Follicle stimulating hormone. Medical search

An OOCYTE-containing structure in the cortex of the OVARY. The oocyte is enclosed by a layer of GRANULOSA CELLS providing a nourishing microenvironment (FOLLICULAR FLUID). The number and size of follicles vary depending on the age and reproductive state of the female. The growing follicles are divided into five stages: primary, secondary, tertiary, Graafian, and atretic. Follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on the presence of GONADOTROPINS.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

A tube-like invagination of the EPIDERMIS from which the hair shaft develops and into which SEBACEOUS GLANDS open. The hair follicle is lined by a cellular inner and outer root sheath of epidermal origin and is invested with a fibrous sheath derived from the dermis. (Stedman, 26th ed) Follicles of very long hairs extend into the subcutaneous layer of tissue under the SKIN.

Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.

The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.

Supporting cells for the developing female gamete in the OVARY. They are derived from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the OOCYTE in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the OVUM in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors (RECEPTORS, LH).

The discharge of an OVUM from a rupturing follicle in the OVARY.

A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.

The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.

The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

The fluid surrounding the OVUM and GRANULOSA CELLS in the Graafian follicle (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). The follicular fluid contains sex steroids, glycoprotein hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and enzymes.

A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.

The flattened stroma cells forming a sheath or theca outside the basal lamina lining the mature OVARIAN FOLLICLE. Thecal interstitial or stromal cells are steroidogenic, and produce primarily ANDROGENS which serve as precusors of ESTROGENS in the GRANULOSA CELLS.

Specific high affinity binding proteins for THYROID HORMONES in target cells. They are usually found in the nucleus and regulate DNA transcription. These receptors are activated by hormones that leads to transcription, cell differentiation, and growth suppression. Thyroid hormone receptors are encoded by two genes (GENES, ERBA): erbA-alpha and erbA-beta for alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptors, respectively.

A glycoprotein that causes regression of MULLERIAN DUCTS. It is produced by SERTOLI CELLS of the TESTES. In the absence of this hormone, the Mullerian ducts develop into structures of the female reproductive tract. In males, defects of this hormone result in persistent Mullerian duct, a form of MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM.

A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR), also known as GH or somatotropin. Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).

A filament-like structure consisting of a shaft which projects to the surface of the SKIN from a root which is softer than the shaft and lodges in the cavity of a HAIR FOLLICLE. It is found on most surfaces of the body.

A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).

Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.

Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. Inhibins and ACTIVINS are modulators of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretions; both groups belong to the TGF-beta superfamily, as the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. Inhibins consist of a disulfide-linked heterodimer with a unique alpha linked to either a beta A or a beta B subunit to form inhibin A or inhibin B, respectively

A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.

The process of germ cell development in the female from the primordial germ cells through OOGONIA to the mature haploid ova (OVUM).

A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Cell surface proteins that bind FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.

The period in the ESTROUS CYCLE associated with maximum sexual receptivity and fertility in non-primate female mammals.

Compounds, either natural or synthetic, which block development of the growing insect.

Techniques for the artifical induction of ovulation, the rupture of the follicle and release of the ovum.

Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency.

A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.

Hormones produced by the GONADS, including both steroid and peptide hormones. The major steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL and PROGESTERONE from the OVARY, and TESTOSTERONE from the TESTIS. The major peptide hormones include ACTIVINS and INHIBINS.

Gonadotropins secreted by the pituitary or the placenta in horses. This term generally refers to the gonadotropins found in the pregnant mare serum, a rich source of equine CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. Unlike that in humans, the equine LUTEINIZING HORMONE, BETA SUBUNIT is identical to the equine choronic gonadotropin, beta. Equine gonadotropins prepared from pregnant mare serum are used in reproductive studies.

Hormones produced in the testis.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The yellow body derived from the ruptured OVARIAN FOLLICLE after OVULATION. The process of corpus luteum formation, LUTEINIZATION, is regulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE.

A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.

A peptide of 44 amino acids in most species that stimulates the release and synthesis of GROWTH HORMONE. GHRF (or GRF) is synthesized by neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, GHRF stimulates GH release by the SOMATOTROPHS in the PITUITARY GLAND.

The period of cyclic physiological and behavior changes in non-primate female mammals that exhibit ESTRUS. The estrous cycle generally consists of 4 or 5 distinct periods corresponding to the endocrine status (PROESTRUS; ESTRUS; METESTRUS; DIESTRUS; and ANESTRUS).

A major gonadotropin secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and the LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. The alpha subunit is common in the three human pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.

A technique for maintaining or growing TISSUE in vitro, usually by DIFFUSION, perifusion, or PERFUSION. The tissue is cultured directly after removal from the host without being dispersed for cell culture.

Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.

A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.

A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

An enzyme that catalyzes the desaturation (aromatization) of the ring A of C19 androgens and converts them to C18 estrogens. In this process, the 19-methyl is removed. This enzyme is membrane-bound, located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogen-producing cells of ovaries, placenta, testes, adipose, and brain tissues. Aromatase is encoded by the CYP19 gene, and functions in complex with NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE in the cytochrome P-450 system.

Peptide hormones produced by NEURONS of various regions in the HYPOTHALAMUS. They are released into the pituitary portal circulation to stimulate or inhibit PITUITARY GLAND functions. VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN, though produced in the hypothalamus, are not included here for they are transported down the AXONS to the POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY before being released into the portal circulation.

Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.

An assisted reproductive technique that includes the direct handling and manipulation of oocytes and sperm to achieve fertilization in vitro.

Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS in that their actions are systemic.

The beta subunit of follicle stimulating hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide. Full biological activity of FSH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. Mutation of the FSHB gene causes delayed puberty, or infertility.

Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Structurally, they include polypeptide, protein, and glycoprotein molecules.

Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR) that stimulate gonadal functions in both males and females. They include FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE that stimulates germ cell maturation (OOGENESIS; SPERMATOGENESIS), and LUTEINIZING HORMONE that stimulates the production of sex steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE; ANDROGENS).

The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.

A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

High affinity receptors for THYROID HORMONES, especially TRIIODOTHYRONINE. These receptors are usually found in the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. They are encoded by the THRB gene (also known as NR1A2, THRB1, or ERBA2 gene) as several isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Mutations in the THRB gene cause THYROID HORMONE RESISTANCE SYNDROME.

Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.

Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production in the OVARY and the TESTIS. Major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis (GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY) and the placenta (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN). In some species, pituitary PROLACTIN and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN exert some luteotropic activities.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Achievement of full sexual capacity in animals and in humans.

Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.

A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.

Peptides, natural or synthetic, that stimulate the release of PITUITARY HORMONES. They were first isolated from the extracts of the HYPOTHALAMUS; MEDIAN EMINENCE; PITUITARY STALK; and NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. In addition, some hypophysiotropic hormones control pituitary cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and hormone synthesis. Some can act on more than one pituitary hormone.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

They are glycopeptides and subunits in INHIBINS and ACTIVINS. Inhibins and activins belong to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

Surgical removal or destruction of the hypophysis, or pituitary gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Dense fibrous layer formed from mesodermal tissue that surrounds the epithelial enamel organ. The cells eventually migrate to the external surface of the newly formed root dentin and give rise to the cementoblasts that deposit cementum on the developing root, fibroblasts of the developing periodontal ligament, and osteoblasts of the developing alveolar bone.

HORMONES secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs.

Occurrence or induction of release of more ova than are normally released at the same time in a given species. The term applies to both animals and humans.

Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.

Hormones secreted by insects. They influence their growth and development. Also synthetic substances that act like insect hormones.

The alpha chain of pituitary glycoprotein hormones (THYROTROPIN; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE) and the placental CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Within a species, the alpha subunits of these four hormones are identical; the distinct functional characteristics of these glycoprotein hormones are determined by the unique beta subunits. Both subunits, the non-covalently bound heterodimers, are required for full biologic activity.

A highly vascularized endocrine gland consisting of two lobes joined by a thin band of tissue with one lobe on each side of the TRACHEA. It secretes THYROID HORMONES from the follicular cells and CALCITONIN from the parafollicular cells thereby regulating METABOLISM and CALCIUM level in blood, respectively.

Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.

Cyst due to the occlusion of the duct of a follicle or small gland.

Small, sacculated organs found within the DERMIS. Each gland has a single duct that emerges from a cluster of oval alveoli. Each alveolus consists of a transparent BASEMENT MEMBRANE enclosing epithelial cells. The ducts from most sebaceous glands open into a HAIR FOLLICLE, but some open on the general surface of the SKIN. Sebaceous glands secrete SEBUM.

Cell surface proteins that bind GROWTH HORMONE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Activation of growth hormone receptors regulates amino acid transport through cell membranes, RNA translation to protein, DNA transcription, and protein and amino acid catabolism in many cell types. Many of these effects are mediated indirectly through stimulation of the release of somatomedins.

Formation of CORPUS LUTEUM. This process includes capillary invasion of the ruptured OVARIAN FOLLICLE, hypertrophy of the GRANULOSA CELLS and the THECA CELLS, and the production of PROGESTERONE. Luteinization is regulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE.

High affinity receptors for THYROID HORMONES, especially TRIIODOTHYRONINE. These receptors are usually found in the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. They are encoded by the THRA gene (also known as NR1A1, THRA1, ERBA or ERBA1 gene) as several isoforms produced by alternative splicing.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

The anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis. It secretes the ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES that regulate vital functions such as GROWTH; METABOLISM; and REPRODUCTION.

The period in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE that follows OVULATION, characterized by the development of CORPUS LUTEUM, increase in PROGESTERONE production by the OVARY and secretion by the glandular epithelium of the ENDOMETRIUM. The luteal phase begins with ovulation and ends with the onset of MENSTRUATION.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.

The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.

The external, nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers of EPITHELIUM: (1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); (2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis).

Hormones produced by invertebrates, usually insects, mollusks, annelids, and helminths.

Hormones released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). They include a number of peptides which are formed in the NEURONS in the HYPOTHALAMUS, bound to NEUROPHYSINS, and stored in the nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary. Upon stimulation, these peptides are released into the hypophysial portal vessel blood.

Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A phase of the ESTROUS CYCLE that precedes ESTRUS. During proestrus, the Graafian follicles undergo maturation.

Those protein complexes or molecular sites on the surfaces and cytoplasm of gonadal cells that bind luteinizing or chorionic gonadotropic hormones and thereby cause the gonadal cells to synthesize and secrete sex steroids. The hormone-receptor complex is internalized from the plasma membrane and initiates steroid synthesis.

A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA.

Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections.

Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.

A technique for maintenance or growth of animal organs in vitro. It refers to three-dimensional cultures of undisaggregated tissue retaining some or all of the histological features of the tissue in vivo. (Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells, 3d ed, p1)

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens.

Peptides with the ability to stimulate pigmented cells MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates. By stimulating the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in these pigmented cells, they increase coloration of skin and other tissue. MSHs, derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), are produced by MELANOTROPHS in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY; CORTICOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY, and the hypothalamic neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS.

Those protein complexes or molecular sites on the surfaces of gonadal and other sensitive cells that bind gonadotropins and thereby modify the functions of those cells; hCG, LH, and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE are the major specific gonadotropins.

Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.

A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications.

A bone morphogenetic protein that plays an essential role in the regulation of ovarian folliculogenesis.

The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.

The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).

Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.

A parathyroid hormone receptor subtype that recognizes both PARATHYROID HORMONE and PARATHYROID HORMONE-RELATED PROTEIN. It is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is expressed at high levels in BONE and in KIDNEY.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Compounds that interact with ANDROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of TESTOSTERONE. Depending on the target tissues, androgenic effects can be on SEX DIFFERENTIATION; male reproductive organs, SPERMATOGENESIS; secondary male SEX CHARACTERISTICS; LIBIDO; development of muscle mass, strength, and power.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

Hormones produced by the placenta include CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN as well as steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE), and neuropeptide hormones similar to those found in the hypothalamus (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES).

Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS of the pancreas. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Catalyze the oxidation of 3-hydroxysteroids to 3-ketosteroids.

Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Receptors with a 6-kDa protein on the surfaces of cells that secrete LUTEINIZING HORMONE or FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE, usually in the adenohypophysis. LUTEINIZING HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE binds to these receptors, is endocytosed with the receptor and, in the cell, triggers the release of LUTEINIZING HORMONE or FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE by the cell. These receptors are also found in rat gonads. INHIBINS prevent the binding of GnRH to its receptors.

An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Cell surface receptors that bind thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Activated TRH receptors in the anterior pituitary stimulate the release of thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH); TRH receptors on neurons mediate neurotransmission by TRH.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

Cell surface proteins that bind PARATHYROID HORMONE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Parathyroid hormone receptors on BONE; KIDNEY; and gastrointestinal cells mediate the hormone's role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis.

Surgical removal or artificial destruction of gonads.

Pathological processes of the OVARY.

The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)

A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the side-chain cleavage of C27 cholesterol to C21 pregnenolone in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11A1 gene, catalyzes the breakage between C20 and C22 which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of various gonadal and adrenal steroid hormones.

A state of sexual inactivity in female animals exhibiting no ESTROUS CYCLE. Causes of anestrus include pregnancy, presence of offspring, season, stress, and pathology.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.

A broadly distributed protein that binds directly to ACTIVINS. It functions as an activin antagonist, inhibits FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion, regulates CELL DIFFERENTIATION, and plays an important role in embryogenesis. Follistatin is a single glycosylated polypeptide chain of approximately 37-kDa and is not a member of the inhibin family (INHIBINS). Follistatin also binds and neutralizes many members of the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA family.

The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. At OVULATION they are extruded with OVUM.

A collection of NEURONS, tracts of NERVE FIBERS, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation provides the mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) regulation of pituitary function and the release of various PITUITARY HORMONES into the systemic circulation to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.

The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.

A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.

A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.

A type I keratin found in the basal layer of the adult epidermis and in other stratified epithelia.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

A phase of the ESTROUS CYCLES that follows METESTRUS. Diestrus is a period of sexual quiescence separating phases of ESTRUS in polyestrous animals.

Steroidal compounds related to PROGESTERONE, the major mammalian progestational hormone. Progesterone congeners include important progesterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with progestational activities.

In females, the period that is shortly after giving birth (PARTURITION).

Methods used to induce premature oocytes, that are maintained in tissue culture, to progress through developmental stages including to a stage that is competent to undergo FERTILIZATION.

Occurrence or induction of ESTRUS in all of the females in a group at the same time, applies only to non-primate mammals with ESTROUS CYCLE.

A mature haploid female germ cell extruded from the OVARY at OVULATION.

A 13-amino acid peptide derived from proteolytic cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, the N-terminal segment of ACTH. ACTH (1-13) is amidated at the C-terminal to form ACTH (1-13)NH2 which in turn is acetylated to form alpha-MSH in the secretory granules. Alpha-MSH stimulates the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates.

The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.

Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

An inherited autosomal recessive trait, characterized by peripheral resistance to THYROID HORMONES and the resulting elevation in serum levels of THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE. This syndrome is caused by mutations of gene THRB encoding the THYROID HORMONE RECEPTORS BETA in target cells. HYPOTHYROIDISM in these patients is partly overcome by the increased thyroid hormone levels.

The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.

The active production and accumulation of VITELLINS (egg yolk proteins) in the non-mammalian OOCYTES from circulating precursors, VITELLOGENINS. Vitellogenesis usually begins after the first MEIOSIS and is regulated by estrogenic hormones.

Six-carbon alicyclic hydrocarbons which contain one or more double bonds in the ring. The cyclohexadienes are not aromatic, in contrast to BENZOQUINONES which are sometimes called 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diones.

A protein that plays a role in GRANULOSA CELLS where it regulates folliculogenesis. Mutations in the gene for bone morphogenetic protein 15 are linked to reproductive abnormalities such as PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE.

The ratio of the number of conceptions (CONCEPTION) including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.

The beta subunit of luteinizing hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide with structure similar to the beta subunit of the placental chorionic gonadatropin (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN) except for the additional 31 amino acids at the C-terminal of CG-beta. Full biological activity of LH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. Mutation of the LHB gene causes HYPOGONADISM and infertility.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

An aromatized C18 steroid with a 3-hydroxyl group and a 17-ketone, a major mammalian estrogen. It is converted from ANDROSTENEDIONE directly, or from TESTOSTERONE via ESTRADIOL. In humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries, PLACENTA, and the ADIPOSE TISSUE of men and postmenopausal women.

A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.

The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

Procedures to obtain viable OOCYTES from the host. Oocytes most often are collected by needle aspiration from OVARIAN FOLLICLES before OVULATION.

The physiological period following the MENOPAUSE, the permanent cessation of the menstrual life.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

A method of providing future reproductive opportunities before a medical treatment with known risk of loss of fertility. Typically reproductive organs or tissues (e.g., sperm, egg, embryos and ovarian or testicular tissues) are cryopreserved for future use before the medical treatment (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation) begins.

Compounds which increase the capacity to conceive in females.

Euploid female germ cells of an early stage of OOGENESIS, derived from primordial germ cells during ovarian differentiation. Oogonia undergo MEIOSIS and give rise to haploid OOCYTES

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).

A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.

A layer of vascularized connective tissue underneath the EPIDERMIS. The surface of the dermis contains innervated papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are SWEAT GLANDS; HAIR FOLLICLES; and SEBACEOUS GLANDS.

Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.

Specific proteins found in or on cells of progesterone target tissues that specifically combine with progesterone. The cytosol progesterone-receptor complex then associates with the nucleic acids to initiate protein synthesis. There are two kinds of progesterone receptors, A and B. Both are induced by estrogen and have short half-lives.

A hemeprotein that catalyzes the oxidation of the iodide radical to iodine with the subsequent iodination of many organic compounds, particularly proteins. EC 1.11.1.8.

Specialized tissues that are components of the lymphatic system. They provide fixed locations within the body where a variety of LYMPHOCYTES can form, mature and multiply. The lymphoid tissues are connected by a network of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.

Cell surface receptors that bind the hypothalamic hormones regulating pituitary cell differentiation, proliferation, and hormone synthesis and release, including the pituitary-releasing and release-inhibiting hormones. The pituitary hormone-regulating hormones are also released by cells other than hypothalamic neurons, and their receptors also occur on non-pituitary cells, especially brain neurons, where their role is less well understood. Receptors for dopamine, which is a prolactin release-inhibiting hormone as well as a common neurotransmitter, are not included here.

Methods used to remove unwanted facial and body hair.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Metabolites or derivatives of PROGESTERONE with hydroxyl group substitution at various sites.

Plasma concentration changes in LH and FSH following electrochemical stimulation of the medial preoptic are or dorsal anterior hypothalamic area of estrogen- or androgen-sterilized rats.(1/5093)

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In vitro development of sheep preantral follicles. (2/5093)

Preantral ovarian follicles isolated from prepubertal sheep ovaries were individually cultured for 6 days in the presence of increasing doses of FSH (ranging from 0.01 to 1 microg/ml) and under two different oxygen concentrations, 20% and 5% O2. Follicle development was evaluated on the basis of antral cavity formation as well as the presence of healthy cumulus oocyte complexes. Follicle growth was enhanced by FSH addition to culture medium, while the use of a low oxygen concentration slightly stimulated this process. However, when follicles were cultured in the presence of high doses of FSH (1 microgram/ml) and under low oxygen concentration, a high proportion of them showed the presence of an antral cavity and of a healthy cumulus-oocyte complex. In addition, under this specific culture condition sheep preantral follicles released higher levels of estradiol as compared to those secreted at lower FSH concentrations or under 20% O2. When the meiotic competence of oocytes derived from follicles cultured at 1 microgram/ml FSH was assessed, no significant difference was recorded between the two oxygen groups. These results show that the culture conditions here identified are beneficial to in vitro growth and differentiation of sheep preantral follicles. (+info)

Prolactin replacement fails to inhibit reactivation of gonadotropin secretion in rams treated with melatonin under long days. (3/5093)

This study tested the hypothesis that prolactin (PRL) inhibits gonadotropin secretion in rams maintained under long days and that treatment with melatonin (s.c. continuous-release implant; MEL-IMP) reactivates the reproductive axis by suppressing PRL secretion. Adult Soay rams were maintained under long days (16L:8D) and received 1) no further treatment (control, C); 2) MEL-IMP for 16 wk and injections of saline/vehicle for the first 8 wk (M); 3) MEL-IMP for 16 wk and exogenous PRL (s.c. 5 mg ovine PRL 3x daily) for the first 8 wk (M+P). The treatment with melatonin induced a rapid increase in the blood concentrations of FSH and testosterone, rapid growth of the testes, an increase in the frequency of LH pulses, and a decrease in the LH response to N-methyl-D,L-aspartic acid. The concomitant treatment with exogenous PRL had no effect on these reproductive responses but caused a significant delay in the timing of the sexual skin color and growth of the winter pelage. These results do not support the hypothesis and suggest that PRL at physiological long-day concentrations, while being totally ineffective as an inhibitor of gonadotropin secretion, acts in the peripheral tissues and skin to maintain summer characteristics. (+info)

Activities of glucose metabolic enzymes in human preantral follicles: in vitro modulation by follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor I, and transforming growth factor beta1. (4/5093)

Modulation of glucose metabolic capacity of human preantral follicles in vitro by gonadotropins and intraovarian growth factors was evaluated by monitoring the activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), two regulatory enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, and malate dehydrogenase (MDH), a key mitochondrial enzyme of the Krebs cycle. Preantral follicles in classes 1 and 2 from premenopausal women were cultured separately in vitro in the absence or presence of FSH, LH, epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), or transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) for 24 h. Mitochondrial fraction was separated from the cytosolic fraction, and both fractions were used for enzyme assays. FSH and LH significantly stimulated PFK and PK activities in class 1 and 2 follicles; however, a 170-fold increase in MDH activity was noted for class 2 follicles that were exposed to FSH. Although both EGF and TGFbeta1 stimulated glycolytic and Krebs cycle enzymes for class 1 preantral follicles, TGFbeta1 consistently stimulated the activities of both glycolytic enzymes more than that of EGF. IGF-I induced PK and MDH activities in class 1 follicles but negatively influenced PFK activity for class 1 follicles. In general, only gonadotropins consistently stimulated both glycolytic and Krebs cycle enzyme activities several-fold in class 2 follicles. These results suggest that gonadotropins and ovarian growth factors differentially influence follicular energy-producing capacity from glucose. Moreover, gonadotropins may either directly influence glucose metabolism in class 2 preantral follicles or do so indirectly through factors other than the well-known intraovarian growth factors. Because growth factors modulate granulosa cell mitosis and functionality, their role on energy production may be related to specific cellular activities. (+info)

The mechanism of action of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha on aromatase activity in granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries. (5/5093)

We investigated aromatization and the mechanism of action of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) on oestradiol biosynthesis in freshly prepared granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries. Freshly prepared granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries incubated for only 3 h under basal conditions secreted significantly (P< 0.001) greater amounts of oestradiol-17beta than that of granulosa cells from normal ovaries. 8-Bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP), but not follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH), further enhanced this activity. Both EGF and TGFalpha inhibited gonadotrophinor 8-Br-cAMP-stimulated, but not basal, oestradiol production. LH receptor (LHR) binding, estimated by immunolabelling the bound LH, was significantly (P< 0.001) reduced in granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries when compared with cells from normal ovaries. EGF or TGFalpha significantly reduced the binding in cultured cells from all patient groups (P< 0.05). More interestingly, a further increase of the inhibitory effect was seen in granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries (P < 0.001). In conclusion, granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries contain high levels of basal aromatase activity in vitro, which is probably inherited from the in-vivo condition. EGF and TGFalpha suppress oestradiol synthesis at a step beyond the production of cAMP and also LHR binding with more effect in granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries. (+info)

Effect of long-term food restriction on pituitary sensitivity to cLHRH-I in broiler breeder females. (6/5093)

The effect of long-term food restriction on the sensitivity of the pituitary to exogenously administered chicken luteinizing hormone releasing hormone I (cLHRH-I) was investigated in three groups of broiler breeder females fed ad libitum, fed a restricted quantity of food or fed a restricted quantity of food to obtain an intermediate body weight between those of the first two groups. At 16 weeks of age, basal FSH release was higher in ad libitum fed birds, culminating in ovarian development and subsequent oestradiol production by the small follicles. At this age, LH secretion was independent of ovarian feedback factors. In all groups, cLHRH-I was most active in releasing LH in intact and ovariectomized animals and, to a lesser extent, in releasing FSH in ovariectomized birds. At 39 weeks of age, basal FSH concentrations were similar among intact animals of all groups, whereas LH concentrations differed among groups, with higher values in the restricted birds. This food effect was enhanced in ovariectomized birds. Furthermore, the high response to cLHRH-I in the ovariectomized, restricted birds compared with the ad libitum, ovariectomized group suggests an improved sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. In conclusion, birds fed ad libitum showed the highest responsiveness to ovarian factors and to cLHRH-I in releasing FSH in the period before sexual maturity. No effect of amount of feeding could be observed for LH. However, during the egg laying period, LH release by cLHRH-I was highly dependent on amount of feeding and on ovarian feedback regulation. This finding indicates that the amount of feeding can modify the sensitivity of the pituitary to cLHRH-I, and possibly to gonadal hormones, during the laying period. (+info)

Time at surgery during menstrual cycle and menopause affects pS2 but not cathepsin D levels in breast cancer. (7/5093)

Many studies have addressed the clinical value of pS2 as a marker of hormone responsiveness and of cathepsin D (Cath D) as a prognostic factor in breast cancer. Because pS2 and Cath D are both oestrogen induced in human breast cancer cell lines, we studied the influence of the menstrual cycle phase and menopausal status at the time of surgery on the levels of these proteins in breast cancer. A population of 1750 patients with breast cancer, including 339 women in menstrual cycle, was analysed. Tumoral Cath D and pS2 were measured by radioimmunoassay. Serum oestradiol (E2), progesterone (Pg), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels at the day of surgery were used to define the hormonal phase in premenopausal women. There was a trend towards a higher mean pS2 level in the follicular phase compared with the luteal phase (17 ng mg(-1) and 11 ng mg(-1) respectively, P = 0.09). Mean pS2 was lower in menopausal patients than in women with cycle (8 ng mg(-1) and 14 ng mg(-1) respectively, P = 0.0001). No differences in mean Cath D level were observed between the different phases of the menstrual cycle, or between pre- and post-menopausal women. In the overall population, pS2 was slightly positively associated with E2 and Pg levels and negatively associated with FSH and LH, probably reflecting the link between pS2 and menopausal status. In premenopausal women, no association was found between pS2 and E2, Pg, FSH or LH levels. There were no correlations between Cath D level and circulating hormone levels in the overall population. However, in the subgroup of premenopausal women with ER-positive (ER+) tumours, E2 was slightly associated with both pS2 and Cath D, consistent with oestrogen induction of these proteins in ER+ breast cancer cell lines. There are changes in pS2 level in breast cancer throughout the menstrual cycle and menopause. This suggests that the choice of the pS2 cut-off level should take the hormonal status at the time of surgery into account. In contrast, the level of Cath D is unrelated to the menstrual cycle and menopausal status. (+info)

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection after follicle stimulation with highly purified human follicle-stimulating hormone compared with human menopausal gonadotropin. (8/5093)

PURPOSE: Our purpose was to compare oocyte nuclear maturation and embryo quality after pituitary down-regulation and ovarian stimulation with highly purified follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG). METHODS: Fifty-five patients 37 years of age or younger who were undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF)-intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) were evaluated retrospectively. In all cases, male factor was the only indication for treatment, with no female-related factors identified. Following pituitary down-regulation, patients were stimulated with hMG (n = 20) or highly purified FSH (n = 35). Main outcome measures included ovarian response to stimulation, oocyte maturity, and ICSI fertilization results. Secondary outcome measures included pregnancy rates and outcome. RESULTS: The ovarian response to stimulation was similar for the two groups, as were the percentage of metaphase II oocytes, fertilization and cleavage rates, and number and quality of transferred and cryopreserved embryos. Cycle outcome was comparable. CONCLUSIONS: In normogonadotropic subjects, monocomponent therapy with highly purified FSH is as effective as hMG in stimulating ovarian follicular development, synchronization of oocyte maturation, and IVF-ICSI outcome. Our findings support the conclusion that the luteinizing hormone component in the stimulation protocol is unnecessary. (+info)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (abbreviated FSH, sometimes called Follitropine) is a glycoprotein and sex steroid. It is ... Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Follicle-stimulating_hormone&oldid=6422886" ... Other hormones control the release of FSH. Luteinizing hormone will cause ovulation in females, or the production of ... In females it will cause the growth of follicles in the ovaries and controlls the synthesising process of progesteron, in males ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSH

... luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) synthesis and secretion]. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online) (in ... Melatonin can suppress libido by inhibiting secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the anterior ... Melatonin can lower follicle-stimulating hormone levels.[33] Melatonin's effects on human reproduction remain unclear.[34] ... Melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles.[3] It is primarily released by the pineal gland.[3][4] As a supplement ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mela-T

gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone a follicle-stimulating hormone). *glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, an integrin found on platelets that ... Hormone Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Enzyme Various, e.g., alkaline phosphatase, ... Various proteins involved in cell-cell (e.g., sperm-oocyte), virus-cell, bacterium-cell, and hormone-cell interactions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein

SLC46A1 Follicle-stimulating hormone deficiency, isolated; 229070; FSHB Foveal hyperplasia; 136520; PAX6 Foveomacular dystrophy ... SECISBP2 Thyroid hormone resistance; 188570; THRB Thyroid hormone resistance, autosomal recessive; 274300; THRB Thyroid hormone ... HESX1 Growth hormone deficiency, isolated, type IA; 262400; GH1 Growth hormone deficiency, isolated, type IB; 612781; GH1 ... GHRHR Growth hormone deficiency, isolated, type II; 173100; GH1 Growth hormone insensitivity with immunodeficiency; 245590; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OMIM_disorder_codes

Inactivating mutations in PROP1 result in deficiencies of luteinizing hormone (LH; MIM 152780), follicle-stimulating hormone ( ... and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; MIM 188540). See combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD; MIM 262600).[supplied by ... 2000). "Combined pituitary hormone deficiency caused by a novel mutation of a highly conserved residue (F88S) in the ... 1998). "The PROP1 2-base pair deletion is a common cause of combined pituitary hormone deficiency" (PDF). J. Clin. Endocrinol. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROP1

The menstrual cycle process is controlled by four major hormones: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone); LH (luteinising hormone ... The FSH makes several follicles grow in one of the ovaries. Each follicle contains an immature ova (egg). These follicles ... The follicle that contains the ovum swells and breaks open. (In the next stage, the leftover cells of the follicle turn into an ... The follicle cells that used to hold the ovum now release progesterone into the body. This causes the endometrium to get even ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle

It directly affects follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion. Follistatin also is implicated in prostate cancers where ... They also regulate many hormones including pituitary, gonadal and hypothalamic hormones as well as insulin. They are also nerve ... Anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), Activin, Nodal and TGFβ's. Signaling begins with the binding of a TGF beta superfamily ligand to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF_beta_signaling_pathway

The pituitary glycoprotein hormone family includes follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, chorionic gonadotropin, ... This gene encodes the beta subunit of follicle-stimulating hormone. In conjunction with luteinizing hormone, follicle- ... Shome B, Parlow AF (1974). "Human follicle stimulating hormone: first proposal for the amino acid sequence of the hormone- ... "Localization of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) immunoreactivity and hormone receptor mRNA in testicular tissue of infertile ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSHB

In contrast, follicle-stimulating hormone levels remained unchanged. A slight but significant increase in prolactin levels was ... "Adverse Effects of Hormones and Hormone Antagonists on the Liver". Drug-Induced Liver Disease. pp. 605-619. doi:10.1016/B978-0- ... It has also been studied as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women and to treat acne and seborrhea in ... Nilutamide has been studied for use as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. It has been assessed in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilutamide

Hypothalamic GnRH pulse influences the pulsatile secretion of Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) ... follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Ellison, Peter T. (2001). On Fertile Ground: A Natural History of Human Reproduction. ... and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) into the testes, which produce testosterone. The central event in puberty for females is ... The follicle number decrease to 300,000-400,000 at the age of menarche. In the entire reproductive age, these follicles undergo ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_reproductive_ecology

Gemzell, C. A.; Diczfalusy, E; Tillinger, G (1958). "Clinical effect of human pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)". ... Gemzell developed methods to extract the human growth hormone and human gonadotropins from cadaver pituitary glands. In 1958 ... Gemzell was the first to show that extracted gonadotropins containing FSH could be used as fertility medication to stimulate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Axel_Gemzell

... resulting in an increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and levels. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, in ... Bicalutamide can paradoxically stimulate late-stage prostate cancer due to accumulated mutations in the cancer. When used as a ... Dosages of bicalutamide of 10 mg, 30 mg, and 50 mg per day have been found to produce a "moderate" effect on sex hormone levels ... Early clinical results". Hormone Research. 32 Suppl 1: 77-81. doi:10.1159/000181316. PMID 2515147. E.E. Müller (6 December 2012 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology_of_bicalutamide

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), directly stimulating the ovaries. In women with anovulation, it may be an alternative after ... follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E2). The patients are classified as WHO1 (15%) - hypo-gonadotropic, hypo- ... resulting in an increase in secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone. Medications in use for this effect are mainly clomifene ... In some cases, the egg may have matured properly, but the follicle may have failed to burst (or the follicle may have burst ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anovulation

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), directly stimulating the ovaries. In women with anovulation, it may be an alternative after ... Preparations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) mainly include those derived from the urine of menopausal women, as well as ... resulting in an increase in secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone. Medications in use for this effect are mainly clomifene ... in effect increasing the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). It is relatively easy and convenient to use. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulation_induction

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is secreted from the anterior pituitary. FSH plays a key role in development, growth and ... Notable hormone differences occur between CPP and PT patients, so studying these hormone levels is the main biochemical ... CPP is treated with lutenizing hormone (LH) releasing hormone agonists. PT can impact growth velocity and bone age slightly, ... Leptin is an adipocyte hormone that has important implications of puberty and sex hormone secretion. Increased leptin has been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premature_thelarche

FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone): secreted by the pituitary, causes the ovarian follicle to develop. Levels of FSH rise ... Stimulates maturation of the follicle, which then in turn secretes estrogen. Unlike most mammals, the mare does not have an ... Estrogen: secreted by the developing follicle, it causes the pituitary gland to secrete more LH (therefore, these 2 hormones ... Hormones involved in the estrous cycle, during foaling, and after birthEdit. The cycle is controlled by several hormones which ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_breeding

The four important sexual hormones are oxytocin, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone.[page needed ... Both prolactin and oxytocin stimulate milk production in women.[citation needed] Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is ... During this stage, the pituitary gland secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). A negative feedback loop is enacted when ... one or more of these follicles are stimulated to mature on a monthly basis. Once matured, these are called Graafian follicles.[ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexuality

"The antral follicle count is a better marker than basal follicle-stimulating hormone for the selection of older patients with ... Elevated serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level measured on day three of the menstrual cycle. (First day of period flow ... It is usually accompanied by high FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) levels. Quality of the eggs may also be impaired. However ... Often diagnosed by elevated gonadotropin (Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH) levels. In some cases (more so in younger ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_ovarian_reserve

... follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels by about 47% and 55%, respectively; and testosterone levels by about 59% and 68%, ... Desogestrel stimulates the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro, an action that is independent of the classical ... One study found that 150 μg/day and 300 μg/day desogestrel alone in healthy young men suppressed luteinizing hormone (LH) ... Desogestrel also reduces sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels by 50% when given to women alone, but when combined with 30 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desogestrel

... lutenizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone.) These gonadotropic hormones play a role in stimulating estrogen release ... Gonadotropic hormones "stimulate growth of the gonads and the secretion of sex hormones." (e.g. gonadotropin-releasing hormone ... Patients may also be put on oral contraceptives to stimulate regular periods. In addition to hormone therapy, nutrition ... Progesterone directly stimulates osteoblasts to make new bone. Therefore if the woman is not ovulating, she is not creating ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_energy_deficiency_in_sport

Two of these are adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and follicle stimulating hormone. The physiological role for responses to ... A particularly important bone-targeted hormonal regulator is parathyroid hormone (PTH). Parathyroid hormone is a protein made ... The skeleton is also modified for reproduction and in response to nutritional and other hormone stresses; it responds to ... Nicks KM, Fowler TW, Gaddy D (June 2010). "Reproductive hormones and bone". Curr Osteoporos Rep. 8 (2): 60-7. doi:10.1007/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoblast

1989) Follicle stimulating hormone levels on cycle day 3 are predictive of in vitro fertilization outcome. Fertility and ... Also see poor ovarian reserve and Follicle-stimulating hormone for treatment options. DNA damage (naturally occurring) ... At 18-22 weeks post-conception, the female ovary contains its peak number of follicles (about 300,000 in the average case, but ... The rest of them reach atresia, a natural apoptotic process leading to the breakdown of the follicle. Each menstrual cycle one ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_reserve

Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone (Intramuscular Route, Subcutaneous Route) Side effects. From Mayo Clinic. ... in goats treated with eCG for the induction of ovulation modulate the luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone ... "Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a highly purified human follicle-stimulating hormone (Bravelle) and recombinant ... "A comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of two recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone preparations in patients ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin_preparations

"Follicle-stimulating hormone increases primordial follicle reserve in mature female hypogonadal mice". The Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_branching_enzyme

... stimulates these cells to release luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Thus it is considered a ... As a consequence, levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) fall after a short period of time. ... Histrelin is used to treat hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate in men and uterine fibroids in women. In addition, ... Since LH and FSH stimulate the gonads to produce estrogens and androgens in females and males respectively, histrelin can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histrelin

The hormones used are typically gonadotropin-like, meaning they stimulate the gonads. Follicle stimulating hormone is the ... The electroejaculator stimulates the male causing an ejaculation, after which the semen is collected. The glove hand collection ... Pregnant cows and mares continue to develop new follicles until the middle of pregnancy. Thus, TUGA can be used to ... This can be achieved by using hormones to manipulate the female's reproductive organs. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryoconservation_of_animal_genetic_resources

Other methods may include research of high serum levels of gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone ... but high serum follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels.[19] Despite this misunderstanding of the term, ... aspermatogenesis without a-Leydigism and increased excretion of follicle-stimulating hormone". The Journal of Clinical ... Astwood, E. B. (2013-10-22). Recent Progress in Hormone Research: Proceedings of the 1967 Laurentian Hormone Conference. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome

Häggström, Mikael (2014). "Reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone ... Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the ovarian production of estrogens by the granulosa cells of the ovarian ... In addition to their role as natural hormones, estrogens are used as medications, for instance in menopausal hormone therapy ... The estrogen steroid hormones are estrane steroids. History[edit]. See also: Estradiol § History, Estrone § History, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oestrogen

In women, follicle-stimulating hormone levels remained normal while receiving ABVD, suggesting preserved ovarian function. ... McLaughlin, M.; Kelsey, T.W.; Wallace, W.H.B.; Anderson, R.A.; Telfer, E.E. (5 December 2016). "Non-growing follicle density is ... Blood growth factors are medicines that stimulate the bone marrow to produce more of a certain kind of blood cell. Commonly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABVD

This reduces gonadotropin-releasing hormone, in turn reducing both luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone. The ... Hormones (Athens). 14 (4): 569-78. doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1635. PMID 26732155. Corona, Giovanni; Rastrelli, Giulia; Filippi, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity-associated_morbidity

hormone-mediated signaling pathway. • follicle-stimulating hormone signaling pathway. • regulation of receptor activity. • G- ... Shome B، Parlow AF (1974). "Human follicle stimulating hormone: first proposal for the amino acid sequence of the hormone- ... "Localization of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) immunoreactivity and hormone receptor mRNA in testicular tissue of infertile ... FSHB, HH24, follicle stimulating hormone beta subunit, Follitropin subunit beta. معرفات خارجية. MGI: MGI:95582 HomoloGene: 430 ...

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/هرمون_منبه_للجريب_بيتا

During puberty, an increase in sex hormones called androgens causes the skin follicle glands to grow larger and make more oily ... IGF-1 and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone).[10] Other sebum-lowering medications such as topical antiandrogens, peroxisome ... Hair follicle anatomy demonstrating a healthy hair follicle (pictured left), a whitehead or closed comedo (middle picture), and ... acnes biofilm within the hair follicle worsens this process.[45] If the microcomedone is superficial within the hair follicle, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne_vulgaris

During puberty, androgen, LH and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) production increase and the sex cords hollow out, forming ... Before the production of the pituitary hormone luteinizing hormone (LH) by the embryo starting at about weeks 11-12, human ... This action of androgens is supported by a hormone from Sertoli cells, Müllerian inhibitory hormone (MIH), which prevents the ... "Hormones and Behavior. 53 (5): 613-26. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.01.013. PMC 2706155 . PMID 18374335.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen

... and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and are peptide hormones that signal the gonads to produce sex hormones. By suppressing ... Msaouel P, Diamanti E, Tzanela M, Koutsilieris M (2007). "Luteinising hormone-releasing hormone antagonists in prostate cancer ... Vitamins and Hormones. Academic Press. 18 May 1976. pp. 682-. ISBN 978-0-08-086630-7.. ... Steroidal AR antagonists tend to have off-target hormonal actions due to their structural similarity to other steroid hormones. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrogen

... the anterior pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and the gonadal steroids.. .mw-parser- ... the anterior pituitary hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); and the thyroid hormones T3 and T4.. •The hypothalamic- ... In particular, CRH and vasopressin stimulate the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), once known as corticotropin. ... Vasopressin can be thought of as "water conservation hormone" and is also known as "antidiuretic hormone." It is released when ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal_axis

Diagnostic role of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) measurements during menopausal transition - an analysis of FSH, oestraiol ... Diagnostic role of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) measurements during menopausal transition - an analysis of FSH, ... 對於更年期女性的激素替代療法（英语：Hormone_replacement_therapy_(menopause)）（HRT）會針對沒有子宮的女性使用雌激素，有完整子宮的女性使用雌激素及黄体制剂[

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/绝经期

The ratio of LH (Luteinizing hormone) to FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone), when measured in international units, is elevated ... Free testosterone, luteinizing hormone/follicle stimulating hormone ratio and pelvic sonography in relation to skin ... theca of follicle）分泌過多的雄性素 [25]。確切的基因影響方式尚未被確認[7][23][27]。在少數的案例，單個基因的突變有可能造成綜合性的突變症狀[28]。目前對該綜合症的發病病

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/多囊卵巢綜合症

... granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) - granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) - granulocytopenia ... fat redistribution - FDA FDC - floaters - follicle - follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) - Food and Drug Administration (United ... hormone - host - host factors - HPTN - HPV - HRSA - HTLV-I - HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP ... HTLV-II - human growth hormone (HGH) - human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) - human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_AIDS-related_topics

... the release of the pituitary hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). However, after the ... A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist) is a type of medication which affects gonadotropins and sex hormones.[1 ... exogenous FSH is given to stimulate ovarian follicle, followed by human chorionic gonadotropins (hCG) to trigger oocyte release ... When used to suppress gonadotropin release, GnRH agonists can lower sex hormone levels by 95% in both sexes.[2][3][4][5] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_agonist

The polypeptide hormones luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone are usually not ... are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate steroid hormone receptors.[1] The sex hormones include the androgens, ... "Hormone Research. 71 (4): 194-200. doi:10.1159/000201107. PMID 19258710.. *^ Brook, CG (1999). "Mechanism of puberty". Hormone ... Production rates, secretion rates, clearance rates, and blood levels of major sex hormones Sex Sex hormone Reproductive. phase ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_hormone

FSHR (Follicle-stimulating hormone insensitivity, XX gonadal dysgenesis). *GnRHR (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone insensitivity) ... and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).[12][24] Failure in GnRH activity can otherwise be due to the absence of the GnRH ... Hormone replacement therapy[edit]. The method and dose of treatment will vary depending on the individual being treated. ... Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is the major form of treatment with the aim to replace the missing testosterone or oestrogen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallmann_syndrome

Stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by stimulating the release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) ... positive regulation of hair follicle development. • chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus. • cellular response to ... In 1985, Bruce A. Beutler and Anthony Cerami discovered that cachectin (a hormone which induces cachexia) was actually TNF.[18] ... On macrophages: stimulates phagocytosis, and production of IL-1 oxidants and the inflammatory lipid Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF-alpha

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels were considerably elevated (30-33 mIU/mL and 34-37 mIU/mL, ... follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels were 6.7-19.1 mIU/mL and 5.8-13.2 mIU/mL, respectively), and ... anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels were normal, while levels of inhibin A and inhibin B were significantly increased.[6] In ... Sex hormone-binding globulin levels were mildly elevated (6.0-10.0 nmol/L), while thyroxine-binding globulin, corticosteroid- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_insensitivity_syndrome

... follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, LHRH. gamolenic acid, gonadotropin release inhibitor, progestogen, dopamine ... androgens, antiandrogens, estrogens, gonadotropin, corticosteroids, human growth hormone, insulin, antidiabetics (sulfonylureas ... NSAIDs, anticholinergics, haemostatic drugs, antifibrinolytics, Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), bone regulators, beta- ... cytotoxic drugs, therapeutic antibodies, sex hormones, aromatase inhibitors, somatostatin inhibitors, recombinant interleukins ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical

... acting alongside follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).[9] After ovulation has occurred, IGF-2 promotes progesterone secretion ... hormone activity. • GO:0001948 protein binding. • growth factor activity. • insulin-like growth factor receptor binding. • ... Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) is one of three protein hormones that share structural similarity to insulin. The MeSH ... Fowden AL, Sibley C, Reik W, Constancia M (2006). "Imprinted genes, placental development and fetal growth". Hormone Research. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2

The entire follicle and root are fed by a supply of arteries, and blood carries nutrients to the follicle/root. Any time an ... Fluctuations in hormones will often show in the hair. Not all hair loss is related to what is known as male pattern baldness, ... Brushing the scalp also stimulates the sebaceous gland, which in turn produces more sebum. When sebum and sweat combine on the ... The living parts of hair (hair follicle, hair root, root sheath and sebaceous gland) are beneath the skin, while the actual ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_care

... in turn suppressing the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and resulting in ... The hormone prolactin stimulates lactation (production of breast milk). Dopamine, released by the hypothalamus stops the ... Along with prolactin, domperidone has, to a lesser extent, been found to increase the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone ... Hyperprolactinemia can suppress the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domperidone

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), through control of ... Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) are very important galactopoietic hormones whose ... The release of the hormone oxytocin leads to the milk ejection or let-down reflex. Oxytocin stimulates the muscles surrounding ... From the eighteenth week of pregnancy (the second and third trimesters), a woman's body produces hormones that stimulate the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation

"Hypothalamic follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)-regulating hormone: structure, physiology, and ... Most hormone dependent cancers become resistant to treatment after one to three years and resume growth despite hormone therapy ... "Tumor growth inhibition in patients with prostatic carcinoma treated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists". Proc ... Active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy[2]. Prognosis. 5-year survival rate 99% (US)[4] ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/سرطان_پروستات?match=en

Hair follicle aging. A key aspect of hair loss with age is the aging of the hair follicle.[45] Ordinarily, hair follicle ... Any that affect the body's hormone balance can have a pronounced effect: these include the contraceptive pill, hormone ... A similar situation occurs in women taking the fertility-stimulating drug clomiphene. ... The affected area mainly contains vellus hair follicles or no hair follicles at all, but it does not expand. Its causes are ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alopecia

The sweat gland is in the layer of skin called the dermis along with other "equipment," such as nerve endings, hair follicles ... When the sweat gland is stimulated, the cells secrete a fluid (primary secretion) that is similar to plasma -- that is, it is ... overactive thyroid gland (The thyroid hormone increases body metabolism and heat production) ...

https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat

... follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), from the pituitary gland.[2][3] The secreted gonadotropins ... and thyroid hormones such as thyroxine (and by extension thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone ( ... Hormones[edit]. The master regulators of breast development are the steroid hormones, estrogen and progesterone, growth hormone ... In contrast to the female-associated sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, the male-associated sex hormones, the androgens, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_development

Spaying in female dogs removes the production of progesterone, which is a natural calming hormone and a serotonin uplifter. ... This is done to stimulate and identify estrous females without the risk of transmitting venereal diseases or causing a ... "The phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor ORG 9935 inhibits oocyte maturation in the naturally selected dominant follicle in Rhesus ... They differ from neutering in that they leave the animal's levels and patterns of sex hormone unchanged. Both sexes will retain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sterilization

... luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and growth hormone) remains under ... also called luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) stimulates the secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating ... For example, thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary. ... the anterior pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and the gonadal steroids.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrinology

Female infertility by chemotherapy appears to be secondary to premature ovarian failure by loss of primordial follicles.[91] ... Treatments to mitigate anemia include hormones to boost blood production (erythropoietin), iron supplements, and blood ... granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, e.g., filgrastim, lenograstim). ... It is usually associated with systemic treatment due to the high mitotic rate of hair follicles, and more reversible than ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapeutics

Follicle-stimulating hormone. *Follitropin alfa. *Follitropin beta. *Follitropin epsilon. *Menotropin (human menopausal ... peptide hormone binding. • galanin receptor activity. • protein binding. Cellular component. • integral component of membrane. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galanin_receptor_1

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): regulates development, growth, puberty, reproduction.. Intermediate lobe. Here one hormone ... Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): stimulates the production and release of melanin by melanocytes in skin and hair. MSH ... Luteinizing hormone (LH): in females, it triggers ovulation. In males it stimulates testosterone (acts with next). ... Hormones releasedEdit. The gland releases several kinds of hormones. Anterior pituitaryEdit. The endocrine cells of the ...

https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary

... blocking the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary.[22][23] In ... Mezo G, Manea M (December 2009). "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonists". Expert Opin Ther Pat. 19 (12): 1771-85. ... GnRH antagonists are able to abolish gonadal sex hormone production and to suppress sex hormone levels into the castrate range ... clinical use of agonists and antagonists of luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone. Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab.: 3: 157 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_antagonist

Leutinizing Hormone & Follicle Stimulating Hormone[edit]. Main Article: Leutinizing Hormone LH is released from the pituitary ... such as that observed for Leutinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) have indicated similar pulses into ... gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and growth hormone (GH). In the nervous system, pulatlility is observed in oscillatory ... "Intrinsic pulsatile secretory activity of immortalized luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-secreting neurons". Proceedings of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsatile_secretion

A hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland [1] in mammals, that stimulates, in female mammals, ripening of specialized ... structures in the ovary (Graafian follicles [2]) that produce ova and, in males, the formation of sperm in the tes ... follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH; follitropin) A hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in mammals, that stimulates ... follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland found in the brain of mammals. In females, ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/biochemistry/biochemistry/follicle-stimulating-hormone

The FSH test looks at the level of the hormone in your blood. ... Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is an important part of men ... What Is a Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Level Test?. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is an important part of the reproductive ... Your hormones underlie many basic processes in your body. This article reviews 12 actions you can take to help your hormones ... Its responsible for the growth of ovarian follicles. Follicles produce estrogen and progesterone in the ovaries and help ...

https://www.healthline.com/health/fsh

FSH is a hormone released by the pituitary gland, located on the underside of the brain. ... The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) blood test measures the level of FSH in blood. ... The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) blood test measures the level of FSH in blood. FSH is a hormone released by the ... In men, FSH stimulates production of sperm. The test is used to help diagnose or evaluate:. *Problems becoming pregnant, or ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003710.htm

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) plays an important role in sexual development. An FSH test to measure the level of FSH in ... Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced by the pituitary gland, a pea-sized gland in the brain that plays an important ... GnRH signals the pituitary gland to release two puberty hormones into the bloodstream: FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH). ... the male sex hormone) and estradiol (a form of estrogen, the female sex hormone). Taken together, the results can often provide ...

https://www.kidshealth.org/Nemours/en/parents/blood-test-fsh.html?WT.ac=p-ra

FSH is a hormone released by the pituitary gland. Learn more here. ... The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) blood test measures the level of FSH in blood. ... The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) blood test measures the level of FSH in blood. FSH is a hormone released by the ... In men, FSH stimulates production of sperm. The test is used to help diagnose or evaluate:. *Problems becoming pregnant, or ...

https://www.ucsfhealth.org/medical-tests/003710

"Follicle-Stimulating Hormone". WebMD.. *^ Pierce, John G.; Parsons, Thomas F. (July 1981). "Glycoprotein Hormones: Structure ... Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone. FSH is synthesized and secreted by ... luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle". WikiJournal of Medicine (published 2014-03-26 ... and is responsible for interaction with the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor.[4] The sugar portion of the hormone is ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone

"Follicle-Stimulating Hormone". WebMD. Bowen R. "Luteinizing and Follicle Stimulating Hormones". www.vivo.colostate.edu. ... Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone. FSH is synthesized and secreted by ... luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle". WikiJournal of Medicine (published 2014-03-26 ... and is responsible for interaction with the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor. The sugar portion of the hormone is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone

follicle-stimulating hormone synonyms, follicle-stimulating hormone pronunciation, follicle-stimulating hormone translation, ... English dictionary definition of follicle-stimulating hormone. n. Abbr. FSH A gonadotropic hormone of the anterior pituitary ... gland that stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovary and induces the formation of sperm... ... follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. *follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone- ...

https://www.thefreedictionary.com/follicle-stimulating+hormone

"Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone on ovarian androgen production in a woman with isolated follicle-stimulating hormone ... Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) insensitivity, or ovarian insensitivity to FSH in females, also referable to as ovarian ... It is characterized by a resistance or complete insensitivity to the effects of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a ... Wachs DS, Coffler MS, Malcom PJ, Shimasaki S, Chang RJ (May 2008). "Increased androgen response to follicle-stimulating hormone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone_insensitivity

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Normal testicular function without detectable follicle-stimulating hormone. A novel mutation in the follicle-stimulating ... Follicle stimulating hormone is required for ovarian follicle maturation but not male fertility. Nat Genet. 1997;15(2):201-204. ... Spermatogenesis is regulated by the 2 pituitary gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH ... Complete Sertoli cell proliferation induced by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) independently of luteinizing hormone activity ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/96794

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSH

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (Porcine) (UNII: 8FYM5179QJ) (Follitropin - UNII:076WHW89TW) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (Porcine ... of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) per vial. FOLLTROPIN® contains a low amount of luteinizing hormone (less than 1000 µg NIH ... FOLLTROPIN® (porcine pituitary-derived follicle stimulating hormone for injection) is a powder for solution containing 700 IU ( ... porcine pituitary-derived follicle stimulating hormone. ... follicle stimulating hormone (porcine) kit. Product Information ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=88a149f0-8a44-48d1-a5df-35b1fd1559a1&type=display

The pituitary hormone extract contains variable levels of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH).. ... PLUSET- porcine follicle stimulating hormone, porcine luteinizing hormone kit. To receive this label RSS feed. Copy the URL ... PLUSET- porcine follicle stimulating hormone, porcine luteinizing hormone kit. If this SPL contains inactivated NDCs listed by ... follicle stimulating hormone 35 UNT/ML / luteinizing hormone 35 UNT/ML Injectable Solution [Pluset]. SBD. ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=5a208c0a-45a1-44c3-a182-4f735365664e&audience=consumer

It is important to measure the Luteinizing Hormone (LH) level along with the FSH level. ...

https://www.akronchildrens.org/lab_tests/Follicle-Stimulating-Hormone.html

... and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were developed, based on commercial IFMA kits designed for determining LH and FSH. Both ... Time resolved immunofluorometric assays (IFMAs) for determining luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH ... Time-resolved immunofluorometric assays for urinary luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone.. ... NIOSH-Author; Analytical-methods; Urinalysis; Fluorometry; Gonadotropic-hormones; Immunochemistry; Reproductive-system; ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/00232208.html

There are several connections between luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone, including the fact that luteinizing ... While predominantly known as female reproductive hormones, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone are both ... FSH stimulates the maturation of follicles and eggs in the ovaries. Being gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone and follicle ... Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) are both gonadotropins that are created by the pituitary ...

https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-connection-between-luteinizing-hormone-and-follicle-stimulating-hormone.htm

Trusted information about follicle stimulating hormone from leading Australian health organisations, including links to ... Follicle stimulating hormone. 1 min read. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. ... Follow the links below to find trusted information about follicle stimulating hormone. ... Testosterone is one of a group of hormones known as androgens. It is the primary sex hormone produced by males but is also ...

https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/follicle-stimulating-hormone

Hormones. Follicle Stimulating Hormone. Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists. Physiological Effects of Drugs ... Immunogenicity of Repeated Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Stimulation Cycles. The safety and scientific validity of this ... FSH (Follicle stimulation hormone, 75 IU/vial) will be administered to women according to their need and response assessed by ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01785095

... is a hormone synthesized and secreted by gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland. FSH plays a major role in promoti.. ... Follicle Stimulating Hormone. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone synthesized and secreted by gonadotrophs of the ... FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) act together in reproduction process.A journalÂ is aÂ periodical publicationÂ intended to ...

https://www.omicsonline.org/autacoids/follicle-stimulating-hormone-journals.php

... is a member of the glycoprotein hormone family that includes luteinzing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone, and ... These heterodimeric hormones share a common alpha subunit and differ in their hormone-specific beta subunit. The biologica … ... Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a member of the glycoprotein hormone family that includes luteinzing hormone (LH), ... Follicle stimulating hormone is required for ovarian follicle maturation but not male fertility Nat Genet. 1997 Feb;15(2):201-4 ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9020850/?dopt=Abstract

Computer model showing the structure of the human follicle stimulating hormone (blue, green) complexed with its receptor ( ... Human follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) complexed with its receptor. ... Caption: Human follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) complexed with its receptor. Computer model showing the structure of the ... human follicle stimulating hormone (blue, green) complexed with its receptor (magenta).. Release details: Model release not ...

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/850631/view

... 2014-08-27 03:15:24 , BioPortfolio ... Chronic low-dose (CLD) protocols of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), aimed at finding the threshold amount of FSH necessary ... Home » Topics » Womens Health » Research » Recombinant Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) (Gonal-f®): Use in Ovulation ... More From BioPortfolio on "Recombinant Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) (Gonal-f®): Use in Ovulation Induction". *Related ...

https://www.bioportfolio.com/resources/trial/67209/Recombinant-Follicle-Stimulating-Hormone-FSH-Gonal-f-Use-in-Ovulation-Induction.html

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), is a gonadotrophin. It stimulates the gonads in both females and males, and is essential ... FSH stimulates the maturation of ovarian follicles in females, and supports sperm cell maturation in males. FSH is secreted ...

https://healthengine.com.au/info/medical-glossary/follicle-stimulating-hormone-fsh

Antibodies for proteins involved in follicle-stimulating hormone activity pathways, according to their Panther/Gene Ontology ... Antibodies for proteins involved in follicle-stimulating hormone activity pathways; according to their Panther/Gene Ontology ...

https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/primary/panther/follicle-stimulating%20hormone%20activity

LB2FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone (mIU/mL). Variable Name: LB2FSH. SAS Label: Follicle stimulating hormone (mIU/mL). ... LB2FSHSI - Follicle stimulating hormone (IU/L). Variable Name: LB2FSHSI. SAS Label: Follicle stimulating hormone (IU/L). ... Coulston Foundation Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Human follicle stimulating hormone (FSH, follitropin) is a glycoprotein ... Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Serum FSH and LH levels and questionnaire data on menstrual ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/2001-2002/L40_2_B.htm

Genomes and Genes about Oocyte-derived R-spondin2 as a Follicle Stimulating Hormone ... hormones*mice*diptera*in situ hybridization*ovarian follicle*follicle stimulating hormone*phosphotransferases*protein kinases* ... Oocyte-derived R-spondin2 as a Follicle Stimulating Hormone. Summary. Principal Investigator: AARON JW HSUEH ... Abstract: DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Oocyte-derived R-spondin2 as a Follicle Stimulating Hormone Abstract: The ...

http://www.labome.org/grant/r21/hd/oocyte-derived/r-spondin2/oocyte-derived-r-spondin2-as-a-follicle-stimulating-hormone-8526219.html

Background: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is an important hormone responsible for growth, maturation and function of the ... "A comprehensive curated resource for follicle stimulating hormone signaling", BMC Research Notes, vol. 4, 2011. ... FSH regulates the synthesis of steroid hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, proliferation and maturation of follicles in ...

https://www.amrita.edu/publication/comprehensive-curated-resource-follicle-stimulating-hormone-signaling

The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level should be checked to rule out primary ovarian failure. In patients with PCOS, FSH ... The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level should be checked to rule out primary ovarian failure. In patients with PCOS, FSH ... What is the role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level testing in the workup of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?. ... Luteinizing hormone (LH) levels are elevated for Tanner stage, sex, and age. The LH-to-FSH ratio is usually greater than 3. ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/256806-26827/what-is-the-role-of-follicle-stimulating-hormone-fsh-level-testing-in-the-workup-of-polycystic-ovarian-syndrome-pcos

Follicle stimulating hormone is a dimeric glycoprotein hormone which is used widely in reproductive and developmental medicine ... Immunoassays for follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) are used in the diagnosis of disorders of reproduction and development, ... Follicle stimulating hormone international standards and reference preparations for the calibration of immunoassays and ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9657342?dopt=Abstract

follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH ) A proteinaceous, gonadotropic hormone (see GONADOTROPIN ) secreted by the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) that stimulates spermatogenesis in the testis and the growth of follicles in the ovary. (encyclopedia.com)
a gonadotropin secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates sperm formation in the testis, and the formation of the graafian follicle and the secretion of estrogen from the ovary. (everything2.com)
As puberty approaches (usually between ages 10 and 14), the brain produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which starts the changes toward sexual maturity. (kidshealth.org)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone. (wikipedia.org)
Its structure is similar to those of luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). (wikipedia.org)
Low frequency gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses increase FSH mRNA levels in the rat, but is not directly correlated with an increase in circulating FSH. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, there is evidence that gonadotropin surge-attenuating factor produced by small follicles during the first half of the follicle phase also exerts a negative feedback on pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion amplitude, thus allowing a more favorable environment for follicle growth and preventing premature luteinization. (wikipedia.org)
It is characterized by a resistance or complete insensitivity to the effects of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a gonadotropin which is normally responsible for the stimulation of estrogen production by the ovaries in females and maintenance of fertility in both sexes. (wikipedia.org)
In females, FSH insensitivity results in diminished development of ovarian follicles and granulosa cells and low to normal estrogen levels, elevated to very elevated gonadotropin levels, and low inhibin B levels, whereas males present with diminished Sertoli cell proliferation and moderately elevated FSH levels, normal to slightly elevated LH levels, normal testosterone levels, and reduced inhibin B levels. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Hypogonadism and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism Gonadal dysgenesis and premature ovarian failure Leydig cell hypoplasia (or LH insensitivity) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone insensitivity Inborn errors of steroid metabolism Isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency Combined 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency Aromatase deficiency and estrogen insensitivity syndrome Mark A. Sperling (25 April 2008). (wikipedia.org)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a member of the glycoprotein hormone family that includes luteinzing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone, and chorionic gonadotropin. (nih.gov)
We will then use a rodent model of low FSH responsiveness (FSH receptor haploinsufficient heterozygous mutants) to test the ability of R-spondin2 in the promotion of early follicle development for subsequent gonadotropin stimulation and the generation of mature oocytes. (labome.org)
Stimulation testing with a long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist induces a characteristic rise in ovarian-derived 17-hydroxyprogesterone after 24 hours. (medscape.com)
Penny, R., Olambiwonnu, N. O., and Frasier, S. D.: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone-human chorionic gonadotropin (LH-HCG) concentrations in paired maternal and cord sera. (aappublications.org)
Joffe H, Crawford S, Economou N, Kim S, Regan S, Hall JE, White D. A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist model demonstrates that nocturnal hot flashes interrupt objective sleep. (umassmed.edu)
Infertility technologies often employ exogenous gonadotropin therapy to increase antral follicle production. (biomedsearch.com)
The cholinergic system is involved in the reproduction and the fertility control because some neuropeptides control the synthesis of selected glycoproteins like the luteinizing hormone (LH) and gonadotropin (Vijayan 1985). (scielo.sa.cr)
Gonadotropin-stimulated uptake of steroid hormones by Rana pipiens ovarian follicles incubated in vitro. (harvard.edu)
Since previous studies had shown that litter separation for short periods of time augmented sexual receptivity and fertility of the doe, the changes in FSH and LH reported may influence the massive release of gonadotropin releasing hormone, LH and FSH triggered by mating or artificial insemination in litter-separated mothers. (jcircadianrhythms.com)
METHODS: Longitudinal measurements of FSH, luteinising hormone, progesterone, estradiol, and inhibin B levels were collected after repeated subcutaneous dosing with 225 IU of FE 999049 in 24 gonadotropin downregulated healthy women. (lu.se)
The pituitary glycoprotein hormone family includes follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, chorionic gonadotropin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. (creativebiomart.net)
FSH is part of a complex dance of hormones that includes luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). (verywellhealth.com)
Experiment 1 evaluated whether follicular inhibins regulate the preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH)/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) surges elicited by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) injection (Hour = 0) and the subsequent periovulatory FSH surge. (psu.edu)
In the present study, we provide further evidence for the existence of VSELs in mouse BM and have also examined the effects of a chemotherapeutic agent (5-fluorouracil (5-FU)) and gonadotropin hormone (follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)) on BM stem/progenitor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary to release FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH), a closely-related hormone which is also involved in reproduction. (1mg.com)
It is referred to as a glycoprotein gonadotropin, as it stimulates the sex glands (gonads) in both men and women. (bodytomy.com)
To compare the ovarian responses after administration of two recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (r-FSH) preparations under gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue downregulation, we conducted a phase 3, randomized, multicenter, assessor-blind, active-controlled, parallel group study. (aging-us.com)
Alternatively, it can be induced by gonadotropin administration after suppression of premature luteinizing hormone (LH) surge with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist. (aging-us.com)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a member of gonadotropin family, is critical for follicular maturation and ovarian steroidogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
FSH is a member of the gonadotropin family, which includes also luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). (biomedcentral.com)

The FSH test may be used with other tests that look at the levels of luteinizing hormone, estradiol, and progesterone to determine a woman's ovarian reserve. (healthline.com)
Because FSH and LH work so closely with each other, doctors often order these tests together, as well tests for testosterone (the male sex hormone) and estradiol (a form of estrogen, the female sex hormone). (kidshealth.org)
In the luteal-follicle phase transition period the serum levels of progesterone and estrogen (primarily estradiol) decrease and no longer suppress the release of FSH, consequently FSH peaks at about day three (day one is the first day of menstrual flow). (wikipedia.org)
When the follicle matures and reaches 8-10 mm in diameter it starts to secrete significant amounts of estradiol. (wikipedia.org)
The sharp increase in estradiol production by the dominant follicle (possibly along with a decrease in gonadotrophin surge-attenuating factor) cause a positive effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary and rapid GnRH pulses occur and an LH surge results. (wikipedia.org)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol should be checked together in the early follicular phase (days 2 to 4 of the cycle). (thefreedictionary.com)
Phenol and UV filters decreased levels of estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), whereas parabens increased levels of estradiol. (thefreedictionary.com)
However, there were significant differences between the two groups in terms of the change over time in serum estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. (thefreedictionary.com)
FSH, a glycoprotein hormone, stimulates the graafian follicles of the ovary and assists subsequently in follicular maturation and the secretion of estradiol. (biogenex.com)
This is a description for a series of diagrams showing the reference ranges for the blood content of the hormones estradiol (the main estrogen), progesterone , follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone during the menstrual cycle , as established on a reference group in Switzerland using the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer. (wikiversity.org)
Tepper PG, Randolph JF, McConnell DS, Crawford SL, El Khoudary SR, Joffe H, Gold EB, Zheng H, Bromberger JT, Sutton-Tyrrell K. Trajectory clustering of estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menopausal transition among women in the Study of Women's Health across the Nation (SWAN). (umassmed.edu)
During the follicular phase, FSH will initiate the production of estradiol by the follicle, and the two hormones work together in further development of the egg follicle. (nuimagemedical.com)
Aim: To determine the value of basal follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol (E2) levels on cycle day 3 in predicting the ovulation stimulation response in patients receiving exogenous gonadotropins for in vitro fertilization (IVF) or gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT). (sun.ac.za)
In the present study, we measured an increase in neonatal serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which corresponded to falling estradiol (E(2)) levels during the critical window of primordial follicle formation (Postnatal Days 1-3). (woodrufflab.org)
The hormone inhibin as well as estradiol and progesterone help control the amount of FSH released by the pituitary gland. (1mg.com)
In women, Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) stimulates production of eggs and a hormone called estradiol during the first half of the menstrual cycle. (angelmobilehealth.com)
Treatment of granulosa cells with estradiol and FSH produced a synergistic increase in progesterone concentrations, but did not affect FSH-stimulated P450scc mRNA accumulation. (elsevier.com)
FSH is a hormone made in the brain (pituitary gland) that signals the ovaries to ovulate (and make estrogen measured as estradiol in your blood). (truly-md.com)

FSH has a beta subunit of 111 amino acids (FSH β), which confers its specific biologic action, and is responsible for interaction with the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor. (wikipedia.org)
FSH insensitivity is caused by inactivating mutations of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and thus an insensitivity of the receptor to FSH. (wikipedia.org)
Dandelion extract up-regulates reproductive hormone receptor expression in mice. (greenmedinfo.com)
Human follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) complexed with its receptor. (sciencephoto.com)
Computer model showing the structure of the human follicle stimulating hormone (blue, green) complexed with its receptor (magenta). (sciencephoto.com)
Structure-function relationship studies of the follicle stimulating hormone and its receptor assume importance as this hormone is essential for folliculogenesis and spermatogenesis in females and males, respectively. (nih.gov)
The interaction between the hormone and the receptor is complex and not well understood. (nih.gov)
Antipeptide antibodies to this region also inhibit hormone-receptor interaction in a dose-dependent manner and the mechanism of inhibition appears to be competitive in nature. (nih.gov)
To test this hypothesis in an animal model, antibodies to peptide 285-309 from rat follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) were developed and characterized. (nih.gov)
Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor was expressed in 6 of 6 whole tissue IHs along with the positive control via PCR. (ovid.com)
Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor was not present in the negative control samples. (ovid.com)
Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor is enriched in the pericytes of IH, suggesting that this cell type may be involved in the pathogenesis of the tumor. (ovid.com)
Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene polymorphism and ovarian responses to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for IVF-ET. (biomedsearch.com)
Using human ovarian surface epithelium, we cloned two new splice variants of the human follicle‐stimulating hormone receptor (FSH‐R) gene, hFSH‐R2 and hFSH‐R3. (bionity.com)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and its receptor (FSHR) are important in ovarian functions and may implicate in ovarian carcinogenesis. (aacrjournals.org)
Expression and actions of both the follicle stimulating hormone receptor and the luteinizing hormone receptor in normal ovarian surface epithelium and ovarian cancer. (springer.com)
FSHR: Receptor for follicle-stimulating hormone. (mybiosource.com)

Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity. (harvard.edu)
These heterodimeric hormones share a common alpha subunit and differ in their hormone-specific beta subunit. (nih.gov)
The FSHB gene encodes the beta subunit of follicle stimulating hormone. (biogenex.com)
All of these glycoproteins consist of an identical alpha subunit and a hormone-specific beta subunit. (creativebiomart.net)
Follicle-stimulating hormone is a heterodimer composed of an alpha-subunit and beta-subunit with glycosylation sites located on each of the subunits. (isrctn.com)

Specifically, activation of Sertoli cells by FSH sustains spermatogenesis and stimulates inhibin B secretion. (wikipedia.org)
This results in an inability of the granulosa cells in ovarian follicles to respond to FSH in females, in turn resulting in diminished estrogen production by the ovaries and loss of menstrual cycles, and an inability of Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testicles to respond to FSH in males, which in turn results in impaired spermatogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
In men the hormone stimulates spermatogenesis. (cmft.nhs.uk)
In men, FSH stimulates the production of sperm cells ( spermatogenesis ). (emf-portal.org)
In males, FSH helps control spermatogenesis, while in females it regulates follicle growth. (24houranswers.com)
In men, follicle stimulating hormone acts on the Sertoli cells of the testes to stimulate sperm production (spermatogenesis). (yourhormones.info)
FSH is vital for human reproduction, stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles and contributes to ovum ripening in females, and stimulates spermatogenesis in males. (ophthalmologymanagement.com)

GnRH signals the pituitary gland to release two puberty hormones into the bloodstream: FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH). (kidshealth.org)
However, follicular deviation and late-stage growth of a single dominant follicle requires GnRH-dependent LH pulses. (psu.edu)

A hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in mammals, that stimulates, in female mammals, ripening of specialized structures in the ovary ( Graafian follicles ) that produce ova and, in males, the formation of sperm in the testis. (encyclopedia.com)
It is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the formation of the ovarian follicle on the ovary and the production of estrogen. (everything2.com)
FSH stimulates the growth and recruitment of immature ovarian follicles in the ovary. (wikipedia.org)
A gonadotropic hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovary and induces the formation of sperm in the testis. (thefreedictionary.com)
The reason for this increase is a rise in the woman's follicle-stimulating hormone produced by the brain, that can encourage the growth of more than one follicle or fluid-filled sac in the ovary, capable of releasing an egg. (thefreedictionary.com)
For VFC, the FSH portion targets the protein to the ovary and stimulates follicle growth, whereas VEGF enhances local vascular development. (biomedsearch.com)
In conclusion, we report the production and characterization of a long-acting, bifunctional VEGF-FSH-CTP protein that is superior to combination therapy for enhancing VEGF activity in the ovary and stimulating follicular angiogenesis in rats. (biomedsearch.com)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) manifests by defects in ovarian function (folliculogenesis, sex steroid hormone production), in hypothalamic-pituitary function and by abnormal androgen metabolism. (specialtylabs.com)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition in which a woman has increased levels of male hormones (androgens). (adam.com)
Urofollitropin may also be used to cause the ovary to produce several follicles, which can then be harvested for use in gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) or in vitro fertilization (IVF). (creativebiomart.net)
In women, this hormone stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary before the release of an egg from one follicle at ovulation . (yourhormones.info)
The rise in follicle stimulating hormone stimulates the growth of the follicle in the ovary. (yourhormones.info)
Thus, during each menstrual cycle, there is a rise in follicle stimulating hormone secretion in the first half of the cycle that stimulates follicular growth in the ovary. (yourhormones.info)
Most often, raised levels of follicle stimulating hormone are a sign of malfunction in the ovary or testis . (yourhormones.info)
This is because greater amounts of the hormone are required for the ovary to recruit and stimulate an egg follicle. (verywellhealth.com)
High levels of maternal estrogen maintain intact germline nest in fetal ovary, and decrease of estrogen after birth is permissive of follicle formation. (woodrufflab.org)
The release of the egg from the ovary (ovulation) occurs shortly after this increased production of hormones. (1mg.com)
Once a mature egg is released from the ovary, and it gets fertilized with a sperm, hormones such as estrogen help in thickening the uterine lining so as to enable a woman to support a pregnancy. (bodytomy.com)

This seems to be critical in selecting only the most advanced follicle to proceed to ovulation. (wikipedia.org)
Luteinizing hormone will cause ovulation in females, or the production of testosterone in males. (wikipedia.org)
once a follicle is fully mature, an LH surge causes that follicle to release an ovum as part of ovulation. (wisegeek.com)
Both luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone play a major role in ovulation. (wisegeek.com)
Contraceptive methods, such as birth control pills, leverage luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone to manipulate ovulation and avoid pregnancy. (wisegeek.com)
Oral contraceptives use luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone to manipulate ovulation. (wisegeek.com)
To understand the role of ovulation-regulating hormones in the etiology of ovarian cancer, we prospectively analyzed the association of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and inhibin B with ovarian cancer risk. (aacrjournals.org)
Ovulation will occur shortly after the mid-cycle surge of hormones. (nuimagemedical.com)
This Phase IV, open-label, multicentre, randomized study (MEnTOR) compared two low-dose recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (r-hFSH) protocols for ovulation induction. (springermedizin.de)
Conclusion: Cycle day 3 FSH levels are predictive of the ovulation response and probability of pregnancy in stimulated cycles and can be of value in patient selection and counseling in IVF and GIFT programs. (sun.ac.za)
However, as the follicle grows, and more and more oestrogen is produced from the follicles, it simulates a surge in luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone, which stimulates the release of an egg from a mature follicle - ovulation. (yourhormones.info)
After ovulation the ruptured follicle forms a corpus luteum that produces high levels of progesterone . (yourhormones.info)
Many women are often anxious to hear they will need to take shots to stimulate ovulation. (verywellhealth.com)

Follicles produce estrogen and progesterone in the ovaries and help maintain the menstrual cycles in women. (healthline.com)
In women, FSH helps manage the menstrual cycle and stimulates the ovaries to produce eggs. (medlineplus.gov)
Reference ranges for the blood content of follicle-stimulating hormone levels during the menstrual cycle . (wikipedia.org)
Having a reliable test for circulating AMH for clinical use allows measurement of a hormone that, unlike follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, does not fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle for premenopausal women. (thefreedictionary.com)
In women it functions to stimulate follicular maturation during the follicular phase of the normal menstrual cycle and sufficient production is essential for a normal cycle. (cmft.nhs.uk)
Hormone ranges vary between cases at the same biological stage of the menstrual cycle. (wikiversity.org)
FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles (eggs) during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle in women, which is divided into two phases, the follicular and the luteal, by a mid-cycle surge of FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH). (nuimagemedical.com)
For a woman who is having problems with her menstrual cycle or who cannot become pregnant, more than one blood sample may be needed to help identify a follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) problem. (uncmedicalcenter.org)
In total, 67 incident invasive epithelial ovarian cancer cases were each matched to 1 to 2 controls on age, menopausal status, time since last menstrual period, current hormone use and other relevant factors. (ox.ac.uk)
In women, when hormone levels fall towards the end of the menstrual cycle , this is sensed by nerve cells in the hypothalamus. (yourhormones.info)
Towards the end of the cycle the corpus luteum breaks down, progesterone production decreases and the next menstrual cycle begins when follicle stimulating hormone starts to rise again. (yourhormones.info)
Follicle stimulating hormone, or FSH, is a hormone released from the pituitary gland in the brain that stimulates an egg follicle to grow each month as part of the menstrual cycle . (verywellhealth.com)
FSH affects the growth and maturation of egg follicles in the ovaries during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. (1mg.com)
While FSH levels keep fluctuating during the menstrual cycle in women, the FSH levels in men are quite stable, unless the pituitary gland is not functioning well and is unable to secrete the hormone. (bodytomy.com)
As mentioned earlier, FSH is secreted in the beginning of the menstrual cycle so as to stimulate the growth of the ovarian follicle, which is why the function of FSH can be tested by checking the FSH levels on the second or third day of the cycle. (bodytomy.com)

This is the first report of the presence of the Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Prolactin (PRL) in rotifers. (scielo.sa.cr)

Low E(2) was identified as being more permissive for the effects of FSH on primordial follicle formation by stimulating the up-regulation of Fshr and activin beta A subunit (Inhba) expression, pregranulosa cell proliferation, and oocyte survival. (woodrufflab.org)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, follitropin) - serum. (baptistjax.com)

FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) work together in the reproductive system. (wikipedia.org)
FOLLTROPIN ® contains a low amount of luteinizing hormone (less than 1000 µg NIH-LH-S19 per vial). (nih.gov)
The pituitary hormone extract contains variable levels of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). (nih.gov)
It is important to measure the Luteinizing Hormone (LH) level along with the FSH level. (akronchildrens.org)
Time-resolved immunofluorometric assays for urinary luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone. (cdc.gov)
Time resolved immunofluorometric assays (IFMAs) for determining luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were developed, based on commercial IFMA kits designed for determining LH and FSH. (cdc.gov)
What Is the Connection between Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone? (wisegeek.com)
Another connection is that luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone carry out their duties by triggering the actions of second messengers once they bind to cell receptors in the gonads. (wisegeek.com)
Being gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone are messengers that trigger gonads to release estrogen and testosterone and to complete specific reproductive functions. (wisegeek.com)
While predominantly known as female reproductive hormones, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone are both crucial in male reproduction because they send messages to cells in the testes . (wisegeek.com)
Located in the head, the pituitary gland produces hormones -- such as luteinizing hormone -- and regulates several other glands of the body's endocrine system. (wisegeek.com)
When the levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone decrease due to age or increase due to disease, physiological effects can occur. (wisegeek.com)
In such cases, excess luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone may build up in the bloodstream, causing pituitary tumors . (wisegeek.com)
FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) act together in reproduction process.A journalÂ is aÂ periodical publicationÂ intended to further progress ofÂ science, usually by reporting newÂ research. (omicsonline.org)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) levels are elevated for Tanner stage, sex, and age. (medscape.com)
The amounts of FSH and other hormones (luteinizing hormone, estrogen, and progesterone) are measured in both a man and a woman to determine why the couple can't become pregnant (infertility). (uncmedicalcenter.org)
This prompted us to undertake the present study whose aim was to examine the effect of litter separation for 48 h on 24-h changes in plasma prolactin (PRL), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels of the doe. (jcircadianrhythms.com)
Immunocytochemical evidence for production of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in separate cells in the bovine. (ac.be)
Reference : Immunocytochemical evidence for production of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimul. (ac.be)
In conjunction with luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone induces egg and sperm production. (creativebiomart.net)
ODG1 is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by primary amenorrhea, variable development of secondary sex characteristics, and high serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). (mybiosource.com)
Effects of in vivo administration of testosterone propionate on in vitro production of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone by pituitaries of pony mares. (semanticscholar.org)
The in vitro incorporation of [3H]leucine into immunoprecipitable follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) was assessed for pituitaries from pony mares treated with testosterone propionate (TP) or oil (controls). (semanticscholar.org)
Near the end of the follicular phase, the production of FSH and luteinizing hormone increases. (1mg.com)
Another gonadotropic hormone called luteinizing hormone helps in secretion of estrogen from the follicle and also causes the ovum to be released from the ovaries. (bodytomy.com)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is an important part of the reproductive system. (healthline.com)
Ovarian stimulation with exogenous Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) allows a greater number of ova to be produced than normally produced in a single reproductive cycle. (nih.gov)
It is an important hormone for normal functioning of the reproductive system in men and women . (healthdirect.gov.au)
Endogenous Circadian Regulation of Female Reproductive Hormones. (harvard.edu)
It is also indicated for the development of multiple follicles in ovulatory women participating in an assisted reproductive technology (ART) programme, such as in in vitro fertilisation (IVF). (bioportfolio.com)
Follicle stimulating hormone is a dimeric glycoprotein hormone which is used widely in reproductive and developmental medicine both as a diagnostic analyte and as a therapeutic product. (nih.gov)
Reproductive hormone-induced, STAT3-mediated interleukin 6 action in normal and malignant human ovarian surface epithelial cells. (springer.com)
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to characterise the population pharmacokinetics of FE 999049, a novel recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), after multiple dosing in healthy women, taking into account endogenous FSH levels and the reproductive hormone dynamics. (lu.se)
Reproductive endocrinologists use a form of FSH to stimulate the ovaries to produce egg follicles for either IUI (intrauterine insemination) or IVF ( in vitro fertilization ). (verywellhealth.com)
Secretion of this hormone is extremely essential for reproductive processes to take place in a normal fashion. (bodytomy.com)
Here's some information on follicle stimulating hormone function that will help you understand how this hormone affects the reproductive processes in men and women. (bodytomy.com)
During her reproductive years, a woman goes through cyclical changes that are brought about by the interplay of various hormones. (bodytomy.com)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is responsible for various reproductive functions in both female and males. (shifa4u.com)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) plays a key role in the development and function of the reproductive system and is widely used both in clinical and research settings. (biomedcentral.com)

During the luteal phase, FSH will stimulate the production of progesterone. (nuimagemedical.com)
You may be asked to stop taking medicines (including birth control pills) that contain estrogen or progesterone or both for up to 4 weeks before having a follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) test. (uncmedicalcenter.org)
In the perimenopause stage , the ovaries begin to shut down and stops producing certain hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, decreasing the chance of becoming pregnant. (birthcontrolbuzz.com)
In women, follicle stimulating hormone levels also start to rise naturally in women around the menopausal period, reflecting a reduction in function of the ovaries and decline of oestrogen and progesterone production. (yourhormones.info)
To examine the role of cAMP in mediating granulosa cell P450scc mRNA accumulation, granulosa cells were treated with forskolin, cholera toxin, 8-bromo-cAMP, 8-bromo-cGMP, 5′AMP, or cAMP analogs that differentially stimulate the two isoenzymes of protein kinase-A. Increased specific P450scc mRNA accumulation and progesterone production occurred in response to each agent except 5′AMP and 8-bromo-cGMP. (elsevier.com)
Inhibition of sterol utilization by the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme had no effect on basal or FSH-stimulated concentrations of P450scc mRNA, but markedly suppressed progesterone production. (elsevier.com)

en] In all mammalian females, follicular growth and maturation are essentially dependent on the pituitary gonadotropins, FSH and LH. (ac.be)
Immunoassay reagents intended to perform qualitative and/or quantitative analyses of a sample of body fluids (typically serum or urine) to determine follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), one of the hormones that control the functional activity of the gonads (i.e., gonadotropins). (ophthalmologymanagement.com)
Gonadotropins in blood were assessed hourly from Hours -6 to 36, and follicle growth tracked by ultrasound. (psu.edu)
Gonadotropins then stimulate ovaries to produce multiple dominant follicles that yield multiple oocytes for fertilization. (aging-us.com)
To improve the safety and convenience of the administration of human gonadotropins, highly purified urinary follicle-stimulating hormone (HP-uFSH) and hMG (HP-hMG) were developed and used for more than four decades [ 5 - 8 ]. (aging-us.com)

In girls, FSH and LH prompt the ovaries to begin producing the hormone estrogen, which causes a girl's body to mature and prepares her for menstruation. (kidshealth.org)
Hormone replacement therapy with estrogen may be used to treat symptoms of hypoestrogenism in females with the condition. (wikipedia.org)
The interactions between the stimulatory effect of follicle-stimulating hormone and the inhibitory effect of estrogen on mouse primordial folliculogenesis. (woodrufflab.org)

The cohort of small antral follicles is normally sufficient in number to produce enough Inhibin B to lower FSH serum levels. (wikipedia.org)
As a woman nears perimenopause, the number of small antral follicles recruited in each cycle diminishes and consequently insufficient Inhibin B is produced to fully lower FSH and the serum level of FSH begins to rise. (wikipedia.org)
Serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone , oestradiol and inhibin B to measure ovarian reserve have the limitation of being cycle dependent. (thefreedictionary.com)
With this growth, the cells of the follicles produce increasing amounts of oestradiol and inhibin. (yourhormones.info)
In men, the production of follicle stimulating hormone is regulated by the circulating levels of testosterone and inhibin, both produced by the testes. (yourhormones.info)
If the gonads fail to create enough oestrogen, testosterone and/or inhibin, the correct feedback control of follicle stimulating hormone production from the pituitary gland is lost and the levels of both follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone will rise. (yourhormones.info)

The use of corifollitropin alfa is superior in terms of pregnancy outcome parameters as compared to recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) during ovarian stimulation protocols in women undergoing in vitro fertilisation. (clinicaltrials.gov)
1996). In this paper, we will discuss the biotechnology involved in the process of producing recombinant follicle stimulating hormone from a recombinant cell line producing r-hFSH via its characterization and the analysis of the final product. (24houranswers.com)

If diseased gonads malfunction or are removed, LH and FSH cannot carry out negative feedback duties, which means they cannot signal to the pituitary gland when enough hormone has been secreted so that production can stop. (wisegeek.com)
It stimulates the gonads in both females and males, and is essential for reproduction. (healthengine.com.au)
Control of FSH production is a complex system involving hormones produced by the gonads (ovaries or testes), the hypothalamus and the pituitary. (nuimagemedical.com)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone made by the pituitary gland that affects the gonads (female ovaries and males testes). (repropedia.org)

When stopping oral contraceptives during perimenopause a serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level test should be done on the last day of the pill. (birthcontrolbuzz.com)

Eligible women (18-37 years), with World Health Organization Group II anovulatory infertility, were randomized to receive r-hFSH (starting daily dose: 75 IU) as a chronic low-dose (CLD) (37.5 IU dose increase on Day 14) or low-dose (LD) (37.5 IU dose increase on Day 7) protocol if no follicles were ≥10 mm. (springermedizin.de)
2013). Previously, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) preparations for infertility treatment were derived from the urine of postmenopausal women (Group, 1998). (24houranswers.com)

FSH is member of the pituitary glycoprotein hormone family, it consist of a shared alpha chain and a beta chain encoded by a separate gene. (biogenex.com)

follicle-stimulating hormone: an anterior pituitary peptide that stimulates the development of Graafian follicles in the female and spermatozoa in the male. (thefreedictionary.com)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) insensitivity, or ovarian insensitivity to FSH in females, also referable to as ovarian follicle hypoplasia or granulosa cell hypoplasia in females, is a rare autosomal recessive genetic and endocrine syndrome affecting both females and males, with the former presenting with much greater severity of symptomatology. (wikipedia.org)
Due in part to elevated LH levels, which stimulate androgen production by theca cells in the ovaries, and due in part to FSH insensitivity, resulting in a lack of aromatase in nearby granulosa cells that normally convert androgens into estrogens, it could be expected that females with FSH insensitivity might present with symptoms of hyperandrogenism at puberty. (wikipedia.org)
Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. (harvard.edu)
The effect of metformin on FSH and forskolin-stimulated aromatase expression in human granulosa cells was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. (ovid.com)
Studies of in vivo ovarian CTGF expression in FSH-beta knockout mice by Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses demonstrated high levels of CTGF expression in the granulosa cells of preantral follicles blocked from further development owing to the absence of FSH. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Importantly, other ovarian expressed TGF-beta superfamily members (GDF-9 and activin, 10 ng/ml) stimulated granulosa cell CTGF mRNA in a similar fashion to TGF-beta1 (10 ng/ml), and this was also inhibited by FSH (10 ng/ml). (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Moreover, FSH works with LH and oestrogen to stimulate proliferation of granulosa cells, leading to follicular growth (Crommelin et al. (24houranswers.com)
FSH is the primary hormonal inducer of ovarian follicle maturation and a critically important regulator of steroidogenesis in granulosa cells. (elsevier.com)
To assess possible feedback effects of steroid or sterol on FSH-stimulated P450scc mRNA concentrations, granulosa cells were treated with aminoglutethimide to block or with low density lipoprotein to stimulate steroid production. (elsevier.com)

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Oocyte-derived R-spondin2 as a Follicle Stimulating Hormone Abstract: The Wingless (Wnt) signaling pathway is essential for cell proliferation from flies to mammals. (labome.org)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), is a gonadotrophin . (healthengine.com.au)
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone is released from the hypothalamus and binds to receptors in the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate both the synthesis and release of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone. (yourhormones.info)
These cells produce more gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, which in turn stimulates the pituitary gland to produce more follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone, and release these into the bloodstream. (yourhormones.info)
In turn, the production of these hormones is sensed by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland and less gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone will be released. (yourhormones.info)
Follicle stimulating hormone regulates testosterone levels and when these rise they are sensed by nerve cells in the hypothalamus so that gonadotrophin-releasing hormone secretion and consequently follicle stimulating hormone is decreased. (yourhormones.info)

In both males and females, FSH stimulates the maturation of primordial germ cells. (wikipedia.org)
FSH) A hormone that stimulates the maturation of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males. (thefreedictionary.com)
In females it will cause the growth of follicles in the ovaries and controlls the synthesising process of progesteron, in males , it will lead to the production of sperm . (wikipedia.org)
FSH-deficient females are infertile due to a block in folliculogenesis prior to antral follicle formation. (nih.gov)
These hormones were found in females, males and parthenogenetic and sexual eggs of the freshwater Brachionus calyciflorus . (scielo.sa.cr)
In females, it stimulates growth of the ovarian follicles. (repropedia.org)

Follicle stimulating hormone facilitates ovarian folliculogenesis to the antral follicle stage and is necessary for Sertoli cell propagation and enhancement of sperm quality in the testis. (biogenex.com)

The suggestion that superovulation may cause aneuploidy and fetal abnormalities prompted us to study the potential role of FSH in the genesis of chromosomal abnormalities during meiosis I. Mouse cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) isolated from the antral follicles of unprimed, sexually immature B6CBF 1 mice were cultured in increasing concentrations of FSH. (bioone.org)

Single-chain bifunctional vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-C-terminal peptide (CTP) is superior to the combination therapy of recombinant VEGF plus FSH-CTP in stimulating angiogenesis during ovarian folliculogenesis. (biomedsearch.com)
The decrease of E(2) plus the presence of FSH after birth are critical for primordial follicle formation and the expression of oocyte-specific transcription factors (Figla and Nobox) in that inappropriate exposure to FSH or E(2) during follicle formation resulted in premature or delayed primordial folliculogenesis. (woodrufflab.org)

Eventually, the FSH level becomes so high that downregulation of FSH receptors occurs and by postmenopause any remaining small secondary follicles no longer have FSH nor LH receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Although multiple Wnt ligands and their cognate Frizzled receptors are expressed in ovarian somatic cells, there is no report demonstrating the ability of Wnt ligands in the promotion of ovarian follicle growth. (labome.org)
Glycoprotein hormone receptors contain large extracellular domains encoded by multiple exons that can be alternatively spliced. (bionity.com)
These glycoprotein hormones have many similarities, but their action, based on high affinity binding to specific membrane receptors, are quite different. (ac.be)
The released follicle stimulating hormone is carried in the bloodstream where it binds to receptors in the testes and ovaries. (yourhormones.info)

Hu L , Zhang S , Quan S , Lv J , Qian W , Huang Y , Lu W , Sun Y , . Efficacy and safety of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. (aging-us.com)

It is important in the development of follicles produced by the ovaries. (creativebiomart.net)
FSH is produced by the pituitary gland, and its production is controlled by a feedback system involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and hormones produced by the ovaries or testicles. (1mg.com)

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) at a wide range of doses is routinely added to culture media during in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes, but the effects on oocyte health are unclear. (bioone.org)
To determine whether fetal hormones contribute in an active manner to primordial follicle formation, mouse fetal ovaries (17.5 days postcoitus) were cultured in vitro at two concentrations of E(2) (meant to reflect maternal and fetal levels of E(2)) and FSH for 6 days. (woodrufflab.org)

An FSH blood test detects the level of this hormone in the blood to check whether a woman's levels are normal. (centerforhumanreprod.com)
We look at follicle stimulating hormone range in the context of a woman's age and other factors. (centerforhumanreprod.com)
Better AMH specificity makes sense because AMH reflects the smaller follicles, which represent a majority of a woman's ovarian reserve. (centerforhumanreprod.com)
When it comes to fertility testing for women or testing a woman's fertility reserve, seeing how likely they will get pregnant easily, there are three important reasons why testing for Anti Mullerian Hormone (AMH) is more effective and efficient than testing for Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) . (rmact.com)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormones work with Lh and instructs a woman's body to ovulate at just the right tie. (testsmartlylabs.com)

Biochemistry) a gonadotrophic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles in female mammals and growth of seminiferous tubules in males. (thefreedictionary.com)

A single injection of 5,000 IU urinary hCG (or 250 mcg recombinant hCG ) should be administered after the last dose of Gonal-f and when the leading follicle has reached 17 mm in diameter. (bioportfolio.com)
Use of clomiphene citrate alone, urinary follicle-stimulating hormone alone, or both combined sequentially in patients with unexplained subfertility undergoing intrauterine insemination: A randomized trial/Sadece klomifen sitrat, sadece uriner folikul stimulan hormon ve her ikisinin kombinasyonu ile intrauterin asilama yapilan aciklanamayan infertilitesi olan hastalarda kullanimi: Randomize calisma. (thefreelibrary.com)
We conducted this randomized trial to compare CC alone, pure human urinary follicle-stimulating hormone (uFSH) alone or both combined sequentially for OS followed by IUI in patients with unexplained subfertility of at least 12 months. (thefreelibrary.com)

Effect of litter separation on 24-hour rhythmicity of plasma prolactin, follicle-stimulating. (jcircadianrhythms.com)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone synthesized and secreted by gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland. (omicsonline.org)
Glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland . (emf-portal.org)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is one such hormone that is secreted by cells in the anterior pituitary gland. (bodytomy.com)

Follicle stimulating hormone is a gonadotropic hormone that is produced by the pituitary gland. (bodytomy.com)

In boys, FSH and LH work together to get the testes to begin producing testosterone, the hormone responsible for the physical changes of puberty and the production of sperm. (kidshealth.org)
The test may also be used to check for damage or disease of the testes or ovaries, pituitary gland, or hypothalamus, an almond-sized area of the brain that links the nervous system with the hormone-producing endocrine system. (kidshealth.org)
In men, FSH will stimulate the testes to produce mature sperm and will promote the production of androgen binding proteins as well. (nuimagemedical.com)
Follicle stimulating hormone is one of the hormones essential to pubertal development and the function of women's ovaries and men's testes . (yourhormones.info)
The production and release of follicle stimulating hormone is regulated by the levels of a number of circulating hormones released by the ovaries and testes. (yourhormones.info)
Using this mechanism follicle stimulating hormone, along with luteinising hormone, can control the functions of the testes and ovaries. (yourhormones.info)

Low density lipoprotein, which increases intracellular sterol, also did not alter basal or FSH-stimulated P450scc mRNA accumulation, suggesting that neither the utilization nor the availability of sterol regulates specific P450scc mRNA levels. (elsevier.com)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (abbreviated FSH , sometimes called Follitropine ) is a glycoprotein and sex steroid . (wikipedia.org)
Wildman RP, Tepper PG, Crawford S, Finkelstein JS, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Thurston RC, Santoro N, Sternfeld B, Greendale GA. Do changes in sex steroid hormones precede or follow increases in body weight during the menopause transition? (umassmed.edu)

We used conditional logistic regression to assess the relationship between hormones and risk of ovarian cancer overall and by subtype (types I and II). (aacrjournals.org)
Gankyrin facilitates follicle-stimulating hormone-driven ovarian cancer cell proliferation through the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α/cyclin D1 pathway. (springer.com)
Prediagnostic circulating follicle stimulating hormone concentrations and ovarian cancer risk. (ox.ac.uk)
The aim of this study was to determine the association between prediagnostic levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and subsequent development of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer. (ox.ac.uk)

FSH stimulates an immature follicle to grow. (verywellhealth.com)

FOLLTROPIN ® (porcine pituitary-derived follicle stimulating hormone for injection) is a powder for solution containing 700 IU (equivalent to 400 mg NIH-FSH-P1) of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) per vial. (nih.gov)
Do not use FOLLTROPIN ® in cows that are known to be hypersensitive to the active ingredient, porcine pituitary-derived follicle stimulating hormone. (nih.gov)

Based on bioinformatic and in situ hybridization analyses, we demonstrated the exclusive expression of R-spondin2 in oocytes of primary and more advanced follicles but not in oocytes of dormant primordial follicles. (labome.org)
Pre-treatment with R-spondin1-Fc led to the induction of early antral follicles capable of responding to sequential eCG and hCG treatment, leading to the generation of mature oocytes. (labome.org)
Following the promotion of early ovarian follicle development using R-spondin2, mice will be treated sequentially with eCG and hCG to stimulate the final phase of follicle development and to derive mature oocytes for fertilization and the derivation of pups. (labome.org)
Effects of age and season on the developmental capacity of oocytes from unstimulated and FSH-stimulated rhesus monkeys were examined. (bioone.org)
Mean number of oocytes retrieved per number of follicles aspirated on the day of ovum pick up was calculated. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Basal hormone levels were compared to the peak E2 concentration, the number of follicles aspirated, and the number of preovulatory oocytes recovered following drug therapy. (sun.ac.za)
The murine primordial follicle pool develops largely within 3 days after birth through germline nest breakdown and enclosure of oocytes within pregranulosa cells. (woodrufflab.org)

Emergence and early growth of follicles (until about 8 mm) requires the periovulatory FSH surge but not LH pulses. (psu.edu)

Anatomy33

Organisms14

Diseases18

Chemicals and Drugs115

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment31

Phenomena and Processes48

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care2

Plasma concentration changes in LH and FSH following electrochemical stimulation of the medial preoptic are or dorsal anterior hypothalamic area of estrogen- or androgen-sterilized rats.(1/5093)

In vitro development of sheep preantral follicles. (2/5093)

Prolactin replacement fails to inhibit reactivation of gonadotropin secretion in rams treated with melatonin under long days. (3/5093)

Activities of glucose metabolic enzymes in human preantral follicles: in vitro modulation by follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor I, and transforming growth factor beta1. (4/5093)

The mechanism of action of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha on aromatase activity in granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries. (5/5093)

Effect of long-term food restriction on pituitary sensitivity to cLHRH-I in broiler breeder females. (6/5093)

Time at surgery during menstrual cycle and menopause affects pS2 but not cathepsin D levels in breast cancer. (7/5093)

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection after follicle stimulation with highly purified human follicle-stimulating hormone compared with human menopausal gonadotropin. (8/5093)

Ovarian Follicle

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Hair Follicle

Hormones

Luteinizing Hormone

Thyroid Hormones

Ovary

Granulosa Cells

Ovulation

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Gonadal Steroid Hormones

Estradiol

Progesterone

Follicular Fluid

Parathyroid Hormone

Theca Cells

Receptors, Thyroid Hormone

Anti-Mullerian Hormone

Human Growth Hormone

Oocytes

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Hair

Chorionic Gonadotropin

Pituitary Hormones

Inhibins

Testosterone

Oogenesis

Androstenedione

Cattle

Receptors, FSH

Triiodothyronine

Estrus

Juvenile Hormones

Ovulation Induction

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Pituitary Gland

Gonadal Hormones

Gonadotropins, Equine

Testicular Hormones

Pregnancy

RNA, Messenger

Corpus Luteum

Prolactin

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone

Estrous Cycle

Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Human

Thyroxine

Tissue Culture Techniques

Sheep

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

Thyrotropin

Aromatase

Hypothalamic Hormones

Hormone Antagonists

Fertilization in Vitro

Peptide Hormones

Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit

Pituitary Hormones, Anterior

Gonadotropins, Pituitary

Ovariectomy

Steroids

Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta

Alopecia

Gonadotropins

Immunohistochemistry

Sexual Maturation

Estrogens

Insulin-Like Growth Factor I

Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones

Time Factors

Inhibin-beta Subunits

Radioimmunoassay

Hypophysectomy

Fertility

Cells, Cultured

Dental Sac

Gastrointestinal Hormones

Superovulation

Infertility, Female

Insect Hormones