Foot Deformities, Acquired
Foot Deformities, Congenital
Foot Deformities
Foot
Arthropathy, Neurogenic
Tarsal Bones
Diabetic Foot
Hammer Toe Syndrome
Ilizarov Technique
Hallux Limitus
Joint Deformities, Acquired
Hand Deformities, Congenital
Foot Ulcer
Metatarsal Bones
Tendon Transfer
Calcaneus
Osteogenesis, Distraction
Hand Deformities, Acquired
Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction
Orthotic Devices
Diabetic Neuropathies
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
Spinal Curvatures
Scoliosis
Foot Bones
Kyphosis
Foot Joints
Hallux Valgus
Bone Lengthening
Leg Length Inequality
Limb Deformities, Congenital
Bone Diseases, Developmental
Thoracic Vertebrae
Shoes
Orthopedic Procedures
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
Ear Deformities, Acquired
Metatarsophalangeal Joint
Casts, Surgical
Contracture
Ribs
Funnel Chest
Musculoskeletal Abnormalities
Range of Motion, Articular
External Fixators
Genu Valgum
Splints
Tibia
Ankle Joint
Pronation
Fractures, Malunited
Tuberculosis, Spinal
Orthopedic Fixation Devices
Patterns of weight distribution under the metatarsal heads. (1/46)
The longitudinal arch between the heel and the forefoot and the transverse arch between the first and fifth metatarsal heads, absorb shock, energy and force. A device to measure plantar pressure was used in 66 normal healthy subjects and in 294 patients with various types of foot disorder. Only 22 (3%) of a total of 720 feet, had a dynamic metatarsal arch during the stance phase of walking, and all had known abnormality. Our findings show that there is no distal transverse metatarsal arch during the stance phase. This is important for the classification and description of disorders of the foot. (+info)Interdigitated deletion complexes on mouse chromosome 5 induced by irradiation of embryonic stem cells. (2/46)
Chromosome deletions have several applications in the genetic analysis of complex organisms. They can be used as reagents in region-directed mutagenesis, for mapping of simple or complex traits, or to identify biological consequences of segmental haploidy, the latter being relevant to human contiguous gene syndromes and imprinting. We have generated three deletion complexes in ES (Embryonic Stem) cells that collectively span approximately 40 cM of proximal mouse chromosome 5. The deletion complexes were produced by irradiation of F(1) hybrid ES cells containing herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase genes (tk) integrated at the Dpp6, Hdh (Huntington disease locus), or Gabrb1 loci, followed by selection for tk-deficient clones. Deletions centered at the adjacent Hdh and Dpp6 loci ranged up to approximately 20 cM or more in length and overlapped in an interdigitated fashion. However, the interval between Hdh and Gabrb1 appeared to contain a locus haploinsufficient for ES cell viability, thereby preventing deletions of either complex from overlapping. In some cases, the deletions resolved the order of markers that were previously genetically inseparable. A subset of the ES cell-bearing deletions was injected into blastocysts to generate germline chimeras and establish lines of mice segregating the deletion chromosomes. At least 11 of the 26 lines injected were capable of producing germline chimeras. In general, those that failed to undergo germline transmission bore deletions larger than the germline-competent clones, suggesting that certain regions of chromosome 5 contain haploinsufficient developmental genes, and/or that overall embryonic viability is cumulatively decreased as more genes are rendered hemizygous. Mice bearing deletions presumably spanning the semidominant hammertoe locus (Hm) had no phenotype, suggesting that the classic allele is a dominant, gain-of-function mutation. Overlapping deletion complexes generated in the fashion described in this report will be useful as multipurpose genetic tools and in systematic functional mapping of the mouse genome. (+info)Pads and flexion creases on the plantar surface of hammertoe mutant mouse (Hm). (3/46)
The purpose of the present work was to determine the effects of the hereditary malformation of Hammertoe mutant mice (gene symbol Hm) on the surrounding morphological structures and, specifically, on the volar pads, i.e., the sites of the epidermal ridge patterns (dermatoglyphics). The hindlimbs of the wild-type (+/+) Hammertoe mice show no anomalies and their major pad and flexion crease configurations correspond to those of normal mice. The heterozygous (Hm/+) and homozygous (Hm/Hm) mice display a fusion of the interdigital tissues involving all digits with the exception of digit I. In Hm/Hm mice, this webbing extends to the distal phalanx and the markedly flexed digits form a shape resembling a hammer. In Hm/+ mice, the interdigital webbing does not extend as far and the digits show moderate flexion compared to those of Hm/Hm mice. Both Hm/Hm and Hm/+ have a rudimentary extra digit in the postaxial area of the hindlimbs. The ventral volar skin of the flexed digits is incompletely developed. The more posterior digits show the more severe camptodactyly. These aberrant configurations are related to the abnormal occurrence of the programmed cell death (PCD) in the interdigital zones II-IV and the proximal part of the postaxial margin during hindlimb development. They are limited to the pads on the plantar surface of the postaxial area; the preaxial area is not affected. As a result of a severe camptodactyly of digit V, its volar skin is shifted into the distal portion of the hypothenar area. This shifting affects the number, size, and location of the pads, especially of the hypothenar pad, resulting in varying pad configurations, such as a displacement of the distal and proximal components of the hypothenar pad, or a fusion of the two components of the hypothenar pad, leading to a reduced final pad number. These pad modifications are induced by the postaxial plantar surface shifting proximally and are not affected by the presence of an extra rudimentary digit. The pad modifications in Hammertoe mice with webbed digits and postaxial polydactyly resemble closely those of the previously studied mice with genetic preaxial polydactyly. (+info)Perinatal development of endothelial nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice. (4/46)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) deficiency on fetal growth, perinatal survival, and limb development in a mouse model with a targeted mutagenesis of the Nos3 gene. Wild-type (Nos3+/+) and eNOS-deficient fetuses (Nos3-/-) were evaluated on Gestational Day (E)15 and E17, and newborn pups were observed on Day 1 of life (D1). The average term duration of pregnancy was 19 days. For the evaluation of postnatal development, a breeding scheme consisting of Nos3+/- x Nos3+/- and Nos3-/- x Nos3-/- mice was established, and offspring were observed for 3 wk. Southern blotting was used for genotyping. No significant differences in fetal weight, crown-rump lengths (CRL), and placental weight were seen between Nos3+/+ and Nos3-/- fetuses on E15. By E17, Nos3-/- fetuses showed significantly reduced fetal weights, CRL, and placental weights. This difference in body weight was also seen throughout the whole postnatal period. In pregnancies of Nos3-/- females, the average number of pups alive on D1 was significantly decreased compared to either E15 or E17. Placental histology revealed no abnormalities. On E15, E17, and D1, Nos3(-/-) fetuses demonstrated focal acute hemorrhages in the distal limbs in 0%, 2.6%, and 5.7%, respectively, of all mutant mice studied on the respective days. Bone measurements showed significantly shorter bones in the peripheral digits of hindpaws of Nos3-/- newborns. We conclude mice deficient for eNOS show characteristically abnormal prenatal and postnatal development including fetal growth restriction, reduced survival, and an increased rate of limb abnormalities. The development of this characteristic phenotype of eNOS-deficient mice dates back to the prenatal development during the late third trimester of pregnancy. (+info)Screening diabetic patients at risk for foot ulceration. A multi-centre hospital-based study in France. (5/46)
BACKGROUND: To determine the prevalence of risk factors for diabetic foot ulceration in diabetic patients free of active pedal ulceration in a hospital setting. METHODS: In sixteen French diabetology centres, a survey was conducted on a given day in all diabetic people attending the units, both as in- or out-patients. RESULTS: 664 patients were evaluated: 105 had an active foot ulcer and were excluded from the analysis as were four other patients due to lack of reliable data. From the 555 assessable patients, 40 (7.2%) had a history of foot ulcer or lower-limb amputation. Sensory neuropathy with loss of protective sensation, as measured by the 5.07 (10 g) Semmes-Weinstein monofilament testing, was present in 27.1% of patients, whereas 17% had a peripheral arterial disease mainly based on the clinical examination. On addition, foot deformities were found in 117 patients (21.1%). According to the classification system of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot, 72.8% of patients were at low-risk for pedal ulceration (grade 0) and 17,5% were in the higher-risk groups (grade 2 & 3). If patients with isolated peripheral arterial disease were considered as a separate risk group (as was those with isolated neuropathy), percentage of low-risk patients decreased to 65.6%. There was a clear trend between the increasing severity of the staging and age, duration of diabetes, prevalence of nephropathy and retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of risk factors for foot ulceration is rather high in a hospital-based diabetic population, emphasising the need for implementing screening and preventive strategies to decrease the burden of diabetic foot problems and to improve the quality of life for people with diabetes. (+info)A genomic rearrangement resulting in a tandem duplication is associated with split hand-split foot malformation 3 (SHFM3) at 10q24. (6/46)
Split hand-split foot malformation (SHFM) is characterized by hypoplasia/aplasia of the central digits with fusion of the remaining digits. SHFM is usually an autosomal dominant condition and at least five loci have been identified in humans. Mutation analysis of the DACTYLIN gene, suspected to be responsible for SHFM3 in chromosome 10q24, was conducted in seven SHFM patients. We screened the coding region of DACTYLIN by single-strand conformation polymorphism and sequencing, and found no point mutations. However, Southern, pulsed field gel electrophoresis and dosage analyses demonstrated a complex rearrangement associated with a approximately 0.5 Mb tandem duplication in all the patients. The distal and proximal breakpoints were within an 80 and 130 kb region, respectively. This duplicated region contained a disrupted extra copy of the DACTYLIN gene and the entire LBX1 and beta-TRCP genes, known to be involved in limb development. The possible role of these genes in the SHFM3 phenotype is discussed. (+info)Evaluation of abnormal biomechanics of the foot and ankle in athletes. (7/46)
Athletes often suffer from recurrent or chronic overuse symptoms of the lower extremities. During the office visit it is essential to analyse the patient's shoes, gait cycle, lower extremities and, especially, the talocrural, subtalar and more distal joints of the ankle and foot. The basic (clinical) biomechanical analysis can be supplemented by radiographs, treadmill and video analysis and mirror table (podoscope) examinations. Ideally, successful pain relief by correction of the observed abnormality with an orthotic device completes the diagnostic procedure, especially if symptoms return soon after the removal of the device. In treatment custom-made, expensive orthotics should not be prescribed for overuse symptoms without an obvious malalignment, for asymptomatic athletes with a malalignment, or for symptoms in which the causal relationship between the biomechanical abnormality and symptoms is difficult to see. Strict indications for prescription of orthotics and close cooperation between the attending physician, physical therapist and orthotist are prerequisites for obtaining good, long-lasting results. (+info)Primary idiopathic osteolysis: description of a family. (8/46)
A clinical, analytical, and radiological study was carried out on three members of the same family with multicentric idiopathic osteolysis. Transmission appeared to be via the dominant autosome present in the mother and two daughters. In the daughters osteolysis was seen in the carpal and tarsal bones, whereas in the mother radiology showed it to be in the phalanges of the hands and feet. (+info)Acquired foot deformities refer to structural abnormalities of the foot that develop after birth, as opposed to congenital foot deformities which are present at birth. These deformities can result from various factors such as trauma, injury, infection, neurological conditions, or complications from a medical condition like diabetes or arthritis.
Examples of acquired foot deformities include:
1. Hammertoe - A deformity where the toe bends downward at the middle joint, resembling a hammer.
2. Claw toe - A more severe form of hammertoe where the toe also curls under, forming a claw-like shape.
3. Mallet toe - A condition where the end joint of a toe is bent downward, causing it to resemble a mallet.
4. Bunions - A bony bump that forms on the inside of the foot at the big toe joint, often causing pain and difficulty wearing shoes.
5. Tailor's bunion (bunionette) - A similar condition to a bunion, but it occurs on the outside of the foot near the little toe joint.
6. Charcot foot - A severe deformity that can occur in people with diabetes or other neurological conditions, characterized by the collapse and dislocation of joints in the foot.
7. Cavus foot - A condition where the arch of the foot is excessively high, causing instability and increasing the risk of ankle injuries.
8. Flatfoot (pes planus) - A deformity where the arch of the foot collapses, leading to pain and difficulty walking.
9. Pronation deformities - Abnormal rotation or tilting of the foot, often causing instability and increasing the risk of injury.
Treatment for acquired foot deformities varies depending on the severity and underlying cause but may include orthotics, physical therapy, medication, or surgery.
Congenital foot deformities refer to abnormal structural changes in the foot that are present at birth. These deformities can vary from mild to severe and may affect the shape, position, or function of one or both feet. Common examples include clubfoot (talipes equinovarus), congenital vertical talus, and cavus foot. Congenital foot deformities can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences during fetal development, or a combination of both. Treatment options may include stretching, casting, surgery, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the severity and type of the deformity.
Foot deformities refer to abnormal changes in the structure and/or alignment of the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, or tendons in the foot, leading to a deviation from the normal shape and function of the foot. These deformities can occur in various parts of the foot, such as the toes, arch, heel, or ankle, and can result in pain, difficulty walking, and reduced mobility. Some common examples of foot deformities include:
1. Hammertoes: A deformity where the toe bends downward at the middle joint, resembling a hammer.
2. Mallet toes: A condition where the end joint of the toe is bent downward, creating a mallet-like shape.
3. Claw toes: A combination of both hammertoes and mallet toes, causing all three joints in the toe to bend abnormally.
4. Bunions: A bony bump that forms on the inside of the foot at the base of the big toe, caused by the misalignment of the big toe joint.
5. Tailor's bunion (bunionette): A similar condition to a bunion but occurring on the outside of the foot, at the base of the little toe.
6. Flat feet (pes planus): A condition where the arch of the foot collapses, causing the entire sole of the foot to come into contact with the ground when standing or walking.
7. High arches (pes cavus): An excessively high arch that doesn't provide enough shock absorption and can lead to pain and instability.
8. Cavus foot: A condition characterized by a very high arch and tight heel cord, often leading to an imbalance in the foot structure and increased risk of ankle injuries.
9. Haglund's deformity: A bony enlargement on the back of the heel, which can cause pain and irritation when wearing shoes.
10. Charcot foot: A severe deformity that occurs due to nerve damage in the foot, leading to weakened bones, joint dislocations, and foot collapse.
Foot deformities can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop later in life) due to various factors such as injury, illness, poor footwear, or abnormal biomechanics. Proper diagnosis, treatment, and management are essential for maintaining foot health and preventing further complications.
In medical terms, the foot is the part of the lower limb that is distal to the leg and below the ankle, extending from the tarsus to the toes. It is primarily responsible for supporting body weight and facilitating movement through push-off during walking or running. The foot is a complex structure made up of 26 bones, 33 joints, and numerous muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves that work together to provide stability, balance, and flexibility. It can be divided into three main parts: the hindfoot, which contains the talus and calcaneus (heel) bones; the midfoot, which includes the navicular, cuboid, and cuneiform bones; and the forefoot, which consists of the metatarsals and phalanges that form the toes.
Medical professionals define "flatfoot" or "pes planus" as a postural deformity in which the arch of the foot collapses, leading to the entire sole of the foot coming into complete or near-complete contact with the ground. This condition can be classified as flexible (the arch reappears when the foot is not bearing weight) or rigid (the arch does not reappear). Flatfoot can result from various factors such as genetics, injury, aging, or certain medical conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and cerebral palsy. In some cases, flatfoot may not cause any symptoms or problems; however, in other instances, it can lead to pain, discomfort, or difficulty walking. Treatment options for flatfoot depend on the severity of the condition and associated symptoms and may include physical therapy, orthotics, bracing, or surgery.
Clubfoot, also known as talipes equinovarus, is a congenital foot deformity where the foot is twisted inward and downward. The affected foot appears to be turned inward and downward, resembling a club or a bowling pin. This condition usually affects one foot but can occur in both feet as well.
The cause of clubfoot is not fully understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Clubfoot is often diagnosed at birth or during routine prenatal ultrasound exams. Treatment for clubfoot typically involves nonsurgical methods such as stretching, casting, and bracing to gradually correct the position of the foot over time. In some cases, surgery may be required to release tight tendons and realign the bones in the foot and ankle.
If left untreated, clubfoot can lead to significant mobility issues and difficulty walking or participating in activities. However, with early intervention and consistent treatment, most children with clubfoot are able to lead active and normal lives.
Equinus deformity is a condition in which the ankle remains in a permanently plantarflexed position, meaning that the toes are pointing downward. This limitation in motion can occur in one or both feet and can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired. Acquired equinus deformity can result from conditions such as cerebral palsy, stroke, trauma, or prolonged immobilization. The limited range of motion in the ankle can cause difficulty walking, pain, and abnormalities in gait. Treatment options for equinus deformity may include physical therapy, bracing, orthotic devices, or surgery.
Foot diseases refer to various medical conditions that affect the foot, including its structures such as the bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and nerves. These conditions can cause symptoms like pain, swelling, numbness, difficulty walking, and skin changes. Examples of foot diseases include:
1. Plantar fasciitis: inflammation of the band of tissue that connects the heel bone to the toes.
2. Bunions: a bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of the big toe.
3. Hammertoe: a deformity in which the toe is bent at the middle joint, resembling a hammer.
4. Diabetic foot: a group of conditions that can occur in people with diabetes, including nerve damage, poor circulation, and increased risk of infection.
5. Athlete's foot: a fungal infection that affects the skin between the toes and on the soles of the feet.
6. Ingrown toenails: a condition where the corner or side of a toenail grows into the flesh of the toe.
7. Gout: a type of arthritis that causes sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness in the joints, often starting with the big toe.
8. Foot ulcers: open sores or wounds that can occur on the feet, especially in people with diabetes or poor circulation.
9. Morton's neuroma: a thickening of the tissue around a nerve between the toes, causing pain and numbness.
10. Osteoarthritis: wear and tear of the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.
Foot diseases can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and some may be prevented or managed with proper foot care, hygiene, and appropriate medical treatment.
The forefoot is the front part of the human foot that contains the toes and the associated bones, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. It is made up of five long bones called metatarsals and fourteen phalanges, which are the bones in the toes. The forefoot plays a crucial role in weight-bearing, balance, and propulsion during walking and running. The joints in the forefoot allow for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction of the toes, enabling us to maintain our footing on various surfaces and adapt to different terrain.
Neurogenic arthropathy is a joint disease that occurs as a result of nerve damage or dysfunction. Also known as Charcot joint, this condition is characterized by joint destruction and deformity due to the loss of sensation and proprioception, which normally help protect the joint from excessive stress and injury.
Neurogenic arthropathy often affects people with diabetes, syphilis, leprosy, spinal cord injuries, or other conditions that damage nerves. The damage impairs the ability to feel pain, temperature, and position, making it difficult for individuals to notice or respond to joint injuries. Over time, this can lead to joint degeneration, fractures, dislocations, and severe deformities if left untreated.
Treatment typically involves managing the underlying nerve condition, immobilizing the affected joint with a brace or cast, and in some cases, surgical intervention to repair or replace damaged joints. Regular exercise, physical therapy, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can also help manage symptoms and prevent further complications.
The tarsal bones are a group of seven articulating bones in the foot that make up the posterior portion of the foot, located between the talus bone of the leg and the metatarsal bones of the forefoot. They play a crucial role in supporting the body's weight and facilitating movement.
There are three categories of tarsal bones:
1. Proximal row: This includes the talus, calcaneus (heel bone), and navicular bones. The talus articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint, while the calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone and forms the heel. The navicular bone is located between the talus and the cuneiform bones.
2. Intermediate row: This includes the cuboid bone, which is located laterally (on the outside) to the navicular bone and articulates with the calcaneus, fourth and fifth metatarsals, and the cuneiform bones.
3. Distal row: This includes three cuneiform bones - the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms - which are located between the navicular bone proximally and the first, second, and third metatarsal bones distally. The medial cuneiform is the largest of the three and articulates with the navicular bone, first metatarsal, and the intermediate cuneiform. The intermediate cuneiform articulates with the medial and lateral cuneiforms and the second metatarsal. The lateral cuneiform articulates with the intermediate cuneiform, cuboid, and fourth metatarsal.
Together, these bones form a complex network of joints that allow for movement and stability in the foot. Injuries or disorders affecting the tarsal bones can result in pain, stiffness, and difficulty walking.
The metatarsus is the region in the foot between the tarsal bones (which form the hindfoot and midfoot) and the phalanges (toes). It consists of five long bones called the metatarsals, which articulate with the tarsal bones proximally and the phalanges distally. The metatarsus plays a crucial role in weight-bearing, support, and propulsion during walking and running. Any abnormalities or injuries to this region may result in various foot conditions, such as metatarsalgia, Morton's neuroma, or hammertoes.
The term "diabetic foot" refers to a condition that affects the feet of people with diabetes, particularly when the disease is not well-controlled. It is characterized by a combination of nerve damage (neuropathy) and poor circulation (peripheral artery disease) in the feet and lower legs.
Neuropathy can cause numbness, tingling, or pain in the feet, making it difficult for people with diabetes to feel injuries, cuts, blisters, or other foot problems. Poor circulation makes it harder for wounds to heal and increases the risk of infection.
Diabetic foot ulcers are a common complication of diabetic neuropathy and can lead to serious infections, hospitalization, and even amputation if not treated promptly and effectively. Preventive care, including regular foot exams, proper footwear, and good blood glucose control, is essential for people with diabetes to prevent or manage diabetic foot problems.
Hammertoe syndrome, also known as hammer toe, is a deformity of the second, third, or fourth smaller toes where they become permanently bent at the middle joint, resembling a hammer. This condition can cause pain and difficulty walking, especially when wearing shoes that rub against the raised portion of the toe. Hammertoe syndrome can be caused by factors such as inherited foot type, arthritis, and muscle imbalance, and it can also result from wearing narrow or ill-fitting shoes for extended periods. Treatment options may include changes in footwear, orthotics, physical therapy, and in severe cases, surgery.
The Ilizarov technique is a surgical method used for limb lengthening and reconstruction. It involves the use of an external fixation device, which consists of rings connected by adjustable rods and wires that are attached to the bone. This apparatus allows for gradual distraction (slow, steady stretching) of the bone, allowing new bone tissue to grow in the gap created by the distraction. The Ilizarov technique can be used to treat various conditions such as limb length discrepancies, bone deformities, and nonunions (failed healing of a fracture). It is named after its developer, Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov, a Soviet orthopedic surgeon.
Hallux limitus is a degenerative condition that affects the joint at the base of the big toe, also known as the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. It is characterized by stiffness and limited range of motion in the big toe, which can make it difficult to walk or participate in activities that require pushing off with the toes.
In hallux limitus, the cartilage in the MTP joint gradually wears away, leading to bone-on-bone contact and the formation of bone spurs. This can cause pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joint. The condition is often caused by structural abnormalities, such as a long or elevated first metatarsal bone, or biomechanical issues that put excessive pressure on the MTP joint.
Hallux limitus can be treated with conservative measures such as shoe modifications, orthotics, physical therapy, and pain-relieving medications. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve symptoms and restore mobility to the joint.
Acquired joint deformities refer to structural changes in the alignment and shape of a joint that develop after birth, due to various causes such as injury, disease, or wear and tear. These deformities can affect the function and mobility of the joint, causing pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion. Examples of conditions that can lead to acquired joint deformities include arthritis, infection, trauma, and nerve damage. Treatment may involve medication, physical therapy, or surgery to correct the deformity and alleviate symptoms.
Congenital hand deformities refer to physical abnormalities or malformations of the hand, wrist, and/or digits (fingers) that are present at birth. These deformities can result from genetic factors, environmental influences during pregnancy, or a combination of both. They may affect the bones, muscles, tendons, joints, and other structures in the hand, leading to varying degrees of impairment in function and appearance.
There are numerous types of congenital hand deformities, some of which include:
1. Polydactyly: The presence of extra digits on the hand, which can be fully formed or rudimentary.
2. Syndactyly: Webbing or fusion of two or more fingers, which may involve soft tissue only or bone as well.
3. Clinodactyly: A curved finger due to a sideways deviation of the fingertip, often affecting the little finger.
4. Camptodactyly: Permanent flexion or bending of one or more fingers, typically involving the proximal interphalangeal joint.
5. Trigger Finger/Thumb: A condition where a finger or thumb becomes locked in a bent position due to thickening and narrowing of the tendon sheath.
6. Radial Club Hand (Radial Ray Deficiency): Underdevelopment or absence of the radius bone, resulting in a short, curved forearm and hand deformity.
7. Ulnar Club Hand (Ulnar Ray Deficiency): Underdevelopment or absence of the ulna bone, leading to a short, curved forearm and hand deformity.
8. Cleidocranial Dysplasia: A genetic disorder affecting bone growth, resulting in underdeveloped or absent collarbones, dental abnormalities, and occasionally hand deformities.
9. Apert Syndrome: A rare genetic disorder characterized by the fusion of fingers and toes (syndactyly) and other skeletal abnormalities.
10. Holt-Oram Syndrome: A genetic disorder involving heart defects and upper limb deformities, such as radial ray deficiency or thumb anomalies.
Treatment for hand deformities varies depending on the specific condition and severity. Options may include physical therapy, bracing, splinting, medications, or surgical intervention.
The subtalar joint is a joint in the foot that is located between the talus and calcaneus (heel) bones. It is called a "joint" because it allows for movement, specifically inversion and eversion, which are the movements that allow the foot to roll inward or outward. The subtalar joint plays an essential role in the biomechanics of the foot and ankle, helping to absorb shock during walking and running, and contributing to the stability of the foot during standing and walking. Issues with the subtalar joint can lead to various foot and ankle problems, such as flatfoot or chronic ankle instability.
A foot ulcer is a wound or sore on the foot that occurs most commonly in people with diabetes, but can also affect other individuals with poor circulation or nerve damage. These ulcers can be challenging to heal and are prone to infection, making it essential for individuals with foot ulcers to seek medical attention promptly.
Foot ulcers typically develop due to prolonged pressure on bony prominences of the foot, leading to breakdown of the skin and underlying tissues. The development of foot ulcers can be attributed to several factors, including:
1. Neuropathy (nerve damage): This condition causes a loss of sensation in the feet, making it difficult for individuals to feel pain or discomfort associated with pressure points, leading to the formation of ulcers.
2. Peripheral artery disease (PAD): Reduced blood flow to the lower extremities can impair wound healing and make the body more susceptible to infection.
3. Deformities: Structural foot abnormalities, such as bunions or hammertoes, can cause increased pressure on specific areas of the foot, increasing the risk of ulcer formation.
4. Poorly fitting shoes: Shoes that are too tight, narrow, or ill-fitting can create friction and pressure points, contributing to the development of foot ulcers.
5. Trauma: Injuries or trauma to the feet can lead to the formation of ulcers, particularly in individuals with neuropathy who may not feel the initial pain associated with the injury.
6. Foot care neglect: Failure to inspect and care for the feet regularly can result in undetected wounds or sores that progress into ulcers.
Foot ulcers are classified based on their depth, severity, and extent of tissue involvement. Proper assessment, treatment, and prevention strategies are crucial in managing foot ulcers and minimizing the risk of complications such as infection, gangrene, and amputation.
The metatarsal bones are a group of five long bones in the foot that connect the tarsal bones in the hindfoot to the phalanges in the forefoot. They are located between the tarsal and phalangeal bones and are responsible for forming the arch of the foot and transmitting weight-bearing forces during walking and running. The metatarsal bones are numbered 1 to 5, with the first metatarsal being the shortest and thickest, and the fifth metatarsal being the longest and thinnest. Each metatarsal bone has a base, shaft, and head, and they articulate with each other and with the surrounding bones through joints. Any injury or disorder affecting the metatarsal bones can cause pain and difficulty in walking or standing.
A tendon transfer is a surgical procedure where a healthy tendon is moved to rebalance or reinforce a muscle that has become weak or paralyzed due to injury, disease, or nerve damage. The transferred tendon attaches to the bone in a new position, allowing it to power a different movement or stabilize a joint. This procedure helps restore function and improve mobility in the affected area.
The calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone in the human foot, and it is commonly known as the heel bone. It articulates with the cuboid bone anteriorly, the talus bone superiorly, and several tendons and ligaments that help to form the posterior portion of the foot's skeletal structure. The calcaneus plays a crucial role in weight-bearing and movement, as it forms the lower part of the leg's ankle joint and helps to absorb shock during walking or running.
Osteogenesis, distraction refers to a surgical procedure and controlled rehabilitation process used in orthopedic surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and neurosurgery to lengthen bones or correct bone deformities. The term "osteogenesis" means bone formation, while "distraction" refers to the gradual separation of bone segments.
In this procedure, a surgeon first cuts the bone (osteotomy) and then applies an external or internal distraction device that slowly moves apart the cut ends of the bone. Over time, new bone forms in the gap between the separated bone segments through a process called distraction osteogenesis. This results in increased bone length or correction of deformities.
Distraction osteogenesis is often used to treat various conditions such as limb length discrepancies, craniofacial deformities, and spinal deformities. The procedure requires careful planning, precise surgical technique, and close postoperative management to ensure optimal outcomes.
Osteotomy is a surgical procedure in which a bone is cut to shorten, lengthen, or change its alignment. It is often performed to correct deformities or to realign bones that have been damaged by trauma or disease. The bone may be cut straight across (transverse osteotomy) or at an angle (oblique osteotomy). After the bone is cut, it can be realigned and held in place with pins, plates, or screws until it heals. This procedure is commonly performed on bones in the leg, such as the femur or tibia, but can also be done on other bones in the body.
Acquired hand deformities refer to structural changes in the hand or fingers that occur after birth, as a result of injury, illness, or other external factors. These deformities can affect any part of the hand, including the bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves. Common causes of acquired hand deformities include trauma, infection, degenerative diseases such as arthritis, tumors, and neurological conditions.
The symptoms of acquired hand deformities can vary depending on the severity and location of the deformity. They may include pain, stiffness, swelling, decreased range of motion, loss of function, and changes in appearance. Treatment for acquired hand deformities may involve a combination of medical interventions, such as medication, physical therapy, or splinting, as well as surgical procedures to correct the underlying structural problem. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms, improve function, and restore normal appearance and movement to the hand.
Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction (PTTD) is a condition that affects the posterior tibial tendon, which runs along the inside of the ankle and helps to support the arch of the foot. In PTTD, the tendon becomes inflamed, stretched or torn, leading to instability and sometimes flatfoot deformity.
The medical definition of PTTD is:
A progressive degenerative condition of the posterior tibial tendon, resulting in loss of its function as a stabilizer and support for the arch of the foot. This can lead to acquired flatfoot deformity, characterized by pain, swelling, and weakness along the inside of the ankle and foot. In advanced stages, the condition may cause difficulty walking or standing for prolonged periods, and may require surgical intervention.
Orthotic devices are custom-made or prefabricated appliances designed to align, support, prevent deformity, or improve the function of movable body parts. They are frequently used in the treatment of various musculoskeletal disorders, such as foot and ankle conditions, knee problems, spinal alignment issues, and hand or wrist ailments. These devices can be adjustable or non-adjustable and are typically made from materials like plastic, metal, leather, or fabric. They work by redistributing forces across joints, correcting alignment, preventing unwanted movements, or accommodating existing deformities. Examples of orthotic devices include ankle-foot orthoses, knee braces, back braces, wrist splints, and custom-made foot insoles.
Diabetic neuropathies refer to a group of nerve disorders that are caused by diabetes. High blood sugar levels can injure nerves throughout the body, but diabetic neuropathies most commonly affect the nerves in the legs and feet.
There are four main types of diabetic neuropathies:
1. Peripheral neuropathy: This is the most common type of diabetic neuropathy. It affects the nerves in the legs and feet, causing symptoms such as numbness, tingling, burning, or shooting pain.
2. Autonomic neuropathy: This type of neuropathy affects the autonomic nerves, which control involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and bladder function. Symptoms may include dizziness, fainting, digestive problems, sexual dysfunction, and difficulty regulating body temperature.
3. Proximal neuropathy: Also known as diabetic amyotrophy, this type of neuropathy affects the nerves in the hips, thighs, or buttocks, causing weakness, pain, and difficulty walking.
4. Focal neuropathy: This type of neuropathy affects a single nerve or group of nerves, causing symptoms such as weakness, numbness, or pain in the affected area. Focal neuropathies can occur anywhere in the body, but they are most common in the head, torso, and legs.
The risk of developing diabetic neuropathies increases with the duration of diabetes and poor blood sugar control. Other factors that may contribute to the development of diabetic neuropathies include genetics, age, smoking, and alcohol consumption.
Acquired nose deformities refer to structural changes or abnormalities in the shape of the nose that occur after birth, as opposed to congenital deformities which are present at birth. These deformities can result from various factors such as trauma, injury, infection, tumors, or surgical procedures. Depending on the severity and cause of the deformity, it may affect both the aesthetic appearance and functionality of the nose, potentially causing difficulty in breathing, sinus problems, or sleep apnea. Treatment options for acquired nose deformities may include minimally invasive procedures, such as fillers or laser surgery, or more extensive surgical interventions, such as rhinoplasty or septoplasty, to restore both form and function to the nose.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a group of inherited disorders that cause nerve damage, primarily affecting the peripheral nerves. These are the nerves that transmit signals between the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. CMT affects both motor and sensory nerves, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy, as well as numbness or tingling in the hands and feet.
The disease is named after the three physicians who first described it: Jean-Martin Charcot, Pierre Marie, and Howard Henry Tooth. CMT is characterized by its progressive nature, meaning symptoms typically worsen over time, although the rate of progression can vary significantly among individuals.
There are several types of CMT, classified based on their genetic causes and patterns of inheritance. The two most common forms are CMT1 and CMT2:
1. CMT1: This form is caused by mutations in the genes responsible for the myelin sheath, which insulates peripheral nerves and allows for efficient signal transmission. As a result, demyelination occurs, slowing down nerve impulses and causing muscle weakness, particularly in the lower limbs. Symptoms usually begin in childhood or adolescence and include foot drop, high arches, and hammertoes.
2. CMT2: This form is caused by mutations in the genes responsible for the axons, the nerve fibers that transmit signals within peripheral nerves. As a result, axonal degeneration occurs, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. Symptoms usually begin in early adulthood and progress more slowly than CMT1. They primarily affect the lower limbs but can also involve the hands and arms.
Diagnosis of CMT typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, family history, nerve conduction studies, and genetic testing. While there is no cure for CMT, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and maintaining mobility and function through physical therapy, bracing, orthopedic surgery, and pain management.
Foot injuries refer to any damage or trauma caused to the various structures of the foot, including the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and nerves. These injuries can result from various causes such as accidents, sports activities, falls, or repetitive stress. Common types of foot injuries include fractures, sprains, strains, contusions, dislocations, and overuse injuries like plantar fasciitis or Achilles tendonitis. Symptoms may vary depending on the type and severity of the injury but often include pain, swelling, bruising, difficulty walking, and reduced range of motion. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial to ensure optimal healing and prevent long-term complications.
Spinal curvatures refer to the normal or abnormal curvature patterns of the spine as viewed from the side. The human spine has four distinct curves that form an "S" shape when viewed from the side: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. These natural curves provide strength, flexibility, and balance to the spine, allowing us to stand upright, maintain proper posture, and absorb shock during movement.
Abnormal spinal curvatures are often referred to as spinal deformities and can be classified into two main categories: hyperkyphosis (increased kyphosis) and hyperlordosis (increased lordosis). Examples of such conditions include:
1. Kyphosis: An excessive curvature in the thoracic or sacral regions, leading to a hunchback or rounded appearance. Mild kyphosis is common and usually not problematic, but severe cases can cause pain, breathing difficulties, and neurological issues.
2. Lordosis: An abnormal increase in the curvature of the lumbar or cervical spine, resulting in an exaggerated swayback posture. This can lead to lower back pain, muscle strain, and difficulty maintaining proper balance.
3. Scoliosis: A lateral (side-to-side) spinal curvature that causes the spine to twist and rotate, forming a C or S shape when viewed from behind. Most scoliosis cases are idiopathic (of unknown cause), but they can also be congenital (present at birth) or secondary to other medical conditions.
These abnormal spinal curvatures may require medical intervention, such as physical therapy, bracing, or surgery, depending on the severity and progression of the condition.
Scoliosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, which most often occurs in the thoracic or lumbar regions. The curvature can be "C" or "S" shaped and may also include rotation of the vertebrae. Mild scoliosis doesn't typically cause problems, but severe cases can interfere with breathing and other bodily functions.
The exact cause of most scoliosis is unknown, but it may be related to genetic factors. It often develops in the pre-teen or teenage years, particularly in girls, and is more commonly found in individuals with certain neuromuscular disorders such as cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy.
Treatment for scoliosis depends on the severity of the curve, its location, and the age and expected growth of the individual. Mild cases may only require regular monitoring to ensure the curve doesn't worsen. More severe cases may require bracing or surgery to correct the curvature and prevent it from getting worse.
'Foot bones,' also known as the tarsal and metatarsal bones, are the 26 bones that make up the foot in humans. The foot is divided into three parts: the hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot.
The hindfoot contains two bones: the talus, which connects to the leg bone (tibia), and the calcaneus (heel bone). These bones form the ankle joint and heel.
The midfoot is made up of five irregularly shaped bones called the navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiform bones. These bones help form the arch of the foot and connect the hindfoot to the forefoot.
The forefoot contains the metatarsals (five long bones) and the phalanges (14 small bones). The metatarsals connect the midfoot to the toes, while the phalanges make up the toes themselves.
These bones work together to provide stability, support, and movement for the foot, allowing us to walk, run, and jump.
Congenital Lower Extremity Deformities refer to abnormal structures or development in the lower limbs (including thighs, legs, and feet) that are present at birth. These deformities can vary greatly in severity, from mild differences in shape or position to severe defects that significantly limit mobility or function.
Congenital lower extremity deformities can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences during pregnancy, or a combination of both. Some common examples include:
1. Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (Clubfoot): A deformity where the foot is turned inward and downward at birth.
2. Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH): A condition where the hip joint does not form properly, leading to instability or dislocation.
3. Congenital Femoral Deficiency: A rare condition where there is a deficiency or absence of the femur (thigh bone) or abnormal development of the hip joint.
4. Fibular Hemimelia: A congenital absence or shortening of the fibula bone, which can lead to foot and ankle deformities.
5. Tibial Hemimelia: A rare condition where there is a partial or complete absence of the tibia bone, leading to significant leg length discrepancies and joint instability.
Treatment for congenital lower extremity deformities can range from non-surgical interventions such as bracing, casting, or physical therapy to surgical procedures aimed at correcting the deformity and improving function.
Kyphosis is a medical term used to describe an excessive curvature of the spine in the sagittal plane, leading to a rounded or humped back appearance. This condition often affects the thoracic region of the spine and can result from various factors such as age-related degenerative changes, congenital disorders, Scheuermann's disease, osteoporosis, or traumatic injuries. Mild kyphosis may not cause any significant symptoms; however, severe cases can lead to pain, respiratory difficulties, and decreased quality of life. Treatment options typically include physical therapy, bracing, and, in some cases, surgical intervention.
"Foot joints" is a general term that refers to the various articulations or connections between the bones in the foot. There are several joints in the foot, including:
1. The ankle joint (tibiotalar joint): This is the joint between the tibia and fibula bones of the lower leg and the talus bone of the foot.
2. The subtalar joint (talocalcaneal joint): This is the joint between the talus bone and the calcaneus (heel) bone.
3. The calcaneocuboid joint: This is the joint between the calcaneus bone and the cuboid bone, which is one of the bones in the midfoot.
4. The tarsometatarsal joints (Lisfranc joint): These are the joints that connect the tarsal bones in the midfoot to the metatarsal bones in the forefoot.
5. The metatarsophalangeal joints: These are the joints between the metatarsal bones and the phalanges (toes) in the forefoot.
6. The interphalangeal joints: These are the joints between the phalanges within each toe.
Each of these foot joints plays a specific role in supporting the foot, absorbing shock, and allowing for movement and flexibility during walking and other activities.
The spine, also known as the vertebral column, is a complex structure in the human body that is part of the axial skeleton. It is composed of 33 individual vertebrae (except in some people where there are fewer due to fusion of certain vertebrae), intervertebral discs, facet joints, ligaments, muscles, and nerves.
The spine has several important functions:
1. Protection: The spine protects the spinal cord, which is a major component of the nervous system, by enclosing it within a bony canal.
2. Support: The spine supports the head and upper body, allowing us to maintain an upright posture and facilitating movement of the trunk and head.
3. Movement: The spine enables various movements such as flexion (bending forward), extension (bending backward), lateral flexion (bending sideways), and rotation (twisting).
4. Weight-bearing: The spine helps distribute weight and pressure evenly across the body, reducing stress on individual vertebrae and other structures.
5. Blood vessel and nerve protection: The spine protects vital blood vessels and nerves that pass through it, including the aorta, vena cava, and spinal nerves.
The spine is divided into five regions: cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae), lumbar (5 vertebrae), sacrum (5 fused vertebrae), and coccyx (4 fused vertebrae, also known as the tailbone). Each region has unique characteristics that allow for specific functions and adaptations to the body's needs.
Hallux Valgus is a medical condition that affects the foot, specifically the big toe joint. It is characterized by the deviation of the big toe (hallux) towards the second toe, resulting in a prominent bump on the inner side of the foot at the base of the big toe. This bump is actually the metatarsal head of the first bone in the foot that becomes exposed due to the angulation.
The deformity can lead to pain, stiffness, and difficulty wearing shoes. In severe cases, it can also cause secondary arthritis in the joint. Hallux Valgus is more common in women than men and can be caused by genetic factors, foot shape, or ill-fitting shoes that put pressure on the big toe joint.
Bone lengthening is a surgical procedure that involves cutting and then gradually stretching the bone apart, allowing new bone to grow in its place. This process is also known as distraction osteogenesis. The goal of bone lengthening is to increase the length of a bone, either to improve function or to correct a deformity.
The procedure typically involves making an incision in the skin over the bone and using specialized tools to cut through the bone. Once the bone is cut, a device called an external fixator is attached to the bone on either side of the cut. The external fixator is then gradually adjusted over time to slowly stretch the bone apart, creating a gap between the two ends of the bone. As the bone is stretched, new bone tissue begins to grow in the space between the two ends, eventually filling in the gap and lengthening the bone.
Bone lengthening can be used to treat a variety of conditions, including limb length discrepancies, congenital deformities, and injuries that result in bone loss. It is typically performed by an orthopedic surgeon and may require several months of follow-up care to ensure proper healing and growth of the new bone tissue.
'Leg length inequality' (LLIS) is a condition where there is a discrepancy in the lengths of an individual's lower extremities, specifically the bones of the thigh (femur) and/or the leg (tibia/fibula). This discrepancy can be congenital or acquired due to various causes such as fractures, infections, or surgical procedures. The inequality can lead to functional scoliosis, lower back pain, and other musculoskeletal issues. It is typically diagnosed through physical examination and imaging studies like X-rays, and may be treated with various methods including orthotics, shoe lifts, or in some cases, surgical intervention.
Congenital limb deformities refer to abnormalities in the structure, position, or function of the arms or legs that are present at birth. These deformities can vary greatly in severity and may affect any part of the limb, including the bones, muscles, joints, and nerves.
Congenital limb deformities can be caused by genetic factors, exposure to certain medications or chemicals during pregnancy, or other environmental factors. Some common types of congenital limb deformities include:
1. Clubfoot: A condition in which the foot is twisted out of shape, making it difficult to walk normally.
2. Polydactyly: A condition in which a person is born with extra fingers or toes.
3. Radial clubhand: A rare condition in which the radius bone in the forearm is missing or underdeveloped, causing the hand to turn inward and the wrist to bend.
4. Amniotic band syndrome: A condition in which strands of the amniotic sac wrap around a developing limb, restricting its growth and leading to deformities.
5. Agenesis: A condition in which a limb or part of a limb is missing at birth.
Treatment for congenital limb deformities may include surgery, bracing, physical therapy, or other interventions depending on the severity and nature of the deformity. In some cases, early intervention and treatment can help to improve function and reduce the impact of the deformity on a person's daily life.
Developmental bone diseases are a group of medical conditions that affect the growth and development of bones. These diseases are present at birth or develop during childhood and adolescence, when bones are growing rapidly. They can result from genetic mutations, hormonal imbalances, or environmental factors such as poor nutrition.
Some examples of developmental bone diseases include:
1. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI): Also known as brittle bone disease, OI is a genetic disorder that affects the body's production of collagen, a protein necessary for healthy bones. People with OI have fragile bones that break easily and may also experience other symptoms such as blue sclerae (whites of the eyes), hearing loss, and joint laxity.
2. Achondroplasia: This is the most common form of dwarfism, caused by a genetic mutation that affects bone growth. People with achondroplasia have short limbs and a large head relative to their body size.
3. Rickets: A condition caused by vitamin D deficiency or an inability to absorb or use vitamin D properly. This leads to weak, soft bones that can bow or bend easily, particularly in children.
4. Fibrous dysplasia: A rare bone disorder where normal bone is replaced with fibrous tissue, leading to weakened bones and deformities.
5. Scoliosis: An abnormal curvature of the spine that can develop during childhood or adolescence. While not strictly a developmental bone disease, scoliosis can be caused by various underlying conditions such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, or spina bifida.
Treatment for developmental bone diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment may include medication, physical therapy, bracing, or surgery to correct deformities and improve function. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is essential to monitor growth, manage symptoms, and prevent complications.
The thoracic vertebrae are the 12 vertebrae in the thoracic region of the spine, which is the portion between the cervical and lumbar regions. These vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12, with T1 being closest to the skull and T12 connecting to the lumbar region.
The main function of the thoracic vertebrae is to provide stability and support for the chest region, including protection for the vital organs within, such as the heart and lungs. Each thoracic vertebra has costal facets on its sides, which articulate with the heads of the ribs, forming the costovertebral joints. This connection between the spine and the ribcage allows for a range of movements while maintaining stability.
The thoracic vertebrae have a unique structure compared to other regions of the spine. They are characterized by having long, narrow bodies, small bony processes, and prominent spinous processes that point downwards. This particular shape and orientation of the thoracic vertebrae contribute to their role in limiting excessive spinal movement and providing overall trunk stability.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "shoes" are not a medical term. Shoes are items of footwear intended to protect and comfort the feet. They typically have a durable sole that provides protection from sharp objects, hot surfaces, and the effects of moisture. The upper part of a shoe can be made from various materials such as leather, plastic, or textiles, and is designed to provide coverage and support for the foot.
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help!
Orthopedic procedures are surgical or nonsurgical methods used to treat musculoskeletal conditions, including injuries, deformities, or diseases of the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. These procedures can range from simple splinting or casting to complex surgeries such as joint replacements, spinal fusions, or osteotomies (cutting and repositioning bones). The primary goal of orthopedic procedures is to restore function, reduce pain, and improve the quality of life for patients.
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a mild, contagious viral infection common in infants and children but can sometimes occur in adults. The disease is often caused by coxsackievirus A16 or enterovirus 71.
The name "hand, foot and mouth" comes from the fact that blister-like sores usually appear in the mouth (and occasionally on the buttocks and legs) along with a rash on the hands and feet. The disease is not related to foot-and-mouth disease (also called hoof-and-mouth disease), which affects cattle, sheep, and swine.
HFMD is spread through close personal contact, such as hugging and kissing, or through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be spread by touching objects and surfaces that have the virus on them and then touching the face. People with HFMD are most contagious during the first week of their illness but can still be contagious for weeks after symptoms go away.
There is no specific treatment for HFMD, and it usually resolves on its own within 7-10 days. However, over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers may help alleviate symptoms. It's important to encourage good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, to prevent the spread of HFMD.
Acquired ear deformities refer to abnormal shapes or structures of the ear that result from injury, infection, inflammation, or other external factors after birth. These deformities can affect the appearance and function of the ear, causing symptoms such as hearing loss or discomfort. Examples of acquired ear deformities include:
1. Cauliflower ear: a condition characterized by swelling, thickening, and distortion of the ear caused by repeated trauma or injury to the ear cartilage.
2. Microtia: a congenital ear abnormality that can become worse over time due to infection, inflammation, or trauma, resulting in an underdeveloped or absent ear.
3. Macrotia: an abnormally large ear that may result from injury or other external factors.
4. Stenosis: a narrowing of the ear canal that can result from chronic inflammation, infection, or scarring.
5. Hematoma: a collection of blood in the ear tissue caused by trauma or injury, which can lead to deformity if not treated promptly.
6. Keloids: overgrowths of scar tissue that can form after injury or surgery and distort the shape of the ear.
Treatment for acquired ear deformities may include surgical reconstruction, splinting, or other interventions depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.
Foot dermatoses refer to various skin conditions that affect the feet. These can include inflammatory conditions like eczema and psoriasis, infectious diseases such as athlete's foot (tinea pedis), fungal infections, bacterial infections, viral infections (like plantar warts caused by HPV), and autoimmune blistering disorders. Additionally, contact dermatitis from irritants or allergens can also affect the feet. Proper diagnosis is essential to determine the best course of treatment for each specific condition.
The metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint is the joint in the foot where the metatarsal bones of the foot (the long bones behind the toes) connect with the proximal phalanges of the toes. It's a synovial joint, which means it's surrounded by a capsule containing synovial fluid to allow for smooth movement. The MTP joint is responsible for allowing the flexion and extension movements of the toes, and is important for maintaining balance and pushing off during walking and running. Issues with the MTP joint can lead to conditions such as hallux valgus (bunions) or hammertoe.
Surgical casts are medical devices used to immobilize and protect injured body parts, typically fractured or broken bones, during the healing process. They are usually made of plaster or fiberglass materials that harden when wet and conform to the shape of the affected area once applied. The purpose of a surgical cast is to restrict movement and provide stability to the injured site, allowing for proper alignment and healing of the bones.
The casting process involves first aligning the broken bone fragments into their correct positions, often through manual manipulation or surgical intervention. Once aligned, the cast material is applied in layers, with each layer being allowed to dry before adding the next. This creates a rigid structure that encases and supports the injured area. The cast must be kept dry during the healing process to prevent it from becoming weakened or damaged.
Surgical casts come in various shapes and sizes depending on the location and severity of the injury. They may also include additional components such as padding, Velcro straps, or window openings to allow for regular monitoring of the skin and underlying tissue. In some cases, removable splints or functional braces may be used instead of traditional casts, providing similar support while allowing for limited movement and easier adjustments.
It is essential to follow proper care instructions when wearing a surgical cast, including elevating the injured limb, avoiding excessive weight-bearing, and monitoring for signs of complications such as swelling, numbness, or infection. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are necessary to ensure proper healing and adjust the cast if needed.
A contracture, in a medical context, refers to the abnormal shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, or other tissue, which can result in limited mobility and deformity of joints. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as injury, prolonged immobilization, scarring, neurological disorders, or genetic conditions.
Contractures can cause significant impairment in daily activities and quality of life, making it difficult for individuals to perform routine tasks like dressing, bathing, or walking. Treatment options may include physical therapy, splinting, casting, medications, surgery, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the contracture.
In medical terms, ribs are the long, curved bones that make up the ribcage in the human body. They articulate with the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly and connect to the sternum anteriorly via costal cartilages. There are 12 pairs of ribs in total, and they play a crucial role in protecting the lungs and heart, allowing room for expansion and contraction during breathing. Ribs also provide attachment points for various muscles involved in respiration and posture.
Pectus Excavatum, commonly referred to as "Funnel Chest," is a congenital deformity of the chest wall where the sternum (breastbone) and rib cartilages grow inward, creating a sunken or caved-in appearance of the chest. This condition can vary in severity, from mild to severe, and may affect one's appearance, breathing, and overall health. In some cases, surgical intervention might be required to correct the deformity and improve related symptoms.
Musculoskeletal abnormalities refer to structural and functional disorders that affect the musculoskeletal system, which includes the bones, muscles, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other related tissues. These abnormalities can result from genetic factors, trauma, overuse, degenerative processes, infections, or tumors. They may cause pain, stiffness, limited mobility, deformity, weakness, and susceptibility to injuries. Examples of musculoskeletal abnormalities include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis, fractures, dislocations, tendinitis, bursitis, myopathies, and various congenital conditions.
Articular Range of Motion (AROM) is a term used in physiotherapy and orthopedics to describe the amount of movement available in a joint, measured in degrees of a circle. It refers to the range through which synovial joints can actively move without causing pain or injury. AROM is assessed by measuring the degree of motion achieved by active muscle contraction, as opposed to passive range of motion (PROM), where the movement is generated by an external force.
Assessment of AROM is important in evaluating a patient's functional ability and progress, planning treatment interventions, and determining return to normal activities or sports participation. It is also used to identify any restrictions in joint mobility that may be due to injury, disease, or surgery, and to monitor the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs.
An external fixator is a type of orthopedic device used in the treatment of severe fractures or deformities of bones. It consists of an external frame that is attached to the bone with pins or wires that pass through the skin and into the bone. This provides stability to the injured area while allowing for alignment and adjustment of the bone during the healing process.
External fixators are typically used in cases where traditional casting or internal fixation methods are not feasible, such as when there is extensive soft tissue damage, infection, or when a limb needs to be gradually stretched or shortened. They can also be used in reconstructive surgery for bone defects or deformities.
The external frame of the fixator is made up of bars and clamps that are adjustable, allowing for precise positioning and alignment of the bones. The pins or wires that attach to the bone are carefully inserted through small incisions in the skin, and are held in place by the clamps on the frame.
External fixators can be used for a period of several weeks to several months, depending on the severity of the injury and the individual's healing process. During this time, the patient may require regular adjustments and monitoring by an orthopedic surgeon or other medical professional. Once the bone has healed sufficiently, the external fixator can be removed in a follow-up procedure.
"Genu valgum," also known as "knock-knee," is a condition where there is an excessive angle between the thighbone (femur) and the shinbone (tibia), causing the knees to touch or come close together while the ankles remain separated when standing with the feet and knees together. This abnormal alignment can lead to difficulty walking, running, and participating in certain activities, as well as potential long-term complications such as joint pain and osteoarthritis if not properly addressed. Genu valgum is typically diagnosed through physical examination and imaging studies such as X-rays, and treatment may include observation, physical therapy, bracing, or surgery depending on the severity of the condition and the individual's age and overall health.
A splint is a device used to support, protect, and immobilize injured body parts, such as bones, joints, or muscles. It can be made from various materials like plastic, metal, or fiberglass. Splints are often used to keep the injured area in a stable position, reducing pain, swelling, and further damage while the injury heals. They come in different shapes and sizes, tailored to fit specific body parts and injuries. A splint can be adjustable or custom-made, depending on the patient's needs. It is essential to follow healthcare professionals' instructions for using and caring for a splint to ensure proper healing and prevent complications.
The tibia, also known as the shin bone, is the larger of the two bones in the lower leg and part of the knee joint. It supports most of the body's weight and is a major insertion point for muscles that flex the foot and bend the leg. The tibia articulates with the femur at the knee joint and with the fibula and talus bone at the ankle joint. Injuries to the tibia, such as fractures, are common in sports and other activities that put stress on the lower leg.
The ankle joint, also known as the talocrural joint, is the articulation between the bones of the lower leg (tibia and fibula) and the talus bone in the foot. It is a synovial hinge joint that allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion movements, which are essential for walking, running, and jumping. The ankle joint is reinforced by strong ligaments on both sides to provide stability during these movements.
Pronation is a term used in the medical field, particularly in the study of human biomechanics and orthopedics. It refers to the normal motion that occurs in the subtalar joint of the foot, which allows the foot to adapt to various surfaces and absorb shock during walking or running.
During pronation, the arch of the foot collapses, and the heel rolls inward, causing the forefoot to rotate outward. This motion helps distribute the forces of impact evenly across the foot and lower limb, reducing stress on individual structures and providing stability during weight-bearing activities.
However, excessive pronation can lead to biomechanical issues and increase the risk of injuries such as plantar fasciitis, shin splints, and knee pain. Proper assessment and management of foot mechanics, including orthotics or physical therapy interventions, may be necessary to address excessive pronation and related conditions.
Malunited fractures refer to a type of fracture where the bones do not heal in their proper alignment or position. This can occur due to various reasons such as inadequate reduction of the fracture fragments during initial treatment, improper casting or immobilization, or failure of the patient to follow proper immobilization instructions. Malunited fractures can result in deformity, limited range of motion, and decreased functionality of the affected limb. Additional treatments such as surgery may be required to correct the malunion and restore normal function.
Tuberculosis (TB) of the spine, also known as Pott's disease, is a specific form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that involves the vertebral column. It is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium, which primarily affects the lungs but can spread through the bloodstream to other parts of the body, including the spine.
In Pott's disease, the infection leads to the destruction of the spongy bone (vertebral body) and the intervertebral disc space, resulting in vertebral collapse, kyphosis (hunchback deformity), and potential neurological complications due to spinal cord compression. Common symptoms include back pain, stiffness, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Early diagnosis and treatment with a multidrug antibiotic regimen are crucial to prevent long-term disability and further spread of the infection.
"Hallux" is a medical term that refers to the big toe or great toe, which is the first digit of the human foot. It is derived from Latin, where "hallus" means "big toe." In some contexts, specific pathologies or conditions related to the big toe may also be referred to as hallux issues, such as hallux valgus (a common foot deformity where the big toe drifts toward the second toe) or hallux rigidus (a form of degenerative arthritis that affects the big toe joint).
Orthopedic fixation devices are medical implants used in orthopedic surgery to provide stability and promote the healing of fractured or broken bones, as well as joints or spinal segments. These devices can be internal or external and include a variety of products such as:
1. Intramedullary nails: Long rods that are inserted into the center of a bone to stabilize fractures in long bones like the femur or tibia.
2. Plates and screws: Metal plates are attached to the surface of a bone with screws to hold the fragments together while they heal.
3. Screws: Used alone or in combination with other devices, they can be used to stabilize small fractures or to fix implants like total joint replacements.
4. Wires: Used to hold bone fragments together, often in conjunction with other devices.
5. External fixators: A external frame attached to the bones using pins or wires that is placed outside the skin to provide stability and alignment of fractured bones.
6. Spinal fixation devices: These include pedicle screws, rods, hooks, and plates used to stabilize spinal fractures or deformities.
7. Orthopedic staples: Small metal staples used to stabilize small bone fragments or for joint fusion.
The choice of orthopedic fixation device depends on the location and severity of the injury or condition being treated. The primary goal of these devices is to provide stability, promote healing, and restore function.
Arthrodesis is a surgical procedure to fuse together the bones of a joint, in order to restrict its movement and provide stability. This procedure is typically performed when a joint has been severely damaged by injury, arthritis, or other conditions, and non-surgical treatments have failed to relieve symptoms such as pain and instability.
During the surgery, the cartilage that normally cushions the ends of the bones is removed, and the bones are realigned and held in place with hardware such as plates, screws, or rods. Over time, the bones grow together, forming a solid fusion that restricts joint motion.
Arthrodesis can be performed on various joints throughout the body, including the spine, wrist, ankle, and knee. While this procedure can provide significant pain relief and improve function, it does limit the range of motion in the fused joint, which may impact mobility and daily activities. Therefore, arthrodesis is typically considered a last resort when other treatments have failed.
Foot deformity
Hand and foot deformity with flat facies
Pedorthist
Davis's law
Nail brace
Ankle fusion
Arthrogryposis
Hurler syndrome
Van De Berghe Dequeker syndrome
Pedobarography
Hammer toe
Calpainopathy
Toe
Equinovalgus
Charles Thurstan Holland
Toe walking
Rocker bottom foot
Lord Byron
Corby toxic waste case
Wayne Raney
Club foot (disambiguation)
Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy
George Napoleon Epps
Diastematomyelia
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Kuriakose Elias Chavara
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I
Singleton Merten syndrome
Roussy-Lévy syndrome
Pigeon toe
Sufi Budhal Faqeer
Foot deformity - Wikipedia
Foot deformities
Quail foot deformity | BackYard Chickens - Learn How to Raise Chickens
Foot Deformity Specialists - Jamaica Hospital Medical Center
Keratoderma palmaris et plantaris with clubbing and skeletal deformity of the terminal phalanges of the hands and feet. Report...
Abnormal hypersynchronization of body balance control system in children with post-burn foot deformity - PDF (Russian) -...
Deformities | Foot Problems
Foot deformities - AKSIS Special Hospital
Toe Deformities - The Foot Institute
Foot Deformities, Congenital | Profiles RNS
Lesser Toe Deformities
FOOT DEFORMITY Archives - PHYSIOFEEDS
Newborn Foot Deformities | Southern California Foot & Ankle Specialists
Metatarsalgia El Paso | Foot Injury | Toe Deformities El Paso
Foot & Ankle⎪Bunionette Deformity - Orthohub
Deformities | Podiatrist In Knoxville, TN | Family Foot & Ankle Clinic
Advanced Family Foot & Ankle | Toe Deformities in Canton and Ypsilanti
Rheumatoid Arthritis Foot Deformity | Tampa Rheumatology
Haglund's Deformity - Looking Glass Foot & Ankle Center
Hammertoe Deformity | Dr Martins Foot and Ankle Clinic
Deformities | Podiatrist In Zephyrhills, FL | Total Foot and Ankle of Tampa Bay
Haglund's Deformity - Clement Foot & Ankle | Mesa, AZ Podiatrist
Haglund's Deformity - Shuman Podiatry - Sterling VA Foot Care Specialists
Cavovarus Foot Correction East Longmeadow | Foot Deformity Springfield, MA
Foot & Ankle Deformity High Wycombe | Foot & Ankle Surgery Buckinghamshire | London
Foot Deformity Correction Mesquite, TX | Ankle Deformity Correction Forney, TX
Charcot Foot Deformity Sugar Land TX | Ankle Fusion Bellaire, Houston
Cavus Foot Deformity Orange, CA | Cavus Foot Surgery Irvine, CA
Case Report: Chronic Foot Pain Accompanied With Deformity - Clinical Pain Advisor
Foot Deformity Treatment Near Me in Tustin, CA | Tustin Podiatry Clinic
Congenital14
- A foot deformity is a disorder of the foot that can be congenital or acquired. (wikipedia.org)
- It's an uncommon, congenital fetal abnormality which can lead to disfigured feet. (footpainmanagement.org)
- Foot Deformities, Congenital" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (sdsu.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Foot Deformities, Congenital" by people in this website by year, and whether "Foot Deformities, Congenital" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (sdsu.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Foot Deformities, Congenital" by people in Profiles. (sdsu.edu)
- Congenital talipes equinovarus ( CTEV ) DEFINITION Congenital talipes equinovarus is most common Congenital foot disorder. (physiofeeds.com)
- That's what you'll find at Southern California Foot & Ankle Specialists, where pediatric and congenital foot care is a core part of our practice. (socalfootandankle.com)
- There was congenital windmill vane hand position and severe talipes equinovarus deformity. (nih.gov)
- Congenital deformities of the spine are spinal deformities identified at birth that are a byproduct of anomalous vertebral development in the embryo. (medscape.com)
- [ 1 ] In contrast, congenital spinal malformations that result in progressive spinal deformity are relatively rare, occurring with a reported frequency of 0.5/1000 births. (medscape.com)
- [ 3 ] Some congenital abnormalities may be benign, causing no spinal deformity, and remain undetected throughout a lifetime. (medscape.com)
- Congenital spinal deformity may be described broadly in terms of the direction of the particular deformity. (medscape.com)
- The Freeman-Sheldon syndrome is a rare congenital myopathy and dysplasia that results in deformity of the face, hands, and feet. (nih.gov)
- asymptomatic, paediatric flexible flat foot, by far the most common form of congenital flat foot. (who.int)
Haglund's Deformity9
- Haglund's Deformity (also known as pump bump or retrocalcaneal bursitis) is a painful enlargement on the back of the heel bone that becomes irritated by shoes. (gardnerfootclinic.com)
- What is Haglund's Deformity? (lookingglassfoot.com)
- Also known as the "pump bump", Haglund's deformity is a condition that causes the bony section of your heel-where the Achilles tendon is-to become enlarged or inflamed. (lookingglassfoot.com)
- Wearing shoes that put too much pressure on the back of the heel, causing inflammation, often causes Haglund's deformity. (lookingglassfoot.com)
- If left untreated, Haglund's deformity can lead to bursitis-which is an inflammation of the fluid-filled sac that separates the tendon from the bone. (lookingglassfoot.com)
- As its other name "pump bump" implies, the rigid backs of "pump-style" shoes usually causes Haglund's deformity. (lookingglassfoot.com)
- Most cases of Haglund's deformity are very painful-especially in the area where the growth is located on the heel. (lookingglassfoot.com)
- Because its symptoms are so similar to those of other common foot conditions-like arthritis-Haglund's deformity can be difficult to diagnose. (lookingglassfoot.com)
- Treating Haglund's deformity involves relieving pressure from the heel bone. (lookingglassfoot.com)
Toes21
- But I have 2 with a foot deformity the 2 outside toes dont want to flatten out. (backyardchickens.com)
- Toes bent upward from the joints at the ball of the foot. (footpainmanagement.org)
- In such case it affects foot and ankle, twisting the heel and toes inward. (footpainmanagement.org)
- Deformities of the lesser toes are frequently the secondary result of a bunion or deviated big toe. (footandankledoctor.com.sg)
- Deformities can be varied and can result in the lesser toes riding up or across (crossover toe) towards the big toe or the adjacent toe. (footandankledoctor.com.sg)
- Lesser toe deformities such as a hammer or crossover toes can be managed with toe splints or shoe inserts (orthotics or insoles) to either reduce the deformity or re-distribute pressure and relieve pain over the bottom of the foot. (footandankledoctor.com.sg)
- When little toes don't look quite the way they should, it's important to seek out a professional evaluation, ideally from a specialist with experience treating these kinds of deformities. (socalfootandankle.com)
- Metatarsalgia is a condition in which pain and inflammation are caused due to overuse or injury to the ball of the foot - the area between the toes and the arch. (epfootandankle.com)
- They form due to the big toe pointing inward to the other toes of your feet. (gardnerfootclinic.com)
- Most feet are flexible and an arch appears when children begin standing on their toes. (gardnerfootclinic.com)
- Hammertoe is a deformity of the second, third, or fourth toes. (gardnerfootclinic.com)
- Corns and calluses (a buildup of skin) on the toe, between two toes or on the ball of the foot. (jacksonfootankle.com)
- During the physical examination, the doctor may attempt to reproduce your symptoms by manipulating your foot and will study the contractures of the toes. (jacksonfootankle.com)
- In selecting the procedure or combination of procedures for your particular case, the foot and ankle surgeon will take into consideration the extent of your deformity, the number of toes involved, your age, your activity level and other factors. (jacksonfootankle.com)
- This results as the two ends of the foot - the heel and toes - abnormally draw towards the inside of the foot, causing the foot to rest on its outer side. (neortho.com)
- People who have fungal toenail infections often have a fungal skin infection on the foot, especially between the toes (commonly called athlete's foot , ringworm on the foot, or tinea pedis). (cdc.gov)
- For patients that have had flat foot for a long time, you may develop changes in the appearance and flexibility of your toes also. (medlineplus.gov)
- The spectrum of associated deformities observed with pes cavus includes clawing of the toes , posterior hindfoot deformity (described as an increased calcaneal angle), contracture of the plantar fascia, and cockup deformity of the great toe. (medscape.com)
- Intrinsic muscle develops contractures while the long extensor to the toes, recruited to assist in ankle dorsiflexion, causes cockup or claw toe deformity . (medscape.com)
- Unusually long toes often develop hammer toe deformities. (msdmanuals.com)
- The researchers speculate that the high heritability of lesser toe deformities might be associated with excessively long toes, which may be vulnerable to deformity resulting from footwear compression. (medscape.com)
Correction6
- Foot and Ankle deformity correction is the repair of the abnormality by restoring the normal alignment of the bones in the foot & ankle, surgically or non-surgically. (precisionfootandankle.co.uk)
- An 8-year-old girl with Freeman-Sheldon syndrome underwent surgery under general anesthesia for the correction of lip deformity and microstomia. (nih.gov)
- If conservative measures are ineffective, surgical correction of the deformity often relieves symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
- Guided growth: angular deformity correction through temporary hemiepiphysiodesis with a novel flexible staple (FlexTack). (bvsalud.org)
- Overall, 79% (109/138) of patients treated with flexible staples achieved sufficient deformity correction. (bvsalud.org)
- The flexible staples achieved a median MAD correction of 1.2 mm/month/HED site (IQR 0.6 to 2.0) in valgus deformities and 0.6 mm/month/HED site (IQR 0.2 to 1.5) in varus deformities . (bvsalud.org)
Bunions2
- Bunions are malformation of the joint connecting to big toe of the foot which can lead to swollen and tender. (footpainmanagement.org)
- Often, patients with hammertoe have bunions or other foot deformities corrected at the same time. (jacksonfootankle.com)
Hammertoe2
- The treatment your foot and ankle surgeon selects will depend on the severity of your hammertoe and other factors. (jacksonfootankle.com)
- At Tustin Podiatry Clinic our expert podiatrist treat various foot deformities including hammertoe, bunion, flat feet & high arched feet. (tustinpodiatryclinic.com)
Hallux valgus deformity1
- Anatomical factors such as a large first-second inter-metatarsal angle, an excessively long first metatarsal and a round first metatarsal head have recently been shown to be associated with increased hallux valgus severity in older people, and it has been speculated that these foot structures may be more susceptible to lateral deviation of the hallux and subsequent hallux valgus deformity as a result of footwear compression. (medscape.com)
Diagnosis4
- Although hammertoes are readily apparent, to arrive at a diagnosis, the foot and ankle surgeon will obtain a thorough history of your symptoms and examine your foot. (jacksonfootankle.com)
- Dr. Bilal Shamsi, D.P.M, FACFAS in Houston, Friendswood, Lake Jackson, TXoffers expert diagnosis and individualized non-operative and operative treatment plans for Charcot Foot Deformity. (everestfac.com)
- Adult-acquired flatfoot deformity: etiology, diagnosis, and management. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
- Diagnosis of hammer toe deformity is clinical. (msdmanuals.com)
Symptoms6
- Our podiatrists can help you find the relief you need to ensure correct physical development in your feet and find relief from your symptoms. (jamaicahospital.org)
- Symptoms can include pain over the top of the toe and difficultly getting the foot into a shoe. (footandankledoctor.com.sg)
- Changing shoes, soaking feet, and anti-inflammatory medications often mitigate the symptoms of this problem. (footandanklecg.com)
- It may be difficult to diagnose Charcot foot in the early stages, so your doctor will discuss your symptoms in detail and perform a thorough foot examination. (everestfac.com)
- You will be provided with a cast, crutches, or wheelchair to rest your foot until symptoms improve. (everestfac.com)
- Symptoms in adults may include tired or achy feet after long periods of standing or playing sports. (medlineplus.gov)
Severe9
- If the deformity is severe, surgery is recommended. (precisionfootandankle.co.uk)
- Others may be associated with severe, progressive spinal deformity leading to cor pulmonale or even paraplegia (see the image below). (medscape.com)
- If a person with diabetes soaks their feet, it can lead to severe complications. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Patients with severe spinal deformities are also predisposed to the development of respiratory problems. (medscape.com)
- This term describes dwarfism with perhaps the most numerous and severe skeletal abnormalities from cervical spine to the feet. (medscape.com)
- Eventually, patients with adult acquired flat usual in infants, common in children and foot may develop severe arthritis in the foot uncommon in adults [ 1 ]. (who.int)
- They or more severe factors such as rupture of were given a brief general medical exami- the ligaments or tendons in the foot [ 7 ]. (who.int)
- Apert syndrome is a rare type I acrocephalosyndactyly syndrome characterized by craniosynostosis, severe syndactyly of the hands and feet, and dysmorphic facial features. (bvsalud.org)
- Apert syndrome is a rare type I acrocephalosyndactyly syndrome characterized by craniosynostosis, severe syndactyly of the hands and feet, and dysmorphic facial features (1-3) that was first described by Apert, a French physician, in 1906 (1). (bvsalud.org)
Correct the deformity1
- Some conditions such as tarsal coalition may need surgery to correct the deformity so the foot stays flexible. (medlineplus.gov)
Valgus5
- On exam of a rigid deformity forefoot pronation cannot be corrected passively with the heel in valgus. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
- Patients with rigid hindfoot valgus and forefoot abduction deformities require a fusion procedure, most commonly a triple arthrodesis. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
- It tells us the this common foot condition is indeed very heritable, and our paper notes that this is more so in women than men, and more so in women who show hallux valgus before age 65 (what we called early onset), where hallux valgus appears to be even more heritable than height, which is well appreciated as being inherited from one's parents," Dr. Hannan told Medscape Medical News . (medscape.com)
- The study objective was to estimate the heritability of hallux valgus, lesser toe deformities, and plantar forefoot soft tissue atrophy. (medscape.com)
- Almost half of the women aged 70+ years had hallux valgus, lesser toe deformity and/or plantar soft tissue atrophy," the authors report. (medscape.com)
Scoliosis2
- Some deformities will result in sagittal plane abnormalities (kyphosis or lordosis), whereas others will primarily affect the coronal plane (scoliosis). (medscape.com)
- Krysten Bell, MD specializes in pediatric orthopedic surgical care, including trauma, complex hip deformities in children and young adults, scoliosis and other spine deformities, pediatric foot and ankle surgery, and pediatric sports injuries. (stlukesonline.org)
Orthotics5
- Whether your deformity requires special bracing and orthotics or surgery, we have the expertise to help you heal and give you the comfort and mobility you deserve. (jamaicahospital.org)
- HyProCure provides a permanent solution to the problem of flat feet, removing the need for orthotics. (upstep.com)
- Flat feet in older adults can be treated with pain relievers, orthotics, and sometimes surgery. (medlineplus.gov)
- A couple of important ways they can help is by assessing footwear and prescribing custom foot orthotics. (feetnet.com)
- Custom foot orthotics are designed to support the feet and enhance feedback to the brain, which improves balance. (feetnet.com)
Cavus7
- Tarsal coalitions have only very infrequently been observed in the context of cavus foot abnormalities. (bezmialem.edu.tr)
- We report tarsal coalitions observed in cavus deformity here. (bezmialem.edu.tr)
- Two patients with cavus deformities who were treated by one of the authors have either a unilateral or bilateral tarsal coalition. (bezmialem.edu.tr)
- All of these cases occurred in patients with idiopathic cavus deformity. (bezmialem.edu.tr)
- We advise surgeons to keep an awareness for this potential comorbid issue in all cavus foot abnormalities and to take advanced imaging into consideration. (bezmialem.edu.tr)
- In these uncommon cases, the medial cuneiform-navicular and calcaneonavicular joints formed an osseous coalition with pes cavus deformity, which successfully resolved with conservative and surgical treatment, respectively. (bezmialem.edu.tr)
- Pes cavus is a descriptive term for a foot morphology characterized by high arch of the foot that does not flatten with weightbearing. (medscape.com)
Flatfoot deformity3
- A rigid flatfoot deformity cannot be corrected passively beyond neutral, which is a distinguishable feature from a flexible deformity. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
- Approach and treatment of the adult acquired flatfoot deformity. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
- Orthopedics Today interviews Scott J. Ellis, MD , foot and ankle surgeon at HSS about results of a study that indicate the cervical ligament in the subtalar joint may need further examination in foot reconstruction surgery, especially in patients with flatfoot deformity. (hss.edu)
Hammer5
- A hammer toe is a deformity that causes your toe to bend or curl downward instead of pointing forward. (healthline.com)
- Hammer toe is a Z-shaped deformity caused by dorsal subluxation at the metatarsophalangeal joint. (msdmanuals.com)
- The usual cause of hammer toe deformity is misalignment of the joint surfaces due to a genetic predisposition toward aberrant foot biomechanics and tendon contractures. (msdmanuals.com)
- often develop in hammer toe deformity, particularly of the 5th toe. (msdmanuals.com)
- In hammer toe, usually the 2nd toe, or sometimes another lesser toe, develops a fixed Z-shaped deformity. (msdmanuals.com)
Surgical4
- If cavovarus deformity is not adequately controlled by conservative means, your doctor will recommend surgical treatment. (neortho.com)
- Mild deformities can be corrected with non-surgical treatments including physical therapy, orthoses (splints or braces or other artificial external devices), special footwear and medications. (precisionfootandankle.co.uk)
- St. James Hospital has fulltime podiatry services to help you reduce pain and regain your mobility, including surgical and non-surgical treatment of many types of foot injuries and conditions. (rochester.edu)
- Surgical decision-making requires a careful and complete examination of the foot and ankle, especially for rigidity, strength, and deformities. (medscape.com)
Plantar1
- Apresenta técnicas para o estudo da resistência medicamentosa do bacilo pela inoculação do M. Leprae em coxim plantar de camundongos (Mouse foot-pad test). (bvsalud.org)
Forefoot1
- [ 2 ] The deformity can be located in the forefoot, the midfoot, the hindfoot, or a combination of these sites. (medscape.com)
Calluses2
- When conservative methods are not found to be effective, surgery may be recommended for removing calluses, correcting deformities and realigning the metatarsal bones. (epfootandankle.com)
- Left untreated, Hallux Limitus can cause other joint problems, calluses, and/or diabetic foot ulcers. (gardnerfootclinic.com)
Joints3
- When the lining of the joints within the feet become swollen and inflamed because of rheumatoid arthritis, the joints may become deformed causing physical malformations of the foot. (tamparheumatology.com)
- Charcot foot deformity, also known as Charcot arthropathy, is a condition characterized by weakness and inflammation of the bones, joints, and tissues of the foot. (everestfac.com)
- Flat feet occur because the tissues holding the joints in the foot together (called tendons) are loose. (medlineplus.gov)
Varus1
- Between 2022 and 2023, the records of every patient treated by one of the authors for a varus deformity who was later determined to have either a unilateral or bilateral tarsal coalition were examined. (bezmialem.edu.tr)
Fractures1
- This deformity produces pain in your heel, ball of the foot and outer edge of the foot, instability of gait, frequent ankle sprains, difficulty wearing shoes, callus formation and sometimes stress fractures in the bones on the outer side of the foot. (neortho.com)
Spine2
- The resultant spinal deformity is often a complex, three-dimensional structure with differences in both the coronal and sagittal plane, along with a rotational component along the axis of the spine. (medscape.com)
- As a result of progressive contractures, spine deformities, and joint involvement, patients are relatively inactive. (medscape.com)
Patients11
- These can be extremely painful and disabling conditions and patients often have difficulty walking and wearing shoes as the feet become increasingly inflamed. (tamparheumatology.com)
- Patients with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, a flat foot deformity, and a flexible hindfoot are candidates for tendon transfers, including posterior tibial tendon debridement and flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendon transfer or FDL tendon transfer to the navicular, spring ligament repair, calcaneal osteotomy, and Achilles lengthening. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
- Basically, what we found is that the flatfoot patients had compromise of the spring ligament more than our control patients and the worse the cervical and spring ligaments became, the worse deformed the foot was, particularly in abduction," Dr. Ellis said about the study, which was a Roger A. Mann award finalist at the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Annual Meeting. (hss.edu)
- List the steps that comprise a foot assessment in patients with diabetes. (wildirismedicaleducation.com)
- Summarize the management program for patients with diabetic foot ulcers. (wildirismedicaleducation.com)
- Diabetic foot ulcers are complex, chronic wounds that are often disabling and greatly impact the morbidity and mortality of patients. (wildirismedicaleducation.com)
- Patients who develop a DFU are at higher risk of early death, heart attack, and fatal stroke than people with diabetes who do not develop diabetic foot ulcers. (wildirismedicaleducation.com)
- In patients with polio, the deformity is in the hindfoot and is caused by weakness of the gastrocnemius-soleus complex. (medscape.com)
- The nature and frequency of foot problems were examined based on a retrospective study of 137 patients referred to a podiatrist by a physician over a 3 month period. (cdc.gov)
- Foot deformities and pressure hyperkeratosis cases constituted 35 percent of all patients. (cdc.gov)
- Most of the patients had underlying biomechanical deformities or imbalances. (cdc.gov)
Tendon7
- Weak muscles and contractures are corrected by a tendon transfer surgery, while bone deformities are corrected by cutting (osteotomy) or fusing bones (arthrodesis) to allow the foot to evenly contact the floor. (neortho.com)
- Physical examination reveals a rigid flat foot deformity with tenderness along the posterior tibial tendon and pain with subtalar motion. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
- The most common cause of an adult acquired flat foot deformity (AAFFD) is posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
- A tight Achilles tendon can develop and worsen the deformity. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
- When I started running exclusively in my bare feet and flat shoes it changed the angle of my foot at mid stance such that the spur was now protruding back into my Achilles tendon and its bursa. (runblogger.com)
- Others may experience foot pain, knee pain, (abducted), and the heel is rolled outward shin splints and pain in the achilles tendon. (who.int)
- This orthopaedic surgeons to record whether the develops with repetitive stress on the main participant had flat foot or not, and whether supporting tendon of the arch over a long the flat foot was unilateral or bilateral and period of time [ 3 ]. (who.int)
Trauma2
- However in some feet, lesser toe deformities can occur on their own or after trauma. (footandankledoctor.com.sg)
- [ 15 ] A patient with a new-onset unilateral deformity but without a history of trauma must be evaluated for spinal tumors. (medscape.com)
Diabetic14
- From sports medicine to wellness to cosmetic issues to special diabetic care, we help keep your feet moving on the right path! (shumanpodiatry.com)
- Upon completion of this course, you will have gained up-to-date knowledge to care for individuals at risk for developing diabetic foot ulcers and to assess and treat those with diabetic foot ulcers. (wildirismedicaleducation.com)
- Identify the prevalence and impacts of diabetic foot ulcers. (wildirismedicaleducation.com)
- Summarize the importance of preventive measures for diabetic foot care. (wildirismedicaleducation.com)
- Describe the role of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and Charcot osteoarthropathy in the development of diabetic foot ulcers. (wildirismedicaleducation.com)
- Describe the important components of off-loading in the prevention and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. (wildirismedicaleducation.com)
- Discuss amputation as it relates to diabetic foot ulcers. (wildirismedicaleducation.com)
- A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is the most frequently occurring complication associated with diabetes and one that healthcare providers will encounter across the continuum of care. (wildirismedicaleducation.com)
- People with diabetes often have dry feet or nerve damage that results from diabetic neuropathy . (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Main self-care deficits found in elderly people with diabetic foot ulcer: An integrative review. (bvsalud.org)
- Several individuals with diabetes lose n I sensitivity and may present foot deformities, resulting in diabetic foot. (bvsalud.org)
- A Knowing about self-care deficits can al ow for planning healthcare in o o t U the management of diabetic foot and improve the patient's quality of i a b e t i c F life. (bvsalud.org)
- To identify, from the scientific literature, the main self- i t h D care deficits present in elderly people with diabetic foot ulcers, based on Orem's self-care deficit theory. (bvsalud.org)
- The search for studies was performed in Jan- l d e r l y P uary 2022, using the descriptors "diabetic foot", "self-care," and "aged. (bvsalud.org)
Mild2
- Hammertoes usually start out as mild deformities and get progressively worse over time. (jacksonfootankle.com)
- Gently clean the feet with lukewarm water and mild soap every day, but do not soak. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Claw Toe2
- Claw toe normally happen when muscles of foot got weaken, or we can say it's caused by nerve damage from disease like alcoholism or diabetes. (footpainmanagement.org)
- Claw toe is caused by nerve damage from diseases like diabetes or alcoholism, which can weaken muscles in the foot. (gardnerfootclinic.com)
Hammertoes1
- Once your foot and ankle surgeon has evaluated your hammertoes, a treatment plan can be developed that is suited to your needs. (jacksonfootankle.com)
Contractures2
- It may be produced by an imbalance in the strength of the foot muscles, causing muscle contractures (stiffness) or due to bony deformities of the heel bone. (neortho.com)
- The hip contractures should be corrected first, as these may influence the recurrence of the knee deformity. (medscape.com)
Clubfoot1
- Clubfoot is a type of foot deformity that is present from birth and causes a baby's foot to be twisted out of its normal position. (jamaicahospital.org)
Inflammation1
- Charcot Foot Deformity is a condition in which nerve damage results in inflammation and deformity of the foot structures. (everestfac.com)
Surgery6
- Dr. Christopher Vittori, DPM is a podiatric foot & ankle surgery specialist in Homer Glen, IL and has over 19 years of experience in the medical field. (healthgrades.com)
- I recently went to another orthopedic surgeon who specializes in foot and ankle surgery and he didn't recommend surgery to remove the Haglund structure (he didn't call it a defect). (runblogger.com)
- Some causes of painful flat feet can be treated without surgery. (medlineplus.gov)
- Surgery often improves pain and foot function for people who need it. (medlineplus.gov)
- Failure to maintain an asymptomatic plantigrade foot is an indication for surgery. (medscape.com)
- Standard orthopedic surgery is recommended for foot deformities at an early age. (medscape.com)
Arch10
- Because the ailment of flat feet means that the foot is longer than that of a foot with a normal arch, the flexor muscles becomes overpowering. (thefootinstitute.ca)
- VERTICAL TALUS DEFINITON - Rocker bottom foot vertical talus the foot has an appearance of ' rocker bottom' deformity - Complete oblitertion of longitudinal arch can be seen - Sole of the foot is convex downwards. (physiofeeds.com)
- In infants and toddlers, prior to walking, the longitudinal arch is not developed, and flat feet are normal. (gardnerfootclinic.com)
- To support the entire body's weight on your two feet, the inner middle portion of each foot (midfoot) is raised off the ground to form an arch. (neortho.com)
- A cavovarus foot deformity is characterized by a higher-than-normal arch of the inner midfoot. (neortho.com)
- Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays of the left foot ( Figures 1 and 2 ) show an increased talo-first metatarsal angle (Meary angle) and loss of arch height. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
- Flat feet (pes planus) refer to a change in foot shape in which the foot does not have a normal arch when standing. (medlineplus.gov)
- If an arch forms, the flat foot is called flexible. (medlineplus.gov)
- Flat foot is a condition in which the foot about every aspect of the condition, from does not have a normal medial longitudi- etiology to treatment, as has flexible flat nal arch when standing [ 1 ]. (who.int)
- present until weight is put on the foot, at The study included all male army recruits which time the arch disappears. (who.int)
Arches4
- This condition (also known as flatfoot) causes the arches of the feet to flatten when pressure is placed on them, as may occur while walking. (jamaicahospital.org)
- High arches often cause pain and discomfort in the feet due to additional stress and pressure. (jamaicahospital.org)
- In this the arches of the foot collapse, with the entire sole of the foot coming into complete or near-complete contact with the ground. (footpainmanagement.org)
- Aging, injuries, or illness may harm the tendons and cause flat feet to develop in a person who has already formed arches. (medlineplus.gov)
Treatment16
- If you suffer from any of these conditions, the right treatment approach for you will depend on the severity of your condition, how long you have had it, and where the deformity is specifically located. (jamaicahospital.org)
- The Queens foot deformity specialists at Jamaica Hospital Medical Center can accurately diagnose your condition and help you find the right treatment approach. (jamaicahospital.org)
- Club foot goal of treatment is to make baby foot function properly till the time baby is ready to stand on his own foot. (footpainmanagement.org)
- It,s treatment start by gently stretching club foot toward the correct position. (footpainmanagement.org)
- Treatment for Newborn Toe Deformities: How and When? (socalfootandankle.com)
- Treatment for deformities of the feet varies depending on the type and severity of the condition, but is designed to restore mobility and the normal appearance and alignment of the foot. (tamparheumatology.com)
- Early treatment helps in preventing the damage and deformity caused by the condition. (everestfac.com)
- Treatment largely depends on whether the flat foot deformity is rigid or flexible. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
- In treating the conditions associated with flat feet , there are many treatment methods. (upstep.com)
- Flat feet in a child do not need treatment if they are not causing pain or walking problems. (medlineplus.gov)
- In older children and adults, flexible flat feet that do not cause pain or walking problems do not need further treatment. (medlineplus.gov)
- The treatment depends on the cause of the flat feet. (medlineplus.gov)
- We offer the newest diagnostic and treatment technologies for all your foot care needs. (feetnet.com)
- The goal of treatment is to produce a plantigrade foot that allows even distribution of weight. (medscape.com)
- The feet are rigid, and cast treatment is usually futile. (medscape.com)
- A plantigrade foot is the goal of treatment. (medscape.com)
Occur5
- It can occur in one or both feet and, while it does not generally cause discomfort or pain on its own, can make walking more difficult. (jamaicahospital.org)
- Such tumor can occur in hand and feet, and has a greater tendency toward malignant transformation than Ollier`s Disease. (footpainmanagement.org)
- This imbalance, which leads to a bending of the toe, results from mechanical (structural) or neurological changes in the foot that occur over time in some people. (jacksonfootankle.com)
- Overpronated feet and overpronated ankles commonly occur with flat feet. (upstep.com)
- This type of flat foot may occur only on one side. (medlineplus.gov)
Disorder1
- It's a disorder of foot that can be inborn or assimilated. (footpainmanagement.org)
Charcot4
- The cause for cavovarus foot deformity is usually unknown, but it may be associated with neuromuscular conditions such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (progressive muscle weakness), stroke, head injury and poliomyelitis (viral infection that causes paralysis). (neortho.com)
- To learn more about Charcot foot deformity, contactDr. (everestfac.com)
- What is Charcot Foot Deformity? (everestfac.com)
- Charcot foot deformity is caused by nerve damage that results in loss of sensation in the foot. (everestfac.com)
Diseases2
- For example, fairly common diseases of the foot are known as toe deformities. (thefootinstitute.ca)
- Diagnose and treat diseases and deformities of the human foot. (bls.gov)
Etiology1
- Identifying the etiology is essential to determine if the deformity is progressive, which assists in operative planning. (medscape.com)
Bone tumors1
- Enchondromas are the most common bone tumors of the hands and feet and usually are painless. (gardnerfootclinic.com)
Footwear1
- At Shuman Podiatry & Sports Medicine, we see a lot of feet damaged by sky-high footwear. (shumanpodiatry.com)
Arthritis3
- An unmovable big toe, known as Hallux Rigidus, is the most common form of arthritis in the foot. (gardnerfootclinic.com)
- Rheumatoid arthritis can affect any joint in the body and often affects the ankles and feet. (tamparheumatology.com)
- Individuals with rheumatoid arthritis in the feet are at an increased risk of developing certain physical deformities. (tamparheumatology.com)
Painful5
- A foot deformity is any condition that alters the shape or structure of your foot into one that is painful or uncomfortable. (jamaicahospital.org)
- It is also common to develop a callosity or thickening of the skin over the sole of the foot that can be painful to walk on. (footandankledoctor.com.sg)
- Heal Your Heels If you've developed a painful bump on the back of your heel, you might have one of several foot conditions. (shumanpodiatry.com)
- Rarely, painful flat feet in children may be caused by a condition in which two or more of the bones in the foot grow or fuse together. (medlineplus.gov)
- Rigid or painful flat feet need to be checked by a provider. (medlineplus.gov)
Treatments1
- Among the treatments for flat feet , the HyProCure procedure poses significant benefits. (upstep.com)
Include1
- Foot deformities were diagnosed by a clinical exam that did not include radiography. (medscape.com)
Specialists1
- Here you will find medical specialists in the field Foot deformities. (leading-medicine-guide.com)
Pain13
- Don't let your foot deformity continue to cause you discomfort or pain. (jamaicahospital.org)
- When this happens, pain becomes more noticeable and basic foot function could be affected. (lookingglassfoot.com)
- The inability to feel pressure, pain, or temperature changes in the feet could result in a person continuing with activities that cause progressive damage and deformity to the foot. (everestfac.com)
- A 61-year-old man presents to the office with chronic left foot pain. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
- Foot pain and problems can have a big impact on your quality of life. (rochester.edu)
- When this happens, curing the pain from flat feet becomes the goal. (upstep.com)
- With overpronation, there is additional strain on the structures of the feet, causing pain and discomfort. (upstep.com)
- It redistributes the pressure on the feet, alleviating pain and discomfort in the kinematic chain. (upstep.com)
- A person may be unable to feel pain, heat, or cold in their legs and feet. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Most flat feet do not cause pain or other problems. (medlineplus.gov)
- Children don't often have foot pain, ankle pain, or lower leg pain. (medlineplus.gov)
- Contact your provider if you experience persistent pain in your feet or your child complains of foot pain or lower leg pain. (medlineplus.gov)
- Our doctors can provide the care you need to keep you pain-free and on your feet. (feetnet.com)
Posterior1
- Antagonist muscles, the posterior tibialis and the peroneus longus, pull harder than the other muscles, causing deformity. (medscape.com)
Procedure1
- The procedure, known as an osteotomy, is performed under general or regional (affecting only the leg or foot) anaesthesia. (precisionfootandankle.co.uk)