An OOCYTE-containing structure in the cortex of the OVARY. The oocyte is enclosed by a layer of GRANULOSA CELLS providing a nourishing microenvironment (FOLLICULAR FLUID). The number and size of follicles vary depending on the age and reproductive state of the female. The growing follicles are divided into five stages: primary, secondary, tertiary, Graafian, and atretic. Follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on the presence of GONADOTROPINS.
A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
A tube-like invagination of the EPIDERMIS from which the hair shaft develops and into which SEBACEOUS GLANDS open. The hair follicle is lined by a cellular inner and outer root sheath of epidermal origin and is invested with a fibrous sheath derived from the dermis. (Stedman, 26th ed) Follicles of very long hairs extend into the subcutaneous layer of tissue under the SKIN.
Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.
A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.
The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.
Supporting cells for the developing female gamete in the OVARY. They are derived from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the OOCYTE in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the OVUM in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors (RECEPTORS, LH).
The discharge of an OVUM from a rupturing follicle in the OVARY.
A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.
Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.
The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.
The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.
The fluid surrounding the OVUM and GRANULOSA CELLS in the Graafian follicle (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). The follicular fluid contains sex steroids, glycoprotein hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and enzymes.
A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.
The flattened stroma cells forming a sheath or theca outside the basal lamina lining the mature OVARIAN FOLLICLE. Thecal interstitial or stromal cells are steroidogenic, and produce primarily ANDROGENS which serve as precusors of ESTROGENS in the GRANULOSA CELLS.
Specific high affinity binding proteins for THYROID HORMONES in target cells. They are usually found in the nucleus and regulate DNA transcription. These receptors are activated by hormones that leads to transcription, cell differentiation, and growth suppression. Thyroid hormone receptors are encoded by two genes (GENES, ERBA): erbA-alpha and erbA-beta for alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptors, respectively.
A glycoprotein that causes regression of MULLERIAN DUCTS. It is produced by SERTOLI CELLS of the TESTES. In the absence of this hormone, the Mullerian ducts develop into structures of the female reproductive tract. In males, defects of this hormone result in persistent Mullerian duct, a form of MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM.
A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR), also known as GH or somatotropin. Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency.
Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).
An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).
A filament-like structure consisting of a shaft which projects to the surface of the SKIN from a root which is softer than the shaft and lodges in the cavity of a HAIR FOLLICLE. It is found on most surfaces of the body.
A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).
Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.
Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. Inhibins and ACTIVINS are modulators of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretions; both groups belong to the TGF-beta superfamily, as the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. Inhibins consist of a disulfide-linked heterodimer with a unique alpha linked to either a beta A or a beta B subunit to form inhibin A or inhibin B, respectively
A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.
The process of germ cell development in the female from the primordial germ cells through OOGONIA to the mature haploid ova (OVUM).
A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
Cell surface proteins that bind FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.
A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.
The period in the ESTROUS CYCLE associated with maximum sexual receptivity and fertility in non-primate female mammals.
Compounds, either natural or synthetic, which block development of the growing insect.
Techniques for the artifical induction of ovulation, the rupture of the follicle and release of the ovum.
Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency.
A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.
Hormones produced by the GONADS, including both steroid and peptide hormones. The major steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL and PROGESTERONE from the OVARY, and TESTOSTERONE from the TESTIS. The major peptide hormones include ACTIVINS and INHIBINS.
Gonadotropins secreted by the pituitary or the placenta in horses. This term generally refers to the gonadotropins found in the pregnant mare serum, a rich source of equine CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. Unlike that in humans, the equine LUTEINIZING HORMONE, BETA SUBUNIT is identical to the equine choronic gonadotropin, beta. Equine gonadotropins prepared from pregnant mare serum are used in reproductive studies.
Hormones produced in the testis.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
The yellow body derived from the ruptured OVARIAN FOLLICLE after OVULATION. The process of corpus luteum formation, LUTEINIZATION, is regulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE.
A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.
A peptide of 44 amino acids in most species that stimulates the release and synthesis of GROWTH HORMONE. GHRF (or GRF) is synthesized by neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, GHRF stimulates GH release by the SOMATOTROPHS in the PITUITARY GLAND.
The period of cyclic physiological and behavior changes in non-primate female mammals that exhibit ESTRUS. The estrous cycle generally consists of 4 or 5 distinct periods corresponding to the endocrine status (PROESTRUS; ESTRUS; METESTRUS; DIESTRUS; and ANESTRUS).
A major gonadotropin secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and the LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. The alpha subunit is common in the three human pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.
A technique for maintaining or growing TISSUE in vitro, usually by DIFFUSION, perifusion, or PERFUSION. The tissue is cultured directly after removal from the host without being dispersed for cell culture.
Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.
A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.
A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
An enzyme that catalyzes the desaturation (aromatization) of the ring A of C19 androgens and converts them to C18 estrogens. In this process, the 19-methyl is removed. This enzyme is membrane-bound, located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogen-producing cells of ovaries, placenta, testes, adipose, and brain tissues. Aromatase is encoded by the CYP19 gene, and functions in complex with NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE in the cytochrome P-450 system.
Peptide hormones produced by NEURONS of various regions in the HYPOTHALAMUS. They are released into the pituitary portal circulation to stimulate or inhibit PITUITARY GLAND functions. VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN, though produced in the hypothalamus, are not included here for they are transported down the AXONS to the POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY before being released into the portal circulation.
Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.
An assisted reproductive technique that includes the direct handling and manipulation of oocytes and sperm to achieve fertilization in vitro.
Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS in that their actions are systemic.
The beta subunit of follicle stimulating hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide. Full biological activity of FSH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. Mutation of the FSHB gene causes delayed puberty, or infertility.
Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Structurally, they include polypeptide, protein, and glycoprotein molecules.
Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR) that stimulate gonadal functions in both males and females. They include FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE that stimulates germ cell maturation (OOGENESIS; SPERMATOGENESIS), and LUTEINIZING HORMONE that stimulates the production of sex steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE; ANDROGENS).
The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.
A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
High affinity receptors for THYROID HORMONES, especially TRIIODOTHYRONINE. These receptors are usually found in the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. They are encoded by the THRB gene (also known as NR1A2, THRB1, or ERBA2 gene) as several isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Mutations in the THRB gene cause THYROID HORMONE RESISTANCE SYNDROME.
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.
Hormones that stimulate gonadal functions such as GAMETOGENESIS and sex steroid hormone production in the OVARY and the TESTIS. Major gonadotropins are glycoproteins produced primarily by the adenohypophysis (GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY) and the placenta (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN). In some species, pituitary PROLACTIN and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN exert some luteotropic activities.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Achievement of full sexual capacity in animals and in humans.
Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.
A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.
Peptides, natural or synthetic, that stimulate the release of PITUITARY HORMONES. They were first isolated from the extracts of the HYPOTHALAMUS; MEDIAN EMINENCE; PITUITARY STALK; and NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. In addition, some hypophysiotropic hormones control pituitary cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and hormone synthesis. Some can act on more than one pituitary hormone.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
They are glycopeptides and subunits in INHIBINS and ACTIVINS. Inhibins and activins belong to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily.
Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.
Surgical removal or destruction of the hypophysis, or pituitary gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Dense fibrous layer formed from mesodermal tissue that surrounds the epithelial enamel organ. The cells eventually migrate to the external surface of the newly formed root dentin and give rise to the cementoblasts that deposit cementum on the developing root, fibroblasts of the developing periodontal ligament, and osteoblasts of the developing alveolar bone.
HORMONES secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs.
Occurrence or induction of release of more ova than are normally released at the same time in a given species. The term applies to both animals and humans.
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.
Hormones secreted by insects. They influence their growth and development. Also synthetic substances that act like insect hormones.
The alpha chain of pituitary glycoprotein hormones (THYROTROPIN; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE) and the placental CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Within a species, the alpha subunits of these four hormones are identical; the distinct functional characteristics of these glycoprotein hormones are determined by the unique beta subunits. Both subunits, the non-covalently bound heterodimers, are required for full biologic activity.
A highly vascularized endocrine gland consisting of two lobes joined by a thin band of tissue with one lobe on each side of the TRACHEA. It secretes THYROID HORMONES from the follicular cells and CALCITONIN from the parafollicular cells thereby regulating METABOLISM and CALCIUM level in blood, respectively.
Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.
Cyst due to the occlusion of the duct of a follicle or small gland.
Small, sacculated organs found within the DERMIS. Each gland has a single duct that emerges from a cluster of oval alveoli. Each alveolus consists of a transparent BASEMENT MEMBRANE enclosing epithelial cells. The ducts from most sebaceous glands open into a HAIR FOLLICLE, but some open on the general surface of the SKIN. Sebaceous glands secrete SEBUM.
Cell surface proteins that bind GROWTH HORMONE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Activation of growth hormone receptors regulates amino acid transport through cell membranes, RNA translation to protein, DNA transcription, and protein and amino acid catabolism in many cell types. Many of these effects are mediated indirectly through stimulation of the release of somatomedins.
Formation of CORPUS LUTEUM. This process includes capillary invasion of the ruptured OVARIAN FOLLICLE, hypertrophy of the GRANULOSA CELLS and the THECA CELLS, and the production of PROGESTERONE. Luteinization is regulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE.
High affinity receptors for THYROID HORMONES, especially TRIIODOTHYRONINE. These receptors are usually found in the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. They are encoded by the THRA gene (also known as NR1A1, THRA1, ERBA or ERBA1 gene) as several isoforms produced by alternative splicing.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
The anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis. It secretes the ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES that regulate vital functions such as GROWTH; METABOLISM; and REPRODUCTION.
The period in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE that follows OVULATION, characterized by the development of CORPUS LUTEUM, increase in PROGESTERONE production by the OVARY and secretion by the glandular epithelium of the ENDOMETRIUM. The luteal phase begins with ovulation and ends with the onset of MENSTRUATION.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.
The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.
The external, nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers of EPITHELIUM: (1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); (2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis).
Hormones produced by invertebrates, usually insects, mollusks, annelids, and helminths.
Hormones released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). They include a number of peptides which are formed in the NEURONS in the HYPOTHALAMUS, bound to NEUROPHYSINS, and stored in the nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary. Upon stimulation, these peptides are released into the hypophysial portal vessel blood.
Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A phase of the ESTROUS CYCLE that precedes ESTRUS. During proestrus, the Graafian follicles undergo maturation.
Those protein complexes or molecular sites on the surfaces and cytoplasm of gonadal cells that bind luteinizing or chorionic gonadotropic hormones and thereby cause the gonadal cells to synthesize and secrete sex steroids. The hormone-receptor complex is internalized from the plasma membrane and initiates steroid synthesis.
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA.
Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections.
Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.
A technique for maintenance or growth of animal organs in vitro. It refers to three-dimensional cultures of undisaggregated tissue retaining some or all of the histological features of the tissue in vivo. (Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells, 3d ed, p1)
A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.
Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens.
Peptides with the ability to stimulate pigmented cells MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates. By stimulating the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in these pigmented cells, they increase coloration of skin and other tissue. MSHs, derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), are produced by MELANOTROPHS in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY; CORTICOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY, and the hypothalamic neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS.
Those protein complexes or molecular sites on the surfaces of gonadal and other sensitive cells that bind gonadotropins and thereby modify the functions of those cells; hCG, LH, and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE are the major specific gonadotropins.
Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.
A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications.
A bone morphogenetic protein that plays an essential role in the regulation of ovarian folliculogenesis.
The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).
Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.
A parathyroid hormone receptor subtype that recognizes both PARATHYROID HORMONE and PARATHYROID HORMONE-RELATED PROTEIN. It is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is expressed at high levels in BONE and in KIDNEY.
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
Compounds that interact with ANDROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of TESTOSTERONE. Depending on the target tissues, androgenic effects can be on SEX DIFFERENTIATION; male reproductive organs, SPERMATOGENESIS; secondary male SEX CHARACTERISTICS; LIBIDO; development of muscle mass, strength, and power.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
Hormones produced by the placenta include CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN as well as steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE), and neuropeptide hormones similar to those found in the hypothalamus (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES).
Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS of the pancreas. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.
The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.
The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.
Catalyze the oxidation of 3-hydroxysteroids to 3-ketosteroids.
Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Receptors with a 6-kDa protein on the surfaces of cells that secrete LUTEINIZING HORMONE or FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE, usually in the adenohypophysis. LUTEINIZING HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE binds to these receptors, is endocytosed with the receptor and, in the cell, triggers the release of LUTEINIZING HORMONE or FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE by the cell. These receptors are also found in rat gonads. INHIBINS prevent the binding of GnRH to its receptors.
An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Cell surface receptors that bind thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Activated TRH receptors in the anterior pituitary stimulate the release of thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH); TRH receptors on neurons mediate neurotransmission by TRH.
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).
Cell surface proteins that bind PARATHYROID HORMONE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Parathyroid hormone receptors on BONE; KIDNEY; and gastrointestinal cells mediate the hormone's role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis.
Surgical removal or artificial destruction of gonads.
Pathological processes of the OVARY.
The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the side-chain cleavage of C27 cholesterol to C21 pregnenolone in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11A1 gene, catalyzes the breakage between C20 and C22 which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of various gonadal and adrenal steroid hormones.
A state of sexual inactivity in female animals exhibiting no ESTROUS CYCLE. Causes of anestrus include pregnancy, presence of offspring, season, stress, and pathology.
An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.
Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.
The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.
Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.
A broadly distributed protein that binds directly to ACTIVINS. It functions as an activin antagonist, inhibits FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion, regulates CELL DIFFERENTIATION, and plays an important role in embryogenesis. Follistatin is a single glycosylated polypeptide chain of approximately 37-kDa and is not a member of the inhibin family (INHIBINS). Follistatin also binds and neutralizes many members of the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA family.
The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. At OVULATION they are extruded with OVUM.
A collection of NEURONS, tracts of NERVE FIBERS, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation provides the mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) regulation of pituitary function and the release of various PITUITARY HORMONES into the systemic circulation to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.
The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.
A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.
Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.
Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.
A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.
A type I keratin found in the basal layer of the adult epidermis and in other stratified epithelia.
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.
A phase of the ESTROUS CYCLES that follows METESTRUS. Diestrus is a period of sexual quiescence separating phases of ESTRUS in polyestrous animals.
Steroidal compounds related to PROGESTERONE, the major mammalian progestational hormone. Progesterone congeners include important progesterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with progestational activities.
In females, the period that is shortly after giving birth (PARTURITION).
Methods used to induce premature oocytes, that are maintained in tissue culture, to progress through developmental stages including to a stage that is competent to undergo FERTILIZATION.
Occurrence or induction of ESTRUS in all of the females in a group at the same time, applies only to non-primate mammals with ESTROUS CYCLE.
A mature haploid female germ cell extruded from the OVARY at OVULATION.
A 13-amino acid peptide derived from proteolytic cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, the N-terminal segment of ACTH. ACTH (1-13) is amidated at the C-terminal to form ACTH (1-13)NH2 which in turn is acetylated to form alpha-MSH in the secretory granules. Alpha-MSH stimulates the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates.
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.
Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
An inherited autosomal recessive trait, characterized by peripheral resistance to THYROID HORMONES and the resulting elevation in serum levels of THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE. This syndrome is caused by mutations of gene THRB encoding the THYROID HORMONE RECEPTORS BETA in target cells. HYPOTHYROIDISM in these patients is partly overcome by the increased thyroid hormone levels.
The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.
The active production and accumulation of VITELLINS (egg yolk proteins) in the non-mammalian OOCYTES from circulating precursors, VITELLOGENINS. Vitellogenesis usually begins after the first MEIOSIS and is regulated by estrogenic hormones.
Six-carbon alicyclic hydrocarbons which contain one or more double bonds in the ring. The cyclohexadienes are not aromatic, in contrast to BENZOQUINONES which are sometimes called 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diones.
A protein that plays a role in GRANULOSA CELLS where it regulates folliculogenesis. Mutations in the gene for bone morphogenetic protein 15 are linked to reproductive abnormalities such as PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE.
The ratio of the number of conceptions (CONCEPTION) including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period.
A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.
The beta subunit of luteinizing hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide with structure similar to the beta subunit of the placental chorionic gonadatropin (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN) except for the additional 31 amino acids at the C-terminal of CG-beta. Full biological activity of LH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. Mutation of the LHB gene causes HYPOGONADISM and infertility.
The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.
An aromatized C18 steroid with a 3-hydroxyl group and a 17-ketone, a major mammalian estrogen. It is converted from ANDROSTENEDIONE directly, or from TESTOSTERONE via ESTRADIOL. In humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries, PLACENTA, and the ADIPOSE TISSUE of men and postmenopausal women.
A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.
The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.
Procedures to obtain viable OOCYTES from the host. Oocytes most often are collected by needle aspiration from OVARIAN FOLLICLES before OVULATION.
The physiological period following the MENOPAUSE, the permanent cessation of the menstrual life.
Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.
A method of providing future reproductive opportunities before a medical treatment with known risk of loss of fertility. Typically reproductive organs or tissues (e.g., sperm, egg, embryos and ovarian or testicular tissues) are cryopreserved for future use before the medical treatment (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation) begins.
Compounds which increase the capacity to conceive in females.
Euploid female germ cells of an early stage of OOGENESIS, derived from primordial germ cells during ovarian differentiation. Oogonia undergo MEIOSIS and give rise to haploid OOCYTES
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).
A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.
A layer of vascularized connective tissue underneath the EPIDERMIS. The surface of the dermis contains innervated papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are SWEAT GLANDS; HAIR FOLLICLES; and SEBACEOUS GLANDS.
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.
Specific proteins found in or on cells of progesterone target tissues that specifically combine with progesterone. The cytosol progesterone-receptor complex then associates with the nucleic acids to initiate protein synthesis. There are two kinds of progesterone receptors, A and B. Both are induced by estrogen and have short half-lives.
A hemeprotein that catalyzes the oxidation of the iodide radical to iodine with the subsequent iodination of many organic compounds, particularly proteins. EC 1.11.1.8.
Specialized tissues that are components of the lymphatic system. They provide fixed locations within the body where a variety of LYMPHOCYTES can form, mature and multiply. The lymphoid tissues are connected by a network of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.
Cell surface receptors that bind the hypothalamic hormones regulating pituitary cell differentiation, proliferation, and hormone synthesis and release, including the pituitary-releasing and release-inhibiting hormones. The pituitary hormone-regulating hormones are also released by cells other than hypothalamic neurons, and their receptors also occur on non-pituitary cells, especially brain neurons, where their role is less well understood. Receptors for dopamine, which is a prolactin release-inhibiting hormone as well as a common neurotransmitter, are not included here.
Methods used to remove unwanted facial and body hair.
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Metabolites or derivatives of PROGESTERONE with hydroxyl group substitution at various sites.

Plasma concentration changes in LH and FSH following electrochemical stimulation of the medial preoptic are or dorsal anterior hypothalamic area of estrogen- or androgen-sterilized rats.(1/5093)

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In vitro development of sheep preantral follicles. (2/5093)

Preantral ovarian follicles isolated from prepubertal sheep ovaries were individually cultured for 6 days in the presence of increasing doses of FSH (ranging from 0.01 to 1 microg/ml) and under two different oxygen concentrations, 20% and 5% O2. Follicle development was evaluated on the basis of antral cavity formation as well as the presence of healthy cumulus oocyte complexes. Follicle growth was enhanced by FSH addition to culture medium, while the use of a low oxygen concentration slightly stimulated this process. However, when follicles were cultured in the presence of high doses of FSH (1 microgram/ml) and under low oxygen concentration, a high proportion of them showed the presence of an antral cavity and of a healthy cumulus-oocyte complex. In addition, under this specific culture condition sheep preantral follicles released higher levels of estradiol as compared to those secreted at lower FSH concentrations or under 20% O2. When the meiotic competence of oocytes derived from follicles cultured at 1 microgram/ml FSH was assessed, no significant difference was recorded between the two oxygen groups. These results show that the culture conditions here identified are beneficial to in vitro growth and differentiation of sheep preantral follicles.  (+info)

Prolactin replacement fails to inhibit reactivation of gonadotropin secretion in rams treated with melatonin under long days. (3/5093)

This study tested the hypothesis that prolactin (PRL) inhibits gonadotropin secretion in rams maintained under long days and that treatment with melatonin (s.c. continuous-release implant; MEL-IMP) reactivates the reproductive axis by suppressing PRL secretion. Adult Soay rams were maintained under long days (16L:8D) and received 1) no further treatment (control, C); 2) MEL-IMP for 16 wk and injections of saline/vehicle for the first 8 wk (M); 3) MEL-IMP for 16 wk and exogenous PRL (s.c. 5 mg ovine PRL 3x daily) for the first 8 wk (M+P). The treatment with melatonin induced a rapid increase in the blood concentrations of FSH and testosterone, rapid growth of the testes, an increase in the frequency of LH pulses, and a decrease in the LH response to N-methyl-D,L-aspartic acid. The concomitant treatment with exogenous PRL had no effect on these reproductive responses but caused a significant delay in the timing of the sexual skin color and growth of the winter pelage. These results do not support the hypothesis and suggest that PRL at physiological long-day concentrations, while being totally ineffective as an inhibitor of gonadotropin secretion, acts in the peripheral tissues and skin to maintain summer characteristics.  (+info)

Activities of glucose metabolic enzymes in human preantral follicles: in vitro modulation by follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor I, and transforming growth factor beta1. (4/5093)

Modulation of glucose metabolic capacity of human preantral follicles in vitro by gonadotropins and intraovarian growth factors was evaluated by monitoring the activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), two regulatory enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, and malate dehydrogenase (MDH), a key mitochondrial enzyme of the Krebs cycle. Preantral follicles in classes 1 and 2 from premenopausal women were cultured separately in vitro in the absence or presence of FSH, LH, epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), or transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) for 24 h. Mitochondrial fraction was separated from the cytosolic fraction, and both fractions were used for enzyme assays. FSH and LH significantly stimulated PFK and PK activities in class 1 and 2 follicles; however, a 170-fold increase in MDH activity was noted for class 2 follicles that were exposed to FSH. Although both EGF and TGFbeta1 stimulated glycolytic and Krebs cycle enzymes for class 1 preantral follicles, TGFbeta1 consistently stimulated the activities of both glycolytic enzymes more than that of EGF. IGF-I induced PK and MDH activities in class 1 follicles but negatively influenced PFK activity for class 1 follicles. In general, only gonadotropins consistently stimulated both glycolytic and Krebs cycle enzyme activities several-fold in class 2 follicles. These results suggest that gonadotropins and ovarian growth factors differentially influence follicular energy-producing capacity from glucose. Moreover, gonadotropins may either directly influence glucose metabolism in class 2 preantral follicles or do so indirectly through factors other than the well-known intraovarian growth factors. Because growth factors modulate granulosa cell mitosis and functionality, their role on energy production may be related to specific cellular activities.  (+info)

The mechanism of action of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha on aromatase activity in granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries. (5/5093)

We investigated aromatization and the mechanism of action of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) on oestradiol biosynthesis in freshly prepared granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries. Freshly prepared granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries incubated for only 3 h under basal conditions secreted significantly (P< 0.001) greater amounts of oestradiol-17beta than that of granulosa cells from normal ovaries. 8-Bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP), but not follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH), further enhanced this activity. Both EGF and TGFalpha inhibited gonadotrophinor 8-Br-cAMP-stimulated, but not basal, oestradiol production. LH receptor (LHR) binding, estimated by immunolabelling the bound LH, was significantly (P< 0.001) reduced in granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries when compared with cells from normal ovaries. EGF or TGFalpha significantly reduced the binding in cultured cells from all patient groups (P< 0.05). More interestingly, a further increase of the inhibitory effect was seen in granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries (P < 0.001). In conclusion, granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries contain high levels of basal aromatase activity in vitro, which is probably inherited from the in-vivo condition. EGF and TGFalpha suppress oestradiol synthesis at a step beyond the production of cAMP and also LHR binding with more effect in granulosa cells from polycystic ovaries.  (+info)

Effect of long-term food restriction on pituitary sensitivity to cLHRH-I in broiler breeder females. (6/5093)

The effect of long-term food restriction on the sensitivity of the pituitary to exogenously administered chicken luteinizing hormone releasing hormone I (cLHRH-I) was investigated in three groups of broiler breeder females fed ad libitum, fed a restricted quantity of food or fed a restricted quantity of food to obtain an intermediate body weight between those of the first two groups. At 16 weeks of age, basal FSH release was higher in ad libitum fed birds, culminating in ovarian development and subsequent oestradiol production by the small follicles. At this age, LH secretion was independent of ovarian feedback factors. In all groups, cLHRH-I was most active in releasing LH in intact and ovariectomized animals and, to a lesser extent, in releasing FSH in ovariectomized birds. At 39 weeks of age, basal FSH concentrations were similar among intact animals of all groups, whereas LH concentrations differed among groups, with higher values in the restricted birds. This food effect was enhanced in ovariectomized birds. Furthermore, the high response to cLHRH-I in the ovariectomized, restricted birds compared with the ad libitum, ovariectomized group suggests an improved sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. In conclusion, birds fed ad libitum showed the highest responsiveness to ovarian factors and to cLHRH-I in releasing FSH in the period before sexual maturity. No effect of amount of feeding could be observed for LH. However, during the egg laying period, LH release by cLHRH-I was highly dependent on amount of feeding and on ovarian feedback regulation. This finding indicates that the amount of feeding can modify the sensitivity of the pituitary to cLHRH-I, and possibly to gonadal hormones, during the laying period.  (+info)

Time at surgery during menstrual cycle and menopause affects pS2 but not cathepsin D levels in breast cancer. (7/5093)

Many studies have addressed the clinical value of pS2 as a marker of hormone responsiveness and of cathepsin D (Cath D) as a prognostic factor in breast cancer. Because pS2 and Cath D are both oestrogen induced in human breast cancer cell lines, we studied the influence of the menstrual cycle phase and menopausal status at the time of surgery on the levels of these proteins in breast cancer. A population of 1750 patients with breast cancer, including 339 women in menstrual cycle, was analysed. Tumoral Cath D and pS2 were measured by radioimmunoassay. Serum oestradiol (E2), progesterone (Pg), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels at the day of surgery were used to define the hormonal phase in premenopausal women. There was a trend towards a higher mean pS2 level in the follicular phase compared with the luteal phase (17 ng mg(-1) and 11 ng mg(-1) respectively, P = 0.09). Mean pS2 was lower in menopausal patients than in women with cycle (8 ng mg(-1) and 14 ng mg(-1) respectively, P = 0.0001). No differences in mean Cath D level were observed between the different phases of the menstrual cycle, or between pre- and post-menopausal women. In the overall population, pS2 was slightly positively associated with E2 and Pg levels and negatively associated with FSH and LH, probably reflecting the link between pS2 and menopausal status. In premenopausal women, no association was found between pS2 and E2, Pg, FSH or LH levels. There were no correlations between Cath D level and circulating hormone levels in the overall population. However, in the subgroup of premenopausal women with ER-positive (ER+) tumours, E2 was slightly associated with both pS2 and Cath D, consistent with oestrogen induction of these proteins in ER+ breast cancer cell lines. There are changes in pS2 level in breast cancer throughout the menstrual cycle and menopause. This suggests that the choice of the pS2 cut-off level should take the hormonal status at the time of surgery into account. In contrast, the level of Cath D is unrelated to the menstrual cycle and menopausal status.  (+info)

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection after follicle stimulation with highly purified human follicle-stimulating hormone compared with human menopausal gonadotropin. (8/5093)

PURPOSE: Our purpose was to compare oocyte nuclear maturation and embryo quality after pituitary down-regulation and ovarian stimulation with highly purified follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG). METHODS: Fifty-five patients 37 years of age or younger who were undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF)-intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) were evaluated retrospectively. In all cases, male factor was the only indication for treatment, with no female-related factors identified. Following pituitary down-regulation, patients were stimulated with hMG (n = 20) or highly purified FSH (n = 35). Main outcome measures included ovarian response to stimulation, oocyte maturity, and ICSI fertilization results. Secondary outcome measures included pregnancy rates and outcome. RESULTS: The ovarian response to stimulation was similar for the two groups, as were the percentage of metaphase II oocytes, fertilization and cleavage rates, and number and quality of transferred and cryopreserved embryos. Cycle outcome was comparable. CONCLUSIONS: In normogonadotropic subjects, monocomponent therapy with highly purified FSH is as effective as hMG in stimulating ovarian follicular development, synchronization of oocyte maturation, and IVF-ICSI outcome. Our findings support the conclusion that the luteinizing hormone component in the stimulation protocol is unnecessary.  (+info)

1. Alopecia areata: This is an autoimmune disorder that causes patchy hair loss on the scalp or body.
2. Androgenetic alopecia (male pattern baldness): This is a common condition in which men experience hair loss due to hormonal changes.
3. Telogen effluvium: This is a condition where there is an increase in the number of hair follicles that stop growing and enter the resting phase, leading to excessive hair shedding.
4. Alopecia totalis: This is a condition where all hair on the scalp is lost, including eyebrows and lashes.
5. Alopecia universalis: This is a condition where all body hair is lost.

Alopecia can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, hormonal imbalances, autoimmune disorders, and certain medications. Treatment options for alopecia depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, hair transplantation, or other therapies.

In medical literature, alopecia is often used as a term to describe the loss of hair in specific contexts, such as in the treatment of cancer patients or in the management of autoimmune disorders. It is also used to describe the side effects of certain medications, such as chemotherapy drugs that can cause hair loss.

Causes of Female Infertility
--------------------------

There are several potential causes of female infertility, including:

1. Hormonal imbalances: Disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid dysfunction, and premature ovarian failure can affect hormone levels and ovulation.
2. Ovulatory disorders: Problems with ovulation, such as anovulation or oligoovulation, can make it difficult to conceive.
3. Tubal damage: Damage to the fallopian tubes due to pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, or surgery can prevent the egg from traveling through the tube and being fertilized.
4. Endometriosis: This condition occurs when tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, causing inflammation and scarring that can lead to infertility.
5. Fibroids: Noncancerous growths in the uterus can interfere with implantation of a fertilized egg or disrupt ovulation.
6. Pelvic adhesions: Scar tissue in the pelvis can cause fallopian tubes to become damaged or blocked, making it difficult for an egg to travel through the tube and be fertilized.
7. Uterine or cervical abnormalities: Abnormalities such as a bicornuate uterus or a narrow cervix can make it difficult for a fertilized egg to implant in the uterus.
8. Age: A woman's age can affect her fertility, as the quality and quantity of her eggs decline with age.
9. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and being overweight or underweight can affect fertility.
10. Stress: Chronic stress can disrupt hormone levels and ovulation, making it more difficult to conceive.

It's important to note that many of these factors can be treated with medical assistance, such as medication, surgery, or assisted reproductive technology (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF). If you are experiencing difficulty getting pregnant, it is recommended that you speak with a healthcare provider to determine the cause of your infertility and discuss potential treatment options.

1. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): This is the most common cause of anovulation, affecting up to 75% of women with PCOS.
2. Hypothalamic dysfunction: The hypothalamus regulates hormonal signals that stimulate ovulation. Disruptions in these signals can lead to anovulation.
3. Thyroid disorders: Both hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) can disrupt hormone levels and lead to anovulation.
4. Premature ovarian failure (POF): This condition is characterized by the premature loss of ovarian function before age 40.
5. Ovarian insufficiency: This occurs when the ovaries lose their ability to produce eggs, often due to aging or medical treatment.
6. Chronic diseases: Certain conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and obesity can increase the risk of anovulation.
7. Luteal phase defect: This occurs when the uterine lining does not properly thicken during the second half of the menstrual cycle, making it difficult for a fertilized egg to implant.
8. Ovulatory disorders: Disorders such as ovarian cysts, endometriosis, and pelvic inflammatory disease can interfere with ovulation.
9. Genetic factors: Some genetic mutations can affect ovulation, such as those associated with Turner syndrome or other rare genetic conditions.
10. Medications: Certain medications, such as hormonal contraceptives and antidepressants, can disrupt ovulation.

Anovulation is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests, including hormone levels and imaging studies. Treatment options for anovulation depend on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Hormonal medications to stimulate ovulation
2. Intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF) to increase the chances of conception
3. Lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss and stress management
4. Surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities or remove any blockages in the reproductive tract
5. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as IVF with egg donation or surrogacy.

It's important for women experiencing irregular periods or anovulation to seek medical attention, as timely diagnosis and treatment can improve their chances of conceiving and reduce the risk of complications during pregnancy.

The exact cause of follicular cysts is not known, but they may be related to hormonal changes, genetic factors, or blockages within the hair follicle. Treatment options include observation, antibiotics, and surgical removal if the cyst becomes inflamed or infected.

A Follicular Cyst is a benign cystic lesion that forms in the scalp or face and typically arises from the hair follicle. They are usually small, soft to the touch, and painless unless they become inflamed or infected.

Follicular cysts are more common in women than men, and often appear during childhood or adolescence. Although their exact cause is unknown, they may be related to hormonal changes, genetic factors, or blockages within the hair follicle.

Small, soft, painless cysts that form on the scalp or face are usually Follicular Cysts, which are benign and do not produce any symptoms unless they become inflamed or infected. They appear more frequently in women than men and often develop during childhood or adolescence. Their exact cause is unknown but may be related to hormonal fluctuations, genetic factors, or blockages within the hair follicle.

Hypothyroidism can be diagnosed through a series of blood tests that measure the levels of thyroid hormones in the body. Treatment typically involves taking synthetic thyroid hormone medication to replace the missing hormones. With proper treatment, most people with hypothyroidism can lead normal, healthy lives.

Hypothyroidism is a relatively common condition, affecting about 4.6 million people in the United States alone. Women are more likely to develop hypothyroidism than men, and it is most commonly diagnosed in middle-aged women.

Some of the symptoms of Hypothyroidism include:

1. Fatigue or tiredness
2. Weight gain
3. Dry skin
4. Constipation
5. Depression or anxiety
6. Memory problems
7. Muscle aches and stiffness
8. Heavy or irregular menstrual periods
9. Pale, dry, or rough skin
10. Hair loss or thinning
11. Cold intolerance
12. Slowed speech and movements

It's important to note that some people may not experience any symptoms at all, especially in the early stages of the condition. However, if left untreated, hypothyroidism can lead to more severe complications such as heart disease, mental health problems, and infertility.

POI can be caused by several factors, including:

1. Genetic mutations
2. Autoimmune disorders
3. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy
4. Infections such as mumps or rubella
5. Radiation exposure
6. Unknown causes (idiopathic POI)

Symptoms of POI can include:

1. Irregular or absent menstrual periods
2. Fertility problems
3. Hot flashes and night sweats
4. Vaginal dryness
5. Mood changes such as depression and anxiety
6. Bone loss (osteoporosis)

Diagnosis of POI is based on a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests, including:

1. Blood tests to measure hormone levels
2. Ultrasound or pelvic imaging to evaluate ovarian function
3. Genetic testing to identify genetic causes

Treatment for POI typically focuses on managing symptoms and addressing any underlying causes. Options may include:

1. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to alleviate hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and mood changes
2. Fertility treatments such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) or egg donation
3. Medications to stimulate ovulation
4. Bone density testing and treatment for osteoporosis
5. Psychological support to address emotional aspects of the condition.

It is important for women with POI to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and goals. With appropriate care, many women with POI can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their reproductive goals.

Types of Ovarian Cysts:

1. Functional cysts: These cysts form during the menstrual cycle and are usually small and disappear on their own within a few days or weeks.
2. Follicular cysts: These cysts form when a follicle (a tiny sac containing an egg) does not release an egg and instead fills with fluid.
3. Corpus luteum cysts: These cysts form when the corpus luteum (the sac that holds an egg after it's released from the ovary) does not dissolve after pregnancy or does not produce hormones properly.
4. Endometrioid cysts: These cysts are formed when endometrial tissue (tissue that lines the uterus) grows outside of the uterus and forms a cyst.
5. Cystadenomas: These cysts are benign tumors that grow on the surface of an ovary or inside an ovary. They can be filled with a clear liquid or a thick, sticky substance.
6. Dermoid cysts: These cysts are formed when cells from the skin or other organs grow inside an ovary. They can contain hair follicles, sweat glands, and other tissues.

Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts:

1. Pelvic pain or cramping
2. Bloating or discomfort in the abdomen
3. Heavy or irregular menstrual bleeding
4. Pain during sex
5. Frequent urination or difficulty emptying the bladder
6. Abnormal vaginal bleeding or spotting

Diagnosis and Treatment of Ovarian Cysts:

1. Pelvic examination: A doctor will check for any abnormalities in the reproductive organs.
2. Ultrasound: An ultrasound can help identify the presence of a cyst and determine its size, location, and composition.
3. Blood tests: Blood tests can be used to check hormone levels and rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.
4. Laparoscopy: A laparoscope (a thin tube with a camera and light) is inserted through a small incision in the abdomen to visualize the ovaries and remove any cysts.
5. Surgical removal of cysts: Cysts can be removed by surgery, either through laparoscopy or open surgery.
6. Medications: Hormonal medications may be prescribed to shrink the cyst and alleviate symptoms.

It is important to note that not all ovarian cysts cause symptoms, and some may go away on their own without treatment. However, if you experience any of the symptoms mentioned above or have concerns about an ovarian cyst, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.

1. Ovarian cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Common symptoms include pelvic pain, bloating, and irregular periods.
2. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): This is a hormonal disorder that affects ovulation and can cause cysts on the ovaries. Symptoms include irregular periods, acne, and excess hair growth.
3. Endometriosis: This is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, often on the ovaries. Symptoms include pelvic pain, heavy bleeding, and infertility.
4. Ovarian cancer: This is a type of cancer that affects the ovaries. It is rare, but can be aggressive and difficult to treat. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and vaginal bleeding.
5. Premature ovarian failure (POF): This is a condition in which the ovaries stop functioning before the age of 40. Symptoms include hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and infertility.
6. Ovarian torsion: This is a condition in which the ovary becomes twisted, cutting off blood flow. Symptoms include severe pelvic pain, nausea, and vomiting.
7. Ovarian abscess: This is an infection that forms on the ovaries. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, and vaginal discharge.
8. Ectopic pregnancy: This is a condition in which a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, often on the ovaries. Symptoms include severe pelvic pain, bleeding, and fainting.
9. Ovarian cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries. They can be benign or cancerous. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and irregular periods.
10. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): This is a hormonal disorder that affects the ovaries, causing symptoms such as irregular periods, cysts on the ovaries, and excess hair growth.

It's important to note that these are just a few examples of the many possible conditions that can affect the ovaries. If you experience any persistent or severe symptoms in your pelvic area, it is important to seek medical attention to determine the cause and receive proper treatment.

1. Alopecia areata: This is a condition where patches of hair fall out, resulting in bald spots on the scalp or other parts of the body.
2. Androgenetic alopecia: This is the most common form of hair loss, also known as male pattern baldness or female pattern baldness. It occurs when hormones cause hair to thin and fall out, leading to a receding hairline in men and a gradual thinning of hair on the top of the head in women.
3. Telogen effluvium: This is a condition where there is a sudden increase in the number of hair follicles that stop growing and enter the resting phase, leading to excessive hair shedding.
4. Trichotillomania: This is a psychological disorder characterized by an irresistible urge to pull out one's own hair, often resulting in noticeable hair loss.
5. Lichen planus: This is a skin condition that can cause hair loss, as well as itching and inflammation on the scalp.
6. Tinea capitis: This is a fungal infection of the scalp that can cause hair loss and inflammation.
7. Folliculitis: This is an inflammation of the hair follicles, which can cause hair loss and scarring.
8. Traction alopecia: This is a condition where hair loss occurs due to constant pulling or tugging on the hair, such as with tight hairstyles like braids or ponytails.
9. Chemical damage: Exposure to harsh chemicals in hair products can damage the hair and lead to hair loss.
10. Hair thinning: This is a condition where hair becomes thinner over time, often due to hormonal imbalances or nutritional deficiencies.

These are just a few examples of hair diseases that can affect people. It's important to note that many of these conditions can be treated with medical care and changes to one's lifestyle and diet. If you suspect you have a hair disease, it's important to consult a dermatologist or other qualified healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

1. Irregular menstrual cycles, or amenorrhea (the absence of periods).
2. Cysts on the ovaries, which are fluid-filled sacs that can be detected by ultrasound.
3. Elevated levels of androgens (male hormones) in the body, which can cause a range of symptoms including acne, excessive hair growth, and male pattern baldness.
4. Insulin resistance, which is a condition in which the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.

PCOS is a complex disorder, and there is no single cause. However, genetics, hormonal imbalances, and insulin resistance are thought to play a role in its development. It is estimated that 5-10% of women of childbearing age have PCOS, making it one of the most common endocrine disorders affecting women.

There are several symptoms of PCOS, including:

1. Irregular menstrual cycles or amenorrhea
2. Weight gain or obesity
3. Acne
4. Excessive hair growth on the face, chest, and back
5. Male pattern baldness
6. Infertility or difficulty getting pregnant
7. Mood changes, such as depression and anxiety
8. Sleep apnea

PCOS can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, including:

1. Pelvic exam: A doctor will examine the ovaries and uterus to look for cysts or other abnormalities.
2. Ultrasound: An ultrasound can be used to detect cysts on the ovaries and to evaluate the thickness of the uterine lining.
3. Hormone testing: Blood tests can be used to measure levels of androgens, estrogen, and progesterone.
4. Glucose tolerance test: This test is used to check for insulin resistance, which is a common finding in women with PCOS.
5. Laparoscopy: A small camera inserted through a small incision in the abdomen can be used to visualize the ovaries and uterus and to diagnose PCOS.

There is no cure for PCOS, but it can be managed with lifestyle changes and medication. Treatment options include:

1. Weight loss: Losing weight can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce androgen levels.
2. Hormonal birth control: Birth control pills or other hormonal contraceptives can help regulate menstrual cycles and reduce androgen levels.
3. Fertility medications: Clomiphene citrate and letrozole are commonly used to stimulate ovulation in women with PCOS.
4. Injectable fertility medications: Gonadotropins, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), can be used to stimulate ovulation.
5. Surgery: Laparoscopic ovarian drilling or laser surgery can improve ovulation and fertility in women with PCOS.
6. Assisted reproductive technology (ART): In vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) can be used to help women with PCOS conceive.
7. Alternative therapies: Some complementary and alternative therapies, such as acupuncture and herbal supplements, may be helpful in managing symptoms of PCOS.

It is important for women with PCOS to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a treatment plan that meets their individual needs and goals. With appropriate treatment, many women with PCOS can improve their menstrual regularity, fertility, and overall health.

The symptoms of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome can vary depending on the severity of the mutation and may include:

1. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
2. Growth retardation
3. Congenital hypothyroidism (CH)
4. Neonatal hypothyroidism (NH)
5. Cretinism
6. Mental retardation
7. Developmental delays
8. Short stature
9. Coarse facial features
10. Elevated TSH levels

The diagnosis of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment options for this condition include:

1. Thyroid hormone replacement therapy to normalize metabolic function and growth.
2. Monitoring TSH levels to ensure that the thyroid hormone dosage is appropriate.
3. Management of associated symptoms such as hypoglycemia or growth retardation.
4. Genetic counseling to discuss the risks of passing on the condition to future generations.

The prognosis for individuals with thyroid hormone resistance syndrome varies depending on the severity of the condition and the presence of any additional health problems. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can improve growth and developmental outcomes, but some individuals may experience persistent health issues or intellectual disability.

* Infertility or low fertility
* Irregular menstrual cycles in women
* Low libido (sex drive) in both men and women
* Erectile dysfunction in men
* Hot flashes, mood changes, and vaginal dryness in women

Hypogonadism can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Hormonal imbalances
* Pituitary gland problems
* Brain tumors or other lesions
* Chronic illnesses such as hypopituitarism, hyperthyroidism, and liver or kidney disease
* Injury to the testicles or ovaries
* Certain medications
* Chromosomal abnormalities

Treatment for hypogonadism usually involves hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to replace the deficient sex hormones. However, the specific treatment plan will depend on the underlying cause of the condition and may involve a combination of medications, lifestyle changes, and other interventions.

It is important to note that hypogonadism can have significant psychological and social impacts, particularly in men who experience decreased libido and erectile dysfunction. It is essential for healthcare providers to address these issues sensitively and provide adequate support and resources to patients.

In summary, hypogonadism is a condition characterized by low levels of sex hormones, which can lead to a range of symptoms and health complications. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important for improving quality of life and addressing any related psychological and social issues.

Some common types of pituitary neoplasms include:

1. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that grow slowly and often do not cause any symptoms in the early stages.
2. Craniopharyngiomas: These are rare, slow-growing tumors that can be benign or malignant. They can affect the pituitary gland, the hypothalamus, and other areas of the brain.
3. Pituitary carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that grow quickly and can spread to other parts of the body.
4. Pituitary metastases: These are tumors that have spread to the pituitary gland from another part of the body, such as breast cancer or lung cancer.

Symptoms of pituitary neoplasms can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor, but they may include:

* Headaches
* Vision changes, such as blurred vision or loss of peripheral vision
* Hormonal imbalances, which can lead to a variety of symptoms including fatigue, weight gain or loss, and irregular menstrual cycles
* Cognitive changes, such as memory loss or difficulty with concentration
* Pressure on the brain, which can cause nausea, vomiting, and weakness or numbness in the limbs

Diagnosis of pituitary neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as MRI or CT scans, and hormone testing to determine the level of hormones in the blood. Treatment options can vary depending on the type and size of the tumor, but they may include:

* Watchful waiting: Small, benign tumors may not require immediate treatment and can be monitored with regular imaging tests.
* Medications: Hormone replacement therapy or medications to control hormone levels may be used to manage symptoms.
* Surgery: Tumors can be removed through a transsphenoidal surgery, which involves removing the tumor through the nasal cavity and sphenoid sinus.
* Radiation therapy: May be used to treat residual tumor tissue after surgery or in cases where the tumor cannot be completely removed with surgery.

Overall, pituitary neoplasms are rare and can have a significant impact on the body if left untreated. If you suspect you may have a pituitary neoplasm, it is important to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.

There are several ways to measure body weight, including:

1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.

It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is an autoimmune disorder called Graves' disease, which causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Other causes include inflammation of the thyroid gland (thyroiditis), thyroid nodules, and certain medications.

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

* Rapid weight loss
* Nervousness or irritability
* Increased heart rate
* Heat intolerance
* Changes in menstrual cycle
* Fatigue
* Muscle weakness
* tremors

If left untreated, hyperthyroidism can lead to more serious complications such as heart problems, bone loss, and eye problems. Treatment options for hyperthyroidism include medications to reduce hormone production, radioactive iodine therapy to destroy part of the thyroid gland, and surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland.

In pregnant women, untreated hyperthyroidism can increase the risk of miscarriage, preterm labor, and intellectual disability in the baby. Treatment options for pregnant women with hyperthyroidism are similar to those for non-pregnant adults, but may need to be adjusted to avoid harm to the developing fetus.

It is important for individuals suspected of having hyperthyroidism to seek medical attention as soon as possible to receive proper diagnosis and treatment. Early treatment can help prevent complications and improve quality of life.

Some common types of growth disorders include:

1. Growth hormone deficiency (GHD): A condition in which the body does not produce enough growth hormone, leading to short stature and slow growth.
2. Turner syndrome: A genetic disorder that affects females, causing short stature, incomplete sexual development, and other health problems.
3. Prader-Willi syndrome: A rare genetic disorder that causes excessive hunger, obesity, and other physical and behavioral abnormalities.
4. Chronic kidney disease (CKD): A condition in which the kidneys gradually lose function over time, leading to growth retardation and other health problems.
5. Thalassemia: A genetic disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin, leading to anemia, fatigue, and other health problems.
6. Hypothyroidism: A condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to slow growth and other health problems.
7. Cushing's syndrome: A rare hormonal disorder that can cause rapid growth and obesity.
8. Marfan syndrome: A genetic disorder that affects the body's connective tissue, causing tall stature, long limbs, and other physical abnormalities.
9. Noonan syndrome: A genetic disorder that affects the development of the heart, lungs, and other organs, leading to short stature and other health problems.
10. Williams syndrome: A rare genetic disorder that causes growth delays, cardiovascular problems, and other health issues.

Growth disorders can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as hormone level assessments or genetic testing. Treatment depends on the specific condition and may include medication, hormone therapy, surgery, or other interventions. Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life for individuals with growth disorders.

Pituitary dwarfism is characterized by short stature, typically defined as an adult height of 4 feet 10 inches or under, and can be associated with other medical conditions such as hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, and gonadal insufficiency. The condition can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies.

Treatment for pituitary dwarfism typically involves replacement therapy with growth hormone to promote growth and development, as well as management of any associated medical conditions. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove a tumor that is affecting GH production. With appropriate treatment, individuals with pituitary dwarfism can experience significant improvement in their growth and overall health.

In addition to its clinical significance, pituitary dwarfism also has important implications for genetic counseling and family planning. The condition is often inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the condition. This means that individuals with pituitary dwarfism have a 50% chance of passing the mutation on to each of their children, and may need to consider genetic testing and counseling to understand their risk.

Overall, pituitary dwarfism is a rare but important condition that can have significant implications for an individual's growth, development, and overall health. With appropriate diagnosis and treatment, individuals with this condition can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their full potential.

Causes:

There are several possible causes of amenorrhea, including:

1. Hormonal Imbalance: Imbalance of hormones can prevent the uterus from preparing for menstruation.
2. Pregnancy: Pregnancy is one of the most common causes of amenorrhea.
3. Menopause: Women going through menopause may experience amenorrhea due to the decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone.
4. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): PCOS is a hormonal disorder that can cause irregular periods or amenorrhea.
5. Thyroid Disorders: Both hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) can cause amenorrhea.
6. Obesity: Women who are significantly overweight may experience amenorrhea due to the hormonal imbalance caused by excess body fat.
7. Stress: Chronic stress can disrupt hormone levels and cause amenorrhea.
8. Surgery or Trauma: Certain surgeries, such as hysterectomy or removal of the ovaries, can cause amenorrhea. Trauma, such as a severe injury or infection, can also cause amenorrhea.
9. Medications: Certain medications, such as steroids and chemotherapy drugs, can cause amenorrhea as a side effect.
10. Endocrine Disorders: Disorders such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, hyperprolactinemia, and hypothyroidism can cause amenorrhea.

Symptoms:

Amenorrhea can cause a range of symptoms, including:

1. No menstrual period
2. Difficulty getting pregnant (infertility)
3. Abnormal vaginal bleeding or spotting
4. Painful intercourse
5. Weight gain or loss
6. Mood changes, such as anxiety or depression
7. Fatigue
8. Headaches
9. Insomnia
10. Hot flashes

Diagnosis:

Amenorrhea is typically diagnosed based on a patient's medical history and physical examination. Additional tests may be ordered to determine the underlying cause of amenorrhea, such as:

1. Blood tests to measure hormone levels, including estrogen, progesterone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
2. Imaging tests, such as ultrasound or MRI, to evaluate the ovaries and uterus
3. Laparoscopy, a minimally invasive procedure that allows the doctor to visually examine the ovaries and fallopian tubes
4. Hysteroscopy, a procedure that allows the doctor to examine the inside of the uterus

Treatment:

The treatment of amenorrhea depends on the underlying cause. Some common treatments include:

1. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to restore hormone balance and promote menstruation
2. Medications to stimulate ovulation, such as clomiphene citrate or letrozole
3. Surgery to remove fibroids, cysts, or other structural abnormalities that may be contributing to amenorrhea
4. Infertility treatments, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), if the patient is experiencing difficulty getting pregnant
5. Lifestyle changes, such as weight loss or exercise, to improve overall health and promote menstruation

Prevention:

There is no specific way to prevent amenorrhea, but maintaining a healthy lifestyle and managing any underlying medical conditions can help reduce the risk of developing the condition. Some tips for prevention include:

1. Eating a balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein sources
2. Exercising regularly to maintain a healthy weight and improve overall health
3. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, such as yoga or meditation
4. Getting enough sleep each night
5. Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and smoking
6. Maintaining a healthy body mass index (BMI) to reduce the risk of developing hormonal imbalances
7. Managing any underlying medical conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, or adrenal gland disorders
8. Avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals and toxins that can disrupt hormone balance.

The symptoms of hypopituitarism can vary depending on the specific hormone deficiency and can include:

1. Growth hormone deficiency: Short stature, delayed puberty, and decreased muscle mass.
2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency: Weakness, fatigue, weight loss, and low blood pressure.
3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiency: Hypothyroidism, decreased metabolism, dry skin, and constipation.
4. Prolactin deficiency: Lack of milk production in lactating women, erectile dysfunction, and infertility.
5. Vasopressin (ADH) deficiency: Increased thirst and urination.
6. Oxytocin deficiency: Difficulty breastfeeding, low milk supply, and uterine atony.

Hypopituitarism can be caused by a variety of factors such as:

1. Traumatic brain injury or surgery
2. Tumors, cysts, or inflammation in the pituitary gland or hypothalamus
3. Radiation therapy
4. Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis
5. Autoimmune disorders such as hypophyseal lymphocytic infiltration
6. Genetic mutations

Diagnosis of hypopituitarism involves a series of tests to assess the levels of hormones in the blood and urine, as well as imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans to evaluate the pituitary gland. Treatment depends on the specific hormone deficiency and can include hormone replacement therapy, surgery, or radiation therapy. In some cases, hypopituitarism may be a temporary condition that resolves once the underlying cause is treated. However, in other cases, it may be a lifelong condition requiring ongoing management.

In conclusion, hypopituitarism is a rare but potentially debilitating disorder that can affect various aspects of human physiology. It is important to be aware of the signs and symptoms of hypopituitarism and seek medical attention if they persist or worsen over time. With proper diagnosis and treatment, individuals with hypopituitarism can lead relatively normal lives.

There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:

1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.

2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.

3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.

4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.

5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.

Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.

Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.

It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.

There are several types of alopecia areata, including:

1. Alopecia areata patchy - This is the most common form of the disease, where hair loss occurs in patches on the scalp or other parts of the body.
2. Alopecia totalis - Hair loss occurs over the entire scalp.
3. Alopecia universalis - Hair loss occurs over the entire body, including the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes.
4. Alopecia areata barbae - Hair loss occurs in the beard area.
5. Alopecia areata traction - Hair loss occurs due to pulling or tension on the hair shaft, often seen in children who pull their own hair.

The symptoms of alopecia areata may include:

1. Patchy hair loss
2. Thinning of hair
3. Redness and scalp inflammation
4. Itching or burning sensation on the scalp
5. Nail changes such as ridging, thinning, or pitting

Alopecia areata can be diagnosed through a physical examination and medical history. A skin scraping or biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for alopecia areata depends on the severity and location of hair loss, as well as the individual's overall health. Options may include:

1. Topical corticosteroids - Medicated creams or ointments applied directly to the affected area to reduce inflammation and promote hair growth.
2. Oral corticosteroids - Medications taken by mouth to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system.
3. Anthralin - A medication that is applied to the skin to reduce inflammation and promote hair growth.
4. Immunotherapy - Injections or tablets that stimulate the immune system to attack cancer cells, but also can cause hair loss.
5. Wigs, hats, or other hairpieces - Used to cover up patchy hair loss.
6. Counseling or therapy - To help cope with the emotional impact of hair loss.
7. Hair transplantation - A surgical procedure that involves moving healthy hair follicles from one part of the scalp to another.

It is important to note that these treatments may not work for everyone and may have side effects. It's important to talk to a doctor or dermatologist to determine the best course of treatment for alopecia areata.

In addition to medical treatment, there are also some natural remedies that can help with alopecia areata such as:

1. Diet and nutrition - Eating a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals can promote hair growth.
2. Stress management - High stress levels have been linked to alopecia areata, so finding ways to manage stress, such as through exercise or meditation, may help.
3. Saw palmetto - A herb that has been shown to promote hair growth and slow down hair loss.
4. Fish oil - Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil have been shown to promote hair growth.
5. Coconut oil - Applying coconut oil to the scalp may help to stimulate hair growth.
6. Henna - A natural dye that can be used to color and strengthen hair, and may also help to promote hair growth.
7. Rosemary essential oil - May help to promote hair growth by increasing blood flow to the scalp.
8. Lavender essential oil - May help to reduce stress and promote relaxation, which can help with alopecia areata.

Infertility can be classified into two main categories:

1. Primary infertility: This type of infertility occurs when a couple has not been able to conceive a child after one year of regular sexual intercourse, and there is no known cause for the infertility.
2. Secondary infertility: This type of infertility occurs when a couple has been able to conceive at least once before but is now experiencing difficulty in conceiving again.

There are several factors that can contribute to infertility, including:

1. Age: Women's fertility declines with age, especially after the age of 35.
2. Hormonal imbalances: Imbalances of hormones such as progesterone, estrogen, and thyroid hormones can affect ovulation and fertility.
3. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): A common condition that affects ovulation and can cause infertility.
4. Endometriosis: A condition in which the tissue lining the uterus grows outside the uterus, causing inflammation and scarring that can lead to infertility.
5. Male factor infertility: Low sperm count, poor sperm quality, and blockages in the reproductive tract can all contribute to infertility.
6. Lifestyle factors: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, being overweight or underweight, and stress can all affect fertility.
7. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and thyroid disorders can affect fertility.
8. Uterine or cervical abnormalities: Abnormalities in the shape or structure of the uterus or cervix can make it difficult for a fertilized egg to implant in the uterus.
9. Previous surgeries: Surgeries such as hysterectomy, tubal ligation, and cesarean section can affect fertility.
10. Age: Both male and female age can impact fertility, with a decline in fertility beginning in the mid-30s and a significant decline after age 40.

It's important to note that many of these factors can be treated with medical interventions or lifestyle changes, so it's important to speak with a healthcare provider if you are experiencing difficulty getting pregnant.

OHSS typically occurs when too many eggs are stimulated to mature during ovulation, leading to an imbalance in hormone levels. The syndrome is more common in women who undergo IVF with high-dose fertility medications, multiple embryo transfer, or those with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Symptoms of OHSS may include:

1. Enlarged ovaries that are painful to the touch
2. Abdominal bloating and discomfort
3. Pelvic pain
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Diarrhea or constipation
6. Abnormal vaginal bleeding
7. Elevated hormone levels (estradiol and/or LH)

OHSS can be diagnosed through ultrasound and blood tests. Treatment options for OHSS include:

1. Cancellation of further fertility treatment until symptoms resolve
2. Medications to reduce hormone levels and inflammation
3. Ultrasound-guided aspiration of fluid from the ovaries
4. Hospitalization for monitoring and supportive care

Prevention is key, and fertility specialists take several measures to minimize the risk of OHSS, such as:

1. Monitoring hormone levels and ultrasound assessment of ovarian response during treatment
2. Adjusting medication dosages based on individual patient needs
3. Limited embryo transfer to reduce the risk of multiple pregnancies
4. Avoiding the use of high-dose stimulation protocols in women with PCOS or other risk factors

Early detection and proper management are crucial to prevent complications and ensure a successful outcome for fertility treatment. If you suspect you may have OHSS, it is essential to consult a fertility specialist immediately.

Some common types of skin abnormalities include:

1. Birthmarks: These are benign growths that can be present at birth or appear later in life. They can be flat or raised, and can be made up of different types of cells, such as blood vessels or pigment-producing cells.
2. Moles: These are small, dark spots on the skin that are usually benign but can occasionally become cancerous.
3. Warts: These are small, rough bumps on the skin that are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).
4. Psoriasis: This is a chronic condition that causes red, scaly patches on the skin.
5. Eczema: This is a chronic condition that causes dry, itchy skin and can lead to inflammation and skin thickening.
6. Acne: This is a common condition that causes blackheads, whiteheads, and other types of blemishes on the skin.
7. Scars: These are areas of damaged skin that can be caused by injury, surgery, or infection.
8. Vitiligo: This is a condition in which the skin loses its pigment, leading to white patches.
9. Impetigo: This is a bacterial infection that causes red sores on the skin.
10. Molluscum contagiosum: This is a viral infection that causes small, painless bumps on the skin.

Skin abnormalities can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as biopsies or imaging studies. Treatment options vary depending on the specific type of abnormality and its underlying cause, but may include topical creams or ointments, medications, laser therapy, or surgery. It is important to seek medical attention if you notice any changes in your skin, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

The word "acromegaly" comes from the Greek words "akros," meaning "tip" or " extremity," and "megas," meaning "large." It was first used in the medical literature in the late 19th century to describe the condition.

Symptoms of acromegaly can include:

* Enlarged hands and feet
* Coarsening of facial features
* Joint pain and limited joint mobility
* Carpal tunnel syndrome
* Sleep apnea
* Vision problems
* Fatigue
* Weakness

If left untreated, acromegaly can lead to serious complications such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Treatment options for acromegaly include surgery to remove the pituitary tumor, radiation therapy, and medications to reduce GH production.

It's worth noting that acromegaly is different from gigantism, which is a condition where children experience excessive growth and height due to an overproduction of growth hormone during childhood. Acromegaly only occurs in adults and is typically caused by a benign tumor on the pituitary gland, while gigantism can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, brain injuries, and certain medical conditions.

1. Medical Definition: In medicine, dwarfism is defined as a condition where an individual's height is significantly below the average range for their age and gender. The term "dwarfism" is often used interchangeably with "growth hormone deficiency," but the two conditions are not the same. Growth hormone deficiency is a specific cause of dwarfism, but there can be other causes as well, such as genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities.
2. Genetic Definition: From a genetic perspective, dwarfism can be defined as a condition caused by a genetic mutation or variation that results in short stature. There are many different genetic causes of dwarfism, including those caused by mutations in the growth hormone receptor gene, the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) gene, and other genes involved in growth and development.
3. Anthropological Definition: In anthropology, dwarfism is defined as a physical characteristic that is considered to be outside the normal range for a particular population or culture. This can include individuals who are short-statured due to various causes, including genetics, nutrition, or environmental factors.
4. Social Definition: From a social perspective, dwarfism can be defined as a condition that is perceived to be different or abnormal by society. Individuals with dwarfism may face social stigma, discrimination, and other forms of prejudice due to their physical appearance.
5. Legal Definition: In some jurisdictions, dwarfism may be defined as a disability or a medical condition that is protected by anti-discrimination laws. This can provide legal protections for individuals with dwarfism and ensure that they have access to the same rights and opportunities as others.

In summary, the definition of dwarfism can vary depending on the context in which it is used, and it may be defined differently by different disciplines and communities. It is important to recognize and respect the diversity of individuals with dwarfism and to provide support and accommodations as needed to ensure their well-being and inclusion in society.

1. Hypothyroidism: This is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. Symptoms can include fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, constipation, and depression.
2. Hyperthyroidism: This is a condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. Symptoms can include weight loss, anxiety, tremors, and an irregular heartbeat.
3. Thyroid nodules: These are abnormal growths on the thyroid gland that can be benign or cancerous.
4. Thyroid cancer: This is a type of cancer that affects the thyroid gland. There are several types of thyroid cancer, including papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid cancer.
5. Goiter: This is an enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be caused by a variety of factors, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid nodules.
6. Thyrotoxicosis: This is a condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to symptoms such as weight loss, anxiety, tremors, and an irregular heartbeat.
7. Thyroiditis: This is an inflammation of the thyroid gland that can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and difficulty swallowing.
8. Congenital hypothyroidism: This is a condition where a baby is born without a functioning thyroid gland or with a gland that does not produce enough thyroid hormones.
9. Thyroid cancer in children: This is a type of cancer that affects children and teenagers, usually in the form of papillary or follicular thyroid cancer.
10. Thyroid storm: This is a life-threatening condition where the thyroid gland produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms such as fever, rapid heartbeat, and cardiac arrest.

These are just a few examples of the many conditions that can affect the thyroid gland. It's important to be aware of these conditions and seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms or concerns related to your thyroid health.

There are several types of hypotrichosis, including:

1. Congenital hypotrichosis: This type is present at birth and is caused by genetic mutations.
2. Acquired hypotrichosis: This type can develop later in life due to various factors such as hormonal imbalances, nutritional deficiencies, or certain medical conditions like thyroid disorders or anemia.
3. Localized hypotrichosis: This type affects only a specific area of the body, such as the scalp or eyebrows.
4. Generalized hypotrichosis: This type affects the entire body.

Hypotrichosis can have a significant impact on an individual's self-esteem and quality of life, especially if it results in noticeable hair loss or thinning. Treatment options for hypotrichosis include medications such as minoxidil (Rogaine) and finasteride (Propecia), as well as non-medical treatments like hair transplantation and low-level laser therapy (LLLT). In some cases, hypotrichosis may be a sign of an underlying medical condition, so it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

There are two main types of hyperparathyroidism: primary and secondary. Primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by a benign tumor in one of the parathyroid glands, while secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by another condition that leads to overproduction of PTH, such as kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency.

Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism can include:

* High blood calcium levels
* Bone loss or osteoporosis
* Kidney stones
* Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
* Hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid gland)
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Headaches

Treatment for hyperparathyroidism usually involves surgery to remove the affected parathyroid gland or glands. In some cases, medications may be used to manage symptoms before surgery. It is important for individuals with hyperparathyroidism to receive prompt medical attention, as untreated hyperparathyroidism can lead to serious complications such as heart disease and kidney failure.

Adenomas are caused by genetic mutations that occur in the DNA of the affected cells. These mutations can be inherited or acquired through exposure to environmental factors such as tobacco smoke, radiation, or certain chemicals.

The symptoms of an adenoma can vary depending on its location and size. In general, they may include abdominal pain, bleeding, or changes in bowel movements. If the adenoma becomes large enough, it can obstruct the normal functioning of the affected organ or cause a blockage that can lead to severe health complications.

Adenomas are usually diagnosed through endoscopy, which involves inserting a flexible tube with a camera into the affected organ to visualize the inside. Biopsies may also be taken to confirm the presence of cancerous cells.

Treatment for adenomas depends on their size, location, and severity. Small, non-pedunculated adenomas can often be removed during endoscopy through a procedure called endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). Larger adenomas may require surgical resection, and in some cases, chemotherapy or radiation therapy may also be necessary.

In summary, adenoma is a type of benign tumor that can occur in glandular tissue throughout the body. While they are not cancerous, they have the potential to become malignant over time if left untreated. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time. Early detection and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes for patients with adenomas.

"Follicle-Stimulating Hormone". WebMD. Bowen R. "Luteinizing and Follicle Stimulating Hormones". www.vivo.colostate.edu. ... Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone. FSH is synthesized and secreted by ... luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle". WikiJournal of Medicine (published 2014-03-26 ... and is responsible for interaction with the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor. The sugar portion of the hormone is ...
"Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone on ovarian androgen production in a woman with isolated follicle-stimulating hormone ... Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) insensitivity, or ovarian insensitivity to FSH in females, also referable to as ovarian ... It is characterized by a resistance or complete insensitivity to the effects of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a ... Wachs DS, Coffler MS, Malcom PJ, Shimasaki S, Chang RJ (May 2008). "Increased androgen response to follicle-stimulating hormone ...
The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor or FSH receptor (FSHR) is a transmembrane receptor that interacts with the follicle- ... Kotlar TJ, Young RH, Albanese C, Crowley WF, Scully RE, Jameson JL (Apr 1997). "A mutation in the follicle-stimulating hormone ... Song GJ, Park YS, Lee YS, Lee CC, Kang IS (Mar 2002). "Alternatively spliced variants of the follicle-stimulating hormone ... Alternative splicing of the FSHR gene may be implicated in subfertility in males Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is an ...
SLC46A1 Follicle-stimulating hormone deficiency, isolated; 229070; FSHB Foveal hyperplasia; 136520; PAX6 Foveomacular dystrophy ... SECISBP2 Thyroid hormone resistance; 188570; THRB Thyroid hormone resistance, autosomal recessive; 274300; THRB Thyroid hormone ... HESX1 Growth hormone deficiency, isolated, type IA; 262400; GH1 Growth hormone deficiency, isolated, type IB; 612781; GH1 ... GHRHR Growth hormone deficiency, isolated, type II; 173100; GH1 Growth hormone insensitivity with immunodeficiency; 245590; ...
Inactivating mutations in PROP1 result in deficiencies of luteinizing hormone (LH; MIM 152780), follicle-stimulating hormone ( ... and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; MIM 188540). See combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD; MIM 262600).[supplied by ... 2000). "Combined pituitary hormone deficiency caused by a novel mutation of a highly conserved residue (F88S) in the ... 1998). "The PROP1 2-base pair deletion is a common cause of combined pituitary hormone deficiency" (PDF). J. Clin. Endocrinol. ...
Its structure is similar to that of the other glycoprotein hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid-stimulating ... human interstitial cell stimulating hormone and human follicle-stimulating hormone on ovarian weights in estrogen-primed ... Peptide hormones, Sex hormones, Human hormones, Hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis, Anterior pituitary hormones) ... Häggström M (2014). "Reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during ...
... follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), thyroid-stimulating ... Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), directly stimulating the ovaries. In women with anovulation, it may be an alternative after ... follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E2). The patients are classified as WHO1 (15%)-hypo-gonadotropic, hypo- ... resulting in an increase in secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone. Medications in use for this effect are mainly clomifene ...
It directly affects follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion. Follistatin also is implicated in prostate cancers where ... They also regulate many hormones including pituitary, gonadal and hypothalamic hormones as well as insulin. They are also nerve ... Anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), Activin, Nodal and TGFβs. Signaling begins with the binding of a TGF beta superfamily ligand to a ...
The pituitary glycoprotein hormone family includes follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, chorionic gonadotropin, ... This gene encodes the beta subunit of follicle-stimulating hormone. In conjunction with luteinizing hormone, follicle- ... Shome B, Parlow AF (1974). "Human follicle stimulating hormone: first proposal for the amino acid sequence of the hormone- ... "Localization of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) immunoreactivity and hormone receptor mRNA in testicular tissue of infertile ...
In contrast, follicle-stimulating hormone levels remained unchanged. A slight but significant increase in prolactin levels was ... "Adverse Effects of Hormones and Hormone Antagonists on the Liver". Drug-Induced Liver Disease. Current Treatment Options in ... It has also been studied as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women and to treat acne and seborrhea in ... Nilutamide has been studied for use as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. It has been assessed in ...
Hypothalamic GnRH pulse influences the pulsatile secretion of Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) ... follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Ellison, Peter T. (2001). On Fertile Ground: A Natural History of Human Reproduction. ... and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) into the testes, which produce testosterone. The central event in puberty for females is ... The follicle number decrease to 300,000-400,000 at the age of menarche. In the entire reproductive age, these follicles undergo ...
... and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) synthesis and secretion]" [The effect of melatonin on prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH ... and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) synthesis and secretion]. Postepy Higieny I Medycyny Doswiadczalnej (in Polish). 60: 431 ... Melatonin can lower follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Melatonin's effects on human reproduction remain unclear. Some ... Melatonin is a dietary supplement and medication as well as naturally occurring hormone. As a hormone, melatonin is released by ...
Gemzell, C. A.; Diczfalusy, E; Tillinger, G (1958). "Clinical effect of human pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)". ... Gemzell developed methods to extract the human growth hormone and human gonadotropins from cadaver pituitary glands. In 1958 ... Gemzell was the first to show that extracted gonadotropins containing FSH could be used as fertility medication to stimulate ...
... is inhibited by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes follicle development. Once the follicle ... Zhang Z, Jia L, Feng Y, Zheng W (June 2009). "Overexpression of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor facilitates the ... Typically around 20 follicles mature each month but only a single follicle is ovulated; the follicle from which the oocyte was ... "Selective inhibition of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion by estradiol. Mechanism for modulation of gonadotropin responses ...
... and therefore the hormones released by the pituitary (luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone) can still take part ... This hormone is synthesised by the hypothalamus and induces the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone by the pituitary ... of the hypothalamus in order to stimulate the pituitary into secreting luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. ... Follicle-stimulating hormone, directly stimulating the ovaries. In women with anovulation, it may be an alternative after 7 to ...
... resulting in an increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and levels. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, in ... Bicalutamide can paradoxically stimulate late-stage prostate cancer due to accumulated mutations in the cancer. When used as a ... Dosages of bicalutamide of 10 mg, 30 mg, and 50 mg per day have been found to produce a "moderate" effect on sex hormone levels ... Early clinical results". Hormone Research. 32 Suppl 1: 77-81. doi:10.1159/000181316. PMID 2515147. E.E. Müller (6 December 2012 ...
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is secreted from the anterior pituitary. FSH plays a key role in development, growth and ... Notable hormone differences occur between CPP and PT patients, so studying these hormone levels is the main biochemical ... CPP is treated with lutenizing hormone (LH) releasing hormone agonists. PT can impact growth velocity and bone age slightly, ... Leptin is an adipocyte hormone that has important implications of puberty and sex hormone secretion. Increased leptin has been ...
The four important sexual hormones are oxytocin, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone.[page needed ... Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is responsible for ovulation in women, which acts by triggering egg maturity; in men it ... During this stage, the pituitary gland secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). A negative feedback loop is enacted when ... one or more of these follicles are stimulated to mature on a monthly basis. Once matured, these are called Graafian follicles.[ ...
"The antral follicle count is a better marker than basal follicle-stimulating hormone for the selection of older patients with ... Elevated serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level measured on day three of the menstrual cycle. (First day of period flow ... It is usually accompanied by high FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) levels. Quality of the eggs may also be impaired. However ... Often diagnosed by elevated gonadotropin (Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH) levels. In some cases (more so in younger ...
... follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels by about 47% and 55%, respectively; and testosterone levels by about 59% and 68%, ... Desogestrel stimulates the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro, an action that is independent of the classical ... One study found that 150 μg/day and 300 μg/day desogestrel alone in healthy young men suppressed luteinizing hormone (LH) ... Desogestrel also reduces sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels by 50% when given to women alone, but when combined with 30 ...
... lutenizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone.) These gonadotropic hormones play a role in stimulating estrogen release ... Gonadotropic hormones "stimulate growth of the gonads and the secretion of sex hormones." (e.g. gonadotropin-releasing hormone ... Patients may also be put on oral contraceptives to stimulate regular periods. In addition to hormone therapy, nutrition ... Progesterone directly stimulates osteoblasts to make new bone. Therefore if the woman is not ovulating, she is not creating ...
Two of these are adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and follicle stimulating hormone. The physiological role for responses to ... A particularly important bone-targeted hormonal regulator is parathyroid hormone (PTH). Parathyroid hormone is a protein made ... The skeleton is also modified for reproduction and in response to nutritional and other hormone stresses; it responds to ... Nicks KM, Fowler TW, Gaddy D (June 2010). "Reproductive hormones and bone". Curr Osteoporos Rep. 8 (2): 60-7. doi:10.1007/ ...
April 1989). "Follicle-stimulating hormone levels on cycle day 3 are predictive of in vitro fertilization outcome". Fertility ... Also see poor ovarian reserve and Follicle-stimulating hormone for treatment options. DNA damage (naturally occurring) ... At 18-22 weeks post-conception, the female ovary contains its peak number of follicles (about 300,000 in the average case, but ... The rest of them reach atresia, a natural apoptotic process leading to the breakdown of the follicle. Each menstrual cycle one ...
Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone (Intramuscular Route, Subcutaneous Route) Side effects. From Mayo Clinic. ... in goats treated with eCG for the induction of ovulation modulate the luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone ... "Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a highly purified human follicle-stimulating hormone (Bravelle) and recombinant ... "A comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of two recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone preparations in patients ...
"Follicle-stimulating hormone increases primordial follicle reserve in mature female hypogonadal mice". The Journal of ...
... stimulates these cells to release luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Thus it is considered a ... As a consequence, levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) fall after a short period of time. ... Histrelin is used to treat hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate in men and uterine fibroids in women. In addition, ... Since LH and FSH stimulate the gonads to produce estrogens and androgens in females and males respectively, histrelin can ...
The hormones used are typically gonadotropin-like, meaning they stimulate the gonads. Follicle stimulating hormone is the ... The electroejaculator stimulates the male causing an ejaculation, after which the semen is collected. The glove hand collection ... Pregnant cows and mares continue to develop new follicles until the middle of pregnancy. Thus, TUGA can be used to ... This can be achieved by using hormones to manipulate the female's reproductive organs. ...
... luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are heterodimers consisting ... Shome B, Parlow AF (Jul 1974). "Human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH): first proposal for the amino acid sequence of the ... Rathnam P, Saxena BB (Sep 1975). "Primary amino acid sequence of follicle-stimulating hormone from human pituitary glands. I. ... "The regulation and organization of thyroid stimulating hormone genes". Recent Progress in Hormone Research. 40: 79-120. doi: ...
The hypothalamus uses follistatin to tell the pituitary to inhibit follicle-stimulating hormone; it also has many other ... Releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones are hormones whose main purpose is to control the release of other hormones, either ... The main releasing hormones are as follows: The hypothalamus uses thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH or thyroliberin) to tell ... The main release-inhibiting hormones or inhibiting hormones are as follows: The hypothalamus uses somatostatin to tell the ...
... which decreases the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and greatly decreases the secretion of luteinizing hormone ... This leads to an imbalance of LH, follicle stimulating hormone, estrogen, and progesterone. Without ovulation, unopposed ... LH stimulates the theca cells of the ovarian follicle to produce androstenedione. The granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle ... While multiple small follicles develop in the ovary, none are able to grow in size enough to become the dominant follicle and ...
... follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)-secreting pituitary macroadenomas, local tumors, lymphomas, or aromatase deficiency. Álvarez ...
Base testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) levels are precursors in individuals with 46 ... They are given a hormone called hydrocortisone, a form of hormone replacement therapy, with the objective to induce puberty. ... The anti-Müllerian hormone is used for evaluating the function of Sertoli cells. A urinary steroid profile shows the ratio of ... These processes are initiated and regulated by biological metabolites such as DNA, hormones and proteins. The initial steps of ...
... follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), and other chemokine and G-protein coupled receptors. A full, up-to-date list can ...
... and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Like VK5211, GSK2881078 has been clinically tested in relation to its potential in ... Similarly to Ostarine, VK5211 affected both lipid levels and testosterone levels, by suppressing HDL, luteinizing hormone (LH ... there was a statistically significant lowering of Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) and serum total testosterone levels. ...
During puberty, androgen, LH and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) production increase and the sex cords hollow out, forming ... ISBN 978-0-80-365868-4. Generic term for an agent (usually a hormone, such as testosterone or androsterone) that stimulates ... This action of androgens is supported by a hormone from Sertoli cells, Müllerian inhibitory hormone (MIH), which prevents the ... Before the production of the pituitary hormone luteinizing hormone (LH) by the embryo starting at about weeks 11-12, human ...
... may refer to: Follicle-stimulating hormone, a hormone that affects the reproductive system Facioscapulohumeral muscular ...
... of the ovarian reserve is to perform a blood test on day 3 of the menstrual cycle to measure serum Follicle-Stimulating Hormone ... Transvaginal ultrasound can also be used to "count the number of follicles" and this procedure is called Antral Follicle Count ... Notably, a higher level of anti-Müllerian hormone when tested in women in the general population has been found to have a ... April 2011). "Antimüllerian hormone as a predictor of natural fecundability in women aged 30-42 years". Obstet Gynecol. 117 (4 ...
"Hypothalamic follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)-regulating hormone: structure, physiology, and ... March 1982). "Tumor growth inhibition in patients with prostatic carcinoma treated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ... "Hormone Therapy for Breast Cancer , Breast Cancer Treatment". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2022-04-28. Hammerstrom AE, Cauley DH, ... Gann PH, Hennekens CH, Ma J, Longcope C, Stampfer MJ (August 1996). "Prospective study of sex hormone levels and risk of ...
... by the hypothalamus and subsequently follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutinising hormone (LH) by the anterior pituitary ... Altered male hormones can also lead to erectile dysfunction which is the major cause of infertility in obese men. Gonadal heat ... Leptin is a hormone which production is increased in obese animals. In cows, leptin can inhibit thecal cells from producing ... However, the regulatory functions of the HPO can be disrupted due to the up or down regulation of certain hormones in the ...
Particularly, GnRH is essential for the release of gonadotropic hormones, such as LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), ... These hormones are responsible for the synthesis of steroid sex hormones (testosterone in men; progesterone and estrogen in ... Due to the fact that serotonin can interfere with other neurotransmitters and hormones, for instance, sex hormones, SSRIs can ... "Practical differences between luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists in prostate cancer: perspectives across the ...
... follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (the key hormone used in fertility testing, an example is the ovulation ... Choh Hao Li discovered human growth hormone (and subsequently used it to treat a form of dwarfism caused by growth hormone ... Maugh II, Thomas (2 December 1987). "Discovered Human Growth Hormone: Choh Hao Li, 74; Endocrinologist at UC". Los Angeles ...
Smaller dosages of stimulating drugs are given for a shorter period to help ripen the 2-7 eggs. Spontaneous ovulation is ... Some authors claim that it is safer, less expensive and avoids side-effects associated with suppression of hormones in a ... With no hyperstimulation drugs, the treatment cycle relies on the spontaneous development of one follicle only and therefore ... The success rate per cycle is low compared to stimulated IVF. HFEA has estimated the live birth rate to be approximately 1.3% ...
In females that are not lactating, when M cells recognize antigen in the gut, they stimulate production of many Immunoglobulin ... IgA traveling from the gut to breast milk supply is controlled by hormones, chemokines, and cytokines. Thus, the mammary gland ... November 2012). "Salmonella transforms follicle-associated epithelial cells into M cells to promote intestinal invasion". Cell ... November 2012). "Salmonella transforms follicle-associated epithelial cells into M cells to promote intestinal invasion". Cell ...
... the release of the pituitary hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). However, after the ... A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist) is a type of medication which affects gonadotropins and sex hormones. ... Shim M, Bang WJ, Oh CY, Lee YS, Cho JS (July 2019). "Effectiveness of three different luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ... exogenous FSH is given to stimulate ovarian follicle, followed by human chorionic gonadotropins (hCG) to trigger oocyte release ...
... adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and expression of proopiomelanocortin, which in part accounts for ... Metformin inhibits basal secretion from the pituitary gland of growth hormone, ...
... luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and estradiol. Modern phototherapy lamps used in the treatment of seasonal ... The production of the hormone melatonin, a sleep regulator, is inhibited by light and permitted by darkness as registered by ... It is reported that bright light therapy may activate the production of reproductive hormones, such as testosterone, ... Danilenko KV, Samoilova EA (2007). "Stimulatory effect of morning bright light on reproductive hormones and ovulation: results ...
Tu Q, Valverde P, Li S, Zhang J, Yang P, Chen J (October 2007). "Osterix overexpression in mesenchymal stem cells stimulates ... Morsczeck C (February 2006). "Gene expression of runx2, Osterix, c-fos, DLX-3, DLX-5, and MSX-2 in dental follicle cells during ... Adiponectin is a protein hormone that has been shown to be upregulated in rheumatoid arthritis disease pathology, causing the ...
... different potency in terms of measures including suppression of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels, ... Hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis, Hormones of the pregnant female, Ketones, Sex hormones). ... In addition to its role as a natural hormone, estrone has been used as a medication, for instance in menopausal hormone therapy ... to designate the hormone or hormones that induce estrus in animals, the time when female mammals are fertile and receptive to ...
... and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Failure in GnRH activity can otherwise be due to the absence of the GnRH releasing ... Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is the major form of treatment with the aim to replace the missing testosterone or oestrogen ... For females, hormone replacement involves the use of oestrogen and progesterone. Firstly, oestrogen is used in tablet or gel ... Treatment for both males and females with KS/CHH normally consists of one of three options which can be used for both hormone ...
... can suppress libido by inhibiting secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the anterior ... It is primarily known in animals as a hormone released by the pineal gland in the brain at night, and has long been associated ... In addition to its role as a natural hormone, melatonin is used as a dietary supplement and medication in the treatment of ... Although a role for melatonin as a plant hormone has not been clearly established, its involvement in processes such as growth ...
TPO is stimulated by TSH, which upregulates gene expression. TPO is inhibited by the thioamide drugs, such as propylthiouracil ... Inorganic iodine enters the body primarily as iodide, I−. After entering the thyroid follicle (or thyroid follicular cell) via ... the thyroid hormones. In humans, thyroperoxidase is encoded by the TPO gene. + I− + H+ + H2O2 ⇒ + 2 H2O Iodide is oxidized to ... the incorporation of iodine into thyroglobulin for the production of thyroid hormone, is nonspecific; that is, there is no TPO- ...
... other glycoprotein hormone receptors such as Luteinizing hormone, Follicle-stimulating hormone and Thyroid-stimulating hormone ... Hair follicle renewal is governed by Wnt signalling that act upon hair follicle stem cells located in the follicle bulge. ... there is a growing body of agreement that LGR5 is a putative hair follicle stem cell marker. LGR5 in conjunction with LRG6, is ... ve stem cells fuel the actual hair follicle shaft upon migration of transit-amplifying cells into the dermal papilla. In ...
... luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, from the pituitary gland. This in turn, results in suppression of gonadal ... the main biological target of the progestogen sex hormone progesterone. It has effects similar to those of the hormone ... Levonorgestrel stimulates the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro, an action that is independent of the ... It is a progestin and has effects similar to those of the hormone progesterone. It works primarily by preventing ovulation and ...
"Hypothalamic follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)-regulating hormone: structure, physiology, and ... March 1982). "Tumor growth inhibition in patients with prostatic carcinoma treated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ... to deprive a tumour of sex hormones (androgens) that stimulate proliferation. This is often done through the use of GnRH ... The main male hormone is testosterone, which is produced mainly by the testicles. It is dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a metabolite ...
Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels were considerably elevated (30-33 mIU/mL and 34-37 mIU/mL, ... follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels were 6.7-19.1 mIU/mL and 5.8-13.2 mIU/mL, respectively), and ... Levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were very low, which can be attributed to the absence of hepatic actions of ... In the older sister, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels were normal, while levels of inhibin A and inhibin B were ...
... follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin were unaffected. The ratio of testosterone to estradiol is also decreased during ... Numerous small studies have investigated the effects of oral ketoconazole on hormone levels in humans. It has been found in men ... The drug may cause adrenal insufficiency so the level of the adrenocortical hormones should be monitored while taking it. Oral ... Eil C (August 1992). "Ketoconazole binds to the human androgen receptor". Hormone and Metabolic Research. 24 (8): 367-70. doi: ...
... of the gonadotropins follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland and to increase sex hormone ... 2009). "Sex hormones and their modulators". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. p ... Unlike other GnRH analogues, it is not used to suppress sex hormone production. Gonadorelin is available in a portable infusion ... Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor § Agonists "Gonadorelin". J. Elks (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical ...
... acting alongside follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). After ovulation has occurred, IGF-2 promotes progesterone secretion during ... Peptide hormones, Growth factors, Hormones of the somatotropic axis, Insulin-like growth factor receptor agonists, Insulin ... The major role of IGF-2 is as a growth promoting hormone during gestation. IGF-2 exerts its effects by binding to the IGF-1 ... Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) is one of three protein hormones that share structural similarity to insulin. The MeSH ...
FSH is a hormone released by the pituitary gland, located on the underside of the brain. ... The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) blood test measures the level of FSH in blood. ... The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) blood test measures the level of FSH in blood. FSH is a hormone released by the ... In men, FSH stimulates production of sperm. The test is used to help diagnose or evaluate:. *Problems becoming pregnant, or ...
The pituitary hormone extract contains variable levels of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH).. ... PLUSET- porcine follicle stimulating hormone, porcine luteinizing hormone kit. To receive this label RSS feed. Copy the URL ... PLUSET- porcine follicle stimulating hormone, porcine luteinizing hormone kit. If this SPL contains inactivated NDCs listed by ... follicle stimulating hormone 35 UNT/ML / luteinizing hormone 35 UNT/ML Injectable Solution [Pluset]. SBD. ...
... urinary follicle-stimulating hormone and human, urinary luteinizing hormone, for bioassay  Ferguson, Jackie; Hockley, Jason; ... Browsing by Subject "Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Human". 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. ...
LB2FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone (mIU/mL). Variable Name: LB2FSH. SAS Label: Follicle stimulating hormone (mIU/mL). ... LB2FSHSI - Follicle stimulating hormone (IU/L). Variable Name: LB2FSHSI. SAS Label: Follicle stimulating hormone (IU/L). ... Coulston Foundation Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Human follicle stimulating hormone (FSH, follitropin) is a glycoprotein ... Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Serum FSH and LH levels and questionnaire data on menstrual ...
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) blood test. Follicle stimulating hormone; Menopause - FSH; Vaginal bleeding - FSH ... The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) blood test measures the level of FSH in blood. FSH is a hormone released by the ... In men, FSH stimulates production of sperm. The test is used to help diagnose or evaluate: *Problems becoming pregnant, or ... In women, FSH helps manage the menstrual cycle and stimulates the ovaries to produce eggs. The test is used to help diagnose or ...
... with the actions of FSH mediated by follicle-stimulating hormone receptors (FSHRs) on the surface of target cells. The purposes ... were to determine and evaluate the biological activities for the commercialization of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone ... Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) plays a central role in mammals reproduction, ... Recombinant Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (rFSH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor(FSHR ), Cellular Internalization ...
Use of Biosimilar Follicle-Stimulating Hormone in Asthenozoospermic Infertile Patients: A Multicentric Study. De Rocco Ponce M ... Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Action on Spermatogenesis: A Focus on Physiological and Therapeutic Roles. Santi D, Crépieux ... Long-acting recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (SAFA-FSH) enhances spermatogenesis. Kim D, Lee S, Cho YH, Kang MJ, ... Efficacy and safety of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in men with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism Pierre ...
WITHDRAWN: Ovulation induction with urinary follicle stimulating hormone versus human menopausal gonadotropin for clomiphene- ... WITHDRAWN: Ovulation induction with urinary follicle stimulating hormone versus human menopausal gonadotropin for clomiphene- ... Ovulation induction with urinary follicle stimulating hormone versus human menopausal gonadotropin for clomiphene-resistant ... Ovulation induction with urinary follicle stimulating hormone versus human menopausal gonadotropin for clomiphene-resistant ...
Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene exploration as possible markers for prolific trait of local goat in Indonesia ... Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene exploration as possible markers for prolific trait of local goat in Indonesia ...
Follicle stimulating hormone is one of these. It works with luteinizing hormone in different ways throughout your entire cycle. ... Two hormones work closely together during your cycle to help orchestrate ovulation. ... Follicle Stimulating Hormone. Two hormones work closely together during your cycle to help orchestrate ovulation. Follicle ... As the name of the hormone suggests, its essential in stimulating immature follicles to grow within the ovary. These follicles ...
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is made by the pituitary gland in the brain. Control of FSH production is a complex system ... Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is often used in conjunction with other tests (LH, testosterone, oestradiol and progesterone ... In women, FSH stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles (eggs) during the follicular phase of the menstrual ... In men, FSH stimulates the testes to produce sperm just as in women FSH stimulates the ovaries to produce eggs. In men, LH can ...
Do you know the importance of knowing your Follicle Stimulating Hormone level whether youre premenopausal, menopausal or post ... Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Perimenopause. by Deborah Maragopoulos FNP , Last updated: Apr 7, 2022 , Menopause , 3 ... 1 Follicle Stimulating Hormone Drawn at The Right Time. If youre still getting periods but you have symptoms of perimenopause ... or follicle stimulating hormone, is produced by your pituitary gland in response to your estrogen levels. During your ...
The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) blood test measures the level of FSH in blood. FSH is a hormone released by the ... Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) blood test. By HealthPedia Team / Information, Medical Tests ... Follicle stimulating hormone; Menopause - FSH; Vaginal bleeding - FSH. References. Garibaldi LR, Chemaitilly W. Disorders of ... In women, FSH helps manage the menstrual cycle and stimulates the ovaries to produce eggs. The test is used to help diagnose or ...
Dog FSH(Follicle Stimulating Hormone) ELISA Kit. Dog FSH(Follicle Stimulating Hormone) ELISA Kit ... Description: A competitive Inhibition ELISA kit for detection of Follicle Stimulating Hormone from Dog in samples from blood, ... Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Dog Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in ... Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Dog Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in ...
follicle stimulating hormone receptor. ectopic expression. cancer markers. cancer progression. cancer treatment. follicle ... follicle stimulating hormone receptor, ectopic expression, cancer markers, cancer progression, cancer treatment, follicle ... In normal conditions follicle stimulating hormone receptors (FSHR) are expressed in zona granulosa cells of the ovary and ... In normal conditions follicle stimulating hormone receptors (FSHR) are expressed in zona granulosa cells of the ovary and ...
The report presented here provides a detailed and an accurate account of each aspect of the global Follicle Stimulating Hormone ... 53 Table Follicle Stimulating Hormone Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/Dose) TABLE. 54 Table Follicle Stimulating Hormone Revenue ... 51 Table Follicle Stimulating Hormone Distributors List FIG. 52 Table Follicle Stimulating Hormone Key Market Segments FIG. 53 ... 84 Table Global Follicle Stimulating Hormone Sales Share by Type (2014-2019) FIG. 85 Table Global Follicle Stimulating Hormone ...
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) beta subunit promoter polymorphism and reproductive function. 1. Grigorova M, Punab M, Punab ... 2012) Pharmacogenetics of follicle-stimulating hormone action. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 19(3):220-7. 4. Grigorova M ... 211 T allele of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) beta subunit promoter polymorphism and lower serum FSH in infertile men. J ... the beta-subunit gene for fertility-associated follicle-stimulating hormone: possible influence of balancing selection. Ann Hum ...
If your FSH hormone levels are too high or too low, achieving pregnancy is much more difficult. Learn how to manage your FSH ... Follicle Stimulating Hormone, commonly known as FSH, is an important hormone in the reproductive processes in both men and ... What do your Follicle Stimulating Hormone test results mean?. Both gender and age affect FSH levels. Because FSH levels also ... Follicle Stimulating Hormone levels do not paint the whole picture, but indicate if further testing is needed. Our Ultimate ...
Ethanolamine plasmalogens derived from scallops stimulate both follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone secretion ... Antinflammatory, antioxidant, and behavioral effects induced by administration of growth hormone-releasing hormone analogs in ... Caloric restriction modulates the monoaminergic system and metabolic hormones in aged rats. 09 November 2020 ...
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). This usually goes up as you near menopause. ... Hormone replacement therapy (HRT). This is also called menopausal hormone therapy. You take medications to replace the hormones ... All of your follicles available that month die away, even if youre not ovulating, so experts dont think that birth control ... Topical hormone therapy. This is an estrogen cream, insert, or gel that you put in your vagina to help with dryness. ...
The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor Asn680Ser polymorphism is associated with preterm birth in Hispanic women.. Dominguez ... a study based on the analysis of accelerated evolution of related genes at birth identified the follicle-stimulating hormone ... aim of the present study was to determine the association between the N680S polymorphism of the follicle-stimulating hormone ...
... no significant improvement was observed in follicle-stimulating hormone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels. The women ... transition is experienced by women often involves troublesome symptoms due to changes in the level of reproductive hormones. ...
Urofollitropin is a preparation of highly purified follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) extracted from the urine of ... Follitropins stimulate ovarian follicular growth in women who do not have primary ovarian failure. FSH is required for normal ... Multifollicular development during Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Development of multiple follicles with Assisted ... Sonographic evidence of ovulation includes collapsed follicle, fluid in the cul-de-sac, features consistent with corpus luteum ...
Addex Collaborators Published New Data Supporting the Role of Negative Allosteric Modulators of Follicle Stimulating Hormone ... Addex Collaborators Published New Data Supporting the Role of Negative Allosteric Modulators of Follicle Stimulating Hormone ... today the publication of new scientific findings that help unravel the mode of action of dual follicle stimulating hormone ... and luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin hormone receptor (LH/CGR) negative allosteric modulators (NAMs).. The results ...
Follicle stimulating hormone. If you are a woman, you may have a blood test for FSH to evaluate fertility.. ... Thyroid stimulating hormone. You may have a blood test for TSH to detect thyroid disease.. ... Parathyroid hormone. You may have a blood test for PTH to detect parathyroid disease.. ...
Follicle stimulating hormone (Follitropin-V; Bioniche, Belleville, Ontario, Canada) was administered once on the second and ... While GnRH acts on the pituitary to produce luteinizing hormone (LH) that stimulates ovulation, hCG elicits ovulation by ... Our hypothesis was that during the non-breeding season using a hormone that acts at the level of the ovary (hCG) would increase ... priming protocol with either gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to induce ovulation. ...
Gonadotropin therapy (follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH] injections). Home treatments to help relieve PCOS symptoms include: * ... PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) is a disorder caused by an imbalance of reproductive hormones that is a common cause of ... Monthly ovulation does not always occur in women who have PCOS and levels of male hormones (androgens) are elevated. ...
Females who are postmenopausal (age-related amenorrhea ,= 12 consecutive months and increased follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH ...
Serum Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) [ Time Frame: baseline only ]. Serum will be collected at the first study visit prior ... Hormones. Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists. Physiological Effects of Drugs. Antineoplastic Agents, ... Serum Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) [ Time Frame: baseline only ]. Serum will be collected at the first study visit prior to ... Serum Luteinizing Hormone (LH) [ Time Frame: baseline only ]. Serum will be collected at the first study visit prior to ...
  • Description: A competitive Inhibition ELISA kit for detection of Follicle Stimulating Hormone from Dog in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (clinical-trial-logistics.com)
  • FSH(Follicle Stimulating Hormone) ELISA Kit-ELK Biotechnology CO.,Ltd. (elkbiotech.com)
  • FSH is a hormone released by the pituitary gland, located on the underside of the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Low FSH levels in men may mean parts of the brain (the pituitary gland or hypothalamus) do not produce normal amounts of some or all of its hormones. (medlineplus.gov)
  • FOLLTROPIN ® (porcine pituitary-derived follicle stimulating hormone for injection) is a powder for solution containing 700 IU (equivalent to 400 mg NIH-FSH-P1) of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) per vial. (nih.gov)
  • Do not use FOLLTROPIN ® in cows that are known to be hypersensitive to the active ingredient, porcine pituitary-derived follicle stimulating hormone. (nih.gov)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is made by the pituitary gland in the brain. (pathologytestsexplained.org.au)
  • Control of FSH production is a complex system involving hormones produced by the gonads (ovaries or testes), the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus, such as gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH). (pathologytestsexplained.org.au)
  • FSH, or follicle stimulating hormone, is produced by your pituitary gland in response to your estrogen levels. (genesisgold.com)
  • Mammalian reproduction depends on the gonadotropins , follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone , which are secreted by pituitary gonadotrope cells . (bvsalud.org)
  • Finally, we found that recombinant gremlin stimulated Fshb expression in pituitary cultures from WT mice . (bvsalud.org)
  • FSH is a hormone secretion, which is produced by the pituitary gland in humans. (flebo.in)
  • The hypothalamus and pituitary glands in the brain produce hormones that maintain normal testicular function. (cdc.gov)
  • Production of too much prolactin, a hormone made by the pituitary gland (often due to the presence of a benign pituitary gland tumor), or other conditions that damage or impair the function of the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland may result in low or no sperm production. (cdc.gov)
  • Development of multiple follicles with Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) in women who have previously received pituitary suppression. (drugs.com)
  • FOLLTROPIN ® contains a low amount of luteinizing hormone (less than 1000 μg NIH-LH-S19 per vial). (nih.gov)
  • FSH tests are conducted concomitantly with other hormone tests that include Luteinizing Hormone, Testosterone, Estradiol, Progesterone etc, and the results are collectively evaluated, since several combinations of outcomes can detect several conditions. (metropolisindia.com)
  • It works with luteinizing hormone in different ways throughout your entire cycle. (getting-pregnant.com)
  • If you have Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), you will want to pay close attention to your FSH levels, or more specifically, the ratio of luteinizing hormone (LH) to FSH. (americanpregnancy.org)
  • Geneva, Switzerland, 20 September 2016 - Addex Therapeutics (SIX: ADXN) announced today the publication of new scientific findings that help unravel the mode of action of dual follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin hormone receptor (LH/CGR) negative allosteric modulators (NAMs). (addextherapeutics.com)
  • All of your follicles available that month die away, even if you're not ovulating, so experts don't think that birth control delays menopause. (webmd.com)
  • The menopause transition is experienced by women often involves troublesome symptoms due to changes in the level of reproductive hormones. (nih.gov)
  • Perfluoroalkyl substances and incident natural menopause in midlife women: the mediating role of sex hormones. (cdc.gov)
  • Causal mediation analysis was applied to quantify the degree to which follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol levels could mediate the associations between PFAS and incident natural menopause. (cdc.gov)
  • Your developing follicles produce estrogen trying to be the egg of the month. (genesisgold.com)
  • Their ovaries also make the hormones estrogen and progesterone , which control their period ( menstruation ) and the release of eggs ( ovulation ). (webmd.com)
  • FSH signals the ovaries to make estrogen, sometimes called the "female hormone" because women need high levels of it for fertility and overall health. (nih.gov)
  • The purposes of this study were to determine and evaluate the biological activities for the commercialization of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (rFSH) in vitro through the cellular internalization using cloned 293T-FSHR cell lines as target. (engii.org)
  • In normal conditions follicle stimulating hormone receptors (FSHR) are expressed in zona granulosa cells of the ovary and Sertoli cells of the testis. (viamedica.pl)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) plays a central role in mammals reproduction, with the actions of FSH mediated by follicle-stimulating hormone receptors (FSHRs) on the surface of target cells. (engii.org)
  • In the present study, we provide further evidence for the existence of VSELs in mouse BM and have also examined the effects of a chemotherapeutic agent (5-fluorouracil (5-FU)) and gonadotropin hormone (follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)) on BM stem/progenitor cells. (nih.gov)
  • 2010) Expression of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor in Tumor Blood Vessels. (engii.org)
  • Fan, Q.R. and Hendrickson, W.A. (2005) Structure of Human Follicle-Stimulating Hormone in Complex with Its Receptor. (engii.org)
  • 2005) Models of Glycoprotein Hormone Receptor Interaction. (engii.org)
  • 19. Distinct beta-arrestin- and G protein-dependent pathways for parathyroid hormone receptor-stimulated ERK1/2 activation. (nih.gov)
  • In women, FSH helps manage the menstrual cycle and stimulates the ovaries to produce eggs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It also contributes to the ovaries of women by stimulating the eggs. (flebo.in)
  • A sonogram can show whether or not the ovaries are enlarged or have multiple follicles. (nih.gov)
  • Follicle stimulating hormone in women regulates the cycle of menstruation. (flebo.in)
  • During the luteal phase, FSH stimulates the production of progesterone. (pathologytestsexplained.org.au)
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is often used in conjunction with other tests ( LH , testosterone , oestradiol and progesterone ) in the investigation of infertility in both men and women. (pathologytestsexplained.org.au)
  • The aim of this study was to determine the association between prediagnostic levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and subsequent development of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer. (nih.gov)
  • In total, 67 incident invasive epithelial ovarian cancer cases were each matched to 1 to 2 controls on age, menopausal status, time since last menstrual period, current hormone use and other relevant factors. (nih.gov)
  • In women, FSH stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles (eggs) during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. (pathologytestsexplained.org.au)
  • As your egg quality and quantity dwindle - your body will try to compensate by producing more FSH in order to stimulate ovarian function. (americanpregnancy.org)
  • Follitropins stimulate ovarian follicular growth in women who do not have primary ovarian failure. (drugs.com)
  • This cycle is divided into two phases, the follicular and the luteal, by a mid-cycle surge of FSH and luteinising hormone (LH) . (pathologytestsexplained.org.au)
  • Two hormones work closely together during your cycle to help orchestrate ovulation. (getting-pregnant.com)
  • Ovulation (release of the egg from the ovary) occurs shortly after this mid-cycle surge of hormones. (pathologytestsexplained.org.au)
  • Even if you're using a birth control method that stops ovulation , it doesn't stop your loss of follicles -- the constant process of your ovary taking them from your resting pool of eggs. (webmd.com)
  • 11. Proteolytically activated, recombinant anti-mullerian hormone inhibits androgen secretion, proliferation, and differentiation of spermatogonia in adult zebrafish testis organ cultures. (nih.gov)
  • Standards or samples are added to the appropriate microtiter plate wells then with a biotin-conjugated antibody specific to Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH). (elkbiotech.com)
  • 17. Initiation and stimulation of spermatogenesis in vitro by mammalian follicle-stimulating hormone in the Japanese newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster. (nih.gov)
  • As the name of the hormone suggests, it's essential in stimulating immature follicles to grow within the ovary. (getting-pregnant.com)
  • The hormone is also useful in development of sperm in men and ovum (eggs) in female. (metropolisindia.com)
  • These follicles are what hold your eggs and one dominant one will burst to free an egg, or ovum, to be fertilized. (getting-pregnant.com)
  • The second presenter is Dr. Susan Girdler and her talk is titled Hormone Sensitivity and the Stressful Life Events: Predictors of Response to Transdermal Estradiol in Perimenopausal Women. (nih.gov)
  • 1979) A Sensitive and Specific in Vitro Bioassay Method for the Measurement of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Activity. (engii.org)
  • 2002) Assessment of the in Vitro and in Vivo Biological Activities of the Human Follicle-Stimulating Isohormones. (engii.org)
  • Production and development of sexual hormones (oestrogen in women and testosterone in men) are regulated by FSH. (flebo.in)
  • During the follicular phase, FSH initiates the production of oestradiol by the follicle and the two hormones work together in the further development of the egg follicle. (pathologytestsexplained.org.au)
  • Follicle stimulating hormone is found in the blood of humans and the FHS test can determine the FSH level in women and men. (flebo.in)
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone levels do not paint the whole picture, but indicate if further testing is needed. (americanpregnancy.org)
  • In contrast, no significant improvement was observed in follicle-stimulating hormone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels. (nih.gov)
  • Women with POI have high LH levels, more evidence that the follicles are not functioning normally. (nih.gov)
  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Levels Test What is a follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels test? (nih.gov)
  • The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) blood test measures the level of FSH in blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Why take FSH Follicle Stimulating Hormone ECLIA Serum Test? (metropolisindia.com)
  • What do your Follicle Stimulating Hormone test results mean? (americanpregnancy.org)
  • LH test works closely with another hormone called follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to control sexual functions. (nih.gov)
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone, commonly known as FSH, is an important hormone in the reproductive processes in both men and women. (americanpregnancy.org)
  • One of the crucial functions of this hormone is to develop a sexual system for proper functioning in both men and women. (flebo.in)
  • Urofollitropin is a preparation of highly purified follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) extracted from the urine of postmenopausal women. (drugs.com)
  • If you want to determine your egg reserve then get your AMH or anti-Mullerian Hormone drawn too. (genesisgold.com)
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone is responsible for growth, maturation, and development of puberty and several reproductive processes of the body. (metropolisindia.com)
  • 2012) Total Synthesis of the α-Subunit of Human Glycoprotein Hormones: Toward Fully Synthetic Homogeneous Human Follicle- Stimulating Hormone. (engii.org)
  • FSH tests are performed to ascertain various ailments caused by FSH hormonal disorder (overproduction or underproduction of Follicle Stimulating Hormone) within a human body. (flebo.in)
  • To resolve these dis- for TSE transmission from human urine-derived hormones crepancies, we used a highly sensitive and precise method and other medicines. (cdc.gov)
  • 13. Endocrine and local signaling interact to regulate spermatogenesis in zebrafish: follicle-stimulating hormone, retinoic acid and androgens. (nih.gov)
  • Transcription factor GATA2 may potentiate follicle-stimulating hormone production in mice via induction of the BMP antagonist gremlin in gonadotrope cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • All of the regions and countries important for the global Follicle Stimulating Hormone market have been analyzed on the basis of market size, CAGR, consumption, production, and growth potential. (qyrconsulting.com)
  • 6. Fsh stimulates Leydig cell Wnt5a production, enriching zebrafish type A spermatogonia. (nih.gov)
  • When trying to conceive, your Follicle Stimulating Hormone level needs to be below 10mIU/ml. (americanpregnancy.org)
  • Players could use it to enhance their growth strategies and cement a strong position in the global Follicle Stimulating Hormone market. (qyrconsulting.com)
  • Using the segmental analysis offered in the report, players could focus on key growth pockets of the global Follicle Stimulating Hormone market. (qyrconsulting.com)
  • FSH Hormone disorders are quite common these days. (flebo.in)
  • 5. Grigorova M, Punab M, Poolamets O, Kelgo P, Ausmees K, Korrovits P, Vihljajev V, Laan M. (2010) Increased Prevalance of the -211 T allele of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) beta subunit promoter polymorphism and lower serum FSH in infertile men . (ut.ee)
  • LH signals a mature follicle to release an egg. (nih.gov)