Fossils. Medical search

The study of early forms of life through fossil remains.

Any combustible hydrocarbon deposit formed from the remains of prehistoric organisms. Examples are petroleum, coal, and natural gas.

A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

Family of the suborder HAPLORHINI (Anthropoidea) comprising bipedal primate MAMMALS. It includes modern man (HOMO SAPIENS) and the great apes: gorillas (GORILLA GORILLA), chimpanzees (PAN PANISCUS and PAN TROGLODYTES), and orangutans (PONGO PYGMAEUS).

General name for two extinct orders of reptiles from the Mesozoic era: Saurischia and Ornithischia.

The study of the teeth of early forms of life through fossil remains.

The ceasing of existence of a species or taxonomic groups of organisms.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

The science of the earth and other celestial bodies and their history as recorded in the rocks. It includes the study of geologic processes of an area such as rock formations, weathering and erosion, and sedimentation. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The inanimate matter of Earth, the structures and properties of this matter, and the processes that affect it.

The period of history before 500 of the common era.

The teeth collectively in the dental arch. Dentition ordinarily refers to the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. Dentition referring to the deciduous teeth is DENTITION, PRIMARY; to the permanent teeth, DENTITION, PERMANENT. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.

One of a set of bone-like structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing.

Cold-blooded, air-breathing VERTEBRATES belonging to the class Reptilia, usually covered with external scales or bony plates.

A plant division of GYMNOSPERMS consisting of cone-bearing trees and shrubs.

The science devoted to the comparative study of man.

Animals that have no spinal column.

The rigid framework of connected bones that gives form to the body, protects and supports its soft organs and tissues, and provides attachments for MUSCLES.

The splitting of an ancestral species into daughter species that coexist in time (King, Dictionary of Genetics, 6th ed). Causal factors may include geographic isolation, HABITAT geometry, migration, REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION, random GENETIC DRIFT and MUTATION.

The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)

An order of wholly aquatic MAMMALS occurring in all the OCEANS and adjoining seas of the world, as well as in certain river systems. They feed generally on FISHES, cephalopods, and crustaceans. Most are gregarious and most have a relatively long period of parental care and maturation. Included are DOLPHINS; PORPOISES; and WHALES. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, pp969-70)

The comparative study of animal structure with regard to homologous organs or parts. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

Members of the group of vascular plants which bear flowers. They are differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). Angiosperms represent approximately 80% of all known living plants.

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.

Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.

Creation and development of bodies within solar systems, includes study of early planetary geology.

Warm-blooded VERTEBRATES possessing FEATHERS and belonging to the class Aves.

A hard or leathery calciferous exterior covering of an egg.

Common name for an extinct species of the Homo genus. Fossils have been found in Europe and Asia. Genetic evidence suggests that limited interbreeding with modern HUMANS (Homo sapiens) took place.

A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)

The hard rigid covering of animals including MOLLUSCS; TURTLES; INSECTS; and crustaceans.

Techniques used to determine the age of materials, based on the content and half-lives of the RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES they contain.

The dimension of the physical universe which, at a given place, orders the sequence of events. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Members of the phylum Arthropoda, composed of organisms having a hard, jointed exoskeleton and paired jointed legs. It includes the class INSECTS and the subclass ARACHNIDA, many species of which are important medically as parasites or as vectors of organisms capable of causing disease in man.

The scientific study of past societies through artifacts, fossils, etc.

Large, long-tailed reptiles, including caimans, of the order Loricata.

Events and activities of the Earth and its structures.

The systematic arrangement of entities in any field into categories classes based on common characteristics such as properties, morphology, subject matter, etc.

The physical measurements of a body.

Gymnosperms are a group of vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed by a ripened ovary (fruit), in contrast to ANGIOSPERMS whose seeds are surrounded by an ovary wall. The seeds of many gymnosperms (literally, "naked seed") are borne in cones and are not visible. Taxonomists now recognize four distinct divisions of extant gymnospermous plants (CONIFEROPHYTA; CYCADOPHYTA; GINKGOPHYTA; and GNETOPHYTA).

Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.

A plant family of the order Ranunculales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. Members are mostly vines and shrubs and they contain isoquinoline alkaloids, some of which have been used as arrow poisons.

An order of heavy-bodied, slow-moving, completely aquatic, herbivorous mammals. The body is fusiform, plump, and hairless, except for bristles on the snout. Hindlimbs are absent, the forelimbs are modified to flippers, and the tail is a horizontal fluke. (From Scott, Concise Encyclopedia Biology, 1996)

A phylum of the most familiar marine invertebrates. Its class Stelleroidea contains two subclasses, the Asteroidea (the STARFISH or sea stars) and the Ophiuroidea (the brittle stars, also called basket stars and serpent stars). There are 1500 described species of STARFISH found throughout the world. The second class, Echinoidea, contains about 950 species of SEA URCHINS, heart urchins, and sand dollars. A third class, Holothuroidea, comprises about 900 echinoderms known as SEA CUCUMBERS. Echinoderms are used extensively in biological research. (From Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, pp773-826)

A field of study concerned with the principles and processes governing the geographic distributions of genealogical lineages, especially those within and among closely related species. (Avise, J.C., Phylogeography: The History and Formation of Species. Harvard University Press, 2000)

An order of amoeboid EUKARYOTES characterized by reticulating pseudopods and a complex life cycle with an alternation of generations. Most are less than 1mm in size and found in marine or brackish water.

The longterm manifestations of WEATHER. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The process of protecting various samples of biological material.

Flat keratinous structures found on the skin surface of birds. Feathers are made partly of a hollow shaft fringed with barbs. They constitute the plumage.

The gaseous envelope surrounding a planet or similar body. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Hydrocarbon-rich byproducts from the non-fossilized BIOMASS that are combusted to generate energy as opposed to fossilized hydrocarbon deposits (FOSSIL FUELS).

The effect of GLOBAL WARMING and the resulting increase in world temperatures. The predicted health effects of such long-term climatic change include increased incidence of respiratory, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases.

The study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of organisms which inhabit the OCEANS AND SEAS.

Materials or phenomena which can provide energy directly or via conversion.

A former branch of knowledge embracing the study, description, and classification of natural objects (as animals, plants, and minerals) and thus including the modern sciences of zoology, botany, and mineralogy insofar as they existed at that time. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries it was much used for the generalized pursuit of certain areas of science. (Webster, 3d ed; from Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)

Organisms that live in water.

A large subphylum of mostly marine ARTHROPODS containing over 42,000 species. They include familiar arthropods such as lobsters (NEPHROPIDAE), crabs (BRACHYURA), shrimp (PENAEIDAE), and barnacles (THORACICA).

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A phylum of the kingdom Metazoa. Mollusca have soft, unsegmented bodies with an anterior head, a dorsal visceral mass, and a ventral foot. Most are encased in a protective calcareous shell. It includes the classes GASTROPODA; BIVALVIA; CEPHALOPODA; Aplacophora; Scaphopoda; Polyplacophora; and Monoplacophora.

A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.

This single species of Gorilla, which is a member of the HOMINIDAE family, is the largest and most powerful of the PRIMATES. It is distributed in isolated scattered populations throughout forests of equatorial Africa.

A theorem in probability theory named for Thomas Bayes (1702-1761). In epidemiology, it is used to obtain the probability of disease in a group of people with some characteristic on the basis of the overall rate of that disease and of the likelihood of that characteristic in healthy and diseased individuals. The most familiar application is in clinical decision analysis where it is used for estimating the probability of a particular diagnosis given the appearance of some symptoms or test result.

A republic in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is Santo Domingo. With Haiti, it forms the island of Hispaniola - the Dominican Republic occupying the eastern two thirds, and Haiti, the western third. It was created in 1844 after a revolt against the rule of President Boyer over the entire island of Hispaniola, itself visited by Columbus in 1492 and settled the next year. Except for a brief period of annexation to Spain (1861-65), it has been independent, though closely associated with the United States. Its name comes from the Spanish Santo Domingo, Holy Sunday, with reference to its discovery on a Sunday. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p338, 506 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p151)

A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.

Bony structure of the mouth that holds the teeth. It consists of the MANDIBLE and the MAXILLA.

The class Insecta, in the phylum ARTHROPODA, whose members are characterized by division into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. They are the dominant group of animals on earth; several hundred thousand different kinds having been described. Three orders, HEMIPTERA; DIPTERA; and SIPHONAPTERA; are of medical interest in that they cause disease in humans and animals. (From Borror et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p1)

An infraorder of New World monkeys, comprised of the families AOTIDAE; ATELIDAE; CEBIDAE; and PITHECIIDAE. They are found exclusively in the Americas.

A class of Arthropoda that includes SPIDERS; TICKS; MITES; and SCORPIONS.

Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.

A large, subclass of arachnids comprising the MITES and TICKS, including parasites of plants, animals, and humans, as well as several important disease vectors.

The branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their ENVIRONMENT, especially as manifested by natural cycles and rhythms, community development and structure, interactions between different kinds of organisms, geographic distributions, and population alterations. (Webster's, 3d ed)

An order of New World mammals characterized by the absence of incisors and canines from among their teeth, and comprising the ARMADILLOS, the SLOTHS, and the anteaters. The order is distinguished from all others by what are known as xenarthrous vertebrae (xenos, strange; arthron, joint): there are secondary, and sometimes even more, articulations between the vertebrae of the lumbar series. The order was formerly called Edentata. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, vol. I, p515)

Bones that make up the SKELETON of the FINGERS, consisting of two for the THUMB, and three for each of the other fingers.

The sole family in the order Sphenisciformes, comprised of 17 species of penguins in six genera. They are flightless seabirds of the Southern Hemisphere, highly adapted for marine life.

Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters.

A combustible, gaseous mixture of low-molecular weight PARAFFIN hydrocarbons, generated below the surface of the earth. It contains mostly METHANE and ETHANE with small amounts of PROPANE; BUTANES; and higher hydrocarbons, and sometimes NITROGEN; CARBON DIOXIDE; HYDROGEN SULFIDE; and HELIUM. (from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A suborder of PRIMATES consisting of the following five families: CHEIROGALEIDAE; Daubentoniidae; Indriidae; LEMURIDAE; and LORISIDAE.

The largest and strongest bone of the FACE constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth.

A plant genus of the family Ephedraceae, order Ephedrales, class Gnetopsida, division Gnetophyta.

An extensive order of highly specialized insects including bees, wasps, and ants.

The bones of the upper and lower ARM. They include the CLAVICLE and SCAPULA.

The fertilizing element of plants that contains the male GAMETOPHYTES.

A great expanse of continuous bodies of salt water which together cover more than 70 percent of the earth's surface. Seas may be partially or entirely enclosed by land, and are smaller than the five oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic).

Planned management, use, and preservation of energy resources.

The common chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family HOMINIDAE. It lives in Africa, primarily in the tropical rainforests. There are a number of recognized subspecies.

A superorder of large, mostly flightless birds, named for their distinctive PALATE morphology. It includes the orders Apterygiformes, Casuriiformes, Dinornithiformes, RHEIFORMES; STRUTHIONIFORMES and Tinamiformes.

Seedless nonflowering plants of the class Filicinae. They reproduce by spores that appear as dots on the underside of feathery fronds. In earlier classifications the Pteridophyta included the club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and various fossil groups. In more recent classifications, pteridophytes and spermatophytes (seed-bearing plants) are classified in the Subkingdom Tracheobionta (also known as Tracheophyta).

Higher plants that live primarily in terrestrial habitats, although some are secondarily aquatic. Most obtain their energy from PHOTOSYNTHESIS. They comprise the vascular and non-vascular plants.

The custard-apple plant family of the order Magnoliales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. Some members provide large pulpy fruits and commercial timber. Leaves and wood are often fragrant. Leaves are simple, with smooth margins, and alternately arranged in two rows along the stems.

A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.

A genus of the order Sirenia characterized by a notched tail, the presence of nasal bones and a long nasal cavity, and large columnar teeth lacking enamel. Dugongs inhabit the coastal waters of the Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and the Malay Archipelago. (From Scott, Concise Encyclopedia Biology, 1996)

A mammalian order which consists of 29 families and many genera.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

Large mammals in the family Elephantidae, with columnar limbs, bulky bodies, and elongated snouts. They are the only surviving members of the PROBOSCIDEA MAMMALS.

An order of small, wingless parasitic insects, commonly known as lice. The suborders include ANOPLURA (sucking lice); AMBLYCERA; ISCHNOCERA; and Rhynchophthirina (elephant and warthog lice).

An infraorder of PRIMATES comprised of the families CERCOPITHECIDAE (old world monkeys); HYLOBATIDAE (siamangs and GIBBONS); and HOMINIDAE (great apes and HUMANS). With the exception of humans, they all live exclusively in Africa and Asia.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A genus of the family Lemuridae consisting of five species: L. catta (ring-tailed lemur), L. fulvus, L. macaco (acoumba or black lemur), L. mongoz (mongoose lemur), and L. variegatus (white lemur). Most members of this genus occur in forested areas on Madagascar and the Comoro Islands.

A family of colorless sulfur bacteria in the order Thiotrichales, class GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA.

A climate characterized by COLD TEMPERATURE for a majority of the time during the year.

The single family of PRIMATES in the infraorder TARSII, suborder HAPLORHINI. It is comprised of one genus, Tarsius, that inhabits southern Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, and the Philippines.

The extraction and recovery of usable or valuable material from scrap or other discarded materials. (from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed.)

The only specie of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It is the source of extracts of medicinal interest, especially Egb 761. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species.

Large marine mammals of the order CETACEA. In the past, they were commercially valued for whale oil, for their flesh as human food and in ANIMAL FEED and FERTILIZERS, and for baleen. Today, there is a moratorium on most commercial whaling, as all species are either listed as endangered or threatened.

Tomography using x-ray transmission.

Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.

A plant division of seed plants containing only a few members.

A species of orangutan, family HOMINIDAE, found in the forests on the island of Borneo.

A republic of southeast Asia, northwest of Thailand, long familiar as Burma. Its capital is Yangon, formerly Rangoon. Inhabited by people of Mongolian stock and probably of Tibetan origin, by the 3d century A.D. it was settled by Hindus. The modern Burmese state was founded in the 18th century but was in conflict with the British during the 19th century. Made a crown colony of Great Britain in 1937, it was granted independence in 1947. In 1989 it became Myanmar. The name comes from myanma, meaning the strong, as applied to the Burmese people themselves. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p192 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p367)

The pygmy chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family HOMINIDAE. Its common name is Bonobo, which was once considered a separate genus by some; others considered it a subspecies of PAN TROGLODYTES. Its range is confined to the forests of the central Zaire basin. Despite its name, it is often of equal size to P. troglodytes.

Membranous appendage of fish and other aquatic organisms used for locomotion or balance.

The wearing away of a tooth as a result of tooth-to-tooth contact, as in mastication, occurring only on the occlusal, incisal, and proximal surfaces. It is chiefly associated with aging. It is differentiated from TOOTH ABRASION (the pathologic wearing away of the tooth substance by friction, as brushing, bruxism, clenching, and other mechanical causes) and from TOOTH EROSION (the loss of substance caused by chemical action without bacterial action). (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p86)

Cytochromes of the b group that have alpha-band absorption of 563-564 nm. They occur as subunits in MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III.

Bone in humans and primates extending from the SHOULDER JOINT to the ELBOW JOINT.

A plant family of the order Ericales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida.

A group of elongate elasmobranchs. Sharks are mostly marine fish, with certain species large and voracious.

Devices for accelerating protons or electrons in closed orbits where the accelerating voltage and magnetic field strength varies (the accelerating voltage is held constant for electrons) in order to keep the orbit radius constant.

A plant family of the order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta, known for the various conifers.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

An order of MAMMALS, usually flesh eaters with appropriate dentition. Suborders include the terrestrial carnivores Fissipedia, and the aquatic carnivores PINNIPEDIA.

Changes in biological features that help an organism cope with its ENVIRONMENT. These changes include physiological (ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL), phenotypic and genetic changes.

A family of New World monkeys in the infraorder PLATYRRHINI, consisting of nine subfamilies: ALOUATTINAE; AOTINAE; Atelinae; Callicebinae; CALLIMICONINAE; CALLITRICHINAE; CEBINAE; Pithecinae; and SAIMIRINAE. They inhabit the forests of South and Central America, comprising the largest family of South American monkeys.

The club-moss plant family of the order Lycopodiales, class Lycopodiopsida, division Lycopodiophyta, subkingdom Tracheobionta. The common name of clubmoss applies to several genera of this family. Despite the name this is not one of the true mosses (BRYOPSIDA).

A plant genus of the family CYPERACEAE. The seed contains oligostilbenes (STILBENES).

A phylum of metazoan invertebrates comprising the segmented worms, and including marine annelids (POLYCHAETA), freshwater annelids, earthworms (OLIGOCHAETA), and LEECHES. Only the leeches are of medical interest. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A plant family of the order Theales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is best known for Kiwi fruit (ACTINIDIA).

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.

Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.

The five cylindrical bones of the METACARPUS, articulating with the CARPAL BONES proximally and the PHALANGES OF FINGERS distally.

Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants.

A hard thin translucent layer of calcified substance which envelops and protects the dentin of the crown of the tooth. It is the hardest substance in the body and is almost entirely composed of calcium salts. Under the microscope, it is composed of thin rods (enamel prisms) held together by cementing substance, and surrounded by an enamel sheath. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)

Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.

The most posterior teeth on either side of the jaw, totaling eight in the deciduous dentition (2 on each side, upper and lower), and usually 12 in the permanent dentition (three on each side, upper and lower). They are grinding teeth, having large crowns and broad chewing surfaces. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p821)

The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION.

The external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population.

Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

A common name (but used formally) for a group of organisms that are mostly kinds of algae including BACILLARIOPHYTA; OOMYCETES; PHAEOPHYCEAE; and CHRYSOPHYCEAE. They all contain CHLOROPLASTS that are thought to have been derived from the endosymbiosis of ancient RED ALGAE.

An infraclass of MAMMALS, also called Metatheria, where the young are born at an early stage of development and continue to develop in a pouch (marsupium). In contrast to Eutheria (placentals), marsupials have an incomplete PLACENTA.

A chain of islands, cays, and reefs in the West Indies, lying southeast of Florida and north of Cuba. It is an independent state, called also the Commonwealth of the Bahamas or the Bahama Islands. The name likely represents the local name Guanahani, itself of uncertain origin. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p106 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p45)

Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The cycle by which the element carbon is exchanged between organic matter and the earth's physical environment.

Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency or other output.

The continent lying around the South Pole and the southern waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. It includes the Falkland Islands Dependencies. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p55)

One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)

A division of GYMNOSPERMS which look like palm trees (ARECACEAE) but are more closely related to PINUS. They have large cones and large pinnate leaves and are sometimes called cycads, a term which may also refer more narrowly to cycadales or CYCAS.

Complex petroleum hydrocarbons consisting mainly of residues from crude oil distillation. These liquid products include heating oils, stove oils, and furnace oils and are burned to generate energy.

A structure found in plants, fungi, and algae, that produces and contains spores.

A British colony in the western North Atlantic Ocean about 640 miles east southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. It comprises a group of about 300 islands of which only about 20 are inhabited. It is called also the Bermuda Islands or the Bermudas. It was named for the Spanish explorer Juan Bermudez who visited the islands in 1515. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p140 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p61)

A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of SNAILS and slugs. The former have coiled external shells and the latter usually lack shells.

The seven bones which form the tarsus - namely, CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid, navicular, and the internal, middle, and external cuneiforms.

A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of flattened, elongated marine mollusks, commonly called chitons. They are unique in that they possess seven or eight separate shell plates.

A phylum of radially symmetrical invertebrates characterized by possession of stinging cells called nematocysts. It includes the classes ANTHOZOA; CUBOZOA; HYDROZOA, and SCYPHOZOA. Members carry CNIDARIAN VENOMS.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Instinctual behavior pattern in which food is obtained by killing and consuming other species.

The sour gum plant family of the order Nymphaeales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. All have horizontal or hanging branches and broad alternate leaves, and they are dioecious (male and female flowers on different plants).

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The country is bordered by RUSSIA on the north and CHINA on the west, south, and east. The capita is Ulaanbaatar.

Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.

An order of the Amphibia class which includes salamanders and newts. They are characterized by usually having slim bodies and tails, four limbs of about equal size (except in Sirenidae), and a reduction in skull bones.

The industry concerned with the removal of raw materials from the Earth's crust and with their conversion into refined products.

Stable oxygen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element oxygen, but differ in atomic weight. O-17 and 18 are stable oxygen isotopes.

The ash, dust, gases, and lava released by volcanic explosion. The gases are volatile matter composed principally of about 90% water vapor, and carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen. The ash or dust is pyroclastic ejecta and lava is molten extrusive material consisting mainly of magnesium silicate. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The family of carnivorous or omnivorous bears, having massive bodies, coarse heavy fur, relatively short limbs, and almost rudimentary tails.

The pattern of any process, or the interrelationship of phenomena, which affects growth or change within a population.

Scattered islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The chief islands are the Balearic Islands (belong to Spain; Majorca and Minorca are among these), Corsica (belongs to France), Crete (belongs to Greece), CYPRUS (a republic), the Cyclades, Dodecanese and Ionian Islands (belong to Greece), MALTA (a republic), Sardinia and SICILY (belong to Italy). (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p747)

Limbless REPTILES of the suborder Serpentes.

The cat family in the order CARNIVORA comprised of muscular, deep-chested terrestrial carnivores with a highly predatory lifestyle.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Any significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature, precipitation, or wind) lasting for an extended period (decades or longer). It may result from natural factors such as changes in the sun's intensity, natural processes within the climate system such as changes in ocean circulation, or human activities.

The only family of the buckwheat order (Polygonales) of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It has 40 genera of herbs, shrubs, and trees.

A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of mussels; clams; OYSTERS; COCKLES; and SCALLOPS. They are characterized by a bilaterally symmetrical hinged shell and a muscular foot used for burrowing and anchoring.

A genus of trees of the Myrtaceae family, native to Australia, that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics.

A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.

A product of hard secondary xylem composed of CELLULOSE, hemicellulose, and LIGNANS, that is under the bark of trees and shrubs. It is used in construction and as a source of CHARCOAL and many other products.

A region, north-central Asia, largely in Russia. It extends from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean and from the Arctic Ocean to central Kazakhstan and the borders of China and Mongolia.

Increase in the temperature of the atmosphere near the Earth's surface and in the troposphere, which can contribute to changes in global climate patterns.

The geographical area of Africa comprising BURUNDI; DJIBOUTI; ETHIOPIA; KENYA; RWANDA; SOMALIA; SUDAN; TANZANIA; and UGANDA.

A republic stretching from the Indian Ocean east to New Guinea, comprising six main islands: Java, Sumatra, Bali, Kalimantan (the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo), Sulawesi (formerly known as the Celebes) and Irian Jaya (the western part of New Guinea). Its capital is Djakarta. The ethnic groups living there are largely Chinese, Arab, Eurasian, Indian, and Pakistani; 85% of the peoples are of the Islamic faith.

The various physical methods which include wind, insects, animals, tension, and water, by which a plant scatters its seeds away from the parent plant.

Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.

Large endothelium-lined venous channels situated between the two layers of DURA MATER, the endosteal and the meningeal layers. They are devoid of valves and are parts of the venous system of dura mater. Major cranial sinuses include a postero-superior group (such as superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, transverse, and occipital) and an antero-inferior group (such as cavernous, petrosal, and basilar plexus).

The family of Old World monkeys and baboons consisting of two subfamilies: CERCOPITHECINAE and COLOBINAE. They are found in Africa and part of Asia.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

Geological formations consisting of underground enclosures with access from the surface.

Evolutionary and preservational constraints on origins of biologic groups: divergence times of eutherian mammals. (1/2344)

Some molecular clock estimates of divergence times of taxonomic groups undergoing evolutionary radiation are much older than the groups' first observed fossil record. Mathematical models of branching evolution are used to estimate the maximal rate of fossil preservation consistent with a postulated missing history, given the sum of species durations implied by early origins under a range of species origination and extinction rates. The plausibility of postulated divergence times depends on origination, extinction, and preservation rates estimated from the fossil record. For eutherian mammals, this approach suggests that it is unlikely that many modern orders arose much earlier than their oldest fossil records. (+info)

X chromosome evidence for ancient human histories. (2/2344)

Diverse African and non-African samples of the X-linked PDHA1 (pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit) locus revealed a fixed DNA sequence difference between the two sample groups. The age of onset of population subdivision appears to be about 200 thousand years ago. This predates the earliest modern human fossils, suggesting the transformation to modern humans occurred in a subdivided population. The base of the PDHA1 gene tree is relatively ancient, with an estimated age of 1.86 million years, a late Pliocene time associated with early species of Homo. PDHA1 revealed very low variation among non-Africans, but in other respects the data are consistent with reports from other X-linked and autosomal haplotype data sets. Like these other genes, but in conflict with microsatellite and mitochondrial data, PDHA1 does not show evidence of human population expansion. (+info)

Predicting protein decomposition: the case of aspartic-acid racemization kinetics. (3/2344)

The increase in proportion of the non-biological (D-) isomer of aspartic acid (Asp) relative to the L-isomer has been widely used in archaeology and geochemistry as a tool for dating. the method has proved controversial, particularly when used for bones. The non-linear kinetics of Asp racemization have prompted a number of suggestions as to the underlying mechanism(s) and have led to the use of mathematical transformations which linearize the increase in D-Asp with respect to time. Using one example, a suggestion that the initial rapid phase of Asp racemization is due to a contribution from asparagine (Asn), we demonstrate how a simple model of the degradation and racemization of Asn can be used to predict the observed kinetics. A more complex model of peptide bound Asx (Asn + Asp) racemization, which occurs via the formation of a cyclic succinimide (Asu), can be used to correctly predict Asx racemization kinetics in proteins at high temperatures (95-140 degrees C). The model fails to predict racemization kinetics in dentine collagen at 37 degrees C. The reason for this is that Asu formation is highly conformation dependent and is predicted to occur extremely slowly in triple helical collagen. As conformation strongly influences the rate of Asu formation and hence Asx racemization, the use of extrapolation from high temperatures to estimate racemization kinetics of Asx in proteins below their denaturation temperature is called into question. In the case of archaeological bone, we argue that the D:L ratio of Asx reflects the proportion of non-helical to helical collagen, overlain by the effects of leaching of more soluble (and conformationally unconstrained) peptides. Thus, racemization kinetics in bone are potentially unpredictable, and the proposed use of Asx racemization to estimate the extent of DNA depurination in archaeological bones is challenged. (+info)

Preservation of key biomolecules in the fossil record: current knowledge and future challenges. (4/2344)

We have developed a model based on the analyses of modern and Pleistocene eggshells and mammalian bones which can be used to understand the preservation of amino acids and other important biomolecules such as DNA in fossil specimens. The model is based on the following series of diagenetic reactions and processes involving amino acids: the hydrolysis of proteins and the subsequent loss of hydrolysis products from the fossil matrix with increasing geologic age; the racemization of amino acids which produces totally racemized amino acids in 10(5)-10(6) years in most environments on the Earth; the introduction of contaminants into the fossil that lowers the enantiomeric (D:L) ratios produced via racemization; and the condensation reactions between amino acids, as well as other compounds with primary amino groups, and sugars which yield humic acid-like polymers. This model was used to evaluate whether useful amino acid and DNA sequence information is preserved in a variety of human, amber-entombed insect and dinosaur specimens. Most skeletal remains of evolutionary interest with respect to the origin of modern humans are unlikely to preserve useful biomolecular information although those from high latitude sites may be an exception. Amber-entombed insects contain well-preserved unracemized amino acids, apparently because of the anhydrous nature of the amber matrix, and thus may contain DNA fragments which have retained meaningful genetic information. Dinosaur specimens contain mainly exogenous amino acids, although traces of endogenous amino acids may be present in some cases. Future ancient biomolecule research which takes advantage of new methologies involving, for example, humic acid cleaving reagents and microchip-based DNA-protein detection and sequencing, along with investigations of very slow biomolecule diagenetic reactions such as the racemization of isoleucine at the beta-carbon, will lead to further enhancements of our understanding of biomolecule preservation in the fossil record. (+info)

Early medieval cattle remains from a Scandinavian settlement in Dublin: genetic analysis and comparison with extant breeds. (5/2344)

A panel of cattle bones excavated from the 1000-year-old Viking Fishamble Street site in Dublin was assessed for the presence of surviving mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Eleven of these bones gave amplifiable mtDNA and a portion of the hypervariable control region was determined for each specimen. A comparative analysis was performed with control region sequences from five extant Nordic and Irish cattle breeds. The medieval population displayed similar levels of mtDNA diversity to modern European breeds. However, a number of novel mtDNA haplotypes were also detected in these bone samples. In addition, the presence of a putative ancestral sequence at high frequency in the medieval population supports an early post-domestication expansion of cattle in Europe. (+info)

New evidence from Le Moustier 1: computer-assisted reconstruction and morphometry of the skull. (6/2344)

In this study, we present a new computerized reconstruction of the Le Moustier 1 Neanderthal skull and discuss its significance for Neanderthal growth and variability. Because of the precarious state of preservation of the original material, we applied entirely noninvasive methods of fossil reconstruction and morphometry, using a combination of computed tomography, computer graphics, and stereolithography. After electronic restoration, the isolated original pieces were recomposed on the computer screen using external and internal anatomical clues to position the bone fragments and mirror images to complete missing parts. The inferred effects of general compressive deformation that occurred during fossilization were corrected by virtual decompression of the skull. The resulting new reconstruction of the Le Moustier 1 skull shows morphologic features close to the typical Neanderthal adult state. Residual asymmetry of skeletal parts can be traced to in vivo skeletal modification: the left mandibular joint shows signs of a healed condylar fracture, and the anatomy of the occipital region suggests mild plagiocephaly. Using micro-CT analysis, the left incus could be recovered from the matrix filling of the middle ear cavity. Its morphometric dimensions are similar to those of the La Ferrassie III incus. The morphometric characteristics of the inner ear deviate substantially from the condition reported as typical for Neanderthals and fall within the range of modern human variability. (+info)

Evolutionary patterns from mass originations and mass extinctions. (7/2344)

The Fossil Record 2 database gives a stratigraphic range of most known animal and plant families. We have used it to plot the number of families extant through time and argue for an exponential fit, rather than a logistic one, on the basis of power spectra of the residuals from the exponential. The times of origins and extinctions, when plotted for all families of marine and terrestrial organisms over the last 600 Myr, reveal different origination and extinction peaks. This suggests that patterns of biological evolution are driven by its own internal dynamics as well as responding to upsets from external causes. Spectral analysis shows that the residuals from the exponential model of the marine system are more consistent with 1/f noise suggesting that self-organized criticality phenomena may be involved. (+info)

Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids. (8/2344)

The Hata Member of the Bouri Formation is defined for Pliocene sedimentary outcrops in the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. The Hata Member is dated to 2.5 million years ago and has produced a new species of Australopithecus and hominid postcranial remains not currently assigned to species. Spatially associated zooarchaeological remains show that hominids acquired meat and marrow by 2.5 million years ago and that they are the near contemporary of Oldowan artifacts at nearby Gona. The combined evidence suggests that behavioral changes associated with lithic technology and enhanced carnivory may have been coincident with the emergence of the Homo clade from Australopithecus afarensis in eastern Africa. (+info)

Example sentence: "The patient had significant tooth attrition on all her back teeth, which were causing her frequent headaches and jaw pain."

Mononegaviruses are a family of viruses with a single-stranded RNA genome and a negative-sense sense of replication. The viruses in this family are responsible for a variety of diseases in humans and animals, including rabies, Ebola, and Lassa fever.

Infections caused by Mononegaviruses can be transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids, such as saliva, blood, or urine, or through contaminated food or water. The viruses can also be spread through close contact with an infected person, such as touching, kissing, or sharing utensils.

Symptoms of Mononegavirales infections can vary depending on the specific virus and the individual infected. Common symptoms include fever, headache, muscle pain, and vomiting. In severe cases, these infections can lead to bleeding disorders, organ failure, and death.

There is no specific treatment for Mononegavirales infections, but supportive care and antiviral medications may be used to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Supportive care may include fluid replacement, pain management, and rest. Antiviral medications may be used to reduce the replication of the virus and prevent further spread of the infection.

Prevention of Mononegavirales infections is key to reducing the risk of transmission. This includes avoiding contact with infected individuals, wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) when caring for infected individuals, practicing good hygiene, and avoiding consumption of contaminated food or water. Vaccines are also available for some Mononegavirales viruses, such as the Ebola vaccine, which can provide protection against infection.

Overall, Mononegavirales infections are a diverse group of viral infections that can have severe consequences if left untreated. Understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these infections is essential for effective management and control of outbreaks.

There are different types of tooth wear, including:

1. Attrition: This is the most common type of tooth wear and occurs when the enamel surfaces of teeth rub against each other.
2. Abrasion: This type of wear occurs when the outer layer of enamel is worn away by a foreign object such as a toothbrush or dental appliance.
3. Erosion: This type of wear occurs when acidic substances such as citrus fruits, soda, and sugary drinks dissolve the enamel surface of teeth.
4. Exfoliation: This type of wear occurs when a tooth is lost due to decay, injury, or gum disease, and the surrounding teeth shift to fill the gap.

Tooth wear can cause a range of symptoms including:

* Sensitivity to hot or cold temperatures
* Pain when chewing or biting
* Aesthetic concerns such as chipped or worn-down teeth
* Difficulty speaking or pronouncing certain words

Tooth wear can be prevented or treated by practicing good oral hygiene, avoiding acidic and sugary foods and drinks, using a soft-bristled toothbrush, and visiting the dentist regularly for check-ups and cleanings. In severe cases, dental restorations such as fillings, crowns, or veneers may be necessary to restore the shape, size, and function of teeth.

Fossils featured in the Rolling Stones India magazine in 2008. The end of 2008 saw Fossils begin the recording of their fifth ... September 2011, Fossils visited Dhaka, Bangladesh for the third time. July 2012, Fossils performed at Las Vegas, USA; which was ... Fossils (2002) Aro Ekbar Ekla Ghor Nemesis Hasnuhana Dekho Manashi Bishakta Manush Nishkraman Millennium Fossils 2 (2004) Keno ... A profile Interview with Rupam Islam on Fossils The Telegraph reports on Fossils 3 pre-release buzz The Times of India reports ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossils_(band)

Fossils is a play written by the Australian playwright Manny Aston. First performed by Theatre South in 1993, it offers a comic ... Fossils opens with Julie describing her parents as "Homo parentithicus. Found in most urban parts of Australia. Usually roam in ... Fossils was first performed by Theatre South on 23 October 1993 at the Bridge Theatre, Wollongong, with the following cast: ... Aston, Manuel (1995). Fossils. Sydney: Currency Press. ISBN 978-0-86819-399-1. (Use dmy dates from July 2020, Use Australian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossils_(play)

... - beachfossils.com Beach Fossils at Bayonet Records - bayonetrecords.com Beach Fossils at Captured Tracks - ... "Beach Fossils". AllMusic. Retrieved July 7, 2013. "Beach Fossils". Captured Tracks. Power, Chris (2010). "Beach Fossils Review ... "Beach Fossils - Beach Fossils". AllMusic. Retrieved July 7, 2013. Cosores, Philip (February 12, 2013). "Beach Fossils: Clash ... "Beach Fossils & Wild Nothing - Gruesome Flowers: A Tribute To The Wake". Discogs. "BEACH FOSSILS , Elastic Artists". May 29, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Fossils

... refer to alleged morphological evidence of microfossils found in five CI1 carbonaceous chondrite meteorite fall: ... Hoover concludes from these results that the CI1 fossils are indigenous to the samples. The claims were initially submitted to ... Glossary of meteoritics Panspermia Sheridan, Kerry (7 March 2011). "NASA shoots down alien fossil claims". ABC News. Retrieved ... Hoover, Richard B. (2011). "Fossils of Cyanobacteria in CI1 Carbonaceous Meteorites: Implications to Life on Comets, Europa, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CI1_fossils

Fossils is a compilation album by indie rock band Dinosaur Jr., released in August 1991 on SST Records. It contains three 7" ... "Fossils Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 30 April 2017. Christgau, Robert (2000). Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossils_(album)

The Guogang Shell Fossils (Chinese: 過港貝化石層; pinyin: Guògǎng Bèihuàshí Céng) refer to a bed that contains many fossils, mostly ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guogang Shellfish Fossil Layer. "Guogang Shell Fossils". Miaoli Travel. Miaoli County ... The fossils date from between 1,030,000 to 460,000 years ago and are embedded in shale. The shells were likely located around ... Fossils from 135 different species have been identified: most shells from the Pecten genus, but shells from Chlamys, Anadara, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guogang_Shell_Fossils

The fossils found in the Sonbhadra Fossils Park are algae and stromatolites types of fossils. The park is spread over an area ... Salkhan Fossils Park, officially known as Sonbhadra Fossils Park, is a fossil park in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 12 km ... The fossils in the park are estimated to be nearly 1.4 billion years old. The fossils appear as rings on the boulders and are ... Fossils Park - A Geological heritage Salkhan Fossil Park cries for protection State govt sanctions Rs 2.25 cr for Salkhan ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salkhan_Fossils_Park

Egypt has many fossil-bearing geologic formations, in which many dinosaurs have been discovered. Ernst Stromer Richard Markgraf ... Turtle fossils in Fayoum Testudo ammon, a large land tortoise Podocnemis blanckenhorni river turtle Stereogenys pelomedusa ... 1] (Articles lacking sources from March 2014, All articles lacking sources, Commons category link is on Wikidata, Fossils of ... Hugh Beadnell, Fayoum 1898 Charles Andrews, 1901, they unearthed a wealth of fossils Palaeomastodon, the oldest known elephant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossils_of_Egypt

Iceland is geologically quite young, and mostly formed from volcanic processes, so fossils there are rare. The oldest fossils ... Miocene and Pliocene fossil sites are found mainly in the West of Iceland and the Westfjords. Remains of invertebrates have ... Plant fossils are most commonly found in sedimentary rocks of the West of Iceland and the Westfjords. Fossilized plant material ... It is rare to find fossil remains of land animals in Iceland, although remains of deer bones have been found. Between the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossils_of_Iceland

"Beach Fossils - Beach Fossils , Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. "Beach Fossils: Beach Fossils". Pitchfork. Caramanica, Jon ... Beach Fossils is the eponymous debut album by American indie rock band Beach Fossils. The album was written, recorded, and ... cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help) "Beach Fossils by Beach Fossils" - via www.metacritic.com. " ... "Beach Fossils - Daydream". Discogs. "Excavating Beach Fossils". October 2, 2014. "Login • Instagram". www.instagram.com. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Fossils_(album)

Index fossils (also known as guide fossils or indicator fossils) are fossils used to define and identify geologic periods (or ... Another term, Zone fossil is used when the fossil have all the characters stated above except wide geographical distribution, ... Biostratigraphy#Index fossils Index Fossils, from the US Geological Survey. Updated July 31, 1997. (Pages with non-numeric ... faunal stages). Index fossils must have a short vertical range, wide geographic distribution and rapid evolutionary trends. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_index_fossils

"Somersault by Beach Fossils" - via www.metacritic.com. "beach fossils". beach fossils. Vinyl, 14 February 2016, retrieved 2019- ... "Beach Fossils Somersault". exclaim.ca. "Beach Fossils: Somersault". Pitchfork. "Beach Fossils: Somersault". pastemagazine.com. ... "Listen to Beach Fossils New Song Featuring Slowdive's Rachel Goswell". "Beach Fossils 'Somersault'". "Beach Fossils announce ... "Beach Fossils reveal video for bouncy new single "Down the Line" -- watch". May 2017. "Beach Fossils get dreamy on new track ' ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somersault_(Beach_Fossils_album)

This is a partial list of transitional fossils (fossil remains of groups that exhibit both "primitive" and derived traits). The ... Transitional vertebrate fossils (A few) transitional fossils (Webarchive template wayback links, CS1 Russian-language sources ( ... Genes of the chromosome 2 fusion site List of fossil sites (with link directory) List of human evolution fossils Transitional ... 1973): "The early fossil record of frogs: a review of the evidence." Pp. 11-63 In J. L. Vial (Ed.), Evolutionary Biology of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_transitional_fossils

"Guided Tours - Akron Fossils & Science Center", Akron Fossils & Science Center, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018. Finding the ... The Akron Fossils & Science Center is a small museum and learning center located in Copley Township, Ohio, United States, a few ... Akron Fossils & Science Center official site Coordinates: 41°04′55″N 81°38′38″W / 41.082°N 81.644°W / 41.082; -81.644 ( ... and bivalve fossils, among other artifacts. Live animal interactions feature snakes, bearded dragons, guinea pigs, and sugar ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron_Fossils_&_Science_Center

List of Southwest Asian Neanderthals Neanderthal Museum List of fossil sites List of human fossils Beals, K.L.; Dodd, S.M. ( ... This is a list of Neanderthal fossils. Remains of more than 300 European Neanderthals have been found. This is a list of the ... Cited in Aytek and Harvati (2016) A.I. Aytek; K. Harvati (2016). "The Human Fossil Record from Turkey". In K. Harvati (ed.). ... M.S. Şenyürek (1957). "The skeleton of the fossil infant found in Shanidar cave, northern Iraq". Anatolia. 2: 49-55. M.S. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Neanderthal_fossils

A Complete Guide to Michigan Fossil Hunting: Joseph Kchodl Fossil Hunting in the Great Lakes State: Jack Stack Michael Stack's ... Most of these fossils are found by farmers or construction workers, but most are now in the collection of the University of ... The finding of vertebrate fossils in Michigan is quite rare, so it is best to turn over any specimens to a university or museum ... Many of these mastodon fossils are found in Southern Michigan, mostly around Ann Arbor. Most mammoth sites are in Northern ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene_fossils_in_Michigan

A popular Windows based FOSSIL driver is NetFoss, which is freeware. SIO is a popular OS/2-based FOSSIL driver. FOSSIL drivers ... The FOSSIL specification was born in 1986 so as to provide this uniform method. Software using the FOSSIL standard could ... FSC-0015 - FOSSIL implementation and use, Fidonet Technical Standards Committee Dr. Dobb's - Interfacing to a FOSSIL ... The standards document that defines the FOSSIL protocol is maintained by the Fidonet Technical Standards Committee. A "FOSSIL ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOSSIL

Hominin fossils, Homo fossils, Homo sapiens fossils, Human evolution, Lists of fossils). ... settlements List of fossil primates List of fossil sites List of mummies List of notable fossils List of transitional fossils ... edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/sts-71 Image at Smithsonian At the time of its discovery considered the oldest fossil ... making it one of the most securely dated fossils of early African H. erectus when compared to the oldest Homo fossils from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_evolution_fossils

... features a network of trails leading to fossil beds and archaeological sites. A visitor center with ... Cutright, Emerson (19 July 2020). "Explore One Of The Country's Richest Fossil Beds At Ice Age Fossils State Park In Nevada". ... but was named Ice Age Fossils State Park to avoid confusion with the Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument. The park is ... Ice Age Fossils State Park is a 315-acre state park in North Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, on the northernmost fringe of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age_Fossils_State_Park

This list of fossils with consumulites contains fossil specimens discovered to contain the preserved remains of food that the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossils_with_consumulites

... - Royal Ontario Museum Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fossils of the Burgess Shale. (All ... Walcott classified a ring-like fossil he called Peytoia as a kind of jellyfish, and another poorly preserved fossil he called ... For many years only one fossil Nectocaris was known, poorly preserved and without a counterpart. This fossil was a puzzle, as ... Although they assigned groups of fossils to each member of the team, they all decided for themselves which fossils to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossils_of_the_Burgess_Shale

Fossil is a science fiction book by American writer Hal Clement, as part of the Isaac's universe series. It was first printed ... It is the goal of the human researchers to find out if some of the fossils have been fabricated and planted there, and whether ... One of the winged species appears to have evolved on the planet because fossils of these creatures have been found kilometers ... To help determine whether the fossils are fraudulent, samples are sent off for DNA analysis. However, the results are very ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_(novel)

... egg fossils are considered a type of trace fossil. Under rare circumstances a fossil egg may preserve the remains of the once- ... The best preserved fossil ammonite eggs were preserved in the Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay of England. Nevertheless, the fossil ... Dinosaur eggs are among the most well known kind of fossil reptile eggs. Fossil eggs are classified according to the ... Occasionally eggs are preserved still within the mother's body, or associated with fossil embryos. Some fossil eggs possibly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_fossil

... may refer to Fossil Ridge High School (Fort Worth, Texas) Fossil Ridge High School (Fort Collins, Colorado) Fossil ... notable for fossils in the Burgess Shale This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Fossil Ridge. If an ... Ridge Park in Los Angeles Fossil Ridge Wilderness in Gunnison County, Colorado A ridge containing the Walcott Quarry, Yoho ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_Ridge

A fossil is the mineralized remains of a dead organism. Fossil may also refer to: Fossil (novel), a 1993 book written by Hal ... Petrova and Posy Fossil, characters in the 1936 novel Ballet Shoes Fossils (band), a rock band from Kolkata, India Fossils ( ... US Fossil (Pokémon Trading Card Game) The Fossil (film), a 1972 Japanese film Fossil Group, a clothing and accessories company ... the file system in Plan 9 from Bell Labs Fossil, Oregon, US, a town Fossil, Wyoming, a former settlement near Fossil Butte ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_(disambiguation)

"Fossils from Fossil Cave". CDAA Occasional Paper Number 2. Cave Divers Association of Australia: 4-8. Cave Diving in Fossil ... "Fossil Cave". Cave Divers Association of Australia. Retrieved 30 June 2018. Horne, Peter (1988). "Fossil Cave" (5L81) ... Fossil Cave is a notable cave diving site. Access for cave diving is limited to holders of the Cave Divers Association of ... Fossil Cave (5L81), formerly known as The Green Waterhole, is a cave in the Limestone Coast region of south-eastern South ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_Cave

... is a fictional character from the 1936 children's book Ballet Shoes by Noel Streatfeild. In the 2007 film ... Pauline is the eldest of the three Fossil girls, all of whom were orphaned as infants. Professor Matthew Brown found her alone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Fossil

The fossil trade is the purchase and sale of fossils. This is many times done illegally with stolen fossils, and many important ... Fossils from Mongolia and China, which are illegal to export, are often claimed to be from Central Asia. Fossils sold through ... The fossil trade has attracted criticism from many paleontologists, who regard the private ownership of fossils to be damaging ... A hoax specimen composed of parts of genuine Yanornis and Microraptor fossils obtained by a museum through the fossil trade was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_trade

Cretaceous fossil record, Dinosaur fossils, Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America, Paleontology in North Dakota, ... This fossil's examination was the subject of Dino Autopsy, a documentary aired on National Geographic Channel on December 9, ... Dinosaur fossils with Dakota's degree of preservation are extremely rare because many different factors must come together to ... It was about 12 m (40 ft) long and weighed about 35 tons.[dubious - discuss] The fossil is unusual and scientifically valuable ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_(fossil)

Fossil mix ups - When fossils are found where they shouldnt be Creation Magazine LIVE Podcast ... Fossil mix ups - When fossils are found where they shouldnt be Creation Magazine LIVE! ... Aliens Apologetics Bible Biology Creation Relevance Dating Dinosaurs Education Ethics Evolutionism Fossils Genetics Geology ... 15 Questions for Evolutionists -- #10 How do living fossils stay the same for millions of years? 14:30 • 22 Mar, 2012 ...

https://creation.com/media-center/media/tags/Fossils

Some living animals from these groups, such as the egg-laying mammal platypus, a monotreme, are called "living fossils." ...

http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent/primitive-mammals

Marine fossils discovered in eastern Turkey indicate the region was underwater millions of years ago, according to experts. ... Excitement over newly discovered marine fossils. ELAZIĞ. Marine fossils discovered in eastern Turkey indicate the region was ... "The fossil existence in the area shows that this place was the shallow parts of a sea that existed in the past geological ... Speaking to the state-run Anadolu Agency, Aksoy said that the mussel-like fossils found on the rocks are scientifically known ...

https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/excitement-over-newly-discovered-marine-fossils-164337

Learn more about fossil fuels, and why we need to embrace clean energy. ... Using fossil fuels for energy has exacted an enormous toll on humanity and the environment-from air and water pollution to ... Fossil fuels emit more than just carbon dioxide when burned. Coal-fired power plants single-handedly generate 35 percent of ... Heres a look at what fossil fuels are, what they cost us (beyond the wallet), and why its time to move toward a clean energy ...

https://www.nrdc.org/stories/fossil-fuels-dirty-facts

Fossils reveal predators struggle to survive mass extinction. *Science. Fossils reveal predators struggle to survive mass ... See the fabulous fossils unearthed in a garbage dump. As a landfill expands in Spain, paleontologists are uncovering many ... Its one of more than 70,000 fossils found at the Abocador de Can Mata, a landfill near Barcelona thats a paleontologists ...

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/see-the-fabulous-fossils-unearthed-in-a-garbage-dump-feature?cmpid=org=ngp::mc=crm-email::src=ngp::cmp=editorial::add=Science_20210901&rid=B4E99C5A2FE1C3AFEF4E6A9D6D7CBFAF

The oldest compelling fossil evidence for cellular life has been discovered on a 3.43-billion-year-old beach in western ... who remains to be convinced that the Apex chert fossils are biological. Neither fossil, however, is the oldest trace of life& ... The fossils were excavated from an ancient beach - now a sandstone formation near the Strelley pool in the Pilbara region - by ... The oldest compelling fossil evidence for cellular life has been discovered on a 3.43-billion-year-old beach in western ...

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20813-oldest-reliable-fossils-show-early-life-was-a-beach/

... studying fossils with AI - which could help us spot signatures of life within rocks on other planets. ... Dickinsonia fossil at the Nilpena fossil beds. Credit: Ian Connellan. A joint Australian-US team has a plan to use AI to ... Today, the fossils of early life are mixed up among a background "texture" of the fossilised microbial mat. ... The tech will be applied to the exquisitely preserved fossils at the Nilpena Ediacara National Park, in South Australia. These ...

https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/earth-sciences/studying-fossils-with-ai-tech/

For more information, see Finding Fossils from Space. Images by Barbara Summey, NASA GSFC Visualization Analysis Lab, based on ... requirements for good fossil sites. The high-resolution images also improve upon the poor previously-existing maps of the area. ... two of Mongolias most famous fossil sites.. The bottom image was made by combining Landsat band 7 (shortwave infrared) for red ... scientists can identify areas comprised of sedimentary rocks where vegetation is sparse-requirements for good fossil sites. ...

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/602/scientists-use-nasa-landsat-data-to-hunt-for-dinosaur-fossils

Fossils: A Very Short Introduction and Dinosaurs: A Very Short Introduction, By Keith Thomson and David Norman Fossils: A Very ... How do fossils form around hydrothermal vents? Crispin Little describes how he and his team found out - by making their own ... explains what synchrotron X-ray studies of fossil teeth can tell us about the evolution of orang-utans - and our own origins. ...

https://www.scienceinschool.org/?sis-editor-tags=fossils

Egyptian scientists say the fossil of a four-legged prehistoric whale found in 2008 is that of a previously unknown species. ... The fossil was first found by a team of Egyptian environmentalists in 2008 in an area that was covered by seas in prehistoric ... Egypt team identifies fossil of land-roaming whale species. The creature was semi-aquatic because it moved between land and sea ... The oldest fossil whales are about 50 million years old and are believed to have originated in modern-day Pakistan and India. ...

https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/nation-world/fossil-land-roaming-whale-species/507-39a0e738-7fee-4afc-b8c3-593d189843b1

... have discovered that 558 million-year-old Dickinsonia fossils do not reveal all of the features of the earliest known animals, ... "These fossils comprise our best window into earliest animal evolution and are the key to understanding our own deep origins." ... The fact that Dickinsonia and other Ediacara biota fossils were preserved at all in the geological record has been a big ... "Our discovery about Dickinsonia - and many other Ediacaran fossils - opens up new possibilities as to what they actually looked ...

https://www.anu.edu.au/news/all-news/anu-scientists-solve-mystery-shrouding-oldest-animal-fossils

The fossil bore evidence of this broken neck. The prey in the stomach showed little signs of digestion, indicating the ... The fossil shows the skeleton of a 15-foot-long (5 meters) Guizhouichthyosaurus, a type of marine reptile called an ichthyosaur ... It is among the more dramatic fossils on record, joining others such as one showing the Cretaceous Period dinosaurs ... Scientists on Thursday described a fossil unearthed in Chinas Guizhou Province that reveals this Triassic Period drama in ...

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-science-reptiles-idUSKBN25G1SD

While researchers havent found the coveted signals imprinted on rocks as dark matter fossils just yet, neither have any of the ... Physicists suggest hunting Dark Matter Fossils deep underground. Although buried detectors have searched for signs of dark ...

https://www.astronomy.com/science/physicists-suggest-hunting-dark-matter-fossils-deep-underground/

Discover the latest styles and trends with Fossil. Browse watches, wallets, handbags, accessories, and more with quality ... Fossilx Star Wars Unisex Limited Edition TIE Fighter Analog Smoke Tone Stainless Steel Bracelet Watch. $295.00 ... FossilCarlie Mini Three-Hand White Mother of Pearl Dial Gold-Tone Stainless Steel Watch. $150.00 ... Fossilx Star Wars Unisex Limited Edition Luke Skywalker Analog Black Leather Strap Watch. $270.00 ...

https://www.dillards.com/brand/Fossil/accessories-watches-women-watches-analog

Unilever pledges to eliminate fossil fuels in cleaning products by 2030. Chemicals used in its cleaning and laundry products ... With pollution levels in the capital worsening, the advent of e-bikes would stem the burning of fossil fuels. ...

https://www.asianage.com/content/tags/fossil-fuels

... People often find fossilized teeth in the Miocene deposits of Maryland. Fossil shark teeth are commonly ... Only fossil teeth are included in the guide. Click on a section of the images on the left side of the guide to see an larger ... We present here a guide to help you identify fossil teeth that you might find from Calvert Cliffs, and other areas where the ... However, the illustrations are excellent references for fossil identification. The text is, for the most part, unedited from ...

http://www.mgs.md.gov/geology/fossils/miocene_tooth_fossils.html

... has spent the last decade developing a process to analyze the rocks to find out if it does contain the oldest fossils in the ... In the more recent past, at least the fossils are large enough to see with the naked eye. When youre looking for fossils from ... Bacteria Biology Archaeology Geology Fossils More from Extreme. How Do Solar Panels Work? 05/26/2023 By Jessica Hall ... Some potential fossils were identified in a rock more than 20 years ago that was dated to an age of about 3.5 billion years. ...

https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/260802-oldest-fossils-ever-found-dated-3-5-billion-years-ago

Fossil Feathers Paint New Image of Hawaiian Ibis. News By Jennifer Welsh ... "The pigmentation in the fossil feathers showed that the plumage was probably most similar to that of juvenile white ibises, ... 462 million-year-old fossilized eyes and brains uncovered in secret Welsh fossil site ...

https://www.livescience.com/17479-flightless-ibis-feathers.html

... then the Fossil Gen 4 Explorist could be for you - especially now its on offer. ... This, one and all, is the Fossil Gen 4 Explorist smartwatch. And it could be yours.. This high-end smartwatch has all the looks ... CHEAP: Multi-task magnificently with a Fossil smartwatch for $199 Form and functionality in a watch-shaped package September 5 ... But what does it do exactly? Well, alongside its notification and reply features, the Fossil Gen 4 Explorist lets you monitor ...

https://thenextweb.com/news/cheap-multi-task-magnificently-fossil-smartwatch-deal-offer

Discovery.com reports on paleontologists finding fossils in northern Alaska that could lead to a greater understanding of the ... This is the first time in history that any baby dromaeosaurid fossil has been found in arctic Alaska. Paleontologist Alfio ... Over 200 miles north of the Arctic Circle, paleontologists found baby velociraptor fossils with big implications. ... acknowledges years of studies of the Prince Creek Formation in Alaska which led to the discovery of fossils in the ...

https://www.discovery.com/nature/baby-raptor-fossil-found-in-alaska

The value of fossil-fuel stocks is derived from their oil, gas, and coal reserves, but if those reserves are extracted and ... Dig deeper: Read an opinion piece from a foundation trustee urging philanthropies to shed fossil-fuel stocks. Plus, see how ... Dorsey says the Wallace Global Fund spent about a year revamping its endowment, which she says is now "virtually fossil-fuel ... Seventeen foundations with nearly $2-billion in assets have vowed to divest the fossil-fuel stocks in their endowments and ...

https://www.philanthropy.com/article/17-foundations-join-forces-to-divest-fossil-fuel-stocks/

The fossils are a handy reminder of why we have caves in the first place. Hundreds of millions of years ago, when most of ... Those are the superstars, the obvious attractions of the cave world, but Alabamas caves are also prime spots to find fossils, ... But Trammell, a research associate studying fossil shark teeth at the McWane Science Center, recognizes that rock as the root ... from the coil-like Archimedes to tubular crinoids and fossil corals. In certain spots, the coarse rock is laden with thousands ...

https://www.al.com/news/2021/12/vast-network-of-alabama-caves-reveals-hidden-fossils-endangered-ecosystem.html

Earliest nervous system found in fossil. Thursday, 17 October 2013 AFP. Close-up of the head region of the fossil specimen with ... You might also be interested in Fossils *Pregnant reptile fossil suggests bird ancestors gave birth to live young ... Found in the Chengjiang formation, a treasure trove of fossils in southwestern Chinas Yunnan province, the museum specimen ... Oldest known fossils push evidence for life back by 220 million years ...

https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2013/10/17/3871304.htm

If fossil fuel companies and their financial backers are scared now, then they should be terrified of whats to come. ... Fossil Fuel Companies Are Suffering Under the Coronavirus. Good.. If fossil fuel companies and their financial backers are ... It should come as no shock that fossil fuels are a risky investment. With over $14 trillion worth of fossil fuel holdings ... Investing in fossil fuels has been a bad strategy for a long time. Now, in the midst of a global pandemic, its an even worse ...

https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/fossil-fuel-companies-are-suffering-under-coronavirus-good/

Fossil x Razer, and its Michael Kors portfolio. ... Fossil Gen 6 smartwatches now have Alexa voice commands, ... Alexa is now at the disposal of folks rocking a Fossil Gen 6, Skagen Falster Gen 6, Fossil x Razer, and the latest smartwatches ... Fossil The second option to access Alexa is via the dedicated tile shortcut that can be accessed by swiping left on the home ... Fossil has announced that the Gen 6 smartwatches can now fire up Alexa and get things done with just a voice command. ...

https://www.slashgear.com/799672/fossils-newest-gen-6-smartwatches-get-an-alexa-upgrade/

... former Fossil Ridge and current Idaho State basketball player, had 10 points and three rebounds in 35 m... ...

https://www.coloradoan.com/story/news/2014/01/12/former-fossil-ridge-player-hansen-plays-close-to-home/4449915/

The first complex life we see in the fossil record turns up around 630 million years ago, but they still dont bear much ... The first complex life we see in the fossil record turns up around 630 million years ago, but they still dont bear much ... Sarah - So these other fossils that I can see here on the table, are they the first evidence of complex, multicellular life? ... And one finds lots of other fossils of things like trilobites, segments animals that are now extinct, but with a big armoured ...

https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/interviews/ediacaran-and-burgess-shale-fossils?page=1

Make "fossil sql" an alias for "fossil sqlite3" so that typing "fossil sql" does not generate an ambiguity with the new "fossil ... Added wiki page "Fossil-NG" ... (artifact: a489846a user: drh) 20:44. • Added wiki page "Fossil-NG" ... (artifact: cf395096 ... Changes to wiki page "Fossil-NG" ... (artifact: 8b55a3bf user: drh) 20:18. • Changes to wiki page "Fossil 2.0" ... (artifact: ... Add the "fossil sqlar" command. Like "fossil zip", except generates sqlar archives. ... (check-in: 7eb5b0a2 user: dan tags: ...

https://fossil-scm.org/home/timeline?c=c94f6085489effe6&y=a

In short, fossil fuel companies are getting the right to dig up fossil fuels on federal lands for ever-lower prices, while ... Tapping "Our" Resources: Declining Returns on Fossil Fuel Leases By. Christine Shearer , Truthout. Published February 4, 2011 ... Tapping "Our" Resources: Declining Returns on Fossil Fuel Leases. By. Christine Shearer , Truthout. Published February 4, 2011 ... Fossil fuel companies do not have to sell the oil and coal taken within the US back to the US; they are free to sell the ...

https://truthout.org/articles/tapping-our-resources-declining-returns-on-fossil-fuel-leases/

Fossil Group Inc. took some of the sting out of a difficult fourth quarter - and an anticipated rough road full of currency ... Fossil Inks Kate Spade Deal Amid Q4 Earnings Miss. The retailer signed a 10-year global licensing agreement for watches under ... Fossils extensive brand portfolio expanded last year with the launch of Tory Burch and Emporio Armani Swiss, both part of its ... Fossil calculated that the strength of the U.S. dollar effectively subtracted $32.5 million from quarterly net sales and 23 ...

https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/fossil-inks-kate-spade-deal-amid-q4-earnings-miss-8198680/

Here's everything you need to know about fossil fuels, and why we need to embrace a clean energy future. (nrdc.org)
For more than a century , burning fossil fuels has generated most of the energy required to propel our cars, power our businesses, and keep the lights on in our homes. (nrdc.org)
Using fossil fuels for energy has exacted an enormous toll on humanity and the environment-from air and water pollution to global warming . (nrdc.org)
Here's a look at what fossil fuels are, what they cost us (beyond the wallet), and why it's time to move toward a clean energy future. (nrdc.org)
What Are Fossil Fuels? (nrdc.org)
Coal, crude oil, and natural gas are all considered fossil fuels because they were formed from the fossilized, buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. (nrdc.org)
Because of their origins, fossil fuels have a high carbon content. (nrdc.org)
With pollution levels in the capital worsening, the advent of e-bikes would stem the burning of fossil fuels. (asianage.com)
Petition · Force DU to divest from fossil fuels. (change.org)
We need your signature to show DU that the student body demands divestment from fossil fuels now. (change.org)
Students Against Fossil Fuels (SAIFF) and Divest DU are working together to push DU to divest. (change.org)
Fossil fuels, like coal and gasoline, come from plants that died millions of years ago. (nih.gov)
When we burn fossil fuels today, carbon dioxide goes back into the atmosphere. (nih.gov)
Fossil fuels, such as petroleum and coal, naturally contain naphthalene. (cdc.gov)

García-Bellido will co-lead the project with geologist Mary Droser , from the University of California, Riverside in the US, who has been studying the Ediacaran fossils for two decades. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Our discovery about Dickinsonia - and many other Ediacaran fossils - opens up new possibilities as to what they actually looked like. (edu.au)

With Landsat 5 and 7 data, the scientists can identify areas comprised of sedimentary rocks where vegetation is sparse, requirements for good fossil sites. (nasa.gov)
CAIRO, Egypt - Egyptian scientists say the fossil of a four-legged prehistoric whale, unearthed over a decade ago in the country's Western Desert, is that of a previously unknown species. (wkyc.com)
Scientists from The Australian National University (ANU) have discovered that 558 million-year-old Dickinsonia fossils do not reveal all of the features of the earliest known animals, which potentially had mouths and guts. (edu.au)
The team, which includes scientists from Russian institutions, discovered how Ediacara biota fossils were preserved, despite the macroorganisms not having skeletons or shells. (edu.au)
Scientists on Thursday described a fossil unearthed in China's Guizhou Province that reveals this Triassic Period drama in exceptional detail and changes the understanding of "megapredation" in prehistoric seas. (reuters.com)

Dickinsonia fossil at the Nilpena fossil beds. (cosmosmagazine.com)
They include the iconic, pancake-flat Dickinsonia , the weird tri-symmetrical Tribrachidium , and the South Australian fossil emblem Spriggina . (cosmosmagazine.com)
The fact that Dickinsonia and other Ediacara biota fossils were preserved at all in the geological record has been a big mystery - until now. (edu.au)

The title of Earth's Earliest Life has been returned to the fossils in the Pilbara region of Australia. (universetoday.com)
The natural archive of Earth's geological record contains fossils and other signals of living creatures, which helps us understand the evolutionary story of life on this planet. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Field Museum researcher Evan Saitta and his colleagues call their method "sediment-encased maturation," and it involves pressing samples into clay tablets which are then baked in an oven at 3500 psi-about the pressure of a professional-grade power washer, and roughly equivalent to the pressure of rock in the shallow parts of Earth's crust, where fossils are found. (popsci.com)
The unexpected discovery of "ghost" fossils belonging to tiny, ancient organisms could provide insights about how life reacts to climate change in Earth's oceans. (lifeboat.com)

In 1999, an American Museum of Natural History expedition used Landsat images like this one to locate a new site of dinosaur and early mammal fossils in Mongolia's Gobi Desert. (nasa.gov)
With its first dinosaur fossil collected in 1897, the AMNH fossil amphibian, reptile, and bird collection (FARB) quickly became, and still remains, the largest such collection in the world, currently housing over 30,000 catalogued specimens including many type specimens. (amnh.org)
Fossils of the oldest diplodocoid dinosaur suggest India was a major centre for neosauropod radiation. (bvsalud.org)

Researchers found fossils of more than 20 other mammal species there, including those of rhinos, deer, horses, gazelles and rodents, and about one-sixth of these bones had cut marks, suggesting that humans preyed on them, Wu told Live Science. (livescience.com)

The Pilbara fossils had held that title since the 1980s, until researchers studying ancient rocks in Greenland found evidence of ancient life there. (universetoday.com)
Ercan Aksoy, a geology professor at the university, found that the fossils belonged to sea creatures that lived 34 to 48 million years ago. (hurriyetdailynews.com)
Speaking to the state-run Anadolu Agency, Aksoy said that the mussel-like fossils found on the rocks are scientifically known as "lamellibranchia," those that look like snails are "gastropod," lentil-like remnants are of "nummulites," and the others are of "sea urchins" and "coral. (hurriyetdailynews.com)
It's one of more than 70,000 fossils found at the Abocador de Can Mata, a landfill near Barcelona that's a paleontologists' paradise. (nationalgeographic.com)
The researchers think they can use their method to compare what kinds of materials can survive fossilization, identify structures found in actual fossils, and better understand how soft tissues like skin respond to fossilization. (popsci.com)
Crispin Little describes how he and his team found out - by making their own fossils. (scienceinschool.org)
The fossil was first found by a team of Egyptian environmentalists in 2008 in an area that was covered by seas in prehistoric times, but researchers only published their findings confirming a new species last month. (wkyc.com)
A new study has found that ancient hominid fossils in southern Africa may be more than a million years older than previously thought. (egypttoday.com)
Fossil shark teeth are commonly found at Calvert Cliffs. (md.gov)
Now, we know those are indeed fossils (Opens in a new window) , making them the oldest biological remains ever found. (extremetech.com)
Over 200 miles north of the Arctic Circle, paleontologists found baby velociraptor fossils with big implications. (discovery.com)
This is the first time in history that any baby dromaeosaurid fossil has been found in arctic Alaska. (discovery.com)

Typically, paleontologists use nature itself to figure out how fossils are made. (popsci.com)
Vegetation and different types of rock and soil stand out clearly in this image, enabling paleontologists to identify favorable rock formations where they are likely to find fossils. (nasa.gov)
Sallam said that his team did not start examining the fossil until 2017 because he wanted to assemble the best and the most talented Egyptian paleontologists for the study. (wkyc.com)

Fossils older than 3.5 billion years are unlikely, as sedimentary rocks from that time are exceptionally rare and likely to have metamorphosed beyond recognition. (newscientist.com)

Paul Tafforeau from the University of Poitiers and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France, explains what synchrotron X-ray studies of fossil teeth can tell us about the evolution of orang-utans - and our own origins. (scienceinschool.org)
We present here a guide to help you identify fossil teeth that you might find from Calvert Cliffs, and other areas where the Miocene is exposed. (md.gov)
Only fossil teeth are included in the guide. (md.gov)

These new fossils suggest that far-flung groups of ancient humans were more genetically linked across Eurasia than often previously thought, researchers in the new study said. (livescience.com)
A team of researchers from UCLA and the University of Wisconsin-Madison has spent the last decade developing a process to analyze the rocks to find out if it does contain the oldest fossils in the world. (extremetech.com)
The varying carbon ratios in the samples show the fossils are the remains of biological lifeforms, and researchers were also able to make some educated guesses about what type of lifeforms they were. (extremetech.com)

These structures appear to be true microfossils," says Emmanuelle Javaux from the University of Liège in Belgium, who remains to be convinced that the Apex chert fossils are biological. (newscientist.com)

Most organisms that die don't end up as fossils because the process requires very particular conditions. (extremetech.com)

The oldest compelling fossil evidence for cellular life has been discovered on a 3.43-billion-year-old beach in western Australia. (newscientist.com)
The multiple lines of evidence have convinced me," says Malcolm Walter of the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, who thinks that the Apex chert fossils are real. (newscientist.com)
While it long has been presumed that large apex predators preyed upon other big animals - megapredation is defined as feeding on prey of human size or larger - the Chinese fossil represents the first direct evidence of it, as demonstrated by a prehistoric animal's stomach contents. (reuters.com)
The fossil bore evidence of this broken neck. (reuters.com)

He underlined that the existence of marine fossils in the region and the presence of different species are worth investigating to provide information about how many million years ago the area was on the seafloor. (hurriyetdailynews.com)
The fossil sheds light on the evolution of whales from herbivore land mammals into carnivorous species that today live exclusively in water. (wkyc.com)
This new species by itself cannot answer that question, but when viewed in the context of other fossil discoveries, suggests that this dispersal occurred 43 million years ago," said Geisler, adding the new find could possibly serve as a link between Indo-Pakistan and North American regions. (wkyc.com)

For the less patient, there's a new option: "bake" fossils by packing the work of tens of thousands of years into a 24-hour period. (popsci.com)

The remarkably well-preserved three-dimensional microbes will help resolve a fierce and long-running debate about what is the oldest known fossil - or at least add to it. (newscientist.com)
A joint Australian-US team has a plan to use AI to understand the oldest complex fossils on Earth - and they've just received a cool US$300,000 (about $410,000) grant from NASA to do it. (cosmosmagazine.com)
The oldest fossil whales are about 50 million years old and are believed to have originated in modern-day Pakistan and India. (wkyc.com)

Crude oil, or petroleum (literally "rock oil" in Latin), is a liquid fossil fuel made up mostly of hydrocarbons (hydrogen and carbon compounds). (nrdc.org)
Indeed, in terms of emissions, it's the most carbon-intensive fossil fuel we can burn. (nrdc.org)
SIMS looks at the ratio of carbon atoms present in fossils, but this isn't a dating mechanism. (extremetech.com)
SIMS analyzes the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 isotopes, comparing samples from the alleged fossils with those from empty sections of rock. (extremetech.com)

The prehistoric whale, known as semi-aquatic because it lived both on land and sea, sported features of an accomplished hunter, the team's leading paleontologist, Hesham Sallam, told The Associated Press - features that make it stand out among other whale fossils. (wkyc.com)
Egypt's Western Desert region is already known for the so-called Whale Valley, or Wadi Al-Hitan, a tourist attraction and the country's only natural World Heritage site that contains fossil remains of another type of prehistoric whales. (wkyc.com)

The fragmentary nature of the human fossil record has made it tricky to determine the biology of the immediate predecessors of modern humans in eastern Eurasia, Trinkaus said. (livescience.com)
They use those insights to do things like figure out what kinds of animals or habitats are overrepresented in the fossil record as well as to understand time scales, climate change, and other nuances that wouldn't be clear without an idea of how something got from living creature to fossil in the first place. (popsci.com)
It is among the more dramatic fossils on record, joining others such as one showing the Cretaceous Period dinosaurs Velociraptor and Protoceratops locked in combat and another of the large Cretaceous fish Xiphactinus that had swallowed whole another sizeable fish. (reuters.com)
Divergence dating studies, which combine temporal data from the fossil record with branch length data from molecular phylogenetic trees, represent a rapidly expanding approach to understanding the history of life. (nih.gov)

Now a new study of the Pilbara fossils has identified the presence of preserved organic matter in those fossils, and handed the 'Ancient Life' crown back to them. (universetoday.com)
The fossils were excavated from an ancient beach - now a sandstone formation near the Strelley pool in the Pilbara region - by Brasier's colleague David Wacey from the University of Western Australia in Crawley. (newscientist.com)
Study of ancient Australian fossils receives funding from NASA. (cosmosmagazine.com)
The fossil whale has been been named Phiomicetus Anubis, after the god of death in ancient Egypt. (wkyc.com)

In 1993, William Schopf of the University of California, Los Angeles, claimed he had discovered fossils that are 35 million years older than the present find in nearby deposits known as the Apex chert. (newscientist.com)
Nobody had looked at fossil beach deposits because it was thought oxygen had caused the decay of all traces of life there," says Brasier. (newscientist.com)

What these fossils show is that these groups were basically not separate. (livescience.com)

Today, the fossils of early life are mixed up among a background "texture" of the fossilised microbial mat. (cosmosmagazine.com)
The result looks and acts like a real-life fossil. (popsci.com)
When you're looking for fossils from the dawn of life on Earth, they're microscopic. (extremetech.com)

The University of Denver is currently investing millions of dollars of endowment funds into fossil fuel companies. (change.org)
For more information about fossil fuel divestment, SAIFF, and Divest DU check out our Instagram @SAIFF_DU or contact us directly at [email protected] with any questions. (change.org)
Fossil-fuel and Combustion-related Air Pollution and Hypertension in the Sister Study [ Abstract Fossil-fuel and Combustion-related Air Pollution and Hypertension in the Sister Study ] [ Synopsis Fossil-fuel and Combustion-related Air Pollution and Hypertension in the Sister Study ] Xu J, Niehoff NM, White AJ, Werder EJ, Sandler DP. (nih.gov)
Providing energy for the overall economy (oil and gas extraction) takes many thousands of workers involved in energy supply from fossil fuel sources and renewables. (cdc.gov)

In fact, there was minimal oxygen in the atmosphere at this time, meaning that the fossils could preserve well. (newscientist.com)

I don't like to think of these fossils as those of hybrids," said study co-author Erik Trinkaus, an anthropologist at Washington University in St. Louis. (livescience.com)

A journal published out of London this week, acknowledges years of studies of the Prince Creek Formation in Alaska which led to the discovery of fossils in the dromaeosaurid family. (discovery.com)

National Evolutionary Synthesis Center hosted the first Fossil Calibrations Working Group (3-6 March, 2011, Durham, NC, USA), bringing together palaeontologists, molecular evolutionists and bioinformatics experts to present perspectives from disciplines that generate, model and use fossil calibration data. (nih.gov)

Presentations and discussions focused on channels for interdisciplinary collaboration, best practices for justifying, reporting and using fossil calibrations and roadblocks to synthesis of palaeontological and molecular data. (nih.gov)

Well, alongside its notification and reply features, the Fossil Gen 4 Explorist lets you monitor your health, social media accounts, and check upcoming events. (thenextweb.com)

Some potential fossils were identified in a rock more than 20 years ago that was dated to an age of about 3.5 billion years. (extremetech.com)

Fossils That Formed 3.5 billion Years Ago, Really are Fossils. (universetoday.com)

Marine fossils discovered in eastern Turkey indicate the region was underwater millions of years ago, according to experts. (hurriyetdailynews.com)

At the top is a true color Landsat 5 image of the Gobi desert covering the area between Ukhaa Tolgod and the Flaming Cliffs, two of Mongolia's most famous fossil sites. (nasa.gov)

Detail of Nilpena quarry fossil beds with arrows indicating the presence of fossilised matgrounds. (cosmosmagazine.com)

Eun-haeng, fossil tree, more. (medscape.com)

These fossils comprise our best window into earliest animal evolution and are the key to understanding our own deep origins. (edu.au)

Anatomy33

Organisms93

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs16

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes45

Disciplines and Occupations9

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena6

Technology, Industry, Agriculture7

Humanities2

Information Science4

Health Care25

Geographicals28

Evolutionary and preservational constraints on origins of biologic groups: divergence times of eutherian mammals. (1/2344)

X chromosome evidence for ancient human histories. (2/2344)

Predicting protein decomposition: the case of aspartic-acid racemization kinetics. (3/2344)

Preservation of key biomolecules in the fossil record: current knowledge and future challenges. (4/2344)

Early medieval cattle remains from a Scandinavian settlement in Dublin: genetic analysis and comparison with extant breeds. (5/2344)

New evidence from Le Moustier 1: computer-assisted reconstruction and morphometry of the skull. (6/2344)

Evolutionary patterns from mass originations and mass extinctions. (7/2344)

Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids. (8/2344)

Paleontology

Fossil Fuels

Amber

Biological Evolution

Hominidae

Dinosaurs

Paleodontology

Extinction, Biological

Phylogeny

Geology

Geological Phenomena

History, Ancient

Dentition

Skull

Tooth

Reptiles

Coniferophyta

Anthropology

Invertebrates

Skeleton

Genetic Speciation

Geography

Cetacea

Anatomy, Comparative

Evolution, Molecular

Angiosperms

Ecosystem

Biodiversity

Mammals

Evolution, Planetary

Birds

Egg Shell

Neanderthals

Geologic Sediments

Artiodactyla

Animal Shells

Radiometric Dating

Time

Arthropods

Archaeology

Wyoming

Alligators and Crocodiles

Geological Processes

Classification

Body Size

Gymnosperms

Vertebrates

Menispermaceae

Sirenia

Echinodermata

Phylogeography

Foraminifera

Climate

Preservation, Biological

Feathers

Atmosphere

Biofuels

Greenhouse Effect

Marine Biology

South America

Energy-Generating Resources

Natural History

Aquatic Organisms

Crustacea

Species Specificity

Mollusca

Bone and Bones

Gorilla gorilla

Bayes Theorem

Dominican Republic

Primates

Fishes

Jaw

Insects

Platyrrhini

Arachnida

DNA, Mitochondrial

Acari

Ecology

North America