Forced Expiratory Volume
Vital Capacity
Respiratory Function Tests
Asthma
Bronchial Provocation Tests
Bronchodilator Agents
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Administration, Inhalation
Methacholine Chloride
Lung
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
Albuterol
Forced Expiratory Flow Rates
Maximal Midexpiratory Flow Rate
Bronchoconstriction
Asthma, Exercise-Induced
Lung Volume Measurements
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Residual Volume
Maximal Expiratory Flow Rate
Total Lung Capacity
Double-Blind Method
Pulmonary Emphysema
Cystic Fibrosis
Respiration Disorders
Bronchitis
Airway Resistance
Nebulizers and Vaporizers
Pulmonary Ventilation
Sputum
Budesonide
Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity
Inspiratory Capacity
Cross-Over Studies
Ipratropium
Respiratory Mechanics
Severity of Illness Index
Bronchi
Exercise Tolerance
Functional Residual Capacity
Respiratory Sounds
Beclomethasone
Aerosols
Maximal Expiratory Flow-Volume Curves
Cough
Bronchospirometry
Occupational Exposure
Treatment Outcome
Exercise Test
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Cross-Sectional Studies
Prospective Studies
Metered Dose Inhalers
Respiration
Androstadienes
Pneumoconiosis
Cholinergic Antagonists
Histamine
Pregnenediones
Saline Solution, Hypertonic
Reference Values
Leukotriene Antagonists
Follow-Up Studies
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Air Pollutants, Occupational
Regression Analysis
Glycopyrrolate
Expectorants
Analysis of Variance
Cohort Studies
Hypersensitivity, Immediate
Quality of Life
Nedocromil
Statistics, Nonparametric
Eosinophils
Linear Models
Eosinophil Granule Proteins
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Reproducibility of Results
Longitudinal Studies
Questionnaires
Oxygen
Case-Control Studies
Lung Transplantation
Predictive Value of Tests
Risk Factors
Skin Tests
Respiratory Therapy
Glucocorticoids
Powders
Methacholine Compounds
Pulmonary Medicine
Breathing Exercises
Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Respiratory Hypersensitivity
Plethysmography, Whole Body
Pulmonary Gas Exchange
Inhalation Exposure
Respiratory Physiological Phenomena
Bronchitis, Chronic
Drug Administration Schedule
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Sensitivity and Specificity
Byssinosis
Chronic Disease
Oxygen Inhalation Therapy
Air Pollutants
Textile Industry
Leukocyte Count
Age Factors
Ozone
Retrospective Studies
Respiratory Insufficiency
Maximal Voluntary Ventilation
Single-Blind Method
Drug Therapy, Combination
Cromolyn Sodium
Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio
Aerosol Propellants
Pregnadienediols
Carbon Monoxide
Chlorofluorocarbons
Exercise
Nitrogen Dioxide
Allergens
Plasma Volume
Agricultural Workers' Diseases
Tidal Volume
Thoracic Wall
Leukotriene E4
Walking
Acetates
Disease Progression
Sex Factors
Body Height
Stroke Volume
Immunoglobulin E
Helium
Respiratory System
Body Mass Index
Hyperventilation
Biological Markers
Wood
Thoracoplasty
Partial Pressure
Prevalence
Lung Compliance
Nitric Oxide
Theophylline
Carbon Dioxide
Metallurgy
Radiography, Thoracic
Oxidants, Photochemical
Pilot Projects
Physical Exertion
Arterial blood gas tensions during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. (1/4775)
Arterial blood gas tensions were measured before and during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, with (group I) and without (group 2) sedation with intravenous diazepam. There was a highly significant fall in the PaO2, which occurred in both groups and was therefore not attributable to diazepam. Measurement of FEV, and FVC before endoscopy had no predictive value for those patients whose PaO2 fell the most. (+info)Comparative total mortality in 25 years in Italian and Greek middle aged rural men. (2/4775)
STUDY OBJECTIVE: Mortality over 25 years has been low in the Italian and very low in the Greek cohorts of the Seven Countries Study; factors responsible for this particularity were studied in detail. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS: 1712 Italian and 1215 Greek men, aged 40-59 years, cohorts of the Seven Countries Study, representing over 95% of the populations in designated rural areas. DESIGN: Entry (1960-61) data included age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), smoking habits, total serum cholesterol, body mass index (BMI), arm circumference, vital capacity (VC), and forced expiratory volume in 3/4 seconds (FEV); the same data were obtained 10 years later. Multivariate Cox analysis was performed with all causes death in 25 years as end point. MAIN RESULTS: Italian men had higher entry levels of SBP, arm circumference, BMI, and VC; Greek men had higher cholesterol levels, smoking habits, and FEV. Mortality of Italian men was higher throughout; at 25 years cumulative mortality was 48.3% and 35.3% respectively. Coronary heart disease and stroke mortality increased fivefold in Italy and 10-fold in Greece between years 10 and 25. The only risk factor with a significantly higher contribution to mortality in Italian men was cholesterol. However, differences in entry SBP (higher in Italy) and FEV (higher in Greece) accounted for, according to the Lee method, 75% of the differential mortality between the two populations. At 10 years increases in SBP, cholesterol, BMI, and decreases in smoking habits, VC, FEV, and arm circumference had occurred (deltas). SBP increased more and FEV and VC decreased more in Italy than in Greece. Deltas, fed stepwise in the original model for the prediction of 10 to 25 years mortality, were significant for SBP, smoking, arm circumference, and VC in Greece, and for SBP and VC in Italy. CONCLUSION: Higher mortality in Italian men is related to stronger positive effects of entry SBP and weaker negative (protective) effects of FEV; in addition 10 year increases in SBP are higher and 10 year decreases in FEV are larger in Italy. Unaccounted factors, however, related to, for example, differences in the diet, may also have contributed to the differential mortality of these two Mediterranean populations. (+info)Post-shift changes in pulmonary function in a cement factory in eastern Saudi Arabia. (3/4775)
This cross-sectional study was conducted in 1992 in the oldest of three Portland cement producing factories in Eastern Saudi Arabia. The respirable dust level was in excess of the recommended ACGIH level in all sections. Spirometry was done for 149 cement workers and 348 controls, using a Vitalograph spirometer. FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC% and FEF25-75% were calculated and corrected to BTPS. A significantly higher post-shift reduction FEV1, FEV1/FVC% and FEF25-75% was observed in the exposed subjects. Multiple regression analysis showed a significant relationship between post-shift changes and exposure to cement dust but failed to support any relationship with smoking. These findings may indicate an increase in the bronchial muscle tone leading to some degree of bronchoconstriction as a result of an irritant effect induced by the acute exposure to cement dust. (+info)Double-blind intervention trial on modulation of ozone effects on pulmonary function by antioxidant supplements. (4/4775)
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the acute effects of ozone on lung function could be modulated by antioxidant vitamin supplementation in a placebo-controlled study. Lung function was measured in Dutch bicyclists (n = 38) before and after each training session on a number of occasions (n = 380) during the summer of 1996. The vitamin group (n = 20) received 100 mg of vitamin E and 500 mg of vitamin C daily for 15 weeks. The average ozone concentration during exercise was 77 microg/m3 (range, 14-186 microg/m3). After exclusion of subjects with insufficient compliance from the analysis, a difference in ozone exposure of 100 microg/m3 decreased forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) 95 ml (95% confidence interval (CI) -265 to -53) in the placebo group and 1 ml (95% CI -94 to 132) in the vitamin group; for forced vital capacity, the change was -125 ml (95% CI -384 to -36) in the placebo group and -42 ml (95% CI -130 to 35) in the vitamin group. The differences in ozone effect on lung function between the groups were statistically significant. The results suggest that supplementation with the antioxidant vitamins C and E confers partial protection against the acute effects of ozone on FEV1 and forced vital capacity in cyclists. (+info)Decline in FEV1 related to smoking status in individuals with severe alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (PiZZ). (5/4775)
Severe alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency predisposes to emphysema development. Highly variable rates of decline in lung function are reported in PiZZ individuals. The annual decline in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1; delta FEV1) was analysed in relation to smoking status in a cohort of 608 adult PiZZ individuals included in the Swedish national AAT deficiency register. Delta FEV1 was analysed in 211 never-smokers, in 351 exsmokers, and in 46 current smokers after performing at least two spirometries during a follow-up time of 1 yr or longer (median 5.5 yrs, range 1-31). The adjusted mean delta FEV1 in never-smokers was 47 mL x yr(-1) (95% confidence interval (CI) 41-53 mL x yr(-1)), 41 mL x yr(-1) (95% CI 36-48 mL x yr(-1)) in exsmokers, and 70 mL x yr(-1) (95% CI 58-82 mL x yr(-1)) in current smokers. A dose-response relationship was found between cigarette consumption and delta FEV1 in current smokers and exsmokers. In never-smokers, a greater delta FEV1 was found after 50 yrs of age than before. No sex differences were found in delta FEV1. In conclusion, among PiZZ individuals, the change in forced expiratory volume in one second is essentially the same in never-smokers and exsmokers. Smoking is associated with a dose-dependent increase in the change in forced expiratory volume in one second. (+info)Expiratory and inspiratory chest computed tomography and pulmonary function tests in cigarette smokers. (6/4775)
This study evaluated small airway dysfunction and emphysematous destruction of lung parenchyma in cigarette smokers, using chest expiratory high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and pulmonary function tests (PFT). The degree of emphysematous destruction was classified by visual scoring (VS) and the average HRCT number at full expiration/full inspiration (E/I ratio) calculated in 63 male smokers and 10 male nonsmokers (group A). The Brinkman smoking index (BI), defined as cigarettes x day(-1) x yrs, was estimated. Sixty-three smokers were divided into three groups by PFT: group B1 (n=7), with normal PFT; group B2 (n=21), with diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DL,CO) > or = 80% predicted, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) < 80% pred and/or residual volume (RV) > 120% pred; and group B3 (n=35), with DL,CO < 80% pred, FEV1 < 80% pred and/or RV > 120% pred. Heavy smokers (BI > or = 600) (n=48) showed a significant increase in emphysema by both VS and E/I. E/I was significantly elevated in both group B2 (mean+/-SD 0.95+/-0.05) and B3 (0.96+/-0.06) compared with group B1 (0.89+/-0.03). VS could not differentiate group B2 (3.9+/-5.0) from B1 (1.1+/-1.6). These findings suggest that the expiration/inspiration ratio reflects hyperinflation and airway obstruction, regardless of the functional characteristics of emphysema, in cigarette smokers. (+info)Airway inflammatory response to ozone in subjects with different asthma severity. (7/4775)
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether ozone exposure induces a similar airway inflammatory response in subjects with different degrees of asthma severity. Two groups of asthmatic subjects were studied: seven with intermittent mild asthma not requiring regular treatment (group A); and seven with persistent mild asthma requiring regular treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta2-agonists (group B). All subjects were exposed, in a randomized cross-over design, to air or O3 (0.26 parts per million (ppm) for 2 h with intermittent exercise); subjects in group B withdrew from regular treatment 72 h before each exposure. Before the exposure, and 1 and 2 h after the beginning of the exposure they performed a pulmonary function test, and a questionnaire was completed to obtain a total symptom score (TSS). Six hours after the end of the exposure, hypertonic saline (HS) sputum induction was conducted. Sputum cell percentages, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and interleukin (IL)-8 concentrations in the sputum supernatant were measured. TSS significantly increased and forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) significantly decreased after O3 exposure in comparison with air exposure in group A, whereas no changes were observed in group B except for a significant decrement of FEV1 2 h after the beginning of O3 exposure. Sputum neutrophil percentage was significantly higher after O3 exposure than after air exposure in both groups (Group A: 70.2% (28-87) versus 26.6% (8.6-73.2); Group B: 62.1% (25-82.4) versus 27.9% (14.4-54)). IL-8 was higher in sputum supernatant collected 6 h after O3 exposure than after air, only in group A. No change due to O3 has been found in sputum eosinophil percentage and ECP concentration in both groups. In conclusion, the degree of airway response to a short-term exposure to ozone is different in subjects with asthma of different severity. The available data do not allow elucidation of whether this difference depends on the severity of the disease or on the regular anti-inflammatory treatment. (+info)Dose-response slope of forced oscillation and forced expiratory parameters in bronchial challenge testing. (8/4775)
In population studies, the provocative dose (PD) of bronchoconstrictor causing a significant decrement in lung function cannot be calculated for most subjects. Dose-response curves for carbachol were examined to determine whether this relationship can be summarized by means of a continuous index likely to be calculable for all subjects, namely the two-point dose response slope (DRS) of mean resistance (Rm) and resistance at 10 Hz (R10) measured by the forced oscillation technique (FOT). Five doses of carbachol (320 microg each) were inhaled by 71 patients referred for investigation of asthma (n=16), chronic cough (n=15), nasal polyposis (n=8), chronic rhinitis (n=8), dyspnoea (n=8), urticaria (n=5), post-anaphylactic shock (n=4) and miscellaneous conditions (n=7). FOT resistance and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were measured in close succession. The PD of carbachol leading to a fall in FEV1 > or = 20% (PD20) or a rise in Rm or R10 > or = 47% (PD47,Rm and PD47,R10) were calculated by interpolation. DRS for FEV1 (DRSFEV1), Rm (DRSRm) and R10 (DRSR10) were obtained as the percentage change at last dose divided by the total dose of carbachol. The sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of DRSRm, DRS10 delta%Rm and delta%R10 in detecting spirometric bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR, fall in FEV1 > or = 20%) were assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. There were 23 (32%) "spirometric" reactors. PD20 correlated strongly with DRSFEV1 (r=-0.962; p=0.0001); PD47,Rm correlated significantly with DRSRm (r=-0.648; p=0.0001) and PD47,R10 with DRSR10 (r=-0.552; p=0.0001). DRSFEV1 correlated significantly with both DRSRm (r=0.700; p=0.0001) and DRSR10 (r=0.784; p=0.0001). The Se and Sp of the various FOT indices to correctly detect spirometric BHR were as follows: DRSRm: Se=91.3%, Sp=81.2%; DRSR10: Se=91.3%, Sp=95.8%; delta%Rm: Se=86.9%, Sp=52.1%; and delta%R10: Se=91.3%, Sp=58.3%. Dose-response slopes of indices of forced oscillation technique resistance, especially the dose-response slope of resistance at 10Hz are proposed as simple quantitative indices of bronchial responsiveness which can be calculated for all subjects and that may be useful in occupational epidemiology. (+info)Asthma can cause recurring episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. These symptoms occur when the muscles surrounding the airways contract, causing the airways to narrow and swell. This can be triggered by exposure to environmental allergens or irritants such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander, or respiratory infections.
There is no cure for asthma, but it can be managed with medication and lifestyle changes. Treatment typically includes inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, bronchodilators to open up the airways, and rescue medications to relieve symptoms during an asthma attack.
Asthma is a common condition that affects people of all ages, but it is most commonly diagnosed in children. According to the American Lung Association, more than 25 million Americans have asthma, and it is the third leading cause of hospitalization for children under the age of 18.
While there is no cure for asthma, early diagnosis and proper treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life for those affected by the condition.
1. Chronic bronchitis: This condition causes inflammation of the bronchial tubes (the airways that lead to the lungs), which can cause coughing and excessive mucus production.
2. Emphysema: This condition damages the air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult for the body to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
The main causes of COPD are smoking and long-term exposure to air pollution, although genetics can also play a role. Symptoms of COPD can include shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing, particularly during exercise or exertion. The disease can be diagnosed through pulmonary function tests, chest X-rays, and blood tests.
There is no cure for COPD, but there are several treatment options available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These include medications such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids, pulmonary rehabilitation programs, and lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking and increasing physical activity. In severe cases, oxygen therapy may be necessary to help the patient breathe.
Prevention is key in avoiding the development of COPD, and this includes not smoking and avoiding exposure to air pollution. Early detection and treatment can also help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. With proper management, many people with COPD are able to lead active and productive lives.
There are several types of lung diseases that are classified as obstructive, including:
1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): This is a progressive condition that makes it hard to breathe and can cause long-term disability and even death. COPD is caused by damage to the lungs, usually from smoking or exposure to other forms of pollution.
2. Emphysema: This is a condition where the air sacs in the lungs are damaged and cannot properly expand and contract. This can cause shortness of breath and can lead to respiratory failure.
3. Chronic bronchitis: This is a condition where the airways in the lungs become inflamed and narrowed, making it harder to breathe.
4. Asthma: This is a condition where the airways in the lungs become inflamed and narrowed, causing wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
5. Bronchiectasis: This is a condition where the airways in the lungs become damaged and widened, leading to thickening of the walls of the airways and chronic infection.
6. Pulmonary fibrosis: This is a condition where the lung tissue becomes scarred and stiff, making it harder to breathe.
7. Lung cancer: This is a malignant tumor that can occur in the lungs and can cause breathing difficulties and other symptoms.
These diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including smoking, exposure to air pollution, genetics, and certain occupations or environments. Treatment for obstructive lung diseases may include medications, such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids, and lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking and avoiding exposure to pollutants. In severe cases, surgery or lung transplantation may be necessary.
It's important to note that these diseases can have similar symptoms, so it's important to see a doctor if you experience any persistent breathing difficulties or other symptoms. A proper diagnosis and treatment plan can help manage the condition and improve quality of life.
There are several risk factors for developing EIA, including:
1. Genetics: People with a family history of asthma are more likely to develop EIA.
2. Allergies: Those with allergies, particularly allergies to pollen, dust mites, or pet dander, are more likely to develop EIA.
3. Respiratory infections: People who have had respiratory infections, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, may be at higher risk for developing EIA.
4. Environmental factors: Exposure to cold, dry air, pollution, and other environmental irritants can trigger symptoms of EIA.
5. Physical fitness level: People who are less physically fit may be more susceptible to EIA due to the increased demand on their respiratory system during exercise.
Symptoms of EIA can vary in severity and may include:
1. Wheezing or a whistling sound when breathing out
2. Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
3. Coughing or chest tightness
4. Fatigue or exhaustion
5. Blue lips or fingernail beds (in severe cases)
If you suspect that you or someone else may be experiencing EIA, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare provider can diagnose EIA through a physical examination and may perform additional tests, such as spirometry or methacholine challenge, to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment for EIA typically involves avoiding triggers such as cold air or exercise, using inhalers to relax airway muscles and improve breathing, and managing allergies through medication or immunotherapy. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide oxygen therapy and other supportive care.
Prevention is key to avoiding EIA, and this includes taking the following steps:
1. Warm up before exercising with light cardio for 5-10 minutes
2. Use a humidifier during exercise to keep airways moist
3. Avoid cold air and sudden changes in temperature
4. Use saline nasal sprays or rinse with salt water after exercising to help clear out mucus and reduce inflammation
5. Manage allergies through medication, immunotherapy, or avoiding exposure to allergens
6. Consider wearing a mask during exercise to warm and humidify the air before inhaling it.
In summary, EIA is a condition that can cause breathing difficulties and other symptoms during exercise, especially in people with asthma or other respiratory conditions. It is important to be aware of the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options for EIA to prevent and manage this condition effectively.
The diagnosis of BHR is based on a combination of clinical, physiological, and imaging tests. The most common method used to assess BHR is the methacholine or histamine challenge test, which involves inhaling progressively increasing concentrations of these substances to measure airway reactivity. Other tests include exercise testing, hyperventilation, and mannitol challenge.
BHR is characterized by an increased responsiveness of the airways to various stimuli, such as allergens, cold or exercise, leading to inflammation and bronchoconstriction. This can cause symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.
There are several risk factors for BHR, including:
* Allergies
* Respiratory infections
* Exposure to environmental pollutants
* Genetic predisposition
* Obesity
* Smoking
Treatment of BHR typically involves the use of bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and other medications to reduce inflammation and airway constriction. In severe cases, surgical procedures such as lung volume reduction or bronchial thermoplasty may be necessary. Environmental modifications, such as avoiding triggers and using HEPA filters, can also help manage symptoms.
In summary, bronchial hyperreactivity is a condition characterized by an exaggerated response of the airways to various stimuli, leading to increased smooth muscle contraction and narrowing of the bronchi. It is commonly seen in asthma and other respiratory diseases, and can cause symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Treatment typically involves medications and environmental modifications to reduce inflammation and airway constriction.
In the medical field, dyspnea is often evaluated using a numerical rating scale called the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea scale. This scale rates dyspnea on a scale of 0 to 5, with 0 indicating no shortness of breath and 5 indicating extreme shortness of breath.
Dyspnea can be a symptom of many different conditions, including:
1. Respiratory problems such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia.
2. Heart conditions such as heart failure and coronary artery disease.
3. Other underlying medical conditions such as anemia, lung disease, and liver failure.
4. Neurological conditions such as stroke and multiple sclerosis.
5. Psychological conditions such as anxiety and depression.
Assessment of dyspnea involves a thorough medical history and physical examination, including listening to the patient's lung sounds and assessing their oxygen saturation levels. Diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays, electrocardiograms (ECGs), and blood tests may also be ordered to determine the underlying cause of dyspnea.
Treatment of dyspnea depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, oxygen therapy, and other interventions such as pulmonary rehabilitation. In some cases, dyspnea may be a symptom of a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.
There are several possible causes of airway obstruction, including:
1. Asthma: Inflammation of the airways can cause them to narrow and become obstructed.
2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): This is a progressive condition that damages the lungs and can lead to airway obstruction.
3. Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchial tubes (the airways that lead to the lungs) can cause them to narrow and become obstructed.
4. Pneumonia: Infection of the lungs can cause inflammation and narrowing of the airways.
5. Tumors: Cancerous tumors in the chest or throat can grow and block the airways.
6. Foreign objects: Objects such as food or toys can become lodged in the airways and cause obstruction.
7. Anaphylaxis: A severe allergic reaction can cause swelling of the airways and obstruct breathing.
8. Other conditions such as sleep apnea, cystic fibrosis, and vocal cord paralysis can also cause airway obstruction.
Symptoms of airway obstruction may include:
1. Difficulty breathing
2. Wheezing or stridor (a high-pitched sound when breathing in)
3. Chest tightness or pain
4. Coughing up mucus or phlegm
5. Shortness of breath
6. Blue lips or fingernail beds (in severe cases)
Treatment of airway obstruction depends on the underlying cause and may include medications such as bronchodilators, inhalers, and steroids, as well as surgery to remove blockages or repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, a tracheostomy (a tube inserted into the windpipe to help with breathing) may be necessary.
There are several types of pulmonary emphysema, including:
1. Centriacinar emphysema: This type of emphysema affects the central airways and is caused by the destruction of the walls of the air sacs, leading to their enlargement.
2. Paraseptal emphysema: This type of emphysema affects the spaces between the air sacs and is caused by the destruction of the connective tissue that supports the air sacs.
3. Panacinar emphysema: This type of emphysema affects all parts of the lungs and is caused by the destruction of the walls of the air sacs, leading to their enlargement.
Pulmonary emphysema can be caused by a variety of factors, including smoking, exposure to air pollutants, and genetic predisposition. The symptoms of pulmonary emphysema can vary in severity and may include shortness of breath, fatigue, wheezing, and chest tightness.
Diagnosis of pulmonary emphysema typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and lung function tests such as spirometry and bronchodilator testing. Imaging tests such as chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans may also be used to evaluate the extent of the disease.
Treatment for pulmonary emphysema typically involves a combination of medications, including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotics, as well as lifestyle modifications such as quitting smoking, avoiding exposure to air pollutants, and exercising regularly. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be necessary.
Prevention of pulmonary emphysema includes avoiding smoking and other environmental risk factors, maintaining a healthy diet and exercise regimen, and managing any underlying medical conditions that may contribute to the development of the disease. Early detection and treatment can help to slow the progression of the disease and improve quality of life for those affected.
In conclusion, pulmonary emphysema is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by the destruction of the walls of the air sacs in the lungs, leading to enlargement of the sacs and difficulty breathing. While there is no cure for pulmonary emphysema, treatment can help to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Prevention includes avoiding smoking and other environmental risk factors, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and managing any underlying medical conditions. Early detection and treatment can improve quality of life for those affected by this condition.
Symptoms of cystic fibrosis can vary from person to person, but may include:
* Persistent coughing and wheezing
* Thick, sticky mucus that clogs airways and can lead to respiratory infections
* Difficulty gaining weight or growing at the expected rate
* Intestinal blockages or digestive problems
* Fatty stools
* Nausea and vomiting
* Diarrhea
* Rectal prolapse
* Increased risk of liver disease and respiratory failure
Cystic fibrosis is usually diagnosed in infancy, and treatment typically includes a combination of medications, respiratory therapy, and other supportive care. Management of the disease focuses on controlling symptoms, preventing complications, and improving quality of life. With proper treatment and care, many people with cystic fibrosis can lead long, fulfilling lives.
In summary, cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems, causing thick and sticky mucus to build up in these organs, leading to serious health problems. It can be diagnosed in infancy and managed with a combination of medications, respiratory therapy, and other supportive care.
Some common examples of respiration disorders include:
1. Asthma: A chronic condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A progressive lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe, caused by exposure to pollutants such as cigarette smoke.
3. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can cause fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
4. Bronchitis: Inflammation of the airways that can cause coughing and difficulty breathing.
5. Emphysema: A condition where the air sacs in the lungs are damaged, making it difficult to breathe.
6. Sleep apnea: A sleep disorder that causes a person to stop breathing for short periods during sleep, leading to fatigue and other symptoms.
7. Cystic fibrosis: A genetic disorder that affects the respiratory system and digestive system, causing thick mucus buildup and difficulty breathing.
8. Pulmonary fibrosis: A condition where the lungs become scarred and stiff, making it difficult to breathe.
9. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs and can cause coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing.
10. Lung cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the lungs and can cause symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
These are just a few examples of respiration disorders, and there are many other conditions that can affect the respiratory system and cause breathing difficulties. If you are experiencing any symptoms of respiration disorders, it is important to seek medical attention to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Acute bronchitis is a short-term infection that is usually caused by a virus or bacteria, and can be treated with antibiotics and supportive care such as rest, hydration, and over-the-counter pain relievers. Chronic bronchitis, on the other hand, is a long-term condition that is often associated with smoking and can lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Bronchitis can cause a range of symptoms including:
* Persistent cough, which may be dry or produce mucus
* Chest tightness or discomfort
* Shortness of breath or wheezing
* Fatigue and fever
* Headache and body aches
The diagnosis of bronchitis is usually made based on a physical examination, medical history, and results of diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays and pulmonary function tests. Treatment for bronchitis typically focuses on relieving symptoms and managing the underlying cause, such as a bacterial infection or smoking cessation.
Bronchitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
* Viral infections, such as the common cold or flu
* Bacterial infections, such as pneumonia
* Smoking and exposure to environmental pollutants
* Asthma and other allergic conditions
* Chronic lung diseases, such as COPD
Preventive measures for bronchitis include:
* Quitting smoking and avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke
* Getting vaccinated against flu and pneumonia
* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently
* Avoiding exposure to environmental pollutants
* Managing underlying conditions such as asthma and allergies.
Some common types of lung diseases include:
1. Asthma: A chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A progressive condition that causes chronic inflammation and damage to the airways and lungs, making it difficult to breathe.
3. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, leading to fever, chills, coughing, and difficulty breathing.
4. Bronchiectasis: A condition where the airways are damaged and widened, leading to chronic infections and inflammation.
5. Pulmonary Fibrosis: A condition where the lungs become scarred and stiff, making it difficult to breathe.
6. Lung Cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the lungs, often caused by smoking or exposure to carcinogens.
7. Cystic Fibrosis: A genetic disorder that affects the respiratory and digestive systems, leading to chronic infections and inflammation in the lungs.
8. Tuberculosis (TB): An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
9. Pulmonary Embolism: A blockage in one of the arteries in the lungs, often caused by a blood clot that has traveled from another part of the body.
10. Sarcoidosis: An inflammatory disease that affects various organs in the body, including the lungs, leading to the formation of granulomas and scarring.
These are just a few examples of conditions that can affect the lungs and respiratory system. It's important to note that many of these conditions can be treated with medication, therapy, or surgery, but early detection is key to successful treatment outcomes.
Clinical Significance:
Respiratory sounds can help healthcare providers diagnose and manage respiratory conditions, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia. By listening to the sounds of a patient's breathing, healthcare providers can identify abnormalities in lung function, airway obstruction, or inflammation.
Types of Respiratory Sounds:
1. Vesicular Sounds:
a. Inspiratory wheeze: A high-pitched whistling sound heard during inspiration, usually indicative of bronchial asthma or COPD.
b. Expiratory wheeze: A low-pitched whistling sound heard during expiration, typically seen in patients with chronic bronchitis or emphysema.
c. Decreased vocal fremitus: A decrease in the normal vibratory sounds heard over the lung fields during breathing, which can indicate fluid or consolidation in the lungs.
2. Adventitious Sounds:
a. Crackles (rales): High-pitched, bubbly sounds heard during inspiration and expiration, indicating fluid or air in the alveoli.
b. Rhonchi: Low-pitched, harsh sounds heard during inspiration and expiration, often indicative of bronchitis, pneumonia, or COPD.
c. Stridors: High-pitched, squeaky sounds heard during breathing, commonly seen in patients with inflammatory conditions such as pneumonia or tuberculosis.
It's important to note that the interpretation of lung sounds requires a thorough understanding of respiratory physiology and pathophysiology, as well as clinical experience and expertise. A healthcare professional, such as a nurse or respiratory therapist, should always be consulted for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.
The hallmark symptoms of bronchiectasis are chronic cough, recurrent respiratory tract infections, and excessive mucus production. These symptoms can significantly impact quality of life, and if left untreated, the disease can progress to severe respiratory failure and other complications such as pulmonary hypertension.
Bronchiectasis is most commonly caused by recurrent lower respiratory tract infections, such as those caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Other risk factors for developing bronchiectasis include a history of childhood respiratory infections, exposure to tobacco smoke, and underlying conditions such as cystic fibrosis or primary immunodeficiency disorders.
Diagnosis of bronchiectasis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, radiologic imaging (such as high-resolution computed tomography, or HRCT), and pulmonary function tests. Treatment options for bronchiectasis include antibiotics to manage infections, bronchodilators to improve lung function, and airway clearance techniques such as chest physical therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be considered.
Preventive measures for bronchiectasis include prompt treatment of respiratory infections, avoiding exposure to environmental irritants such as tobacco smoke, and managing underlying conditions that increase the risk of developing the disease. Early diagnosis and aggressive management of bronchiectasis can help slow disease progression, improve quality of life, and reduce the risk of complications such as respiratory failure and lung cancer.
The term cough is used to describe a wide range of symptoms that can be caused by various conditions affecting the respiratory system. Coughs can be classified as either dry or productive, depending on whether they produce mucus or not. Dry coughs are often described as hacking, barking, or non-productive, while productive coughs are those that bring up mucus or other substances from the lungs or airways.
Causes of Cough:
There are many potential causes of cough, including:
* Upper respiratory tract infections such as the common cold and influenza
* Lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia
* Allergies, including hay fever and allergic rhinitis
* Asthma and other chronic lung conditions
* Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which can cause coughing due to stomach acid flowing back up into the throat
* Environmental factors such as smoke, dust, and pollution
* Medications such as ACE inhibitors and beta blockers.
Symptoms of Cough:
In addition to the characteristic forceful expulsion of air from the lungs, coughs can be accompanied by a range of other symptoms that may include:
* Chest tightness or discomfort
* Shortness of breath or wheezing
* Fatigue and exhaustion
* Headache
* Sore throat or hoarseness
* Coughing up mucus or other substances.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Cough:
The diagnosis and treatment of cough will depend on the underlying cause. In some cases, a cough may be a symptom of a more serious condition that requires medical attention, such as pneumonia or asthma. In other cases, a cough may be caused by a minor infection or allergy that can be treated with over-the-counter medications and self-care measures.
Some common treatments for cough include:
* Cough suppressants such as dextromethorphan or pholcodine to relieve the urge to cough
* Expectorants such as guaifenesin to help loosen and clear mucus from the airways
* Antihistamines to reduce the severity of allergic reactions and help relieve a cough.
* Antibiotics if the cough is caused by a bacterial infection
* Inhalers and nebulizers to deliver medication directly to the lungs.
It is important to note that while cough can be a symptom of a serious condition, it is not always necessary to see a doctor for a cough. However, if you experience any of the following, you should seek medical attention:
* A persistent and severe cough that lasts for more than a few days or weeks
* A cough that worsens at night or with exertion
* Coughing up blood or mucus that is thick and yellow or greenish in color
* Shortness of breath or chest pain
* Fever, chills, or body aches that are severe or persistent.
It is also important to note that while over-the-counter medications can provide relief from symptoms, they may not address the underlying cause of the cough. If you have a persistent or severe cough, it is important to see a doctor to determine the cause and receive proper treatment.
There are several types of emphysema, including:
1. Centriacinar emphysema: This type of emphysema affects the central airways and is often caused by smoking or other forms of respiratory irritation.
2. Paraseptal emphysema: This type of emphysema affects the septal veins and is often caused by smoking or other forms of respiratory irritation.
3. Panacinar emphysema: This type of emphysema affects the entire airway and is often caused by smoking or other forms of respiratory irritation.
4. Cystic fibrosis-related emphysema: This type of emphysema is associated with cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder that affects the respiratory and digestive systems.
The main symptoms of emphysema are shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing. The condition can also cause fatigue, chest pain, and difficulty sleeping. Emphysema is often diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays or CT scans.
Treatment for emphysema typically involves lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking and avoiding exposure to air pollution, as well as medications such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged lung tissue or to repair damaged blood vessels.
The prognosis for emphysema varies depending on the severity of the condition and the individual's overall health. However, with proper treatment and lifestyle changes, many people with emphysema are able to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.
There are several forms of pneumoconiosis, including:
* Coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP): caused by inhalation of coal dust in coal miners.
* Silicosis: caused by inhalation of silica dust in workers such as quarry workers, miners, and others who work with silica-containing materials.
* Asbestosis: caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers, which can lead to inflammation and scarring of the lungs.
* Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: caused by exposure to specific organic dusts, such as those found in agricultural or woodworking settings.
The symptoms of pneumoconiosis can vary depending on the type and severity of the disease, but may include coughing, shortness of breath, fatigue, and fever. In severe cases, pneumoconiosis can lead to respiratory failure and other complications.
Diagnosis of pneumoconiosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and lung function tests. Treatment for pneumoconiosis may include medications to manage symptoms, pulmonary rehabilitation, and measures to reduce exposure to the offending particles. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be necessary.
Prevention of pneumoconiosis is critical, and this involves implementing appropriate safety measures in workplaces where workers are exposed to dusts or other particles. This can include using respiratory protection equipment, improving ventilation, and reducing exposure to hazardous materials. Early detection and treatment of pneumoconiosis can help to slow the progression of the disease and improve outcomes for affected individuals.
1. Asbestosis: a lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers.
2. Carpal tunnel syndrome: a nerve disorder caused by repetitive motion and pressure on the wrist.
3. Mesothelioma: a type of cancer caused by exposure to asbestos.
4. Pneumoconiosis: a lung disease caused by inhaling dust from mining or other heavy industries.
5. Repetitive strain injuries: injuries caused by repetitive motions, such as typing or using vibrating tools.
6. Skin conditions: such as skin irritation and dermatitis caused by exposure to chemicals or other substances in the workplace.
7. Hearing loss: caused by loud noises in the workplace.
8. Back injuries: caused by lifting, bending, or twisting.
9. Respiratory problems: such as asthma and other breathing difficulties caused by exposure to chemicals or dust in the workplace.
10. Cancer: caused by exposure to carcinogens such as radiation, certain chemicals, or heavy metals in the workplace.
Occupational diseases can be difficult to diagnose and treat, as they often develop gradually over time and may not be immediately attributed to the work environment. In some cases, these diseases may not appear until years after exposure has ended. It is important for workers to be aware of the potential health risks associated with their job and take steps to protect themselves, such as wearing protective gear, following safety protocols, and seeking regular medical check-ups. Employers also have a responsibility to provide a safe work environment and follow strict regulations to prevent the spread of occupational diseases.
Synonyms: Bronchial Constriction, Airway Spasm, Reversible Airway Obstruction.
Antonyms: Bronchodilation, Relaxation of Bronchial Muscles.
Example Sentences:
1. The patient experienced bronchial spasms during the asthma attack and was treated with an inhaler.
2. The bronchial spasm caused by the allergic reaction was relieved by administering epinephrine.
3. The doctor prescribed corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and prevent future bronchial spasms.
Some common examples of respiratory tract diseases include:
1. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
2. Bronchitis: Inflammation of the airways (bronchi) that can cause coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.
3. Asthma: A chronic condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
4. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A progressive condition that makes it difficult to breathe due to damage to the lungs over time.
5. Tuberculosis: An infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs.
6. Laryngitis: Inflammation of the voice box (larynx) that can cause hoarseness and difficulty speaking.
7. Tracheitis: Inflammation of the trachea, or windpipe, that can cause coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing.
8. Croup: An infection of the throat and lungs that can cause a barky cough and difficulty breathing.
9. Pleurisy: Inflammation of the lining around the lungs (pleura) that can cause chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.
10. Pertussis (whooping cough): An infectious disease caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis that can cause coughing fits and difficulty breathing.
These are just a few examples of the many different types of respiratory tract diseases that exist. Each one has its own unique symptoms, causes, and treatment options.
People with AATD have low levels of functional AAT in their blood, which can lead to premature lung disease and liver disease. The most common form of AATD is caused by the Pi*Z phenotype, which results from a missense mutation in the SERPINA1 gene. This mutation leads to misfolding and accumulation of AAT in the liver, where it is normally broken down and secreted into the bloodstream.
The most common symptoms of AATD are:
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* Emphysema
* Lung fibrosis
* Liver cirrhosis
* Gallstones
The diagnosis of AATD is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment for AATD typically involves managing the underlying symptoms and preventing complications. For example, individuals with COPD may receive bronchodilators and corticosteroids to help improve lung function and reduce inflammation. Liver disease may be treated with medications to slow the progression of cirrhosis or with liver transplantation in severe cases.
The goal of genetic counseling for AATD is to provide information about the risk of transmitting the disorder to offspring and to discuss options for prenatal testing and family planning. Prenatal testing can be performed on a fetus by analyzing a sample of cells from the placenta or amniotic fluid. Carrier testing can also be performed in individuals who have a family history of AATD.
The prognosis for AATD varies depending on the severity of the mutation and the specific symptoms present. With appropriate management, many individuals with AATD can lead active and productive lives. However, the disorder can be severe and life-threatening in some cases, especially if left untreated or if there is a delay in diagnosis.
Currently, there is no cure for AATD, and treatment is focused on managing symptoms and preventing complications. However, research into the genetics of AATD is ongoing, and new developments in gene therapy and other areas may provide hope for improved treatments and outcomes in the future.
Some common types of bronchial diseases include:
1. Asthma: a chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes, which can cause wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a progressive condition that causes inflammation and damage to the lungs, leading to chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
3. Bronchitis: an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which can be acute or chronic.
4. Cystic fibrosis: a genetic disorder that affects the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems, and can cause bronchial disease.
5. Bronchiolitis: an inflammation of the small airways, or bronchioles, which can be caused by viral infections.
6. Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes.
7. Tuberculosis: a bacterial infection that can affect the bronchial tubes and cause scarring and inflammation.
8. Bronchiectasis: a condition where the bronchial tubes are damaged and widened, leading to chronic infections and inflammation.
These diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, environmental exposures, and infections. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays or pulmonary function tests. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and may include medications, respiratory therapy, and lifestyle changes.
Some of the key features of immediate hypersensitivity include:
1. Rapid onset of symptoms: Symptoms typically occur within minutes to hours of exposure to the allergen.
2. IgE antibodies: Immediate hypersensitivity is caused by the binding of IgE antibodies to surface receptors on mast cells and basophils.
3. Mast cell and basophil activation: The activation of mast cells and basophils leads to the release of histamine and other chemical mediators that cause symptoms.
4. Anaphylaxis: Immediate hypersensitivity can progress to anaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergic reaction that requires immediate medical attention.
5. Specificity: Immediate hypersensitivity is specific to a particular allergen and does not occur with other allergens.
6. Cross-reactivity: There may be cross-reactivity between different allergens, leading to similar symptoms.
7. Prevention: Avoidance of the allergen is the primary prevention strategy for immediate hypersensitivity. Medications such as antihistamines and epinephrine can also be used to treat symptoms.
The exact cause of Bronchiolitis Obliterans is not fully understood, but it is believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The condition is often associated with allergies and asthma, and viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can trigger the onset of symptoms.
Symptoms of Bronchiolitis Obliterans include:
* Persistent coughing, which may be worse at night
* Shortness of breath or wheezing
* Chest tightness or discomfort
* Fatigue and poor appetite
* Recurrent respiratory infections
BO is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays or pulmonary function tests. There is no cure for Bronchiolitis Obliterans, but treatment options are available to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include:
* Medications such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and improve lung function
* Pulmonary rehabilitation programs to improve breathing and overall health
* Oxygen therapy to help increase oxygen levels in the blood
* In severe cases, lung transplantation may be considered.
While Bronchiolitis Obliterans can significantly impact quality of life, with proper management and care, many individuals with the condition are able to lead active and productive lives.
Respiratory hypersensitivity can be diagnosed through medical history, physical examination, and allergy testing. Treatment options include avoidance of allergens, medication, such as antihistamines or corticosteroids, and immunotherapy, which involves exposing the person to small amounts of the allergen over time to build up their tolerance.
Some people with respiratory hypersensitivity may experience more severe symptoms, such as asthma, which can be life-threatening if left untreated. It is important for individuals with respiratory hypersensitivity to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their condition and prevent complications.
The term "byssinosis" comes from the Greek word "byssus," meaning "linen thread," as these diseases were initially observed in workers involved in the production of linen and other natural fibers. The most common forms of byssinosis include:
1. Byssinosis (cotton dust disease): Caused by inhalation of cotton dust, this condition can lead to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
2. Flaxseed dust disease: Similar to byssinosis, this condition is caused by inhalation of flaxseed dust and can cause respiratory problems.
3. Hemp dust disease: Similarly, inhalation of hemp dust can lead to respiratory issues and inflammation.
The diagnosis of byssinosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and lung function tests. Treatment options may include medications to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the lungs, as well as respiratory therapy and avoidance of exposure to dusty environments. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be necessary.
The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.
In this article, we will explore the definition and impact of chronic diseases, as well as strategies for managing and living with them. We will also discuss the importance of early detection and prevention, as well as the role of healthcare providers in addressing the needs of individuals with chronic diseases.
What is a Chronic Disease?
A chronic disease is a condition that lasts for an extended period of time, often affecting daily life and activities. Unlike acute diseases, which have a specific beginning and end, chronic diseases are long-term and persistent. Examples of chronic diseases include:
1. Diabetes
2. Heart disease
3. Arthritis
4. Asthma
5. Cancer
6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
7. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
8. Hypertension
9. Osteoporosis
10. Stroke
Impact of Chronic Diseases
The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the WHO. In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.
Chronic diseases can also have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, limiting their ability to participate in activities they enjoy and affecting their relationships with family and friends. Moreover, the financial burden of chronic diseases can lead to poverty and reduce economic productivity, thus having a broader societal impact.
Addressing Chronic Diseases
Given the significant burden of chronic diseases, it is essential that we address them effectively. This requires a multi-faceted approach that includes:
1. Lifestyle modifications: Encouraging healthy behaviors such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and smoking cessation can help prevent and manage chronic diseases.
2. Early detection and diagnosis: Identifying risk factors and detecting diseases early can help prevent or delay their progression.
3. Medication management: Effective medication management is crucial for controlling symptoms and slowing disease progression.
4. Multi-disciplinary care: Collaboration between healthcare providers, patients, and families is essential for managing chronic diseases.
5. Health promotion and disease prevention: Educating individuals about the risks of chronic diseases and promoting healthy behaviors can help prevent their onset.
6. Addressing social determinants of health: Social determinants such as poverty, education, and employment can have a significant impact on health outcomes. Addressing these factors is essential for reducing health disparities and improving overall health.
7. Investing in healthcare infrastructure: Investing in healthcare infrastructure, technology, and research is necessary to improve disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment.
8. Encouraging policy change: Policy changes can help create supportive environments for healthy behaviors and reduce the burden of chronic diseases.
9. Increasing public awareness: Raising public awareness about the risks and consequences of chronic diseases can help individuals make informed decisions about their health.
10. Providing support for caregivers: Chronic diseases can have a significant impact on family members and caregivers, so providing them with support is essential for improving overall health outcomes.
Conclusion
Chronic diseases are a major public health burden that affect millions of people worldwide. Addressing these diseases requires a multi-faceted approach that includes lifestyle changes, addressing social determinants of health, investing in healthcare infrastructure, encouraging policy change, increasing public awareness, and providing support for caregivers. By taking a comprehensive approach to chronic disease prevention and management, we can improve the health and well-being of individuals and communities worldwide.
There are several types of respiratory insufficiency, including:
1. Hypoxemic respiratory failure: This occurs when the lungs do not take in enough oxygen, resulting in low levels of oxygen in the bloodstream.
2. Hypercapnic respiratory failure: This occurs when the lungs are unable to remove enough carbon dioxide from the bloodstream, leading to high levels of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.
3. Mixed respiratory failure: This occurs when both hypoxemic and hypercapnic respiratory failure occur simultaneously.
Treatment for respiratory insufficiency depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and other supportive care measures. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be necessary. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms of respiratory insufficiency are present, as early intervention can improve outcomes and prevent complications.
1. Pesticide poisoning: Agricultural workers who handle or apply pesticides may be at risk for poisoning, which can cause a range of symptoms including headaches, dizziness, and nausea. Prolonged exposure to pesticides has also been linked to an increased risk of cancer.
2. Lung disease: Agricultural workers who work with dusty crops or in confined spaces may be at risk for lung diseases such as bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.
3. Heat stress: Agricultural workers who work outdoors during hot weather may be at risk for heat stress, which can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, and fatigue. In severe cases, heat stress can be fatal.
4. Noise-induced hearing loss: Agricultural workers who are exposed to loud noises, such as tractors or other machinery, may be at risk for noise-induced hearing loss.
5. Musculoskeletal disorders: Agricultural workers may be at risk for musculoskeletal disorders such as back pain, joint pain, and repetitive strain injuries due to the physical demands of their work.
6. Skin diseases: Agricultural workers who handle animals or are exposed to chemicals may be at risk for skin diseases such as allergic contact dermatitis or fungal infections.
7. Eye diseases: Agricultural workers who work with pesticides or other chemicals may be at risk for eye diseases such as conjunctivitis or cataracts.
8. Respiratory diseases: Agricultural workers who handle grain or other dusty materials may be at risk for respiratory diseases such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis or farmer's lung.
9. Infectious diseases: Agricultural workers may be at risk for infectious diseases such as Q fever, which is caused by a bacteria that can be found in the intestines of some animals.
10. Mental health disorders: The stress and isolation of agricultural work may contribute to mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, or substance abuse.
It's important for agricultural workers to take precautions to protect their health and safety on the job, such as wearing personal protective equipment, following proper handling and application procedures for chemicals, and taking regular breaks to rest and stretch. Additionally, employers should provide a safe work environment and training on safe work practices to help prevent injuries and illnesses.
Disease progression can be classified into several types based on the pattern of worsening:
1. Chronic progressive disease: In this type, the disease worsens steadily over time, with a gradual increase in symptoms and decline in function. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and Parkinson's disease.
2. Acute progressive disease: This type of disease worsens rapidly over a short period, often followed by periods of stability. Examples include sepsis, acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), and stroke.
3. Cyclical disease: In this type, the disease follows a cycle of worsening and improvement, with periodic exacerbations and remissions. Examples include multiple sclerosis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Recurrent disease: This type is characterized by episodes of worsening followed by periods of recovery. Examples include migraine headaches, asthma, and appendicitis.
5. Catastrophic disease: In this type, the disease progresses rapidly and unpredictably, with a poor prognosis. Examples include cancer, AIDS, and organ failure.
Disease progression can be influenced by various factors, including:
1. Genetics: Some diseases are inherited and may have a predetermined course of progression.
2. Lifestyle: Factors such as smoking, lack of exercise, and poor diet can contribute to disease progression.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins, allergens, and other environmental stressors can influence disease progression.
4. Medical treatment: The effectiveness of medical treatment can impact disease progression, either by slowing or halting the disease process or by causing unintended side effects.
5. Co-morbidities: The presence of multiple diseases or conditions can interact and affect each other's progression.
Understanding the type and factors influencing disease progression is essential for developing effective treatment plans and improving patient outcomes.
Pseudomonas infections are challenging to treat due to the bacteria's ability to develop resistance against antibiotics. The treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and other supportive therapies, such as oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation, to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged organs.
There are several potential causes of hyperventilation, including anxiety, panic attacks, and certain medical conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Treatment for hyperventilation typically involves slowing down the breathing rate and restoring the body's natural balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.
Some common signs and symptoms of hyperventilation include:
* Rapid breathing
* Deep breathing
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Chest pain or tightness
* Shortness of breath
* Confusion or disorientation
* Nausea or vomiting
If you suspect that someone is experiencing hyperventilation, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Treatment may involve the following:
1. Oxygen therapy: Providing extra oxygen to help restore normal oxygen levels in the body.
2. Breathing exercises: Teaching the individual deep, slow breathing exercises to help regulate their breathing pattern.
3. Relaxation techniques: Encouraging the individual to relax and reduce stress, which can help slow down their breathing rate.
4. Medications: In severe cases, medications such as sedatives or anti-anxiety drugs may be prescribed to help calm the individual and regulate their breathing.
5. Ventilation support: In severe cases of hyperventilation, mechanical ventilation may be necessary to support the individual's breathing.
It is important to seek medical attention if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of hyperventilation, as it can lead to more serious complications such as respiratory failure or cardiac arrest if left untreated.
A type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by inhalation of fungal spores or dust from moldy hay, straw, or grain, commonly seen in farmers and others who work with agricultural products. Symptoms include fever, cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath, which may be severe and even life-threatening if left untreated. Also called agricultural lung disease or moldy hay fever.
Source: Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Professionals.
There are several types of rhinitis, including:
1. Allergic rhinitis: This type of rhinitis is caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. Symptoms include sneezing, congestion, runny nose, and itchy eyes.
2. Viral rhinitis: This type of rhinitis is caused by a viral infection and can be accompanied by symptoms such as fever, headache, and fatigue.
3. Bacterial rhinitis: This type of rhinitis is caused by a bacterial infection and can be treated with antibiotics. Symptoms include thick yellow or green discharge from the nose and facial pain.
4. Non-allergic rhinitis: This type of rhinitis is not caused by an allergic reaction and can be triggered by factors such as hormonal changes, medications, or environmental irritants. Symptoms include postnasal drip and nasal congestion.
Rhinitis can be diagnosed through a physical examination of the nose and sinuses, as well as through tests such as a nasal endoscopy or imaging studies. Treatment for rhinitis depends on the underlying cause and may include medications such as antihistamines, decongestants, or antibiotics, as well as lifestyle changes such as avoiding allergens or using saline nasal sprays. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to correct physical abnormalities in the nose and sinuses.
1. Infection: Bacterial or viral infections can develop after surgery, potentially leading to sepsis or organ failure.
2. Adhesions: Scar tissue can form during the healing process, which can cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or other complications.
3. Wound complications: Incisional hernias, wound dehiscence (separation of the wound edges), and wound infections can occur.
4. Respiratory problems: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, and atelectasis (collapsed lung) can develop after surgery, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
5. Cardiovascular complications: Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac failure can occur after surgery, especially in high-risk patients.
6. Renal (kidney) problems: Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop postoperatively, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.
7. Neurological complications: Stroke, seizures, and neuropraxia (nerve damage) can occur after surgery, especially in patients with pre-existing neurological conditions.
8. Pulmonary embolism: Blood clots can form in the legs or lungs after surgery, potentially causing pulmonary embolism.
9. Anesthesia-related complications: Respiratory and cardiac complications can occur during anesthesia, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
10. delayed healing: Wound healing may be delayed or impaired after surgery, particularly in patients with pre-existing medical conditions.
It is important for patients to be aware of these potential complications and to discuss any concerns with their surgeon and healthcare team before undergoing surgery.
Examples of acute diseases include:
1. Common cold and flu
2. Pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Appendicitis and other abdominal emergencies
4. Heart attacks and strokes
5. Asthma attacks and allergic reactions
6. Skin infections and cellulitis
7. Urinary tract infections
8. Sinusitis and meningitis
9. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning
10. Sprains, strains, and fractures.
Acute diseases can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other therapies. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic conditions or complications that may require long-term care. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
There are several types of asbestos, including chrysotile, amianthus, and crocidolite, each of which has different levels of toxicity. Prolonged exposure to any type of asbestos can cause asbestosis, but some types are more dangerous than others.
Symptoms of asbestosis may not appear until many years after exposure to asbestos, and they can vary in severity. Common symptoms include:
* Shortness of breath
* Coughing
* Permanent lung damage
* Scarring of the lungs
* Decreased lung function
Treatment for asbestosis usually involves managing symptoms and improving lung function. This can include medications to relieve coughing and shortness of breath, pulmonary rehabilitation to improve lung function, and oxygen therapy to help increase oxygen levels in the blood. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be necessary.
Prevention is key in avoiding asbestosis. If you suspect that you have been exposed to asbestos, it is important to speak with a healthcare professional as soon as possible. Proper safety measures and precautions can help minimize the risk of developing asbestosis.
Causes:
There are many possible causes of eosinophilia, including:
* Allergies
* Parasitic infections
* Autoimmune disorders
* Cancer
* Medications
Symptoms:
The symptoms of eosinophilia can vary depending on the underlying cause, but may include:
* Swelling of the skin, lips, and eyes
* Hives or itchy skin
* Shortness of breath or wheezing
* Abdominal pain
* Diarrhea
Diagnosis:
Eosinophilia is typically diagnosed through a blood test that measures the number of eosinophils in the blood. Other tests such as imaging studies, skin scrapings, and biopsies may also be used to confirm the diagnosis and identify the underlying cause.
Treatment:
The treatment of eosinophilia depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications such as antihistamines, corticosteroids, and chemotherapy. In some cases, removal of the causative agent or immunomodulatory therapy may be necessary.
Complications:
Eosinophilia can lead to a number of complications, including:
* Anaphylaxis (a severe allergic reaction)
* Asthma
* Eosinophilic granulomas (collections of eosinophils that can cause organ damage)
* Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (conditions where eosinophils invade the digestive tract)
Prognosis:
The prognosis for eosinophilia depends on the underlying cause, but in general, the condition is not life-threatening. However, if left untreated, complications can arise and the condition can have a significant impact on quality of life.
In conclusion, eosinophilia is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in eosinophils in the body. While it can be caused by a variety of factors, including allergies, infections, and autoimmune disorders, the underlying cause must be identified and treated in order to effectively manage the condition and prevent complications.
Terms related to Bronchiolitis:
* Acute bronchiolitis: This is a sudden and severe form of bronchiolitis that typically lasts for a few days.
* Chronic bronchiolitis: This is a long-term condition characterized by persistent inflammation and narrowing of the airways.
* Asthmatic bronchiolitis: This is a type of bronchiolitis that is associated with asthma.
Synonyms for Bronchiolitis:
* Bronchitis
* Pneumonia
* Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection
Antonyms for Bronchiolitis:
* None
Hypernyms for Bronchiolitis:
* Respiratory disease
* Infectious disease
Hypersonyms for Bronchiolitis:
* Acute bronchiolitis
* Chronic bronchiolitis
* Asthmatic bronchiolitis
Collocations for Bronchiolitis:
* Viral bronchiolitis
* Bacterial bronchiolitis
* Allergic bronchiolitis
Idiomatic expressions related to Bronchiolitis:
* "Bronchiolitis attack"
* "Bronchiolitis episode"
* "Bronchiolitis flare-up"
Phrases that include Bronchiolitis:
* "Bronchiolitis diagnosis"
* "Bronchiolitis treatment"
* "Bronchiolitis management"
Other words that are related to Bronchiolitis but not included in the list above:
* Mucus
* Cough
* Wheezing
* Shortness of breath
* Chest tightness
* Fever
* Runny nose
Note: Some of these words may have multiple meanings or be used in different contexts, but they are all related to Bronchiolitis in some way.
The common types of RTIs include:
1. Common cold: A viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract, causing symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, coughing, and mild fever.
2. Influenza (flu): A viral infection that can affect both the upper and lower respiratory tract, causing symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, and body aches.
3. Bronchitis: An inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which can be caused by viruses or bacteria, resulting in symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
4. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, leading to symptoms such as fever, chills, coughing, and difficulty breathing.
5. Tonsillitis: An inflammation of the tonsils, which can be caused by bacteria or viruses, resulting in symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and bad breath.
6. Sinusitis: An inflammation of the sinuses, which can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi, leading to symptoms such as headache, facial pain, and nasal congestion.
7. Laryngitis: An inflammation of the larynx (voice box), which can be caused by viruses or bacteria, resulting in symptoms such as hoarseness, loss of voice, and difficulty speaking.
RTIs can be diagnosed through physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays, blood tests, and nasal swab cultures. Treatment for RTIs depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms.
It's important to note that RTIs can be contagious and can spread through contact with an infected person or by touching contaminated surfaces. Therefore, it's essential to practice good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently, covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
Hypercapnia is a medical condition where there is an excessive amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the bloodstream. This can occur due to various reasons such as:
1. Respiratory failure: When the lungs are unable to remove enough CO2 from the body, leading to an accumulation of CO2 in the bloodstream.
2. Lung disease: Certain lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or pneumonia can cause hypercapnia by reducing the ability of the lungs to exchange gases.
3. Medication use: Certain medications, such as anesthetics and sedatives, can slow down breathing and lead to hypercapnia.
The symptoms of hypercapnia can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:
1. Headaches
2. Dizziness
3. Confusion
4. Shortness of breath
5. Fatigue
6. Sleep disturbances
If left untreated, hypercapnia can lead to more severe complications such as:
1. Respiratory acidosis: When the body produces too much acid, leading to a drop in blood pH.
2. Cardiac arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms can occur due to the increased CO2 levels in the bloodstream.
3. Seizures: In severe cases of hypercapnia, seizures can occur due to the changes in brain chemistry caused by the excessive CO2.
Treatment for hypercapnia typically involves addressing the underlying cause and managing symptoms through respiratory support and other therapies as needed. This may include:
1. Oxygen therapy: Administering oxygen through a mask or nasal tubes to help increase oxygen levels in the bloodstream and reduce CO2 levels.
2. Ventilation assistance: Using a machine to assist with breathing, such as a ventilator, to help remove excess CO2 from the lungs.
3. Carbon dioxide removal: Using a device to remove CO2 from the bloodstream, such as a dialysis machine.
4. Medication management: Adjusting medications that may be contributing to hypercapnia, such as anesthetics or sedatives.
5. Respiratory therapy: Providing breathing exercises and other techniques to help improve lung function and reduce symptoms.
It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you or someone else may have hypercapnia, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.
Perennial allergic rhinitis can be caused by a variety of allergens, including:
1. Dust mites: These tiny organisms live in bedding, carpets, and upholstered furniture and feed on human skin cells. Their waste products are the primary allergen that triggers an allergic reaction.
2. Mold: This type of fungus grows in damp environments and can be found in basements, bathrooms, and outdoors.
3. Pet dander: The dead skin flakes from animals such as cats, dogs, and birds can trigger an allergic reaction in some people.
4. Insect bites: Some people may experience an allergic reaction to the saliva or venom of certain insects such as bees, wasps, or hornets.
5. Food: Certain foods such as milk, eggs, wheat, and nuts can cause an allergic reaction in some people.
The symptoms of perennial allergic rhinitis are similar to those of seasonal allergic rhinitis, but they occur throughout the year rather than just during a specific season. Treatment options for perennial allergic rhinitis include over-the-counter or prescription medications such as antihistamines, decongestants, and corticosteroids, as well as immunotherapy, which involves exposing the body to small amounts of the allergen over time to build up tolerance.
There are several types of hypersensitivity reactions, including:
1. Type I hypersensitivity: This is also known as immediate hypersensitivity and occurs within minutes to hours after exposure to the allergen. It is characterized by the release of histamine and other chemical mediators from immune cells, leading to symptoms such as hives, itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing. Examples of Type I hypersensitivity reactions include allergies to pollen, dust mites, or certain foods.
2. Type II hypersensitivity: This is also known as cytotoxic hypersensitivity and occurs within days to weeks after exposure to the allergen. It is characterized by the immune system producing antibodies against specific proteins on the surface of cells, leading to their destruction. Examples of Type II hypersensitivity reactions include blood transfusion reactions and serum sickness.
3. Type III hypersensitivity: This is also known as immune complex hypersensitivity and occurs when antigens bind to immune complexes, leading to the formation of deposits in tissues. Examples of Type III hypersensitivity reactions include rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
4. Type IV hypersensitivity: This is also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity and occurs within weeks to months after exposure to the allergen. It is characterized by the activation of T cells, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Examples of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions include contact dermatitis and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
The diagnosis of hypersensitivity often involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and elimination diets or challenges. Treatment depends on the specific type of hypersensitivity reaction and may include avoidance of the allergen, medications such as antihistamines or corticosteroids, and immunomodulatory therapy.
There are several types of lung neoplasms, including:
1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 40% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the glands of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of lung cancer accounts for approximately 25% of all lung cancers and is more common in men than women. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the squamous cells lining the airways of the lungs.
3. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): This is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that accounts for approximately 15% of all lung cancers. It is often found in the central parts of the lungs and can spread quickly to other parts of the body.
4. Large cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of lung cancer that accounts for only about 5% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the large cells of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
5. Bronchioalveolar carcinoma (BAC): This is a rare type of lung cancer that originates in the cells lining the airways and alveoli of the lungs. It is more common in women than men and tends to affect older individuals.
6. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): This is a rare, progressive, and often fatal lung disease that primarily affects women of childbearing age. It is characterized by the growth of smooth muscle-like cells in the lungs and can lead to cysts, lung collapse, and respiratory failure.
7. Hamartoma: This is a benign tumor that originates in the tissue of the lungs and is usually found in children. It is characterized by an overgrowth of normal lung tissue and can be treated with surgery.
8. Secondary lung cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
9. Metastatic cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
10. Mesothelioma: This is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that originates in the lining of the lungs or abdomen. It is caused by asbestos exposure and can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Lung diseases can also be classified based on their cause, such as:
1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms and can include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchitis.
2. Autoimmune diseases: These are caused by an overactive immune system and can include conditions such as sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
3. Genetic diseases: These are caused by inherited mutations in genes that affect the lungs and can include cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia.
4. Environmental diseases: These are caused by exposure to harmful substances such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, and asbestos.
5. Radiological diseases: These are caused by exposure to ionizing radiation and can include conditions such as radiographic breast cancer and lung cancer.
6. Vascular diseases: These are caused by problems with the blood vessels in the lungs and can include conditions such as pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension.
7. Tumors: These can be benign or malignant and can include conditions such as lung metastases and lung cancer.
8. Trauma: This can include injuries to the chest or lungs caused by accidents or other forms of trauma.
9. Congenital diseases: These are present at birth and can include conditions such as bronchopulmonary foregut malformations and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation.
Each type of lung disease has its own set of symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent or severe respiratory symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life.
There are several types of pulmonary fibrosis, including:
1. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF): This is the most common and severe form of the disease, with no known cause or risk factors. It is characterized by a rapid decline in lung function and poor prognosis.
2. Connective tissue disease-associated pulmonary fibrosis: This type is associated with conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and scleroderma.
3. Drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis: Certain medications, such as amiodarone and nitrofurantoin, can cause lung damage and scarring.
4. Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis: Exposure to high doses of radiation, especially in childhood, can increase the risk of developing pulmonary fibrosis later in life.
5. Environmental exposures: Exposure to pollutants such as silica, asbestos, and coal dust can increase the risk of developing pulmonary fibrosis.
Symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis include shortness of breath, coughing, and fatigue. The disease can be diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as chest X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as lung biopsy.
Treatment options for pulmonary fibrosis are limited and vary depending on the underlying cause of the disease. Medications such as pirfenidone and nintedanib can help slow the progression of the disease, while lung transplantation may be an option for advanced cases.
The symptoms of the common cold can vary depending on the individual and the virus that is causing the infection. Some of the most typical symptoms include:
Fever (less than 102°F)
Runny or stuffy nose
Sneezing
Coughing
Headache
Sore throat
Fatigue
Muscle aches
The common cold is usually diagnosed based on symptoms and medical history. There is no cure for the common cold, but over-the-counter medications can help alleviate some of the symptoms. Antiviral medications are not effective against the common cold because it is caused by a virus, not bacteria.
Preventive measures for the common cold include:
Washing your hands frequently
Avoiding close contact with people who have colds
Not touching your eyes, nose, or mouth
Staying hydrated
Getting enough sleep
Exercising regularly
Eating a healthy diet
There are many myths and misconceptions about the common cold that can lead to confusion and inappropriate treatment. Some of these include:
Chicken soup is not an effective treatment for colds.
Antibiotics do not work against viral infections such as the common cold.
Over-the-counter medications such as decongestants and antihistamines can have side effects and are not always effective.
Drinking plenty of fluids does help to thin out mucus and keep your body hydrated, but it will not cure a cold.
The common cold is usually a self-limiting illness that resolves on its own within one week. However, people with weakened immune systems or other underlying health conditions may experience more severe symptoms or complications such as bronchitis, pneumonia, or sinusitis. In these cases, medical attention may be necessary.
Symptoms of LAM can include shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing up blood. The disease can also affect other organs, such as the lymph nodes, liver, and kidneys. There is no cure for LAM, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These treatments may include medications to reduce inflammation and prevent further lung damage, as well as surgery to remove cysts or repair damaged lung tissue.
LAM is a rare disease, and it is estimated that only about 1 in 1 million people are affected by it. It is more common in women than men, and the average age of diagnosis is in the mid-20s to early 30s. LAM can be difficult to diagnose, as its symptoms can be similar to those of other lung diseases. However, a combination of imaging tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans, along with a biopsy of lung tissue, can help confirm the diagnosis.
There is currently no cure for LAM, but researchers are working to develop new treatments and improve existing ones. In addition, there are several organizations and support groups that provide information and resources for people affected by LAM. These organizations can help connect individuals with other patients and families who have experience with the disease, as well as provide information on the latest treatment options and clinical trials.
In summary, lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare and progressive lung disease that primarily affects women of childbearing age. It is characterized by the growth of smooth muscle-like cells in the lungs, which can cause cysts and lung collapse. While there is currently no cure for LAM, researchers are working to develop new treatments and improve existing ones, and several organizations and support groups provide information and resources for those affected by the disease.
Symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis typically begin soon after exposure to the allergen and may last for several days or weeks. In addition to nasal congestion and discharge, other common symptoms include:
* Itchy eyes and throat
* Sneezing and coughing
* Headaches and facial pain
* Fatigue and general malaise
* Loss of sense of smell (hyposmia)
Seasonal allergic rhinitis is most commonly caused by exposure to airborne pollens from trees, grasses, and weeds. Treatment typically involves avoiding exposure to the allergen, medications such as antihistamines or decongestants, and immunotherapy (allergy shots) in severe cases.
The symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis can be managed with over-the-counter or prescription medications, and home remedies like saline nasal sprays, humidifiers, and steam inhalers. In addition to these treatments, avoiding exposure to the allergen and taking steps to reduce nasal congestion can also help alleviate symptoms.
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There are several causes of muscle weakness, including:
1. Neuromuscular diseases: These are disorders that affect the nerves that control voluntary muscle movement, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and polio.
2. Musculoskeletal disorders: These are conditions that affect the muscles, bones, and joints, such as arthritis and fibromyalgia.
3. Metabolic disorders: These are conditions that affect the body's ability to produce energy, such as hypoglycemia and hypothyroidism.
4. Injuries: Muscle weakness can occur due to injuries such as muscle strains and tears.
5. Infections: Certain infections such as botulism and Lyme disease can cause muscle weakness.
6. Nutritional deficiencies: Deficiencies in vitamins and minerals such as vitamin D and B12 can cause muscle weakness.
7. Medications: Certain medications such as steroids and anticonvulsants can cause muscle weakness as a side effect.
The symptoms of muscle weakness can vary depending on the underlying cause, but may include:
1. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak after performing simple tasks.
2. Lack of strength: Difficulty lifting objects or performing physical activities.
3. Muscle cramps: Spasms or twitches in the muscles.
4. Muscle wasting: Loss of muscle mass and tone.
5. Difficulty speaking or swallowing: In cases where the muscle weakness affects the face, tongue, or throat.
6. Difficulty walking or standing: In cases where the muscle weakness affects the legs or lower back.
7. Droopy facial features: In cases where the muscle weakness affects the facial muscles.
If you are experiencing muscle weakness, it is important to seek medical attention to determine the underlying cause and receive proper treatment. A healthcare professional will perform a physical examination and may order diagnostic tests such as blood tests or imaging studies to help diagnose the cause of the muscle weakness. Treatment will depend on the underlying cause, but may include medication, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes. In some cases, muscle weakness may be a sign of a serious underlying condition that requires prompt medical attention.
There are two types of radiation pneumonitis:
1. Acute Radiation Pneumonitis: This type occurs within a few weeks after exposure to radiation and is usually reversible.
2. Chronic Radiation Pneumonitis: This type can develop months or years after exposure and is often irreversible.
The diagnosis of radiation pneumonitis is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, radiologic findings, and lung function tests. Treatment options for radiation pneumonitis include supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and pain management, and medications to reduce inflammation. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required.
Prevention is the best approach to managing radiation pneumonitis. This includes minimizing exposure to radiation during cancer treatment and taking steps to protect oneself during a nuclear accident.
Airway remodeling is a complex process that involves changes in the structure and function of the airways, as well as an immune response. It is characterized by the following features:
* Airway wall thickening and inflammation
* Increased mucus production
* Narrowing of the airway lumina due to smooth muscle hypertrophy and fibrosis
* Increased airway resistance and decreased lung function.
Airway remodeling is a hallmark of asthma and COPD, and it can lead to exacerbations and poor disease control if left untreated. The exact mechanisms driving airway remodeling are not fully understood, but it is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to its development.
There are several techniques used to assess airway remodeling in patients with respiratory diseases, including:
* Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) - This technique allows for the measurement of airway wall thickness and luminal area.
* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - MRI can provide information on airway size and shape, as well as tissue composition.
* Bronchoscopy with biopsy - This procedure allows for the examination of airway tissue and the assessment of inflammation and fibrosis.
There are several treatments available for airway remodeling in patients with respiratory diseases, including:
* Medications such as bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and anti-inflammatory drugs
* Pulmonary rehabilitation - This includes exercises and education to help improve lung function and overall health.
* Lung transplantation - In severe cases of airway remodeling that do not respond to other treatments, lung transplantation may be considered.
It is important for patients with respiratory diseases to work closely with their healthcare provider to monitor their condition and adjust their treatment plan as needed. With appropriate management, many patients with airway remodeling can experience improved lung function and quality of life.
Symptoms of pneumonia may include cough, fever, chills, difficulty breathing, and chest pain. In severe cases, pneumonia can lead to respiratory failure, sepsis, and even death.
There are several types of pneumonia, including:
1. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP): This type of pneumonia is caused by bacteria or viruses and typically affects healthy people outside of hospitals.
2. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP): This type of pneumonia is caused by bacteria or fungi and typically affects people who are hospitalized for other illnesses or injuries.
3. Aspiration pneumonia: This type of pneumonia is caused by food, liquids, or other foreign matter being inhaled into the lungs.
4. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): This type of pneumonia is caused by a fungus and typically affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS.
5. Viral pneumonia: This type of pneumonia is caused by viruses and can be more common in children and young adults.
Pneumonia is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays or blood tests. Treatment may involve antibiotics, oxygen therapy, and supportive care to manage symptoms and help the patient recover. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide more intensive care and monitoring.
Prevention of pneumonia includes vaccination against certain types of bacteria and viruses, good hygiene practices such as frequent handwashing, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick. Early detection and treatment can help reduce the risk of complications and improve outcomes for those affected by pneumonia.
There are several key features of inflammation:
1. Increased blood flow: Blood vessels in the affected area dilate, allowing more blood to flow into the tissue and bringing with it immune cells, nutrients, and other signaling molecules.
2. Leukocyte migration: White blood cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, migrate towards the site of inflammation in response to chemical signals.
3. Release of mediators: Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, are released by immune cells and other cells in the affected tissue. These molecules help to coordinate the immune response and attract more immune cells to the site of inflammation.
4. Activation of immune cells: Immune cells, such as macrophages and T cells, become activated and start to phagocytose (engulf) pathogens or damaged tissue.
5. Increased heat production: Inflammation can cause an increase in metabolic activity in the affected tissue, leading to increased heat production.
6. Redness and swelling: Increased blood flow and leakiness of blood vessels can cause redness and swelling in the affected area.
7. Pain: Inflammation can cause pain through the activation of nociceptors (pain-sensing neurons) and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators.
Inflammation can be acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury or infection, which helps to resolve the issue quickly. Chronic inflammation is a long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases such as arthritis, asthma, and cancer.
There are several types of inflammation, including:
1. Acute inflammation: A short-term response to injury or infection.
2. Chronic inflammation: A long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases.
3. Autoimmune inflammation: An inappropriate immune response against the body's own tissues.
4. Allergic inflammation: An immune response to a harmless substance, such as pollen or dust mites.
5. Parasitic inflammation: An immune response to parasites, such as worms or fungi.
6. Bacterial inflammation: An immune response to bacteria.
7. Viral inflammation: An immune response to viruses.
8. Fungal inflammation: An immune response to fungi.
There are several ways to reduce inflammation, including:
1. Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
2. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and getting enough sleep.
3. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture, herbal supplements, and mind-body practices.
4. Addressing underlying conditions, such as hormonal imbalances, gut health issues, and chronic infections.
5. Using anti-inflammatory compounds found in certain foods, such as omega-3 fatty acids, turmeric, and ginger.
It's important to note that chronic inflammation can lead to a range of health problems, including:
1. Arthritis
2. Diabetes
3. Heart disease
4. Cancer
5. Alzheimer's disease
6. Parkinson's disease
7. Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Therefore, it's important to manage inflammation effectively to prevent these complications and improve overall health and well-being.
The main cause of ABPA is exposure to airborne spores of the fungus Aspergillus, which are commonly found in soil and decaying organic matter. Individuals with a pre-existing allergic condition may be more susceptible to developing an allergic reaction to these spores, leading to inflammation and damage to the airways.
Diagnosis of ABPA typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and bronchoscopy with biopsy. Treatment for ABPA typically involves corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and antifungal medications to treat any underlying infection. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide oxygen therapy and other supportive care.
Prevention of ABPA includes avoiding exposure to known allergens and maintaining good respiratory hygiene. This can involve regularly cleaning and disinfecting surfaces and objects, using HEPA filters in air purifiers, and wearing a mask when working with or around potentially contaminated materials.
Prognosis for ABPA is generally good if treated promptly and effectively, but untreated cases can lead to serious complications such as respiratory failure and other organ damage. With proper management and prevention strategies in place, individuals with ABPA can lead active and fulfilling lives.
There are different types of anoxia, including:
1. Cerebral anoxia: This occurs when the brain does not receive enough oxygen, leading to cognitive impairment, confusion, and loss of consciousness.
2. Pulmonary anoxia: This occurs when the lungs do not receive enough oxygen, leading to shortness of breath, coughing, and chest pain.
3. Cardiac anoxia: This occurs when the heart does not receive enough oxygen, leading to cardiac arrest and potentially death.
4. Global anoxia: This is a complete lack of oxygen to the entire body, leading to widespread tissue damage and death.
Treatment for anoxia depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide oxygen therapy, pain management, and other supportive care. In severe cases, anoxia can lead to long-term disability or death.
Prevention of anoxia is important, and this includes managing underlying medical conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory problems. It also involves avoiding activities that can lead to oxygen deprivation, such as scuba diving or high-altitude climbing, without proper training and equipment.
In summary, anoxia is a serious medical condition that occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the body or specific tissues or organs. It can cause cell death and tissue damage, leading to serious health complications and even death if left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term disability or death.
Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.
There are several ways to measure body weight, including:
1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.
It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.
Vital capacity
Dupilumab
Workplace health surveillance
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Pulmonary agenesis
Asthma
Post bronchodilator test
Pulmonary function testing
Occupational asthma
Caffeine citrate
Exhalation
Pneumonectomy
Obstructive lung disease
Electrical impedance tomography
Air trapping
Desmosine
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis
Indium lung
Bronchiolitis obliterans
Alpha-1 antitrypsin
FEV
Bronchiectasis
Hypoxia (medical)
Caffeine
BODE index
Restrictive lung disease
Benzoctamine
Pulmonary fibrosis
Lebrikizumab
Structured light plethysmography
Dust storm
Wells curve
Spinal cord injury
List of MeSH codes (G09)
Sepsis
Pneumothorax
Respiratory arrest
Orbital emphysema
Barotrauma
Open-source ventilator
Liquid ventilator
Common ostrich
Inverse ratio ventilation
Human physiology of underwater diving
Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy
CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards -
Cotton dust (raw)
Abbreviations
Is there an association between the forced expiratory volume value in the first second and the Asthma Control Test and the...
Prognostic value of short-term decline of forced expiratory volume in 1 s over height cubed (FEV|sub|1|/sub|/Ht|sup|3|/sup|) in...
Association between a sequence variant in the IL-4 gene promoter and FEV(1) in asthma
ATSDR - Asbestos Expert Panel - Abbreviations
Plication of the Diaphragm: Background, Indications, Contraindications
Lung Function Tests | Cigna
NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View
A Multicenter Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of HZN-825 in Subjects With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis...
Sputum Markers May Predict Remission in Eosinophilic Asthma
русский
Pulmonary function tests: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper | European Respiratory...
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
Elevated MMP-12 protein levels in induced sputum from patients with COPD | Thorax
Total Exposure Study Analysis consortium: a cross-sectional study of tobacco exposures | BMC Public Health | Full Text
Glucose homeostasis in relation to neutrophil mobilization | COPD
Key Factors Associated With Pulmonary Sequelae in the Follow-Up of Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients | Archivos de...
Spirometry - wikidoc
A Study of VX-445 Combination Therapy in CF Subjects Homozygous for F508del (F/F) - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Ex vivo innate responses to particulate matter from livestock farms in asthma patients and healthy individuals | Environmental...
WHO EMRO | Eosinophilic cationic protein: is it useful in assessing control of childhood asthma? | Volume 16, issue 10 | EMHJ...
Pathology Outlines - Bronchiectasis
The EPA National Library Catalog | EPA National Library Network | US EPA
High Flow Needle Set Market 2020-2026 | In Depth Analysis with Top
FEV18
- FEV1 measures the volume after exhaling in 1-second. (powerlung.com)
- Peak Flow (PEF) and Forced Expiratory Volume in 1-second (FEV1) measurements can tell how well lungs are breathing by monitoring airflow. (powerlung.com)
- Forced expiratory volume in 1 s over height cubed (FEV1/Ht3) is an FEV1 expression that uses no reference values and is independently associated with adverse outcomes in older adults . (bvsalud.org)
- Primary outcomes were ACT and forced expiratory volume in 1 s per forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC). (nih.gov)
- FEV1 is the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out in one second, after full inspiration. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- It measures the forced vital capacity (FVC), the forced exhaled volume in 1 second (FEV1), total lung capacity, and residual volume. (wikidoc.org)
- Further analysis demonstrated that γ‑GCS mRNA and Nrf2 protein in the nucleus was positively correlated with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC)% and FEV 1 % predicted, and Bach1 protein in the nucleus was negatively correlated with FEV 1 /FVC% and FEV 1 % predicted. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) −FEV1 refers to the volume of gas one can breathe out during forced expiration at one second. (tutorialspoint.com)
Peak2
- Expiratory peak flow (PEF) is the maximum flow generated during expiration performed with maximal force and started after a full inspiration. (powerlung.com)
- Also the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of each woodworker was obtained. (who.int)
Tidal volume4
- Sometimes, the test will be preceded by a period of quiet breathing in and out from the sensor (tidal volume), or the rapid breath in (forced inspiratory part) will come before the forced exhalation. (wikidoc.org)
- Tidal Volume (TV) − This refers to the amount of air that is entered or expelled via the respiratory system with each breath. (tutorialspoint.com)
- The normal value of the tidal volume is around 500 ml. (tutorialspoint.com)
- Total lung capacity can be calculated by adding residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume together. (tutorialspoint.com)
Carbon monoxide1
- Other tests used for restrictive lung patterns along with spirometry are helium lung volumes and diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide. (wikidoc.org)
Asthma1
- Is there an association between the forced expiratory volume value in the first second and the Asthma Control Test and the degree of control proposed by the Global initiative for Asthma in asthmatic children and adolescents treated with inhaled corticosteroids? (bvsalud.org)
Inspiratory2
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) − IRV refers to the extra volume of gas we inhale by exerting maximum force. (tutorialspoint.com)
- Inspiratory Capacity (IC) − IC refers to the maximum volume of gas that one can inspire after expiring normally. (tutorialspoint.com)
Exhalation2
- Other tests require forced inhalation or exhalation after a deep breath. (medlineplus.gov)
- Residual Volume (RV) − RV refers to the quantity of gas that remains in the lung after exhalation. (tutorialspoint.com)
Lung volumes1
- These parameters are nothing but respiratory capacity and lung volumes. (tutorialspoint.com)
Spirometry1
- Spirometry (meaning the measuring of breath ) is the most common of the Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs), measuring lung function, specifically the measurement of the amount (volume) and/or speed (flow) of air that can be inhaled and exhaled. (wikidoc.org)
Vital5
- In multivariate analysis, participants with banked biospecimens were significantly more likely to self-identify as White, to be older, to have increased total nicotine equivalents per cigarette, decreased serum cotinine, and increased forced vital capacity, compared to participants without. (biomedcentral.com)
- Fasting glucose correlated in a positive manner with blood neutrophil concentration, forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity ratio (FEV 1 /FVC) and FEV 1 (% of predicted) in LTS+COPD. (dovepress.com)
- Selection was obstruction of the airways and the forced vital capacity voluntary and workers were assured of confidentiality. (who.int)
- A dose-response relationship was found between cannabis smoking and reduced forced expiratory volume (FEV 1 ) to forced vital capacity ratio and specific airways conductance, and increased total lung capacity. (medpagetoday.com)
- Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) − FVC refers to the quantity of oxygen an individual can exhale when he or she blows out rapidly. (tutorialspoint.com)
Parameters1
- With exposure to 0.35 ppm of ozone, there were decrements in forced expiratory parameters on day 2. (epa.gov)
Pulmonary2
- A key feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an accelerated rate of decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)), but data on the variability and determinants of this change in patients who have established disease are scarce. (nih.gov)
- Pulmonary function tests revealed decreased 1 second forced expiratory volume values for workers who currently smoked. (cdc.gov)
Inhalation2
- Common adverse reactions (more than 5%) occurring more frequently in Tobramycin Inhalation Solution patients are forced expiratory volume decreased, rales, red blood cell sedimentation rate increased, and dysphonia. (nih.gov)
- The nomination of metal working fluids as a candidate for chronic inhalation studies is based upon their high production volume, the large number of occupationally-exposed workers, and the lack of carcinogenicity and chronic toxicology data for this class of mixtures. (nih.gov)
Workers1
- A four-year longitudinal study of ventilatory function in polyurethane-foam production workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) revealed a dose-response relationship between average exposure to TDI and change in forced expiratory volume per second (FEV-1). (cdc.gov)
COPD1
- To achieve this goal, the organisations have developed a COPD task force composed of three members from each society whose office will last for 3 yrs. (ersjournals.com)
Respiratory3
- Respiratory volume is the amount of gas exchanged in the respiratory system during the respiratory cycle. (tutorialspoint.com)
- Respiratory capacity is defined as the sum of various respiratory volumes. (tutorialspoint.com)
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC) − TLC refers to the maximum volume of gas accumulated in the respiratory system after forced inspiration. (tutorialspoint.com)
Breathe1
- Lung volume can also be measured when you breathe nitrogen or helium gas through a tube for a certain period of time. (medlineplus.gov)
Breath1
- Since the test involves some forced breathing and rapid breathing, you may have some temporary shortness of breath or lightheadedness. (medlineplus.gov)
Diaphragm2
- The goal of diaphragm plication is to flatten the dome of the diaphragm, providing the lung with greater volume for expansion. (medscape.com)
- Whenever the diaphragm moves downward, force is created in the chest, which draws in and expands the lungs. (tutorialspoint.com)
Values1
- Let us look into the normal values of lung volume and capacity in the case of both male and female. (tutorialspoint.com)
Flow1
- Flow-Volume loop showing successful FVC maneuver. (wikidoc.org)
Total2
- In the presence of airflow limitation, the patient exhales air slowly, while the total volume of air exhaled is generally not affected. (wikidoc.org)
- Au total, 38 enfants souffrant d'asthme (contrôlé pour 16 d'entre eux et partiellement contrôlé pour 22 autres) ont été comparés à 16 enfants en bonne santé de même sexe et de même âge. (who.int)
Analysis1
- It focuses on technologies, volume, and materials in, and in-depth analysis of the market. (openpr.com)
Show1
- People in both trials had improvements in a key measure of lung capacity - forced expiratory volume in one second - and in sweat chloride levels, which show that the drugs are working throughout the body. (nih.gov)
Work1
- NIEHS has a goal to ensure job opportunities and career enhancements programs for both our work force and our community. (nih.gov)