Free brucellosis in wildlife. Medical search

Brucellosis: Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.Brucellosis, Bovine: A disease of cattle caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA leading to abortion in late pregnancy. BRUCELLA ABORTUS is the primary infective agent.Brucella: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes BRUCELLOSIS. Its cells are nonmotile coccobacilli and are animal parasites and pathogens. The bacterium is transmissible to humans through contact with infected dairy products or tissue.Brucella melitensis: A species of the genus BRUCELLA whose natural hosts are sheep and goats. Other mammals, including humans, may be infected. In general, these organisms tend to be more virulent for laboratory animals than BRUCELLA ABORTUS and may cause fatal infections.Animals, Wild: Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.Brucella abortus: A species of the genus BRUCELLA whose natural hosts are cattle and other bovidae. Abortion and placentitis are frequently produced in the pregnant animal. Other mammals, including humans, may be infected.Brucella suis: A species of gram-negative bacteria, primarily infecting SWINE, but it can also infect humans, DOGS, and HARES.Brucella Vaccine: A bacterial vaccine for the prevention of brucellosis in man and animal. Brucella abortus vaccine is used for the immunization of cattle, sheep, and goats.Rose Bengal: A bright bluish pink compound that has been used as a dye, biological stain, and diagnostic aid.Zoonoses: Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.Agglutination Tests: Tests that are dependent on the clumping of cells, microorganisms, or particles when mixed with specific antiserum. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Brucella canis: A species of gram-negative bacteria infecting DOGS, the natural hosts, and causing canine BRUCELLOSIS. It can also cause a mild infection in humans.Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with similar antimicrobial activity.Animal Diseases Spondylitis: Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.Livestock: Domesticated farm animals raised for home use or profit but excluding POULTRY. Typically livestock includes CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; SWINE; GOATS; and others.Antibodies, Bacterial: Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.Disease Reservoirs: Animate or inanimate sources which normally harbor disease-causing organisms and thus serve as potential sources of disease outbreaks. Reservoirs are distinguished from vectors (DISEASE VECTORS) and carriers, which are agents of disease transmission rather than continuing sources of potential disease outbreaks.Coombs Test: A test to detect non-agglutinating ANTIBODIES against ERYTHROCYTES by use of anti-antibodies (the Coombs' reagent.) The direct test is applied to freshly drawn blood to detect antibody bound to circulating red cells. The indirect test is applied to serum to detect the presence of antibodies that can bind to red blood cells.Azerbaijan Raccoons: Carnivores of the genus Procyon of the family PROCYONIDAE. Two subgenera and seven species are currently recognized. They range from southern Canada to Panama and are found in several of the Caribbean Islands.Macedonia (Republic): Formerly a constituent republic of Yugoslavia, comprising the Yugoslav section of the region of Macedonia. It was made a constituent republic in the 1946 constitution. It became independent on 8 February 1994 and was recognized as The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia by the United States Board on Geographic Names 16 February 1994.Orchitis: Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.Animals, Domestic: Animals which have become adapted through breeding in captivity to a life intimately associated with humans. They include animals domesticated by humans to live and breed in a tame condition on farms or ranches for economic reasons, including LIVESTOCK (specifically CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; etc.), POULTRY; and those raised or kept for pleasure and companionship, e.g., PETS; or specifically DOGS; CATS; etc.Serologic Tests: Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned RUMINANTS of the genus Capra, in the family Bovidae, closely related to the SHEEP.Conservation of Natural Resources: The protection, preservation, restoration, and rational use of all resources in the total environment.Seroepidemiologic Studies: EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Bison: A genus of the family Bovidae having two species: B. bison and B. bonasus. This concept is differentiated from BUFFALOES, which refers to Bubalus arnee and Syncerus caffer.Veterinarians: Individuals with a degree in veterinary medicine that provides them with training and qualifications to treat diseases and injuries of animals.Epididymitis: Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.Deer: The family Cervidae of 17 genera and 45 species occurring nearly throughout North America, South America, and Eurasia, on most associated continental islands, and in northern Africa. Wild populations of deer have been established through introduction by people in Cuba, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and other places where the family does not naturally occur. They are slim, long-legged and best characterized by the presence of antlers. Their habitat is forests, swamps, brush country, deserts, and arctic tundra. They are usually good swimmers; some migrate seasonally. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1362)Mustelidae: A family of terrestrial carnivores with long, slender bodies, long tails, and anal scent glands. They include badgers, weasels, martens, FERRETS; MINKS; wolverines, polecats, and OTTERS.Kyrgyzstan Streptomycin: An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis.Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)Sheep Diseases: Diseases of domestic and mountain sheep of the genus Ovis.Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals.Buffaloes: Ruminants of the family Bovidae consisting of Bubalus arnee and Syncerus caffer. This concept is differentiated from BISON, which refers to Bison bison and Bison bonasus.Goat Diseases: Diseases of the domestic or wild goat of the genus Capra.Zoology: The study of animals - their morphology, growth, distribution, classification, and behavior.Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.Antelopes: Any of various ruminant mammals of the order Bovidae. They include numerous species in Africa and the American pronghorn.Communicable Diseases, Emerging: Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections: Bacterial infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges, including infections involving the perimeningeal spaces.Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated.Mercaptoethanol Rabies: Acute VIRAL CNS INFECTION affecting mammals, including humans. It is caused by RABIES VIRUS and usually spread by contamination with virus-laden saliva of bites inflicted by rabid animals. Important animal vectors include the dog, cat, bat, fox, raccoon, skunk, and wolf.Tuberculosis, Bovine: An infection of cattle caused by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. It is transmissible to man and other animals.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Brucella ovis: A species of the genus BRUCELLA which are pathogenic to SHEEP.Complement Fixation Tests: Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.Arthritis, Infectious: Arthritis caused by BACTERIA; RICKETTSIA; MYCOPLASMA; VIRUSES; FUNGI; or PARASITES.Cattle Diseases: Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.Tigers: The species Panthera tigris, a large feline inhabiting Asia. Several subspecies exist including the Siberian tiger and Sumatran tiger.Milk: The white liquid secreted by the mammary glands. It contains proteins, sugar, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.Ruminants: A suborder of the order ARTIODACTYLA whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach, including the capacious RUMEN. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males.Panuveitis: Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved.Panthera: Genus in the family FELIDAE comprised of big felines including LIONS; TIGERS; jaguars; and the leopard.Carnivora: An order of MAMMALS, usually flesh eaters with appropriate dentition. Suborders include the terrestrial carnivores Fissipedia, and the aquatic carnivores PINNIPEDIA.Mephitidae: The family of omnivorous New World skunks, showing typical warning coloration of patterned black and white and able to eject a malodorous secretion when the animal is startled or in danger.Cetacea: An order of wholly aquatic MAMMALS occurring in all the OCEANS and adjoining seas of the world, as well as in certain river systems. They feed generally on FISHES, cephalopods, and crustaceans. Most are gregarious and most have a relatively long period of parental care and maturation. Included are DOLPHINS; PORPOISES; and WHALES. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, pp969-70)Immunoproteins: Blood proteins whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system.Raptors: BIRDS that hunt and kill other animals, especially higher vertebrates, for food. They include the FALCONIFORMES order, or diurnal birds of prey, comprised of EAGLES, falcons, HAWKS, and others, as well as the STRIGIFORMES order, or nocturnal birds of prey, which includes OWLS.Abortion, Veterinary: Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.Human Activities: Activities performed by humans.Turkey Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Saudi ArabiaBirds: Warm-blooded VERTEBRATES possessing FEATHERS and belonging to the class Aves.Coyotes: The species Canis latrans in the family CANIDAE, a smaller relative of WOLVES. It is found in the Western hemisphere from Costa Rica to Alaska.Anti-Bacterial Agents: Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.Ecosystem: A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Meat-Packing Industry: The aggregate enterprise of technically producing packaged meat.Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo.Cheese: A nutritious food consisting primarily of the curd or the semisolid substance formed when milk coagulates.

Henry Mountains

This study, published in 2015, also showed the Henry Mountains bison to be free of brucellosis, a bacterial disease that was ... A population objective of 325 bison by 2012 was set by Utah wildlife biologists for the Henry Mountain herd. Since the bison ... The Henry Mountain herd has been brucellosis-free since 1963. ... The majority of free-ranging American Bison (approximately 90 ... "Bison Return to the Book Cliffs". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on 2009-10-25. "Once-In-A- ...

Wind Cave bison herd

Unlike the Yellowstone Park bison herd, the Wind Cave bison herd is currently brucellosis-free. Though brucellosis doesn't seem ... "Wildlife Management at Wind Cave National Park". National Park Service. Uhler, John William. "Wind Cave National Park Animal ... Since the Wind Cave herd does not have brucellosis, there is less reason to confine them to the park and less reason to hunt ... It is believed to be one of only four free roaming and genetically pure herds on public lands in North America. The other three ...

Brucellosis

ISBN 99909-0-425-1. "Ireland free of brucellosis". RTÉ. 2009-07-01. Retrieved 2009-07-01. "Ireland declared free of brucellosis ... "Brucellosis". www.fws.gov. U.S. Fish &Wildlife Service. 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-03. Godfroid, J (2002). "Brucellosis in ... Australia is free of cattle brucellosis, although it occurred in the past. Brucellosis of sheep or goats has never been ... The Canadian government declared its cattle population to be brucellosis-free on 19 September 1985. The brucellosis ring ...

Yellowstone Park bison herd

The plan is aimed at: Maintain a wild, free-ranging bison population; Reduce the risk of brucellosis transmission from bison to ... The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition National Park Service Texas Parks and Wildlife ... Maintain Montana's brucellosis-free status for domestic livestock. The most current planning is focused on keeping the ... because of concerns about spreading brucellosis to local domestic cattle. Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by ...

Henry Mountains bison herd

This 2015 study also showed that the Henry Mountains bison herd is free of brucellosis, a bacterial disease that was imported ... A population objective of 325 bison by 2012 was set by Utah wildlife biologists for the Henry Mountain herd. Since the bison ... the Henry Mountain bison are relatively free of disease, especially brucellosis. A common cause of death for these bison ... It appears that the Yellowstone Park bison herd was the last free-ranging bison herd in the United States and the only location ...

Wind Cave National Park

The Wind Cave bison herd is currently brucellosis-free. Several roads run through the park and there are 30 miles (48 km) of ... the park's wildlife and natural history, and the work of the Civilian Conservation Corps in the park. Elk Mountain Campground, ... The Wind Cave bison herd is one of only four free-roaming and genetically pure herds on public lands in North America. The ...

Elk

"Elk". Living with Wildlife. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Retrieved 2010-12-04. Youngquist, Robert S; Threlfall, ... In domesticated cattle, brucellosis causes infertility, abortions and reduced milk production. It is transmitted to humans as ... "Evidence of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis infections in free-ranging elk (Cervus elaphus) in southern Ontario". The Canadian ... "2006 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation" (PDF). United States Fish and Wildlife Service. ...

History of bison conservation in Canada

In 1947, the Dominion Wildlife Service (Later known as Canadian Wildlife Service or CWS) was created to centralize wildlife ... In the late 1980s, there was a debate on the outbreak of tuberculosis and brucellosis at Wood Buffalo Park discussing whether ... In August 1990, a review panel supported by the federal government recommended the introduction of disease-free wood bison from ... The Wood Buffalo National Park was created in 1922 in response to Northern Canada's wildlife crisis. Wildlife preservation was ...

Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park

Wildlife will often come up to the trail at certain times in the day. The park is located at 100 Savannah Blvd., Micanopy, FL ... The herd was reduced from thirty-five to seven individuals in the mid-1980s after an outbreak of Brucellosis. In the late 1990s ... The park began culling excessive animals in 2012, allowing a target population of about 8 to 10 bison to be free to roam the ... The plains bison were reintroduced to the park from the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge in 1975, as part of the park service ...

Bison hunting

Today there are only four genetically unmixed, free roaming, public bison herds and only two that are also free of brucellosis ... National Wildlife Federation. 50 (1): 20-25. John Cornyn, The Winkler Post, Molly Goodnight [1] Texas Parks and Wildlife ... Moulton, M (1995). Wildlife issues in a changing world, 2nd edition. CRC Press. Smits, David D. (1994). "The Frontier Army and ... The Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks Commission increased the number of tags to 140 for the 2006/2007 season. Advocacy groups ...

Elk

"Living with Wildlife. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Archived from the original on 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2010-12- ... "Brucellosis and Yellowstone Bison" (PDF). Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, USDA. Archived from the original (PDF) ... "Evidence of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis infections in free-ranging elk (Cervus elaphus) in southern Ontario". The Canadian ... "2006 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation" (PDF). United States Fish and Wildlife Service. ...

Beefalo

There are only four genetically unmixed American bison herds left, and only two that are also free of brucellosis, the Wind ... Drew, K. R.; Baskin, L. M. (1989). Wildlife Production Systems: Economic Utilisation of Wild Ungulates. CUP Archive. p. 354. ...

Agriculture in the United Kingdom

So for example, many consumers prefer to buy free range eggs even where these are more expensive than eggs from battery hens. ... However, there are definite benefits in terms of on-farm conservation and wildlife. In the UK as in most of northern Europe, ... Under the Zoonoses Order conditions that can be transmitted to humans, such as brucellosis or salmonella, must also be notified ... The European Egg Marketing Regulations say that "free range" hens are those with continuous daytime access to runs with a ...

Badger culling in the United Kingdom

... "free shooting", i.e. shooting free-roaming badgers with firearms. Licences to cull badgers under the Protection of Badgers Act ... Head of Wildlife and Emerging Diseases at FERA (the lead wildlife scientist for Defra and responsible for research on badgers) ... brucellosis or enzootic bovine leucosis. In the 2001 foot and mouth outbreak, a total of £1.4 billion in compensation was paid ... the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, and the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. Prior ...

Wood Buffalo National Park

In 1957, however, a disease-free, wood bison herd of 200 was discovered near Nyarling river in Wood Buffalo National Park. In ... Wood Buffalo National Park contains a large variety of wildlife species, such as moose, bison, great grey owls, black bears, ... as well as introducing bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis diseases into the herd. Parks officials have since that time ... The park was established in 1922 to protect the world's largest herd of free roaming wood bison, currently estimated at more ...

Bison

This study, published in 2015, also showed the Henry Mountains bison herd to be free of brucellosis, a bacterial disease that ... "Bison - National Wildlife Federation". Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-04. Padhi, Panda & ... In the state of Montana, free-ranging bison on public lands may be shot, due to concerns about transmission of disease to ... For the American bison, the main cause of illness is malignant catarrhal fever, though brucellosis is a serious concern in the ...

Climate change in the Arctic

"Arctic summers may be ice free sooner than predicted". USA Today. J. E. Vonk, L. Sánchez-García, B. E. van Dongen, V. Alling, D ... Another concern is the spread of infectious diseases, such as brucellosis or phocine distemper virus, to previously untouched ... 3 April 2007, the National Wildlife Federation urged the United States Congress to place polar bears under the Endangered ... A summertime ice-free Arctic would be unprecedented in recent geologic history, as currently scientific evidence does not ...

Tetracycline

... is also used as a biomarker in wildlife to detect consumption of medicine- or vaccine-containing baits. In genetic ... Olson CA, Mitchell KD, Werner PA (October 2000). "Bait ingestion by free-ranging raccoons and nontarget species in an oral ... This includes acne, cholera, brucellosis, plague, malaria, and syphilis. It is taken by mouth. Common side effects include ... Certain rare or exotic infections, including anthrax, plague and brucellosis, are also susceptible to tetracyclines. These ...

Karl Friedrich Meyer

Towards this goal, the Hooper became a center for testing thousands of birds and selecting the ones free of the bacteria, with ... This is the so-called brucellosis, a disease Meyer continued working on later. - Meyer never just stayed in the laboratory. He ... D. C. Cavanaugh (October 1974) Karl Friedrich Meyer (1884-1974). J. of Wildlife Dis., Vol. 10, pp. 488-490. U. Gessner. Karl ... Karl Friedrich Meyer (1884-1974). J. of Wildlife Dis., Vol. 10, pp. 488-490, Oct. 1974 U. Gessner. Karl Friedrich Meyer, 1884- ...

Zoonosis

Wildlife smuggling and zoonoses - Health risks associated with the trade in exotic wildlife ... Brucellosis Brucella spp. cattle, goats infected milk or meat Bubonic plague, Pneumonic plague, Septicemic plague, Sylvatic ... In 2017, free range chickens in the UK were temporarily ordered to remain inside due to the threat of bird flu.[16] Cattle are ... Wildlife, Exotic Pets, and Emerging Zoonoses *^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005). "Compendium of Measures To ...

Animal husbandry

Methods for keeping layers range from free-range systems, where the birds can roam as they will but are housed at night for ... Agribusiness Animal science Family farm Wildlife farming Both the name Bull and the reference to bacon indicate the archetypal ... Other infectious diseases affecting wild animals, farm animals and humans include rabies, leptospirosis, brucellosis, ... The books often depict a rural idyll of happy animals free to roam in attractive countryside, which is completely at odds with ...

Antelope Island State Park

It is open for year-round recreation and features an abundant wildlife population, including one of the largest free roaming ... The female bison are also vaccinated for brucellosis and checked for pregnancy. With the goal of keeping the herd at a ... Observing wildlife is also popular on Antelope Island, especially the large numbers of bison which are part of the Antelope ... Antelope Island State Park provides a habitat for a wide variety of wildlife. Despite its name, the park is most famous for its ...

Dromedary

Brucellosis is caused by different biotypes of Brucella abortus and B. melitensis.[52] Other internal parasites include ... Roth, H. H.; Merz, G. (1996). Wildlife Resources : A Global Account of Economic Use. Springer. pp. 272-7. ISBN 3-540-61357-9.. ... Look up Dromedary in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.. "Camelus dromedarius". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. ... Free-ranging dromedaries face large predators typical of their regional distribution, which includes wolves, lions[59] and ...

Cetacea

The TV series SeaQuest DSV (1993-1996), the movies Free Willy, Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home and the book series The ... Brucellosis affects almost all mammals. It is distributed worldwide, while fishing and pollution have caused porpoise ... Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 2002. Retrieved 19 April 2007.. ... "Brucella ceti and Brucellosis in Cetaceans". Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2: 3. doi:10.3389/fcimb. ...

Wild boar

a b Knight, J. (2003), Waiting for Wolves in Japan: An Anthropological Study of People-wildlife Relations, Oxford University ... Some of the boars migrated to Tennessee, where they intermixed with both free-ranging and feral pigs in the area. In 1924, a ... coming into violent conflict with humans and pets and carrying pig and human diseases including brucellosis, trichinosis and ... Schaller, G (1967). The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. p. 321. ISBN 9780226736570. .. ...

Zoonosis

Brucellosis. Brucella spp.. cattle, goats. infected milk or meat. Bubonic plague, Pneumonic plague, Septicemic plague. Yersinia ... In 2017, free range chickens in the UK were temporarily ordered to remain inside due to the threat of bird flu.[14] Cattle are ... "Anthropogenic environmental change and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife". Acta tropica. 78 (2): 103-116. doi: ... contributing to the appearance of new zoonotic pathogens in human populations is increased contact between humans and wildlife. ...

Montana officially loses its brucellosis free status | The Wildlife News

Montana officially loses its brucellosis free status. By Ralph Maughan On September 4, 2008 · 5 Comments · In Bison, ... 5 Responses to Montana officially loses its brucellosis free status. * Ter. says: ... Montana officially loses its brucellosis free status. Billings Gazette. By Matthew Brown. AP ... Thanks for dropping by! Feel free to join the discussion by leaving comments, and stay updated by subscribing to the RSS feed. ...

thewildlifenews.com

6 Adaptive Management | Revisiting Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area | The National Academies Press

Brucellosis is a nationally and internationally regulated disease of livestock with significant consequences for anima... ... As a result of the Brucellosis Eradication Program that began in 1934, most of the country is now free of bovine brucellosis. ... Assessment for Wildlife & Livestock Presentation at the Third Committee Meeting on Revisiting Brucellosis in the Greater ... PDF FREE Download Paperback $65.00 Add to Cart MyNAP members SAVE 10% off online.. Not a MyNAP member yet? Register for a free ...

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Montana DOL releases plan said to allow Montana to regain brucellosis free status | The Wildlife News

Montana DOL releases plan said to allow Montana to regain brucellosis free status. By Ralph Maughan On September 26, 2008 · ... Thanks for dropping by! Feel free to join the discussion by leaving comments, and stay updated by subscribing to the RSS feed. ... Immer Treue on Do you have some interesting wildlife news? Dec. 5, 2017 edition ... Ida Lupine on Do you have some interesting wildlife news? Dec. 5, 2017 edition ...

thewildlifenews.com

Viruses | Free Full-Text | Wildlife Management Practices Associated with Pathogen Exposure in Non-Native Wild Pigs in Florida,...

... wildlife, domestic animals, and pathogens. This is a central tenet of One Health, and one that is gaining momentum in wildlife ... to test the hypothesis that disease emergence would be positively correlated with one of the most basic wildlife management ... wildlife disease management; wild pigs Aujeszkys disease; Brucella spp.; brucellosis; harvest-disease dynamics; landscape ... Wildlife Management Practices Associated with Pathogen Exposure in Non-Native Wild Pigs in Florida, U.S. by Amanda N. Carr 1,2 ...

mdpi.com

Scientists counter brucellosis threat to livestock and wildlife

... scientists are vaccinating bison in and around Yellowstone National Park against brucellosis. ... Science X Daily and the Weekly Email Newsletter are free features that allow you to receive your favorite sci-tech news updates ... Wildlife reservoirs of brucellosis in the United States include bison and elk (which carry Brucella abortus) and feral swine ( ... Scientists counter brucellosis threat to livestock and wildlife. by United States Department of Agriculture ...

phys.org

ND - Wildlife, possession/rehabilitation - Article 48.1-09. Nontraditional Livestock. | Animal Legal & Historical Center

1) For certified brucellosis-free cervid herds, no movement testing is required. ... 1) For certified brucellosis-free cervid herds, no movement testing is required. ... 2. Brucellosis.. a. The recommended brucellosis eradication uniform methods and rules as they appear in publication of the USDA ... c. Sale of nontraditional livestock out of brucellosis-infected herds. Herds of animals infected with brucellosis must be ...

animallaw.info

Brucellosis - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Henry Mountains - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Wild boars as sources for infectious diseases in livestock and humans | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:...

1976 Brucellosis in feral swine. J. Wildl. Dis. 12, 579-582.. OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text ... Examples of other wildlife serving as M. bovis reservoirs include ruminants such as African buffalo and Canadian bison, which ... in free-ranging wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax) in Shikoku, Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 68, 1139-1141. (doi:10.1292/jvms. ... 2004 Brucellosis in two hunt club members in South Carolina. J. S. C. Med. Assoc. 100, 113-115. ...

rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org

Emerging, Reemerging, and Persistent Infectious Diseases of Cattle, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice,...

Role of Wildlife in Diseases of Cattle: Brucellosis, Bovine Viral Diarrhea and TB; Climate Changes and Arthropod-borne Diseases ... Free Shipping. Free global shipping. No minimum order. Description. Articles include: Update on Bovine Respiratory Coronavirus ... Bovine Brucellosis; Bovine Pasteurellosis and Other Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract; and Infectious Bovine ...

elsevier.com

Olsen SC[au] - PubMed - NCBI

Recent developments in livestock and wildlife brucellosis vaccination.. Olsen SC.. Rev Sci Tech. 2013 Apr;32(1):207-17. Review. ... Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in captive and free-ranging, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). ... Efficacy of strain RB51 vaccine in heifers against experimental brucellosis.. Poester FP, Gonçalves VS, Paixão TA, Santos RL, ... Biosafety considerations for in vivo work with risk group 3 pathogens in large animals and wildlife in North America. ...

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

A hunt by any other name trims elk herd, fights chronic wasting disease in Wind Cave National Park

South Dakota Public Broadcasting produces commercial-free TV, Radio, and Internet programs and provides valuable community ... In addition, samples are being shared with Wyoming wildlife researches involved in studies on predation impacts and brucellosis ... And, of course, the elk meat confirmed to be CWD free was worth celebrating, too.. Ringstymeyer said the elk steaks didnt ... Schroeder and other wildlife pros in the park will decide this fall whether additional elk need to be shot.. "We want to keep ...

sdpb.org

"Safety Of <i>Brucella Abortus</i> Strain Rb51 Vaccine In Non-Target U" by Terry J. Kreeger, Thomas J....

It is possible that an oral brucellosis vaccine could be developed and disseminated in the GYA to reduce disease transmission. ... Brucellosis is endemic in free-ranging elk (Cervus elaphus) and bison (Bison bison) in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA; USA ... Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 38(3), 2002, pp. 552-557. Abstract. Brucellosis is endemic in free-ranging elk (Cervus elaphus) ... and bison (Bison bison) in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA; USA). It is possible that an oral brucellosis vaccine could be ...

digitalcommons.unl.edu

Volume 36 Issue 3 | Journal of Wildlife Diseases

Free-living deer are suggested as a possible source of infection of cattle with bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) virus. To examine ... This is the first confirmed report of brucellosis in marine mammals from Canada, and the first report of this organism in ... Conservationists have become concerned that increasingly popular wildlife feeding or baiting practices could expose wildlife to ... Eighty-three free-living Eurasian buzzards (Buteo buteo) from three different areas in Germany were examined for adult stages ...

bioone.org

Elk feedground projects reduced seroprevalence, now in monitoring stage

When Wyoming lost its brucellosis-free status, research was implemented for both wildlife and cattle. One pilot project and top ... Brucellosis on feed grounds and in areas of high-density elk is perhaps more predictable than the occurrence of the disease in ... Pinedale - "If we can lower the prevalence of brucellosis in the elk, we can reduce the risk of transmission of the disease ... "About 22 percent of elk that use feed grounds show antibodies to brucellosis, meaning they have been exposed to the bacteria - ...

wylr.net

Volume 55 Issue 2 | Journal of Wildlife Diseases

Journal of Wildlife Diseases publishes work on infectious, parasitic, toxic, nutritional, physiologic, and neoplastic diseases ... Brucellosis, caused by bacteria in the genus Brucella, is an infectious zoonosis affecting animals and humans worldwide. Free- ... Here we tested the effects of brucellosis serologic status on pregnancy rates and winter ingesta free body fat of 100 female ... These results confirmed that the major effect of brucellosis in free-ranging elk is associated with reproduction. ...

bioone.org

Translocation of Coyote Rabies -- Florida, 1994

Depopulation of the free-ranging carnivores within the enclosed foxpen was instituted with the assistance of the Florida Game ... The coyotes were reported to have been fed regularly, and no ill or dead wildlife had been noted in the enclosure within the ... brucellosis, echinococcosis, Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichiosis, and tularemia. However, federal and ... Because of the public health risks and lack of feasible methods to certify animals as free of many of these zoonotic agents, ...

cdc.gov

Spatial distribution and risk factors of Brucellosis in Iberian wild ungulates | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

In conclusion, brucellosis in wild boar is widespread in the Iberian Peninsula, thus representing an important threat for ... In several regions having brucellosis in livestock, individual serum samples were taken between 1999 and 2009 from 2,579 wild ... By contrast, wild ruminants were not identified as a significant brucellosis reservoir for livestock. ... spatial distribution and risk factors for brucellosis transmission in several Iberian wild ungulates. A multi-species indirect ...

bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com

Montana Officials Track Yellowstone Area Elk for Brucellosis - Yellowstone Insider

Montana undertook a series of elk captures to better understand how brucellosis moves through the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem ... FWP wildlife biologist and one of the lead researchers on the brucellosis study. ... "But in the last 10 years, weve seen that its circulating in free-roaming elk. Current management of bison has really taken ... Montana Officials Track Yellowstone Area Elk for Brucellosis. Sean Reichard April 24, 2018 Bison, Issues, News ...

yellowstoneinsider.com

Genomics reveals historic and contemporary transmission dynamics of a bacterial disease among wildlife and livestock

Our results support the notion that free-ranging elk are currently a self-sustaining brucellosis reservoir and the source of ... We find that brucellosis was introduced into wildlife in this region at least five times. The diffusion rate varies among ... In the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), outbreaks of brucellosis have increased in cattle along with rising seroprevalence ... but has rarely been used for examining transmission dynamics of a bacterial pathogen in wildlife. ...

pubs.er.usgs.gov

Grizzly war - High Country News - Know the West

Wildlife biologists, environmentalists and Western politicians are engaged in a fierce debate over whether two decades of ... park bison and free-ranging elk herds to reduce the possibility of wildlife spreading the disease known as brucellosis to ... When word leaked earlier this year that Defenders of Wildlife might endorse the Fish and Wildlife Services position on ... More from Wildlife. * Is a big win for conservation a blow to climate action?. ...

hcn.org

U.S. GAO - Yellowstone Bison: Interagency Plan and Agencies' Management Need Improvement to Better Address Bison-Cattle...

... have a contagious disease called brucellosis, which can cause pregnant animals to abort. Montana livestock owners and ... Some of these bison, as well as elk and other wildlife, ... Some of these bison, as well as elk and other wildlife, have a ... free-ranging population of bison and address the risk of brucellosis transmission." The plan, however, contains no clearly ... Interagency Plan and Agencies Management Need Improvement to Better Address Bison-Cattle Brucellosis Controversy. GAO-08-291: ...

gao.gov

Brucella vaccines in wildlife

Brucellosis has been known to exist in populations of wildlife since the early part of the 20th century. At the beginning of ... and the risk of reintroduction of brucellosis into livestock is from infected populations of free-ranging wildlife. Brucellosis ... Brucellosis has been known to exist in populations of wildlife since the early part of the 20th century. At the beginning of ... The use of vaccines to control brucellosis in populations of wildlife and therefore reducing the risk of transmission to humans ...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Frontiers | Use of the Human Vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guérin in Deer | Veterinary Science

Beyond efficacy and safety, methods of vaccine delivery to free-ranging deer are also under investigation, both in the ... Beyond efficacy and safety, methods of vaccine delivery to free-ranging deer are also under investigation, both in the ... It is also the tuberculosis vaccine most studied for use in wildlife, including deer. While BCG vaccination of deer may not ... It is also the tuberculosis vaccine most studied for use in wildlife, including deer. While BCG vaccination of deer may not ...

frontiersin.org

LEST WE FORGET - Page 4 - SANParks.org Forums

He also did baseline work parasitology, control of free ranging wildlife diseases, vaccination procedures for free ranging ... where he had the opportunity to do pioneering work on the study of Wildlife Diseases, especially anthrax, brucellosis and foot ... He became a fulltime student at the Eugene Marais Chair for Wildlife Management at TUKS, studying for BSc (Hons) Wildlife ... Honorary member of the Wildlife Group of the South African Veterinary Association.. Member of the African Division of Wildlife ...

sanparks.org

Wildlife reservoirs of brucellosis in the United States include bison and elk (which carry Brucella abortus ) and feral swine (which carry B. suis ). (phys.org)
Brucellosis in humans is usually associated with the consumption of unpasteurized milk and soft cheeses made from the milk of infected animals, primarily goats, infected with Brucella melitensis and with occupational exposure of laboratory workers, veterinarians, and slaughterhouse workers. (wikipedia.org)
Coincidence cloning recovery of Brucella melitensis RNA from goat tissues: advancing the in vivo analysis of pathogen gene expression in brucellosis. (nih.gov)
The primary mode of transmission between elk and cattle is an abortion event," she said, adding that an infected cow elk will expel a big load of viable Brucella abortus-the bacteria that causes brucellosis-at the birth site. (yellowstoneinsider.com)
Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella , characterized by abortion and infertility in several mammal species, and being considered one of the most important zoonosis worldwide [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This manuscript reviews research on the use of Brucella vaccines in species of wildlife with emphasis on safety and efficacy. (nih.gov)
Thirty-five serum samples and six hygroma fluid samples were collected from sexually mature cattle in one herd with clinical signs of brucellosis (abortion and hygromas) in the Western Region of the Gambia in order to isolate and characterise Brucella species. (ebscohost.com)
Sustained and differential antibody responses to virulence proteins of Brucella melitensis during acute and chronic infections in human brucellosis. (ebscohost.com)
Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease caused primarily by the bacterial pathogens Brucella melitensis and B. abortus. (ebscohost.com)
Brucella melitensis is the species most pathogenic in humans and the species most commonly involved in ovine and caprine brucellosis. (cdc.gov)
Brucellosis in cattle is an infectious disease caused by Brucella abortus (and less frequently to B. melitensis and B. suis ) which primarily affects the reproductive organs of infected animals. (biomedcentral.com)
Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Brucella spp. (cdc.gov)
Studies were conducted on bovine brucellosis (Brucella abortus) and tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in hybrid bison and other wildlife species in and around Wood Buffalo National Park (WBNP), and in wood bison in the Mackenzie Bison Sanctuary. (usask.ca)
Brucellosis, caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus, circulates in elk and bison herds of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and poses a risk to cattle and humans. (usu.edu)
Brucellosis is an endemic disease in Zimbabwe caused by the genus Brucella. (ac.zw)
Brucella Infection (brucellosis): A bacterial disease associated with bison, deer, and other wild animals. (oklahomawildlifecontrol.com)
Swine brucellosis due to Brucella suis biovar 2 (bv2) is enzootic in wild boar and hare in continental Europe and may cause major economic losses to the pig industry, mainly in free-ranged pig farms. (cdc.gov)
Brucellosis is caused by a bacteria called Brucella canis . (wordpress.com)
Diagonal line shading represents the area where elk populations chronically infected with Brucella bacteria could potentially transmit brucellosis to livestock. (cdc.gov)
Serological and Nucleic Acid Based Detection of Brucellosis in Livestock Species and Molecular Characterization of Brucella melitensis Strains Isolated from Pakistan. (thefreelibrary.com)
Brucellosis is a zoonosis of global socio-economic importance caused by Gram negative facultative intracellular bacteria of genus Brucella. (thefreelibrary.com)
Brucellosis, caused by Brucella abortus, is a major disease of cattle and humans worldwide distributed. (bvsalud.org)
Other animals can be infected by coming into contact with infectious materials (such as aborted fetuses or afterbirth), and Brucella abortus - the bacterial pathogen that causes brucellosis - can spread to calves through nursing. (thebeefsite.com)

The vaccine doesn't prevent infection, but rather works to prevent abortions and, as a result, reduces transmission of brucellosis. (wylr.net)
Now the most likely source of transmission of brucellosis to humans, and the risk of reintroduction of brucellosis into livestock is from infected populations of free-ranging wildlife. (nih.gov)
However, according to NPS, transmission of brucellosis from Yellowstone bison to cattle has not yet been documented. (wildlife.org)
The plan was originally adopted in 2000 to prevent transmission of brucellosis from bison to cattle. (bozemandailychronicle.com)
A similar joint effort is needed to reduce transmission of brucellosis between elk and livestock. (thebeefsite.com)

If you and your pets spend time outdoors around wildlife, you need to be aware of the diseases that can spread from wildlife to you and your pets. (cdc.gov)
Because wild animals can carry diseases without appearing to be sick, it is important to enjoy wildlife from a distance. (cdc.gov)
Close contact with wildlife or their urine or droppings can spread these diseases to people and pets. (cdc.gov)
Necropsies of the animals are being conducted at the State Veterinary Laboratory and the animals will be tested for all wildlife and livestock diseases. (cwd-info.org)
But it is important that you report any kills to the USDA Wildlife Services (517-336-1928) so they can come out and test the animal for diseases. (mucc.org)
Currently there are four main diseases Wildlife Services are running surveillance for, along with TB in areas close to the TB zone. (mucc.org)
Wildlife is often reservoir hosts of diseases that can affect domestic animals. (sava.co.za)
This resulted that several diseases carried by wildlife has been classed as either controlled or notifiable diseases in South Africa. (sava.co.za)
Certain diseases can spread from domestic animals to wildlife and also need to be controlled. (sava.co.za)
Statistical analyses and epidemiological information indicate that this population of wood bison is free of the two diseases. (usask.ca)
Beauvais' paper in Royal Society Open Science , "Rapidly Assessing the Risks of Infectious Diseases to Wildlife Species," adds key components to this framework: the seasonal movement of animals and their interactions with others as they traverse the globe. (phys.org)
After accounting for seasonal movement and cross-species interaction, Beauvais and her colleagues found that brucellosis (bacterial) and foot and mouth disease (viral) are two diseases most likely to be transmitted between livestock and wildlife. (phys.org)
The 2015 saiga event underscores the fact that not all outbreaks in wildlife come from infectious diseases transmitted by livestock. (phys.org)
in addition to their findings regarding brucellosis and foot and mouth disease, she and her collaborators have released a list of moderate-risk diseases with the paper. (phys.org)
Rapidly assessing the risks of infectious diseases to wildlife species, Royal Society Open Science (2019). (phys.org)
Meanwhile, about 40 percent of the 20,000 or so remaining pure bison living in Yellowstone National Park and a few other government-owned herds have, over the years, been exposed to diseases such as brucellosis, which can cause cattle to abort their pregnancies. (scientificamerican.com)
We do not advise, nor condone the recovery of any wildlife species by any person or entity that does not have proper training in handling wildlife, or training in wildlife associated diseases or contagions. (oklahomawildlifecontrol.com)
Robust biosecurity regulations provide assurance to our trading partners that New Zealand is free of diseases that could stop our animal products being accepted offshore. (fletcherconstruction.co.nz)
Only a third of consumers were aware of diseases transmitted from wildlife to humans. (foodsafetynews.com)
The World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization/World Organisation for Animal Health joint consultation on emerging zoonotic diseases, held in Geneva in 2004, defined an emerging zoonosis as "a pathogen that is newly recognized or newly evolved, or that has occurred previously but shows an increase in incidence or expansion in geographical, host or vector range" ( www.who.int/zoonoses/emerging_zoonoses/en ). (cdc.gov)
Kruger's wildlife veterinary services, together with the Mozambican authorities, managed to test over a third of all the buffalo in the park for the diseases of concern. (krugerpark.co.za)
Using data on mammals imported required for only wild birds, primates, and some ungulates during 2000-2005, we assessed their potential to host 27 arriving in the United States, and mandatory testing exists selected risk zoonoses and created a risk assessment for only a few diseases (psittacosis, foot and mouth dis- that could inform policy making for wildlife importation and ease, Newcastle disease, avian infl uenza). (cdc.gov)
Most emerging infectious diseases are caused by tion also poses a great threat to domestic wildlife and the zoonotic pathogens ( 1,2 ). (cdc.gov)
To analyze the volume and diversity of live mammals ticular has increased substantially in the past few decades, that have been imported into the United States in recent even after accounting for increased reports of new emerg- years, we used data from the US Fish and Wildlife Service ing infectious diseases ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
We ics of wildlife-origin infectious diseases (e.g. (cdc.gov)
Many, and arguably all , zoonotic diseases arise because of the ways humans treat animals - both directly, as is the case in 'wet markets' and factory farms, and indirectly, for example through land clearing, which leads to habitat destruction and increased contact between people, wildlife and the diseases they can carry. (animalsaustralia.org)
We selected three zoonotic diseases as case studies: highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, rabies, and brucellosis. (frontiersin.org)
for example, ministries of health are coping with growing burdens of non-communicable chronic diseases alongside existing maternal and child health needs, whereas ministries of agriculture/wildlife tend to prioritize livestock management for food production and trade. (frontiersin.org)
Two new co-editors and a globally diverse group of expert contributors each lend their expertise on a wide range of new topics - including a new section on emerging wildlife diseases covering topics like MERS, Equine Herpesvirus, and Ebola in great apes. (elsevier.com)
Section on emerging wildlife diseases includes chapters on MERS, SARS, Ebola in great apes, and a variety of other emerging wildlife diseases. (elsevier.com)
In developing countries, brucellosis is one of the most neglected endemic zoonotic diseases. (thefreelibrary.com)
Due to its consistent zoonotic nature attributable to human, livestock and wildlife, it ranks among the top 10 diseases of animals that are capable of infecting and putting multiple economic burdens on poor and improvised sections of human population (Perry, 2002). (thefreelibrary.com)
Most emerging diseases exist within a host and parasite continuum between wildlife, domestic animal, and human populations. (sciencemag.org)
Selected emerging* infectious diseases (EIDs) of humans and terrestrial wildlife, classified to demonstrate degrees of involvement of humans, domesticated animals, and wildlife. (sciencemag.org)
The advantage to having the farmed cervid industry under the state's animal health agency is because they are better equipped and more knowledgeable of animal diseases than state wildlife agencies. (naelk.org)

F or years she has closely followed the debate around bison migration and the potential spread of the livestock disease brucellosis. (ktvh.com)
Many bison carry the disease brucellosis. (durangoherald.com)
These are the same bureaucrats who claim that bison leaving the park expose cattle to the disease brucellosis, which can cause an infected cow to abort a calf. (nwf.org)
Each year, 600-900 bison are killed because of concern they'll spread the disease brucellosis to cattle. (wyomingpublicmedia.org)

The majority of free-ranging American Bison (approximately 90%) are found in Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon, and the Northwest Territories , with additional, recently transplanted populations in Alaska The Henry Mountains Bison Herd was created in 1941 when 18 bison, including three bulls, were moved from Yellowstone National Park and released near the Dirty Devil River, south and east of Hanksville, Utah. (wikipedia.org)
These free-living swine populations pose not only ecological concerns but infectious disease concerns as well. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Two, given how much elk roam, current methods for removing brucellosis from populations (quarantining, vaccination, hunting/slaughter) are infeasible on a large scale. (yellowstoneinsider.com)
In the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem in the USA, winter feeding of elk and bison contributes to maintain valuable wildlife populations and avoid contacts between B. abortus infected wildlife and cattle, but significantly increases the intra-specific transmission risk [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results support the notion that free-ranging elk are currently a self-sustaining brucellosis reservoir and the source of livestock infections, and that control measures in bison are unlikely to affect the dynamics of unrelated strains circulating in nearby elk populations. (usgs.gov)
Brucellosis has been known to exist in populations of wildlife since the early part of the 20th century. (nih.gov)
Since this wildlife reservoir has been established, the challenge now is to eradicate the disease in both populations. (cornell.edu)
It is responsible for enormous economic losses in livestock, and it threatens human health and wildlife populations ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
With the continuing emergence of this disease and these disease issues in free-ranging populations of wildlife, solutions can only be found based on good science, public education, and innovative, collaborative work between research scientists, regulatory and wildlife veterinarians, and wildlife managers. (asmscience.org)
Park partners are also invaluable in helping wildlife managers understand bear populations and keep individual bears healthy. (nps.gov)
These include interactions with zoonotic pathogens within a host-parasite continuum between wildlife, domestic animal, and human populations ( Fig. 1 ). (sciencemag.org)
The African rinderpest panzootic of the late 1880s and 1890s is a paradigm for the introduction, spread, and impact of virulent exotic pathogens on wildlife populations ( 4 , 6 ). (sciencemag.org)
CWD is present in free-ranging wildlife or captive cervid populations in 14 states and two Canadian provinces. (cwd-info.org)

Diagnosis of brucellosis relies on: Demonstration of the agent: blood cultures in tryptose broth, bone marrow cultures. (wikipedia.org)
Definite diagnosis of brucellosis requires the isolation of the organism from the blood, body fluids, or tissues, but serological methods may be the only tests available in many settings. (wikipedia.org)
In reality, a diagnosis of brucellosis can be a kennel wipeout, not just the loss of an individual litter. (wordpress.com)

The potential for elk to transmit brucellosis has forced the state to reexamine how it manages elk in some regions of the state. (ktvh.com)
Bison are not allowed to move freely outside Yellowstone due to fears they might transmit brucellosis to cattle (see below for more info), and out of concerns about competition with cattle for grass, human safety, and property damage. (nps.gov)

Summary: To develop better estimates of brucellosis incidence, we conducted population-based surveillance for acute febrile illness (AFI) in Fayoum governorate (population 2347249), Egypt during two summer periods (2002 and 2003). (ebscohost.com)

This presents difficulties for federal officials because a national brucellosis eradication program only targets B. abortus . (phys.org)
The goal of the National Brucellosis Eradication Program is nationwide eradication of brucellosis from domestic cattle and bison. (usda.gov)
While the National Brucellosis Eradication Program continues to work towards this goal, the success of this Program depends on the support and participation of livestock producers. (usda.gov)

This study, published in 2015, also showed the Henry Mountains bison to be free of brucellosis, a bacterial disease that was imported with non-native domestic cattle to North America. (wikipedia.org)
Brucellosis is a bacterial disease that can cause cattle to abort. (yellowstoneinsider.com)
Brucellosis is a highly contagious bacterial disease and one of the world's major zoonoses. (cdc.gov)

Armed with dart guns and medical pellets, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists are vaccinating bison in and around Yellowstone National Park against brucellosis. (phys.org)
Yellowstone bison are stringently managed for brucellosis under the Interagency Bison Management Plan, which calls for their numbers to be kept around 3,000 and prevented from expanding their range outside Yellowstone National Park. (yellowstoneinsider.com)
Yellowstone National Park has begun this winter's bison cull, an annual event intended to help maintain an ecologically sustainable population of American bison (Bison bison) within the park and to prevent the possible spread of brucellosis from bison to cattle outside of park boundaries. (wildlife.org)
Tribes want to adopt disease-free bison that roam out of Yellowstone National Park. (wyomingpublicmedia.org)
These include the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service , the Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes , the Inter Tribal Buffalo Council , Montana Department of Livestock , Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks , the National Park Service (Yellowstone National Park), the Nez Perce Tribe , and the US Forest Service (Custer-Gallatin National Forest). (nps.gov)
There is a pocket of brucellosis in the bison and elk herds of Yellowstone National Park, and sporadic outbreaks of animal brucellosis have occurred in western states. (vt.edu)

Via genetic testing of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, the Henry Mountains bison herd was recently shown to be one of only three free-roaming and genetically purebred bison herds on public lands in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
The Henry Mountain herd has been brucellosis-free since 1963. (wikipedia.org)
A population objective of 325 bison by 2012 was set by Utah wildlife biologists for the Henry Mountain herd. (wikipedia.org)
The presence of brucellosis in even one herd of cattle can impact the livestock industry state- or nationwide. (yellowstoneinsider.com)
The first, in a beef cattle herd, was due to the introduction of an infected animal from Belgium, another officially disease-free country. (biomedcentral.com)
The second, in a dairy cattle herd, may have been infected by wildlife (unpublished results). (biomedcentral.com)
Brucellosis was recently found in a western Montana cattle herd, sparking fear throughout Montana's beef industry. (wildlife.org)
Despite occasional exceptions, the general rule is that brucellosis is carried from one herd to another by an infected or exposed animal. (usda.gov)
The disease may also be spread when wild animals or animals from an affected herd mingle with brucellosis-free herds. (usda.gov)
While there is no cure for brucellosis, it can be avoided by practicing proper sanitation methods and herd management strategies such as maintaining closed herds, recording individual animal identification and maintaining accurate records, isolating and testing new animals and those re-entering the herd, and arranging diagnostic workups and/or necropsies for exposed and potentially infected animals. (usda.gov)
The problem has been that the Yellowstone herd also carries brucellosis, a devastating disease to cattle that has been eradicated elsewhere in the United States. (fcgov.com)
Assisted reproductive technology from Colorado State University and USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service created disease-free embryos and offspring that preserve the Yellowstone herd genetics. (fcgov.com)
A specially constructed fence allows wildlife passage and contains the herd. (fcgov.com)
20 years of serologic, demographic, and environmental data on brucellosis in elk, we built stochastic compartmental models to assess the influences of climate forcing, herd immunity, population turnover, and management interventions on pathogen transmission. (usu.edu)
They also have to test negative for TB and Brucellosis or their herd has to be TB accredited and Brucellosis certified. (naelk.org)

Up until about the year 2000, she said, scientists attributed brucellosis transmission to feeding grounds in Wyoming and exchange with bison. (yellowstoneinsider.com)

Brucellosis is an endemic disease in Argentina, where the annual incidence of human cases ranges from 10,000 to 20,000. (ebscohost.com)
The doubly ironic feature of buffalo brucellosis: it's not an endemic disease. (balloon-juice.com)

In northeast Michigan, USA there is a focus of M. bovis infection in free-ranging white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) where infected deer have been implicated as the source of infection in 69 cattle herds from 1995 through 2017. (frontiersin.org)
Those animals shown to be free of brucellosis could then be considered for relocation to establish controlled herds elsewhere, said David Hallac, chief of Yellowstone's science and research branch. (townhall.com)
The facility would hold up to 300 bison and, after brucellosis testing, would provide genetically-pure, certified disease-free animals for the establishment of new herds on tribal lands and elsewhere in the country. (wildlife.org)
Identification of market animals for tracing, surveillance to find infected animals, investigation of affected herds, and vaccination of replacement calves in brucellosis-affected areas are important features of the current program. (usda.gov)
But there are just a handful of free-roaming, genetically pure herds of bison in North America - today most of the gigantic, shaggy beasts are confined to ranches, destined to become buffalo burgers. (hcn.org)
Several cooperative efforts are already underway, planning for potential new bison herds in the South Unit of Badlands National Park, and in Colorado's Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve, Baca National Wildlife Refuge, and adjacent Nature Conservancy lands. (hcn.org)
Two herds of cattle adjacent to WBNP and the Mackenzie Bison Sanctuary were tested for brucellosis. (usask.ca)
Two problems challenge recovery of wild and free-roaming herds, those that can help bring back the grasslands-95 percent of which has been lost to land conversion. (aza.org)
Since the Academies' first report on brucellosis in the GYA issued in 1998, the disease has re-emerged in cattle and domestic bison herds in the region. (thebeefsite.com)
There are now an estimated 30,000 bison living in wild herds, with more than 400,000 in domestic herds, according to Defenders of Wildlife. (stgeorgeutah.com)
Few of these herds are genetically free from cattle DNA. (stgeorgeutah.com)

If DSA boundaries are not expanded in a timely manner in response to wildlife cases of brucellosis, there is an increased probability that exposed or infected livestock may not be detected in time to prevent the further spread of infection as they are marketed and moved across the country. (thebeefsite.com)

Pinedale - "If we can lower the prevalence of brucellosis in the elk, we can reduce the risk of transmission of the disease from elk to cattle," says brucellosis biologist Brandon Scurlock of the Wyoming Game and Fish Department. (wylr.net)
There's just a lot of unknowns with how the disease is circulating," said Kelly Proffitt, FWP wildlife biologist and one of the lead researchers on the brucellosis study. (yellowstoneinsider.com)
He also let Mattson know, again by memo, that U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologist Chris Servheen - the man known as the government's "grizzly bear czar' - might soon cut off research funding if Mattson caused trouble. (hcn.org)
Sportsmen were the driving force behind bringing bison to the area, Wade Paskett, southeast regional wildlife biologist for Utah's Division of Wildlife Resources, said. (stgeorgeutah.com)

In the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), outbreaks of brucellosis have increased in cattle along with rising seroprevalence in elk. (usgs.gov)
Sporadic outbreaks of brucellosis occur worldwide, the probable geographical origin of the source of infection, however, is difficult to determine. (biomedcentral.com)

The seroprevalence of brucellosis was high, and higher than results of previous studies in northern Nigeria. (biomedcentral.com)

For the most part, most of the seropositive animals-[those who test positive for the presence of brucellosis]-go on to have healthy births [following the first abortion]," Proffitt said. (yellowstoneinsider.com)

Rabies: A viral disease associated with wildlife especially raccoons, skunks, and bats. (oklahomawildlifecontrol.com)

Wildlife Management Practices Associated with Pathogen Exposure in Non-Native Wild Pigs in Florida, U.S. (mdpi.com)
Both the literature and experts supported the concept of wildlife health as a cumulative effect involving multiple factors that extend beyond the disease and pathogen focus of many wildlife health studies and legislation. (bioone.org)
Whole-genome sequencing has provided fundamental insights into infectious disease epidemiology, but has rarely been used for examining transmission dynamics of a bacterial pathogen in wildlife. (usgs.gov)

The development of effective strategies to control and eradicate brucellosis from bison and elk in the greater Yellowstone area (GYA), from feral swine across the southern and central states, from reindeer and caribou in the arctic, and perhaps finally from marine mammals presents an unprecedented challenge. (asmscience.org)
Brucellosis is found in cattle, bison, and elk and can result in late-gestation abortion, decreased milk production, and loss of fertility. (thebeefsite.com)

This is the first large study to assess the prevalence of bovine brucellosis over a wide geographic area of northern Nigeria, in a variety of management systems and using accurate tests. (biomedcentral.com)

In addition to foot and mouth, this could include avian bird flu, anthrax and brucellosis. (fletcherconstruction.co.nz)
When asked about what disease they were referring to Trichinella, parasites, anthrax and brucellosis were mentioned. (foodsafetynews.com)

France has been free of bovine, ovine, and caprine brucellosis (caused by B . abortus or B . melitensis ) since 2003 ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

B. suis biovar 2 is the main responsible of brucellosis in pigs in Europe. (biomedcentral.com)
In early 2012, an outbreak of bovine and human brucellosis caused by B . melitensis biovar 3 ( Bmel 3) occurred in a French Alp massif (mountainous region), where the last reported outbreak occurred in 1999 ( Technical Appendix Figure) ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)

Swine brucellosis: current perspectives. (nih.gov)
Swine Brucellosis is another disease that feral swine are tested for. (mucc.org)
Luckily swine brucellosis has not been detected in Michigan yet. (mucc.org)

Human brucellosis is prevented by not drinking unpasteurized dairy products, and wearing gloves when handling reproductive tissues. (vt.edu)

DSA regulations include brucellosis testing prior to change of ownership and movement as well as vaccination and identification requirements. (mt.gov)

In addition to the vaccination program carried out by ARS and other agencies, the National Park Service is conducting an environmental impact study on a proposal to spend $9 million for a new brucellosis eradication program in Yellowstone over the next 30 years. (phys.org)
Brucellosis was eradicated from livestock through a combination of testing, vaccination, and removal of infected animals. (nih.gov)
The newly adopted brucellosis vaccination rule (ARM 32.3.433 ) mandates that eligible animals in 10 Montana counties must be vaccinated against brucellosis. (mt.gov)
Vaccination in a broader area than Montana's DSA provides some protection from sudden changes to the distribution of infected wildlife on the landscape," said Eric Liska, brucellosis program veterinarian with MDOL. (mt.gov)
In a clinical field study, BCG vaccination of free-living badgers reduced the incidence of positive serological test results by 73.8 per cent. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

By failing to consider the impact of dog hunting on the emergence of non-native pathogens, current animal management practices have the potential to affect public health, the commercial livestock industry, and wildlife conservation. (mdpi.com)
Dr. Wendy Beauvais, postdoctoral researcher in the College of Veterinary Medicine, was part of the team that pinpointed the cause of death-a deadly bacterium in the herd's bloodstream, triggered by environmental factors-and has used the saiga as a case study to develop a framework to rapidly assess and prioritize future risks of pathogens to wildlife. (phys.org)
The amount of chemicals are reduced each step of the way until the embryo is free of pathogens. (scientificamerican.com)
Thus, imported wildlife remain a major for zoonotic pathogens to be imported and suggest that, public health threat, as exemplifi ed by the importation of to ensure public safety, immediate proactive changes are Ebola virus in primates from the Philippines ( 7 ), monkey- needed at multiple levels. (cdc.gov)
Parallels between human and wildlife EIDs extend to early human colonization of the globe and the dissemination of exotic pathogens. (sciencemag.org)

In cases where a wildlife reservoir of M. bovis infection exists, eradication has been difficult, if not impossible ( 2 ) due to transmission of M. bovis from livestock to wildlife (spillover) and subsequent transmission from wildlife back to livestock (spillback). (frontiersin.org)
The chief concern is brucellosis, an infection that causes stillbirths in cows and may have been transmitted to roughly half the bison in Yellowstone from exposure to cattle. (townhall.com)
Tuberculin testing and the slaughter of infected cattle has been sufficient to control or even eradicate the disease in parts of the world, but this has proven more challenging where infection persists in a wildlife reservoir. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
US - Efforts to control brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) should focus on reducing the risk of transmission from elk, which are now viewed as the primary source of the infection in new cases occurring in cattle and domestic bison, says a new report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (thebeefsite.com)

The team, including members of the Wildlife Conservation Society, have presented a framework to quantify the risk of zoonotic disease transmission in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos) bushmeat system and help improve understanding of the disease risk from such products. (foodsafetynews.com)

Undetected disease spread outside of Montana's DSA could jeopardize Montana's federal brucellosis Class Free status, and in 2008, a loss of brucellosis Class Free status was estimated to have cost Montana's producers up to $11.5 million annually. (mt.gov)
This success promotes trading partner confidence in the disease-free status of Montana's livestock. (mt.gov)
It's going to take some give on the cattle industry's part, including a change of attitude towards native creatures, but if maintaining Montana's brucellosis-free status (and not grass) is really and truly the issue, solutions are right there for the taking. (buffalofieldcampaign.org)
Let's stop pouring tax dollars into a failed plan, where we spend more than what Montana's economy will suffer for losing its brucellosis-free status. (eclecticworld.org)

The IBMP was originally adopted in 2000 through a collaborative effort between NPS, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Montana Department of Livestock, and Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. (wildlife.org)
The United States is the world's largest wildlife import- vidual animals during 2000-2004 ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)

In conclusion, brucellosis in wild boar is widespread in the Iberian Peninsula, thus representing an important threat for domestic pigs. (biomedcentral.com)
Brucellae have been found in wildlife, such as bison, elk, and wild boar, potentially posing a threat for zoonosis ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
When the bison migrate onto private land, they pose a potential threat of spreading brucellosis to domestic cattle, thereby putting the state's class free status at risk. (asmscience.org)
Hogs have been rated by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission to be a bigger threat to both the environment and people of Florida than even the python. (nuisancewildlifemarshals.com)
In 2016, over 600 bison were removed from the population to meet management goals and to calm fears from the livestock industry over a nonexistent threat of a bison-to-cattle disease, called brucellosis. (patagonia.com)
second, wildlife EIDs pose a substantial threat to the conservation of global biodiversity. (sciencemag.org)

But its continuing spread through wildlife in the Yellowstone area has rekindled concern among cattle producers. (phys.org)
A growing body of research, however, shows that elk are far more likely to spread brucellosis to cattle than bison . (yellowstoneinsider.com)
The livestock industry fears that the spread of the disease could cost Montana its brucellosis-free status. (bozemandailychronicle.com)
To manage brucellosis in a complex ecosystem like that of the GYA, stakeholders and experts across disciplines will need to coordinate and cooperate to understand the costs and benefits of actions taken to control the spread of brucellosis. (thebeefsite.com)

Dr. Gladys Kalema Zikusoka, one of the founders of CTPH and the first wildlife veterinarian for the Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA), was motivated to address this need. (cornell.edu)
The state of Montana strictly limits how many bison can migrate into the state, and all bison intentionally transferred into Montana must first be certified as brucellosis-free by the state veterinarian in accordance with state law. (wildlife.org)
HARRISBURG - Samples taken from the 39 hunter-killed elk during the state's 2008 hunting season have all tested negative for chronic wasting disease (CWD), according to Dr. Walt Cottrell, the Pennsylvania Game Commission's wildlife veterinarian. (cwd-info.org)

Some of these bison, as well as elk and other wildlife, have a contagious disease called brucellosis, which can cause pregnant animals to abort. (gao.gov)

Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or undercooked meat from infected animals, or close contact with their secretions. (wikipedia.org)
Brucellosis , Bang's disease , Crimean fever , Gibraltar fever , Malta fever , Maltese fever , Mediterranean fever , rock fever , or undulant fever , is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or undercooked meat from infected animals or close contact with their secretions. (blogspot.com)

Sustained antigen release polyanhydride-based vaccine platform for immunization against bovine brucellosis. (nih.gov)
It is possible that an oral brucellosis vaccine could be developed and disseminated in the GYA to reduce disease transmission. (unl.edu)
As of late 2007, however, the agencies remained in step one because they have yet to meet two important conditions for moving to step two--first, that no cattle graze on a ranch north of the park, and second, that a safe and effective remote brucellosis vaccine-delivery system be available for bison. (gao.gov)
Beyond efficacy and safety, methods of vaccine delivery to free-ranging deer are also under investigation, both in the laboratory and in the field. (frontiersin.org)
An effective BCG vaccine for deer would be of value in regions where free-ranging deer represent a potential source of M. bovis for livestock. (frontiersin.org)
In addition to the challenges of locating them, there is no effective brucellosis vaccine for elk, unlike for cattle and bison. (thebeefsite.com)

Commercial swine in Michigan are currently pseudorabies free, and it would be terrible for the disease to be reintroduced. (mucc.org)

We conducted a retrospective case-control study of free-ranging, human-habituated mountain gorillas to evaluate factors associated with snare entrapment and the results of clinical intervention. (bioone.org)
Wildlife veterinarians treated 37 gorillas entrapped in snares and 95 gorillas for other clinical conditions (including trauma and respiratory illness). (bioone.org)
Why do farmers and veterinarians not report all bovine abortions, as requested by the clinical brucellosis surveillance system in France? (biomedcentral.com)
In order to detect any new outbreaks as soon as possible, a clinical surveillance system requires farmers and veterinarians to report each abortion and to test the aborting cow for brucellosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Our qualitative study sheds light on the factors underlying the poor sensitivity of clinical brucellosis surveillance system for cattle in France, and suggests that early detection may be improved by considering actors' perceptions. (biomedcentral.com)
French Authorities authorized the killing of 12 seropositive or diseased alpine ibex with clinical signs of brucellosis (i.e., arthritis or orchitis) among 30 captured animals. (cdc.gov)
There have been documented cases of people contracting the canine form of brucellosis, even from the "tamer" laboratory strain, but clinical disease is not very common. (wordpress.com)
Globally diverse panel of expert contributors each incorporate the latest research and clinical management of captive and free-ranging wild animals throughout the world. (elsevier.com)

Each expansion was made in response to findings of brucellosis in elk which required the inclusion of additional cattle and domestic bison in the surveillance program. (mt.gov)
So without that work plan in place in the designated surveillance area, there will be no tools available to livestock producers to deal with infected wildlife. (ktvh.com)
Wildlife Services tests for classical swine fever in every pig as surveillance for early detection of the disease. (mucc.org)
The USDA Wildlife Services runs surveillance for this disease also. (mucc.org)
En Afrique, la collaboration intersectorielle se justifie en particulier pour la surveillance des maladies et des zoonoses émergentes, pour le contrôledes maladies et des zoonoses chez l'homme et l'animal et pour l'utilisation d'antibiotiqueset d'anthelminthiques. (drugstodaypdf.com)
Under a 2010 interim rule to regionalize brucellosis control, the three GYA states created designated surveillance areas (DSAs) to monitor the disease in specific zones and to reduce the economic impact in unaffected areas. (thebeefsite.com)
Brucellosis has been detected outside the original DSAs, resulting in expansion of surveillance boundaries. (thebeefsite.com)
The committee recommended establishing uniform risk-based standards for expanding surveillance boundaries in response to finding brucellosis in wildlife. (thebeefsite.com)

The focalizations of brucellosis occur usually in bones and joints and spondylodiscitis of the lumbar spine accompanied by sacroiliitis is very characteristic of this disease. (wikipedia.org)
DSA regulations and producer compliance have allowed for early disease detection when a periodic transmission from wildlife to livestock does occur. (mt.gov)

On the other side of the argument, ranchers are ultimately concerned that the bison will pass on brucellosis, a disease that can cause miscarriages in cattle and bison, to their livestock. (outsideonline.com)
They are also free from brucellosis, a disease which affects cattle and bison. (stgeorgeutah.com)

In several regions having brucellosis in livestock, individual serum samples were taken between 1999 and 2009 from 2,579 wild bovids, 6,448 wild cervids and4,454 Eurasian wild boar ( Sus scrofa ), and tested to assess brucellosis apparent prevalence. (biomedcentral.com)

Cattle and domestic bison that utilize this area will be subject to all brucellosis DSA regulations. (mt.gov)
Researchers at the USGS are working on developing new quantitative methods to study disease dynamics in wildlife systems as well as systems at the wildlife-domestic-human interface. (usgs.gov)

2 EU/OIE/FAO & National Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES / Paris-Est University, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Maisons-Alfort, France. (cdc.gov)
3 National and OIE Reference laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy. (cdc.gov)
Besides our export industry, the laboratory protects our environment, wildlife and human health by handling and testing any organisms that could cause disease. (fletcherconstruction.co.nz)

Other signs of brucellosis include an apparent lowering of fertility with poor conception rates, retained afterbirths with resulting uterine infections, and (occasionally) enlarged, arthritic joints. (usda.gov)
Cryptosporidium parvum genotype 2 infections in free-ranging mountain gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla beringei ) of the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. (gorilladoctors.org)
Anthropozoonotic Giardia duodenalis Genotype (Assemblage) Infections in habitats of free-ranging human-habituated gorillas, Uganda. (gorilladoctors.org)

Anatomy 1

Organisms 27

Diseases 17

Chemicals and Drugs 10

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment 7

Phenomena and Processes 2

Disciplines and Occupations 2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena 1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture 5

Named Groups 1

Health Care 6

Geographicals 5