Fovea Centralis
An area approximately 1.5 millimeters in diameter within the macula lutea where the retina thins out greatly because of the oblique shifting of all layers except the pigment epithelium layer. It includes the sloping walls of the fovea (clivus) and contains a few rods in its periphery. In its center (foveola) are the cones most adapted to yield high visual acuity, each cone being connected to only one ganglion cell. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Tupaiidae
The only family of the order SCANDENTIA, variously included in the order Insectivora or in the order Primates, and often in the order Microscelidea, consisting of five genera. They are TUPAIA, Ananthana (Indian tree shrew), Dendrogale (small smooth-tailed tree shrew), Urogale (Mindanao tree shrew), and Ptilocercus (pen-tailed tree shrew). The tree shrews inhabit the forest areas of eastern Asia from India and southwestern China to Borneo and the Philippines.
Ganglia, Sensory
Aotidae
Cone Opsins
Cats
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Dicrocoelium
Retina
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
Macula Lutea
An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototropic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Retinal Ganglion Cells
Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.
Visual Fields
Cell Count
Photoreceptor Cells
Specialized cells that detect and transduce light. They are classified into two types based on their light reception structure, the ciliary photoreceptors and the rhabdomeric photoreceptors with MICROVILLI. Ciliary photoreceptor cells use OPSINS that activate a PHOSPHODIESTERASE phosphodiesterase cascade. Rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells use opsins that activate a PHOSPHOLIPASE C cascade.
Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells
Photosensitive afferent neurons located in the peripheral retina, with their density increases radially away from the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Being much more sensitive to light than the RETINAL CONE CELLS, the rod cells are responsible for twilight vision (at scotopic intensities) as well as peripheral vision, but provide no color discrimination.
Neurons
Tomography, Optical Coherence
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells
Photosensitive afferent neurons located primarily within the FOVEA CENTRALIS of the MACULA LUTEA. There are three major types of cone cells (red, blue, and green) whose photopigments have different spectral sensitivity curves. Retinal cone cells operate in daylight vision (at photopic intensities) providing color recognition and central visual acuity.
Visual Acuity
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
Fundus Oculi
Fluorescein Angiography
Choroid
Retinal Pigments
Photosensitive protein complexes of varied light absorption properties which are expressed in the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are OPSINS conjugated with VITAMIN A-based chromophores. Chromophores capture photons of light, leading to the activation of opsins and a biochemical cascade that ultimately excites the photoreceptor cells.
Raptors
Ophthalmoscopes
Scotoma
Fixation, Ocular
Eagles
Retinoscopy
Moles
Retinal Perforations
Contrast Sensitivity
Scleral Diseases
Photic Stimulation
Photography
Vision, Ocular
Color Vision Defects
Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.
Macular Degeneration
Psychophysics
Visual Field Tests
Vision, Entoptic
Myopia, Degenerative
Epiretinal Membrane
A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) retinal pigment epithelial cells. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the fovea centralis. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with retinal holes, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)
Macular Edema
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)
Optic Disk
Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate
Lipofuscin
Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological
Vitreous Detachment
Retinal Photoreceptor Cell Inner Segment
The inner portion of a retinal rod or a cone photoreceptor cell, situated between the PHOTORECEPTOR CONNECTING CILIUM and the synapse with the adjacent neurons (RETINAL BIPOLAR CELLS; RETINAL HORIZONTAL CELLS). The inner segment contains the cell body, the nucleus, the mitochondria, and apparatus for protein synthesis.
Optical, receptoral, and retinal constraints on foveal and peripheral vision in the human neonate. (1/692)
We examined the properties of the foveal, parafoveal, and near peripheral cone lattice in human neonates. To estimate the ability of these lattices to transmit the information used in contrast sensitivity and visual acuity tasks, we constructed ideal-observer models with the optics and photoreceptors of the neonatal eye at retinal eccentricities of 0, 5, and 10 degrees. For ideal-observer models limited by photon noise, the eye's optics, and cone properties, contrast sensitivity was higher in the parafovea and near periphery than in the fovea. However, receptor pooling probably occurs in the neonate's parafovea and near periphery as it does in mature eyes. When we add a receptor-pooling stage to the models of the parafovea and near periphery, ideal acuity is similar in the fovea, parafovea, and near periphery. Comparisons of ideal and real sensitivity indicate that optical and receptoral immaturities impose a significant constraint on neonatal contrast sensitivity and acuity, but that immaturities in later processing stages must also limit visual performance. (+info)Radiotherapy for isolated occult subfoveal neovascularisation in age related macular degeneration: a pilot study. (2/692)
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Teletherapy has been proposed as a possible treatment for choroidal neovascular membranes (CNV), secondary to age related macular degeneration (AMD) not amenable to laser photocoagulation. The aim of this prospective study has been to investigate the effect of teletherapy on isolated occult choroidal neovascular membranes of subfoveal location. METHODS: 28 AMD patients presenting with retrofoveal isolated occult CNV demonstrated by fluorescein angiography were treated by external beam radiation. A complete ophthalmological examination, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography (ICG) were performed within 15 days before treatment and repeated at follow up. A total dose of 16 Gy was applied in four sessions of 4 Gy using a 4 MeV photon beam. Follow up ranged from 6 to 9 months (mean follow up 6.4 months). RESULTS: Visual acuity was found to be stable in 68% of the cases. The decrease in visual acuity was of 3-6 lines in 18% and of more than 6 lines in 10% of the eyes at last examination. On fluorescein angiography the size of the lesion area was found to be stable in 67%, decreased in 13%, and increased in 20% of the cases. On ICG angiography the size of the CNV was stable in 93% and increased in 7% of the cases. All the eyes experiencing a visual acuity decrease showed either no change or an increase in size of the membrane on fluorescein angiography and/or on ICG. CONCLUSION: According to this study with strict inclusion criteria, external beam radiotherapy seems to have a beneficial effect on the evolution of isolated occult subfoveal CNV. (+info)Contour integration in the peripheral field. (3/692)
Contour integration was measured in the normal peripheral field to determine if an explanation based solely on the known peripheral positional uncertainty was sufficient to explain performance. The task involved the detection of paths composed of micropatterns with correlated carrier orientations embedded in a field of similar micropatterns of random position and orientation (Field, D. J., Hayes A., & Hess, R. F. (1993). Vision Research, 33, 173-193). The intrinsic positional uncertainty for each eccentric locus was measured with the same stimulus and it did not account for levels of peripheral performance. We show that peripheral performance on this task does not get worse with eccentricity beyond about 10 degrees and that these results can be modeled by simple filtering without any subsequent cellular linking interactions. (+info)The effects of temporal noise and retinal illuminance on foveal flicker sensitivity. (4/692)
We measured foveal flicker sensitivity with and without external added temporal noise at various levels of retinal illuminance and described the data with our model of flicker sensitivity comprising: (i) low-pass filtering of the flickering signal plus external temporal and/or quantal noise by the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the retina (R): (ii) high-pass filtering in proportion to temporal frequency by the MTF of the postreceptoral neural pathways (P): (iii) addition of internal white neural noise; and (iv) detection by a temporal matched filter. Without temporal noise flicker sensitivity had a band-pass frequency-dependence at high and medium illuminances but changed towards a low-pass shape above 0.5 Hz at low luminances, in agreement with earlier studies. In strong external temporal noise, however, the flicker sensitivity function had a low-pass shape even at high and medium illuminances and flicker sensitivity was consistently lower with noise than without. At low luminances flicker sensitivity was similar with and without noise. An excellent fit of the model was obtained under the assumption that the only luminance-dependent changes were increases in the cut-off frequency (fc) and maximum contrast transfer of R with increasing luminance. The results imply the following: (i) performance is consistent with detection by a temporal matched filter, but not with a thresholding process based on signal amplitude; (ii) quantal fluctuations do not at any luminance level become a source of dominant noise present at the detector; (iii) the changes in the maximum contrast transfer reflect changes in retinal gain, which at low to moderate luminances implement less-than-Weber adaptation, with a 'square-root' law at the lowest levels; (iv) the changes of fc as function of mean luminance closely parallels time scale changes in cones, but the absolute values of fc are lower than expected from the kinetics of monkey cones at all luminances; (v) the constancy of the high-pass filtering function P indicates that surround antagonism does not weaken significantly with decreasing light level. (+info)Eye movements of rhesus monkeys directed towards imaginary targets. (5/692)
Is the presence of foveal stimulation a necessary prerequisite for rhesus monkeys to perform visually guided eye movements? To answer this question, we trained two rhesus monkeys to direct their eyes towards imaginary targets defined by extrafoveal cues. Independent of the type of target, real or imaginary, the trajectory of target movement determined the type of eye movement produced: steps in target position resulted in saccades and ramps in target position resulted in smooth pursuit eye movements. There was a tendency for the latency of saccades as well as pursuit onset latency to be delayed in the case of an imaginary target in comparison to the real target. The initial eye acceleration during smooth pursuit initiation elicited by an imaginary target decreased in comparison to the acceleration elicited by a real target. The steady-state pursuit gain was quite similar during pursuit of an imaginary or a real target. Our results strengthen the notion that pursuit is not exclusively a foveal function. (+info)Peripheral vision and oculomotor control during visual search. (6/692)
The present study concerns the dynamics of multiple fixation search. We tried to gain insight into: (1) how the peripheral and foveal stimulus affect fixation duration; and (2) how fixation duration affects the peripheral target selection for saccades. We replicated the non-corroborating results of Luria and Strauss (1975) ('Eye movements during search for coded and uncoded targets', Perception and Psychophysics 17, 303-308) (saccades were selective), and Zelinsky (1996) (Using eye movements to assess the selectivity of search movements. Vision research 36(14), 2177-2187) (saccades were not selective), by manipulating the critical features for peripheral selection and discrimination separately. We found search to be more selective and efficient when the selection task was easy or when fixations were long-lasting. Remarkably, subjects did not increase their fixation durations when the peripheral selection task was more difficult. Only the discrimination task affected the fixation duration. This implies that the time available for peripheral target selection is determined mainly by the discrimination task. The results of the present experiment suggest that, besides the difficulty of the peripheral selection task, fixation duration is an important factor determining the selection of potential targets for eye movements. (+info)Contrast dependency of foveal spatial functions: orientation, vernier, separation, blur and displacement discrimination and the tilt and Poggendorff illusions. (7/692)
To examine the effect of reducing luminance contrast in human foveal vision, discrimination thresholds were measured in four tasks and also a numerical measure of two visual illusions were obtained by a nulling technique. The patterns used for all tasks were made very similar to facilitate comparison between them--all featured luminance step edges whose contrast could be varied from near unity down to the detection threshold. Orientation, vernier and blur discrimination thresholds rise on average 5-6-fold when the contrast is reduced from near unity to a Michelson value of 0.03. Jump displacement thresholds are somewhat more robust to contrast reduction, and the curve of separation discrimination versus contrast is much shallower, rising by a factor of about 2. The magnitude of the Poggendorff and tilt illusions changes very little until the inducing contours are barely detectable. (+info)Temporal resolution deficits in the visual fields of MS patients. (8/692)
We assessed the relationship between temporal resolution and MS-induced neuropathy. A diagnostic strategy comprising assessments of temporal resolution at 16 points in the extra-foveal visual field up to 12 degrees from the fovea was first compared with foveal temporal resolution and with a standard VEP procedure in the same MS patients. At the group level, foveal temporal resolution was less sensitive to demyelination than the 16-point diagnostic strategy, the detection rate of which was comparable to that of the VEP procedure. Cross-sensitivity of the VEP and the 16-point diagnostic procedure was low. Subsequently, the average severity of MS-induced temporal resolution deficits was studied at three retinal loci of the same size but different eccentricities. Foveal deficits were not significantly greater than more peripheral deficits within the central 12 degrees. (+info)
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Macula of retina
In the fovea centralis, cones predominate, and are present at high density. The macula is thus responsible for the central, ... The umbo is the center of the foveola which in turn is located at the center of the fovea. The fovea is located near the center ... Fovea - 1.55 mm (0.061 in) Foveal avascular zone (FAZ) - 0.5 to 0.6 mm (0.020 to 0.024 in) Foveola - 0.35 mm (0.014 in) Umbo - ... Within the macula are the fovea and foveola that both contain a high density of cones, which are nerve cells that are ...
Foveola
Gass, J. Donald M (1999). "Müller Cell Cone, an Overlooked Part of the Anatomy of the Fovea Centralis". Archives of ... The foveola is approximately 0.35 mm in diameter and lies in the center of the fovea and contains only cone cells, and a cone- ... Schematic diagram of the macula lutea of the retina, showing perifovea, parafovea, fovea, and clinical macula Time-Domain OCT ...
Macula of retina
In the fovea centralis, cones predominate, and are present at high density. The macula is thus responsible for the central, ... The fovea is located near the center of the macula. It is a small pit that contains the largest concentration of cone cells. ... Within the macula are the fovea and foveola that both contain a high density of cones, which are nerve cells that are ... Photograph of the retina of the human eye, with overlay diagrams showing the positions and sizes of the macula, fovea, and ...
Cherry-red spot
It describes the appearance of a small circular choroid shape as seen through the fovea centralis. Its appearance is due to a ...
Monochromacy
Cone cells are more concentrated in the fovea centralis, which is the central portion of the retina. This allows greater ... Because of the distribution of rods and cones in the human eye, people have good color vision near the fovea (where cones are) ... is a condition where the blue and green cones are absent in the fovea. Like GCM, RCM is also present in less than 1 in 1 ... is a condition where the blue and red cones are absent in the fovea. The prevalence of this type of monochromacy is less than 1 ...
Human eye
Frontal-eyed animals have a small area of the retina with very high visual acuity, the fovea centralis. It covers about 2 ... To get a clear view of the world, the brain must turn the eyes so that the image of the object of regard falls on the fovea. ...
Retina display
See also: Fovea centralis § Angular size of foveal cones. When introducing the iPhone 4, Steve Jobs said the number of pixels ... See also: Fovea centralis § Angular size of foveal cones. Raymond Soneira, president of DisplayMate Technologies, has ... the fovea. That aperture, which can be measured by visual field tests, varies widely among different human subjects. ...
Cattle
There are two to three rods per cone in the fovea centralis but five to six near the optic papilla. Cattle can distinguish long ...
Jumping spider
It is analogous to the way most primates move their eyes to focus images of interest onto their fovea centralis. Such movements ...
Žltá škvrna - Wikipédia
V jej centrálnej časti sa nachádza fovea centralis, v centre tejto je tzv. foveola. Ide o termíny označujúce miesta, v ktorých ... macula lutea, vo všeobecnej anatómii stavovcov tiež area centralis - centrálna oblasť) je miesto na očnej sietnici, kde je ...
Blue cone monochromacy
L-cones and M-cones are most responsible for visual acuity as they are concentrated in the fovea centralis, the central visual ...
Photoreceptor cell
At the "center" of the retina (the point directly behind the lens) lies the fovea (or fovea centralis), which contains only ...
Retina
This area, termed the fovea centralis, is avascular (does not have blood vessels), and has minimal neural tissue in front of ... who possess no fovea but a central band known as the visual streak.[citation needed] Around the fovea extends the central ... of axons in the optic nerve are devoted to the fovea. The resolution limit of the fovea has been determined to be around 10,000 ... The fovea produces the most accurate information. Despite occupying about 0.01% of the visual field (less than 2° of visual ...
Adaptation (eye)
Cone photoreceptors are concentrated in a depression in the center of the retina known as the fovea centralis and decrease in ... The fovea is blind to dim light (due to its cone-only array) and the rods are more sensitive, so a dim star on a moonless night ... rod photoreceptors are present at high density throughout the most of the retina with a sharp decline in the fovea. Perception ...
Optography
An issue that Kühne encountered when attempting to produce an image from a human eye is that the size of the fovea centralis, ...
Christopher Dewdney
A Palaeozoic Geology of London, Ontario (1974), Coach House Press Fovea Centralis (1975), Coach House Press Alter Sublime (1980 ...
List of MeSH codes (A09)
... fovea centralis MeSH A09.371.729.690 - optic disk MeSH A09.371.729.727 - photoreceptors MeSH A09.371.729.727.660 - ...
Visual acuity
Angular diameter Dioptre Eye examination Fovea centralis Hyperacuity (scientific term) Landolt ring Optical resolution ... To resolve detail, the eye's optical system has to project a focused image on the fovea, a region inside the macula having the ... The smallest cone cells in the fovea have sizes corresponding to 0.4 minarc of the visual field, which also places a lower ... Light travels from the fixation object to the fovea through an imaginary path called the visual axis. The eye's tissues and ...
Cone cell
... s are densely packed in the fovea centralis, a 0.3 mm diameter rod-free area with very thin, densely packed cones ... being smallest and most tightly packed at the center of the eye at the fovea. The S cone spacing is slightly larger than the ... but greatly outnumber rods in the fovea. Structurally, cone cells have a cone-like shape at one end where a pigment filters ...
Retinal pigment epithelium
Bruch's membrane Drusen Fovea centralis Fundus (eye) Macula of retina This article incorporates text in the public domain from ...
Microperimetry
... macula and fovea centralis) patients with these pathologies are often unable to fixate reliably. By contrast, fundus perimetry ...
Photoreceptor cell
At the "center" of the retina (the point directly behind the lens) lies the fovea (or fovea centralis), which contains only ... Not present in fovea Concentrated in fovea Slow response to light, stimuli added over time Fast response to light, can perceive ... Distribution of rods and cones along a line passing through the fovea and the blind spot of a human eye[12] ... Illustration of the distribution of cone cells in the fovea of an individual with normal color vision (left), and a color blind ...
Fovea
... centralis of the retina Fovea buccalis or Dimple Fovea of the femoral head Trochlear fovea of the frontal bone Pterygoid ... Fovea (/ˈfoʊviə/) (Latin for "pit"; plural foveae /ˈfoʊvii/) is a term in anatomy. It refers to a pit or depression in a ... fovea of the mandible neck Fovea (spider), a depression in the centre of the carapace Hilum, another term associated with ... This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Fovea. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to ...
Acanthogonatus centralis
... with the fovea slightly procurved. Its labium possesses no cuspules. A serrula is present, as is a small patch of teeth. Its ... "Acanthogonatus centralis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. ADW entry "Acanthogonatus centralis" at the Encyclopedia of ... Acanthogonatus centralis is a mygalomorph spider of Argentina, its name referring to its distribution, being one of the most ... 224." (1995). Ferretti, Nelson; Pompozzi, Gabriel; Pérez-Miles, Fernando (2011). "Sexual behavior of Acanthogonatus centralis ( ...
Fovea centralis
GCL has >5 layers of cells, and highest density of cones Anatomical fovea / fovea centralis (clinical: macula) Area of ... fovea) Diameter = 0.35mm (about 1 deg of VF) the central floor of depression of fovea centralis 50 cones / 100 um Highest ... and the perifovea is found at a 2.75 mm radius from the fovea centralis. The term fovea comes from the from Latin foves 'pit'. ... The fovea centralis is a small, central pit composed of closely packed cones in the eye. It is located in the center of the ...
Bird vision
Towards the centre of the retina is the fovea (or the less specialised, area centralis) which has a greater density of ... Many raptors have foveas with far more rods and cones than the human fovea (65,000/mm2 in American kestrel, 38,000 in humans) ... Because the image can be centered on the deep fovea of only one eye at a time, most falcons when diving use a spiral path to ... The forward-facing eyes of a bird of prey give binocular vision, which is assisted by a double fovea. The raptor's adaptations ...
File:CC-BY icon.svg
Fovea centralis. *Volvoks. *Volvocaceae. View more global usage of this file. Metadata. This file contains additional ...
角膜 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
中央凹(英语:Fovea centralis). *侧凹(英语:Parafovea) ...
Lemur
Although they lack a fovea, some diurnal lemurs have a cone-rich, although less clustered, area centralis. This area centralis ... allowing for the evolution of the fovea. With only a postorbital bar, lemurs have been unable to develop a fovea. Therefore, ... The fovea on the retina, which yields higher visual acuity, is not well-developed. The postorbital septum (or bony closure ... whereas diurnal anthropoids have no rod cells in their fovea. Once again, this suggests lower visual acuity in lemurs than in ...
Vežnjača
Mikroveze vežnjače uz očnu jabućicu obično se slikaju velikim uvećanjem prorezne lampe sa zelenim filtrima.[17][18][19] Sa ovakvim sistemima za snimanje pod velikim povećanjem moguće je vidjeti grupe pojedinačnih crvenih krvnih zrnaca kako teku in vivo.[17] Kamere fundusa mogu se koristiti i za snimanje mikrovaskulature konjunktive uz jabučicu, širokog vidnog polja malog uvećanja. Za mjerenje protoka krvi u konjunktivi korištene su izmjenjene kamere fundusa [20][21][22][23] i za merenje zasićenje krvi kisikom. Za razlikovanje konjunktiva jabučice i epibionjčnog sloja koristi se mikrocirkulacijska fluoresceinska angiografija, za proučavanje krvotoka ovog diela konjunktive.[15][24] ...
Central retinal artery
The center of this circular area is the fovea. The fovea and a small area surrounding it are not supplied by the central ... The entire retina (with the exception of the fovea) becomes pale and swollen and opaque while the central fovea still appears ... Thus if the central retinal artery gets occluded, there is complete loss of vision in that eye even though the fovea is not ... arteria centralis retinae. MeSH. D012161. TA. A12.2.06.024. FMA. 49879. Anatomical terminology. [edit on Wikidata] ...
Cherry-red spot
It describes the appearance of a small circular choroid shape as seen through the fovea centralis. [2] Its appearance is due to ...
Списък на темите в Анатомията на Грей: II. Остеология - Уикипедия
fovea capitis femoris. *Neck of femur (collum femoris). Страница 244[редактиране , редактиране на кода]. *Upper extremity of ... Canalis centralis cochleœ. *Area cribrosa superior. *Area facialis. *Aquæductus Fallopii. *Aquæductus vestibuli ...
Acanthogonatus confusus
... its fovea is sinuous, procurved and without a posterior notch. Its labium possesses 3 cuspules. A serrula is present and well ... centralis and A. parana, which have - unlike A. Confusus - no inferior tarsal claws on tarsus IV). Female: total length 24.6 ... fovea width 0.9 millimetres (0.035 in); labium length 1.12 millimetres (0.044 in), width 1.62 millimetres (0.064 in); sternum ...
Dog anatomy
... "area centralis": a central patch with up to three times the density of nerve endings as the visual streak, giving them detailed ... a high density of rods in the fovea, an increased flicker rate, and a tapetum lucidum. The tapetum is a reflective surface ...
List of Empis species
1856 c g Empis fovea Saigusa, 1964 c g Empis frauscheri Strobl, 1901 c g Empis freidbergi Chvála, 1999 c g Empis freyi Yang, ... 1867 c g Empis centralis Brunetti, 1913 c g Empis cetywayoi Smith, 1969 c g Empis ceylonica Bezzi, 1904 c g Empis cherskii ...
Vision in fish
Some areas have higher densities of cone cells, for example (see fovea). Fish may have two or three areas specialised for high ... Miyazaki, T; Iwamu, T; Meyer-Rochow, VB (2011). "The position of the retinal area centralis changes with age in Champsocephalus ...
Fovea centralis - Wikipedia
GCL has >5 layers of cells, and highest density of cones Anatomical fovea / fovea centralis (clinical: macula) Area of ... fovea) Diameter = 0.35mm (about 1 deg of VF) the central floor of depression of fovea centralis 50 cones / 100 um Highest ... and the perifovea is found at a 2.75 mm radius from the fovea centralis. The term fovea comes from the from Latin foves pit. ... The fovea centralis is a small, central pit composed of closely packed cones in the eye. It is located in the center of the ...
Quantitative Noninvasive Angiography of the Fovea Centralis Using Speckle Variance Optical Coherence Tomography | IOVS | ARVO...
The fovea centralis extended out a further 750 μm, with the outer boundary delineated by a circle of 925-μm radius (Fig. 1). An ... The fovea centralis is a highly specialized region that represents the area of greatest visual acuity. The microanatomy of the ... Arterioles and venules in the macula were organized as paired vessels and formed a radial pattern around the fovea centralis.3 ... The foveola, which is the central depression of the fovea centralis, is demarcated by the sloped clivus. Inset (I) illustrates ...
macula - fleckförmiges Gebilde - Wrong entry in LEO?: English ⇔ German Forums - leo.org
"fovea (fovea centralis) --- die Sehgrube (Fovea centralis) [anat.]". AHD4:. fovea cen·tra·lis (sĕn-trālĭs) n.. A small ... fovea --- die Sehgrube (Fovea centralis) [anat.] http://www.stlukeseye.com/anatomy/Fovea.asp The fovea (arrow) is the center ... New Latin fovea centrālis : Latin fovea, small pit + Latin centrālis, central.]. http://www.answers.com/fovea+centralis&r=67 ... Fovea centralis. Comment. Macula heißt zwar allgemein Fleck, aber google (engl) findet nur die Makula, die den Fleck schärfsten ...
Fovea Centralis
It includes the sloping walls of the fovea (clivus) and contains a few rods in its periphery. In its center (foveola) are the ... Fovea Centralis. An area approximately 1.5 millimeters in diameter within the macula lutea where the retina thins out greatly ... It includes the sloping walls of the fovea (clivus) and contains a few rods in its periphery. In its center (foveola) are the ...
Fovea centralis | Mezinárodní festival dokumentárních filmů Ji.hlava
The complexities of the human eye - from the blind spot and macula to focused and peripheral vision
The human eye
What Is the Function of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum? | Reference.com
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Detailed Structures of the Eyeball - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com
I guess you could say the fovea centralis is the one part of the retina where vision is at its best. The fovea centralis sits ... The fovea centralis is a small depression in the retina that contains the highest concentration of cones. When light is focused ... Fovea Centralis. If the optic disk is the one part of the retina where vision is at its worst, ... fovea centralis: a small depression in the retina that contains the highest concentration of cones ...
In the eye of the wind - definition of in the eye of the wind by The Free Dictionary
A twinkle in eye - definition of a twinkle in eye by The Free Dictionary
eye top: cross section of a human eye A. vitreous humor B. optic nerve C. fovea centralis D. retina E. choroid F. sclera G. ... arteria centralis retinae, central artery of the retina - a branch of the ophthalmic artery; enters the eyeball with the optic ... aqueous humour, blind spot, choroid or chorioid, ciliary body, cone, conjunctiva, cornea, eyeball, fovea, iris, lens, ocular ...
Preliminary Review of Indian Eumenophorinae (Araneae: Theraphosidae) with Description of a New Genus and Five New Species from...
Buchstabe F - Letter F
Macula | definition of macula by Medical dictionary
fovea centralis. A small area of the retina of approximately 1.5 mm in diameter situated within the macula lutea. At the fovea ... See blue field entoptoscope; fovea centralis; macular pigment.. mac·u·la. , pl. maculae (makyū-lă, -lē) 1. [TA] Circumscribed ... The fovea centralis contains mainly cone cells, each one being connected to only one ganglion cell and thus contributing to the ... The visual field represented by the fovea centralis is equal to about 5º (Fig. F9). Syn. foveal pit; macula (term often used by ...
Determining the Location of the Fovea Centralis Via En-Face SLO and Cross-Sectional OCT Imaging in Patients Without Retinal...
The position of the fovea centralis was located on average 57 µm below the vertical position of the fovea centralis in men ... Y measures the vertical distance from the fovea centralis to optic disc center. Alpha represents the angle between the fovea ... Y measures the vertical distance from the fovea centralis to optic disc center. Alpha represents the angle between the fovea ... Y measures the vertical distance from the fovea centralis to optic disc center. Alpha represents the angle between the fovea ...
Twenty-four-month efficacy and safety of 0.5 mg or 2.0 mg ranibizumab in patients with subfoveal neovascular age-related...
Five-year follow-up of fellow eyes of individuals with ocular histoplasmosis and unilateral extrafoveal or juxtafoveal...
Chapter 13 - Study Guide Flashcards by Abigail Torres | Brainscape
The Special Senses (Vision Part 2) Flashcards by Jimmy Sojan | Brainscape
Free Anatomy Flashcards about bio 101 sensory syst
Free Anatomy Flashcards about Special SensesDylan
Pigmented part of retina | definition of pigmented part of retina by Medical dictionary
... the fovea centralis. This region contains only cones and is the region of the most acute vision. About 3.5 mm nasally from the ... At the posterior pole of the visual axis is the macula, in the center of which is the fovea, the area of acute vision. Here, ... At the posterior pole of the visual axis is the macula, in the center of which is the fovea, the area of acute vision. Here ... About 3 mm medial to the fovea is the optic disc, where axons of the ganglionic cells converge to form the optic nerve. The ...
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH FLORIDA
Re: what are differences beetwin the human eye and the rodents one...
This unique area centralis is termed a fovea. In humans, the fovea takes up 2% of the retinal area but accounts for 33% of all ... However, the acuity at any point on the visual streak tends to be lower than that of the area centralis. Now we can try to make ... That is because the image is not on your fovea, and only a small number of cells are responsible for sensing it. Animals that ... Animals that live in habitats with little or no view of the horizon tend to have retinas dominated by an area centralis. In ...
Macula of retina - Wikipedia
In the fovea centralis, cones predominate, and are present at high density. The macula is thus responsible for the central, ... The fovea is located near the center of the macula. It is a small pit that contains the largest concentration of cone cells. ... Within the macula are the fovea and foveola that both contain a high density of cones, which are nerve cells that are ... Photograph of the retina of the human eye, with overlay diagrams showing the positions and sizes of the macula, fovea, and ...
Patent US6889069 - Non-invasive measurement of blood analytes using photodynamics - Google Patents
... are located with their greatest density in the area of the fovea centralis in the retina. The fovea covers a circular area with ... The incoming light preferably subtends an angle much greater than the angle required to include the area of the fovea centralis ... The retina, including the fovea centralis, is flooded with illuminating light. The illuminating light is then reflected from ... wherein the portion of the retina positioned outside of the normal retinal vasculature comprises the fovea centralis. ...
Macula Lutea | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
AP biology chapter 40 essay Flashcards
Retina23
- citation needed] Approximately half the nerve fibers in the optic nerve carry information from the fovea, while the remaining half carry information from the rest of the retina. (wikipedia.org)
- The size of the fovea is relatively small with regard to the rest of the retina. (wikipedia.org)
- This statement is kind of silly because the whole retina contains blood vessels with the EXCEPTION OF the fovea at the center of the yellow spot. (leo.org)
- an area of acute vision on the retina of many vertebrates which lack a FOVEA . (thefreedictionary.com)
- At the fovea centralis, the retina is the thinnest as there are no supporting fibres of Mueller, no ganglion cells and no bipolar cells. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The fovea centralis contains mainly cone cells, each one being connected to only one ganglion cell and thus contributing to the highest visual acuity of the retina. (thefreedictionary.com)
- That is, if the eye is dedicated to looking at a point, the retina will have a roughly circular region of high cell density called the area centralis. (madsci.org)
- In most primates and many birds and reptiles, the area centralis is so specialized for high acuity vision that the retina is actually thinned there to reduce the scattering of light entering the retina (light must go through ganglion and bipolar cells before it can be sensed by photoreceptors). (madsci.org)
- Fovea Centralis An area of the retina that's located directly behind the centre of the lens and has a very high concentration of cones, which makes this part of the eye responsible for great visual acuity. (coursehero.com)
- The center of the retina is surrounded by the area centralis. (usdaa.com)
- Why the fovea is susceptible to early disease expression for certain hereditary disorders and why it is spared under other conditions is not known,' adds Cideciyan, via Science Daily 'Our findings, which show the canine equivalent of a human genetic disease affecting an area of the retina that is of extreme importance to human vision, are very promising from the human point of view. (usdaa.com)
- There is a depression near the center of the retina called the fovea that contains only cone cells. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Yamada E. Some structural features of the fovea centralis in the human retina. (springer.com)
- Ultra-widefield (Optomap) image of normal fundus of left eye showing the optic disk (black arrow), central retina (macula and fovea) (white arrow) and peripheral retina. (mhmedical.com)
- The shearwater has more rods at the area centralis, a larger rodparaboloid in the dark adapted retina, and a greater ratio of total number of visual cells to ganglion nuclei than has the fulmar. (biologists.org)
- therefore the optic nerve must cross through the retina en route to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
- An afocal broadband adaptive-optics scanning ophthalmoscope images photoreceptors in a living human eye: cones in the fovea (left), and a combination of cones and rods in an area away from the center of the retina (right). (laserfocusworld.com)
- The human visual system is organized in concentric cones around the fovea centralis of the retina. (childresearch.net)
- Schematic horizontal section of right eye showing axes, fovea centralis (receiving the visual axis), optic disc, central vein of retina, lamina cribrosa sclerae (interrupted lines) and fascial sheath (in blue). (dartmouth.edu)
- Age-related macular degeneration begins with characteristic yellow deposits in the macula (central area of the retina which provides detailed central vision, called fovea) called drusen between the retinal pigment epithelium and the underlying choroid. (keywhitman.com)
- Localization of PEDF and Eph-A6 mRNAs in sections of macaque retina shows expression of both genes concentrates in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) at the developing fovea, consistent with an involvement in definition of the foveal avascular area. (molvis.org)
- A small yellowish spot with a central pit, the fovea centralis, in the center of the retina where vision is most accurate. (freedictionary.org)
- In human eyes, the maximum visual acuity correlates locally with the fovea, a shallow depression in the retina. (degruyter.com)
Cones18
- The fovea centralis is a small, central pit composed of closely packed cones in the eye. (wikipedia.org)
- The perifovea contains an even more diminished density of cones, having 12 per 100 micrometres versus 50 per 100 micrometres in the most central fovea. (wikipedia.org)
- The fovea is a depression in the inner retinal surface, about 1.5 mm wide, the photoreceptor layer of which is entirely cones and which is specialized for maximum visual acuity. (wikipedia.org)
- The high spatial density of cones along with the absence of blood vessels at the fovea accounts for the high visual acuity capability at the fovea. (wikipedia.org)
- The central fovea consists of very compact cones, thinner and more rod-like in appearance than cones elsewhere. (wikipedia.org)
- GCL has >5 layers of cells, and highest density of cones Anatomical fovea / fovea centralis (clinical: macula) Area of depression in the centre of the macula lutea. (wikipedia.org)
- Cones in the central fovea express pigments that are sensitive to green and red light. (wikipedia.org)
- Within the macula are the fovea and foveola that both contain a high density of cones , which are nerve cells that are photoreceptors with high acuity. (wikipedia.org)
- In the fovea centralis , cones predominate, and are present at high density. (wikipedia.org)
- The "green" and "red" cones are mostly packed into the fovea centralis . (gsu.edu)
- The "blue" cones have the highest sensitivity and are mostly found outside the fovea. (gsu.edu)
- Anatomical study has also demonstrated that the centre of the fovea appears to be devoid of S-cones in primates. (bmj.com)
- In the fovea, however, where there are only cone photoreceptors, the most central cones are even thinner than the average rod at about 1.5 microns diameter. (utah.edu)
- Rods are much more numerous than cones, are more sensitive to light, and exist mainly in locations other than the fovea. (laserfocusworld.com)
- The relative numbers of long-wavelength-sensitive to middle-wavelength-sensitive cones in the human fovea centralis. (cvrl.org)
- The relative numbers of L- and M-cones in the inner fovea have been estimated by various psychophysical means (see Psychophysical estimates of the relative numbers of L- and M-cones ). (cvrl.org)
- Moreover, although the mean estimates of L- to M-cone ratios suggest that there are twice as many L- as M- cones in the central fovea, the individual ratios are highly variable between observers, ranging from 0.33:1 to 10:1. (cvrl.org)
- The spatial arrangement of cones in the primate fovea. (cvrl.org)
Macula lutea3
- Anatomical macula / macula lutea / area centralis (clinical: posterior pole): Diameter = 5.5mm (~3.5 disc-diameters) (about 18 deg of VF) Demarcated by the superior and inferior temporal arterial arcades. (wikipedia.org)
- macula lutea , vo všeobecnej anatómii stavovcov tiež area centralis - centrálna oblasť) je miesto na očnej sietnici , kde je najväčšia hustota čapíkov a teda aj najostrejšie videnie . (wikipedia.org)
- The part of the eye that provides the most acute vision is the Fovea Centralis (also called the Macula Lutea). (laserfx.com)
Retinal7
- The fovea is located in a small avascular zone and receives most of its oxygen from the vessels in the choroid, which is across the retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- In humans, the fovea takes up 2% of the retinal area but accounts for 33% of all ganglion cells. (madsci.org)
- However, within primates, the results show that ancestral Haplorrhini were likely nocturnal, suggesting that evolution of the retinal fovea occurred within ancestral primates rather than within haplorrhines as was previously hypothesized. (nature.com)
- The evolution of the retinal fovea, trichromatic vision and orbital convergence in ancestral primates may have helped them to efficiently discriminate, target, and obtain edible fruits and/or leaves from a green foliage background instead of relying on mobile insect prey. (nature.com)
- In animals that move and fixate their eyes to examine specific objects, acuity often reaches its peak in a fovea or an area centralis, where retinal ganglion cell densities are highest ( Land and Nilsson, 2001 ). (biologists.org)
- A fovea, the retinal pitted invagination in the area centralis, is found in many vertebrates such as fish, reptiles, birds and in higher primates including humans. (degruyter.com)
- Because of the refractive index step between the retinal tissue and vitreous, the fovea defines an optically effective interface with aspherical characteristics, which influences the ray propagation to the receptor layer buried about 250 μm within the retinal layers [ 1 ]. (degruyter.com)
Posterior1
- At the posterior pole of the visual axis is the macula, in the center of which is the fovea, the area of acute vision. (thefreedictionary.com)
Photoreceptors3
- The center of the fovea is the foveola - about 0.35 mm in diameter - or central pit where only cone photoreceptors are present and there are virtually no rods. (wikipedia.org)
- This area, termed the fovea centralis , is avascular (does not have blood vessels), and has minimal neural tissue in front of the photoreceptors, thereby minimizing light scattering. (wikipedia.org)
- As it lies at the focal point of the eye, the fovea is jam-packed with light sensitive nerve endings called photoreceptors. (zmescience.com)
Specialized for high acuity vision1
- Fovea - 1.55 mm (0.061 in) Foveal avascular zone (FAZ) - 0.5 to 0.6 mm (0.020 to 0.024 in) Foveola - 0.35 mm (0.014 in) Umbo - 0.15 mm (0.0059 in) Structures in the macula are specialized for high-acuity vision. (wikipedia.org)
Avascular zone2
- Within the fovea is a region of 0.5mm diameter called the foveal avascular zone (an area without any blood vessels). (wikipedia.org)
- The macula in humans has a diameter of around 5.5 mm (0.22 in) and is subdivided into the umbo, foveola , foveal avascular zone, fovea , parafovea , and perifovea areas. (wikipedia.org)
Humans1
- The fovea is responsible for sharp central vision (also called foveal vision), which is necessary in humans for activities for which visual detail is of primary importance, such as reading and driving. (wikipedia.org)
Depression3
- This anatomy is responsible for the depression in the center of the fovea. (wikipedia.org)
- It has a depression in its center called the fovea centralis. (innerbody.com)
- On the one hand, the convexiclivate type of fovea is a deep, funnel-shaped depression with a convex slope of the side walls and is observed in birds, some lizards, and certain deep-sea teleosts. (degruyter.com)
Primate1
- This density is similar to that found in primate s foveas. (usdaa.com)
Area10
- Therefore, the acuity of foveal vision is limited only by the density of the cone mosaic, and the fovea is the area of the eye with the highest sensitivity to fine details. (wikipedia.org)
- The fovea centralis is a highly specialized region that represents the area of greatest visual acuity. (arvojournals.org)
- Is the Subject Area "Fovea centralis" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
- Animals that live in habitats with little or no view of the horizon tend to have retinas dominated by an area centralis. (madsci.org)
- This unique area centralis is termed a fovea. (madsci.org)
- However, the acuity at any point on the visual streak tends to be lower than that of the area centralis. (madsci.org)
- For example, animals with an area centralis tend to have finer eye movements than animals with a visual streak. (madsci.org)
- This happens near or at the fovea area of the eye, and results in the loss of central vision. (usdaa.com)
- Both sea-birds have a linear area centralis but lack a fovea. (biologists.org)
- We identify an area centralis with peak acuity and infrequent coexpression, which may be suited for tasks such as foraging and detecting male signals. (biologists.org)
Foveola2
- [6] The umbo is the center of the foveola which in turn is located at the center of the fovea. (wikipedia.org)
- The umbo is the center of the foveola which in turn is located at the center of the fovea. (wikipedia.org)
Diameter1
- Two independent reviewers measured the horizontal and vertical distance from the fovea to the optic disc center and optic disc diameter via cross-sectional and en-face scanning laser ophthalmoloscopy OCT imaging. (arvojournals.org)
Peripheral1
- The human visual system has a function called fovea centralis, which allows us to see at higher fidelity in the center of our vision than in our peripheral vision. (tomshardware.com)
Centre1
- V jej centrálnej časti sa nachádza fovea centralis , v centre tejto je tzv. (wikipedia.org)
Focal point1
- At the center of the macula is the "fovea centralis," the focal point where our vision is at its best. (jewishworldreview.com)
Latin2
- New Latin fovea centrālis : Latin fovea, small pit + Latin centrālis, central. (leo.org)
- At the center of the macula there's a slight dip named the fovea centralis (fovea is latin for pit). (zmescience.com)
Center4
- http://www.stlukeseye.com/anatomy/Fovea.asp The fovea (arrow) is the center most part of the macula. (leo.org)
- The fovea is located near the center of the macula. (wikipedia.org)
- It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototropic visual acuity. (harvard.edu)
- Many people have observed that the human eye is high resolution on in the center of attention, known as the fovea centralis . (4brad.com)
Cone cells1
- Cone cells are next to each other in the fovea centralis of the eye. (usdaa.com)
Perifovea2
- The fovea is surrounded by the parafovea belt and the perifovea outer region. (wikipedia.org)
- The parafovea extends to a radius of 1.25 mm from the central fovea, and the perifovea is found at a 2.75 mm radius from the fovea centralis. (wikipedia.org)
Macular2
- This study compares the position of the fovea centralis among individuals without macular pathology on a micron level basis. (arvojournals.org)
- Other theories suggested that the apparent tritanopic deficit in the fovea might be due to Troxler fading 7 or to preretinal screening of short wavelength light by the increasing density of the macular pigment. (bmj.com)
Lens1
- and the base in the eye lens -the optical correspondent to a cone inside the eye having the same base and the apex in the other focus, the fovea. (wikipedia.org)
Vision7
- Thus our vision is very sharp, and you can read this from a fair distance away if you look straight on (and the screen falls on your fovea). (madsci.org)
- This indicates S-cone pathway damage that is sufficiently severe to lead to dichromatic colour vision in the fovea. (bmj.com)
- 1 An early study showed that the fovea was relatively insensitive to short wavelength light and that colour vision was impaired, colour matching being possible with two primaries instead of the usual three. (bmj.com)
- A similar tritanopic colour vision deficit was reported for small fields generally, 5, 6 suggesting that the fovea may not be unique in this respect. (bmj.com)
- A human's fovea is filled with cone photoreceptor cells and helps us with our central and sharp vision skills. (usdaa.com)
- The fovea centralis, also known as the fovea, is responsible for sharp central vision (foveal. (picsearch.com)
- If a laser burn occurs on the Fovea, you can loose most of you fine (reading and working) vision in an instant. (laserfx.com)
Anatomical1
- [5] The anatomical macula at 5.5 mm (0.22 in) is much larger than the clinical macula which, at 1.5 mm (0.059 in), corresponds to the anatomical fovea. (wikipedia.org)
Light2
- Far - sighted Short-sighted Focused with Pinhole Glasses Pinholes focus the light on the fovea centralis. (eyebody.com)
- Prescription glasses or contact lenses are designed so that the maximum light reaches the fovea centralis, for clear sight. (eyebody.com)
Density1
- Starting at the outskirts of the fovea, however, rods gradually appear, and the absolute density of cone receptors progressively decreases. (wikipedia.org)
Human2
- Yuodelis C, Hendrickson A (1986) A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the human fovea during development. (springermedizin.de)
- Hendrickson A, Possin D, Vajzovic L, Toth CA (2012) Histologic development of the human fovea from midgestation to maturity. (springermedizin.de)
Region3
- Both professors found similarities in how the fovea region in dogs is just as easily affected with the same genetic eye diseases that their owners may be prone to. (usdaa.com)
- With this research, both scientists wanted to see if the fovea region in dogs was similarly affected. (usdaa.com)
- This research demonstrated that cone densities spanned more than 120,000 cells per square millimeter in the fovea-like region of the centralis region of the eye. (usdaa.com)
Small1
- That is because the image is not on your fovea, and only a small number of cells are responsible for sensing it. (madsci.org)