patagonia, and one of the few remaining ... Pętlicki, M., Rivera, A., Oberreuter, J., Uribe, J., Reinthaler, J., and Bown, F.: Frontal collapse of San Quintín glacier ( ...

https://tc.copernicus.org/preprints/tc-2023-10/

More about frontal lobes in the Hypnosis Glossary - Hypnotherapy Berlin. ... The frontal lobes are an important area of the brain. ... Frontal Lobe The frontal lobes are an important area of the ... The frontal lobes also play an important role in our character. Our conscience, that is, our morals, emotions and social self ... The frontal lobes are also called the gateway to the brain, they are responsible for our attention, social skills, empathy, ...

https://www.hypnosis-berlin.com/glossary/frontal-lobe

So my WHOLE head didnt explode -- just the right frontal lobe.". "Yes, it could have been worse," Bod replied, thinking of ... which was something better than a frontal lobe explosion).. http://www.jamespreller.com/2009/01/26/its-good-to-be-neil-gaiman- ...

https://collectingchildrensbooks.blogspot.com/2009/01/only-my-right-frontal-lobe-exploded.html

... positive neurons in the frontal lobe of human fetus. METHODS:. The expression of the BDNF-positive neurons in the frontal lobe ... By the second month of gestation,BDNF-positive neurons were seen in the subventricular layer of the frontal lobe of cerebellum. ... BDNF-positive neurons may participate in the early development of the frontal lobe of cerebrum of human fetus. ... Morphological study on early development of brain derived neurophic factor-positive neurons in the frontal lobe of human fetus ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/perinatal/resource/pt/mdl-23827062

The common area of lesion overlap was small, being confined to the dorsal aspect of the inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmanns area ... Five patients with left-sided visual neglect following focal infarction of the right frontal lobe are presented. Lesion ... Five patients with left-sided visual neglect following focal infarction of the right frontal lobe are presented. Lesion ... Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Agnosia, Cerebral Infarction, Dominance, Cerebral, Female, Frontal Lobe, Hemiplegia, Humans, Male, ...

https://www.win.ox.ac.uk/publications/619010?a2f8497e-05f7-11ee-8006-061b866677b4

We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you click Accept all cookies well assume that you are happy to receive all cookies and you wont see this message again. If you click Reject all non-essential cookies only necessary cookies providing core functionality such as security, network management, and accessibility will be enabled. Click Find out more for information on how to change your cookie settings. ...

https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/2751?d35d4964-0301-11ee-a69e-061ab7f93640

Does frontal lobe brain damage ever repair?. If your frontal lobe is damaged, it can be hard to recover. Although neurons dont ... What causes lesions in the frontal lobe?. The cause of frontal lobe disorders includes an array of diseases ranging from closed ... What disorders are associated with the frontal lobe?. Tauopathies that impair the frontal lobes include frontotemporal dementia ... What happens when your frontal lobe is fully developed?. On the other hand, in adults, the frontal cortex is completely ...

https://stylesubstancesoul.com/essay-tips/what-are-the-effects-of-brain-damage-on-the-frontal-lobe/

Start Over You searched for: Subjects Frontal Lobe -- surgery ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Frontal Lobe -- surgery Languages ...

https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/?f%5Bdrep2.language%5D%5B%5D=English&f%5Bdrep2.subjectAggregate%5D%5B%5D=Frontal+Lobe+--+surgery&per_page=50&range%5BdrepX.yearStartInt%5D%5Bbegin%5D=1300&range%5BdrepX.yearStartInt%5D%5Bend%5D=1399

Jessie A. Seiden, The Criminal Brain: Frontal Lobe Dysfunction Evidence in Capital Proceedings, 16 Cap. DEF J. 395 (2004). ...

https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/wlucdj/vol16/iss2/4/

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https://tigernet.no/releases/951247-walking-in-circles

Twenty-eight patients with temporal lobe epilepsy underwent pre- and postoperative MRI (T1-MPRAGE and Diffusion Tensor Imaging ... Selective amygdalohippocampectomy is an effective treatment for patients with therapy-refractory temporal lobe epilepsy but may ... White matter alterations in MR-negative temporal and frontal lobe epilepsy using fixel-based analysis. 02 January 2023 ... we found significantly decreased FA-values in large parts of the ipsilesional temporal and inferior frontal lobe (FWE-corrected ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-80751-x?error=cookies_not_supported&code=62ced132-9404-450c-8def-2e18f860ff63

Biden is suffering from a frontal lobe deficit: Dan Bongino. Fox News hosts Dan Bongino and Geraldo Rivera discussed ...

https://www.wsyb1380am.com/news/biden-is-suffering-from-a-frontal-lobe-deficit-dan-bongino/

... while WM loss in the frontal and temporal lobes was related to both diffuse and focal injury. Finally, volumetric measures of ... Frontal and temporal morphometric findings on MRI in children after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury J Neurotrauma. ... WM in the lateral frontal region, and GM, WM, and CSF in the temporal region. Whole brain volume and total brain GM were ... developing children and subgroups of TBI patients with and without regional focal lesions suggested that GM loss in the frontal ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15785229/

The fNIRS evaluation of frontal and temporal lobe cortical activation in Chinese first-episode medication-naïve and recurrent ... The fNIRS evaluation of frontal and temporal lobe cortical activation in Chinese first-episode medication-naïve and recurrent ... in some of the same brain regions in FMD and RMD patients implied a link between the level of complexity activation in frontal ...

https://jonathanhaverkampf.com/the-fnirs-evaluation-of-frontal-and-temporal-lobe-cortical-activation-in-chinese-first-episode-medication-naive-and-recurrent-depression-during-a-verbal-fluency-task/

Right thigh and suspected left frontal lobe. 1.6 × 1.3 × 1.4 (lesion). Recurrent right thigh nodule; suspicious 2 × 5 × 5 mm ... Left parietal lobe. 0.17 × 0.12 × 0.23 (lesion). Right-sided numbness and weakness for 2 days. 0.1 (1.1). ... T2W/FLAIR hyperintensity with contrast enhancement in left frontal white matter. 0.22 (3.7). ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/4/16-0791-t1

Acetylcholine is integral for memory, mood, muscle control, and other nervous system and brain functions. Find out which foods can help you boost your levels.

https://www.livestrong.com/article/345638-how-to-increase-acetylcholine/

Linkadge-AD/Frontal Lobe help? Jaydee 9/2/05. *Re: Linkadge-AD/Frontal Lobe help? linkadge 9/3/05 ... Re: Pre-Frontal Cortex?. Posted by linkadge on September 3, 2005, at 16:44:15 ... In reply to Re: Pre-Frontal Cortex? linkadge, posted by zeugma on September 3, 2005, at 16:17:08 ...

http://www.dr-bob.org/babble/20050901/msgs/550410.html

Stuss, D. T. (2011). Functions of the frontal lobes: relation to executive functions. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 17, 759. doi: ... The Model of Frontal Lobe Functioning (Stuss, 2011) has been widely used in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation (Winson et al., ... Stuss, D. T., Gallup, G. G. Jr., and Alexander, M. P. (2001). The frontal lobes are necessary for theory of mind. Brain 124, ... Chow, T. W. (2000). Personality in frontal lobe disorders. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2, 446-451. doi: 10.1007/s11920-000-0031-5 ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnint.2022.883746/full?&utm_source=Email_to_authors_&utm_medium=Email&utm_content=T1_11.5e1_author&utm_campaign=Email_publication&field=&journalName=Frontiers_in_Integrative_Neuroscience&id=883746

frontal lobe damage. I know more than most because I researched everything after her injury...I coulc go on and on. Thanks ... My Husband suffered a frontal lobe tbi three years ago now, tried to go back to work the next day which made it so much worse, ... My son has had multiple frontal lobe concussions and the last four years have been so hard. I have found help and support in ... I had a left frontal lobe concussion, two black eyes, I was black and blue -- all from a hard sneeze when my left forehead ...

https://www.brainline.org/article/emotional-problems-after-traumatic-brain-injury?page=2#comment-24995

Frontal Lobes (& Frontal Lobe Damage). The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST; Grant & Berg, 1948; Heaton, Chelune,Talley, & ... Frontal patients are known for badly performing to new instructions. As the central executive is part of the frontal lobe, ... 2) Subject B was a male of 23 years of age who had sustained damages to his Frontal lobe at 3 months of age; he turned out to ... The Frontal lobe, responsible for most executive functions and attention, has shown to take years [at least 20] to fully ...

https://dpurb.com/tag/type-a-insecure-avoidant-attachment/

Re: Pre-Frontal Cortex? (dr-bob.org)
In the present study, a sustained effect was induced by applying 20-s trains of neuronavigated repetitive Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation (rTUS) to oculomotor regions of the frontal cortex in three non-human primates performing an antisaccade task. (frontiersin.org)

So my WHOLE head didn't explode -- just the right frontal lobe. (blogspot.com)
Five patients with left-sided visual neglect following focal infarction of the right frontal lobe are presented. (ox.ac.uk)
Had a cavernous hemangioma removed (right frontal lobe). (brainline.org)
The Right Frontal Lobe: What Happens When It's Damaged? (nhnscr.org)

The seizures associated with ADNFLE begin in areas of the brain called the frontal lobes . (medlineplus.gov)
It is unclear why mutations in the CHRNA2 , CHRNA4 , and CHRNB2 genes cause seizures in the frontal lobes rather than elsewhere in the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
The frontal lobes are an important area of the brain. (hypnosis-berlin.com)
The frontal lobes are also called the gateway to the brain, they are responsible for our attention, social skills, empathy, memory processes, moral sense, planning and other processes. (hypnosis-berlin.com)
Parents of teenagers often act as surrogate frontal lobes," the speaker, a bald man with wire-rimmed spectacles says, pointing to the lateral portion of the brain behind the forehead and eye. (brainchildmag.com)
He explains that while the amygdala, or primitive brain, is entirely grown, the frontal lobe which governs higher processing skills such as rational thought, impulse control and goal-setting is still growing and won't fully gestate until around the age of 25. (brainchildmag.com)
Direct extension usually causes a single brain abscess and may occur from necrotic areas of osteomyelitis in the posterior wall of the frontal sinus, the sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses, mandibular dental infections, as well as from subacute and chronic otitis media and mastoiditis. (medscape.com)
It results from damage to the temporal lobe and surrounding areas in the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
People with Broca's aphasia have damage primarily to the frontal lobe of the brain. (medlineplus.gov)

The common area of lesion overlap was small, being confined to the dorsal aspect of the inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann's area 44) and the immediate underlying white matter. (ox.ac.uk)

Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) is an uncommon form of epilepsy that runs in families. (medlineplus.gov)
Understanding frontal lobe function in epilepsy: Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy vs. frontal lobe epilepsy. (bvsalud.org)
To compare neuropsychological function in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) and frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) since frontal circuitry is involved in both conditions. (bvsalud.org)

The most frequent intracranial locations (in descending order of frequency) are frontal-temporal, frontal-parietal, parietal, cerebellar, and occipital lobes. (medscape.com)
Subacute and chronic otitis media and mastoiditis generally spread to the inferior temporal lobe and cerebellum. (medscape.com)
Chronic otitis media and mastoiditis generally spread to the inferior temporal lobe and cerebellum, causing frontal or ethmoid sinus infection and dental infection of the frontal lobe. (medscape.com)

Contrariwise, cortically (frontal and extra-frontal) and subcortically induced malfunction in FLE is determined by the functional deficit zone i.e., the ensemble of cortical and subcortical areas that are functionally abnormal between seizures. (bvsalud.org)

Frontal or ethmoid sinus spread to the frontal lobes. (medscape.com)
Objective: To report a case of human identification aided by the morphological analysis of the frontal sinus through anteroposterior radiographs of the skul with the mento-naso technique. (bvsalud.org)
Conclusion: The analysis of the frontal sinus may be an additional and alternative approach for human identification - especial y for edentulous victims. (bvsalud.org)
liquefaction of thoracic viscera prevented the Specifical y, the morphological confirmation or exclusion of a possible information from the frontal sinus can be drowning, so that, the cause of death registered with radiographs of the skull3. (bvsalud.org)
Moreover, the autopsy these radiographs, the frontal sinus is of the oral cavity revealed that the victim represented as a radiolucent area that was edentulous. (bvsalud.org)
Additional y, other septa may year-old man and edentulous who went subdivide the frontal sinus in lobes. (bvsalud.org)

By drawing on previously theory-guided hypotheses and findings, a particular emphasis is placed on the way different cognitive-pathophysiological mechanisms act upon to produce frontal dysfunction in JME (frontal- executive and attention -related problems vigilance, reaction times , processing speed , and response inhibition) and in FLE (reflecting the coproduct of the functional deficit zone), respectively. (bvsalud.org)
The involvement of the frontal lobes in cognitive estimation. (bvsalud.org)

Our conscience, that is, our morals, emotions and social self are also associated with the frontal lobes. (hypnosis-berlin.com)

CT scan showed a left frontal lobe tumor. (who.int)

A total of 16 patients with JME, 34 patients with FLE, and 48 normal controls, all matched for age and education , were administered a comprehensive battery of tests to assess frontal- executive functions , as well as attention , memory , and learning domains. (bvsalud.org)

Finalement, le lobe frontal joue un rôle important dans la prise de décisions, la mémoire et la créativité. (alloprof.qc.ca)
The frontal lobes also play an important role in our character. (hypnosis-berlin.com)

Frontal lobe/Executive function. (bvsalud.org)

I'd never considered being a frontal lobe part of my job description. (brainchildmag.com)

Three days after the body recovery, of the cases, pairs of frontal sinuses are alleged relatives of the victim reported that found separated by a median septum in the the body under investigation was of a 71- skull. (bvsalud.org)

In addition to Sophia, I had Luke, Olivia, Jamie and Johnny who would one after the other hit puberty: I'd be acting as an outsourced frontal lobe on the fly, times 5, for the next decade. (brainchildmag.com)

Results: The morphological information of the frontal sinuses converged between AM and PM radiographs both for metric and non- metric evidences. (bvsalud.org)

Complex partial seizures may arise from any portion of the brain (occipital, frontal, or temporal lobes). (nih.gov)

Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) is an uncommon, inherited form of epilepsy. (nih.gov)
The seizures associated with ADNFLE begin in areas of the brain called the frontal lobes . (medlineplus.gov)
Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) is characterized by clusters of nocturnal motor seizures, which are often stereotyped and brief (5 seconds to 5 minutes). (nih.gov)
No formal diagnostic criteria for autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) have been published. (nih.gov)

Hama S, Yamashita H, Shigenobu M, Watanabe A, Kurisu K, Yamawaki S. Post-stroke affective or apathetic depression and lesion location: left frontal lobe and bilateral basal ganglia. (medscape.com)
Patients with left frontal operculum lesions may demonstrate Broca aphasia and defective verb retrieval, whereas patients with exclusively right opercular lesions tend to develop expressive aprosodia. (medscape.com)

When Do Symptoms of Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy Begin? (nih.gov)

In any case, dysfunctions of the frontal lobe can give rise to relatively specific clinical syndromes. (medscape.com)

Dubois B, Slachevsky A, Litvan I, Pillon B. The FAB: a Frontal Assessment Battery at bedside. (medscape.com)
Performance on the Frontal Assessment Battery is sensitive to frontal lobe damage in stroke patients. (medscape.com)

Frontal lobes, clinical and anatomic aspects. (medscape.com)
Given the unique connectivity between the frontal regions and deeper brain structures, lesions of these areas or their connections generate relatively distinctive clinical behaviors. (medscape.com)

Patients with dorsolateral frontal lesions tend to have apathy, personality changes, abulia, and lack of ability to plan or to sequence actions or tasks. (medscape.com)

Frontal-subcortical circuitry and behavior. (medscape.com)

As successful completion of any cognitive task considered a frontal lobe function requires multiple brain regions both within and outside the frontal lobe, some authors prefer the term frontal systems disease. (medscape.com)
The dorsolateral frontal cortex is concerned with planning, strategy formation, and executive function. (medscape.com)

Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into sections, or lobes, each of which specializes in different functions. (nih.gov)

One of the ways the frontal lobes seem to do these things is by acting as short-term storage sites, allowing one idea to be kept in mind while other ideas are considered. (nih.gov)

In the rearmost portion of each frontal lobe is a motor cortex , which helps plan, control, and execute voluntary movement, or intentional movement, like moving your arm or kicking a ball. (nih.gov)

A detailed discussion of the pathophysiology of frontal lobe dysfunction is beyond the scope of this review and the reader is referred to 2 excellent reviews by Mesulam (2002) and Bonelli and Cummings (2007). (medscape.com)

When you plan a schedule, imagine the future, or use reasoned arguments, these two lobes do much of the work. (nih.gov)

Anatomy31

Organisms5

Diseases56

Chemicals and Drugs19

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment40

Psychiatry and Psychology65

Phenomena and Processes18

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Humanities2

Information Science10

Health Care10

Neural encoding in orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala during olfactory discrimination learning. (1/3907)

Frontal cognitive impairments and saccadic deficits in low-dose MPTP-treated monkeys. (2/3907)

Visuomotor processing as reflected in the directional discharge of premotor and primary motor cortex neurons. (3/3907)

Improvement by nefiracetam of beta-amyloid-(1-42)-induced learning and memory impairments in rats. (4/3907)

N-Methyl-D-aspartate antagonists and apoptotic cell death triggered by head trauma in developing rat brain. (5/3907)

Crossmodal associative memory representations in rodent orbitofrontal cortex. (6/3907)

Blind smell: brain activation induced by an undetected air-borne chemical. (7/3907)

Increased poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of nuclear proteins in Alzheimer's disease. (8/3907)

Frontal Lobe

Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe

Temporal Lobe

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Frontal Sinus

Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe

Frontal Bone

Neuropsychological Tests

Brain Mapping

Brain

Parietal Lobe

Atrophy

Functional Laterality

Image Processing, Computer-Assisted

Complement Inactivator Proteins

Electroencephalography

Occipital Lobe

Prefrontal Cortex

Frontal Sinusitis

Cerebral Cortex

Brain Diseases

Psychomotor Performance

Cognition

Neural Pathways

Reaction Time

Epilepsies, Partial

Iprindole

Brain Damage, Chronic

Cognition Disorders

Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian

Dementia

Carnitine O-Acetyltransferase

Gyrus Cinguli

Memory, Short-Term

Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

Nerve Fibers, Myelinated

Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Psychosurgery

Memory

Attention

Memory Disorders

Tomography, Emission-Computed

Basal Ganglia

Catatonia

Biological Psychiatry

Nerve Net

Cerebrovascular Circulation

Verbal Behavior

Executive Function

Photinia

Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime

Craniotomy

Brain Injuries

Dental Occlusion, Balanced

Language

Problem Solving

Analysis of Variance

Aphasia, Broca

Brain Neoplasms

Behavior

Criminology

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Hydroxyapatites

Anisotropy

Seizures

Lie Detection

Creatine

Alzheimer Disease

Logic

Thalamus

Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders

Mental Processes

Corpus Callosum

Language Tests

Magnetoencephalography

Task Performance and Analysis

Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic

Aspartic Acid

Saccades

Speech