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PaleontologyFossil FuelsAmberBiological EvolutionHominidaeDinosaursPaleodontologyExtinction, BiologicalPhylogenyGeologyGeological PhenomenaHistory, AncientDentitionSkullToothReptilesConiferophytaAnthropologyInvertebratesSkeletonGenetic SpeciationGeographyCetaceaAnatomy, ComparativeEvolution, MolecularAngiospermsEcosystemBiodiversityMammalsEvolution, PlanetaryBirdsEgg ShellNeanderthalsGeologic SedimentsArtiodactylaAnimal ShellsRadiometric DatingTimeArthropodsArchaeologyWyomingAlligators and CrocodilesGeological ProcessesClassificationBody SizeGymnospermsVertebratesMenispermaceaeSireniaEchinodermataPhylogeographyForaminiferaClimatePreservation, BiologicalFeathersAtmosphereBiofuelsGreenhouse EffectMarine BiologySouth AmericaEnergy-Generating ResourcesNatural HistoryAquatic OrganismsCrustaceaSpecies SpecificityMolluscaBone and BonesGorilla gorillaBayes TheoremDominican RepublicPrimatesFishesJawInsectsPlatyrrhiniArachnidaDNA, MitochondrialAcariEcologyNorth AmericaXenarthraFinger PhalangesSpheniscidaeLikelihood FunctionsGas, NaturalStrepsirhiniMandibleEphedraHymenopteraBones of Upper ExtremityPollenOceans and SeasConservation of Energy ResourcesPan troglodytesPalaeognathaeFernsEmbryophytaTurtlesAnnonaceaeChinaLizardsDugongRodentiaPlantsElephantsPhthirapteraCatarrhiniTime FactorsLemurThiotrichaceaeCold ClimateTarsiidaeRecyclingGinkgo bilobaWhalesTomography, X-RayAfricaCalcium CarbonateGnetophytaPongo pygmaeusMyanmarPan paniscusArgentinaAnimal FinsTooth AttritionCytochromes bHumerusClethraceaeSharksSynchrotronsPinaceaeSequence Analysis, DNACarnivoraAdaptation, BiologicalCebidaeLycopodiaceaeCarex PlantAnnelidaActinidiaceaeEukaryotaTreesMetacarpal BonesPetroleumDental EnamelLocomotionMolarBiogenesisEnvironmentMicroscopy, Electron, ScanningStramenopilesMarsupialiaBahamasPlant LeavesModels, GeneticCarbon CycleCalibrationAntarctic RegionsMadagascarCycadophytaFuel OilsSporangiaBermudaGastropodaTarsal BonesPolyplacophoraCnidariaGeorgia (Republic)Genetic VariationPredatory BehaviorNymphaeaceaeModels, BiologicalMongoliaBiomassUrodelaExtraction and Processing IndustryOxygen IsotopesVolcanic EruptionsUrsidaePopulation DynamicsMediterranean IslandsSnakesFelidaeMolecular Sequence DataClimate ChangePolygonaceaeBivalviaEucalyptusCarbonWoodSiberiaGlobal WarmingAfrica, EasternIndonesiaSeed DispersalMontanaFeeding BehaviorGreenlandCranial SinusesCercopithecidaeCarbon DioxideWing
Paleontology: The study of early forms of life through fossil remains.Fossil Fuels: Any combustible hydrocarbon deposit formed from the remains of prehistoric organisms. Examples are petroleum, coal, and natural gas.Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber.Biological Evolution: The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.Hominidae: Family of the suborder HAPLORHINI (Anthropoidea) comprising bipedal primate MAMMALS. It includes modern man (HOMO SAPIENS) and the great apes: gorillas (GORILLA GORILLA), chimpanzees (PAN PANISCUS and PAN TROGLODYTES), and orangutans (PONGO PYGMAEUS).Dinosaurs: General name for two extinct orders of reptiles from the Mesozoic era: Saurischia and Ornithischia.Paleodontology: The study of the teeth of early forms of life through fossil remains.Extinction, Biological: The ceasing of existence of a species or taxonomic groups of organisms.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Geology: The science of the earth and other celestial bodies and their history as recorded in the rocks. It includes the study of geologic processes of an area such as rock formations, weathering and erosion, and sedimentation. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Geological Phenomena: The inanimate matter of Earth, the structures and properties of this matter, and the processes that affect it.History, Ancient: The period of history before 500 of the common era.Dentition: The teeth collectively in the dental arch. Dentition ordinarily refers to the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. Dentition referring to the deciduous teeth is DENTITION, PRIMARY; to the permanent teeth, DENTITION, PERMANENT. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)Skull: The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.Tooth: One of a set of bone-like structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing.Reptiles: Cold-blooded, air-breathing VERTEBRATES belonging to the class Reptilia, usually covered with external scales or bony plates.Coniferophyta: A plant division of GYMNOSPERMS consisting of cone-bearing trees and shrubs.Anthropology: The science devoted to the comparative study of man.Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column.Skeleton: The rigid framework of connected bones that gives form to the body, protects and supports its soft organs and tissues, and provides attachments for MUSCLES.Genetic Speciation: The splitting of an ancestral species into daughter species that coexist in time (King, Dictionary of Genetics, 6th ed). Causal factors may include geographic isolation, HABITAT geometry, migration, REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION, random GENETIC DRIFT and MUTATION.Geography: The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)Cetacea: An order of wholly aquatic MAMMALS occurring in all the OCEANS and adjoining seas of the world, as well as in certain river systems. They feed generally on FISHES, cephalopods, and crustaceans. Most are gregarious and most have a relatively long period of parental care and maturation. Included are DOLPHINS; PORPOISES; and WHALES. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, pp969-70)Anatomy, Comparative: The comparative study of animal structure with regard to homologous organs or parts. (Stedman, 25th ed)Evolution, Molecular: The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.Angiosperms: Members of the group of vascular plants which bear flowers. They are differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). Angiosperms represent approximately 80% of all known living plants.Ecosystem: A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Biodiversity: The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.Mammals: Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.Evolution, Planetary: Creation and development of bodies within solar systems, includes study of early planetary geology.Birds: Warm-blooded VERTEBRATES possessing FEATHERS and belonging to the class Aves.Egg Shell: A hard or leathery calciferous exterior covering of an egg.Neanderthals: Common name for an extinct species of the Homo genus. Fossils have been found in Europe and Asia. Genetic evidence suggests that limited interbreeding with modern HUMANS (Homo sapiens) took place.Geologic Sediments: A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)ArtiodactylaAnimal Shells: The hard rigid covering of animals including MOLLUSCS; TURTLES; INSECTS; and crustaceans.Radiometric Dating: Techniques used to determine the age of materials, based on the content and half-lives of the RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES they contain.Time: The dimension of the physical universe which, at a given place, orders the sequence of events. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Arthropods: Members of the phylum Arthropoda, composed of organisms having a hard, jointed exoskeleton and paired jointed legs. It includes the class INSECTS and the subclass ARACHNIDA, many species of which are important medically as parasites or as vectors of organisms capable of causing disease in man.Archaeology: The scientific study of past societies through artifacts, fossils, etc.WyomingAlligators and Crocodiles: Large, long-tailed reptiles, including caimans, of the order Loricata.Geological Processes: Events and activities of the Earth and its structures.Classification: The systematic arrangement of entities in any field into categories classes based on common characteristics such as properties, morphology, subject matter, etc.Body Size: The physical measurements of a body.Gymnosperms: Gymnosperms are a group of vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed by a ripened ovary (fruit), in contrast to ANGIOSPERMS whose seeds are surrounded by an ovary wall. The seeds of many gymnosperms (literally, "naked seed") are borne in cones and are not visible. Taxonomists now recognize four distinct divisions of extant gymnospermous plants (CONIFEROPHYTA; CYCADOPHYTA; GINKGOPHYTA; and GNETOPHYTA).Vertebrates: Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.Menispermaceae: A plant family of the order Ranunculales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. Members are mostly vines and shrubs and they contain isoquinoline alkaloids, some of which have been used as arrow poisons.Sirenia: An order of heavy-bodied, slow-moving, completely aquatic, herbivorous mammals. The body is fusiform, plump, and hairless, except for bristles on the snout. Hindlimbs are absent, the forelimbs are modified to flippers, and the tail is a horizontal fluke. (From Scott, Concise Encyclopedia Biology, 1996)Echinodermata: A phylum of the most familiar marine invertebrates. Its class Stelleroidea contains two subclasses, the Asteroidea (the STARFISH or sea stars) and the Ophiuroidea (the brittle stars, also called basket stars and serpent stars). There are 1500 described species of STARFISH found throughout the world. The second class, Echinoidea, contains about 950 species of SEA URCHINS, heart urchins, and sand dollars. A third class, Holothuroidea, comprises about 900 echinoderms known as SEA CUCUMBERS. Echinoderms are used extensively in biological research. (From Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, pp773-826)Phylogeography: A field of study concerned with the principles and processes governing the geographic distributions of genealogical lineages, especially those within and among closely related species. (Avise, J.C., Phylogeography: The History and Formation of Species. Harvard University Press, 2000)Foraminifera: An order of amoeboid EUKARYOTES characterized by reticulating pseudopods and a complex life cycle with an alternation of generations. Most are less than 1mm in size and found in marine or brackish water.Climate: The longterm manifestations of WEATHER. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Preservation, Biological: The process of protecting various samples of biological material.Feathers: Flat keratinous structures found on the skin surface of birds. Feathers are made partly of a hollow shaft fringed with barbs. They constitute the plumage.Atmosphere: The gaseous envelope surrounding a planet or similar body. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Biofuels: Hydrocarbon-rich byproducts from the non-fossilized BIOMASS that are combusted to generate energy as opposed to fossilized hydrocarbon deposits (FOSSIL FUELS).Greenhouse Effect: The effect of GLOBAL WARMING and the resulting increase in world temperatures. The predicted health effects of such long-term climatic change include increased incidence of respiratory, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases.Marine Biology: The study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of organisms which inhabit the OCEANS AND SEAS.South AmericaEnergy-Generating Resources: Materials or phenomena which can provide energy directly or via conversion.Natural History: A former branch of knowledge embracing the study, description, and classification of natural objects (as animals, plants, and minerals) and thus including the modern sciences of zoology, botany, and mineralogy insofar as they existed at that time. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries it was much used for the generalized pursuit of certain areas of science. (Webster, 3d ed; from Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)Aquatic Organisms: Organisms that live in water.Crustacea: A large subphylum of mostly marine ARTHROPODS containing over 42,000 species. They include familiar arthropods such as lobsters (NEPHROPIDAE), crabs (BRACHYURA), shrimp (PENAEIDAE), and barnacles (THORACICA).Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Mollusca: A phylum of the kingdom Metazoa. Mollusca have soft, unsegmented bodies with an anterior head, a dorsal visceral mass, and a ventral foot. Most are encased in a protective calcareous shell. It includes the classes GASTROPODA; BIVALVIA; CEPHALOPODA; Aplacophora; Scaphopoda; Polyplacophora; and Monoplacophora.Bone and Bones: A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.Gorilla gorilla: This single species of Gorilla, which is a member of the HOMINIDAE family, is the largest and most powerful of the PRIMATES. It is distributed in isolated scattered populations throughout forests of equatorial Africa.Bayes Theorem: A theorem in probability theory named for Thomas Bayes (1702-1761). In epidemiology, it is used to obtain the probability of disease in a group of people with some characteristic on the basis of the overall rate of that disease and of the likelihood of that characteristic in healthy and diseased individuals. The most familiar application is in clinical decision analysis where it is used for estimating the probability of a particular diagnosis given the appearance of some symptoms or test result.Dominican Republic: A republic in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is Santo Domingo. With Haiti, it forms the island of Hispaniola - the Dominican Republic occupying the eastern two thirds, and Haiti, the western third. It was created in 1844 after a revolt against the rule of President Boyer over the entire island of Hispaniola, itself visited by Columbus in 1492 and settled the next year. Except for a brief period of annexation to Spain (1861-65), it has been independent, though closely associated with the United States. Its name comes from the Spanish Santo Domingo, Holy Sunday, with reference to its discovery on a Sunday. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p338, 506 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p151)PrimatesFishes: A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.Jaw: Bony structure of the mouth that holds the teeth. It consists of the MANDIBLE and the MAXILLA.Insects: The class Insecta, in the phylum ARTHROPODA, whose members are characterized by division into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. They are the dominant group of animals on earth; several hundred thousand different kinds having been described. Three orders, HEMIPTERA; DIPTERA; and SIPHONAPTERA; are of medical interest in that they cause disease in humans and animals. (From Borror et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p1)Platyrrhini: An infraorder of New World monkeys, comprised of the families AOTIDAE; ATELIDAE; CEBIDAE; and PITHECIIDAE. They are found exclusively in the Americas.Arachnida: A class of Arthropoda that includes SPIDERS; TICKS; MITES; and SCORPIONS.DNA, Mitochondrial: Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.Acari: A large, subclass of arachnids comprising the MITES and TICKS, including parasites of plants, animals, and humans, as well as several important disease vectors.Ecology: The branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their ENVIRONMENT, especially as manifested by natural cycles and rhythms, community development and structure, interactions between different kinds of organisms, geographic distributions, and population alterations. (Webster's, 3d ed)North AmericaXenarthra: An order of New World mammals characterized by the absence of incisors and canines from among their teeth, and comprising the ARMADILLOS, the SLOTHS, and the anteaters. The order is distinguished from all others by what are known as xenarthrous vertebrae (xenos, strange; arthron, joint): there are secondary, and sometimes even more, articulations between the vertebrae of the lumbar series. The order was formerly called Edentata. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, vol. I, p515)Finger Phalanges: Bones that make up the SKELETON of the FINGERS, consisting of two for the THUMB, and three for each of the other fingers.Spheniscidae: The sole family in the order Sphenisciformes, comprised of 17 species of penguins in six genera. They are flightless seabirds of the Southern Hemisphere, highly adapted for marine life.Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters.Gas, Natural: A combustible, gaseous mixture of low-molecular weight PARAFFIN hydrocarbons, generated below the surface of the earth. It contains mostly METHANE and ETHANE with small amounts of PROPANE; BUTANES; and higher hydrocarbons, and sometimes NITROGEN; CARBON DIOXIDE; HYDROGEN SULFIDE; and HELIUM. (from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Strepsirhini: A suborder of PRIMATES consisting of the following five families: CHEIROGALEIDAE; Daubentoniidae; Indriidae; LEMURIDAE; and LORISIDAE.Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the FACE constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth.Ephedra: A plant genus of the family Ephedraceae, order Ephedrales, class Gnetopsida, division Gnetophyta.Hymenoptera: An extensive order of highly specialized insects including bees, wasps, and ants.Bones of Upper Extremity: The bones of the upper and lower ARM. They include the CLAVICLE and SCAPULA.Pollen: The fertilizing element of plants that contains the male GAMETOPHYTES.Oceans and Seas: A great expanse of continuous bodies of salt water which together cover more than 70 percent of the earth's surface. Seas may be partially or entirely enclosed by land, and are smaller than the five oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic).Conservation of Energy Resources: Planned management, use, and preservation of energy resources.Pan troglodytes: The common chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family HOMINIDAE. It lives in Africa, primarily in the tropical rainforests. There are a number of recognized subspecies.Palaeognathae: A superorder of large, mostly flightless birds, named for their distinctive PALATE morphology. It includes the orders Apterygiformes, Casuriiformes, Dinornithiformes, RHEIFORMES; STRUTHIONIFORMES and Tinamiformes.Ferns: Seedless nonflowering plants of the class Filicinae. They reproduce by spores that appear as dots on the underside of feathery fronds. In earlier classifications the Pteridophyta included the club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and various fossil groups. In more recent classifications, pteridophytes and spermatophytes (seed-bearing plants) are classified in the Subkingdom Tracheobionta (also known as Tracheophyta).Embryophyta: Higher plants that live primarily in terrestrial habitats, although some are secondarily aquatic. Most obtain their energy from PHOTOSYNTHESIS. They comprise the vascular and non-vascular plants.TurtlesAnnonaceae: The custard-apple plant family of the order Magnoliales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. Some members provide large pulpy fruits and commercial timber. Leaves and wood are often fragrant. Leaves are simple, with smooth margins, and alternately arranged in two rows along the stems.China: A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.LizardsDugong: A genus of the order Sirenia characterized by a notched tail, the presence of nasal bones and a long nasal cavity, and large columnar teeth lacking enamel. Dugongs inhabit the coastal waters of the Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and the Malay Archipelago. (From Scott, Concise Encyclopedia Biology, 1996)Rodentia: A mammalian order which consists of 29 families and many genera.Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.Elephants: Large mammals in the family Elephantidae, with columnar limbs, bulky bodies, and elongated snouts. They are the only surviving members of the PROBOSCIDEA MAMMALS.Phthiraptera: An order of small, wingless parasitic insects, commonly known as lice. The suborders include ANOPLURA (sucking lice); AMBLYCERA; ISCHNOCERA; and Rhynchophthirina (elephant and warthog lice).Catarrhini: An infraorder of PRIMATES comprised of the families CERCOPITHECIDAE (old world monkeys); HYLOBATIDAE (siamangs and GIBBONS); and HOMINIDAE (great apes and HUMANS). With the exception of humans, they all live exclusively in Africa and Asia.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Lemur: A genus of the family Lemuridae consisting of five species: L. catta (ring-tailed lemur), L. fulvus, L. macaco (acoumba or black lemur), L. mongoz (mongoose lemur), and L. variegatus (white lemur). Most members of this genus occur in forested areas on Madagascar and the Comoro Islands.Thiotrichaceae: A family of colorless sulfur bacteria in the order Thiotrichales, class GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA.Cold Climate: A climate characterized by COLD TEMPERATURE for a majority of the time during the year.Tarsiidae: The single family of PRIMATES in the infraorder TARSII, suborder HAPLORHINI. It is comprised of one genus, Tarsius, that inhabits southern Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, and the Philippines.Recycling: The extraction and recovery of usable or valuable material from scrap or other discarded materials. (from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed.)Ginkgo biloba: The only specie of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It is the source of extracts of medicinal interest, especially Egb 761. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species.Whales: Large marine mammals of the order CETACEA. In the past, they were commercially valued for whale oil, for their flesh as human food and in ANIMAL FEED and FERTILIZERS, and for baleen. Today, there is a moratorium on most commercial whaling, as all species are either listed as endangered or threatened.Tomography, X-Ray: Tomography using x-ray transmission.AfricaCalcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.Gnetophyta: A plant division of seed plants containing only a few members.Pongo pygmaeus: A species of orangutan, family HOMINIDAE, found in the forests on the island of Borneo.Myanmar: A republic of southeast Asia, northwest of Thailand, long familiar as Burma. Its capital is Yangon, formerly Rangoon. Inhabited by people of Mongolian stock and probably of Tibetan origin, by the 3d century A.D. it was settled by Hindus. The modern Burmese state was founded in the 18th century but was in conflict with the British during the 19th century. Made a crown colony of Great Britain in 1937, it was granted independence in 1947. In 1989 it became Myanmar. The name comes from myanma, meaning the strong, as applied to the Burmese people themselves. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p192 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p367)Pan paniscus: The pygmy chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family HOMINIDAE. Its common name is Bonobo, which was once considered a separate genus by some; others considered it a subspecies of PAN TROGLODYTES. Its range is confined to the forests of the central Zaire basin. Despite its name, it is often of equal size to P. troglodytes.ArgentinaAnimal Fins: Membranous appendage of fish and other aquatic organisms used for locomotion or balance.Tooth Attrition: The wearing away of a tooth as a result of tooth-to-tooth contact, as in mastication, occurring only on the occlusal, incisal, and proximal surfaces. It is chiefly associated with aging. It is differentiated from TOOTH ABRASION (the pathologic wearing away of the tooth substance by friction, as brushing, bruxism, clenching, and other mechanical causes) and from TOOTH EROSION (the loss of substance caused by chemical action without bacterial action). (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p86)Cytochromes b: Cytochromes of the b group that have alpha-band absorption of 563-564 nm. They occur as subunits in MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III.Humerus: Bone in humans and primates extending from the SHOULDER JOINT to the ELBOW JOINT.Clethraceae: A plant family of the order Ericales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida.Sharks: A group of elongate elasmobranchs. Sharks are mostly marine fish, with certain species large and voracious.Synchrotrons: Devices for accelerating protons or electrons in closed orbits where the accelerating voltage and magnetic field strength varies (the accelerating voltage is held constant for electrons) in order to keep the orbit radius constant.Pinaceae: A plant family of the order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta, known for the various conifers.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Carnivora: An order of MAMMALS, usually flesh eaters with appropriate dentition. Suborders include the terrestrial carnivores Fissipedia, and the aquatic carnivores PINNIPEDIA.Adaptation, Biological: Changes in biological features that help an organism cope with its ENVIRONMENT. These changes include physiological (ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL), phenotypic and genetic changes.Cebidae: A family of New World monkeys in the infraorder PLATYRRHINI, consisting of nine subfamilies: ALOUATTINAE; AOTINAE; Atelinae; Callicebinae; CALLIMICONINAE; CALLITRICHINAE; CEBINAE; Pithecinae; and SAIMIRINAE. They inhabit the forests of South and Central America, comprising the largest family of South American monkeys.Lycopodiaceae: The club-moss plant family of the order Lycopodiales, class Lycopodiopsida, division Lycopodiophyta, subkingdom Tracheobionta. The common name of clubmoss applies to several genera of this family. Despite the name this is not one of the true mosses (BRYOPSIDA).Carex Plant: A plant genus of the family CYPERACEAE. The seed contains oligostilbenes (STILBENES).Annelida: A phylum of metazoan invertebrates comprising the segmented worms, and including marine annelids (POLYCHAETA), freshwater annelids, earthworms (OLIGOCHAETA), and LEECHES. Only the leeches are of medical interest. (Dorland, 27th ed)Actinidiaceae: A plant family of the order Theales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is best known for Kiwi fruit (ACTINIDIA).Eukaryota: One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.Metacarpal Bones: The five cylindrical bones of the METACARPUS, articulating with the CARPAL BONES proximally and the PHALANGES OF FINGERS distally.Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants.Dental Enamel: A hard thin translucent layer of calcified substance which envelops and protects the dentin of the crown of the tooth. It is the hardest substance in the body and is almost entirely composed of calcium salts. Under the microscope, it is composed of thin rods (enamel prisms) held together by cementing substance, and surrounded by an enamel sheath. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.Molar: The most posterior teeth on either side of the jaw, totaling eight in the deciduous dentition (2 on each side, upper and lower), and usually 12 in the permanent dentition (three on each side, upper and lower). They are grinding teeth, having large crowns and broad chewing surfaces. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p821)Biogenesis: The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION.Environment: The external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population.Microscopy, Electron, Scanning: Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.Stramenopiles: A common name (but used formally) for a group of organisms that are mostly kinds of algae including BACILLARIOPHYTA; OOMYCETES; PHAEOPHYCEAE; and CHRYSOPHYCEAE. They all contain CHLOROPLASTS that are thought to have been derived from the endosymbiosis of ancient RED ALGAE.Marsupialia: An infraclass of MAMMALS, also called Metatheria, where the young are born at an early stage of development and continue to develop in a pouch (marsupium). In contrast to Eutheria (placentals), marsupials have an incomplete PLACENTA.Bahamas: A chain of islands, cays, and reefs in the West Indies, lying southeast of Florida and north of Cuba. It is an independent state, called also the Commonwealth of the Bahamas or the Bahama Islands. The name likely represents the local name Guanahani, itself of uncertain origin. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p106 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p45)Plant Leaves: Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)Models, Genetic: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Carbon Cycle: The cycle by which the element carbon is exchanged between organic matter and the earth's physical environment.Calibration: Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency or other output.Antarctic Regions: The continent lying around the South Pole and the southern waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. It includes the Falkland Islands Dependencies. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p55)Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)Cycadophyta: A division of GYMNOSPERMS which look like palm trees (ARECACEAE) but are more closely related to PINUS. They have large cones and large pinnate leaves and are sometimes called cycads, a term which may also refer more narrowly to cycadales or CYCAS.Fuel Oils: Complex petroleum hydrocarbons consisting mainly of residues from crude oil distillation. These liquid products include heating oils, stove oils, and furnace oils and are burned to generate energy.Sporangia: A structure found in plants, fungi, and algae, that produces and contains spores.Bermuda: A British colony in the western North Atlantic Ocean about 640 miles east southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. It comprises a group of about 300 islands of which only about 20 are inhabited. It is called also the Bermuda Islands or the Bermudas. It was named for the Spanish explorer Juan Bermudez who visited the islands in 1515. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p140 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p61)Gastropoda: A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of SNAILS and slugs. The former have coiled external shells and the latter usually lack shells.Tarsal Bones: The seven bones which form the tarsus - namely, CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid, navicular, and the internal, middle, and external cuneiforms.Polyplacophora: A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of flattened, elongated marine mollusks, commonly called chitons. They are unique in that they possess seven or eight separate shell plates.Cnidaria: A phylum of radially symmetrical invertebrates characterized by possession of stinging cells called nematocysts. It includes the classes ANTHOZOA; CUBOZOA; HYDROZOA, and SCYPHOZOA. Members carry CNIDARIAN VENOMS.Georgia (Republic)Genetic Variation: Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.Predatory Behavior: Instinctual behavior pattern in which food is obtained by killing and consuming other species.Nymphaeaceae: The sour gum plant family of the order Nymphaeales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. All have horizontal or hanging branches and broad alternate leaves, and they are dioecious (male and female flowers on different plants).Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Mongolia: The country is bordered by RUSSIA on the north and CHINA on the west, south, and east. The capita is Ulaanbaatar.Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.Urodela: An order of the Amphibia class which includes salamanders and newts. They are characterized by usually having slim bodies and tails, four limbs of about equal size (except in Sirenidae), and a reduction in skull bones.Extraction and Processing Industry: The industry concerned with the removal of raw materials from the Earth's crust and with their conversion into refined products.Oxygen Isotopes: Stable oxygen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element oxygen, but differ in atomic weight. O-17 and 18 are stable oxygen isotopes.Volcanic Eruptions: The ash, dust, gases, and lava released by volcanic explosion. The gases are volatile matter composed principally of about 90% water vapor, and carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen. The ash or dust is pyroclastic ejecta and lava is molten extrusive material consisting mainly of magnesium silicate. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Ursidae: The family of carnivorous or omnivorous bears, having massive bodies, coarse heavy fur, relatively short limbs, and almost rudimentary tails.Population Dynamics: The pattern of any process, or the interrelationship of phenomena, which affects growth or change within a population.Mediterranean Islands: Scattered islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The chief islands are the Balearic Islands (belong to Spain; Majorca and Minorca are among these), Corsica (belongs to France), Crete (belongs to Greece), CYPRUS (a republic), the Cyclades, Dodecanese and Ionian Islands (belong to Greece), MALTA (a republic), Sardinia and SICILY (belong to Italy). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p747)Snakes: Limbless REPTILES of the suborder Serpentes.Felidae: The cat family in the order CARNIVORA comprised of muscular, deep-chested terrestrial carnivores with a highly predatory lifestyle.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Climate Change: Any significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature, precipitation, or wind) lasting for an extended period (decades or longer). It may result from natural factors such as changes in the sun's intensity, natural processes within the climate system such as changes in ocean circulation, or human activities.Polygonaceae: The only family of the buckwheat order (Polygonales) of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It has 40 genera of herbs, shrubs, and trees.Bivalvia: A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of mussels; clams; OYSTERS; COCKLES; and SCALLOPS. They are characterized by a bilaterally symmetrical hinged shell and a muscular foot used for burrowing and anchoring.Eucalyptus: A genus of trees of the Myrtaceae family, native to Australia, that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics.Carbon: A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.Wood: A product of hard secondary xylem composed of CELLULOSE, hemicellulose, and LIGNANS, that is under the bark of trees and shrubs. It is used in construction and as a source of CHARCOAL and many other products.Siberia: A region, north-central Asia, largely in Russia. It extends from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean and from the Arctic Ocean to central Kazakhstan and the borders of China and Mongolia.Global Warming: Increase in the temperature of the atmosphere near the Earth's surface and in the troposphere, which can contribute to changes in global climate patterns.Africa, Eastern: The geographical area of Africa comprising BURUNDI; DJIBOUTI; ETHIOPIA; KENYA; RWANDA; SOMALIA; SUDAN; TANZANIA; and UGANDA.Indonesia: A republic stretching from the Indian Ocean east to New Guinea, comprising six main islands: Java, Sumatra, Bali, Kalimantan (the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo), Sulawesi (formerly known as the Celebes) and Irian Jaya (the western part of New Guinea). Its capital is Djakarta. The ethnic groups living there are largely Chinese, Arab, Eurasian, Indian, and Pakistani; 85% of the peoples are of the Islamic faith.Seed Dispersal: The various physical methods which include wind, insects, animals, tension, and water, by which a plant scatters its seeds away from the parent plant.MontanaFeeding Behavior: Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.GreenlandCranial Sinuses: Large endothelium-lined venous channels situated between the two layers of DURA MATER, the endosteal and the meningeal layers. They are devoid of valves and are parts of the venous system of dura mater. Major cranial sinuses include a postero-superior group (such as superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, transverse, and occipital) and an antero-inferior group (such as cavernous, petrosal, and basilar plexus).Cercopithecidae: The family of Old World monkeys and baboons consisting of two subfamilies: CERCOPITHECINAE and COLOBINAE. They are found in Africa and part of Asia.Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.Wing

Evolutionary and preservational constraints on origins of biologic groups: divergence times of eutherian mammals. (1/2344)

Some molecular clock estimates of divergence times of taxonomic groups undergoing evolutionary radiation are much older than the groups' first observed fossil record. Mathematical models of branching evolution are used to estimate the maximal rate of fossil preservation consistent with a postulated missing history, given the sum of species durations implied by early origins under a range of species origination and extinction rates. The plausibility of postulated divergence times depends on origination, extinction, and preservation rates estimated from the fossil record. For eutherian mammals, this approach suggests that it is unlikely that many modern orders arose much earlier than their oldest fossil records.  (+info)

X chromosome evidence for ancient human histories. (2/2344)

Diverse African and non-African samples of the X-linked PDHA1 (pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit) locus revealed a fixed DNA sequence difference between the two sample groups. The age of onset of population subdivision appears to be about 200 thousand years ago. This predates the earliest modern human fossils, suggesting the transformation to modern humans occurred in a subdivided population. The base of the PDHA1 gene tree is relatively ancient, with an estimated age of 1.86 million years, a late Pliocene time associated with early species of Homo. PDHA1 revealed very low variation among non-Africans, but in other respects the data are consistent with reports from other X-linked and autosomal haplotype data sets. Like these other genes, but in conflict with microsatellite and mitochondrial data, PDHA1 does not show evidence of human population expansion.  (+info)

Predicting protein decomposition: the case of aspartic-acid racemization kinetics. (3/2344)

The increase in proportion of the non-biological (D-) isomer of aspartic acid (Asp) relative to the L-isomer has been widely used in archaeology and geochemistry as a tool for dating. the method has proved controversial, particularly when used for bones. The non-linear kinetics of Asp racemization have prompted a number of suggestions as to the underlying mechanism(s) and have led to the use of mathematical transformations which linearize the increase in D-Asp with respect to time. Using one example, a suggestion that the initial rapid phase of Asp racemization is due to a contribution from asparagine (Asn), we demonstrate how a simple model of the degradation and racemization of Asn can be used to predict the observed kinetics. A more complex model of peptide bound Asx (Asn + Asp) racemization, which occurs via the formation of a cyclic succinimide (Asu), can be used to correctly predict Asx racemization kinetics in proteins at high temperatures (95-140 degrees C). The model fails to predict racemization kinetics in dentine collagen at 37 degrees C. The reason for this is that Asu formation is highly conformation dependent and is predicted to occur extremely slowly in triple helical collagen. As conformation strongly influences the rate of Asu formation and hence Asx racemization, the use of extrapolation from high temperatures to estimate racemization kinetics of Asx in proteins below their denaturation temperature is called into question. In the case of archaeological bone, we argue that the D:L ratio of Asx reflects the proportion of non-helical to helical collagen, overlain by the effects of leaching of more soluble (and conformationally unconstrained) peptides. Thus, racemization kinetics in bone are potentially unpredictable, and the proposed use of Asx racemization to estimate the extent of DNA depurination in archaeological bones is challenged.  (+info)

Preservation of key biomolecules in the fossil record: current knowledge and future challenges. (4/2344)

We have developed a model based on the analyses of modern and Pleistocene eggshells and mammalian bones which can be used to understand the preservation of amino acids and other important biomolecules such as DNA in fossil specimens. The model is based on the following series of diagenetic reactions and processes involving amino acids: the hydrolysis of proteins and the subsequent loss of hydrolysis products from the fossil matrix with increasing geologic age; the racemization of amino acids which produces totally racemized amino acids in 10(5)-10(6) years in most environments on the Earth; the introduction of contaminants into the fossil that lowers the enantiomeric (D:L) ratios produced via racemization; and the condensation reactions between amino acids, as well as other compounds with primary amino groups, and sugars which yield humic acid-like polymers. This model was used to evaluate whether useful amino acid and DNA sequence information is preserved in a variety of human, amber-entombed insect and dinosaur specimens. Most skeletal remains of evolutionary interest with respect to the origin of modern humans are unlikely to preserve useful biomolecular information although those from high latitude sites may be an exception. Amber-entombed insects contain well-preserved unracemized amino acids, apparently because of the anhydrous nature of the amber matrix, and thus may contain DNA fragments which have retained meaningful genetic information. Dinosaur specimens contain mainly exogenous amino acids, although traces of endogenous amino acids may be present in some cases. Future ancient biomolecule research which takes advantage of new methologies involving, for example, humic acid cleaving reagents and microchip-based DNA-protein detection and sequencing, along with investigations of very slow biomolecule diagenetic reactions such as the racemization of isoleucine at the beta-carbon, will lead to further enhancements of our understanding of biomolecule preservation in the fossil record.  (+info)

Early medieval cattle remains from a Scandinavian settlement in Dublin: genetic analysis and comparison with extant breeds. (5/2344)

A panel of cattle bones excavated from the 1000-year-old Viking Fishamble Street site in Dublin was assessed for the presence of surviving mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Eleven of these bones gave amplifiable mtDNA and a portion of the hypervariable control region was determined for each specimen. A comparative analysis was performed with control region sequences from five extant Nordic and Irish cattle breeds. The medieval population displayed similar levels of mtDNA diversity to modern European breeds. However, a number of novel mtDNA haplotypes were also detected in these bone samples. In addition, the presence of a putative ancestral sequence at high frequency in the medieval population supports an early post-domestication expansion of cattle in Europe.  (+info)

New evidence from Le Moustier 1: computer-assisted reconstruction and morphometry of the skull. (6/2344)

In this study, we present a new computerized reconstruction of the Le Moustier 1 Neanderthal skull and discuss its significance for Neanderthal growth and variability. Because of the precarious state of preservation of the original material, we applied entirely noninvasive methods of fossil reconstruction and morphometry, using a combination of computed tomography, computer graphics, and stereolithography. After electronic restoration, the isolated original pieces were recomposed on the computer screen using external and internal anatomical clues to position the bone fragments and mirror images to complete missing parts. The inferred effects of general compressive deformation that occurred during fossilization were corrected by virtual decompression of the skull. The resulting new reconstruction of the Le Moustier 1 skull shows morphologic features close to the typical Neanderthal adult state. Residual asymmetry of skeletal parts can be traced to in vivo skeletal modification: the left mandibular joint shows signs of a healed condylar fracture, and the anatomy of the occipital region suggests mild plagiocephaly. Using micro-CT analysis, the left incus could be recovered from the matrix filling of the middle ear cavity. Its morphometric dimensions are similar to those of the La Ferrassie III incus. The morphometric characteristics of the inner ear deviate substantially from the condition reported as typical for Neanderthals and fall within the range of modern human variability.  (+info)

Evolutionary patterns from mass originations and mass extinctions. (7/2344)

The Fossil Record 2 database gives a stratigraphic range of most known animal and plant families. We have used it to plot the number of families extant through time and argue for an exponential fit, rather than a logistic one, on the basis of power spectra of the residuals from the exponential. The times of origins and extinctions, when plotted for all families of marine and terrestrial organisms over the last 600 Myr, reveal different origination and extinction peaks. This suggests that patterns of biological evolution are driven by its own internal dynamics as well as responding to upsets from external causes. Spectral analysis shows that the residuals from the exponential model of the marine system are more consistent with 1/f noise suggesting that self-organized criticality phenomena may be involved.  (+info)

Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids. (8/2344)

The Hata Member of the Bouri Formation is defined for Pliocene sedimentary outcrops in the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. The Hata Member is dated to 2.5 million years ago and has produced a new species of Australopithecus and hominid postcranial remains not currently assigned to species. Spatially associated zooarchaeological remains show that hominids acquired meat and marrow by 2.5 million years ago and that they are the near contemporary of Oldowan artifacts at nearby Gona. The combined evidence suggests that behavioral changes associated with lithic technology and enhanced carnivory may have been coincident with the emergence of the Homo clade from Australopithecus afarensis in eastern Africa.  (+info)

Transient dwarfism of soil fauna during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal MaximumTransient dwarfism of soil fauna during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum
Soil organisms, as recorded by trace fossils in paleosols of the Willwood Formation, Wyoming, show significant body-size reductions and increased abundances during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Paleobotanical, paleopedologic, and oxygen isotope studies indicate high temperatures during the PETM and sharp declines in precipitation compared with late Paleocene estimates. Insect and oligochaete burrows increase in abundance during the PETM, suggesting longer periods of soil development and improved drainage conditions. Crayfish burrows and molluscan body fossils, abundant below and above the PETM interval, are significantly less abundant during the PETM, likely because of drier floodplain conditions and lower water tables. Burrow diameters of the most abundant ichnofossils are 30-46% smaller within the PETM interval. As burrow size is a proxy for body size, significant reductions in burrow diameter suggest that their tracemakers were smaller bodied. Smaller body sizes may have resulted from
Pleistocene Fossil SpecimensPleistocene Fossil Specimens
... for sale here exhibiting the various specimens from this important epoch which was the period just before the present. It included many famous fauna such as sabre toothed cats, woolly mammoths, woolly rhinos, sloths, whales and even early humans. In this section, fossils such as teeth, bones and more can be viewed.
Exceptional preservation of palaeozoic steroids in a diagenetic continuumExceptional preservation of palaeozoic steroids in a diagenetic continuum
The occurrence of intact sterols has been restricted to immature Cretaceous (~125 Ma) sediments with one report from the Late Jurassic (~165 Ma). Here we report the oldest occurrence of intact sterols in a Crustacean fossil preserved for ca. 380 Ma within a Devonian concretion. The exceptional preservation of the biomass is attributed to microbially induced carbonate encapsulation, preventing full decomposition and transformation thus extending sterol occurrences in the geosphere by 250 Ma. A suite of diagenetic transformation products of sterols was also identified in the concretion, demonstrating the remarkable coexistence of biomolecules and geomolecules in the same sample. Most importantly the original biolipids were found to be the most abundant steroids in the sample. We attribute the coexistence of steroids in a diagenetic continuum-ranging from stenols to triaromatic steroids-to microbially mediated eogenetic processes.. ...
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in Mangyshlak, U.S.S.R. | Geological Magazine | GeoScienceWorldCretaceous-Tertiary boundary in Mangyshlak, U.S.S.R. | Geological Magazine | GeoScienceWorld
D. P. Naidin; The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in Mangyshlak, U.S.S.R.. Geological Magazine ; 124 (1): 13-19. doi: Download citation file:. ...
Statistical analysis of post mortem DNA damage-derived miscoding lesions in Neandertal mitochondrial DNA | BMC Research Notes |...Statistical analysis of post mortem DNA damage-derived miscoding lesions in Neandertal mitochondrial DNA | BMC Research Notes |...
We have analysed the distribution of post mortem DNA damage derived miscoding lesions from the datasets of seven published Neandertal specimens that have extensive cloned sequence coverage over the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable region 1 (HVS1). The analysis was restricted to C→T and G→A miscoding lesions (the predominant manifestation of post mortem damage) that are seen at a frequency of more than one clone among sequences from a single PCR, but do not represent the true endogenous sequence. The data indicates an extreme bias towards C→T over G→A miscoding lesions (observed ratio of 67:2 compared to an expected ratio of 7:2), implying that the mtDNA Light strand molecule suffers proportionally more damage-derived miscoding lesions than the Heavy strand. The clustering of Cs in the Light strand as opposed to the singleton pattern of Cs in the Heavy strand could explain the observed bias, a phenomenon that could be further tested with non-PCR based approaches. The characterization of
Are thickened cranial bones and equal participation of the three structural bone layers autapomorphic traits of Homo erectus?Are thickened cranial bones and equal participation of the three structural bone layers autapomorphic traits of Homo erectus?
Numerous studies have proposed different lists of morphological features to define the species of Homo erectus; among these, some are considered to be autapomorphic. The intention of this study is to discuss two of these possible autapomorphic traits: thickened cranial bones and equal participation of the three structural bone layers (inner and outer tables, diploe) in this thickening. This study brings new information concerning cranial vault thickness and structural composition in the mid-sagittal plane of some Asian Homo erectus. The Ngandong and Sambungmacan fossils, as well as the Zhoukoudian and Sangiran individuals, have cranial vault thickness values within the range of variation observed in our Homo sapiens comparative sample. Moreover, even if the frontal and sagittal keels in Homo erectus constitute a relief on the external cranial vault surface, they do not necessary correspond to a real thickening of the underlying bone. The diploic layer principally contributes to their internal
A new late Ediacaran fossil assemblage | Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological SciencesA new late Ediacaran fossil assemblage | Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
Although the taxonomic affinities of the tubular body fossils, erniettomorphs and other problematic body fossils are not well understood, the data presented herein and in other recent fossil reports [21,32,65,71-73] from late Ediacaran strata in a range of taphonomic modes (e.g. pyritization, carbonaceous compressions, casts and moulds) have made it increasingly apparent that a morphologically diverse assemblage of macroscopic organisms comprising at least two disparate phyla existed at the end of the Ediacaran Period. Specifically, the co-occurrences of Ernietta, Conotubus, Corumbella, and Gaojiashania in terminal Ediacaran strata in Nevada biostratigraphically link a number of late Ediacaran fossil localities globally to validate the existence of a distinctive cosmopolitan biotic assemblage at the close of the Proterozoic, providing support that the Nama assemblage represents true biological turnover within the Ediacaran Period rather than reflecting provincial, palaeoecological or taphonomic ...
Integrated Paleocene calcareous plankton magnetobiochronology and stable isotope stratigraphy: DSDP Site 384 (NW Atlantic Ocean...Integrated Paleocene calcareous plankton magnetobiochronology and stable isotope stratigraphy: DSDP Site 384 (NW Atlantic Ocean...
At Deep Sea Drilling Site 384 (J-Anomaly Ridge, Grand Banks Continental Rise, NW Atlantic Ocean) Paleocene nannofossil chalks and oozes (similar to 70 m thick) are unconformably/disconformably underlain (similar to 168 m; upper Maastrichtian) and overlain (similar to 98.7 m; upper lower Eocene) by sediments of comparable lithologies. The chalks are more indurated in stratigraphically higher levels of the Paleocene reflecting increasing amounts of biosiliceous (radiolarians and diatoms) components. This site serves as an excellent location for an integrated calcareous and siliceous microfossil zonal stratigraphy and stable isotope stratigraphy. We report the results of a magnetostratigraphic study which, when incorporated with published magnetostratigraphic results, reveals an essentially complete magnetostratigraphic record spanning the interval from Magnetochron C31n (late Maastrichtian) to C25n (partim) (late Paleocene, Thanetian). Integrated magnetobiochronology and stable isotope ...
U-Pb and Re-Os geochronology of the Aptian/Albian and Cenomanian/Turonian stage boundaries : implications for timescale...U-Pb and Re-Os geochronology of the Aptian/Albian and Cenomanian/Turonian stage boundaries : implications for timescale...
Presented is the first absolute age for the basal Albian from the Schwicheldt Ton Member, Gault Formation, Vöhrum, Germany. A 206Pb/238U age of 113.1 ± 0.3 Ma is determined for chemically abraded zircon from a tuff horizon 65 cm above the Aptian/Albian boundary. The new U-Pb age, although within uncertainty of the GTS 2008 determination (112 ± 1 Ma), is nominally older. The younger GTS 2008 basal Albian age is obtained from cyclostratigraphy using an 40Ar-39Ar age from the base Cenomanian. The nominal difference between the GTS 2008 age and new basal Albian age is consistent with the documented ca. 0.65% bias between U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. The new 206Pb/238U age calls into question a recently published age for the basal Albian (106.9 ± 0.4 Ma) determined from K-Ar glauconite analysis, as well as the K-Ar age for the GL-O international standard. Rhenium-osmium isotope analysis of the basal Albian grey clay of the Schwicheldt Ton Member, Gault Formation and basal Turonian grey shale ...
Small-scale diagenetic facies heterogeneity controls porosity and permeability pattern in reservoir sandstonesSmall-scale diagenetic facies heterogeneity controls porosity and permeability pattern in reservoir sandstones
The fluvial-aeolian Upper Rotliegend sandstones from the Bebertal outcrop (Flechtingen High, Germany) are the famous reservoir analog for the deeply buried Upper Rotliegend gas reservoirs of the Southern Permian Basin. While most diagenetic and reservoir quality investigations are conducted on a meter scale, there is an emerging consensus that significant reservoir heterogeneity is inherited from diagenetic complexity at smaller scales. In this study, we utilize information about diagenetic products and processes at the pore- and plug-scale and analyze their impact on the heterogeneity of porosity, permeability, and cement patterns. Eodiagenetic poikilitic calcite cements, illite/iron oxide grain coatings, and the amount of infiltrated clay are responsible for mm- to cm-scale reservoir heterogeneities in the Parchim formation of the Upper Rotliegend sandstones. Using the Petrel E&P software platform, spatial fluctuations and spatial variations of permeability, porosity, and calcite cements are ...
JAIRO | Diagenetic overprint to a negative carbon isotope anomaly associated with the Gaskiers glaciation of the Ediacaran...JAIRO | Diagenetic overprint to a negative carbon isotope anomaly associated with the Gaskiers glaciation of the Ediacaran...
Diagenetic overprint to a negative carbon isotope anomaly associated with the Gaskiers glaciation of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in South ChinaDiagenetic overprint to a negative carbon isotope anomaly associated with the Gaskiers glaciation of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in South China ...
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary events; Copenhagen | Paleobiology | GeoScienceWorldCretaceous-Tertiary boundary events; Copenhagen | Paleobiology | GeoScienceWorld
The Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary interval, Raton Basin, Colorado and New Mexico, and its content of shock-metamorphosed minerals; Evidence relevant to the K/T boundary impact-extinction ...
Mark Witton.com Blog: New paper: pterosaur palaeoecology, as told by the fossil recordMark Witton.com Blog: New paper: pterosaur palaeoecology, as told by the fossil record
We wouldnt be scientists if we didnt ask ourselves why this is. I dont think its simply a sampling issue. The pterosaur record is not great, but we are talking about several thousand specimens now - enough that we might start looking at what we dont have as well as what we do. So why does Rhamphorhynchus show 10 palaeoecologically-relevant fossils, but other Solnhofen species only preserve one confirmed piece of gut content? Why do azhdarchids, which are never found in sites of exception preservation and are generally only known from bits and pieces, have a better record than those lineages which are abundant, represented by dozens of complete skeletons, and often found in sites of exceptional preservation? Interestingly, theres no obvious correlation between factors like abundance, preservation quality and palaeoecological data. Several lineages - the ctenochasmatoids (wading pterodactyloids), the rhamphorhynchids (excluding Rhamphorhynchus) and ornithocheiroids (excluding Pteranodon) - ...
Mesozoic Birds--Early Evolution and Completeness of Fossil RecordMesozoic Birds--Early Evolution and Completeness of Fossil Record
From: Ben Creisler [email protected] New in PLoS ONE: Neil Brocklehurst, Paul Upchurch, Philip D. Mannion & Jingmai OConnor (2012) The Completeness of the Fossil Record of Mesozoic Birds: Implications for Early Avian Evolution. PLoS ONE 7(6): e39056. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039056 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039056 Many palaeobiological analyses have concluded that modern birds (Neornithes) radiated no earlier than the Maastrichtian, whereas molecular clock studies have argued for a much earlier origination. Here, we assess the quality of the fossil record of Mesozoic avian species, using a recently proposed character completeness metric which calculates the percentage of phylogenetic characters that can be scored for each taxon. Estimates of fossil record quality are plotted against geological time and compared to estimates of species level diversity, sea level, and depositional environment. Geographical controls on the avian fossil record are ...
Bringing fossils into focus - LMU MunichBringing fossils into focus - LMU Munich
Modern imaging methods make it possible to perform detailed, non-invasive studies on the internal structures of irreplaceable fossil specimens. Researchers led by Dr. Yu Liu of LMUs Department of Biology II now demonstrate the power of this approach by using computed microtomography (micro-CT) to investigate a specimen recovered from the famous fossil beds of Chengjiang in southwestern China. The results of the study, which appear in the online Open Access journal "Scientific Reports", demonstrate the ability of micro-CT to reveal anatomical details preserved inside fossil slabs.. The fossil Lagerstätte Chengjiang in China is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which harbors a rich fossil assemblage dating from 520 million years ago. The rocks preserved here are among the oldest that document the so-called Cambrian explosion - the relatively abrupt appearance of a highly diverse, species-rich multicellular fauna in the fossil record. And many of the specimens discovered in these beds are extremely ...
Index of /Fossil Sites/ChengjiangIndex of /Fossil Sites/Chengjiang
Parent Directory - AA-text/ 19-Jan-2015 11:16 - Acanthomeridion-serr.., 01-Jan-2015 12:05 - Acosmia-maotiania/ 19-Jul-2014 17:43 - Alalcomenaeus/ 01-May-2015 05:48 - Anomalocarididae.htm 19-Jul-2014 17:43 632 Anomalocarididae.jpg 19-Jul-2014 17:43 85K Anomalocarididae188.jpg 19-Jul-2014 17:43 8.9K Anomalocaris-saron/ 19-Jul-2014 17:43 - Anomalocaris.jpg 19-Jul-2014 17:43 11K Banffia-confusa/ 19-Jul-2014 17:44 - Canadaspis-laevigata/ 19-Jul-2014 17:44 - Cardiodictyon-catenu.., 19-Jul-2014 17:44 - Chengjiang-Biota.htm 25-Oct-2015 13:26 33K Chengjiang-Fossils.htm 24-Nov-2015 01:38 44K Chengjiang.jpg 19-Jul-2014 17:44 18K Chengjiang188.jpg 19-Jul-2014 17:44 7.0K Chengjiangocaris-lon.., 19-Jul-2014 17:44 - Cindarella-eucalla/ 19-Jul-2014 17:45 - Clypecaris-pteroidea/ 19-Jul-2014 17:45 - Combinivalvula-cheng.., 19-Jul-2014 17:45 - Corynetis-brevis/ 19-Jul-2014 17:45 - Cotyledion-tylodes/ 19-Jul-2014 17:45 - Cricocosmia-jinninge.., 19-Jul-2014 17:46 - Eldonia-eumorpha/ 19-Jul-2014 17:46 - ...
Distribution Characteristics of Geologic Age and Rock Type of Bedrocks at the National Wood Culture Heritage Site by GIS |...Distribution Characteristics of Geologic Age and Rock Type of Bedrocks at the National Wood Culture Heritage Site by GIS |...
Distribution Characteristics of Geologic Age and Rock Type of Bedrocks at the National Wood Culture Heritage Site by GIS - Wood culture heritage;Geologic age;Geologic province;Rock type(Jgr, Qa, Kp, Krt+Kav+Kav1+Kav2, Kbgr and GC2);
Plus itPlus it
Continental-dominated successions are often poorly constrained stratigraphically due to a lack of robust biostratigraphic markers. This study provides the first dataset of δ13Corg together with magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic data from a thick continental-dominated succession at Lairière (northern Pyrenees, France). This section encompasses the latest Cretaceous up to the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum interval and is characterized by fluvial deposits, occasionally intercalated with continental carbonates, lacustrine deltaic deposits and shallow marine sediments. This work identifies δ13Corg events and assigns them to global δ13C geochemical events defined in Pyrenean and Tethyan marine successions, in which the stage boundaries are well calibrated. As the isotopic measurements are performed on dispersed organic matter in sedimentary rocks with a low organic content, we propose that analyses of the signal should take into consideration the depositional environment because ...
Une surprise pour les scientifiques ! « RealClimateUne surprise pour les scientifiques ! « RealClimate
In 16. I asked: Are the authors suggesting that the enhancement in global temperature by about 5 Deg C near the time of the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) 55 million years ago (mya) may have been largely due to a global transformation in vegetation from one associated mainly with a temperate climate to one associated mainly with a tropical and subtropical global climate? In his Response to my question gavin replied: Not possible. The amounts of carbon released at the PETM are roughly 3 times the total amount of terrestrial biomass - it therefore needed a completely different source of carbon. - gavin]. However, my question in 16. pertained to an "enhancement" in global temperature (by about 5 Deg C), not the full extent of the rise in global temperature to the PETM.. From Zanchos(2005), … "During the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM), sea surface temperatures (SST) rose by 5° C in the tropics and as much as 9° C at high latitudes (1-3), whereas bottom-waters temperatures ...
Quiels Thoughts: September 2008Quiel's Thoughts: September 2008
3. The Cambrian "Explosion" - Nearly all animal phyla made their first appearance in the fossil record at essentially the same time, an interval of some 5 million years (about 525 to 530 million years ago) called the "Cambrian Explosion." Scientists have found that these early fossils exhibit more anatomical body designs than exist today, and that early animals, the trilobites, had eyes as fully developed as their counterparts today. Many of the Cambrian fauna, still survive today, all looking much like they did over 500 million years ago. The prominent British evolutionist, Richard Dawkins, comments, "… [W]e find many of them already in an advanced state of evolution, the very first time they appear. It is as though they were just planted there, without any evolutionary history." Two places in the world that have an abundance of early (Cambrian) fossils; the Burgess Shale in the Canadian Rockies and the Chengjiang site in China. In Stephen J. Goulds popular book, Wonderful Life, he points ...
RESEARCH - Timothy BralowerRESEARCH - Timothy Bralower
The Paleogene is a significant climatic transition from a warm, "greenhouse" Earth to one in which sizeable glaciers advanced on Antarctica. My research program in this area has focused on the long-term climatic change, but more recently on transient warming events that occurred within this transition. The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) event is among the most rapid and transient (~170 thousand year long) warming events known from the geologic record. Thus this is one of the best intervals for geologists to contribute to the understanding of the impacts of present global warming on life. My students and I have been involved in the study of the impact of warming and changing ocean circulation during the PETM on life in the oceans. This work is based on the recovery of unique records from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program sites and more recently in shelf sections from the Atlantic coastal plain.. ...
Diagenetic evolution and porosity destruction of turbiditic hybrid arenites and siliciclastic sandstones of foreland basins:...Diagenetic evolution and porosity destruction of turbiditic hybrid arenites and siliciclastic sandstones of foreland basins:...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Diagenetic evolution and porosity destruction of turbiditic hybrid arenites and siliciclastic sandstones of foreland basins. T2 - Evidence from the Eocene Hecho Group, Pyrenees, Spain. AU - Mansurbeg, H.. AU - Caja, M. A.. AU - Marfil, R.. AU - Morad, S.. AU - Remacha, E.. AU - Garcia, D.. AU - Martín-Crespo, T.. AU - El-Ghali, M. A K. AU - Nystuen, J. P.. PY - 2009/9. Y1 - 2009/9. N2 - This study aims to unravel the impact of diagenetic alterations on porosity loss of foreland-basin turbiditic hybrid arenites and associated siliciclastic sandstones of the Eocene Hecho Group (south-central Pyrenees, Spain). In this succession, hybrid arenites and calclithites are extensively cemented by mesogenetic calcite cement (δ 180 VPDB = -10.0% 0 to -5.8% 0; T h, mode = 80° C; salinity mode = 18.8 wt% eq. NaCl), Fe-dolomite (δ 18O VPDB = -8.5% 0 to -6.3% 0) and trace amounts of siderite. The extent of carbonate cementation is interpreted to be related to the amounts of extrabasinal and ...
New evidence of global warming in Earth s past supports greenhouse climate theory - Innovations ReportNew evidence of global warming in Earth s past supports greenhouse climate theory - Innovations Report
The study provides important backing for the climate models that scientists are using to predict the effects of the current rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide due to industrial emissions, Zachos said. "The predictions from the models seem to be consistent with the geologic record, so I d say greenhouse climate theory is alive and well," he said. "People have raised questions about how accurate these models are in terms of handling heat transport in response to rising greenhouse gases, but this study indicates that the climate people have got it right or close to right." The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, starting about 55 million years ago and lasting about 150,000 years, is marked by dramatic changes in the fossil record of life in the ocean and on land. Average global temperatures increased by about 5 degrees Celsius (9 degrees Fahrenheit). The increase in sea surface temperatures at high latitudes was 8 to 10 degrees Celsius, and the new study shows a 4- to 5-degree Celsius increase in ...
There is no Controversy - evolgenThere is no Controversy - evolgen
Are There Disagreements Between the Fossil Record and Molecular Data?. Molecular biologists have a tradition of reworking a lot of the evolutionary relationships and timescales that morphologists and paleontologists worked so hard to figure out. This can really piss off the non-molecular folks, but I prefer to think of it as a cooperative relationship. The molecular clock, for example, would not be possible without calibration from the fossil record. It is important to note that molecular and morphological data tell two different stories, which I outline below the fold . . .. When I wrote that the Cambrian Explosion never happened, I did not mean that the Cambrian Explosion never happened - I meant, the Cambrian Explosion never happened. Confused? Well, it all depends on how we define the Cambrian Explosion. My preferred definition of the Cambrian Explosion is "The sudden appearance of many animal body plans in the fossil record." (Of, course, by sudden we mean over the span of millions of ...
The influence of transgression and regression on the spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic kaolin in the Upper...The influence of transgression and regression on the spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic kaolin in the Upper...
Development of a predictive model for the distribution of diagenetic alterations and related evolution of reservoir quality of sandstones was achieved by integrating the knowledge of diagenesis to sequence stratigraphy. This approach allows a better elucidation of the distribution of eogenetic alterations within sequence stratigraphy, because changes in the relative sea level induce changes to: (i) pore water chemistry, (ii) residence time of sediments under certain near-surface geochemical conditions, (iii) variations in the detrital composition, and (iv) amounts and type of organic matter.. This thesis revealed that eogenetic alterations, which are linked to sequence stratigraphy and have an impact on reservoir quality evolution, include formation of: (i) pseudomatrix and mechanically infiltrated clays in fluvial sandstones of the lowstand and highstand systems tracts (LST and HST, respectively), (ii) kaolinite in tide-dominated deltaic and foreshore-shoreface sandstones of HST, Gilbert-type ...
Category:New fossil species 2015 - WikispeciesCategory:New fossil species 2015 - Wikispecies
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. ...
Modelling the permeability evolution of carbonate rocks: Diagenetic back-stripping</em>...Modelling the permeability evolution of carbonate rocks: Diagenetic 'back-stripping'</em>...
TY - CONF. T1 - Modelling the permeability evolution of carbonate rocks. T2 - AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition. AU - Wood, Rachel A.. AU - van der Land, Cees. AU - van Dijke, Rink. AU - Jiang, Zeyun. AU - Corbett, Patrick William Michael. PY - 2014/4. Y1 - 2014/4. N2 - Diagenesis is a major control on the porosity and permeability characteristics of carbonate rocks, and therefore significantly impacts fluid flow in the subsurface. Diagenetically-modified carbonates often show highly heterogeneous and tortuous pore networks, such that conversion from porosity to permeability to multi-phase flow properties is far from straightforward. This means that there is often a mismatch between static and dynamic properties as insufficient emphasis is placed on the control of petrophysical properties that result from the diagenetic evolution of the rock. There is therefore a clear need to link both conceptual depositional and diagenetic models with the evolution of flow properties. While changes in ...
Project MUSE - Language and Power in the Early Middle AgesProject MUSE - Language and Power in the Early Middle Ages
The eminent historian Patrick J. Geary has written a provocative book, based on lectures delivered at the Historical Society of Israel about the role of language and ideology in the study and history of the early Middle Ages. He includes a fascinating discussion of the rush by nationalist philologists to rediscover the medieval roots of their respective vernaculars, the rivalry between vernacular languages and Latin to act as transmitters of Christian sacred texts and administrative documents, and the rather sloppy and ad hoc emergence in different places of the vernacular as the local administrative idiom. This is a fascinating look at the weakness of language as a force for unity: ideology, church authority, and emerging secular power always trumped language ...
High-precision timeline for Earths most severe extinction | PNASHigh-precision timeline for Earth's most severe extinction | PNAS
The efficacy of many proposed kill mechanisms, such as synchronous sea surface and atmospheric temperature increase, rapid rise in pCO2, and flooding of shelf areas with anoxic and euxinic waters, depends on rate of change and on precisely when they occur relative to the onset of extinction (9, 34, 35). For example, it is crucial to know whether the ∼10 °C increase in sea surface temperature close to the extinction interval slightly predates or postdates the onset of the mass extinction (9, 33) (Fig. S1). More detailed study of the relationship between temperature increase and extinction is needed from less condensed sections than Meishan to evaluate whether temperature leads or lags the extinction and the relationship between temperature rise and changes in the carbonate carbon isotopic record. Using the maximum extinction duration of ∼60 ka, this suggests an ∼1 °C increase per 6,000 y, comparable to the rate and magnitude of the increase at the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) ...
The fossil record - Evolution - Fossil HuntersThe fossil record - Evolution - Fossil Hunters
Fossils are the preserved remains of the bodies of dead organisms or the remains of the organisms actions - things such as footprints or burrows. The total of all fossils is called the fossil record. The fossil record informs scientists about evolution in several important ways:. i In the past, creatures that we dont find today lived on the planet.. i Not all creatures alive today are represented in the past.. i Through time, the physical complexity of organisms has increased. The earliest organisms that scientists can identify were single celled; now complex creatures exist.. i The earliest forms of life were aquatic; terrestrial forms appeared later.. The fossil record, incomplete though it may be, is a record of change through time. This record gives us clues to the progression of the development of life on Earth: Small single-celled organisms evolved into more complex ones; life started in the oceans and only later moved onto dry land. The fossil record provides a rough draft of the tree ...
Recharacterization of ancient DNA miscoding lesions: Insights in the era of sequencing-by-synthesis - Fingerprint - Penn...Recharacterization of ancient DNA miscoding lesions: Insights in the era of sequencing-by-synthesis - Fingerprint - Penn...
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Recharacterization of ancient DNA miscoding lesions: Insights in the era of sequencing-by-synthesis. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
New Fossils and Family Trees: Educator ResourcesNew Fossils and Family Trees: Educator Resources
Interpretation of fossil finds and what they imply about human evolution often means different things to different scientists. To many, evidence shows that the sequence of species in the Homo genus followed a linear route, fromHomo habilis to Homo erectus and eventually to Homo sapiens. To other scientists, the fossil record points to a bushy, branching tree rather than a single stem. Two new fossil finds from the rich deposits around the Koobi Fora ridge in Kenyas Lake Turkana basin add more conclusive evidence that our ancestral tree branches and that species often occupied the same time periods and the same regions. Some species evolved on their own paths and died out, leaving no ancestors, while others eventually developed into new species.. The discovery team, which was led by University College London anthropologist Fred Spoor and Meave Leakey of the National Museums of Kenya, has identified the fossils as belonging to Homo habilis and Homo erectus. The fossils dated to similar time ...
Thresholds of catastrophe in the Earth system | Science AdvancesThresholds of catastrophe in the Earth system | Science Advances
The value of the empirical results in Figs. 2 and 3 lies not in any individual data points but rather in their collective trends. The following picture emerges. Carbon isotopic events rarely exceed a maximum isotopic shift that grows roughly like the logarithm of their time scale. This upper bound appears related to the minimum rate-zero-at which organic carbon can be immobilized as rock. Events outside this limit result from a fundamental disturbance of the carbon cycle, possibly related to unstable dynamics, mass extinction, or both.. These conclusions follow from analyzing all isotopic events the same way. Exceptions are, however, expected. For example, four events (Ediacaran-Cambrian, Nemakit-Daldynian-Tommotian, Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, and Miocene Climatic Optimum 2) unaccompanied by mass extinction exceed the upper error bar of the critical rate. If, say, these events were driven by dissociation of methane hydrates [for example, (36)] rather than respired organic carbon, the ...
Biology LettersBiology Letters
Despite the ever-increasing use of fossil calibrations (figure 1), many divergence dating studies have spawned controversy. Palaeontologists frequently voice concern over problematic calibrations (e.g. [2]), and molecular evolutionists have repeatedly articulated the dangers of inappropriate application of fossil data [3,4]. Unfortunately, such concerns are often expressed after divergence results for a clade of interest have already been published and rarely result in reanalysis. Daniel Ksepka presented data from 171 fossil calibrations, quantifying the prevalence of inaccurate calibrations within Aves. For 67 per cent of these calibrations, the phylogenetic position of the fossil remains untested, meaning that the fossil may not even pertain to the node of interest. Only 24 per cent of calibrations were based on fossils that had been included in phylogenetic analyses. Of these, 33 per cent were improperly applied, potentially introducing large errors into divergence results. The most common ...
Environmental Science and Engineering Seminar | www.cce.caltech.eduEnvironmental Science and Engineering Seminar | www.cce.caltech.edu
The early Paleogene, nominally 62 - 58 million years ago, was characterized by major changes in Earth surface temperature. The time included the Early Eocene Climate Optimum (EECO), a multi-million year interval of peak Cenozoic warmth, as well as a series of hyperthermal events, or geological brief episodes of rapid temperature warmth, the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) being the outstanding example. The changes in temperature are associated with large changes in global carbon cycling, likely involving organic carbon. This talk highlights the above, as well as suggesting that much can be explained through a dynamic seafloor methane cycle. ...
Yutyrannus - Mashpedia Free Video EncyclopediaYutyrannus - Mashpedia Free Video Encyclopedia
Yutyrannus huali was named and scientifically described in 2012 by Xu Xing et al. The name is derived from Mandarin Chinese yǔ (羽, "feather") and Latinised Greek tyrannos (τύραννος, "tyrant"), a reference to the classification as a feathered member of the Tyrannosauroidea. The specific name consists of the Mandarin huáli (华丽(simplified, 華麗 traditional, "beautiful"), in reference to the beauty of the plumage.[1]. Yutyrannus is known from three nearly complete fossil specimens (an adult, a subadult and a juvenile) acquired from a fossil dealer who claimed all three had their provenance in a single quarry at Batuyingzi in Liaoning Province, China. They thus probably were found in a layer of the Yixian Formation, dating from the Aptian, approximately 125 million years old.[1] The specimens had been cut into pieces about the size of bath mats, which could be carried by two people.[3]. The holotype, ZCDM V5000, is the largest specimen, consisting of a nearly complete skeleton with ...
Ancient molecules on fossil leaves reveal relationships among Jurassic-era plantsAncient molecules on fossil leaves reveal relationships among Jurassic-era plants
Washington (UPI) Jul 6, 2017 - Thanks to a new molecular analysis technique, researchers have established relationships among 200-million-year-old plants for the first time.
Palaeos Proterozoic : Neoproterozoic: Ediacaran : Doushantuo FormationPalaeos Proterozoic : Neoproterozoic: Ediacaran : Doushantuo Formation
This page provides a brief overview of the Doushantuo Formation fossil beds, including geological setting, biota, and significance.
Perspectives from China « RealClimatePerspectives from China « RealClimate
I spent the last three weeks in China partly for a conference, partly for a vacation, and partly for a rest. In catching up over the last couple of days, I notice that the break has given me a slightly different perspective on a couple of issues that are relevant here.. First off, the conference I attended was on paleoceanography and there were was a lot of great new science presented, particularly concerning the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (around 55 million years ago), and on past changes to tropical rainfall patterns (see this weeks Nature) - two issues where there is a lot of relevance for climate change and its impacts today. Ill discuss the new data in separate posts over the next few weeks, but for now Ill just mention a topic that came up repeatedly in conversations over the week - that was how to improve the flow of information from the paleo community to the wider climate community, as represented by the IPCC for instance. There was a palpable sense that insights from ...
Trivia On Fossils: MCQ Quiz! - ProProfs QuizTrivia On Fossils: MCQ Quiz! - ProProfs Quiz
Try this amazing Trivia On Fossils: MCQ Quiz! quiz which has been attempted 1850 times by avid quiz takers. Also explore over 19 similar quizzes in this category.
Pagina 1 449 Recursos 1 20 Datasets With Pangaea Technical Keyword @orfoisatnabe Pangaea Publishing Network For Geoscientific &...Pagina 1 449 Recursos 1 20 Datasets With Pangaea Technical Keyword @orfoisatnabe Pangaea Publishing Network For Geoscientific &...
pagina 1 de 449. recursos del 1 al 20. datasets with pangaea technical keyword @orfoisatnabe : pangaea - publishing network for geoscientific & environmental data
Pagina 1 2 Recursos 1 20 Datasets With Pangaea Technical Keyword @bah2005 Pangaea Publishing Network For Geoscientific &...Pagina 1 2 Recursos 1 20 Datasets With Pangaea Technical Keyword @bah2005 Pangaea Publishing Network For Geoscientific &...
pagina 1 de 2. recursos del 1 al 20. datasets with pangaea technical keyword @bah2005 : pangaea - publishing network for geoscientific & environmental data
High-resolution δ13C stratigraphy through the Early Aptian Livello selli of the Alpine tethys - Menegatti - 1998 -...High-resolution δ13C stratigraphy through the Early Aptian "Livello selli" of the Alpine tethys - Menegatti - 1998 -...
Very similar high-resolution δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg curves are reported for the early Aptian "Livello Selli" (LS, oceanic anoxic subevent 1a) at two pelagic successions of the Alpine Tethys: "Roter Sattel" (Swiss Préalpes), deposited along the northwest margin, and "Cismon" (southern Alps of northern Italy), deposited along the southeast margin. The δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg curves are both divided into eight segments, six of which occur within the early Aptian Globigerinelloides blowi foraminiferal zone, indicating significant subzonal resolution. Most of the LS coincides with a chemostratigraphically defined "Selli event": a period of constant isotopic values (mean values of δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg ≈ +2.6‰ and −25‰ respectively) lasting 500 kyr to 1 Myr, rather than of positive excursion as previously supposed. This uniformity may reflect an equilibrium between Corg burial and increased recycling rates of 12C and nutrient-rich intermediate water resulting from the intensification of ...
KAKEN - Research Projects | CORRELATIVE STUDIES OF FUNGI AND PLANTS DURING THE PALEOZOIC TO MESOZOIC BASED ON FOSSIL EVIDENCE ...KAKEN - Research Projects | CORRELATIVE STUDIES OF FUNGI AND PLANTS DURING THE PALEOZOIC TO MESOZOIC BASED ON FOSSIL EVIDENCE ...
Principal Investigator：NISHIDA Harufumi, Project Period (FY)：1998 - 1999, Research Category：Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Section：一般, Research Field：自然史科学
Dimorphodon macronyx (S/F) - Jurassic-PediaDimorphodon macronyx (S/F) - Jurassic-Pedia
Dimorphodons most striking feature is its large head, which appears disproportionate for its body size and is unusually boxy in shape. The skull shape of the genetically-engineered specimens created by Masrani Global Corporation is more rectangular than fossil specimens, which were still quite bulky but with a rounded snout. In fossil specimens, there are five fang-like teeth in the front of each jaw, which are absent in those cloned by InGen, followed by thirty to forty small, narrow sharp teeth. The de-extinct specimens have mouths entirely full of long, needle-like teeth, a marked difference from the unique dentition of the original animal.. The skull is lightened by large apertures in the bone, which are plainly visible on InGens Dimorphodons due to the "shrink-wrapped" appearance of their skin (a feature which is almost certainly the result of genetic engineering, rather than the animals natural appearance). Another feature present on InGens specimens, but not those known from fossils, ...
Split Ammonite Fossil Specimen Shell HealingSplit Ammonite Fossil Specimen Shell Healing
▲Products The one in the photo is the exact one you will receive. Physical objects as shown.They come from nature. So there may be some flaws in them, just as the saying goes: there is no perfect thing in the world. Natural is beautiful.love nature, love beauty. ▲Payment Method ●We only
Slow Travel Canada - The Burgess Shale - Hiking, Fossils and the Canadian Rockies, British ColumbiaSlow Travel Canada - The Burgess Shale - Hiking, Fossils and the Canadian Rockies, British Columbia
Janie & Geoff. Hiking the Burgess Shale: 500 Million Years Ago in the Canadian Rockies. Many people travel to the Canadian Rockies and end up in popular spots such as Banff, Jasper, and Lake Louise. The Rockies are so magnificently beautiful its hard to imagine that there could be even more awesome experiences there than gazing at those mountains and lakes. But if you make it to Lake Louise, Alberta, take the time to travel another 30 kilometers to a World Heritage site that is awesome in the original sense of the word. It is well worth the drive and an overnight stay to take the guided hike the next day to the Burgess Shale, located in Yoho National Park on the British Columbia side of the Rockies.. If youve ever been to natural science museums, most notably the Smithsonian, and seen fossils from the Cambrian Age (540 million years ago), chances are that they came from the Burgess Shale. Steven J. Goulds book Wonderful Life describes the discovery of the site and how it changed our notions ...
Elrathina - Fossil Gallery - The Burgess ShaleElrathina - Fossil Gallery - The Burgess Shale
BLAKER, M. R. AND J. S. PEEL. 1997. Lower Cambrian trilobites from North Greenland. Meddeleser om Grønland, Geoscience, 35, 145 p.. CARON, J.-B. AND D. A. JACKSON. 2008. Paleoecology of the Greater Phyllopod Bed community, Burgess Shale. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 258: 222-256.. DEISS, C. 1940. Lower and Middle Cambrian stratigraphy of southwestern Alberta and southeastern British Columbia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 51: 731-794.. RASETTI, F. 1951. Middle Cambrian stratigraphy and faunas of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 116 (5): 277 p.. RESSER, C. E. 1937. Third contribution to nomenclature of Cambrian trilobites. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 95(22): 29 p. ROMINGER, C. 1887. Description of primordial fossils from Mount Stephens, N. W. Territory of Canada. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1887: 12-19. RUDKIN, D. M. 1989. Trilobites with appendages from the Middle Cambrian ...
Elrathina - Fossil Gallery - The Burgess ShaleElrathina - Fossil Gallery - The Burgess Shale
BLAKER, M. R. AND J. S. PEEL. 1997. Lower Cambrian trilobites from North Greenland. Meddeleser om Grønland, Geoscience, 35, 145 p.. CARON, J.-B. AND D. A. JACKSON. 2008. Paleoecology of the Greater Phyllopod Bed community, Burgess Shale. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 258: 222-256.. DEISS, C. 1940. Lower and Middle Cambrian stratigraphy of southwestern Alberta and southeastern British Columbia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 51: 731-794.. RASETTI, F. 1951. Middle Cambrian stratigraphy and faunas of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 116 (5): 277 p.. RESSER, C. E. 1937. Third contribution to nomenclature of Cambrian trilobites. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 95(22): 29 p. ROMINGER, C. 1887. Description of primordial fossils from Mount Stephens, N. W. Territory of Canada. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1887: 12-19. RUDKIN, D. M. 1989. Trilobites with appendages from the Middle Cambrian ...
Blocked Drain Herefordshire Drain Cleaning Herefordshire Drainage EngineersBlocked Drain Herefordshire Drain Cleaning Herefordshire Drainage Engineers
24 hour Herefordshire blocked drain cleaning with local Herefordshire drainage engineers. Herefordshire drain cleaners covering Hereford and Bromsgrove Herefordshire Drain unblocking in Herefordshire for domestic and commercial properties.
Homo erectus soloensis - definition of Homo erectus soloensis by The Free DictionaryHomo erectus soloensis - definition of Homo erectus soloensis by The Free Dictionary
Define Homo erectus soloensis. Homo erectus soloensis synonyms, Homo erectus soloensis pronunciation, Homo erectus soloensis translation, English dictionary definition of Homo erectus soloensis. Noun 1. Homo soloensis - extinct primitive hominid of late Pleistocene; Java; formerly Javanthropus genus Homo - type genus of the family Hominidae human,...
Ningyuansaurus - WikipediaNingyuansaurus - Wikipedia
Ningyuansaurus is a basal oviraptorosaurian dinosaur genus. It contains the single species Ningyuansaurus wangi, known from a fossil specimen from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation (Aptian stage, 124.6 Ma ago) of Jianchang, western Liaoning Province, Peoples Republic of China. It is thought to be the basalmost species of oviraptorosaur, based on its long skull and a greater number of teeth in comparison to any other known oviraptorosaur. The generic name Ningyuansaurus is derived from Ningyuan, an ancient name for Xingcheng City. The specific name honors Wang Qiuwu, the private owner of the specimen who donated it for scientific study. The specimen is currently housed in the Confuciusornis Museum in Xingcheng. The only known fossil specimen of N. wangi is notable for having a large number of teeth compared to more advanced oviraptorosaurs, but the teeth in the back of the upper jaw (maxilla) are still reduced in number compared to most other non-avialan theropods. The reduced number of ...
Dinosaur - WikipediaDinosaur - Wikipedia
Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic period, between 243 and 231 million years ago, although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is the subject of active research. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event 201 million years ago; their dominance continued through the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. The fossil record indicates that birds are modern feathered dinosaurs, having evolved from earlier theropods during the late Jurassic Period. As such, birds were the only dinosaur lineage to survive the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago. Dinosaurs can therefore be divided into avian dinosaurs, or birds; and non-avian dinosaurs, which are all dinosaurs other than birds. This article deals primarily with non-avian dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are a varied group of animals from taxonomic, morphological and ecological standpoints. Birds, at over ...
Geologic ages and accumulation rates of basalt-flow groups and sedimentary interbeds in selected wells at the Idaho National...Geologic ages and accumulation rates of basalt-flow groups and sedimentary interbeds in selected wells at the Idaho National...
Geologic ages and accumulation rates, estimated from regressions, were used to evaluate measured ages and interpreted stratigraphic and structural relations of basalt and sediment in the unsaturated zone and the Snake River Plain aquifer at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) in eastern Idaho. Geologic ages and accumulation rates were estimated from standard linear regressions of 21 mean potassium-argon (K-Ar) ages, selected mean paleomagnetic ages, and cumulative depths of a composite stratigraphic section composed of complete intervals of basalt and sediment that were deposited in areas of past maximum subsidence. Accumulation rates also were estimated from regressions of stratigraphic intervals in three wells in and adjacent to an area of interpreted uplift at and near the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant (ICPP) and the Test Reactor Area (TRA) to allow a comparison of rates in areas of past uplift and subsidence. Estimated geologic ages range from about 200 thousand to 1.8 million years
PALAEONTOLOGY[online] | Article: Patterns in Palaeontology | Patterns in Palaeontology: Environments of the Cambrian explosionPALAEONTOLOGY[online] | Article: Patterns in Palaeontology | Patterns in Palaeontology: Environments of the Cambrian explosion
Article Patterns in Palaeontology: Environments of the Cambrian explosion by Thomas W. Hearing published on PALAEONTOLOGY[online] with in the Patterns in Palaeontology category.... by Thomas W. Hearing*1 Introduction: Shimmering curtains of sunlight stream down through the waters of a shallow sea that has been advancing landwards for
A New Basal Sauropodomorph Dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Navajo Sandstone of Southern UtahA New Basal Sauropodomorph Dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Navajo Sandstone of Southern Utah
Background Basal sauropodomorphs, or prosauropods, are a globally widespread paraphyletic assemblage of terrestrial herbivorous dinosaurs from the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. In contrast to several other landmasses, the North American record of sauropodomorphs during this time interval remains sparse, limited to Early Jurassic occurrences of a single well-known taxon from eastern North America and several fragmentary specimens from western North America. Methodology/Principal Findings On the basis of a partial skeleton, we describe here a new basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Navajo Sandstone of southern Utah, Seitaad ruessi gen. et sp. nov. The partially articulated skeleton of Seitaad was likely buried post-mortem in the base of a collapsed dune foreset. The new taxon is characterized by a plate-like medial process of the scapula, a prominent proximal expansion of the deltopectoral crest of the humerus, a strongly inclined distal articular surface of the radius, and a
CBUB Profile: Tyrannosaurus RexCBUB Profile: Tyrannosaurus Rex
Tyrannosaurus ( or , meaning tyrant lizard) from the Greek words τυράννος (tyrannos, meaning "tyrant") and σαύρος (sauros, meaning "lizard"), is a genus of theropod dinosaur. The species Tyrannosaurus rex (rex meaning king in Latin), commonly abbreviated to T. rex, is a fixture in popular culture. It lived throughout what is now western North America, with a much wider range than other tyrannosaurids. Fossils are found in a variety of rock formations dating to the last two million years of the Cretaceous Period, 67 to 65.5 million years ago. It was among the last non-avian dinosaurs to exist prior to the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event.. Like other tyrannosaurids, Tyrannosaurus was a biped carnivore with a massive skull balanced by a long, heavy tail. Relative to the large and powerful hindlimbs, Tyrannosaurus forelimbs were small, though unusually powerful for their size, and bore two clawed digits. Although other theropods rivaled or exceeded Tyrannosaurus rex in ...
Paleogene - Mashpedia Free Video EncyclopediaPaleogene - Mashpedia Free Video Encyclopedia
The Paleogene (/ˈpæliədʒiːn, ˈpeɪliə-/; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period 66 million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Neogene Period 23.03 Mya. It is the beginning of the Cenozoic Era of the present Phanerozoic Eon.[7] The Paleogene is most notable for being the time during which mammals diversified from relatively small, simple forms into a large group of diverse animals in the wake of the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event that ended the preceding Cretaceous Period.[8]. This period consists of the Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene epochs. The end of the Paleocene (55.5/54.8 Mya) was marked by the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, one of the most significant periods of global change during the Cenozoic, which upset oceanic and atmospheric circulation and led to the extinction of numerous deep-sea benthic foraminifera and on land, a ...
PALAEONTOLOGY[online] | Article: Patterns in Palaeontology | Patterns In Palaeontology: Trends of body-size evolution in the...PALAEONTOLOGY[online] | Article: Patterns in Palaeontology | Patterns In Palaeontology: Trends of body-size evolution in the...
Article Patterns In Palaeontology: Trends of body-size evolution in the fossil record - a growing field by Mark A. Bell published on PALAEONTOLOGY[online] with in the Patterns in Palaeontology category.... by Mark A. Bell*1 Introduction: The body size of an animal is often considered the most important part of its biology. Large body size brings many
CO Meeting Organizer EGU2020CO Meeting Organizer EGU2020
During the early Paleogene, a long-term warming trend of Earths climate was punctuated by a major global warming event, known as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) and marked by a carbon isotope excursion (CIE) and an acidification episode. The associated worldwide environmental perturbations are best studied in open marine settings, and resulted in a major extinction event in deep-sea benthic foraminifera, followed by migration and diversification. Yet, the evolutionary impact on shelf foraminiferal faunas is still poorly constrained due the inherent stratigraphic complexities in these environments. In order to understand the prelude and aftermath of peak warming during the PETM, we study the South Dover Bridge core (SDB), drilled in the US Atlantic Coastal Plain in Maryland. Here, the Paleocene-Eocene transition is stratigraphically well constrained by calcareous nannoplankton and stable isotope records. Additionally, the PETM is regionally characterized by the appearance of ...
Fossil - New World EncyclopediaFossil - New World Encyclopedia
Trace fossils are those details preserved in rocks that are indirect evidence of life. While we are most familiar with relatively spectacular fossil hard remains, such as shells and bones, trace fossils are often less dramatic, but nonetheless very important. Trace fossils include burrows and other dwelling structures, track marks (such as footprints or evidences of creeping or crawling), coprolites (fossilized feces), eggs and eggshells, nests, rhizoliths or rhizocretions (fossil remains of roots), and other types of impressions. Fossilized droppings, called coprolites, can give insight into the feeding behavior of animals and therefore can be of great importance.. The study of trace remains is called ichnology, which is divided into paleoichnology, or the study of trace fossils, and neoichnology, the study of modern trace remains. Another name for trace fossils is ichnofossils, taken from the Greek word "ichnos," meaning "trace." The science of ichnology is quite challenging, as many trace ...
A fact admitted even by evolutionists: Australopithecus sediba is not an ancestor of man!A fact admitted even by evolutionists: Australopithecus sediba is not an ancestor of man!
A fact admitted even by evolutionists Australopithecus sediba is not an ancestor of man watch video, Adnan Oktars comments and opinions about A fact admitted even by evolutionists Australopithecus sediba is not an ancestor of man , watch related articles, videos, interviews and documentries for A fact admitted even by evolutionists Australopithecus sediba is not an ancestor of man , share on facebook, share on twitter
Archaeology and Palaeoecology | School of Natural and Built EnvironmentArchaeology and Palaeoecology | School of Natural and Built Environment
Archaeology studies the development of humanity by examining surviving material remains (e.g. tombs, temples, settlements, skeletons, artefacts and the landscape context from which they were recovered). Through the information gained it is possible to trace our economic, cultural, social and spiritual developments through time. At Queens, Palaeoecology complements Archaeology by studying the nature and timing of environmental changes in the past, including climate change. This brings a highly integrated approach to assessing how human activities have been shaped by and, in turn, have impacted upon the natural environment and a means to disentangle human impact from natural variability.. Although, by their very nature, Archaeology and Palaeoecology are concerned with the past, both disciplines have a role in the present, as well as the future. The threats to our environment and landscape through urban, industrial and agricultural development have never been greater. Globally, archaeological and ...
Apologetics Press - Did the Ancients Base Their Dinosaur Drawings on Fossils?Apologetics Press - Did the Ancients Base Their Dinosaur Drawings on Fossils?
sauropods with dermal spines were depicted in the Ica stone collection. Modern man was unaware that some (many?) sauropod dinosaurs possessed dermal spines, even though scientists had been studying the dinosaur fossils around the world for more than 150 years. This characteristic of sauropods was not learned from the fossil record until 1992. The ancient Peruvians had it right long before 1992: are we to believe they carefully examined, excavated, and reconstructed fossilized sauropod bones and skin-intricate scientific recreations that history simply does not record the ancients performing? Is it not more reasonable to conclude that man once lived with the animals that they illustrated? Modern-day paleontologists have the luxury of researching dinosaur data from all over the world and as far back as the 1820s. Our present knowledge and illustrations of dinosaurs come from their composite research. The ancients had no such comparable science, yet they still depicted dinosaurs accurately. The ...
Apologetics Press - Did the Ancients Base Their Dinosaur Drawings on Fossils?Apologetics Press - Did the Ancients Base Their Dinosaur Drawings on Fossils?
sauropods with dermal spines were depicted in the Ica stone collection. Modern man was unaware that some (many?) sauropod dinosaurs possessed dermal spines, even though scientists had been studying the dinosaur fossils around the world for more than 150 years. This characteristic of sauropods was not learned from the fossil record until 1992. The ancient Peruvians had it right long before 1992: are we to believe they carefully examined, excavated, and reconstructed fossilized sauropod bones and skin-intricate scientific recreations that history simply does not record the ancients performing? Is it not more reasonable to conclude that man once lived with the animals that they illustrated? Modern-day paleontologists have the luxury of researching dinosaur data from all over the world and as far back as the 1820s. Our present knowledge and illustrations of dinosaurs come from their composite research. The ancients had no such comparable science, yet they still depicted dinosaurs accurately. The ...
Why the fossils in B.C.s Burgess Shale are so well preserved | Canadian GeographicWhy the fossils in B.C.'s Burgess Shale are so well preserved | Canadian Geographic
Burgess Shale is famous for the exquisite and uncommon detail in its fossilized soft-bodied organisms. Heres the science behind the phenomenon.
Sequences, stratigraphy and scenarios: what can we say about the fossil record of the earliest tetrapods? | Proceedings of the...Sequences, stratigraphy and scenarios: what can we say about the fossil record of the earliest tetrapods? | Proceedings of the...
The completeness of the fossil record involves the interplay of extinction rate (q), which determines the duration of individual taxa, and preservation rate (r), which indicates how likely a taxon is to enter the fossil record as a function of its longevity. We take preservation rate to include the complex set of processes that result in the appearance of a fossil in a database, including fossilization, discovery, identification and description. Our approach to estimating the quality of the early record of digit-bearing tetrapods and their closest relatives draws upon two kinds of data with theoretical relationships to these parameters [14,15]: (i) the distribution of observed stratigraphic ranges of individual taxa, and (ii) the duration of stratigraphic gaps between the evolutionary origin of taxa and their first appearance in the fossil record (figure 1b and discussion in the electronic supplementary material). For these analyses, we limit our consideration to a subset of early tetrapods: ...
Sequences, stratigraphy and scenarios: what can we say about the fossil record of the earliest tetrapods? | Proceedings of the...Sequences, stratigraphy and scenarios: what can we say about the fossil record of the earliest tetrapods? | Proceedings of the...
The completeness of the fossil record involves the interplay of extinction rate (q), which determines the duration of individual taxa, and preservation rate (r), which indicates how likely a taxon is to enter the fossil record as a function of its longevity. We take preservation rate to include the complex set of processes that result in the appearance of a fossil in a database, including fossilization, discovery, identification and description. Our approach to estimating the quality of the early record of digit-bearing tetrapods and their closest relatives draws upon two kinds of data with theoretical relationships to these parameters [14,15]: (i) the distribution of observed stratigraphic ranges of individual taxa, and (ii) the duration of stratigraphic gaps between the evolutionary origin of taxa and their first appearance in the fossil record (figure 1b and discussion in the electronic supplementary material). For these analyses, we limit our consideration to a subset of early tetrapods: ...
Structural Extremes in a Cretaceous DinosaurStructural Extremes in a Cretaceous Dinosaur
Fossils of the Early Cretaceous dinosaur, Nigersaurus taqueti, document for the first time the cranial anatomy of a rebbachisaurid sauropod. Its extreme adaptations for herbivory at ground-level challenge current hypotheses regarding feeding function and feeding strategy among diplodocoids, the larger clade of sauropods that includes Nigersaurus. We used high resolution computed tomography, stereolithography, and standard molding and casting techniques to reassemble the extremely fragile skull. Computed tomography also allowed us to render the first endocast for a sauropod preserving portions of the olfactory bulbs, cerebrum and inner ear, the latter permitting us to establish habitual head posture. To elucidate evidence of tooth wear and tooth replacement rate, we used photographic-casting techniques and crown thin sections, respectively. To reconstruct its 9-meter postcranial skeleton, we combined and size-adjusted multiple partial skeletons. Finally, we used maximum parsimony algorithms on character
Burgess Shale fossil Waptia may be oldest mom ever found caring for eggs | CBC NewsBurgess Shale fossil Waptia may be oldest mom ever found caring for eggs | CBC News
A shrimp-like creature that lived 508 million years ago in seas that are now Canadas Burgess Shale may have been the best mom of her time - and perhaps the earliest animal ever found caring for its young.
Evolution and Palaeobiology of Early Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs: Edited By: Paul M Barrett and David J Batten | NHBS Book ShopEvolution and Palaeobiology of Early Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs: Edited By: Paul M Barrett and David J Batten | NHBS Book Shop
Buy Evolution and Palaeobiology of Early Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs (9781405169332): NHBS - Edited By: Paul M Barrett and David J Batten, Palaeontological Association
Placentalia - WikipediaPlacentalia - Wikipedia
True placental mammals (the crown group including all modern placentals) arose from stem-group members of the clade Eutheria, which had existed since at least the Middle Jurassic period, about 170 MYA. These early eutherians were small, nocturnal insect eaters, with adaptations for life in trees.[8]. True placentals may have originated in the Late Cretaceous around 90 MYA, but the earliest undisputed fossils are from the early Paleocene, 66 MYA, following the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. The species Protungulatum donnae was thought to be a stem-ungulate [13] known 1 meter above the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in the geological stratum that marks the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event [14] and Purgatorius, previously considered a stem-primate, appears no more than 300,000 years after the K-Pg boundary;[15] both species, however, are now considered non-placental eutherians.[16] The rapid appearance of placentals after the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous suggests that ...
Placentalia - WikipediaPlacentalia - Wikipedia
True placental mammals (the crown group including all modern placentals) arose from stem-group members of the clade Eutheria, which had existed since at least the Middle Jurassic period, about 170 MYA). These early eutherians were small, nocturnal insect eaters, with adaptations for life in trees.[6]. True placentals may have originated in the Late Cretaceous around 90 MYA, but the earliest undisputed fossils are from the early Paleocene, 66 MYA, following the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. The species Protungulatum donnae was thought to be a stem-ungulate [13] known 1 meter above the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in the geological stratum that marks the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event [14] and Purgatorius, previously considered a stem-primate, appears no more than 300,000 years after the K-Pg boundary;[15] both species, however, are now considered non-placental eutherians.[16] The rapid appearance of placentals after the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous suggests that ...
Cambrian Sessile, Suspension Feeding Stem-Group Ctenophores and Evolution of the Comb Jelly Body Plan - University of BristolCambrian Sessile, Suspension Feeding Stem-Group Ctenophores and Evolution of the Comb Jelly Body Plan - University of Bristol
The origin of ctenophores (comb jellies) is obscured by their controversial phylogenetic position, with recent phylogenomic analyses resolving either sponges or ctenophores as the sister group of all other animals. Fossil taxa can provide morphological evidence that may elucidate the origins of derived characters and shared ancestries among divergent taxa, providing a means to "break" long branches in phylogenetic trees. Here we describe new fossil material from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Biota, Yunnan Province, China, including the putative cnidarian Xianguangia, the new taxon Daihua sanqiong gen et sp. nov., and Dinomischus venustus, informally referred to as "dinomischids" here. "Dinomischids" possess a basal calyx encircled by 18 tentacles that surround the mouth. The tentacles carry pinnules, each with a row of stiff filamentous structures interpreted as very large compound cilia of a size otherwise only known in ctenophores. Together with the Cambrian tulip animal Siphusauctum and the ...
Vertebrate Palaeontology, 3rd Edition | Paleontology Paleobiology & Geobiology | Geology & Geophysics | Earth & Space Sciences...Vertebrate Palaeontology, 3rd Edition | Paleontology' Paleobiology & Geobiology | Geology & Geophysics | Earth & Space Sciences...
1. Vertebrate Origins:. Key Questions.. Introduction.. Sea Squirts And The Lancelet.. Phylum Hemichordata: Pterobranchs And Acorn Worms.. Deuterostome Relationships.. Chordate Origins.. Vertebrates And The Head.. Further Reading.. 2. How To Study Fossil Vertebrates:.. Key Questions.. Introduction.. Digging Up Bones.. Geology And Fossil Vertebrates.. Biology And Fossil Vertebrates.. Discovering Phylogeny.. The Quality Of The Fossil Record.. Further Reading.. 3. Early Fishes:.. Key Questions.. Introduction.. Cambrian Vertebrates.. Vertebrate Hard Tissues.. The Jawless Fishes.. Origin Of Jaws And Gnathostome Relationships.. Class Placodermi: Armour-Plated Monsters.. Class Chondrichthyes: The First Sharks.. Class Acanthodii: The Spiny Skins.. Devonian Environments.. Class Osteichthyes: The Bony Fishes.. Early Fish Evolution And Mass Extinction.. Further Reading.. 4. The Early Tetrapods And Amphibians:.. Key Questions.. Introduction.. Problems Of Life On Land.. Devonian Tetrapods.. The ...
New fossil discovery sinks evolutionary theoriesNew fossil discovery sinks evolutionary theories
... watch video, Adnan Oktars comments and opinions about New fossil discovery sinks evolutionary theories, watch related articles, videos, interviews and documentries for New fossil discovery sinks evolutionary theories, share on facebook, share on twitter
Stop New Fossil Fuel Development in the Tacoma Tideflats - Surfrider FoundationStop New Fossil Fuel Development in the Tacoma Tideflats - Surfrider Foundation
As a deep water port, the city of Tacoma and Commencement Bay are under threat from development of future fossil fuel facilities. The South Sound chapter is part of a coalition of community groups covering a wide array of interests who support a city council passed moratorium on new fossil fuel development in the Tacoma Tideflats. On November 21st, 2017 the City Council of Tacoma passed interim regulations blocking any new fossil fuel development in the Tacoma Tideflats. This action effectively prohibits any new fossil fuel facilities until a sub-area use plan is finalized in the next 3-5 years. This is a major accomplishment for Washington residents who have been battling fossil fuel development facilities and succeeding, but who now are taking strides toward proactive measures to protect local marine water and reduce climte impacts. ...
Phen375 Herefordshire England : Reviews And Where to Buy?Phen375 Herefordshire England : Reviews And Where to Buy?
2018.06.13 - Phen375 Herefordshire England : Reviews And Where to Buy?. Phen375 Herefordshire England: Assessments And Where to Buy? Phen375 could assist individuals in Herefordshire England securely shed up to 10 pounds in the first 2 weeks. If you take it for 6 weeks, the typical weight loss was reported to be 25 pounds and more for additional over weight people.
New Find Links Dinosaurs, Birds / Bones show that ancient creature flapped its arms in winglike motion - SFGateNew Find Links Dinosaurs, Birds / Bones show that ancient creature flapped its arms in winglike motion - SFGate
Recently discovered fossil bones of a meat-eating dinosaur that flapped its arms like a bird but never got off the ground provide the best evidence yet of a long-sought missing link between dinosaurs and modern birds. Oil company geologists working near the discovery site determined that the sedimentary rock in which the dinosaur bones were found is about 90 million years old -- a date far more recent than Archaeopteryx or other early birds. To paleontologist Kevin Padian of the University of California at Berkeley, an expert on flying reptiles, the newly discovered dinosaur offers striking evidence that at least this creature was able to fold its forearms against its body and flap them -- much like a chicken running, he said. [...] the new fossil shows a strong resemblance to the wing structure that enabled the earliest true flying birds to evolve from dinosaurs, Padian said yesterday.
A 3.8-million-year-old hominin cranium from Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia | NatureA 3.8-million-year-old hominin cranium from Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia | Nature
The cranial morphology of the earliest known hominins in the genus Australopithecus remains unclear. The oldest species in this genus (Australopithecus anamensis, specimens of which have been dated to 4.2-3.9 million years ago) is known primarily from jaws and teeth, whereas younger species (dated to 3.5-2.0 million years ago) are typically represented by multiple skulls. Here we describe a nearly complete hominin cranium from Woranso-Mille (Ethiopia) that we date to 3.8 million years ago. We assign this cranium to A. anamensis on the basis of the taxonomically and phylogenetically informative morphology of the canine, maxilla and temporal bone. This specimen thus provides the first glimpse of the entire craniofacial morphology of the earliest known members of the genus Australopithecus. We further demonstrate that A. anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis differ more than previously recognized and that these two species overlapped for at least 100,000 years-contradicting the widely accepted
New Fossil Organism Discovered By Paleontologists - RedorbitNew Fossil Organism Discovered By Paleontologists - Redorbit
By Iqbal Pittalwala, University of California - Riverside Likely related to our ancestors, Plexus ricei was much like a tapeworm or modern flatworm, say UC Riverside researchers. Scientists at the University of California, Riverside have discovered a fossil of a newly discovered organism from the "Ediacara Biota" - a group of organisms that occurred in the Ediacaran period of geologic time.. Named Plexus ricei and resembling a curving tube, the organism resided on the Ediacaran seafloor. Plexus ricei individuals ranged in size from 5 to 80 centimeters long and 5 to 20 millimeters wide. Along with the rest of the Ediacara Biota, it evolved around 575 million years ago and disappeared from the fossil record around 540 million years ago, just around the time the Cambrian Explosion of evolutionary history was getting under way.. "Plexus was unlike any other fossil that we know from the Precambrian," said Mary L. Droser, a professor of paleontology, whose lab led the research. "It was bilaterally ...
Dinosaur Fossils - Fossils - Shop Online (Page 2)Dinosaur Fossils - Fossils - Shop Online (Page 2)
Daves Rock Shop offers museum quality dinosaur fossils, including Allosaurus,Tyrannosaurus rex, Triceratops, Raptor, Segnosaurus, dinosaur eggs, Hadrosaur, Dinosaur bones, spinosaurus, dinosaur tracks and footprints, and other museum quality dinosaur fossils specimens.
New dating of Homo erectus skull reclassifies Lantian Man as oldest known hominin in northeast Asia | Ancient OriginsNew dating of Homo erectus skull reclassifies Lantian Man as oldest known hominin in northeast Asia | Ancient Origins
Lantian County in Shaanxi Province in China, where the ancient Homo erectus fossils were found ( thetourofChina.com).. According to the researchers, the new dating of Lantian Man suggests that Homo erectus moved eastwards in warm period that occurred just after 1.75 million years ago. They may also have followed southern routes from Africa into Asia, as evidenced by the presence of fossils in Indonesia that are only slightly younger (c. 1.5 - 1.6 million years). "The revised age extends its age by about half a million years and makes the Gongwangling site a crucial benchmark in establishing the framework of the origin, migration and dispersal of early man in the Old World", said Robin Dennell of University of Exeter in United Kingdom, "It also provides reasonable evidence for re-evaluating the status of other early and controversial human fossils in China and Java. In addition, this new research rewrites the history of the Lantian hominin and provides additional knowledge of human evolution for ...
Dragon dinosaur discovered: Alberta Researcher Find Strange Dinosaur Fossil | eCanadaNowDragon dinosaur discovered: Alberta Researcher Find Strange Dinosaur Fossil | eCanadaNow
Qijiang, China - Researchers from the University of Alberta have concluded that the fossil remains accidentally dug up in 2006 by local farmers seeking a prime fishing spot are that of a new dinosaur that measured up to 15 meters (~50 ft.) in length. The dinosaur belongs to the mamenchisaurids which were noted for having very elongated necks. The type of long-neck dinosaurs most people think of are called sauropods. These land dwellers were popularized in the Don Bluth animated films "The Land Before Time". However, their necks comprised 33% of their body length. Mamenchisaurids have necks significantly longer than that.. The newly discovered dinosaur has been given the nick name "dragon dinosaur". It stems from the fact that when originally discovered, locals could not see any legs on it. This gave it the appearance of being a mythical dragon.. The dinosaur is also called "Qijianglong" to attribute its name to the city where it was first discovered. By comparison with other long-neck dinosaurs, ...
PlantPlant
Paranthropus boiseiParanthropus boisei
Marcellus FormationMarcellus Formation
Swabian JuraSwabian Jura
LiquidambarLiquidambar
Water railWater rail
GracillariidaeGracillariidae
Painted turtlePainted turtle
StingrayStingray
TrochodendraceaeTrochodendraceae
KingletKinglet
BetulaceaeBetulaceae
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Daniel Cudmore (businessman)Daniel Cudmore (businessman)
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AlbalophosaurusAlbalophosaurus
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MucrospiriferMucrospirifer
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PaleontologyFossil FuelsAmberBiological EvolutionHominidaeDinosaursPaleodontologyExtinction, BiologicalPhylogenyGeologyGeological PhenomenaHistory, AncientDentitionSkullToothReptilesConiferophytaAnthropologyInvertebratesSkeletonGenetic SpeciationGeographyCetaceaAnatomy, ComparativeEvolution, MolecularAngiospermsEcosystemBiodiversityMammalsEvolution, PlanetaryBirdsEgg ShellNeanderthalsGeologic SedimentsArtiodactylaAnimal ShellsRadiometric DatingTimeArthropodsArchaeologyWyomingAlligators and CrocodilesGeological ProcessesClassificationBody SizeGymnospermsVertebratesMenispermaceaeSireniaEchinodermataPhylogeographyForaminiferaClimatePreservation, BiologicalFeathersAtmosphereBiofuelsGreenhouse EffectMarine BiologySouth AmericaEnergy-Generating ResourcesNatural HistoryAquatic OrganismsCrustaceaSpecies SpecificityMolluscaBone and BonesGorilla gorillaBayes TheoremDominican RepublicPrimatesFishesJawInsectsPlatyrrhiniArachnidaDNA, MitochondrialAcariEcologyNorth AmericaXenarthraFinger PhalangesSpheniscidaeLikelihood FunctionsGas, NaturalStrepsirhiniMandibleEphedraHymenopteraBones of Upper ExtremityPollenOceans and SeasConservation of Energy ResourcesPan troglodytesPalaeognathaeFernsEmbryophytaTurtlesAnnonaceaeChinaLizardsDugongRodentiaPlantsElephantsPhthirapteraCatarrhiniTime FactorsLemurThiotrichaceaeCold ClimateTarsiidaeRecyclingGinkgo bilobaWhalesTomography, X-RayAfricaCalcium CarbonateGnetophytaPongo pygmaeusMyanmarPan paniscusArgentinaAnimal FinsTooth AttritionCytochromes bHumerusClethraceaeSharksSynchrotronsPinaceaeSequence Analysis, DNACarnivoraAdaptation, BiologicalCebidaeLycopodiaceaeCarex PlantAnnelidaActinidiaceaeEukaryotaTreesMetacarpal BonesPetroleumDental EnamelLocomotionMolarBiogenesisEnvironmentMicroscopy, Electron, ScanningStramenopilesMarsupialiaBahamasPlant LeavesModels, GeneticCarbon CycleCalibrationAntarctic RegionsMadagascarCycadophytaFuel OilsSporangiaBermudaGastropodaTarsal BonesPolyplacophoraCnidariaGeorgia (Republic)Genetic VariationPredatory BehaviorNymphaeaceaeModels, BiologicalMongoliaBiomassUrodelaExtraction and Processing IndustryOxygen IsotopesVolcanic EruptionsUrsidaePopulation DynamicsMediterranean IslandsSnakesFelidaeMolecular Sequence DataClimate ChangePolygonaceaeBivalviaEucalyptusCarbonWoodSiberiaGlobal WarmingAfrica, EasternIndonesiaSeed DispersalMontanaFeeding BehaviorGreenlandCranial SinusesCercopithecidaeCarbon DioxideWing
Paleontologists Are Skeptical About Baby Dinosaur Cells Supposedly Found in FossilPaleontologists Are Skeptical About Baby Dinosaur Cells Supposedly Found in Fossil
CI1 fossils - WikipediaCI1 fossils - Wikipedia
Brewers: Fossils | InfopleaseBrewer's: Fossils | Infoplease
Finding Fossils | AMNHFinding Fossils | AMNH
Oldest Homo sapiens fossils foundOldest Homo sapiens fossils found
Dinosaur fossils - Chicago TribuneDinosaur fossils - Chicago Tribune
Fossils from Liaoning | AMNHFossils from Liaoning | AMNH
Crocodile evolution through fossilsCrocodile evolution through fossils
Biomarkers (Molecular Fossils) | SpringerLinkBiomarkers (Molecular Fossils) | SpringerLink
Slicing FossilsSlicing Fossils
List of human evolution fossils - WikipediaList of human evolution fossils - Wikipedia
Hadrosaur fossils Hadrosaur casts Hadrosaur replicasHadrosaur fossils Hadrosaur casts Hadrosaur replicas
NaturePlus: Community: Fossils and rocksNaturePlus: Community: Fossils and rocks
Category:Pteridopsida fossils - Wikimedia CommonsCategory:Pteridopsida fossils - Wikimedia Commons
Category:Trace fossils - Wikimedia CommonsCategory:Trace fossils - Wikimedia Commons
Beach FossilsBeach Fossils
Fossils Stickers - CafePressFossils Stickers - CafePress
North American Index Fossils Invertebrates Volume 1North American Index Fossils Invertebrates Volume 1
Modern Fossils Preserve Gadgets in Stone | WIREDModern Fossils Preserve Gadgets in Stone | WIRED
Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels
Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels
Fossils (play) - WikipediaFossils (play) - Wikipedia
Beach Fossils - WikipediaBeach Fossils - Wikipedia
Catalyst: Fossils Stories - ABC TV ScienceCatalyst: Fossils Stories - ABC TV Science
Books On Fossils and Evolution | ScienceBlogsBooks On Fossils and Evolution | ScienceBlogs
Gig Alerts: Beach Fossils - Soundcheck - WNYCGig Alerts: Beach Fossils - Soundcheck - WNYC
Fossils Reveal Flying Prehistoric Giants - RedorbitFossils Reveal Flying Prehistoric Giants - Redorbit
Fossils - how to articles from wikiHowFossils - how to articles from wikiHow
How much are fossils worth? - AnswersHow much are fossils worth? - Answers
Micropigs and Fossils | WBEZMicropigs and Fossils | WBEZ
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureHumanitiesInformation ScienceHealth CareGeographicals
PaleontologyFossil FuelsAmberBiological EvolutionHominidaeDinosaursPaleodontologyExtinction, BiologicalPhylogenyGeologyGeological PhenomenaHistory, AncientDentitionSkullToothReptilesConiferophytaAnthropologyInvertebratesSkeletonGenetic SpeciationGeographyCetaceaAnatomy, ComparativeEvolution, MolecularAngiospermsEcosystemBiodiversityMammalsEvolution, PlanetaryBirdsEgg ShellNeanderthalsGeologic SedimentsArtiodactylaAnimal ShellsRadiometric DatingTimeArthropodsArchaeologyWyomingAlligators and CrocodilesGeological ProcessesClassificationBody SizeGymnospermsVertebratesMenispermaceaeSireniaEchinodermataPhylogeographyForaminiferaClimatePreservation, BiologicalFeathersAtmosphereBiofuelsGreenhouse EffectMarine BiologySouth AmericaEnergy-Generating ResourcesNatural HistoryAquatic OrganismsCrustaceaSpecies SpecificityMolluscaBone and BonesGorilla gorillaBayes TheoremDominican RepublicPrimatesFishesJawInsectsPlatyrrhiniArachnidaDNA, MitochondrialAcariEcologyNorth AmericaXenarthraFinger PhalangesSpheniscidaeLikelihood FunctionsGas, NaturalStrepsirhiniMandibleEphedraHymenopteraBones of Upper ExtremityPollenOceans and SeasConservation of Energy ResourcesPan troglodytesPalaeognathaeFernsEmbryophytaTurtlesAnnonaceaeChinaLizardsDugongRodentiaPlantsElephantsPhthirapteraCatarrhiniTime FactorsLemurThiotrichaceaeCold ClimateTarsiidaeRecyclingGinkgo bilobaWhalesTomography, X-RayAfricaCalcium CarbonateGnetophytaPongo pygmaeusMyanmarPan paniscusArgentinaAnimal FinsTooth AttritionCytochromes bHumerusClethraceaeSharksSynchrotronsPinaceaeSequence Analysis, DNACarnivoraAdaptation, BiologicalCebidaeLycopodiaceaeCarex PlantAnnelidaActinidiaceaeEukaryotaTreesMetacarpal BonesPetroleumDental EnamelLocomotionMolarBiogenesisEnvironmentMicroscopy, Electron, ScanningStramenopilesMarsupialiaBahamasPlant LeavesModels, GeneticCarbon CycleCalibrationAntarctic RegionsMadagascarCycadophytaFuel OilsSporangiaBermudaGastropodaTarsal BonesPolyplacophoraCnidariaGeorgia (Republic)Genetic VariationPredatory BehaviorNymphaeaceaeModels, BiologicalMongoliaBiomassUrodelaExtraction and Processing IndustryOxygen IsotopesVolcanic EruptionsUrsidaePopulation DynamicsMediterranean IslandsSnakesFelidaeMolecular Sequence DataClimate ChangePolygonaceaeBivalviaEucalyptusCarbonWoodSiberiaGlobal WarmingAfrica, EasternIndonesiaSeed DispersalMontanaFeeding BehaviorGreenlandCranial SinusesCercopithecidaeCarbon DioxideWing
PaleontologySkipDinosaursBeach FossilsCollect fossilsPaleontologistsFoundScientistsFootprintsTypes of fossilsVariety of fossilsThousands of fossilsCollection of fossilsSearchNorth AmericaHuntersMarine fossilsCretaceousStudy fossilsFinding FossilsEvolutionTraceGeologySpeciesSpecimensHominid fossilsMammalExtinctEarth'sInvertebrate fossilsStrataInvertebratesVertebratePaleontologistLiving FossilsRemainsResearchersOrganismsHomoDinosaur fossilScienceBonesScientistAfricaFindFuelsTransitionalTracksRevealSkeletalSkeletonOrganismEarliestTrilobiteTeethSiteCluesSkullJurassicDroppingsMicroraptorBelongFragmentsMuseums
Paleontology6
Skip1
Dinosaurs15
Beach Fossils10
  • Beach Fossils are playing a free show at Terminal 5 on July 7 with Nothing, Sheer Mag and Dark Thoughts. (brooklynvegan.com)
  • Los Angeles art-punks Hit Bargain, which feature members of These Are Powers, The Pains of Being Pure at Heart, Cold Beat, North Highlands, and Beach Fossils, released their debut album, 'Potential Maximizer,' today. (brooklynvegan.com)
  • The 25-minute documentary features interviews with Todd P, Beach Fossils, Frankie Cosmos, City Councilman Rafael Espinal, and more. (brooklynvegan.com)
  • Beach Fossils were in the Halloween spirit at NYC's Brooklyn Steel for their "sacrificial ritual spectacular" on Saturday night (10/28) which was also the final date of their tour . (brooklynvegan.com)
  • This week's episode focuses on The Growlers Six festival with songs from Yeah Yeah Yeahs, Butthole Surfers, Danny Brown, Beach Fossils, The B-52s, Ariel Pink, Jonanthan Richman, Bad Brains, Beth Ditto and more. (brooklynvegan.com)
  • Diffuse Brooklyn guitar-twinklers Beach Fossils released their pretty great self-titled debut in 2010, and they've since spun off side projects like DIIV and Heavenly Beat. (stereogum.com)
  • Beach Fossils are an American indie rock band from Brooklyn, New York, formed in 2009. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 2016, Beach Fossils starred in supporting roles in the HBO television series, Vinyl. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gardner has been part of Beach Fossils since 2011. (wikipedia.org)
  • Studio albums Beach Fossils (2010) Clash the Truth (2013) Somersault (2017) EPs "What a Pleasure" (2011) Singles "Daydream" (2010) "Face It" (2010) "Careless" (2012) "Shallow" (2012) "Sugar" (2017) Reges, Margaret. (wikipedia.org)
Collect fossils4
Paleontologists11
Found56
Scientists18
  • An explanation of how scientists find and use fossils to study prehistoric animals is also given. (scholastic.com)
  • Fossils like this are called trace fossils and can be very useful as they give scientists an insight into how the dinosaur lived. (factmonster.com)
  • Only a minute fraction of the Earth's creatures ever have their remains fossilised for future scientists and only a small fraction of fossil-bearing rocks are exposed. (newscientist.com)
  • However, radiometric dating is not a reliable method of dating fossils, and is rejected by creationary scientists. (conservapedia.com)
  • Scientists reported Sunday the discovery in Antarctica of 225 million-year- old fossil bones of amphibians and reptiles, indicating that animals existed on the bottom of the world longer than previously thought. (sun-sentinel.com)
  • microscopic proteins that had never been used on fossils before.Scientists stu. (neatorama.com)
  • By correlating fossils from various parts of the world, scientists are able to give relative ages to particular strata. (uen.org)
  • The workshop will be technical in scope with short presentations from scientists that have done research in Fossil Creek surrounding topics such as recreation, wildlife and fisheries, and aquatic ecology. (google.com)
  • Scientists have discovered what they believe is the oldest known lemur fossils in the Bugti Hills of central Pakistan. (nationalgeographic.com)
  • Mysterious fossils of what may be a previously unknown type of human have been uncovered in caves in China, ones that possess a highly unusual mix of bygone and modern human features, scientists reveal. (yahoo.com)
  • It stayed encased in a block of rock neglected in the basement of an archaeological research institute until 2009, when the international team of scientists rediscovered the fossils. (yahoo.com)
  • Scientists can use the relationships between fossils of different periods to support the theory of evolution . (howstuffworks.com)
  • Scientists can also use fossils to identify species of plants and animals that exist today. (howstuffworks.com)
  • These and other fossils have made massive contributions to life on Earth, and scientists continue to make new discoveries. (howstuffworks.com)
  • In a land where mountains meet an ancient seabed, scientists discovered a treasure trove of fossils from the Jurassic Period. (prweb.com)
  • Dozens of scientists spent the last three months searching and digging for fossils and now some of the scientific riches they unearthed are making their way to their new home at The Children's Museum of Indianapolis in Indiana. (prweb.com)
  • Scientists also discovered thousands of fossils known as Devil's Toenails that are mollusks, dolphin-like creatures with eyes as big as dinner plates called ichthyosaurs and dinosaur trackways. (prweb.com)
  • A 20-year-lease procured by The Children's Museum will allow scientists to return to The Jurassic Mile site in Wyoming over the next several years to dig for any remaining fossils. (prweb.com)
Footprints5
Types of fossils2
Variety of fossils2
Thousands of fossils2
  • As there are thousands of fossils, mostly fragmentary, often consisting of single bones or isolated teeth with complete skulls and skeletons rare, this overview is not complete, but does show some of the most important finds. (wikipedia.org)
  • For six decades and three generations, the Leakey family has collected thousands of fossils of human ancestors and other animals, as well as stone tools and other artifacts that are stored permanently in the National Museums of Kenya and at the Turkana Basin Institute . (makezine.com)
Collection of fossils2
Search6
North America3
Hunters2
  • Because of their shells, the fossils of nautiluses are easier to come by than remains of other cephalopods, and fossil hunters have discovered ancient shells dating back at least 500 million years . (treehugger.com)
  • The number here in Washington is (800) 989-8255, (800) 989-TALK to join the conversation with Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Lew Simons, Lewis Simons, who has joined two very different fossil hunters on the trail of hetivines(ph), and his article appears in the May issue of National Geographic magazine. (npr.org)
Marine fossils3
Cretaceous6
Study fossils2
  • Reproduced from a free print publication of the U.S. Geological Survey, this online booklet is a marvelous introduction, in non-technical language, to how geologists study fossils to learn about the earth's history. (surfnetkids.com)
  • If you study fossils, what's your opinion about the commercial side? (npr.org)
Finding Fossils1
Evolution10
  • The following tables give an overview of notable finds of hominin fossils and remains relating to human evolution , beginning with the formation of the tribe Hominini (the divergence of the human and chimpanzee lineages ) in the late Miocene , roughly 7 to 8 million years ago. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chinese fossils change the way we look at the evolution of birds. (abc.net.au)
  • One might ask, "how do you choose 25 fossils, among so many choices, to represent evolution? (scienceblogs.com)
  • Don selected fossils using several criteria, but one basis for his choice was the availability of rich historical information about a fossil's discovery, interpretation, and effect on our thinking about evolution. (scienceblogs.com)
  • The work is edied by Steve Parker, but authored by nearly a dozen experts in various subfields of fossils and evolution, so it is authoritative and scholarly. (scienceblogs.com)
  • How can fossils help biologists study evolution? (answers.com)
  • FOSSIL animals discovered in some 540-million-year-old Arctic rocks may force biologists to rethink their ideas about the evolution of invertebrates. (newscientist.com)
  • Do Pakistan Fossils Alter Path of Lemur Evolution? (nationalgeographic.com)
  • The absence of fossil evidence for intermediary stages between major transitions in organic design, indeed our inability, even in our imagination, to construct functional intermediates in many cases, has been a persistent and nagging problem for gradualistic accounts of evolution. (yahoo.com)
  • Transitional fossils , or fossils that display the characteristics of more than one type of animal, can also support the theory of evolution. (howstuffworks.com)
Trace2
Geology3
Species8
  • The fossils, which were discovered on the Tibetan plateau , belong to a sister species of the snow leopard that prowls the Himalayan region today, said study co-author Zhijie Jack Tseng, a paleontologist at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. (yahoo.com)
  • The newly-named species left fossils that indicate it was a land predator that ate din. (neatorama.com)
  • This is a fossil of an ancient dragonfly of the Libellulium species. (liverpoolmuseums.org.uk)
  • These new fossils might be of a previously unknown species, one that survived until the very end of the ice age around 11,000 years ago," said researcher Darren Curnoe, a palaeoanthropologist at the University of New South Wales in Australia. (yahoo.com)
  • New species of fossil worm with a big bite, discovered in the Burgess Shale. (rom.on.ca)
  • When researchers look at a layer of rock, they look at all the fossils contained there, determining which species lived at the same time. (howstuffworks.com)
  • This replica fossil of a 90-million-year-old leaf specimen was used to help identify the Woollemi pine, an old, rare species of pine tree. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Researchers identified the species of pine tree shown at the right with the help of a 90-million-year-old fossil impression. (howstuffworks.com)
Specimens3
  • Cast in concrete, the specimens rang from the cassette tape (Latin name Asportatio acroamatis ) to the guts of an iPod ( Egosiliqua malusymphonicus ) - my favorite because it actually looks a little like a real fossil. (wired.com)
  • At least three fossil specimens were uncovered in 1989 by miners quarrying limestone at Maludong or Red Deer Cave near the city of Mengzi in southwest China. (yahoo.com)
  • Fossil specimens reveal many human-like ancestors that lived millions of years ago. (howstuffworks.com)
Hominid fossils1
Mammal2
Extinct5
  • The 18-million-year-old Thomas Farm fossil preserve, owned by the University of Florida, has produced tens of thousands of bones of extinct vertebrates. (surfnetkids.com)
  • Christopher Lock's Modern Fossils portray the gadgets of yesteryear as extinct, long-lost creatures, fossilized to pique the curiosity of future generations. (wired.com)
  • The fossil record helps to predict which kinds of animals are more likely to go extinct. (eurekalert.org)
  • Just as some groups of people are more prone to health problems like diabetes or heart disease, we can tell from the fossil record which groups of animals are naturally more likely to go extinct," said Aaron O'Dea, paleontologist at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. (eurekalert.org)
  • A more likely explanation, says paleontologist Richard Kay, also of Duke University, is that the fossil teeth belong to a family of Eurasian primates sivaladapis that are now extinct. (nationalgeographic.com)
Earth's5
  • Searching for fossils is like traveling back in time to get a peek at Earth's past. (amnh.org)
  • Fossil fuels are the product of millions of years of earth's natural processes. (treehugger.com)
  • We'll start with a look at two of the processes that are central to fossil formation -- building up the Earth's layers and breaking down its waste. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Let children make fossils to help them understand that Earth's resources have been around a long time and should be protected. (educationworld.com)
  • Because the Earth's magnetic poles have flipped at known points in geologic time, counting the number of times magnetic particles switch orientation in nearby rocks can reveal the approximate age of a fossil. (yahoo.com)
Invertebrate fossils2
  • After successfully completing this exercise, students will be able to sketch slices through a few invertebrate fossils at a variety of angles, and will be able to recognize randomly oriented slices through these same fossils. (carleton.edu)
  • This activity is used to review invertebrate fossils in preparation for a practical. (carleton.edu)
Strata2
Invertebrates3
Vertebrate5
  • The spectacular vertebrate fossils preserved within the White River Badlands have been studied extensively since 1846 and are included in museum collections throughout the world. (nps.gov)
  • Visit the Paleontolgy lab where vertebrate fossil preparator Akiko Shinya works on fossils. (fieldmuseum.org)
  • The first thematic paleontological resource inventory accomplished was an inventory of fossil vertebrate tracks from NPS areas (Santucci et al. (nps.gov)
  • 1998). Through this thematic inventory, a total of nineteen NPS units were identified as preserving fossil vertebrate tracks. (nps.gov)
  • Subsequent discoveries have increased the number of parks identified with fossil vertebrate tracks to twenty-five (Santucci et al. (nps.gov)
Paleontologist3
Living Fossils1
  • Many living fossils alive today have bizarre, eccentric traits that make them seem more like aliens than anything from this world. (treehugger.com)
Remains5
  • This slide presentation reveals the variety of forms that fossils take, as well as examples of the kinds of life whose remains have been preserved. (curriki.org)
  • Fossils are preserved remains of once-living organisms. (conservapedia.com)
  • Carbon dating can only be used if carbon remains, which is not the case with most fossils. (conservapedia.com)
  • It describes the fossil remains of an animal unearthed in China's northeast Liaoning Province, which has produced so many stunning fossils in recent years. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Archaeoraptor was soon dubbed the 'Piltdown bird' and the 'Piltdown chicken' by the press, in reference to the biggest fossil hoax of all time, in which faked remains of putative early hominids were dug up from Piltdown in England in 1912. (scientificamerican.com)
Researchers6
  • Discovered as recently as 2003, this living fossil has been described by researchers as a 'bloated doughnut with stubby legs and a pointy snout. (treehugger.com)
  • Our geological collections of fossils and meteorites are world renowned, drawing researchers from around the globe. (fieldmuseum.org)
  • The Field Museum collections of fossils and meteorites are world renowned, drawing researchers from around the globe to study them. (fieldmuseum.org)
  • The team didn't know how old the fossils were, so the researchers looked at the orientation of magnetic minerals in the rock layers around the fossils. (yahoo.com)
  • Researchers from the University of Zurich studied six types of pollen fossils carefully and claimed they were 240 million years old. (answersingenesis.org)
  • And fossils can even help researchers understand human life. (howstuffworks.com)
Organisms4
  • They identify, visualize, and sketch slices through a variety of shelly organisms, then apply what they've learned to identify fossils in several samples of coquina. (carleton.edu)
  • For this reason, only a fraction of the organisms that have existed on Earth appear in the fossil record , or the combined total of the fossils discovered on Earth and the information learned from them. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Fossils are remnants or impressions of ancient organisms that are naturally preserved in stone. (nationalgeographic.com)
  • facies fossil Fossil organisms that are restricted to particular lithologies , reflecting the original environments of deposition. (encyclopedia.com)
Homo5
  • This is 100,000 years older than previously discovered fossils of Homo sapiens that have been securely dated. (cnn.com)
  • Most of the early fossils shown are not considered direct ancestors to Homo sapiens but are closely related to direct ancestors and are therefore important to the study of the lineage. (wikipedia.org)
  • After 1.5 million years ago (extinction of Paranthropus ), all fossils shown are human (genus Homo ). (wikipedia.org)
  • After 11,500 years ago (11.5 ka, beginning of the Holocene ), all fossils shown are Homo sapiens ( anatomically modern humans ), illustrating recent divergence in the formation of modern human sub-populations . (wikipedia.org)
  • Fossils opens with Julie describing her parents as "Homo parentithicus. (wikipedia.org)
Dinosaur fossil1
  • To show how widespread dinosaur fossils have been in the UK, mapping and analytics company Esri UK plotted the location of each and every dinosaur fossil find here, from the south coast to the Scottish Highlands. (telegraph.co.uk)
Science1
  • Aware of the general inaccessibility of these national treasures in their current locations, Dr. Louise Leakey , a third generation of the 'fossil hunter' family, took it upon herself to find a way to make them globally accessible for educators, kids, and science enthusiasts. (makezine.com)
Bones5
  • Some examples of non examples of fossils are as follows: knobby rocks, beautiful stones, bones. (answers.com)
  • rmor, and even individual scales of its skin were fossilized as well as its bones.The remarkable fossil is. (neatorama.com)
  • But, most importantly, the Juramaia fossil also retains a full set of teeth and forepaw bones. (bbc.co.uk)
  • The fall haul of fossils is brimming with the ancient bones of long-necked, long-tailed beasts, some of which are believed to be 80-foot-long plant-eating sauropods, smaller meat-eating predator called theropods and preserved plant life. (prweb.com)
  • Manning went on to say that it is extremely rare to find so many bones, tracks and fossil plants all within a single site. (prweb.com)
Scientist2
  • Scientist Greg Davies uncovers fossils in a block of sediment from beneath the Academy Museum. (nypost.com)
  • Scientist Dr Nicola Stern holds a fossil in front of her face while school students look on at Lake Mungo. (abc.net.au)
Africa3
  • Its fossils have been discovered in Africa, India , and Antarctica . (britannica.com)
  • continental drift In this map depicting a portion of Gondwana (an ancient supercontinent that once contained South America, Africa, Australia, India, and Antarctica), the discovery of fossil plants and animals whose geographic home ranges cut across the greater landmass is supporting evidence for continental drift. (britannica.com)
  • Fossil discoveries in Africa indicate that early human ancestors appeared about three million years ago. (nytimes.com)
Find10
Fuels8
Transitional2
Tracks1
Reveal2
Skeletal2
Skeleton2
Organism1
  • A living fossil is an organism that has retained the same form over millions of years, has few or no living relatives, and represents a sole surviving lineage from an epoch long past. (treehugger.com)
Earliest2
  • The earliest known big cat lived in what is now China between 5.9 million and 4.1 million years ago, newfound fossils of the ancient prowler suggest. (yahoo.com)
  • The earliest fossil bat is already a complete functional unit, very similar to the bats we have today. (ldolphin.org)
Trilobite2
Teeth1
Site8
Clues3
Skull6
  • The fossils, including a partial skull and a lower jaw, belong to five different individuals including three young adults, an adolescent and a child estimated to be 8 years old. (cnn.com)
  • Tseng and his colleagues were excavating a rocky region of badlands in the Tibetan plateau in 2010 when they uncovered a fossil skull and one other bone that seemed to belong to a big cat. (yahoo.com)
  • This animal is Moschops capensis, an ancestor of m... ...has a particularly thick skull, according to the fossil evidence, which made it look really weird. (neatorama.com)
  • What w... ...rotron scanner was used to analyze Moschops skull fossils to see how really thick they were, and where the. (neatorama.com)
  • Museum Victoria Research Associate and Monash University PhD student Erich Fitzgerald inspects the skull of a 25-million-year-old fossil from southeast Australia identifying a new family of small, highly predatory, toothed baleen whales with enormous eyes. (howstuffworks.com)
  • For example, the skull shown above is a 25-million-year-old fossil from a baleen whale . (howstuffworks.com)
Jurassic3
  • Dorset is the county with the most fossil finds, and it celebrates by hosting much of the World Heritage-protected Jurassic Coast, as well as Lyme Regis Museum, home to an impressive fossil collection, and the Dinosaurland Fossil Museum. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • The one-square-mile plot of land is called The Jurassic Mile due to the abundance of dinosaur fossils, which represent giant sauropods, ferocious theropods, preserved plant life, trackways and buried sea life. (prweb.com)
  • As the museum receives new material, visitors will be able to view and touch some of the fossils being prepped in the newly expanded Jurassic Paleo Prep Lab, called the Polly Horton Hix Paleo Prep Lab, within the Dinosphere® exhibit at The Children's Museum of Indianapolis. (prweb.com)
Droppings1
Microraptor1
Belong1
Fragments1
Museums1
Oldest Homo sapiens fossils discovered - CNN
Oldest Homo sapiens fossils discovered - CNN (cnn.com)
FUTURE FOSSILS | Podcast on Spotify
FUTURE FOSSILS | Podcast on Spotify (open.spotify.com)
Fossil find shows fast recovery after extinction
Fossil find shows fast recovery after extinction (usatoday.com)
Teeth fossils in Rhine Riove could rewrite human history
Teeth fossils in Rhine Riove could rewrite human history (news.com.au)
Dustin O'Halloran performing Fossils from 'Ammonite' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - YouTube
Dustin O'Halloran performing Fossils from 'Ammonite' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - YouTube (youtube.com)
Fishy Fossils | MODS
Fishy Fossils | MODS (mods.org)
Introduction to Paleobiology and the Fossil Record
Introduction to Paleobiology and the Fossil Record (blackwellpublishing.com)
Hampshire Mineral & Fossil Show - Google My Maps
Hampshire Mineral & Fossil Show - Google My Maps (google.com)
Fossil Microbes Could be Earth's Oldest Life
Fossil Microbes Could be Earth's Oldest Life (livescience.com)
Skull Confirms Older Origin for 'Living Fossil' Fish
Skull Confirms Older Origin for 'Living Fossil' Fish (livescience.com)
BP CEO on the future of fossil fuels - CNN Video
BP CEO on the future of fossil fuels - CNN Video (cnn.com)
Fossils Unearthed During Metro Purple Line Construction - NBC Los Angeles
Fossils Unearthed During Metro Purple Line Construction - NBC Los Angeles (nbclosangeles.com)
Sierra Club offers no affordable replacement for fossil fuels
Sierra Club offers no affordable replacement for fossil fuels (indystar.com)
280-Million-Year-Old Fossil Forest Discovered in … Antarctica
280-Million-Year-Old Fossil Forest Discovered in … Antarctica (livescience.com)
Ancient fossils from Morocco mess up modern human origins - The PBS NewsHour - WNYC
Ancient fossils from Morocco mess up modern human origins - The PBS NewsHour - WNYC (wnyc.org)
UMNews: Shrinking made Indonesian fossils look deceptively like modern humans | MinnPost
UMNews: Shrinking made Indonesian fossils look deceptively like modern humans | MinnPost (minnpost.com)
170-Million-Year-Old 'Fish Lizard' Fossil Unearthed in Scotland
170-Million-Year-Old 'Fish Lizard' Fossil Unearthed in Scotland (livescience.com)
Raw video: Fort Collins holds off Fossil Ridge
Raw video: Fort Collins holds off Fossil Ridge (coloradoan.com)
LIFEPROOF FRE FOSSIL VIOLET VENDETTA PURPLE - Office Depot
LIFEPROOF FRE FOSSIL VIOLET VENDETTA PURPLE - Office Depot (officedepot.com)
Living Fossil | Bored Panda
Living Fossil | Bored Panda (boredpanda.com)
Unearthed human fossil could be 2.8 million years old
Unearthed human fossil could be 2.8 million years old (delmarvanow.com)
SSAB says it can make fossil-free steel in Iowa by 2026
SSAB says it can make fossil-free steel in Iowa by 2026 (desmoinesregister.com)
Fossil fuel | KQED News | KQED Public Media for Northern CA
Fossil fuel | KQED News | KQED Public Media for Northern CA (kqed.org)
Preview: Fossil Ridge football team goes on overnight ruck walk
Preview: Fossil Ridge football team goes on overnight ruck walk (coloradoan.com)
Budget 2013: Osborne promises boost for 'low carbon' fossil fuels
Budget 2013: Osborne promises boost for 'low carbon' fossil fuels (businessgreen.com)
Fossil League: Dino Tournament Championship DLC - Giant Bomb
Fossil League: Dino Tournament Championship DLC - Giant Bomb (giantbomb.com)
Utah Fossil & Geology Tour | Salt Lake City Tourism
Utah Fossil & Geology Tour | Salt Lake City Tourism (visitsaltlake.com)
GUIDE TO FOSSIL MAN By Michael H. Day **BRAND NEW** | eBay
GUIDE TO FOSSIL MAN By Michael H. Day **BRAND NEW** | eBay (ebay.co.uk)