Measure of the maximum amount of air that can be expelled in a given number of seconds during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination . It is usually given as FEV followed by a subscript indicating the number of seconds over which the measurement is made, although it is sometimes given as a percentage of forced vital capacity.
The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration.
Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung.
Measurement of the various processes involved in the act of respiration: inspiration, expiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, lung volume and compliance, etc.
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).
Tests involving inhalation of allergens (nebulized or in dust form), nebulized pharmacologically active solutions (e.g., histamine, methacholine), or control solutions, followed by assessment of respiratory function. These tests are used in the diagnosis of asthma.
Agents that cause an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes.
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.
The administration of drugs by the respiratory route. It includes insufflation into the respiratory tract.
A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
Measurement of the maximum rate of airflow attained during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination. Common abbreviations are PEFR and PFR.
A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.
The rate of airflow measured during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination.
Measurement of rate of airflow over the middle half of a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination (from the 25 percent level to the 75 percent level). Common abbreviations are MMFR and FEF 25%-75%.
Agents causing the narrowing of the lumen of a bronchus or bronchiole.
Narrowing of the caliber of the BRONCHI, physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention.
Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).
Measurement of the amount of air that the lungs may contain at various points in the respiratory cycle.
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.
The volume of air remaining in the LUNGS at the end of a maximal expiration. Common abbreviation is RV.
Difficult or labored breathing.
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.
The airflow rate measured during the first liter expired after the first 200 ml have been exhausted during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination. Common abbreviations are MEFR, FEF 200-1200, and FEF 0.2-1.2.
The volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. It is the equivalent to each of the following sums: VITAL CAPACITY plus RESIDUAL VOLUME; INSPIRATORY CAPACITY plus FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY; TIDAL VOLUME plus INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME plus functional residual capacity; or tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME plus residual volume.
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
Enlargement of air spaces distal to the TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES where gas-exchange normally takes place. This is usually due to destruction of the alveolar wall. Pulmonary emphysema can be classified by the location and distribution of the lesions.
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.
Analogs or derivatives of scopolamine.
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.
Physiologically, the opposition to flow of air caused by the forces of friction. As a part of pulmonary function testing, it is the ratio of driving pressure to the rate of air flow.
Devices that cause a liquid or solid to be converted into an aerosol (spray) or a vapor. It is used in drug administration by inhalation, humidification of ambient air, and in certain analytical instruments.
The total volume of gas inspired or expired per unit of time, usually measured in liters per minute.
Material coughed up from the lungs and expectorated via the mouth. It contains MUCUS, cellular debris, and microorganisms. It may also contain blood or pus.
Drugs that are used to treat asthma.
A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.
The amount of a gas taken up, by the pulmonary capillary blood from the alveolar gas, per minute per unit of average pressure of the gradient of the gas across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.
The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration. It is the sum of the TIDAL VOLUME and the INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. Common abbreviation is IC.
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.
Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.
Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
A muscarinic antagonist structurally related to ATROPINE but often considered safer and more effective for inhalation use. It is used for various bronchial disorders, in rhinitis, and as an antiarrhythmic.
The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.
AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the ETHANOLAMINE; (-NH2CH2CHOH) group and its derivatives.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the TRACHEA. They include the largest two primary bronchi which branch out into secondary bronchi, and tertiary bronchi which extend into BRONCHIOLES and PULMONARY ALVEOLI.
Earth or other matter in fine, dry particles. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an EXERCISE TEST.
The volume of air remaining in the LUNGS at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. It is the sum of the RESIDUAL VOLUME and the EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. Common abbreviation is FRC.
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.
An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.
Colloids with a gaseous dispersing phase and either liquid (fog) or solid (smoke) dispersed phase; used in fumigation or in inhalation therapy; may contain propellant agents.
Curves depicting MAXIMAL EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE, in liters/second, versus lung inflation, in liters or percentage of lung capacity, during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination. Common abbreviation is MEFV.
These include the muscles of the DIAPHRAGM and the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES.
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.
Any tests done on exhaled air.
Spirometric technique in which the volume of air breathed in the right and left lung is recorded separately.
Volume of circulating BLOOD. It is the sum of the PLASMA VOLUME and ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME.
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.
A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.
An adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.
The excision of lung tissue including partial or total lung lobectomy.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Controlled physical activity which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV.
Drugs that selectively bind to and activate beta-adrenergic receptors.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
A small aerosol canister used to release a calibrated amount of medication for inhalation.
The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).
Derivatives of the steroid androstane having two double bonds at any site in any of the rings.
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.
Diseases caused by factors involved in one's employment.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of ACETYLCHOLINE or cholinergic agonists.
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.
An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of HISTIDINE. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.
Unsaturated pregnane derivatives containing two keto groups on side chains or ring structures.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the bronchi.
The act of BREATHING in.
Hypertonic sodium chloride solution. A solution having an osmotic pressure greater than that of physiologic salt solution (0.9 g NaCl in 100 ml purified water).
The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.
A class of drugs designed to prevent leukotriene synthesis or activity by blocking binding at the receptor level.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
The act of BREATHING out.
Air pollutants found in the work area. They are usually produced by the specific nature of the occupation.
Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.
A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.
Agents that increase mucous excretion. Mucolytic agents, that is drugs that liquefy mucous secretions, are also included here.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigen-antibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability.
A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life.
A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, monocytes, and platelets.
Compounds bind to and activate ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTORS.
A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)
Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin.
Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression.
Proteins found in EOSINOPHIL granules. They are primarily basic proteins that play a role in host defense and the proinflammatory actions of activated eosinophils.
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
The transference of either one or both of the lungs from one human or animal to another.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Epicutaneous or intradermal application of a sensitizer for demonstration of either delayed or immediate hypersensitivity. Used in diagnosis of hypersensitivity or as a test for cellular immunity.
Care of patients with deficiencies and abnormalities associated with the cardiopulmonary system. It includes the therapeutic use of medical gases and their administrative apparatus, environmental control systems, humidification, aerosols, ventilatory support, bronchopulmonary drainage and exercise, respiratory rehabilitation, assistance with cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and maintenance of natural, artificial, and mechanical airways.
A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.
Substances made up of an aggregation of small particles, as that obtained by grinding or trituration of a solid drug. In pharmacy it is a form in which substances are administered. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A group of compounds that are derivatives of beta-methylacetylcholine (methacholine).
A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. It is especially concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases and defects of the lungs and bronchial tree.
Therapeutic exercises aimed to deepen inspiration or expiration or even to alter the rate and rhythm of respiration.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
A form of hypersensitivity affecting the respiratory tract. It includes ASTHMA and RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL.
Measurement of the volume of gas in the lungs, including that which is trapped in poorly communicating air spaces. It is of particular use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Substances that reduce or suppress INFLAMMATION.
The exchange of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood that occurs across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents by inhaling them.
Physiological processes and properties of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.
A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.
Drugs used for their effects on the respiratory system.
Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
A condition of BRONCHOCONSTRICTION resulting from hypersensitive reaction to inhaled dust during the initial processing of cotton, flax, or hemp in the textile industry. Symptoms include wheezing and tightness in the chest.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Analogs and derivatives of atropine.
Inhalation of oxygen aimed at restoring toward normal any pathophysiologic alterations of gas exchange in the cardiopulmonary system, as by the use of a respirator, nasal catheter, tent, chamber, or mask. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)
Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
Any substance in the air which could, if present in high enough concentration, harm humans, animals, vegetation or material. Substances include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; and volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.
The aggregate business enterprise of manufacturing textiles. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.
Aryl CYCLOPENTANES that are a reduced (protonated) form of INDENES.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Measure of the maximum amount of air that can be breathed in and blown out over a sustained interval such as 15 or 20 seconds. Common abbreviations are MVV and MBC.
A method in which either the observer(s) or the subject(s) is kept ignorant of the group to which the subjects are assigned.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized mast cells. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.
The ratio of alveolar ventilation to simultaneous alveolar capillary blood flow in any part of the lung. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Compressed gases or vapors in a container which, upon release of pressure and expansion through a valve, carry another substance from the container. They are used for cosmetics, household cleaners, and so on. Examples are BUTANES; CARBON DIOXIDE; FLUOROCARBONS; NITROGEN; and PROPANE. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Doubly unsaturated pregnane derivatives with two hydroxy groups substituted anywhere on the rings or side chains.
Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A series of hydrocarbons containing both chlorine and fluorine. These have been used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning fluids, solvents, and as fire extinguishing agents. They have been shown to cause stratospheric ozone depletion and have been banned for many uses.
Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.
Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.
Ground up seed of WHEAT.
Antigen-type substances that produce immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).
Volume of PLASMA in the circulation. It is usually measured by INDICATOR DILUTION TECHNIQUES.
Surgical incision into the chest wall.
Diseases in persons engaged in cultivating and tilling soil, growing plants, harvesting crops, raising livestock, or otherwise engaged in husbandry and farming. The diseases are not restricted to farmers in the sense of those who perform conventional farm chores: the heading applies also to those engaged in the individual activities named above, as in those only gathering harvest or in those only dusting crops.
The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T.
The outer margins of the thorax containing SKIN, deep FASCIA; THORACIC VERTEBRAE; RIBS; STERNUM; and MUSCLES.
Recording of change in the size of a part as modified by the circulation in it.
A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990)
An activity in which the body advances at a slow to moderate pace by moving the feet in a coordinated fashion. This includes recreational walking, walking for fitness, and competitive race-walking.
Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Chemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of a molecule of water.
The distance from the sole to the crown of the head with body standing on a flat surface and fully extended.
The amount of BLOOD pumped out of the HEART per beat, not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). It is calculated as the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume.
An immunoglobulin associated with MAST CELLS. Overexpression has been associated with allergic hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).
Helium. A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about.
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
A product of hard secondary xylem composed of CELLULOSE, hemicellulose, and LIGNANS, that is under the bark of trees and shrubs. It is used in construction and as a source of CHARCOAL and many other products.
Surgical removal of ribs, allowing the chest wall to move inward and collapse a diseased lung. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The pressure that would be exerted by one component of a mixture of gases if it were present alone in a container. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
The capability of the LUNGS to distend under pressure as measured by pulmonary volume change per unit pressure change. While not a complete description of the pressure-volume properties of the lung, it is nevertheless useful in practice as a measure of the comparative stiffness of the lung. (From Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p562)
A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.
A methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac and central nervous system stimulant activities. Theophylline inhibits the 3',5'-CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE that degrades CYCLIC AMP thus potentiates the actions of agents that act through ADENYLYL CYCLASES and cyclic AMP.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the pleural cavity.
A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
The science, art, or technology dealing with processes involved in the separation of metals from their ores, the technique of making or compounding the alloys, the techniques of working or heat-treating metals, and the mining of metals. It includes industrial metallurgy as well as metallurgical techniques employed in the preparation and working of metals used in dentistry, with special reference to orthodontic and prosthodontic appliances. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p494)
X-ray visualization of the chest and organs of the thoracic cavity. It is not restricted to visualization of the lungs.
Compounds that accept electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. The reaction is induced by or accelerated by exposure to electromagnetic radiation in the spectrum of visible or ultraviolet light.
Organic compounds that contain the -NCO radical.
The measurement of frequency or oscillation changes.
Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.
Expenditure of energy during PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. Intensity of exertion may be measured by rate of OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; HEAT produced, or HEART RATE. Perceived exertion, a psychological measure of exertion, is included.
A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.

Arterial blood gas tensions during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. (1/4775)

Arterial blood gas tensions were measured before and during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, with (group I) and without (group 2) sedation with intravenous diazepam. There was a highly significant fall in the PaO2, which occurred in both groups and was therefore not attributable to diazepam. Measurement of FEV, and FVC before endoscopy had no predictive value for those patients whose PaO2 fell the most.  (+info)

Comparative total mortality in 25 years in Italian and Greek middle aged rural men. (2/4775)

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Mortality over 25 years has been low in the Italian and very low in the Greek cohorts of the Seven Countries Study; factors responsible for this particularity were studied in detail. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS: 1712 Italian and 1215 Greek men, aged 40-59 years, cohorts of the Seven Countries Study, representing over 95% of the populations in designated rural areas. DESIGN: Entry (1960-61) data included age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), smoking habits, total serum cholesterol, body mass index (BMI), arm circumference, vital capacity (VC), and forced expiratory volume in 3/4 seconds (FEV); the same data were obtained 10 years later. Multivariate Cox analysis was performed with all causes death in 25 years as end point. MAIN RESULTS: Italian men had higher entry levels of SBP, arm circumference, BMI, and VC; Greek men had higher cholesterol levels, smoking habits, and FEV. Mortality of Italian men was higher throughout; at 25 years cumulative mortality was 48.3% and 35.3% respectively. Coronary heart disease and stroke mortality increased fivefold in Italy and 10-fold in Greece between years 10 and 25. The only risk factor with a significantly higher contribution to mortality in Italian men was cholesterol. However, differences in entry SBP (higher in Italy) and FEV (higher in Greece) accounted for, according to the Lee method, 75% of the differential mortality between the two populations. At 10 years increases in SBP, cholesterol, BMI, and decreases in smoking habits, VC, FEV, and arm circumference had occurred (deltas). SBP increased more and FEV and VC decreased more in Italy than in Greece. Deltas, fed stepwise in the original model for the prediction of 10 to 25 years mortality, were significant for SBP, smoking, arm circumference, and VC in Greece, and for SBP and VC in Italy. CONCLUSION: Higher mortality in Italian men is related to stronger positive effects of entry SBP and weaker negative (protective) effects of FEV; in addition 10 year increases in SBP are higher and 10 year decreases in FEV are larger in Italy. Unaccounted factors, however, related to, for example, differences in the diet, may also have contributed to the differential mortality of these two Mediterranean populations.  (+info)

Post-shift changes in pulmonary function in a cement factory in eastern Saudi Arabia. (3/4775)

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 1992 in the oldest of three Portland cement producing factories in Eastern Saudi Arabia. The respirable dust level was in excess of the recommended ACGIH level in all sections. Spirometry was done for 149 cement workers and 348 controls, using a Vitalograph spirometer. FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC% and FEF25-75% were calculated and corrected to BTPS. A significantly higher post-shift reduction FEV1, FEV1/FVC% and FEF25-75% was observed in the exposed subjects. Multiple regression analysis showed a significant relationship between post-shift changes and exposure to cement dust but failed to support any relationship with smoking. These findings may indicate an increase in the bronchial muscle tone leading to some degree of bronchoconstriction as a result of an irritant effect induced by the acute exposure to cement dust.  (+info)

Double-blind intervention trial on modulation of ozone effects on pulmonary function by antioxidant supplements. (4/4775)

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the acute effects of ozone on lung function could be modulated by antioxidant vitamin supplementation in a placebo-controlled study. Lung function was measured in Dutch bicyclists (n = 38) before and after each training session on a number of occasions (n = 380) during the summer of 1996. The vitamin group (n = 20) received 100 mg of vitamin E and 500 mg of vitamin C daily for 15 weeks. The average ozone concentration during exercise was 77 microg/m3 (range, 14-186 microg/m3). After exclusion of subjects with insufficient compliance from the analysis, a difference in ozone exposure of 100 microg/m3 decreased forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) 95 ml (95% confidence interval (CI) -265 to -53) in the placebo group and 1 ml (95% CI -94 to 132) in the vitamin group; for forced vital capacity, the change was -125 ml (95% CI -384 to -36) in the placebo group and -42 ml (95% CI -130 to 35) in the vitamin group. The differences in ozone effect on lung function between the groups were statistically significant. The results suggest that supplementation with the antioxidant vitamins C and E confers partial protection against the acute effects of ozone on FEV1 and forced vital capacity in cyclists.  (+info)

Decline in FEV1 related to smoking status in individuals with severe alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (PiZZ). (5/4775)

Severe alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency predisposes to emphysema development. Highly variable rates of decline in lung function are reported in PiZZ individuals. The annual decline in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1; delta FEV1) was analysed in relation to smoking status in a cohort of 608 adult PiZZ individuals included in the Swedish national AAT deficiency register. Delta FEV1 was analysed in 211 never-smokers, in 351 exsmokers, and in 46 current smokers after performing at least two spirometries during a follow-up time of 1 yr or longer (median 5.5 yrs, range 1-31). The adjusted mean delta FEV1 in never-smokers was 47 mL x yr(-1) (95% confidence interval (CI) 41-53 mL x yr(-1)), 41 mL x yr(-1) (95% CI 36-48 mL x yr(-1)) in exsmokers, and 70 mL x yr(-1) (95% CI 58-82 mL x yr(-1)) in current smokers. A dose-response relationship was found between cigarette consumption and delta FEV1 in current smokers and exsmokers. In never-smokers, a greater delta FEV1 was found after 50 yrs of age than before. No sex differences were found in delta FEV1. In conclusion, among PiZZ individuals, the change in forced expiratory volume in one second is essentially the same in never-smokers and exsmokers. Smoking is associated with a dose-dependent increase in the change in forced expiratory volume in one second.  (+info)

Expiratory and inspiratory chest computed tomography and pulmonary function tests in cigarette smokers. (6/4775)

This study evaluated small airway dysfunction and emphysematous destruction of lung parenchyma in cigarette smokers, using chest expiratory high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and pulmonary function tests (PFT). The degree of emphysematous destruction was classified by visual scoring (VS) and the average HRCT number at full expiration/full inspiration (E/I ratio) calculated in 63 male smokers and 10 male nonsmokers (group A). The Brinkman smoking index (BI), defined as cigarettes x day(-1) x yrs, was estimated. Sixty-three smokers were divided into three groups by PFT: group B1 (n=7), with normal PFT; group B2 (n=21), with diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DL,CO) > or = 80% predicted, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) < 80% pred and/or residual volume (RV) > 120% pred; and group B3 (n=35), with DL,CO < 80% pred, FEV1 < 80% pred and/or RV > 120% pred. Heavy smokers (BI > or = 600) (n=48) showed a significant increase in emphysema by both VS and E/I. E/I was significantly elevated in both group B2 (mean+/-SD 0.95+/-0.05) and B3 (0.96+/-0.06) compared with group B1 (0.89+/-0.03). VS could not differentiate group B2 (3.9+/-5.0) from B1 (1.1+/-1.6). These findings suggest that the expiration/inspiration ratio reflects hyperinflation and airway obstruction, regardless of the functional characteristics of emphysema, in cigarette smokers.  (+info)

Airway inflammatory response to ozone in subjects with different asthma severity. (7/4775)

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether ozone exposure induces a similar airway inflammatory response in subjects with different degrees of asthma severity. Two groups of asthmatic subjects were studied: seven with intermittent mild asthma not requiring regular treatment (group A); and seven with persistent mild asthma requiring regular treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta2-agonists (group B). All subjects were exposed, in a randomized cross-over design, to air or O3 (0.26 parts per million (ppm) for 2 h with intermittent exercise); subjects in group B withdrew from regular treatment 72 h before each exposure. Before the exposure, and 1 and 2 h after the beginning of the exposure they performed a pulmonary function test, and a questionnaire was completed to obtain a total symptom score (TSS). Six hours after the end of the exposure, hypertonic saline (HS) sputum induction was conducted. Sputum cell percentages, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and interleukin (IL)-8 concentrations in the sputum supernatant were measured. TSS significantly increased and forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) significantly decreased after O3 exposure in comparison with air exposure in group A, whereas no changes were observed in group B except for a significant decrement of FEV1 2 h after the beginning of O3 exposure. Sputum neutrophil percentage was significantly higher after O3 exposure than after air exposure in both groups (Group A: 70.2% (28-87) versus 26.6% (8.6-73.2); Group B: 62.1% (25-82.4) versus 27.9% (14.4-54)). IL-8 was higher in sputum supernatant collected 6 h after O3 exposure than after air, only in group A. No change due to O3 has been found in sputum eosinophil percentage and ECP concentration in both groups. In conclusion, the degree of airway response to a short-term exposure to ozone is different in subjects with asthma of different severity. The available data do not allow elucidation of whether this difference depends on the severity of the disease or on the regular anti-inflammatory treatment.  (+info)

Dose-response slope of forced oscillation and forced expiratory parameters in bronchial challenge testing. (8/4775)

In population studies, the provocative dose (PD) of bronchoconstrictor causing a significant decrement in lung function cannot be calculated for most subjects. Dose-response curves for carbachol were examined to determine whether this relationship can be summarized by means of a continuous index likely to be calculable for all subjects, namely the two-point dose response slope (DRS) of mean resistance (Rm) and resistance at 10 Hz (R10) measured by the forced oscillation technique (FOT). Five doses of carbachol (320 microg each) were inhaled by 71 patients referred for investigation of asthma (n=16), chronic cough (n=15), nasal polyposis (n=8), chronic rhinitis (n=8), dyspnoea (n=8), urticaria (n=5), post-anaphylactic shock (n=4) and miscellaneous conditions (n=7). FOT resistance and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were measured in close succession. The PD of carbachol leading to a fall in FEV1 > or = 20% (PD20) or a rise in Rm or R10 > or = 47% (PD47,Rm and PD47,R10) were calculated by interpolation. DRS for FEV1 (DRSFEV1), Rm (DRSRm) and R10 (DRSR10) were obtained as the percentage change at last dose divided by the total dose of carbachol. The sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of DRSRm, DRS10 delta%Rm and delta%R10 in detecting spirometric bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR, fall in FEV1 > or = 20%) were assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. There were 23 (32%) "spirometric" reactors. PD20 correlated strongly with DRSFEV1 (r=-0.962; p=0.0001); PD47,Rm correlated significantly with DRSRm (r=-0.648; p=0.0001) and PD47,R10 with DRSR10 (r=-0.552; p=0.0001). DRSFEV1 correlated significantly with both DRSRm (r=0.700; p=0.0001) and DRSR10 (r=0.784; p=0.0001). The Se and Sp of the various FOT indices to correctly detect spirometric BHR were as follows: DRSRm: Se=91.3%, Sp=81.2%; DRSR10: Se=91.3%, Sp=95.8%; delta%Rm: Se=86.9%, Sp=52.1%; and delta%R10: Se=91.3%, Sp=58.3%. Dose-response slopes of indices of forced oscillation technique resistance, especially the dose-response slope of resistance at 10Hz are proposed as simple quantitative indices of bronchial responsiveness which can be calculated for all subjects and that may be useful in occupational epidemiology.  (+info)

Asthma can cause recurring episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. These symptoms occur when the muscles surrounding the airways contract, causing the airways to narrow and swell. This can be triggered by exposure to environmental allergens or irritants such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander, or respiratory infections.

There is no cure for asthma, but it can be managed with medication and lifestyle changes. Treatment typically includes inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, bronchodilators to open up the airways, and rescue medications to relieve symptoms during an asthma attack.

Asthma is a common condition that affects people of all ages, but it is most commonly diagnosed in children. According to the American Lung Association, more than 25 million Americans have asthma, and it is the third leading cause of hospitalization for children under the age of 18.

While there is no cure for asthma, early diagnosis and proper treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life for those affected by the condition.

1. Chronic bronchitis: This condition causes inflammation of the bronchial tubes (the airways that lead to the lungs), which can cause coughing and excessive mucus production.
2. Emphysema: This condition damages the air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult for the body to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

The main causes of COPD are smoking and long-term exposure to air pollution, although genetics can also play a role. Symptoms of COPD can include shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing, particularly during exercise or exertion. The disease can be diagnosed through pulmonary function tests, chest X-rays, and blood tests.

There is no cure for COPD, but there are several treatment options available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These include medications such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids, pulmonary rehabilitation programs, and lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking and increasing physical activity. In severe cases, oxygen therapy may be necessary to help the patient breathe.

Prevention is key in avoiding the development of COPD, and this includes not smoking and avoiding exposure to air pollution. Early detection and treatment can also help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. With proper management, many people with COPD are able to lead active and productive lives.

There are several types of lung diseases that are classified as obstructive, including:

1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): This is a progressive condition that makes it hard to breathe and can cause long-term disability and even death. COPD is caused by damage to the lungs, usually from smoking or exposure to other forms of pollution.
2. Emphysema: This is a condition where the air sacs in the lungs are damaged and cannot properly expand and contract. This can cause shortness of breath and can lead to respiratory failure.
3. Chronic bronchitis: This is a condition where the airways in the lungs become inflamed and narrowed, making it harder to breathe.
4. Asthma: This is a condition where the airways in the lungs become inflamed and narrowed, causing wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
5. Bronchiectasis: This is a condition where the airways in the lungs become damaged and widened, leading to thickening of the walls of the airways and chronic infection.
6. Pulmonary fibrosis: This is a condition where the lung tissue becomes scarred and stiff, making it harder to breathe.
7. Lung cancer: This is a malignant tumor that can occur in the lungs and can cause breathing difficulties and other symptoms.

These diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including smoking, exposure to air pollution, genetics, and certain occupations or environments. Treatment for obstructive lung diseases may include medications, such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids, and lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking and avoiding exposure to pollutants. In severe cases, surgery or lung transplantation may be necessary.

It's important to note that these diseases can have similar symptoms, so it's important to see a doctor if you experience any persistent breathing difficulties or other symptoms. A proper diagnosis and treatment plan can help manage the condition and improve quality of life.

There are several risk factors for developing EIA, including:

1. Genetics: People with a family history of asthma are more likely to develop EIA.
2. Allergies: Those with allergies, particularly allergies to pollen, dust mites, or pet dander, are more likely to develop EIA.
3. Respiratory infections: People who have had respiratory infections, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, may be at higher risk for developing EIA.
4. Environmental factors: Exposure to cold, dry air, pollution, and other environmental irritants can trigger symptoms of EIA.
5. Physical fitness level: People who are less physically fit may be more susceptible to EIA due to the increased demand on their respiratory system during exercise.

Symptoms of EIA can vary in severity and may include:

1. Wheezing or a whistling sound when breathing out
2. Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
3. Coughing or chest tightness
4. Fatigue or exhaustion
5. Blue lips or fingernail beds (in severe cases)

If you suspect that you or someone else may be experiencing EIA, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare provider can diagnose EIA through a physical examination and may perform additional tests, such as spirometry or methacholine challenge, to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for EIA typically involves avoiding triggers such as cold air or exercise, using inhalers to relax airway muscles and improve breathing, and managing allergies through medication or immunotherapy. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide oxygen therapy and other supportive care.

Prevention is key to avoiding EIA, and this includes taking the following steps:

1. Warm up before exercising with light cardio for 5-10 minutes
2. Use a humidifier during exercise to keep airways moist
3. Avoid cold air and sudden changes in temperature
4. Use saline nasal sprays or rinse with salt water after exercising to help clear out mucus and reduce inflammation
5. Manage allergies through medication, immunotherapy, or avoiding exposure to allergens
6. Consider wearing a mask during exercise to warm and humidify the air before inhaling it.

In summary, EIA is a condition that can cause breathing difficulties and other symptoms during exercise, especially in people with asthma or other respiratory conditions. It is important to be aware of the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options for EIA to prevent and manage this condition effectively.

The diagnosis of BHR is based on a combination of clinical, physiological, and imaging tests. The most common method used to assess BHR is the methacholine or histamine challenge test, which involves inhaling progressively increasing concentrations of these substances to measure airway reactivity. Other tests include exercise testing, hyperventilation, and mannitol challenge.

BHR is characterized by an increased responsiveness of the airways to various stimuli, such as allergens, cold or exercise, leading to inflammation and bronchoconstriction. This can cause symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.

There are several risk factors for BHR, including:

* Allergies
* Respiratory infections
* Exposure to environmental pollutants
* Genetic predisposition
* Obesity
* Smoking

Treatment of BHR typically involves the use of bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and other medications to reduce inflammation and airway constriction. In severe cases, surgical procedures such as lung volume reduction or bronchial thermoplasty may be necessary. Environmental modifications, such as avoiding triggers and using HEPA filters, can also help manage symptoms.

In summary, bronchial hyperreactivity is a condition characterized by an exaggerated response of the airways to various stimuli, leading to increased smooth muscle contraction and narrowing of the bronchi. It is commonly seen in asthma and other respiratory diseases, and can cause symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Treatment typically involves medications and environmental modifications to reduce inflammation and airway constriction.

In the medical field, dyspnea is often evaluated using a numerical rating scale called the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea scale. This scale rates dyspnea on a scale of 0 to 5, with 0 indicating no shortness of breath and 5 indicating extreme shortness of breath.

Dyspnea can be a symptom of many different conditions, including:

1. Respiratory problems such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia.
2. Heart conditions such as heart failure and coronary artery disease.
3. Other underlying medical conditions such as anemia, lung disease, and liver failure.
4. Neurological conditions such as stroke and multiple sclerosis.
5. Psychological conditions such as anxiety and depression.

Assessment of dyspnea involves a thorough medical history and physical examination, including listening to the patient's lung sounds and assessing their oxygen saturation levels. Diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays, electrocardiograms (ECGs), and blood tests may also be ordered to determine the underlying cause of dyspnea.

Treatment of dyspnea depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, oxygen therapy, and other interventions such as pulmonary rehabilitation. In some cases, dyspnea may be a symptom of a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.

There are several possible causes of airway obstruction, including:

1. Asthma: Inflammation of the airways can cause them to narrow and become obstructed.
2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): This is a progressive condition that damages the lungs and can lead to airway obstruction.
3. Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchial tubes (the airways that lead to the lungs) can cause them to narrow and become obstructed.
4. Pneumonia: Infection of the lungs can cause inflammation and narrowing of the airways.
5. Tumors: Cancerous tumors in the chest or throat can grow and block the airways.
6. Foreign objects: Objects such as food or toys can become lodged in the airways and cause obstruction.
7. Anaphylaxis: A severe allergic reaction can cause swelling of the airways and obstruct breathing.
8. Other conditions such as sleep apnea, cystic fibrosis, and vocal cord paralysis can also cause airway obstruction.

Symptoms of airway obstruction may include:

1. Difficulty breathing
2. Wheezing or stridor (a high-pitched sound when breathing in)
3. Chest tightness or pain
4. Coughing up mucus or phlegm
5. Shortness of breath
6. Blue lips or fingernail beds (in severe cases)

Treatment of airway obstruction depends on the underlying cause and may include medications such as bronchodilators, inhalers, and steroids, as well as surgery to remove blockages or repair damaged tissue. In severe cases, a tracheostomy (a tube inserted into the windpipe to help with breathing) may be necessary.

There are several types of pulmonary emphysema, including:

1. Centriacinar emphysema: This type of emphysema affects the central airways and is caused by the destruction of the walls of the air sacs, leading to their enlargement.
2. Paraseptal emphysema: This type of emphysema affects the spaces between the air sacs and is caused by the destruction of the connective tissue that supports the air sacs.
3. Panacinar emphysema: This type of emphysema affects all parts of the lungs and is caused by the destruction of the walls of the air sacs, leading to their enlargement.

Pulmonary emphysema can be caused by a variety of factors, including smoking, exposure to air pollutants, and genetic predisposition. The symptoms of pulmonary emphysema can vary in severity and may include shortness of breath, fatigue, wheezing, and chest tightness.

Diagnosis of pulmonary emphysema typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and lung function tests such as spirometry and bronchodilator testing. Imaging tests such as chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans may also be used to evaluate the extent of the disease.

Treatment for pulmonary emphysema typically involves a combination of medications, including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotics, as well as lifestyle modifications such as quitting smoking, avoiding exposure to air pollutants, and exercising regularly. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be necessary.

Prevention of pulmonary emphysema includes avoiding smoking and other environmental risk factors, maintaining a healthy diet and exercise regimen, and managing any underlying medical conditions that may contribute to the development of the disease. Early detection and treatment can help to slow the progression of the disease and improve quality of life for those affected.

In conclusion, pulmonary emphysema is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by the destruction of the walls of the air sacs in the lungs, leading to enlargement of the sacs and difficulty breathing. While there is no cure for pulmonary emphysema, treatment can help to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Prevention includes avoiding smoking and other environmental risk factors, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and managing any underlying medical conditions. Early detection and treatment can improve quality of life for those affected by this condition.

Symptoms of cystic fibrosis can vary from person to person, but may include:

* Persistent coughing and wheezing
* Thick, sticky mucus that clogs airways and can lead to respiratory infections
* Difficulty gaining weight or growing at the expected rate
* Intestinal blockages or digestive problems
* Fatty stools
* Nausea and vomiting
* Diarrhea
* Rectal prolapse
* Increased risk of liver disease and respiratory failure

Cystic fibrosis is usually diagnosed in infancy, and treatment typically includes a combination of medications, respiratory therapy, and other supportive care. Management of the disease focuses on controlling symptoms, preventing complications, and improving quality of life. With proper treatment and care, many people with cystic fibrosis can lead long, fulfilling lives.

In summary, cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems, causing thick and sticky mucus to build up in these organs, leading to serious health problems. It can be diagnosed in infancy and managed with a combination of medications, respiratory therapy, and other supportive care.

Some common examples of respiration disorders include:

1. Asthma: A chronic condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A progressive lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe, caused by exposure to pollutants such as cigarette smoke.
3. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can cause fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
4. Bronchitis: Inflammation of the airways that can cause coughing and difficulty breathing.
5. Emphysema: A condition where the air sacs in the lungs are damaged, making it difficult to breathe.
6. Sleep apnea: A sleep disorder that causes a person to stop breathing for short periods during sleep, leading to fatigue and other symptoms.
7. Cystic fibrosis: A genetic disorder that affects the respiratory system and digestive system, causing thick mucus buildup and difficulty breathing.
8. Pulmonary fibrosis: A condition where the lungs become scarred and stiff, making it difficult to breathe.
9. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs and can cause coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing.
10. Lung cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the lungs and can cause symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.

These are just a few examples of respiration disorders, and there are many other conditions that can affect the respiratory system and cause breathing difficulties. If you are experiencing any symptoms of respiration disorders, it is important to seek medical attention to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Acute bronchitis is a short-term infection that is usually caused by a virus or bacteria, and can be treated with antibiotics and supportive care such as rest, hydration, and over-the-counter pain relievers. Chronic bronchitis, on the other hand, is a long-term condition that is often associated with smoking and can lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Bronchitis can cause a range of symptoms including:

* Persistent cough, which may be dry or produce mucus
* Chest tightness or discomfort
* Shortness of breath or wheezing
* Fatigue and fever
* Headache and body aches

The diagnosis of bronchitis is usually made based on a physical examination, medical history, and results of diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays and pulmonary function tests. Treatment for bronchitis typically focuses on relieving symptoms and managing the underlying cause, such as a bacterial infection or smoking cessation.

Bronchitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Viral infections, such as the common cold or flu
* Bacterial infections, such as pneumonia
* Smoking and exposure to environmental pollutants
* Asthma and other allergic conditions
* Chronic lung diseases, such as COPD

Preventive measures for bronchitis include:

* Quitting smoking and avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke
* Getting vaccinated against flu and pneumonia
* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently
* Avoiding exposure to environmental pollutants
* Managing underlying conditions such as asthma and allergies.

Some common types of lung diseases include:

1. Asthma: A chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A progressive condition that causes chronic inflammation and damage to the airways and lungs, making it difficult to breathe.
3. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, leading to fever, chills, coughing, and difficulty breathing.
4. Bronchiectasis: A condition where the airways are damaged and widened, leading to chronic infections and inflammation.
5. Pulmonary Fibrosis: A condition where the lungs become scarred and stiff, making it difficult to breathe.
6. Lung Cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the lungs, often caused by smoking or exposure to carcinogens.
7. Cystic Fibrosis: A genetic disorder that affects the respiratory and digestive systems, leading to chronic infections and inflammation in the lungs.
8. Tuberculosis (TB): An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
9. Pulmonary Embolism: A blockage in one of the arteries in the lungs, often caused by a blood clot that has traveled from another part of the body.
10. Sarcoidosis: An inflammatory disease that affects various organs in the body, including the lungs, leading to the formation of granulomas and scarring.

These are just a few examples of conditions that can affect the lungs and respiratory system. It's important to note that many of these conditions can be treated with medication, therapy, or surgery, but early detection is key to successful treatment outcomes.

Clinical Significance:
Respiratory sounds can help healthcare providers diagnose and manage respiratory conditions, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia. By listening to the sounds of a patient's breathing, healthcare providers can identify abnormalities in lung function, airway obstruction, or inflammation.

Types of Respiratory Sounds:

1. Vesicular Sounds:
a. Inspiratory wheeze: A high-pitched whistling sound heard during inspiration, usually indicative of bronchial asthma or COPD.
b. Expiratory wheeze: A low-pitched whistling sound heard during expiration, typically seen in patients with chronic bronchitis or emphysema.
c. Decreased vocal fremitus: A decrease in the normal vibratory sounds heard over the lung fields during breathing, which can indicate fluid or consolidation in the lungs.
2. Adventitious Sounds:
a. Crackles (rales): High-pitched, bubbly sounds heard during inspiration and expiration, indicating fluid or air in the alveoli.
b. Rhonchi: Low-pitched, harsh sounds heard during inspiration and expiration, often indicative of bronchitis, pneumonia, or COPD.
c. Stridors: High-pitched, squeaky sounds heard during breathing, commonly seen in patients with inflammatory conditions such as pneumonia or tuberculosis.

It's important to note that the interpretation of lung sounds requires a thorough understanding of respiratory physiology and pathophysiology, as well as clinical experience and expertise. A healthcare professional, such as a nurse or respiratory therapist, should always be consulted for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

The hallmark symptoms of bronchiectasis are chronic cough, recurrent respiratory tract infections, and excessive mucus production. These symptoms can significantly impact quality of life, and if left untreated, the disease can progress to severe respiratory failure and other complications such as pulmonary hypertension.

Bronchiectasis is most commonly caused by recurrent lower respiratory tract infections, such as those caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Other risk factors for developing bronchiectasis include a history of childhood respiratory infections, exposure to tobacco smoke, and underlying conditions such as cystic fibrosis or primary immunodeficiency disorders.

Diagnosis of bronchiectasis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, radiologic imaging (such as high-resolution computed tomography, or HRCT), and pulmonary function tests. Treatment options for bronchiectasis include antibiotics to manage infections, bronchodilators to improve lung function, and airway clearance techniques such as chest physical therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be considered.

Preventive measures for bronchiectasis include prompt treatment of respiratory infections, avoiding exposure to environmental irritants such as tobacco smoke, and managing underlying conditions that increase the risk of developing the disease. Early diagnosis and aggressive management of bronchiectasis can help slow disease progression, improve quality of life, and reduce the risk of complications such as respiratory failure and lung cancer.

The term cough is used to describe a wide range of symptoms that can be caused by various conditions affecting the respiratory system. Coughs can be classified as either dry or productive, depending on whether they produce mucus or not. Dry coughs are often described as hacking, barking, or non-productive, while productive coughs are those that bring up mucus or other substances from the lungs or airways.

Causes of Cough:

There are many potential causes of cough, including:

* Upper respiratory tract infections such as the common cold and influenza
* Lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia
* Allergies, including hay fever and allergic rhinitis
* Asthma and other chronic lung conditions
* Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which can cause coughing due to stomach acid flowing back up into the throat
* Environmental factors such as smoke, dust, and pollution
* Medications such as ACE inhibitors and beta blockers.

Symptoms of Cough:

In addition to the characteristic forceful expulsion of air from the lungs, coughs can be accompanied by a range of other symptoms that may include:

* Chest tightness or discomfort
* Shortness of breath or wheezing
* Fatigue and exhaustion
* Headache
* Sore throat or hoarseness
* Coughing up mucus or other substances.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Cough:

The diagnosis and treatment of cough will depend on the underlying cause. In some cases, a cough may be a symptom of a more serious condition that requires medical attention, such as pneumonia or asthma. In other cases, a cough may be caused by a minor infection or allergy that can be treated with over-the-counter medications and self-care measures.

Some common treatments for cough include:

* Cough suppressants such as dextromethorphan or pholcodine to relieve the urge to cough
* Expectorants such as guaifenesin to help loosen and clear mucus from the airways
* Antihistamines to reduce the severity of allergic reactions and help relieve a cough.
* Antibiotics if the cough is caused by a bacterial infection
* Inhalers and nebulizers to deliver medication directly to the lungs.

It is important to note that while cough can be a symptom of a serious condition, it is not always necessary to see a doctor for a cough. However, if you experience any of the following, you should seek medical attention:

* A persistent and severe cough that lasts for more than a few days or weeks
* A cough that worsens at night or with exertion
* Coughing up blood or mucus that is thick and yellow or greenish in color
* Shortness of breath or chest pain
* Fever, chills, or body aches that are severe or persistent.

It is also important to note that while over-the-counter medications can provide relief from symptoms, they may not address the underlying cause of the cough. If you have a persistent or severe cough, it is important to see a doctor to determine the cause and receive proper treatment.

There are several types of emphysema, including:

1. Centriacinar emphysema: This type of emphysema affects the central airways and is often caused by smoking or other forms of respiratory irritation.
2. Paraseptal emphysema: This type of emphysema affects the septal veins and is often caused by smoking or other forms of respiratory irritation.
3. Panacinar emphysema: This type of emphysema affects the entire airway and is often caused by smoking or other forms of respiratory irritation.
4. Cystic fibrosis-related emphysema: This type of emphysema is associated with cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder that affects the respiratory and digestive systems.

The main symptoms of emphysema are shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing. The condition can also cause fatigue, chest pain, and difficulty sleeping. Emphysema is often diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays or CT scans.

Treatment for emphysema typically involves lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking and avoiding exposure to air pollution, as well as medications such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged lung tissue or to repair damaged blood vessels.

The prognosis for emphysema varies depending on the severity of the condition and the individual's overall health. However, with proper treatment and lifestyle changes, many people with emphysema are able to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

There are several forms of pneumoconiosis, including:

* Coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP): caused by inhalation of coal dust in coal miners.
* Silicosis: caused by inhalation of silica dust in workers such as quarry workers, miners, and others who work with silica-containing materials.
* Asbestosis: caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers, which can lead to inflammation and scarring of the lungs.
* Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: caused by exposure to specific organic dusts, such as those found in agricultural or woodworking settings.

The symptoms of pneumoconiosis can vary depending on the type and severity of the disease, but may include coughing, shortness of breath, fatigue, and fever. In severe cases, pneumoconiosis can lead to respiratory failure and other complications.

Diagnosis of pneumoconiosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and lung function tests. Treatment for pneumoconiosis may include medications to manage symptoms, pulmonary rehabilitation, and measures to reduce exposure to the offending particles. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be necessary.

Prevention of pneumoconiosis is critical, and this involves implementing appropriate safety measures in workplaces where workers are exposed to dusts or other particles. This can include using respiratory protection equipment, improving ventilation, and reducing exposure to hazardous materials. Early detection and treatment of pneumoconiosis can help to slow the progression of the disease and improve outcomes for affected individuals.

1. Asbestosis: a lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers.
2. Carpal tunnel syndrome: a nerve disorder caused by repetitive motion and pressure on the wrist.
3. Mesothelioma: a type of cancer caused by exposure to asbestos.
4. Pneumoconiosis: a lung disease caused by inhaling dust from mining or other heavy industries.
5. Repetitive strain injuries: injuries caused by repetitive motions, such as typing or using vibrating tools.
6. Skin conditions: such as skin irritation and dermatitis caused by exposure to chemicals or other substances in the workplace.
7. Hearing loss: caused by loud noises in the workplace.
8. Back injuries: caused by lifting, bending, or twisting.
9. Respiratory problems: such as asthma and other breathing difficulties caused by exposure to chemicals or dust in the workplace.
10. Cancer: caused by exposure to carcinogens such as radiation, certain chemicals, or heavy metals in the workplace.

Occupational diseases can be difficult to diagnose and treat, as they often develop gradually over time and may not be immediately attributed to the work environment. In some cases, these diseases may not appear until years after exposure has ended. It is important for workers to be aware of the potential health risks associated with their job and take steps to protect themselves, such as wearing protective gear, following safety protocols, and seeking regular medical check-ups. Employers also have a responsibility to provide a safe work environment and follow strict regulations to prevent the spread of occupational diseases.

Synonyms: Bronchial Constriction, Airway Spasm, Reversible Airway Obstruction.

Antonyms: Bronchodilation, Relaxation of Bronchial Muscles.

Example Sentences:

1. The patient experienced bronchial spasms during the asthma attack and was treated with an inhaler.
2. The bronchial spasm caused by the allergic reaction was relieved by administering epinephrine.
3. The doctor prescribed corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and prevent future bronchial spasms.

Some common examples of respiratory tract diseases include:

1. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
2. Bronchitis: Inflammation of the airways (bronchi) that can cause coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.
3. Asthma: A chronic condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
4. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A progressive condition that makes it difficult to breathe due to damage to the lungs over time.
5. Tuberculosis: An infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs.
6. Laryngitis: Inflammation of the voice box (larynx) that can cause hoarseness and difficulty speaking.
7. Tracheitis: Inflammation of the trachea, or windpipe, that can cause coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing.
8. Croup: An infection of the throat and lungs that can cause a barky cough and difficulty breathing.
9. Pleurisy: Inflammation of the lining around the lungs (pleura) that can cause chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.
10. Pertussis (whooping cough): An infectious disease caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis that can cause coughing fits and difficulty breathing.

These are just a few examples of the many different types of respiratory tract diseases that exist. Each one has its own unique symptoms, causes, and treatment options.

People with AATD have low levels of functional AAT in their blood, which can lead to premature lung disease and liver disease. The most common form of AATD is caused by the Pi*Z phenotype, which results from a missense mutation in the SERPINA1 gene. This mutation leads to misfolding and accumulation of AAT in the liver, where it is normally broken down and secreted into the bloodstream.

The most common symptoms of AATD are:

* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* Emphysema
* Lung fibrosis
* Liver cirrhosis
* Gallstones

The diagnosis of AATD is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment for AATD typically involves managing the underlying symptoms and preventing complications. For example, individuals with COPD may receive bronchodilators and corticosteroids to help improve lung function and reduce inflammation. Liver disease may be treated with medications to slow the progression of cirrhosis or with liver transplantation in severe cases.

The goal of genetic counseling for AATD is to provide information about the risk of transmitting the disorder to offspring and to discuss options for prenatal testing and family planning. Prenatal testing can be performed on a fetus by analyzing a sample of cells from the placenta or amniotic fluid. Carrier testing can also be performed in individuals who have a family history of AATD.

The prognosis for AATD varies depending on the severity of the mutation and the specific symptoms present. With appropriate management, many individuals with AATD can lead active and productive lives. However, the disorder can be severe and life-threatening in some cases, especially if left untreated or if there is a delay in diagnosis.

Currently, there is no cure for AATD, and treatment is focused on managing symptoms and preventing complications. However, research into the genetics of AATD is ongoing, and new developments in gene therapy and other areas may provide hope for improved treatments and outcomes in the future.

Some common types of bronchial diseases include:

1. Asthma: a chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes, which can cause wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a progressive condition that causes inflammation and damage to the lungs, leading to chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
3. Bronchitis: an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which can be acute or chronic.
4. Cystic fibrosis: a genetic disorder that affects the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems, and can cause bronchial disease.
5. Bronchiolitis: an inflammation of the small airways, or bronchioles, which can be caused by viral infections.
6. Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes.
7. Tuberculosis: a bacterial infection that can affect the bronchial tubes and cause scarring and inflammation.
8. Bronchiectasis: a condition where the bronchial tubes are damaged and widened, leading to chronic infections and inflammation.

These diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, environmental exposures, and infections. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays or pulmonary function tests. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and may include medications, respiratory therapy, and lifestyle changes.

Some of the key features of immediate hypersensitivity include:

1. Rapid onset of symptoms: Symptoms typically occur within minutes to hours of exposure to the allergen.
2. IgE antibodies: Immediate hypersensitivity is caused by the binding of IgE antibodies to surface receptors on mast cells and basophils.
3. Mast cell and basophil activation: The activation of mast cells and basophils leads to the release of histamine and other chemical mediators that cause symptoms.
4. Anaphylaxis: Immediate hypersensitivity can progress to anaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergic reaction that requires immediate medical attention.
5. Specificity: Immediate hypersensitivity is specific to a particular allergen and does not occur with other allergens.
6. Cross-reactivity: There may be cross-reactivity between different allergens, leading to similar symptoms.
7. Prevention: Avoidance of the allergen is the primary prevention strategy for immediate hypersensitivity. Medications such as antihistamines and epinephrine can also be used to treat symptoms.

The exact cause of Bronchiolitis Obliterans is not fully understood, but it is believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The condition is often associated with allergies and asthma, and viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can trigger the onset of symptoms.

Symptoms of Bronchiolitis Obliterans include:

* Persistent coughing, which may be worse at night
* Shortness of breath or wheezing
* Chest tightness or discomfort
* Fatigue and poor appetite
* Recurrent respiratory infections

BO is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays or pulmonary function tests. There is no cure for Bronchiolitis Obliterans, but treatment options are available to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include:

* Medications such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and improve lung function
* Pulmonary rehabilitation programs to improve breathing and overall health
* Oxygen therapy to help increase oxygen levels in the blood
* In severe cases, lung transplantation may be considered.

While Bronchiolitis Obliterans can significantly impact quality of life, with proper management and care, many individuals with the condition are able to lead active and productive lives.

Respiratory hypersensitivity can be diagnosed through medical history, physical examination, and allergy testing. Treatment options include avoidance of allergens, medication, such as antihistamines or corticosteroids, and immunotherapy, which involves exposing the person to small amounts of the allergen over time to build up their tolerance.

Some people with respiratory hypersensitivity may experience more severe symptoms, such as asthma, which can be life-threatening if left untreated. It is important for individuals with respiratory hypersensitivity to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their condition and prevent complications.

The term "byssinosis" comes from the Greek word "byssus," meaning "linen thread," as these diseases were initially observed in workers involved in the production of linen and other natural fibers. The most common forms of byssinosis include:

1. Byssinosis (cotton dust disease): Caused by inhalation of cotton dust, this condition can lead to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
2. Flaxseed dust disease: Similar to byssinosis, this condition is caused by inhalation of flaxseed dust and can cause respiratory problems.
3. Hemp dust disease: Similarly, inhalation of hemp dust can lead to respiratory issues and inflammation.

The diagnosis of byssinosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and lung function tests. Treatment options may include medications to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the lungs, as well as respiratory therapy and avoidance of exposure to dusty environments. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be necessary.

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

In this article, we will explore the definition and impact of chronic diseases, as well as strategies for managing and living with them. We will also discuss the importance of early detection and prevention, as well as the role of healthcare providers in addressing the needs of individuals with chronic diseases.

What is a Chronic Disease?

A chronic disease is a condition that lasts for an extended period of time, often affecting daily life and activities. Unlike acute diseases, which have a specific beginning and end, chronic diseases are long-term and persistent. Examples of chronic diseases include:

1. Diabetes
2. Heart disease
3. Arthritis
4. Asthma
5. Cancer
6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
7. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
8. Hypertension
9. Osteoporosis
10. Stroke

Impact of Chronic Diseases

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the WHO. In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

Chronic diseases can also have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, limiting their ability to participate in activities they enjoy and affecting their relationships with family and friends. Moreover, the financial burden of chronic diseases can lead to poverty and reduce economic productivity, thus having a broader societal impact.

Addressing Chronic Diseases

Given the significant burden of chronic diseases, it is essential that we address them effectively. This requires a multi-faceted approach that includes:

1. Lifestyle modifications: Encouraging healthy behaviors such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and smoking cessation can help prevent and manage chronic diseases.
2. Early detection and diagnosis: Identifying risk factors and detecting diseases early can help prevent or delay their progression.
3. Medication management: Effective medication management is crucial for controlling symptoms and slowing disease progression.
4. Multi-disciplinary care: Collaboration between healthcare providers, patients, and families is essential for managing chronic diseases.
5. Health promotion and disease prevention: Educating individuals about the risks of chronic diseases and promoting healthy behaviors can help prevent their onset.
6. Addressing social determinants of health: Social determinants such as poverty, education, and employment can have a significant impact on health outcomes. Addressing these factors is essential for reducing health disparities and improving overall health.
7. Investing in healthcare infrastructure: Investing in healthcare infrastructure, technology, and research is necessary to improve disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment.
8. Encouraging policy change: Policy changes can help create supportive environments for healthy behaviors and reduce the burden of chronic diseases.
9. Increasing public awareness: Raising public awareness about the risks and consequences of chronic diseases can help individuals make informed decisions about their health.
10. Providing support for caregivers: Chronic diseases can have a significant impact on family members and caregivers, so providing them with support is essential for improving overall health outcomes.

Conclusion

Chronic diseases are a major public health burden that affect millions of people worldwide. Addressing these diseases requires a multi-faceted approach that includes lifestyle changes, addressing social determinants of health, investing in healthcare infrastructure, encouraging policy change, increasing public awareness, and providing support for caregivers. By taking a comprehensive approach to chronic disease prevention and management, we can improve the health and well-being of individuals and communities worldwide.

There are several types of respiratory insufficiency, including:

1. Hypoxemic respiratory failure: This occurs when the lungs do not take in enough oxygen, resulting in low levels of oxygen in the bloodstream.
2. Hypercapnic respiratory failure: This occurs when the lungs are unable to remove enough carbon dioxide from the bloodstream, leading to high levels of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.
3. Mixed respiratory failure: This occurs when both hypoxemic and hypercapnic respiratory failure occur simultaneously.

Treatment for respiratory insufficiency depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and other supportive care measures. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be necessary. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms of respiratory insufficiency are present, as early intervention can improve outcomes and prevent complications.

1. Pesticide poisoning: Agricultural workers who handle or apply pesticides may be at risk for poisoning, which can cause a range of symptoms including headaches, dizziness, and nausea. Prolonged exposure to pesticides has also been linked to an increased risk of cancer.
2. Lung disease: Agricultural workers who work with dusty crops or in confined spaces may be at risk for lung diseases such as bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.
3. Heat stress: Agricultural workers who work outdoors during hot weather may be at risk for heat stress, which can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, and fatigue. In severe cases, heat stress can be fatal.
4. Noise-induced hearing loss: Agricultural workers who are exposed to loud noises, such as tractors or other machinery, may be at risk for noise-induced hearing loss.
5. Musculoskeletal disorders: Agricultural workers may be at risk for musculoskeletal disorders such as back pain, joint pain, and repetitive strain injuries due to the physical demands of their work.
6. Skin diseases: Agricultural workers who handle animals or are exposed to chemicals may be at risk for skin diseases such as allergic contact dermatitis or fungal infections.
7. Eye diseases: Agricultural workers who work with pesticides or other chemicals may be at risk for eye diseases such as conjunctivitis or cataracts.
8. Respiratory diseases: Agricultural workers who handle grain or other dusty materials may be at risk for respiratory diseases such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis or farmer's lung.
9. Infectious diseases: Agricultural workers may be at risk for infectious diseases such as Q fever, which is caused by a bacteria that can be found in the intestines of some animals.
10. Mental health disorders: The stress and isolation of agricultural work may contribute to mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, or substance abuse.

It's important for agricultural workers to take precautions to protect their health and safety on the job, such as wearing personal protective equipment, following proper handling and application procedures for chemicals, and taking regular breaks to rest and stretch. Additionally, employers should provide a safe work environment and training on safe work practices to help prevent injuries and illnesses.

Disease progression can be classified into several types based on the pattern of worsening:

1. Chronic progressive disease: In this type, the disease worsens steadily over time, with a gradual increase in symptoms and decline in function. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and Parkinson's disease.
2. Acute progressive disease: This type of disease worsens rapidly over a short period, often followed by periods of stability. Examples include sepsis, acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), and stroke.
3. Cyclical disease: In this type, the disease follows a cycle of worsening and improvement, with periodic exacerbations and remissions. Examples include multiple sclerosis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Recurrent disease: This type is characterized by episodes of worsening followed by periods of recovery. Examples include migraine headaches, asthma, and appendicitis.
5. Catastrophic disease: In this type, the disease progresses rapidly and unpredictably, with a poor prognosis. Examples include cancer, AIDS, and organ failure.

Disease progression can be influenced by various factors, including:

1. Genetics: Some diseases are inherited and may have a predetermined course of progression.
2. Lifestyle: Factors such as smoking, lack of exercise, and poor diet can contribute to disease progression.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins, allergens, and other environmental stressors can influence disease progression.
4. Medical treatment: The effectiveness of medical treatment can impact disease progression, either by slowing or halting the disease process or by causing unintended side effects.
5. Co-morbidities: The presence of multiple diseases or conditions can interact and affect each other's progression.

Understanding the type and factors influencing disease progression is essential for developing effective treatment plans and improving patient outcomes.

Pseudomonas infections are challenging to treat due to the bacteria's ability to develop resistance against antibiotics. The treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and other supportive therapies, such as oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation, to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged organs.

There are several potential causes of hyperventilation, including anxiety, panic attacks, and certain medical conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Treatment for hyperventilation typically involves slowing down the breathing rate and restoring the body's natural balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.

Some common signs and symptoms of hyperventilation include:

* Rapid breathing
* Deep breathing
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Chest pain or tightness
* Shortness of breath
* Confusion or disorientation
* Nausea or vomiting

If you suspect that someone is experiencing hyperventilation, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Treatment may involve the following:

1. Oxygen therapy: Providing extra oxygen to help restore normal oxygen levels in the body.
2. Breathing exercises: Teaching the individual deep, slow breathing exercises to help regulate their breathing pattern.
3. Relaxation techniques: Encouraging the individual to relax and reduce stress, which can help slow down their breathing rate.
4. Medications: In severe cases, medications such as sedatives or anti-anxiety drugs may be prescribed to help calm the individual and regulate their breathing.
5. Ventilation support: In severe cases of hyperventilation, mechanical ventilation may be necessary to support the individual's breathing.

It is important to seek medical attention if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of hyperventilation, as it can lead to more serious complications such as respiratory failure or cardiac arrest if left untreated.

A type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by inhalation of fungal spores or dust from moldy hay, straw, or grain, commonly seen in farmers and others who work with agricultural products. Symptoms include fever, cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath, which may be severe and even life-threatening if left untreated. Also called agricultural lung disease or moldy hay fever.

Source: Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Professionals.

There are several types of rhinitis, including:

1. Allergic rhinitis: This type of rhinitis is caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. Symptoms include sneezing, congestion, runny nose, and itchy eyes.
2. Viral rhinitis: This type of rhinitis is caused by a viral infection and can be accompanied by symptoms such as fever, headache, and fatigue.
3. Bacterial rhinitis: This type of rhinitis is caused by a bacterial infection and can be treated with antibiotics. Symptoms include thick yellow or green discharge from the nose and facial pain.
4. Non-allergic rhinitis: This type of rhinitis is not caused by an allergic reaction and can be triggered by factors such as hormonal changes, medications, or environmental irritants. Symptoms include postnasal drip and nasal congestion.

Rhinitis can be diagnosed through a physical examination of the nose and sinuses, as well as through tests such as a nasal endoscopy or imaging studies. Treatment for rhinitis depends on the underlying cause and may include medications such as antihistamines, decongestants, or antibiotics, as well as lifestyle changes such as avoiding allergens or using saline nasal sprays. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to correct physical abnormalities in the nose and sinuses.

1. Infection: Bacterial or viral infections can develop after surgery, potentially leading to sepsis or organ failure.
2. Adhesions: Scar tissue can form during the healing process, which can cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or other complications.
3. Wound complications: Incisional hernias, wound dehiscence (separation of the wound edges), and wound infections can occur.
4. Respiratory problems: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, and atelectasis (collapsed lung) can develop after surgery, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
5. Cardiovascular complications: Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac failure can occur after surgery, especially in high-risk patients.
6. Renal (kidney) problems: Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop postoperatively, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.
7. Neurological complications: Stroke, seizures, and neuropraxia (nerve damage) can occur after surgery, especially in patients with pre-existing neurological conditions.
8. Pulmonary embolism: Blood clots can form in the legs or lungs after surgery, potentially causing pulmonary embolism.
9. Anesthesia-related complications: Respiratory and cardiac complications can occur during anesthesia, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
10. delayed healing: Wound healing may be delayed or impaired after surgery, particularly in patients with pre-existing medical conditions.

It is important for patients to be aware of these potential complications and to discuss any concerns with their surgeon and healthcare team before undergoing surgery.

Examples of acute diseases include:

1. Common cold and flu
2. Pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Appendicitis and other abdominal emergencies
4. Heart attacks and strokes
5. Asthma attacks and allergic reactions
6. Skin infections and cellulitis
7. Urinary tract infections
8. Sinusitis and meningitis
9. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning
10. Sprains, strains, and fractures.

Acute diseases can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other therapies. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic conditions or complications that may require long-term care. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

There are several types of asbestos, including chrysotile, amianthus, and crocidolite, each of which has different levels of toxicity. Prolonged exposure to any type of asbestos can cause asbestosis, but some types are more dangerous than others.

Symptoms of asbestosis may not appear until many years after exposure to asbestos, and they can vary in severity. Common symptoms include:

* Shortness of breath
* Coughing
* Permanent lung damage
* Scarring of the lungs
* Decreased lung function

Treatment for asbestosis usually involves managing symptoms and improving lung function. This can include medications to relieve coughing and shortness of breath, pulmonary rehabilitation to improve lung function, and oxygen therapy to help increase oxygen levels in the blood. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be necessary.

Prevention is key in avoiding asbestosis. If you suspect that you have been exposed to asbestos, it is important to speak with a healthcare professional as soon as possible. Proper safety measures and precautions can help minimize the risk of developing asbestosis.

Causes:

There are many possible causes of eosinophilia, including:

* Allergies
* Parasitic infections
* Autoimmune disorders
* Cancer
* Medications

Symptoms:

The symptoms of eosinophilia can vary depending on the underlying cause, but may include:

* Swelling of the skin, lips, and eyes
* Hives or itchy skin
* Shortness of breath or wheezing
* Abdominal pain
* Diarrhea

Diagnosis:

Eosinophilia is typically diagnosed through a blood test that measures the number of eosinophils in the blood. Other tests such as imaging studies, skin scrapings, and biopsies may also be used to confirm the diagnosis and identify the underlying cause.

Treatment:

The treatment of eosinophilia depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications such as antihistamines, corticosteroids, and chemotherapy. In some cases, removal of the causative agent or immunomodulatory therapy may be necessary.

Complications:

Eosinophilia can lead to a number of complications, including:

* Anaphylaxis (a severe allergic reaction)
* Asthma
* Eosinophilic granulomas (collections of eosinophils that can cause organ damage)
* Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (conditions where eosinophils invade the digestive tract)

Prognosis:

The prognosis for eosinophilia depends on the underlying cause, but in general, the condition is not life-threatening. However, if left untreated, complications can arise and the condition can have a significant impact on quality of life.

In conclusion, eosinophilia is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in eosinophils in the body. While it can be caused by a variety of factors, including allergies, infections, and autoimmune disorders, the underlying cause must be identified and treated in order to effectively manage the condition and prevent complications.

Terms related to Bronchiolitis:

* Acute bronchiolitis: This is a sudden and severe form of bronchiolitis that typically lasts for a few days.
* Chronic bronchiolitis: This is a long-term condition characterized by persistent inflammation and narrowing of the airways.
* Asthmatic bronchiolitis: This is a type of bronchiolitis that is associated with asthma.

Synonyms for Bronchiolitis:

* Bronchitis
* Pneumonia
* Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection

Antonyms for Bronchiolitis:

* None

Hypernyms for Bronchiolitis:

* Respiratory disease
* Infectious disease

Hypersonyms for Bronchiolitis:

* Acute bronchiolitis
* Chronic bronchiolitis
* Asthmatic bronchiolitis

Collocations for Bronchiolitis:

* Viral bronchiolitis
* Bacterial bronchiolitis
* Allergic bronchiolitis

Idiomatic expressions related to Bronchiolitis:

* "Bronchiolitis attack"
* "Bronchiolitis episode"
* "Bronchiolitis flare-up"

Phrases that include Bronchiolitis:

* "Bronchiolitis diagnosis"
* "Bronchiolitis treatment"
* "Bronchiolitis management"

Other words that are related to Bronchiolitis but not included in the list above:

* Mucus
* Cough
* Wheezing
* Shortness of breath
* Chest tightness
* Fever
* Runny nose

Note: Some of these words may have multiple meanings or be used in different contexts, but they are all related to Bronchiolitis in some way.

The common types of RTIs include:

1. Common cold: A viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract, causing symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, coughing, and mild fever.
2. Influenza (flu): A viral infection that can affect both the upper and lower respiratory tract, causing symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, and body aches.
3. Bronchitis: An inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which can be caused by viruses or bacteria, resulting in symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
4. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, leading to symptoms such as fever, chills, coughing, and difficulty breathing.
5. Tonsillitis: An inflammation of the tonsils, which can be caused by bacteria or viruses, resulting in symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and bad breath.
6. Sinusitis: An inflammation of the sinuses, which can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi, leading to symptoms such as headache, facial pain, and nasal congestion.
7. Laryngitis: An inflammation of the larynx (voice box), which can be caused by viruses or bacteria, resulting in symptoms such as hoarseness, loss of voice, and difficulty speaking.

RTIs can be diagnosed through physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays, blood tests, and nasal swab cultures. Treatment for RTIs depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms.

It's important to note that RTIs can be contagious and can spread through contact with an infected person or by touching contaminated surfaces. Therefore, it's essential to practice good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently, covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.

Hypercapnia is a medical condition where there is an excessive amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the bloodstream. This can occur due to various reasons such as:

1. Respiratory failure: When the lungs are unable to remove enough CO2 from the body, leading to an accumulation of CO2 in the bloodstream.
2. Lung disease: Certain lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or pneumonia can cause hypercapnia by reducing the ability of the lungs to exchange gases.
3. Medication use: Certain medications, such as anesthetics and sedatives, can slow down breathing and lead to hypercapnia.

The symptoms of hypercapnia can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Headaches
2. Dizziness
3. Confusion
4. Shortness of breath
5. Fatigue
6. Sleep disturbances

If left untreated, hypercapnia can lead to more severe complications such as:

1. Respiratory acidosis: When the body produces too much acid, leading to a drop in blood pH.
2. Cardiac arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms can occur due to the increased CO2 levels in the bloodstream.
3. Seizures: In severe cases of hypercapnia, seizures can occur due to the changes in brain chemistry caused by the excessive CO2.

Treatment for hypercapnia typically involves addressing the underlying cause and managing symptoms through respiratory support and other therapies as needed. This may include:

1. Oxygen therapy: Administering oxygen through a mask or nasal tubes to help increase oxygen levels in the bloodstream and reduce CO2 levels.
2. Ventilation assistance: Using a machine to assist with breathing, such as a ventilator, to help remove excess CO2 from the lungs.
3. Carbon dioxide removal: Using a device to remove CO2 from the bloodstream, such as a dialysis machine.
4. Medication management: Adjusting medications that may be contributing to hypercapnia, such as anesthetics or sedatives.
5. Respiratory therapy: Providing breathing exercises and other techniques to help improve lung function and reduce symptoms.

It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you or someone else may have hypercapnia, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Perennial allergic rhinitis can be caused by a variety of allergens, including:

1. Dust mites: These tiny organisms live in bedding, carpets, and upholstered furniture and feed on human skin cells. Their waste products are the primary allergen that triggers an allergic reaction.
2. Mold: This type of fungus grows in damp environments and can be found in basements, bathrooms, and outdoors.
3. Pet dander: The dead skin flakes from animals such as cats, dogs, and birds can trigger an allergic reaction in some people.
4. Insect bites: Some people may experience an allergic reaction to the saliva or venom of certain insects such as bees, wasps, or hornets.
5. Food: Certain foods such as milk, eggs, wheat, and nuts can cause an allergic reaction in some people.

The symptoms of perennial allergic rhinitis are similar to those of seasonal allergic rhinitis, but they occur throughout the year rather than just during a specific season. Treatment options for perennial allergic rhinitis include over-the-counter or prescription medications such as antihistamines, decongestants, and corticosteroids, as well as immunotherapy, which involves exposing the body to small amounts of the allergen over time to build up tolerance.

There are several types of hypersensitivity reactions, including:

1. Type I hypersensitivity: This is also known as immediate hypersensitivity and occurs within minutes to hours after exposure to the allergen. It is characterized by the release of histamine and other chemical mediators from immune cells, leading to symptoms such as hives, itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing. Examples of Type I hypersensitivity reactions include allergies to pollen, dust mites, or certain foods.
2. Type II hypersensitivity: This is also known as cytotoxic hypersensitivity and occurs within days to weeks after exposure to the allergen. It is characterized by the immune system producing antibodies against specific proteins on the surface of cells, leading to their destruction. Examples of Type II hypersensitivity reactions include blood transfusion reactions and serum sickness.
3. Type III hypersensitivity: This is also known as immune complex hypersensitivity and occurs when antigens bind to immune complexes, leading to the formation of deposits in tissues. Examples of Type III hypersensitivity reactions include rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
4. Type IV hypersensitivity: This is also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity and occurs within weeks to months after exposure to the allergen. It is characterized by the activation of T cells, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Examples of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions include contact dermatitis and toxic epidermal necrolysis.

The diagnosis of hypersensitivity often involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and elimination diets or challenges. Treatment depends on the specific type of hypersensitivity reaction and may include avoidance of the allergen, medications such as antihistamines or corticosteroids, and immunomodulatory therapy.

There are several types of lung neoplasms, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 40% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the glands of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of lung cancer accounts for approximately 25% of all lung cancers and is more common in men than women. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the squamous cells lining the airways of the lungs.
3. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): This is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that accounts for approximately 15% of all lung cancers. It is often found in the central parts of the lungs and can spread quickly to other parts of the body.
4. Large cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of lung cancer that accounts for only about 5% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the large cells of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
5. Bronchioalveolar carcinoma (BAC): This is a rare type of lung cancer that originates in the cells lining the airways and alveoli of the lungs. It is more common in women than men and tends to affect older individuals.
6. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): This is a rare, progressive, and often fatal lung disease that primarily affects women of childbearing age. It is characterized by the growth of smooth muscle-like cells in the lungs and can lead to cysts, lung collapse, and respiratory failure.
7. Hamartoma: This is a benign tumor that originates in the tissue of the lungs and is usually found in children. It is characterized by an overgrowth of normal lung tissue and can be treated with surgery.
8. Secondary lung cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
9. Metastatic cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
10. Mesothelioma: This is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that originates in the lining of the lungs or abdomen. It is caused by asbestos exposure and can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Lung diseases can also be classified based on their cause, such as:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms and can include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchitis.
2. Autoimmune diseases: These are caused by an overactive immune system and can include conditions such as sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
3. Genetic diseases: These are caused by inherited mutations in genes that affect the lungs and can include cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia.
4. Environmental diseases: These are caused by exposure to harmful substances such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, and asbestos.
5. Radiological diseases: These are caused by exposure to ionizing radiation and can include conditions such as radiographic breast cancer and lung cancer.
6. Vascular diseases: These are caused by problems with the blood vessels in the lungs and can include conditions such as pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension.
7. Tumors: These can be benign or malignant and can include conditions such as lung metastases and lung cancer.
8. Trauma: This can include injuries to the chest or lungs caused by accidents or other forms of trauma.
9. Congenital diseases: These are present at birth and can include conditions such as bronchopulmonary foregut malformations and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation.

Each type of lung disease has its own set of symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent or severe respiratory symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life.

There are several types of pulmonary fibrosis, including:

1. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF): This is the most common and severe form of the disease, with no known cause or risk factors. It is characterized by a rapid decline in lung function and poor prognosis.
2. Connective tissue disease-associated pulmonary fibrosis: This type is associated with conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and scleroderma.
3. Drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis: Certain medications, such as amiodarone and nitrofurantoin, can cause lung damage and scarring.
4. Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis: Exposure to high doses of radiation, especially in childhood, can increase the risk of developing pulmonary fibrosis later in life.
5. Environmental exposures: Exposure to pollutants such as silica, asbestos, and coal dust can increase the risk of developing pulmonary fibrosis.

Symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis include shortness of breath, coughing, and fatigue. The disease can be diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests such as chest X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as lung biopsy.

Treatment options for pulmonary fibrosis are limited and vary depending on the underlying cause of the disease. Medications such as pirfenidone and nintedanib can help slow the progression of the disease, while lung transplantation may be an option for advanced cases.

The symptoms of the common cold can vary depending on the individual and the virus that is causing the infection. Some of the most typical symptoms include:

Fever (less than 102°F)
Runny or stuffy nose
Sneezing
Coughing
Headache
Sore throat
Fatigue
Muscle aches

The common cold is usually diagnosed based on symptoms and medical history. There is no cure for the common cold, but over-the-counter medications can help alleviate some of the symptoms. Antiviral medications are not effective against the common cold because it is caused by a virus, not bacteria.

Preventive measures for the common cold include:

Washing your hands frequently
Avoiding close contact with people who have colds
Not touching your eyes, nose, or mouth
Staying hydrated
Getting enough sleep
Exercising regularly
Eating a healthy diet

There are many myths and misconceptions about the common cold that can lead to confusion and inappropriate treatment. Some of these include:

Chicken soup is not an effective treatment for colds.
Antibiotics do not work against viral infections such as the common cold.
Over-the-counter medications such as decongestants and antihistamines can have side effects and are not always effective.
Drinking plenty of fluids does help to thin out mucus and keep your body hydrated, but it will not cure a cold.

The common cold is usually a self-limiting illness that resolves on its own within one week. However, people with weakened immune systems or other underlying health conditions may experience more severe symptoms or complications such as bronchitis, pneumonia, or sinusitis. In these cases, medical attention may be necessary.

Symptoms of LAM can include shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing up blood. The disease can also affect other organs, such as the lymph nodes, liver, and kidneys. There is no cure for LAM, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These treatments may include medications to reduce inflammation and prevent further lung damage, as well as surgery to remove cysts or repair damaged lung tissue.

LAM is a rare disease, and it is estimated that only about 1 in 1 million people are affected by it. It is more common in women than men, and the average age of diagnosis is in the mid-20s to early 30s. LAM can be difficult to diagnose, as its symptoms can be similar to those of other lung diseases. However, a combination of imaging tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans, along with a biopsy of lung tissue, can help confirm the diagnosis.

There is currently no cure for LAM, but researchers are working to develop new treatments and improve existing ones. In addition, there are several organizations and support groups that provide information and resources for people affected by LAM. These organizations can help connect individuals with other patients and families who have experience with the disease, as well as provide information on the latest treatment options and clinical trials.

In summary, lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare and progressive lung disease that primarily affects women of childbearing age. It is characterized by the growth of smooth muscle-like cells in the lungs, which can cause cysts and lung collapse. While there is currently no cure for LAM, researchers are working to develop new treatments and improve existing ones, and several organizations and support groups provide information and resources for those affected by the disease.

Symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis typically begin soon after exposure to the allergen and may last for several days or weeks. In addition to nasal congestion and discharge, other common symptoms include:

* Itchy eyes and throat
* Sneezing and coughing
* Headaches and facial pain
* Fatigue and general malaise
* Loss of sense of smell (hyposmia)

Seasonal allergic rhinitis is most commonly caused by exposure to airborne pollens from trees, grasses, and weeds. Treatment typically involves avoiding exposure to the allergen, medications such as antihistamines or decongestants, and immunotherapy (allergy shots) in severe cases.

The symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis can be managed with over-the-counter or prescription medications, and home remedies like saline nasal sprays, humidifiers, and steam inhalers. In addition to these treatments, avoiding exposure to the allergen and taking steps to reduce nasal congestion can also help alleviate symptoms.

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There are several causes of muscle weakness, including:

1. Neuromuscular diseases: These are disorders that affect the nerves that control voluntary muscle movement, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and polio.
2. Musculoskeletal disorders: These are conditions that affect the muscles, bones, and joints, such as arthritis and fibromyalgia.
3. Metabolic disorders: These are conditions that affect the body's ability to produce energy, such as hypoglycemia and hypothyroidism.
4. Injuries: Muscle weakness can occur due to injuries such as muscle strains and tears.
5. Infections: Certain infections such as botulism and Lyme disease can cause muscle weakness.
6. Nutritional deficiencies: Deficiencies in vitamins and minerals such as vitamin D and B12 can cause muscle weakness.
7. Medications: Certain medications such as steroids and anticonvulsants can cause muscle weakness as a side effect.

The symptoms of muscle weakness can vary depending on the underlying cause, but may include:

1. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak after performing simple tasks.
2. Lack of strength: Difficulty lifting objects or performing physical activities.
3. Muscle cramps: Spasms or twitches in the muscles.
4. Muscle wasting: Loss of muscle mass and tone.
5. Difficulty speaking or swallowing: In cases where the muscle weakness affects the face, tongue, or throat.
6. Difficulty walking or standing: In cases where the muscle weakness affects the legs or lower back.
7. Droopy facial features: In cases where the muscle weakness affects the facial muscles.

If you are experiencing muscle weakness, it is important to seek medical attention to determine the underlying cause and receive proper treatment. A healthcare professional will perform a physical examination and may order diagnostic tests such as blood tests or imaging studies to help diagnose the cause of the muscle weakness. Treatment will depend on the underlying cause, but may include medication, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes. In some cases, muscle weakness may be a sign of a serious underlying condition that requires prompt medical attention.

There are two types of radiation pneumonitis:

1. Acute Radiation Pneumonitis: This type occurs within a few weeks after exposure to radiation and is usually reversible.
2. Chronic Radiation Pneumonitis: This type can develop months or years after exposure and is often irreversible.

The diagnosis of radiation pneumonitis is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, radiologic findings, and lung function tests. Treatment options for radiation pneumonitis include supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and pain management, and medications to reduce inflammation. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required.

Prevention is the best approach to managing radiation pneumonitis. This includes minimizing exposure to radiation during cancer treatment and taking steps to protect oneself during a nuclear accident.

Airway remodeling is a complex process that involves changes in the structure and function of the airways, as well as an immune response. It is characterized by the following features:

* Airway wall thickening and inflammation
* Increased mucus production
* Narrowing of the airway lumina due to smooth muscle hypertrophy and fibrosis
* Increased airway resistance and decreased lung function.

Airway remodeling is a hallmark of asthma and COPD, and it can lead to exacerbations and poor disease control if left untreated. The exact mechanisms driving airway remodeling are not fully understood, but it is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to its development.

There are several techniques used to assess airway remodeling in patients with respiratory diseases, including:

* Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) - This technique allows for the measurement of airway wall thickness and luminal area.
* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - MRI can provide information on airway size and shape, as well as tissue composition.
* Bronchoscopy with biopsy - This procedure allows for the examination of airway tissue and the assessment of inflammation and fibrosis.

There are several treatments available for airway remodeling in patients with respiratory diseases, including:

* Medications such as bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and anti-inflammatory drugs
* Pulmonary rehabilitation - This includes exercises and education to help improve lung function and overall health.
* Lung transplantation - In severe cases of airway remodeling that do not respond to other treatments, lung transplantation may be considered.

It is important for patients with respiratory diseases to work closely with their healthcare provider to monitor their condition and adjust their treatment plan as needed. With appropriate management, many patients with airway remodeling can experience improved lung function and quality of life.

Symptoms of pneumonia may include cough, fever, chills, difficulty breathing, and chest pain. In severe cases, pneumonia can lead to respiratory failure, sepsis, and even death.

There are several types of pneumonia, including:

1. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP): This type of pneumonia is caused by bacteria or viruses and typically affects healthy people outside of hospitals.
2. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP): This type of pneumonia is caused by bacteria or fungi and typically affects people who are hospitalized for other illnesses or injuries.
3. Aspiration pneumonia: This type of pneumonia is caused by food, liquids, or other foreign matter being inhaled into the lungs.
4. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): This type of pneumonia is caused by a fungus and typically affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS.
5. Viral pneumonia: This type of pneumonia is caused by viruses and can be more common in children and young adults.

Pneumonia is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays or blood tests. Treatment may involve antibiotics, oxygen therapy, and supportive care to manage symptoms and help the patient recover. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide more intensive care and monitoring.

Prevention of pneumonia includes vaccination against certain types of bacteria and viruses, good hygiene practices such as frequent handwashing, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick. Early detection and treatment can help reduce the risk of complications and improve outcomes for those affected by pneumonia.

There are several key features of inflammation:

1. Increased blood flow: Blood vessels in the affected area dilate, allowing more blood to flow into the tissue and bringing with it immune cells, nutrients, and other signaling molecules.
2. Leukocyte migration: White blood cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, migrate towards the site of inflammation in response to chemical signals.
3. Release of mediators: Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, are released by immune cells and other cells in the affected tissue. These molecules help to coordinate the immune response and attract more immune cells to the site of inflammation.
4. Activation of immune cells: Immune cells, such as macrophages and T cells, become activated and start to phagocytose (engulf) pathogens or damaged tissue.
5. Increased heat production: Inflammation can cause an increase in metabolic activity in the affected tissue, leading to increased heat production.
6. Redness and swelling: Increased blood flow and leakiness of blood vessels can cause redness and swelling in the affected area.
7. Pain: Inflammation can cause pain through the activation of nociceptors (pain-sensing neurons) and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators.

Inflammation can be acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury or infection, which helps to resolve the issue quickly. Chronic inflammation is a long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases such as arthritis, asthma, and cancer.

There are several types of inflammation, including:

1. Acute inflammation: A short-term response to injury or infection.
2. Chronic inflammation: A long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases.
3. Autoimmune inflammation: An inappropriate immune response against the body's own tissues.
4. Allergic inflammation: An immune response to a harmless substance, such as pollen or dust mites.
5. Parasitic inflammation: An immune response to parasites, such as worms or fungi.
6. Bacterial inflammation: An immune response to bacteria.
7. Viral inflammation: An immune response to viruses.
8. Fungal inflammation: An immune response to fungi.

There are several ways to reduce inflammation, including:

1. Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
2. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and getting enough sleep.
3. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture, herbal supplements, and mind-body practices.
4. Addressing underlying conditions, such as hormonal imbalances, gut health issues, and chronic infections.
5. Using anti-inflammatory compounds found in certain foods, such as omega-3 fatty acids, turmeric, and ginger.

It's important to note that chronic inflammation can lead to a range of health problems, including:

1. Arthritis
2. Diabetes
3. Heart disease
4. Cancer
5. Alzheimer's disease
6. Parkinson's disease
7. Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

Therefore, it's important to manage inflammation effectively to prevent these complications and improve overall health and well-being.

The main cause of ABPA is exposure to airborne spores of the fungus Aspergillus, which are commonly found in soil and decaying organic matter. Individuals with a pre-existing allergic condition may be more susceptible to developing an allergic reaction to these spores, leading to inflammation and damage to the airways.

Diagnosis of ABPA typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and bronchoscopy with biopsy. Treatment for ABPA typically involves corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and antifungal medications to treat any underlying infection. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide oxygen therapy and other supportive care.

Prevention of ABPA includes avoiding exposure to known allergens and maintaining good respiratory hygiene. This can involve regularly cleaning and disinfecting surfaces and objects, using HEPA filters in air purifiers, and wearing a mask when working with or around potentially contaminated materials.

Prognosis for ABPA is generally good if treated promptly and effectively, but untreated cases can lead to serious complications such as respiratory failure and other organ damage. With proper management and prevention strategies in place, individuals with ABPA can lead active and fulfilling lives.

There are different types of anoxia, including:

1. Cerebral anoxia: This occurs when the brain does not receive enough oxygen, leading to cognitive impairment, confusion, and loss of consciousness.
2. Pulmonary anoxia: This occurs when the lungs do not receive enough oxygen, leading to shortness of breath, coughing, and chest pain.
3. Cardiac anoxia: This occurs when the heart does not receive enough oxygen, leading to cardiac arrest and potentially death.
4. Global anoxia: This is a complete lack of oxygen to the entire body, leading to widespread tissue damage and death.

Treatment for anoxia depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide oxygen therapy, pain management, and other supportive care. In severe cases, anoxia can lead to long-term disability or death.

Prevention of anoxia is important, and this includes managing underlying medical conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory problems. It also involves avoiding activities that can lead to oxygen deprivation, such as scuba diving or high-altitude climbing, without proper training and equipment.

In summary, anoxia is a serious medical condition that occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the body or specific tissues or organs. It can cause cell death and tissue damage, leading to serious health complications and even death if left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term disability or death.

Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.

There are several ways to measure body weight, including:

1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.

It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.

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An increase in FEV1 (or forced expiratory volume in the first second of a forced exhalation) of >200ml is considered a positive ... "Flow and volume responses after routine salbutamol reversibility testing in mild to very severe COPD - Respiratory Medicine". ...
Reproducibility of the PFT is determined by comparing the values of forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at ... The lung volumes are tidal volume (VT), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and residual volume ... Maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) is the maximal pressure measured during forced expiration (with cheeks bulging) through a ... There are four lung volumes and four lung capacities. A lung's capacity consists of two or more lung volumes. ...
It involves measuring the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV-1) of the patient before and after exposure to methacholine ... Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is a hand held device which measures how fast a person can exhale and is a reliable test for ... A spirometer is a device used to measure timed expired and inspired volumes, and can be used to help diagnose asthma. ... "Statement on self-monitoring of peak expiratory flows in the investigation of occupational asthma. Subcommittee on Occupational ...
Caffeine improves airway function in asthma, increasing forced expiratory volume (FEV1) by 5% to 18%, with this effect lasting ...
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It has been found that forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and diffusion capacity of the lungs (DLCO) provides the ... A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee ...
COPD is defined as a forced expiratory volume in 1 second divided by the forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) that is less than 0.7 ... In COPD, there is an increase in airway resistance, shown by a decrease in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) ... or 70%). The residual volume, the volume of air left in the lungs following full expiration, is often increased in COPD, as is ... Severe emphysema has been treated with lung volume reduction surgery, with in carefully chosen cases. Lung transplantation is ...
... forced expiratory volume in 1 second). Additionally, specially developed image fusion methods overlaying functional EIT-data ... EIT lung imaging can resolve the changes in the regional distribution of lung volumes between e.g. dependent and non-dependent ... EIT determines relative impedance changes that may be caused by either ventilation or changes of end-expiratory lung volume. ... In addition to visual information (e.g. regional distribution of tidal volume), EIT measurements provide raw data sets that can ...
... leading to an elevated residual volume and a measurement of forced expiratory volume. Air trapping is often incidentally ... On expiratory films, retained hyperlucent gas will be visualised in cases of air trapping. Air trapping represents poorly ... On diving the lung volume collapses and pushes air into the poorly aerated regions. On arising from a deep depth, these air- ... U. Joseph Schoepf; "6.4.9.5 Expiratory Hyperinflation - Air Trapping", Multidetector-Row CT of the Thorax Birkhäuser, 2005, p. ...
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... and elevated forced expiratory volume in FEV1/FVC.[citation needed] To date, no treatment has been proven to reverse or prevent ... As the disease progresses, pulmonary function tests reveal typical features of a restrictive defect with reduced forced vital ...
... and lowered forced expiratory volume. Emphysema has been associated with indium lung, but may not be part of the syndrome. Lung ...
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... lower forced expiratory volume per second (FEV1) predicted, impaired walking capacity or increased number of exacerbations) as ...
... a British investment trust Forced expiratory volume Full electric vehicle Forschungsgesellschaft für Energietechnik und ...
The FACED scale uses the FEV-1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second), age of the affected person, presence of chronic ... On examination, crepitations and expiratory rhonchi may be heard with auscultation. Nail clubbing is a rare symptom. The ... Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Bronchiectasis". (Source attribution, CS1: long volume ... increasing sputum volume or thickened consistency lasting at least 48 hours, worsening shortness of breath (breathlessness), ...
Although the severity of airflow obstruction as measured by forced expiratory volume tests FEV1 correlates best with overall ... forced oscillation technique for calculating the volume, pressure, and air flow in the lungs, bronchochallenge testing, carbon ... Gases with as little as 2% oxygen by volume in a helium diluent are used for deep diving operations. The ambient pressure at ... CS1 maint: unfit URL, CS1: long volume value, All articles with dead external links, Articles with dead external links from ...
It appears that caffeine in low doses improves airway function in people with asthma, increasing forced expiratory volume (FEV1 ... The extraction process is simple: CO2 is forced through the green coffee beans at temperatures above 31.1 °C and pressures ... Caffeine-containing drinks, such as coffee, tea, and cola, are consumed globally in high volumes. In 2020, almost 10 million ... Theobromine (12%): Dilates blood vessels and increases urine volume. Theobromine is also the principal alkaloid in the cocoa ...
... "forced expiratory volume in one second" (the greatest volume of air that can be breathed out in the first second of a breath), ...
In restrictive lung disease, both forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) are reduced, ... Pulmonary function test demonstrates a decrease in the forced vital capacity. Due to the chronic nature of this disease, the ... During inspiration, the lungs expand to allow airflow into the lungs and thereby increasing total volume. After inspiration ... Restrictive lung disease is characterized by reduced lung volumes, and therefore reduced lung compliance, either due to an ...
... researchers showed that the use of benzoctamine for sedation did not result in changes in forced expiratory volume in one ... The average time to achieve peak plasma concentrations is 1 hour and the volume of distribution for a 70 kg person is 1-2 L/kg ...
On spirometry, as a restrictive lung disease, both the FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) and FVC (forced vital ... The values for residual volume and total lung capacity are generally decreased in restrictive lung disease. Pulmonary fibrosis ...
... the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was 8.2% higher than under placebo in this group (measured from the respective ...
Comparison of Forced Expiratory Volumes Measured with Structured Light Plethysmography (SLP) and Spirometry Eugene Lau, Douglas ... For forced expiration the correlation was shown to be 0.98, n=70 mean correlation was 0.98 with an SD of 0.12. For forced ... The thoracic volume is calculated from the volume beneath the reconstructed virtual surface and can be plotted in real time. ... The technique used the distortion with movement of a structured pattern of light to calculate a volume or change in volume of a ...
As the force of dust passing over loosely held particles increases, particles of sand first start to vibrate, then to move ... A sandstorm can transport and carry large volumes of sand unexpectedly. Dust storms can carry large amounts of dust, with the ... "Effects of ambient particulate matter on peak expiratory flow rates and respiratory symptoms of asthmatics during Asian dust ... the intensity of Mars storms could never reach the kind of hurricane-force winds that are experienced on Earth. Martian dust ...
However, the high surface area to volume ratios of small droplets cause them to evaporate so rapidly that they dry out before ... Quiet breathing produces few droplets, but forced exhalations such as sneezing, coughing, shouting and singing can produce many ... Bourouiba, Lydia; Dehandschoewercker, Eline; Bush, John W. M. (April 2014). "Violent expiratory events: on coughing and ...
SCI is present in about 2% of all cases of blunt force trauma. Anyone who has undergone force sufficient to cause a thoracic ... As SCI patients have reduced total lung capacity and tidal volume, physical therapists teach them accessory breathing ... Manual abdominal compression is another technique used to increase expiratory flow which later improves coughing. Other ... In the emergency setting, most people who has been subjected to forces strong enough to cause SCI are treated as though they ...
... peak expiratory flow rate MeSH G09.772.765.650.430 - forced expiratory volume MeSH G09.772.765.650.630 - maximal voluntary ... forced expiratory flow rates MeSH G09.772.765.650.300.590 - maximal expiratory flow rate MeSH G09.772.765.650.300.630 - maximal ... expiratory reserve volume MeSH G09.772.765.850.390.820 - residual volume MeSH G09.772.765.850.970 - vital capacity MeSH G09.772 ... blood volume MeSH G09.188.250.313.370 - erythrocyte volume MeSH G09.188.250.313.610 - plasma volume MeSH G09.188.250.340 - ...
A target tidal volume of 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight (PBW) and a plateau pressure less than 30 cm H2O is recommended for ... High positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) is recommended for moderate to severe ARDS in sepsis as it opens more lung units ... This forced receptor interaction induces the production of pro-inflammatory chemical signals (cytokines) by T-cells. There are ... Although dopamine is useful to increase the stroke volume of the heart, it causes more abnormal heart rhythms than ...
Importantly, the volume of the pneumothorax may not be well correlated with the intensity of the symptoms experienced by the ... Seow A, Kazerooni EA, Pernicano PG, Neary M (February 1996). "Comparison of upright inspiratory and expiratory chest ... and the pressure of gases in the bloodstream is too low for them to be forced into the pleural space. Therefore, a pneumothorax ... The size of the pneumothorax (i.e. the volume of air in the pleural space) can be determined with a reasonable degree of ...
... and inspiratory/expiratory ratio. The volume-cycled ventilation includes the volume-control function and delivers a set tidal ... in the United States resulting in visits to the emergency department found that the majority occur due to falls or blunt force ... Any given volume will correspond to a specific pressure on the pressure-volume curve and vice versa in any case. Settings on ... Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation delivers end-expiratory pressure with a volume control setting. There are two ways ...
... will allow air to be forced from the sinuses into the orbit in the presence of a pressure gradient from forceful expiratory ... Stage II orbital emphysema develops as the intraorbital air volume increases, causing the eyeball to displace horizontally or ... Any object with force and/or speed, typically a ball, fist or vehicle accidents, can result in orbital floor and/or medial wall ... The air usually enters the orbit when the pressure within the upper respiratory tract is increased due to expiratory efforts, ...
... and contributory factors probably include tidal volume, positive end-expiratory pressure and respiratory rate. There is no ... Isolated mechanical forces may not adequately explain ventilator induced lung injury (VILI). The damage is affected by the ... Barotraumas of ascent are also caused when the free change of volume of the gas in a closed space in contact with the diver is ... Barotraumas of descent are caused by preventing the free change of volume of the gas in a closed space in contact with the ...
... and inspiratory-to-expiratory time (I/E) ratio for non-sedated patients, an "assist" mode that, instead of forcing air in at a ... a way of measuring and controlling the volume pumped and the breath rate to avoid volutrauma; monitoring for inspiratory ... 2008). "Positive-end expiratory pressure reduces incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in nonhypoxemic patients". Crit ... with full support for both pressure and volume controlled ventilation modes, and on the medical side with ongoing clinical ...
The measured pressure is the Positive End-Inspiratory Pressure (PEIP). Expiratory pump retrieves a volume of PFC in the lungs ( ... The liquid ventilator operates in mandatory mode: it must force the PFC in and out of the lungs with a pumping system. During ... R. Robert; P. Micheau; H. Walti (2009). "Optimal expiratory volume profile in tidal liquid ventilation under steady state ... However, during the expiratory phase, the expiratory flow can be commanded by an open-loop controller or a closed-loop ...
... with a tidal volume ranging from 1.2-1.5 L (75-90 cu in). The tidal volume is seen to double resulting in a 16-fold increase in ... During expiration, oxygen poor air flows to the anterior air sacs and is expelled by the action of the expiratory muscles. The ... Panting increases evaporative heat (and water) loss from its respiratory surfaces, therefore forcing air and heat removal ... The red blood cell count per unit volume in the ostrich is about 40% of that of a human; however, the red blood cells of the ...
The primary goal for IRV is improved oxygenation by forcing inspiratory time to be greater than expiratory time (example: ... IRV can be performed during pressure-controlled ventilation (PC-IRV) or volume-controlled ventilation(VC-IRV). Neither is ... Normal I:E ratio is 5:6, so forcing the I:E to be 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, (or even as high as 20:1) is the source of the term for the ... The shorter expiratory time during IRV increases the risk of auto-PEEP and its associated development of problems (e.g. ...
... but can further reduce the volume of the external dead space, at the cost of forcing mouth-breathing. A smaller volume around ... There is generally a reduction in the amount of air that the lungs can hold (vital capacity) and changes in expiratory function ... Barotraumas of ascent are also caused when the free change of volume of the gas in a closed space in contact with the diver is ... Volume of blood is generally relatively large in proportion to body mass, and blood haemoglobin content can be increased during ...
... and leads to a decrease in expiratory reserve volume and residual volume. This culminates in a 20% decrease in functional ... having an extra dorsally wedged vertebra lessens the shearing force. This lumbar sexual dimorphism in humans suggests high ... During pregnancy the plasma volume increases by 40-50% and the red blood cell volume increases only by 20-30%. These changes ... A pregnant woman may experience an increase in the size of the kidneys and ureter due to the increase blood volume and ...
Byssinosis: chest tightness, cough, wheezing, dyspnea (breathing difficulty); decreased forced expiratory volume; bronchitis; ...
Forced expiratory volume in one second. GM. Geometric mean. HCFA. Health Care Financing Administration. ...
TAGLIA-FERRE, Karla Delevedove et al. Is there an association between the forced expiratory volume value in the first second ... and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1), in asthmatic children and adolescents undergoing treatment with inhaled ...
Forced expiratory volume in 1 s over height cubed (FEV1/Ht3) is an FEV1 expression that uses no reference values and is ... Prognostic value of short-term decline of forced expiratory volume in 1 s over height cubed (FEV1/Ht3) in a cohort of adults ... Atividades Cotidianas Envelhecimento/fisiologia Volume Expiratório Forçado/fisiologia Avaliação Geriátrica Idoso de 80 Anos ou ...
Forced Expiratory Volume* * Gene Frequency * Genes / genetics* * Genotype * Humans * Immunoglobulin E / blood ...
forced expiratory volume in 1 second. FVC forced vital capacity. IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer. ...
Freeman et al demonstrated improvement in forced vital capacity of 17% and forced expiratory volume of 21%. [10] ... 9] Specifically, forced expiratory volume improved 15.4%. In a study of 41 patients using thoracoscopic techniques, ... 8] Specifically, the forced vital capacity improved up to 18%. In a study of 15 patients with an average follow-up of 10 years ... The diaphragm is responsible for 56% of the tidal volume in the awake, supine patient and up to 81% during periods of deep ...
Forced Expiratory Volume and Forced Vital Capacity. Medical Tests: Questions to Ask the Doctor. ... Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) The difference between the amount of air in your lungs after a normal exhale (FRC) and the ... Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) The difference between the amount of air in your lungs after a normal exhale (FRC) and the ... Residual volume (RV). This is the amount of air that remains in your lungs after you exhale as much as you can. For this test, ...
... revealed a dose-response relationship between average exposure to TDI and change in forced expiratory volume per second (FEV-1 ... forced expiratory volume; prospective study ...
forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/FVC ≥0.7. *Diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) corrected for ... Forced vital capacity (FVC) % predicted at Baseline: ≥70% or ,70%. Participants who complete the 52-week Double blind Treatment ... Core Phase: Change in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) percent (FVC %) predicted from Baseline to Week 52 [ Time Frame: Baseline to ...
... forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of at least 80% predicted; and/or improvement of FEV1 ≥ 10%, and a blood eosinophil ...
Forced Expiratory Volume [‎1]‎. Forecasting [‎273]‎. Foreskin [‎1]‎. Form [‎211]‎. Formularies [‎1]‎. ...
Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). *Forced expiratory flow 25% to 75% (FEF25-75) ... Changes in pressure inside the box help determine the lung volume.. *Lung volume can also be measured when you breathe nitrogen ... Lung volume measurement can be done in two ways:. *The most accurate way is called body plethysmography. You sit in a clear ... Other tests require forced inhalation or exhalation after a deep breath. Sometimes, you will be asked to inhale a different gas ...
The diagnosis requires spirometry; a post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity ( ... The changes in airways structure associated with reduced forced expiratory volume in one second. Eur Respir J 1989;2:834-839. ... If forced expiratory volume ,50% predicted and exacerbations of COPD requiring a course of oral corticosteroid or antibiotic ... DL,CO: carbon dioxide diffusing capacity of the lung; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second; ppo: predicted ...
Categories: Forced Expiratory Volume Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
The characteristics of the four study groups are summarised in table 1. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and the FEV ... An amount of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) equal to the DTT volume was then added and the sample was incubated for a further ... New drugs for asthma, allergy and COPD. Volume 31. Progress in Respiratory Research. Basel, Switzerland: Karger, 2001:177-80. ... FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second. *FVC, forced vital capacity ...
... and increased forced vital capacity, compared to participants without. Effect sizes were small (Cohens d-values ≤ 0.11). Power ... Forced expiratory volume in 1 second. FVC:. Forced expiratory vital capacity. CPD:. Cigarette per day ... BMC Public Health volume 15, Article number: 866 (2015) Cite this article ... Effect of body mass index and total blood volume on serum cotinine levels among cigarette smokers: NHANES 1999-2008. Clin Chim ...
Abbreviations: FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; LTS+COPD, long-term smokers with COPD; ... forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1/FVC) and FEV1 (% of predicted) in LTS+COPD. In this ... in terms of forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) ratio ≥0.70 and FEV1 , 80% of predicted ( ... Abbreviations: IL-36α, interleukin-36α; BALF, cell-free bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 ...
... forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, Forced vital capacity. Note: odds ratios are presented for the 1-SD change of ... forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and DLCO). ...
Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second. This is the amount of air that you can forcibly blow out in one second, measured in ... It measures the forced vital capacity (FVC), the forced exhaled volume in 1 second (FEV1), total lung capacity, and residual ... Forced Expiratory Flow 25-75% or 25-50%. This is the average flow (or speed) of air coming out of the lung during the middle ... a flow-volume loop, which graphically depicts the rate of airflow on the Y-axis and the total volume inspired or expired on the ...
Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) value ≥40% and ≤90% of predicted mean for age, sex, and height ... Absolute Change in Percent Predicted Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (ppFEV1) [ Time Frame: From Baseline at Week 4 ]. ... FEV1 is the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out in one second, after full inspiration. ...
Questionnaire and Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey scores and a significant decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 ... Criteria for loss of asthma control included: (1) morning peak expiratory flow , 80% of baseline on at least two consecutive ...
... and PFTs showing forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) < 80% predicted. ... Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal , All issues , Volume 16, 2010 , Volume 16, issue 10 , Eosinophilic cationic protein: is ... Pulmonary function tests such as FEV1, peak expiratory flow rates (PEF%, PEF25%, PEF50% and PEF75%) were done for both cases ...
F: forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (≥ 50% = 0 points, , 50% = 2 points) * A: age (, 70 years = 0 points, ≥ 70 years ... Increased negative intrapleural pressure creates a force on bronchial walls, leading to dilation * Infectious bronchiectasis (N ...
The forced expiratory volume in 1 is decreased 8.7% on day 2, 16.5% on day 3, and 3.6% on day 4. The subjects claimed the most ... With exposure to 0.35 ppm of ozone, there were decrements in forced expiratory parameters on day 2. These changes were greater ...
It is a lung monitoring device and is used to measure peak expiratory flow rate and forced expiratory volume. According to the ... It focuses on technologies, volume, and materials in, and in-depth analysis of the market. The study has a section dedicated ...
  • FEV1 measures the volume after exhaling in 1-second. (powerlung.com)
  • Peak Flow (PEF) and Forced Expiratory Volume in 1-second (FEV1) measurements can tell how well lungs are breathing by monitoring airflow. (powerlung.com)
  • Forced expiratory volume in 1 s over height cubed (FEV1/Ht3) is an FEV1 expression that uses no reference values and is independently associated with adverse outcomes in older adults . (bvsalud.org)
  • Primary outcomes were ACT and forced expiratory volume in 1 s per forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC). (nih.gov)
  • FEV1 is the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out in one second, after full inspiration. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • It measures the forced vital capacity (FVC), the forced exhaled volume in 1 second (FEV1), total lung capacity, and residual volume. (wikidoc.org)
  • Further analysis demonstrated that γ‑GCS mRNA and Nrf2 protein in the nucleus was positively correlated with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC)% and FEV 1 % predicted, and Bach1 protein in the nucleus was negatively correlated with FEV 1 /FVC% and FEV 1 % predicted. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) −FEV1 refers to the volume of gas one can breathe out during forced expiration at one second. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Expiratory peak flow (PEF) is the maximum flow generated during expiration performed with maximal force and started after a full inspiration. (powerlung.com)
  • Also the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of each woodworker was obtained. (who.int)
  • Sometimes, the test will be preceded by a period of quiet breathing in and out from the sensor (tidal volume), or the rapid breath in (forced inspiratory part) will come before the forced exhalation. (wikidoc.org)
  • Tidal Volume (TV) − This refers to the amount of air that is entered or expelled via the respiratory system with each breath. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • The normal value of the tidal volume is around 500 ml. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Total lung capacity can be calculated by adding residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume together. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Other tests used for restrictive lung patterns along with spirometry are helium lung volumes and diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide. (wikidoc.org)
  • Is there an association between the forced expiratory volume value in the first second and the Asthma Control Test and the degree of control proposed by the Global initiative for Asthma in asthmatic children and adolescents treated with inhaled corticosteroids? (bvsalud.org)
  • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) − IRV refers to the extra volume of gas we inhale by exerting maximum force. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Inspiratory Capacity (IC) − IC refers to the maximum volume of gas that one can inspire after expiring normally. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Other tests require forced inhalation or exhalation after a deep breath. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Residual Volume (RV) − RV refers to the quantity of gas that remains in the lung after exhalation. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • These parameters are nothing but respiratory capacity and lung volumes. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Spirometry (meaning the measuring of breath ) is the most common of the Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs), measuring lung function, specifically the measurement of the amount (volume) and/or speed (flow) of air that can be inhaled and exhaled. (wikidoc.org)
  • In multivariate analysis, participants with banked biospecimens were significantly more likely to self-identify as White, to be older, to have increased total nicotine equivalents per cigarette, decreased serum cotinine, and increased forced vital capacity, compared to participants without. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fasting glucose correlated in a positive manner with blood neutrophil concentration, forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity ratio (FEV 1 /FVC) and FEV 1 (% of predicted) in LTS+COPD. (dovepress.com)
  • Selection was obstruction of the airways and the forced vital capacity voluntary and workers were assured of confidentiality. (who.int)
  • A dose-response relationship was found between cannabis smoking and reduced forced expiratory volume (FEV 1 ) to forced vital capacity ratio and specific airways conductance, and increased total lung capacity. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) − FVC refers to the quantity of oxygen an individual can exhale when he or she blows out rapidly. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • With exposure to 0.35 ppm of ozone, there were decrements in forced expiratory parameters on day 2. (epa.gov)
  • A key feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an accelerated rate of decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)), but data on the variability and determinants of this change in patients who have established disease are scarce. (nih.gov)
  • Pulmonary function tests revealed decreased 1 second forced expiratory volume values for workers who currently smoked. (cdc.gov)
  • Common adverse reactions (more than 5%) occurring more frequently in Tobramycin Inhalation Solution patients are forced expiratory volume decreased, rales, red blood cell sedimentation rate increased, and dysphonia. (nih.gov)
  • The nomination of metal working fluids as a candidate for chronic inhalation studies is based upon their high production volume, the large number of occupationally-exposed workers, and the lack of carcinogenicity and chronic toxicology data for this class of mixtures. (nih.gov)
  • A four-year longitudinal study of ventilatory function in polyurethane-foam production workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) revealed a dose-response relationship between average exposure to TDI and change in forced expiratory volume per second (FEV-1). (cdc.gov)
  • To achieve this goal, the organisations have developed a COPD task force composed of three members from each society whose office will last for 3 yrs. (ersjournals.com)
  • Respiratory volume is the amount of gas exchanged in the respiratory system during the respiratory cycle. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Respiratory capacity is defined as the sum of various respiratory volumes. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Total Lung Capacity (TLC) − TLC refers to the maximum volume of gas accumulated in the respiratory system after forced inspiration. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Lung volume can also be measured when you breathe nitrogen or helium gas through a tube for a certain period of time. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Since the test involves some forced breathing and rapid breathing, you may have some temporary shortness of breath or lightheadedness. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The goal of diaphragm plication is to flatten the dome of the diaphragm, providing the lung with greater volume for expansion. (medscape.com)
  • Whenever the diaphragm moves downward, force is created in the chest, which draws in and expands the lungs. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Let us look into the normal values of lung volume and capacity in the case of both male and female. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Flow-Volume loop showing successful FVC maneuver. (wikidoc.org)
  • In the presence of airflow limitation, the patient exhales air slowly, while the total volume of air exhaled is generally not affected. (wikidoc.org)
  • Au total, 38 enfants souffrant d'asthme (contrôlé pour 16 d'entre eux et partiellement contrôlé pour 22 autres) ont été comparés à 16 enfants en bonne santé de même sexe et de même âge. (who.int)
  • It focuses on technologies, volume, and materials in, and in-depth analysis of the market. (openpr.com)
  • People in both trials had improvements in a key measure of lung capacity - forced expiratory volume in one second - and in sweat chloride levels, which show that the drugs are working throughout the body. (nih.gov)
  • NIEHS has a goal to ensure job opportunities and career enhancements programs for both our work force and our community. (nih.gov)