Folic acid. Medical search

A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (POACEAE). Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia.

A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)

Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)

Compounds based on 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate.

A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.

Any food that has been supplemented with essential nutrients either in quantities that are greater than those present normally, or which are not present in the food normally. Fortified food includes also food to which various nutrients have been added to compensate for those removed by refinement or processing. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide dietary ingredients, and that are intended to be taken by mouth to increase the intake of nutrients. Dietary supplements can include macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; and/or MICRONUTRIENTS, such as VITAMINS; MINERALS; and PHYTOCHEMICALS.

A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.

A group of water-soluble vitamins, some of which are COENZYMES.

Inhibitors of the enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase (TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE), which converts dihydrofolate (FH2) to tetrahydrofolate (FH4). They are frequently used in cancer chemotherapy. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)

An organized and comprehensive program of health care that identifies and reduces a woman's reproductive risks before conception through risk assessment, health promotion, and interventions. Preconception care programs may be designed to include the male partner in providing counseling and educational information in preparation for fatherhood, such as genetic counseling and testing, financial and family planning, etc. This concept is different from PRENATAL CARE, which occurs during pregnancy.

Cell surface receptors that bind to and transport FOLIC ACID, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and a variety of folic acid derivatives. The receptors are essential for normal NEURAL TUBE development and transport folic acid via receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (>13.9 µmol/l). Hyperhomocysteinemia can be familial or acquired. Development of the acquired hyperhomocysteinemia is mostly associated with vitamins B and/or folate deficiency (e.g., PERNICIOUS ANEMIA, vitamin malabsorption). Familial hyperhomocysteinemia often results in a more severe elevation of total homocysteine and excretion into the urine, resulting in HOMOCYSTINURIA. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporotic fractures and complications during pregnancy.

Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).

Agents which improve the quality of the blood, increasing the hemoglobin level and the number of erythrocytes. They are used in the treatment of anemias.

VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.

Derivatives of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid). In gamma-glutamyl linkage they are found in many tissues. They are converted to folic acid by the action of pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase or synthesized from folic acid by the action of folate polyglutamate synthetase. Synthetic pteroylpolyglutamic acids, which are in alpha-glutamyl linkage, are active in bacterial growth assays.

A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)

Proteins involved in the transport of FOLIC ACID and folate derivatives across the CELLULAR MEMBRANE.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Baked food product made of flour or meal that is moistened, kneaded, and sometimes fermented. A major food since prehistoric times, it has been made in various forms using a variety of ingredients and methods.

Organic substances that are required in small amounts for maintenance and growth, but which cannot be manufactured by the human body.

Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality.

Ground up seed of WHEAT.

A subtype of GPI-anchored folate receptors that is expressed in tissues of epithelial origin. This protein is also identified as an ovarian-tumor-specific antigen.

A flavoprotein amine oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reversible conversion of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.1.1.171.

Nutrition of FEMALE during PREGNANCY.

Tetrahydrofolates which are substituted by a formyl group at either the nitrogen atom in the 5 position or the nitrogen atom in the 10 position. N(5)-Formyltetrahydrofolate is leukovorin (citrovorum factor) while N(10)-formyltetrahydrofolate is an active coenzyme which functions as a carrier of the formyl group in a number of enzymatic reactions.

Congenital defects of closure of one or more vertebral arches, which may be associated with malformations of the spinal cord, nerve roots, congenital fibrous bands, lipomas, and congenital cysts. These malformations range from mild (e.g., SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA) to severe, including rachischisis where there is complete failure of neural tube and spinal cord fusion, resulting in exposure of the spinal cord at the surface. Spinal dysraphism includes all forms of spina bifida. The open form is called SPINA BIFIDA CYSTICA and the closed form is SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p34)

A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

A ubiquitously expressed folic acid transporter that functions via an antiporter mechanism which is coupled to the transport of organic phosphates.

Compounds based on 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine.

A urine test for formiminoglutamic acid, an intermediate metabolite in L-histidine catabolism in the conversion of L-histidine to L-glutamic acid. It may be an indicator of vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency or liver disease.

The 4-methanol form of VITAMIN B 6 which is converted to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990).

Seeds from grasses (POACEAE) which are important in the diet.

Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur.

Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.

An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.

A malformation of the nervous system caused by failure of the anterior neuropore to close. Infants are born with intact spinal cords, cerebellums, and brainstems, but lack formation of neural structures above this level. The skull is only partially formed but the eyes are usually normal. This condition may be associated with folate deficiency. Affected infants are only capable of primitive (brain stem) reflexes and usually do not survive for more than two weeks. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p247)

The amounts of various substances in food needed by an organism to sustain healthy life.

A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.

Guidelines and objectives pertaining to food supply and nutrition including recommendations for healthy diet.

An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.

Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE and FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE.

The extent to which the active ingredient of a drug dosage form becomes available at the site of drug action or in a biological medium believed to reflect accessibility to a site of action.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients.

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

Nutrition of a mother which affects the health of the FETUS and INFANT as well as herself.

Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.

A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.

The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a blood disease (HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES) which involves BLOOD CELLS or COAGULATION FACTORS. The hematologic disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or FETUS.

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.

Any dummy medication or treatment. Although placebos originally were medicinal preparations having no specific pharmacological activity against a targeted condition, the concept has been extended to include treatments or procedures, especially those administered to control groups in clinical trials in order to provide baseline measurements for the experimental protocol.

A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.

Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.

Enzymes catalyzing the dehydrogenation of secondary amines, introducing a C=N double bond as the primary reaction. In some cases this is later hydrolyzed.

A megaloblastic anemia occurring in children but more commonly in later life, characterized by histamine-fast achlorhydria, in which the laboratory and clinical manifestations are based on malabsorption of vitamin B 12 due to a failure of the gastric mucosa to secrete adequate and potent intrinsic factor. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Catalyzes the hydrolysis of pteroylpolyglutamic acids in gamma linkage to pterolylmonoglutamic acid and free glutamic acid. EC 3.4.19.9.

Iron or iron compounds used in foods or as food. Dietary iron is important in oxygen transport and the synthesis of the iron-porphyrin proteins hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, and cytochrome oxidase. Insufficient amounts of dietary iron can lead to iron-deficiency anemia.

Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.

Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.

The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.

An infant during the first month after birth.

This line KB is now known to be a subline of the ubiquitous KERATIN-forming tumor cell line HeLa. It was originally thought to be derived from an epidermal carcinoma of the mouth, but was subsequently found, based on isoenzyme analysis, HeLa marker chromosomes, and DNA fingerprinting, to have been established via contamination by HELA CELLS. The cells are positive for keratin by immunoperoxidase staining. KB cells have been reported to contain human papillomavirus18 (HPV-18) sequences.

Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.

A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.

An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction 7,8-dihyrofolate and NADPH to yield 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate and NADPH+, producing reduced folate for amino acid metabolism, purine ring synthesis, and the formation of deoxythymidine monophosphate. Methotrexate and other folic acid antagonists used as chemotherapeutic drugs act by inhibiting this enzyme. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.5.1.3.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A rod-shaped bacterium isolated from milk and cheese, dairy products and dairy environments, sour dough, cow dung, silage, and human mouth, human intestinal contents and stools, and the human vagina.

The active metabolite of FOLIC ACID. Leucovorin is used principally as an antidote to FOLIC ACID ANTAGONISTS.

A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341)

Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero.

Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the mouth.

Thiamine deficiency is prevalent in a selected group of urban Indonesian elderly people. (1/4015)

This cross-sectional study involved 204 elderly individuals (93 males and 111 females). Subjects were randomly recruited using a list on which all 60-75 y-old-people living in seven sub-villages in Jakarta were included. The usual food intake was estimated using semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires. Hemoglobin, plasma retinol, vitamin B-12, red blood cell folate and the percentage stimulation of erythrocyte transketolase (ETK), as an indicator of thiamine status, were analyzed. Median energy intake was below the assessed requirement. More than 75% of the subjects had iron and thiamine intakes of approximately 2/3 of the recommended daily intake, and 20.2% of the study population had folate intake of approximately 2/3 of the recommended daily intake. Intakes of vitamins A and B-12 were adequate. Biochemical assessments demonstrated that 36.6% of the subjects had low thiamine levels (ETK stimulation > 25%). The elderly men tended to have lower thiamine levels than the elderly women. The overall prevalence of anemia was 28.9%, and the elderly women were affected more than the elderly men. Low biochemical status of vitamins A, B-12 and RBC folate was found in 5.4%, 8.8 % and 2.9% of the subjects, respectively. Dietary intakes of thiamine and folate were associated with ETK stimulation and plasma vitamin B-12 concentration (r = 0.176, P = 0.012 and r = 0.77, P = 0.001), respectively. Results of this study suggest that anemia, thiamine and possibly vitamin B-12 deficiency are prevalent in the elderly living in Indonesia. Clearly, micronutrient supplementation may be beneficial for the Indonesian elderly population living in underprivileged areas. (+info)

Plasma total homocysteine and cysteine in relation to glomerular filtration rate in diabetes mellitus. (2/4015)

BACKGROUND: The plasma concentrations of total homocysteine (tHcy) and total cysteine (tCys) are determined by intracellular metabolism and by renal plasma clearance, and we hypothesized that glomerular filtration is a major determinant of plasma tHcy and tCys. We studied the relationships between the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and plasma tHcy and tCys in populations of diabetic patients with particularly wide ranges of GFR. METHODS: We measured GFR, urine albumin excretion rate (UAER), plasma tHcy, tCys, methionine, vitamin B12, folate, C-peptide, and routine parameters in 50 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and 30 non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients. All patients underwent intensive insulin treatment and had a serum creatinine concentration below 115 micromol/liter. RESULTS: Mean plasma tHcy in diabetic patients (0.1 micromol/liter) was lower than in normal persons (11.1 micromol/liter, P = 0.0014). Mean plasma tCys in diabetic patients (266.1 micromol/liter) was also lower than in normal persons (281.9 micromol/liter, P = 0.0005). Seventy-three percent of the diabetic patients had relative hyperfiltration. Plasma tHcy and tCys were closely and independently associated with GFR, serum folate, and serum B12. However, plasma tHcy was not independently associated with any of the 22 other variables tested, including age, serum creatinine concentration, UAER, total daily insulin dose, and glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS: Glomerular filtration rate is an independent determinant of plasma tHcy and tCys concentrations, and GFR is rate limiting for renal clearance of both homocysteine and cysteine in diabetic patients without overt nephropathy. Declining GFR explains the age-related increase in plasma tHcy, and hyperfiltration explains the lower than normal mean plasma tHcy and tCys concentrations in populations of diabetic patients. (+info)

Effect of MTHFR 677C>T on plasma total homocysteine levels in renal graft recipients. (3/4015)

BACKGROUND: Hyperhomocysteinemia is an established, independent risk factor for vascular disease morbidity and mortality. The 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphism C677T has been shown to result in increased total homocysteine concentrations on the basis of low folate levels caused by a decreased enzyme activity. The effect of this polymorphism on total homocysteine and folate plasma levels in renal transplant patients is unknown. METHODS: We screened 636 kidney graft recipients for the presence of the MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism. The major determinants of total homocysteine and folate plasma concentrations of 63 patients, who were identified to be homozygous for this gene polymorphism compared with heterozygotes (N = 63), and patients with wild-type alleles (N = 63), who were matched for sex, age, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and body mass index, were identified by analysis of covariance. The variables included sex, age, GFR, body mass index, time since transplantation, folate and vitamin B12 levels, the use of azathioprine, and the MTHFR genotype. To investigate the impact of the kidney donor MTHFR genotype on total homocysteine and folate plasma concentrations, a similar model was applied in 111 kidney graft recipients with stable graft function, in whom the kidney donor C677T MTHFR gene polymorphism was determined. RESULTS: The allele frequency of the C677T polymorphism in the MTHFR gene was 0.313 in the whole study population [wild-type (CC), 301; heterozygous (CT), 272; and homozygous mutant (TT), 63 patients, respectively] and showed no difference in the patient subgroups with various renal diseases. The MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism significantly influenced total homocysteine and folate plasma concentrations in renal transplant recipients (P = 0.0009 and P = 0.0002, respectively). Furthermore, a significant influence of the GFR (P = 0.0001), folate levels (P = 0.0001), age (P = 0.0001), body mass index (P = 0.0001), gender (P = 0.0005), and vitamin B12 levels (P = 0.004) on total homocysteine concentrations was observed. The donor MTHFR gene polymorphism had no influence on total homocysteine and folate levels. Geometric mean total homocysteine levels in patients homozygous for the mutant MTHFR allele were 18.6 micromol/liter compared with 14.6 micromol/liter and 14.9 micromol/liter in patients heterozygous for the MTHFR gene polymorphism and those with wild-type alleles (P < 0.05 for TT vs. CT and CC). Geometric mean folate levels were lower in CT and TT patients (11.2 and 10.2 nmol/liter) compared with CC patients (13.6 nmol/liter, P < 0.05 vs. CT and TT). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that homozygosity for the C677T polymorphism in the MTHFR gene significantly increases total homocysteine concentrations and lowers folate levels in kidney graft recipients, even in patients with excellent renal function (GFR more than median). These findings have important implications for risk evaluation and vitamin intervention therapy in these patients who carry an increased risk for the development of cardiovascular disease. (+info)

Endothelial dysfunction by acute hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia: restoration by folic acid. (4/4015)

Recent evidence demonstrates that hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia is a novel risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. In patients with chronic hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia, endothelial function is impaired. However, whether hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia per se is a cause or an epiphenomenon of endothelial dysfunction remains unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of methionine-induced acute hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia on human endothelial function. In healthy volunteers we administered methionine (0.1 g/kg body weight, per os), a substrate of homocyst(e)ine, with or without folic acid (20 mg, per os) and examined flow-mediated vasodilatation of the brachial artery by high-resolution ultrasonography as a non-invasive measure of endothelial function. We also measured plasma levels of homocyst(e)ine before and 3, 8 and 24 h after methionine loading. Methionine administration increased plasma levels of homocyst(e)ine by four times the basal level at 8 h (P<0.0001, ANOVA). The plasma levels returned to baseline at 24 h. Flow-mediated vasodilatation was significantly decreased to half of the baseline value at 8 h and returned to baseline at 24 h (P<0.0001, ANOVA), whereas endothelium-independent vasodilatation by glyceryl trinitrate was not affected by the methionine loading. Co-administration of folic acid did not attenuate methionine-induced hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia but completely prevented endothelial dysfunction. Our results suggest that in humans a methionine-rich diet may acutely impair endothelial function, which can be prevented by folic acid supplementation. (+info)

Influence of haemodialysis on plasma total homocysteine concentration. (5/4015)

BACKGROUND: The high prevalence of hyperhomocysteinaemia in uraemic patients is of interest because of the cardiovascular risk associated with increased plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentration. Treatment with folic acid lowers tHcy in haemodialysis patients, however, in most patients not to normohomocysteinaemic levels. With possible tHcy-lowering modifications in mind, we studied the influence of standard haemodialysis on tHcy. METHODS: In 56 folate-loaded haemodialysis patients, tHcy and parameters of dialysis adequacy were measured. In six patients, interdialytic curves of tHcy and serum creatinine concentrations were obtained and in five patients, the amount of homocysteine (Hcy) in dialysate was determined. RESULTS: tHcy (21.8+/-14.4 micromol/l) correlated significantly with Kt/V (r=0.32, P<0.05), total Kt/V (r=0.29, P<0.05), nPCR (r=0.30, P<0.05) and serum concentrations of albumin (r=0.28, P<0.05) and cobalamines (r=-0.27, P<0.05). In a multiple linear regression analysis, only serum albumin concentrations significantly predicted tHcy (r=0.34, P < 0.05). During dialysis, tHcy decreased by 28% and remained constant for at least 8 h after treatment. The amount of Hcy recovered in dialysate was 63 micromol (12-158 micromol). There was no difference in tHcy between those who had residual renal function and those who had not. CONCLUSIONS: The direct relationship between tHcy and Kt/V seemed to be mediated by the serum albumin concentration. The shape of the interdialytic tHcy curve suggested facilitated Hcy removal for at least 8 h after dialysis possibly due to reduced levels of inhibitory activities against relevant enzyme(s). The dialysed amount of Hcy did not seem to contribute significantly to Hcy removal. Thus, modifications of standard dialytic regimens are not likely to be effective from a tHcy-lowering point of view whereas convective procedures such as haemofiltration or haemodiafiltration might be more effective. (+info)

An estimation of the requirement for folic acid in gestating sows: the metabolic utilization of folates as a criterion of measurement. (6/4015)

Sows at their second parity were randomly distributed in five groups of seven animals each to determine the dietary concentration of folic acid that optimizes the metabolic utilization of the vitamin during gestation. The groups differed by dietary supplement of folic acid: 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 ppm. Sows were fed 2.5 kg of diet each day. The response of serum folates and folate binding capacity to treatments and the excretion of urinary folates after an i.v. injection of folic acid were measured. The total daily excretion of urinary folates was corrected according to the response to one i.v. injection of saline on the day preceding the i.v. injection of folic acid. The decrease of total serum folates throughout gestation was less pronounced in the groups fed 15 and 20 ppm of dietary folic acid (supplement x period interaction, P<.06) than it was in the other three treatments. The proportion of i.v. folic acid not recovered in sow urine (injected - excreted) decreased as the amount of dietary folic acid increased to reach a minimum, which differed according to the period (supplement x period interaction, P<.02); it was 15 ppm during wk 1 of gestation and 10 ppm for the other periods studied. The unrecovered folates increased over a dietary concentration of 15 ppm. These minimum values correspond to the most appropriate feed concentration that covered the whole body utilization (tissue and cell metabolism, catabolism, and storage) of folates by the sows and could be interpreted as a reliable index of the requirement. (+info)

MTHFR polymorphism, methyl-replete diets and the risk of colorectal carcinoma and adenoma among U.S. men and women: an example of gene-environment interactions in colorectal tumorigenesis. (7/4015)

Our studies on interactions of a folate-metabolizing gene polymorphism and dietary intake in colorectal tumorigenesis demonstrate the potential importance of studying interactions between genotype and environmental exposure in relation to cancer risk. We observed an inverse association of a polymorphism (667C --> T, ala --> val) in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene with colorectal cancer but not with colorectal adenomas. The inverse association of methionine and adverse association of alcohol with colorectal cancer were stronger among val/val individuals. These interactions were not present in studies of colorectal adenomas. Our studies illustrate that studying gene-environment interactions in relation to cancer can be of importance in clarifying cancer etiology as well as pointing to preventive dietary modifications. (+info)

Hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia in children with chronic renal failure. (8/4015)

BACKGROUND: Hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia has been identified as a significant risk factor for the occurrence of atherosclerosis in adults with chronic renal failure. Because of its presumed direct toxic effect on the vascular wall, long-standing hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia in children with chronic renal failure might have an important influence on their risk of future development of atherosclerosis. Hitherto no data on hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia in children with renal failure have been published. METHODS: We investigated 16 children with chronic renal failure on conservative management, 12 children on haemodialysis and 17 children with a renal transplant. Age-matched controls were used for comparison. Plasma homocyst(e)ine levels after an overnight fast were determined by HPLC. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated by the Schwartz formula. RESULTS: Mean plasma homocyst(e)ine levels were 12.6 +/- 5.2 micromol/l in the conservatively managed group, 22.2 +/- 13.5 micromol/l in the haemodialysed group, 14.2 +/- 2.1 micromol/l in transplanted children with an estimated GFR > 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and 17.5 +/- 5.1 micromol/l in transplanted children with a lower estimated GFR. In all groups homocyst(e)ine levels were significantly elevated as compared to controls. Homocyst(e)ine levels were significantly correlated with age and negatively correlated with estimated GFR and serum folate levels. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia is a feature of chronic renal failure in children as well as in adults. Elevated homocyst(e)ine levels can already be demonstrated in children with renal failure before end-stage renal disease has developed and persist after renal transplantation. Whether treatment of hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia in children with renal failure decreases the risk for future atherosclerosis remains to be proven. (+info)

1. Anemia: Folic acid plays a critical role in the production of red blood cells, so a deficiency can lead to anemia, which can cause fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
2. Birth defects: Folic acid is crucial for fetal development during pregnancy, and a deficiency can increase the risk of birth defects such as spina bifida and cleft palate.
3. Heart disease: Folic acid helps to regulate homocysteine levels in the blood, which are associated with an increased risk of heart disease and stroke.
4. Neurological problems: Folic acid is important for the health of the nervous system, and a deficiency can lead to neurological problems such as cognitive impairment, mood disturbances, and seizures.
5. Poor wound healing: Folic acid is necessary for the production of collagen, which is important for wound healing. A deficiency can lead to slow or poor wound healing.
6. Increased risk of cancer: Some studies suggest that a folic acid deficiency may increase the risk of certain types of cancer, such as colon cancer.
7. Hair loss: Folic acid is important for hair growth, and a deficiency can lead to hair loss.
8. Skin problems: Folic acid is important for skin health, and a deficiency can lead to skin problems such as dry, flaky skin and mouth sores.
9. Mood changes: Folic acid plays a role in the production of neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that regulate mood. A deficiency can lead to mood changes such as depression and anxiety.
10. Fatigue: Folic acid is important for energy metabolism, and a deficiency can lead to fatigue and weakness.

Folic acid deficiency can be caused by a number of factors, including:

1. Poor diet: A diet that is low in folate-rich foods can lead to a deficiency.
2. Malabsorption: Certain medical conditions such as celiac disease and Crohn's disease can lead to malabsorption of folic acid.
3. Pregnancy and lactation: Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding have a higher need for folic acid, and may be at risk for deficiency if they do not consume enough.
4. Alcoholism: Heavy alcohol consumption can interfere with the absorption of folic acid.
5. Certain medications: Some medications, such as antacids and proton pump inhibitors, can interfere with the absorption of folic acid.

To diagnose a folic acid deficiency, a healthcare provider may perform a physical exam, take a medical history, and order blood tests to measure folic acid levels. Treatment for a folic acid deficiency typically involves dietary changes and supplements. Dietary changes may include consuming more folate-rich foods, such as leafy green vegetables, legumes, and whole grains. Supplements may include folic acid tablets or liquid supplements. In severe cases of deficiency, injections of folic acid may be necessary. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect a folic acid deficiency, as untreated deficiencies can lead to serious health problems.

There are several types of NTDs, including:

1. Anencephaly: A severe form of NTD where a large portion of the neural tube does not develop, resulting in the absence of a major part of the brain and skull.
2. Spina Bifida: A type of NTD where the spine does not close properly, leading to varying degrees of neurological damage and physical disability.
3. Encephalocele: A type of NTD where the brain or meninges protrude through a opening in the skull.
4. Meningomyelocele: A type of NTD where the spinal cord and meninges protrude through a opening in the back.

Causes and risk factors:

1. Genetic mutations: Some NTDs can be caused by genetic mutations that affect the development of the neural tube.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as folic acid deficiency, has been linked to an increased risk of NTDs.
3. Maternal health: Women with certain medical conditions, such as diabetes or obesity, are at a higher risk of having a child with NTDs.

Symptoms and diagnosis:

1. Anencephaly: Severely underdeveloped brain, absence of skull, and often death shortly after birth.
2. Spina Bifida: Difficulty walking, weakness or paralysis in the legs, bladder and bowel problems, and intellectual disability.
3. Encephalocele: Protrusion of brain or meninges through a opening in the skull, which can cause developmental delays, seizures, and intellectual disability.
4. Meningomyelocele: Protrusion of spinal cord and meninges through a opening in the back, which can cause weakness or paralysis in the legs, bladder and bowel problems, and intellectual disability.

Treatment and management:

1. Surgery: Depending on the type and severity of the NTD, surgery may be necessary to close the opening in the skull or back, or to release compressed tissue.
2. Physical therapy: To help improve mobility and strength in affected limbs.
3. Occupational therapy: To help with daily activities and fine motor skills.
4. Speech therapy: To help with communication and language development.
5. Medications: To manage seizures, pain, and other symptoms.
6. Nutritional support: To ensure adequate nutrition and growth.
7. Supportive care: To help manage the physical and emotional challenges of living with an NTD.

Prevention:

1. Folic acid supplements: Taking a daily folic acid supplement during pregnancy can help prevent NTDs.
2. Good nutrition: Eating a balanced diet that includes foods rich in folate, such as leafy greens, citrus fruits, and beans, can help prevent NTDs.
3. Avoiding alcohol and tobacco: Both alcohol and tobacco use have been linked to an increased risk of NTDs.
4. Getting regular prenatal care: Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider during pregnancy can help identify potential problems early on and reduce the risk of NTDs.
5. Avoiding infections: Infections such as rubella (German measles) can increase the risk of NTDs, so it's important to avoid exposure to these infections during pregnancy.

It's important to note that not all NTDs can be prevented, and some may be caused by genetic factors or other causes that are not yet fully understood. However, taking steps to maintain good health and getting regular prenatal care can help reduce the risk of NTDs and improve outcomes for babies born with these conditions.

There are several factors that can contribute to hyperhomocysteinemia, including:

1. Genetic mutations: Some individuals may have genetic mutations that affect the enzymes involved in homocysteine metabolism, leading to elevated levels of homocysteine.
2. Vitamin deficiencies: Deficiencies in vitamins B6, B12, and folate can interfere with the metabolism of homocysteine, leading to elevated levels.
3. Kidney disease: The kidneys play a critical role in removing homocysteine from the body. Any damage to the kidneys or impairment in their function can lead to hyperhomocysteinemia.
4. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as thyroid disorders and autoimmune diseases, can also contribute to hyperhomocysteinemia.

Elevated levels of homocysteine have been linked to several health problems, including:

1. Cardiovascular disease: High levels of homocysteine have been associated with an increased risk of heart disease and stroke.
2. Blood clots: Homocysteine can interfere with the normal blood clotting process, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and deep vein thrombosis.
3. Bone loss: Elevated levels of homocysteine have been linked to bone loss and an increased risk of osteoporosis.
4. Cognitive decline: Some studies suggest that high levels of homocysteine may be associated with cognitive decline and an increased risk of dementia.

Treatment for hyperhomocysteinemia typically involves addressing any underlying medical conditions, such as kidney disease or thyroid disorders, and making dietary changes to increase the intake of vitamin B6, folate, and other nutrients that help regulate homocysteine levels. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to lower homocysteine levels. Regular monitoring of homocysteine levels can help healthcare providers track the effectiveness of treatment and make any necessary adjustments.

Symptoms of macrocytic anemia may include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is typically made through a complete blood count (CBC) test that shows an elevated mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and reticulocyte count. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, but may include vitamin supplements, changes in medication, or addressing any underlying medical conditions.

In summary, macrocytic anemia is a type of anemia characterized by large red blood cells that are prone to breakdown and can be caused by various factors. It can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath, and diagnosis is made through a CBC test. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.

Causes:

* Dietary deficiency due to a lack of animal products in the diet
* Malabsorption due to gastrointestinal disorders such as Crohn's disease or celiac disease
* Pernicious anemia, an autoimmune condition that affects the absorption of vitamin B12 in the gut.
* Surgical removal of part of the small intestine
* Certain medications such as metformin and proton pump inhibitors

Symptoms:

* Fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath
* Pale skin and mouth sores
* Difficulty walking or balance problems
* Numbness or tingling sensations in the hands and feet
* Memory loss and depression
* Poor appetite and weight loss

Diagnosis:

* Blood tests to measure vitamin B12 levels and other related markers such as homocysteine
* Physical examination and medical history to identify risk factors or signs of deficiency

Treatment:

* Dietary changes to include more animal products such as meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products.
* Vitamin B12 supplements in the form of tablets, lozenges, or injections.
* Addressing underlying conditions that may be contributing to the deficiency such as gastrointestinal disorders.

Prevention:

* Consuming animal products as part of a balanced diet
* Avoiding medications that can interfere with vitamin B12 absorption.

There are several types of spinal dysraphism, including:

1. Spina bifida: This is the most common type of spinal dysraphism, and it occurs when the spine fails to close properly during fetal development. As a result, the spinal cord and meninges (the protective covering of the spinal cord) are exposed and can be damaged.
2. Myelomeningocele: This is a type of spina bifida that occurs when the spinal cord protrudes through an opening in the spine. It is often associated with hydrocephalus (a buildup of fluid in the brain).
3. Meningomyelocele: This is a type of spinal dysraphism that occurs when the meninges protrude through an opening in the spine, but the spinal cord remains within the spine.
4. Diastematomyelia: This is a rare type of spinal dysraphism that occurs when there is a separation or division of the spinal cord.
5. Hemicord syndrome: This is a rare type of spinal dysraphism that occurs when one half of the spinal cord is underdeveloped or absent.

The symptoms of spinal dysraphism can vary depending on the severity and location of the disorder. They may include:

* Muscle weakness or paralysis
* Loss of sensation in the affected limbs
* Bladder and bowel dysfunction
* Hydrocephalus (a buildup of fluid in the brain)
* Neurological problems such as seizures, learning disabilities, and developmental delays.

Treatment for spinal dysraphism depends on the severity of the disorder and may include:

* Surgery to repair or close the opening in the spine
* Shunting procedures to drain excess fluid from the brain
* Physical therapy to improve muscle strength and mobility
* Occupational therapy to help with daily activities and developmental delays.

The long-term outlook for individuals with spinal dysraphism varies depending on the severity of the disorder and the effectiveness of treatment. Some individuals may experience significant improvement with surgery and other treatments, while others may have ongoing neurological problems and developmental delays. It is important for individuals with spinal dysraphism to receive regular medical care and follow-up to monitor their condition and address any complications that may arise.

The term "anencephaly" comes from the Greek words "ane" meaning "without" and "encephalos" meaning "brain". It was first described by German anatomist Wilhelm His in 1879.

Anencephaly occurs when the neural tube, which is the precursor to the brain and spinal cord, fails to properly close during embryonic development. This can be due to a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, environmental exposures, or unknown causes.

The symptoms of anencephaly are severe and typically include:

* Absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp
* Enlarged ventricles in the brain
* Missing or underdeveloped facial features, such as eyes, nose, and mouth
* Underdeveloped brain stem and cerebellum
* Spina bifida, a condition in which the spine does not properly close during development

There is no treatment for anencephaly, and the condition is usually diagnosed prenatally through ultrasound examination. In some cases, the condition may be detected after birth, but the prognosis is always poor.

The prevalence of anencephaly is difficult to determine due to its rarity, but it is estimated to occur in approximately 1 in every 10,000 births. It is more common in males than females and may be associated with other congenital anomalies, such as heart defects or gastrointestinal abnormalities.

Overall, anencephaly is a severe and tragic condition that results in stillbirth or early death. While the exact cause is unknown, it is thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors during embryonic development.

Surgery is typically required to repair a cleft palate, and may involve the use of bone grafts or other techniques to restore the normal anatomy and function of the mouth. Speech and language therapy may also be necessary to help improve communication skills. In some cases, hearing loss or ear infections may occur as a result of the cleft palate and may require additional treatment.

Symptoms of megaloblastic anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, and weight loss. The condition is typically diagnosed through a physical examination, blood tests (including a complete blood count and blood chemistry tests), and possibly a bone marrow biopsy.

Treatment for megaloblastic anemia usually involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition, such as vitamin B12 or folate supplements. In some cases, medications to stimulate the production of red blood cells may be prescribed. If left untreated, megaloblastic anemia can lead to complications such as heart problems and increased risk of infections.

1. Iron deficiency anemia: This is the most common hematologic complication of pregnancy, caused by the increased demand for iron and the potential for poor dietary intake or gastrointestinal blood loss.
2. Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in platelet count, which can be mild and resolve spontaneously or severe and require treatment.
3. Leukemia: Rare but potentially serious, leukemia can occur during pregnancy and may require prompt intervention to ensure the health of both the mother and the fetus.
4. Thrombosis: The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel, which can be life-threatening for both the mother and the baby if left untreated.
5. Hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding during pregnancy, which can be caused by various factors such as placenta previa or abruption.
6. Preeclampsia: A condition characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the kidneys and liver, which can increase the risk of hemorrhage and other complications.
7. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside of the uterus, often in the fallopian tube, which can cause severe bleeding and be life-threatening if left untreated.

1. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): necessary for converting carbohydrates into energy
2. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): important for vision health and immune system function
3. Vitamin B3 (Niacin): crucial for energy production and skin health
4. Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid): involved in energy production, hormone production, and blood cell formation
5. Vitamin B6: essential for brain function, immune system function, and the synthesis of neurotransmitters
6. Vitamin B7 (Biotin): important for hair, skin, and nail health, as well as energy production
7. Vitamin B9 (Folic acid): crucial for fetal development during pregnancy
8. Vitamin B12: necessary for the production of red blood cells, nerve function, and DNA synthesis.

Vitamin B deficiencies can occur due to several factors, including:

* Poor diet or malnutrition
* Gastrointestinal disorders that impair nutrient absorption (e.g., celiac disease, Crohn's disease)
* Increased demand for vitamins during pregnancy and lactation
* Certain medications (e.g., antacids, proton pump inhibitors) that interfere with nutrient absorption
* Malabsorption due to pancreas or small intestine disorders
* Inherited disorders (e.g., vitamin B12 deficiency due to pernicious anemia)

Symptoms of vitamin B deficiencies can vary depending on the specific vitamin and the severity of the deficiency. Some common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, irritability, depression, skin problems, and impaired cognitive function. Treatment typically involves dietary modifications and supplementation with the appropriate vitamin. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to address any underlying conditions or complications.

The following are some of the most common vitamin B deficiencies:

1. Vitamin B12 deficiency: This is one of the most common vitamin B deficiencies and can cause fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and neurological problems such as numbness or tingling in the hands and feet.
2. Vitamin B6 deficiency: This can cause skin problems, such as acne-like rashes, and neurological symptoms like confusion, convulsions, and weakness in the arms and legs.
3. Folate deficiency: This can cause fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and neurological problems such as memory loss and confusion.
4. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency: This can cause cracked lips, skin around the mouth, and tongue, and eyes.
5. Niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency: This can cause pellagra, a condition characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia.
6. Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) deficiency: This can cause fatigue, weakness, and neurological symptoms like headaches and dizziness.
7. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency: This can cause beriberi, a condition characterized by weakness, fatigue, and neurological problems such as confusion and memory loss.
8. Biotin deficiency: This is rare but can cause skin problems, such as seborrhea, and neurological symptoms like numbness and tingling in the hands and feet.
9. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency: This is common in vegetarians and vegans who do not consume enough animal products, and can cause fatigue, weakness, and neurological problems such as numbness and tingling in the hands and feet.

It's important to note that these deficiencies can have a significant impact on your overall health and well-being, so it's essential to be aware of the signs and symptoms and take steps to ensure you are getting enough of these vitamins in your diet.

Prevalence: Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common nutritional disorders worldwide, affecting approximately 1.6 billion people, with women being more likely to be affected than men.

Causes: The main cause of iron deficiency anemia is a diet that does not provide enough iron. Other causes include:

* Poor absorption of iron from the diet
* Increased demand for iron due to growth or pregnancy
* Blood loss due to menstruation, internal bleeding, or surgery
* Chronic diseases such as kidney disease, cancer, and rheumatoid arthritis

Signs and symptoms: The signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia may include:

* Fatigue and weakness
* Pale skin
* Shortness of breath
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Headaches
* Cold hands and feet

Diagnosis: Iron deficiency anemia is diagnosed based on a physical exam, medical history, and laboratory tests, including:

* Complete blood count (CBC) to check for low red blood cell count and low hemoglobin level
* Serum iron and transferrin tests to check for low iron levels
* Ferritin test to check for low iron stores

Treatment: Treatment of iron deficiency anemia involves correcting the underlying cause, which may include:

* Dietary changes to increase iron intake
* Iron supplements to replenish iron stores
* Addressing any underlying causes such as bleeding or malabsorption

Complications: Iron deficiency anemia can lead to complications such as:

* Heart failure
* Increased risk of infections
* Poor cognitive function and development in children

Prevention: Preventing iron deficiency anemia involves consuming enough iron through a balanced diet, avoiding foods that inhibit iron absorption, and addressing any underlying causes. It is also important to maintain good overall health, including managing chronic conditions such as bleeding or malabsorption.

Note: The information provided above is a general definition of the medical condition 'Anemia, Pernicious'. It is not meant to be a substitute for professional medical advice or treatment. If you have any concerns about this condition, you should consult a qualified healthcare professional for proper evaluation and care.

Sources:

1. MedlinePlus. (2019). Cleft lip and palate. Retrieved from
2. American Cleft Lip and Palate Association. (n.d.). What is a cleft? Retrieved from
3. Mayo Clinic. (2019). Cleft lip and palate. Retrieved from
4. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. (2019). Cleft Lip and Palate: Background and Treatment. Retrieved from

1. Preeclampsia: A condition characterized by high blood pressure during pregnancy, which can lead to complications such as stroke or premature birth.
2. Gestational diabetes: A type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, which can cause complications for both the mother and the baby if left untreated.
3. Placenta previa: A condition in which the placenta is located low in the uterus, covering the cervix, which can cause bleeding and other complications.
4. Premature labor: Labor that occurs before 37 weeks of gestation, which can increase the risk of health problems for the baby.
5. Fetal distress: A condition in which the fetus is not getting enough oxygen, which can lead to serious health problems or even death.
6. Postpartum hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding after delivery, which can be life-threatening if left untreated.
7. Cesarean section (C-section) complications: Complications that may arise during a C-section, such as infection or bleeding.
8. Maternal infections: Infections that the mother may contract during pregnancy or childbirth, such as group B strep or urinary tract infections.
9. Preterm birth: Birth that occurs before 37 weeks of gestation, which can increase the risk of health problems for the baby.
10. Chromosomal abnormalities: Genetic disorders that may affect the baby's growth and development, such as Down syndrome or Turner syndrome.

It is important for pregnant women to receive regular prenatal care to monitor for any potential complications and ensure a healthy pregnancy outcome. In some cases, pregnancy complications may require medical interventions, such as hospitalization or surgery, to ensure the safety of both the mother and the baby.

Congenital Abnormalities are relatively common, and they affect approximately 1 in every 30 children born worldwide. Some of the most common types of Congenital Abnormalities include:

Heart Defects: These are abnormalities that affect the structure or function of the heart. They can range from mild to severe and can be caused by genetics, viral infections, or other factors. Examples include holes in the heart, narrowed valves, and enlarged heart chambers.

Neural Tube Defects: These are abnormalities that affect the brain and spine. They occur when the neural tube, which forms the brain and spine, does not close properly during fetal development. Examples include anencephaly (absence of a major portion of the brain), spina bifida (incomplete closure of the spine), and encephalocele (protrusion of the brain or meninges through a skull defect).

Chromosomal Abnormalities: These are changes in the number or structure of chromosomes that can affect physical and mental development. Examples include Down syndrome (an extra copy of chromosome 21), Turner syndrome (a missing or partially deleted X chromosome), and Klinefelter syndrome (an extra X chromosome).

Other types of Congenital Abnormalities include cleft lip and palate, clubfoot, and polydactyly (extra fingers or toes).

Congenital Abnormalities can be diagnosed before birth through prenatal testing such as ultrasound, blood tests, and amniocentesis. After birth, they can be diagnosed through physical examination, imaging studies, and genetic testing. Treatment for Congenital Abnormalities varies depending on the type and severity of the condition, and may include surgery, medication, and other forms of therapy. In some cases, the abnormality may be minor and may not require any treatment, while in other cases, it may be more severe and may require ongoing medical care throughout the person's life.

Some common types of mouth abnormalities include:

1. Teeth abnormalities: These can range from simple irregularities, such as crowded or crooked teeth, to more complex conditions like dental hypoplasia (underdeveloped teeth) or ectodermal dysplasia (a group of genetic disorders that affect the development of the teeth, hair, and other structures).
2. Gum abnormalities: Gingival hyperplasia (enlarged gums) or gingival recession (exposed roots of the teeth) can be caused by a variety of factors, including poor oral hygiene, smoking, or certain medical conditions.
3. Tongue abnormalities: tongue-tie (ankyloglossia), where the tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth by a piece of tissue, can make it difficult to speak or eat. Other tongue abnormalities include geographic tongue (characterized by irregular patches on the surface of the tongue) and hairy tongue (where the papillae on the surface of the tongue are longer than normal).
4. Lip abnormalities: Cleft lip and palate, where the tissue in the mouth fails to properly close during fetal development, is a common congenital condition that can be surgically corrected. Other lip abnormalities include oral mucosal lesions (such as canker sores or cold sores) and lip tie (where the upper lip is attached to the gum above the front teeth).
5. Other soft tissue abnormalities: These can include frenulum (a thin piece of tissue connecting the tongue to the floor of the mouth), bumps or masses on the lips or tongue, and excessive saliva production (known as hypersalivation).

These are just a few examples of mouth abnormalities. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and can range from observation and monitoring to surgery, medication, or other interventions. If you suspect that your pet has a mouth abnormality, it's important to consult with a veterinarian as soon as possible for proper diagnosis and treatment.

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FRA2B gene. "Human PubMed ... "Entrez Gene: Fragile site, folic acid type, rare, fra(2)(q13)". Retrieved 2017-04-04. v t e (Articles with short description, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragile_site,_folic_acid_type,_rare,_fra(2)(q13)

"Folic Acid". March of Dimes. Archived from the original on 2021-08-26. Retrieved 2014-11-10. "Folate (Folacin, Folic Acid)". ... The most common nutritional cause of neural tube defects is folic acid deficiency in the mother, a B vitamin usually found in ... "Folic scid: topic home". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived ... Richardson AJ, Ross MA (July 2000). "Fatty acid metabolism in neurodevelopmental disorder: a new perspective on associations ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorder

Deficiencies in folic acid may cause neural tube defects (NTDs). Women who had 0.4 mg of folic acid in their systems due to ... Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, specifically docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are beneficial ... Folic acid, which is the synthetic form of the vitamin folate, is critical both in pre-and peri-conception. As with most diets ... Folic acid, which is the synthetic form of the vitamin folate, is critical both in pre-and peri-conception. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition_and_pregnancy

ISBN 978-0-674-05054-9. "Folic Acid". PubMed Health. ]National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of ... January 2016). "Global Birth Prevalence of Spina Bifida by Folic Acid Fortification Status: A Systematic Review and Meta- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality

Vitamins can serve as precursors to many organic cofactors (e.g., vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, niacin, folic acid) or as coenzymes ... Donnelly JG (June 2001). "Folic acid". Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences. 38 (3): 183-223. doi:10.1080/ ... This increases the functionality of the protein; unmodified amino acids are typically limited to acid-base reactions, and the ... Later, in 1949, Morris Friedkin and Albert L. Lehninger proved that NAD+ linked metabolic pathways such as the citric acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)

... and folic acid are the preferred synonyms for pteroylglutamate and pteroylglutamic acid, respectively. "Folic Acid". ... 1 μg of folic acid supplement counts as 1.7 μg DFE. The reason for the difference is that when folic acid is added to food or ... Folic acid fortification is a process where synthetic folic acid is added to wheat flour or other foods with the intention of ... Folic acid food fortification became mandatory in 1998, with the fortification of 150 µg of folic acid per 100 grams of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate

Folic acid in large amounts was considered to potentially counteract the antiseizure effects of antiepileptic drugs and ... Morrell, Martha J. (2002). "Folic Acid and Epilepsy". Epilepsy Currents. 2 (2): 31-34. doi:10.1046/j.1535-7597.2002.00017.x. ... nalidixic acid, and penicillin, though vitamin B6 taken along with them may prevent seizures; also, fluoroquinolones and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_seizures

Menotrope was an oral tablet that contained 0.33 mg estradiol pivalate, 80 mg choline bitartrate, 0.46 mg folic acid, and 1.25 ... Estrotate (estradiol-3-trimethylacetate) 0.33 mg.; Folic Acid 0.46 mg.; Vitamin B12 U.S.P. 125 mcg. Howard ME (1949). Modern ... C. each tablet contains: choline bitartrate, 80 mg; Estrotate (estradiol 3-trimethylacetate), 0.33 mg; folic acid, 0.46 mg.; ... a pivalic acid (trimethylacetic acid) ester of estradiol. Literature sources are conflicting as to whether the ester is located ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_pivalate

He has participated on many panels and expert committees related to folic acid fortification of the food supply and neural tube ... Field, Martha S.; Stover, Patrick J. (February 2018). "Safety of folic acid". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1414 ... His research group also identified impaired de novo thymidylate biosynthesis in the etiology of folic acid-responsive neural ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_J._Stover

"Folic acid decision 'missed opportunity'". One News. TVNZ. 1 September 2012. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. ... Paediatric Society Doctor Andrew Marshall said "making folic acid mandatory would prevent 10 to 20 birth defects, such as spina ... Wilkinson was criticised for her decision not to mandate the addition of folic acid to bread sold to the public. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Wilkinson_(politician)

Hoffbrand, A. V.; Weir, D. G. (2001). "The history of folic acid". British Journal of Haematology. 113 (3): 579-589. doi: ... announces they have obtained folic acid in a pure crystalline form. This vitamin is abundant in green leaf vegetables, liver, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945

... with or without supplemental folic acid (vitamin B9), as a combined birth control pill, and in combination with the estrogen ... "Ethinylestradiol/drospirenone/folic acid - AdisInsight". "Drospirenone/ethinylestradiol low-dose - Bayer HealthCare ... It is metabolized into the acid form of drospirenone by opening of its lactone ring. The medication is also metabolized by ... The two major metabolites of drospirenone are drospirenone acid and 4,5-dihydrodrospirenone 3-sulfate, and are both formed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drospirenone

Hoffbrand, A. V.; Weir, D. G. (June 2001). "The history of folic acid". British Journal of Haematology. 113 (3): 579-589. doi: ... His notable discoveries using these methods include the discovery and naming of folic acid, which Herschel K. Mitchell, Snell, ... Mitchell, Herschel K.; Snell, Esmond E.; Williams, Roger J. (August 1941). "The Concentration of "Folic Acid"". Journal of the ... He discovered several B vitamins, including folic acid, and characterized the biochemistry of vitamin B6 (also known as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmond_Emerson_Snell

This component, the so-called 'Wills Factor', was subsequently shown to be folate, the naturally occurring form of folic acid. ... Hoffbrand, A. V.; Weir, D. G. (2001). "The history of folic acid". British Journal of Haematology. 113 (3): 579-589. doi: ... which paved the way for the subsequent work on folic acid. It was one of the simple but great observations which are landmarks ... of which the synthetic form is folic acid. Wills decided to investigate possible nutritional treatments by first studying the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Wills

Folic acid should not be used for the treatment of HFM. Folic acid is not a physiological folate. It binds tightly to, and may ... Santiago-Borrero, PJ; Santini R, Jr; Pérez-Santiago, E; Maldonado, N (March 1973). "Congenital isolated defect of folic acid ... Urbach, J; Abrahamov, A; Grossowicz, N (January 1987). "Congenital isolated folic acid malabsorption". Archives of Disease in ... "Isolated defect of folic acid absorption associated with mental retardation and cerebral calcification". Blood. 34 (4): 452-65 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_folate_malabsorption

"Folic acid supplementation in pregnancy". "Prenatal vitamins: OK for women who aren't pregnant? - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic. ... Vitamins and minerals such as folic acid, calcium, and iron are in higher concentrations, while nutrients such as vitamin A are ... The increased dosage of folic acid or folates reflects the American Dietetic Associations position that women should consume " ... Doses of folic acid over 1 mg are prescription only. The amount of non-prescription prenatal vitamins needed to achieve this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_vitamins

Williams and Esmond Emerson Snell in their work on vitamin B6 and folic acid. He is recognized as a co-discoverer of folic acid ... Hoffbrand, A. V.; Weir, D. G. (June 2001). "The history of folic acid". British Journal of Haematology. 113 (3): 579-589. doi: ... Mitchell, Herschel K.; Snell, Esmond E.; Williams, Roger J. (August 1941). "The Concentration of "Folic Acid"". Journal of the ... was one of many researchers interested in vitamin B6 in the early 1940s and is credited as one of the discoverers of folic acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschel_K._Mitchell

Volpe F, Dyer M, Scaife JG, Darby G, Stammers DK, Delves CJ (March 1992). "The multifunctional folic acid synthesis fas gene of ... Richey DP, Brown GM (1969). "The biosynthesis of folic acid. IX. Purification and properties of the enzymes required for the ... Bacterial HPPK (gene folK or sulD) is a protein of 160 to 270 amino acids. In the lower eukaryote Pneumocystis carinii, HPPK is ... formation of dihydropteroic acid". J. Biol. Chem. 244 (6): 1582-92. PMID 4304228. Richey DP, Brown GM (1971). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine_diphosphokinase

Folate Synthesis (Abstract) Brown GM (1962). "The biosynthesis of folic acid. II. Inhibition by sulfonamides". J. Biol. Chem. ... 4-Aminobenzoic acid (also known as para-aminobenzoic acid or PABA because the two functional groups are attached to the benzene ... Reduction of 4-nitrobenzoic acid Hoffman degradation of the monoamide derived from terephthalic acid. Food sources of PABA ... Benzoic acids, IARC Group 3 carcinogens, Sunscreening agents, Non-proteinogenic amino acids). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Aminobenzoic_acid

Folic acid is first isolated via extraction from spinach leaves by Herschel K. Mitchell, Esmond E. Snell and Roger J. Williams ... Mitchell, H. K.; Snell, E. E.; Williams, R. J. (1941). "The concentration of "folic acid"". Journal of the American Chemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_in_science

Hoffbrand, A. V.; Weir, D. G. (2001). "The history of folic acid". British Journal of Haematology. 113 (3): 579-589. doi: ... announces they have obtained folic acid in a pure crystalline form. September 2 World War II ends: The final official surrender ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_in_the_United_States

A team at American Cyanamid's Lederle Laboratories, Pearl River, New York, led by Yellapragada Subbarow, obtain folic acid in a ... Hoffbrand, A. V.; Weir, D. G. (2001). "The history of folic acid". British Journal of Haematology. 113 (3): 579-589. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_in_science

Mathis JB, Brown GM (1970). "The biosynthesis of folic acid. XI. Purification and properties of dihydroneopterin aldolase". J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroneopterin_aldolase

"The Biosynthesis of Folic Acid. III. Enzymatic Formation of Dihydrofolic Acid from Dihydropteroic Acid and of ... This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-nitrogen bonds as acid-D-amino-acid ligases ( ... Tetrahydropteroylpolyglutamic Acid Compounds from Tetrahydrofolic Acid". J. Biol. Chem. 239: 310-6. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrofolate_synthase

... which is a folic acid inhibitor. Folic acid might also be counter-productive for patients taking 6-MP and related drugs that ... Methotrexate, which inhibits folic acid. Mercaptopurine is a cytostatic drug that is an antimetabolite. The mercaptopurine ... It works by inhibiting folic acid, which is necessary for DNA replication and, therefore, cell division. TNF is a protein that ... "MedlinePlus Herbs and Supplements: Omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil, alpha-linolenic acid". Archived from the original on May 18, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_ulcerative_colitis

His research eventually led to the fortification of food products with folic acid, which is endorsed by the World Health ... Hoffbrand, A. V.; Weir, D. G. (2001). "The history of folic acid". British Journal of Haematology. 113 (3): 579-589. doi: ... Colman, Neville (2009). "Addition of Folic Acid to Staple Foods as a Selective Nutrition Intervention Strategy". Nutrition ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Colman

Impact of folic acid fortification". Public Health Reviews. 28 (1-4): 117-145. ISSN 0301-0422. PMID 11411265. Scott, JohnM.; ... Sulfur amino acids, Thiols, Non-proteinogenic amino acids, Excitatory amino acids). ... Homocysteine /ˌhoʊmoʊˈsɪstiːn/ is a non-proteinogenic α-amino acid. It is a homologue of the amino acid cysteine, differing by ... and an explanation for folic-acid-induced exacerbation of subacute combined degeneration in pernicious anaemia". The Lancet. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocysteine

... alginic acid, fucoidan, and laminarin; protein; sugar alcohol: mannitol; and vitamins: folic and folinic acid. For medicinal ... These are: fatty acids; minerals: cadmium, copper, mercury, Iodine, nitrogen, nickel, lead, and zinc; phytohormones: auxin, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroclathrus

Folic Acid: Don't Be Without It! by Hans R. Larsen, MSc ChE, retrieved on July 7, 2009. In turn citing: Boushey Carol J.; et al ... In contrast, for e.g. uric acid, having a level not exceeding the standard reference range still does not exclude the risk of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_range

"Folic Acid - Public Health Agency of Canada". Archived from the original on 2006-09-27. "Why do I need folic acid?". NHS Direct ... This risk can be reduced with folic acid supplementation before pregnancy. For the general population, low-dose folic acid ... "Usual folic acid intakes: a modelling exercise assessing changes in the amount of folic acid in foods and supplements, National ... amount of folic acid for women of childbearing age and women planning to become pregnant is at least 0.4 mg/day of folic acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spina_bifida

Common food acids include vinegar, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, folic acid, fumaric acid, and lactic acid. Acidity ... Citranaxanthin - color Citric acid - food acid Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier Citrus ... Fumaric acid - acidity regulator Folic acid- fortyfying agent Galangal - Galangal root - Galbanum oil - Gallic acid - Gamma- ... Phosphated distarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum Phosphoric acid - food acid Phytic acid - preservative Pigment Rubine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_food_additives

... (conjugate base dihydrofolate) (DHF) is a folic acid (vitamin B9) derivative which is converted to ... dihydrofolate reductase is targeted by various drugs to prevent nucleic acid synthesis. Click on genes, proteins and ... "Dissociation constants for dihydrofolic acid and dihydrobiopterin and implications for mechanistic models for dihydrofolate ... tetrahydrofolic acid by dihydrofolate reductase. Since tetrahydrofolate is needed to make both purines and pyrimidines, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrofolic_acid

One of the first publicized applications of euphenics was the use of vitamins containing folic acid during pregnancy to combat ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphenics

Malnutrition, whether by malabsorption, or poor diet, especially hematinic deficiencies (iron, vitamin B12, folic acid) can ... An alternative method of disinfection is to use a 10% solution of acetic acid (vinegar) as an overnight soak, or to microwave ... Smears and biopsies are usually stained with periodic acid-Schiff, which stains carbohydrates in fungal cell walls in magenta. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_candidiasis

... such as use of folic acid to prevent spina bifida). He is a strong supporter of programs that promote wellness of persons with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_scientists_and_inventors

Folic acid is the oxidised form of the substrate of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme that is potently inhibited by ... inhibitors to the substrates of the enzymes they target is seen in the figure comparing the drug methotrexate to folic acid. ... The top molecule is bound reversibly, but the lower one is bound covalently as it has reacted with an amino acid residue ... These electrophilic groups react with amino acid side chains to form covalent adducts. The residues modified are those with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor

September 2013). "Folic acid supplementation and cancer risk: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". International ... One study found no effect of folic acid supplements on risk. Some links have been established between prostate cancer and ... Heinze VM, Actis AB (February 2012). "Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and long-chain n-3 fatty acids in mammary and prostate ... folic acid". The Prostate. 70 (3): 305-316. doi:10.1002/pros.21065. PMID 19830782. S2CID 21518526. "Cancer Screening Guidelines ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer

Bacteria must synthesize folic acid because they do not have a transporter for it. Without folic acid, bacteria cannot grow and ... This prevents the substrate itself from binding which halts the production of folic acid, an essential nutrient. ... These fatty acids inhibitors have been used as drugs to relieve pain because they can act as the substrate, and bind to the ... Essential fatty acids form the prostaglandins; when this was discovered, it turned out that these were actually very good ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_inhibition

June 2007). "Folic acid for the prevention of colorectal adenomas: a randomized clinical trial". JAMA. 297 (21): 2351-9. doi: ... Folic acid supplementation is not effective in preventing colon cancer and may increase colon polyps. Selenium supplementation ... Exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which is predominantly used in the production of Teflon, is known to cause two kinds ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer

"Assessment of Folic Acid Supplementation in Pregnant Women by Estimation of Serum Levels of Tetrahydrofolic Acid, Dihydrofolate ... A diet rich in natural folate (350 μg/d) can show as much increase in plasma folate as taking low levels of folic acid (250 μg/ ... This daily 400 mcg dose of folic acid can be found in most multivitamins advertised as for women. Higher doses can be found in ... If an individual is in the high risk category, the recommended dose is 4-5 mg of folic acid daily until 12 weeks gestation and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_tube_defect

Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) Tetrahydrobiopterin (THB, BH4) Vitamin B9 (folic acid → folate) GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... THB is an essential cofactor required by the aromatic amino acid hydroxylase (AAAH) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTP_cyclohydrolase_I

Wittenberg, JB; Noronha, JM; Silverman, M. (1962). "Folic acid derivatives in the gas gland of Physalia physalis L". ... In 2017, vinegar (acetic acid, 5% acidity) rinsing (irreversibly inhibiting cnidae discharge), then applying heat, water or hot ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_man_o'_war

The idea that folic acid deficiency could cause megaloblastic anemia was not new. What was new was the idea that drugs could ... Five years earlier, folic acid deficiency was linked to birth defects in rats. Primidone was seen by some as too valuable to ... Folic acid had been found to alleviate the symptoms of megaloblastic anemia in the 1940s, not long after it was discovered, but ... 2000). "Folic acid antagonists during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects". New England Journal of Medicine. 343 (22): 1608 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primidone

It is also available in combination with vitamin B6 and folic acid under the brand name Evanorm (marketed by Ion Healthcare). ... In India Doxylamine preparations are available typically in combination with Pyridoxine that may also contain folic acid. ... Doxylamine is primarily used as the succinic acid salt, doxylamine succinate. It is the sedating ingredient of NyQuil ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxylamine

Folinic acid (leucovorin) is a folic acid derivative converted to tetrahydrofolate, the primary active form of folic acid, in ... Pyrimethamine is classified as a folic acid antagonist. It works by inhibiting folic acid metabolism and therefore the making ... an enzyme that participates in folic acid synthesis from para-aminobenzoic acid. Hence, sulfonamides work synergistically with ... Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for DNA and RNA synthesis in many species, including protozoa. It has also been found to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimethamine

... folic acid and protein are especially high," however, amaranth leaves contain anti-nutritional factors, including oxalates, ... an amino acid found in low quantities in other grains. According to the FAO, amaranth grain as a source of protein is "superior ... "Limiting amino acids in raw and processed amaranth grain protein from biological tests". Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 39 (3 ... in content and quality to traditional cereals." Amaranth grain is deficient in essential amino acids such as leucine and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranth_grain

It operates by inhibiting the production of folic acid, a precursor to cellular DNA that is necessary for DNA synthesis. By ... interfering with several major enzymes involved in folic acid production, including dihydrofolate reductase, methotrexate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAMP_regimen

Iron+ Initiative is an attempt to look at Iron Deficiency Anaemia in which beneficiaries will receive iron and folic acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Mission

For micro-nutrients like vitamins, iron and folic acid tablets, students can get them from the National Health Mission. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_meal

... of linoleic acid (18:2). Pea seeds are also a rich source of minerals and vitamins, such as folic acid, riboflavin, pyridoxine ... "Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates". Amino Acids. 50 (12): 1685- ... The fat content of pea seeds ranges from 1.2% to 1.8% depending on the cultivar and about 25% of fatty acids are composed of ... Pea proteins also contain branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine, and valine, which helps to promote muscle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea_protein

Some cases of anemia, possibly related to folic acid deficiency, have been described. Cardiovascular: Hypotension, which may be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamidine

Studies have shown that taking folic acid supplements can reduce the risk of congenital neural tube defects. The use of ... 5-hydroxyvalproic acid, 2-propyl-glutaric acid some others: 3E-ene-valproic acid, 3Z-ene-valproic acid, 4-ene-valproic acid, 4- ... Valproic acid is a branched short-chain fatty acid and the 2-n-propyl derivative of valeric acid. Valproic acid was first ... valproic acid β-O-glucuronide via beta oxidation (>40%): 2E-ene-valproic acid, 2Z-ene-valproic acid, 3-hydroxyvalproic acid, 3- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproate

... heavy long-term use can lead to a variety of serious health problems linked to the destruction of vitamin B12 and folic acid. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalant

... and inhibitors of folic acid synthesis (e.g. trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole) also cause Gram-negative bacteria to form ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spheroplast

R Rozen [HTML] from mdpi.com Moderate Folic Acid Supplementation in Pregnant Mice Results in Altered Sex-Specific Gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rima_Rozen

... and the adding of folic acid to certain food products. Some defects do not need treatment. Others may be effectively treated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_heart_defect

... such as retinoid and folic acid.[citation needed] Crucial steps in heart formation are development of the ventricles and atrium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoplastic_right_heart_syndrome

Biotin deficiency Carotenemia Essential fatty acid deficiency Folic acid deficiency Hypervitaminosis A Hypovitaminosis A ( ... Abietic acid dermatitis Acid-induced Acrylic monomer dermatitis Adhesive dermatitis African blackwood dermatitis Airbag ... Acute intermittent porphyria Adrenoleukodystrophy (Schilder's disease) Alkaptonuria Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase deficiency ... phytanic acid storage disease) Relapsing linear acantholytic dermatosis Restrictive dermopathy Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions

... folic acid, and iron, with the addition of calcium as optional. Under this regulation, fortification of flour and bread ... The bran is rich in dietary fiber and fatty acids, and contains significant quantities of starch, protein, vitamins, and ... as well as fatty acids and fatty alcohols. The germ is also a source of fiber. The endosperm's natural purpose (like all fruits ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_Milled_White_Enriched_Flour

... your doctor has probably talked to you about folic acid. This important B vitamin is also important for everyone. Learn more. ... Folic Acid (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Also in Spanish * Folic Acid (Department of Health and Human Services, ... Folic acid is a B vitamin. It helps the body make healthy new cells. Everyone needs folic acid. For women who may get pregnant ... URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/folicacid.html Folic Acid Also called: Folacin, Folate, Pteroylglutamic acid, Vitamin ...

https://medlineplus.gov/folicacid.html

CDC urges women to take 400 mcg of folic acid every day, starting at least one month before getting pregnant, to help prevent ... of folic acid every day. However, its difficult to get 400 mcg of folic acid through diet alone. You can get 400 mcg of folic ... About folic acid. Folic acid is a B vitamin. Our bodies use it to make new cells. Think about the skin, hair, and nails. These- ... When taking folic acid, a higher dose than 400 mcg of folic acid each day is not necessarily better to prevent neural tube ...

https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/folicacid/about.html

Folic acid is the synthetic form of folate, or vitamin B9, which is found in leafy green vegetables, nuts, peas, beans and ... Daily folic acid supplement may reduce risk of gestational diabetes NIH study suggests supplement that reduces risk of birth ... Taking a folic acid supplement daily before pregnancy may reduce the risk of gestational, or pregnancy-related, diabetes, ... Compared to women who did not take a folic acid supplement, those who took less than 400 micrograms were 22% less likely to ...

https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/daily-folic-acid-supplement-may-reduce-risk-gestational-diabetes

Folic Acid[majr:noexp] AND humans[mh] AND english[la] AND last 1 Year [edat] NOT (letter[pt] OR case reports[pt] OR ... Folic Acid Deficiency[majr:noexp] OR Folic Acid[majr:noexp] AND humans[mh] AND english[la] AND last 1 Year [edat] NOT ( ... Folic acid - importance for human health and its role in COVID-19 therapy. Kurowska K, Kobylińska M, Antosik K. Kurowska K, et ... Mandatory fortification with folic acid for the prevention of neural tube defects: a case study of Australia and New Zealand. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Folic+Acid+Deficiency%22%5Bmajr%3Anoexp%5D+OR+%22Folic+Acid%22%5Bmajr%3Anoexp%5D+AND+humans%5Bmh%5D+AND+english%5Bla%5D+AND+%22last+1+Year%22+%5Bedat%5D+NOT+%28letter%5Bpt%5D+OR+case+reports%5Bpt%5D+OR+editorial%5Bpt%5D+OR+comment%5Bpt%5D%29+AND+free+full+text%5Bsb%5D+

... folic acid) overview for health professionals. Research health effects, dosing, sources, deficiency, side effects, and ... For folic acid, 1,000 mcg is equivalent to 1,667 mcg DFE because 0.6 mcg folic acid = 1 mcg DFE [11,164]. The ULs do not apply ... Intakes of folic acid that exceed the bodys ability to reduce it to THF lead to unmetabolized folic acid in the body, which ... Folic acid 2012.. *U. S. Preventive Services Task Force, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, et al. Folic acid supplementation for ...

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/folicacid.html

... (UNII: 935E97BOY8) (FOLIC ACID - UNII:935E97BOY8) FOLIC ACID. 1 mg. ... Folic acid is effective in the treatment of megaloblastic anemias due to a deficiency of folic acid (as may be seen in tropical ... Folic acid is metabolized in the liver to 7, 8-dihydrofolic acid and eventually to 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydrofolic acid with the aid ... Folic acid is relatively nontoxic in man. Rare instances of allergic responses to folic acid preparations have been reported ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=0fc48ddc-162a-4ac3-90ff-c837e7c76144&type=display

FOLIC ACID (UNII: 935E97BOY8) (FOLIC ACID - UNII:935E97BOY8) FOLIC ACID. 400 ug. ... Everyone needs folic acid, but its particularly important for the women of childbearing age because folic acid plays a ... FOLIC ACID tablet. If this SPL contains inactivated NDCs listed by the FDA initiated compliance action, they will be specified ... Adequate folic acid in healthful diets may reduce a womans risk of having a child with a neural tube defect. ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?searchdb=rxcui&query=198640

Testing Status of Folic acid 11336-H. Testing Status of Folic acid 11336-H. CASRN: 59-30-3. Formula: C19-H19-N7-O6. Synonyms/ ... N-(4-((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid (9CI) ...

https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/ts-11336-h

Folic Acid Folic acid is used to treat or prevent folic acid deficiency. It is a B-complex vitamin needed ... Folic acid comes ... Folic acid - test Folic acid is also called vitamin B9. This article discusses the test to measure the amount of folic acid in ... folic acid, folic acid supplement, B vitamin, anencephaly, spina bifida, pregnant, Folic Acid ... Folic acid in diet Folic acid and folate are both terms for a type of B vitamin (vitamin B9). Folate is a ... as green leafy ...

http://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=medlineplus&query=folic+acid

"folic acid"[MeSH Terms] OR ("folic"[All Fields] AND "acid"[All Fields]) OR "folic acid"[All Fields]. Search. ...

https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501922/?term=FOLIC+ACID

Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation. Iron deficiency must be documented carefully with laboratory testing before supplemental ... In some patients, supplementation of iron or folic acid may be useful. Patients with more severe anemia may require lifelong ... Folic acid supplementation may be beneficial in patients with elevated reticulocyte counts, indicating increased utilization ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/955496-156188/what-is-the-role-of-folic-acid-supplementation-in-the-treatment-of-alpha-thalassemia-syndromes

Abruptio Placentae and Folic-acid Deficiency Br Med J 1963; 2 :1422 doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5370.1422-a ... Abruptio Placentae and Folic-acid Deficiency. Br Med J 1963; 2 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5370.1422-a (Published 07 ...

https://www.bmj.com/content/2/5370/1422.2

One of the most important ways to help prevent serious birth defects is for moms to get enough folic acid every day - ... What Is Folic Acid?. Folic acid (or folate) is a B vitamin (B9) found mostly in dark green vegetables like broccoli and spinach ... How Can I Get Enough Folic Acid?. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires food-makers to add folic acid to their ... As a result, folic acid plays a large role in cell growth and development, as well as tissue formation. ...

https://kidshealth.org/HumanaKentucky/en/parents/preg-folic-acid.html?WT.ac=p-ra

World Health Organization. Maternal Health and Safe Motherhood Programme; World Health Organization. Nutrition Programme (‎World Health OrganizationWorld Health Organization, 1992)‎ ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Folic+Acid+Deficiency&type=mesh

... folic acid fortification policies and voluntary supplementation have increased folic acid intake. The cumulative folic acid ... Impact of Folic Acid Supplementation in Pregnancy and Lactation. Debbie OConnor, McGill University Health Centre. 1:30 p.m. - ... Known and Unknown Effects of Folic Acid Excess. Richard Finnell, Baylor College of Medicine. 3:00 p.m. - 3:30 p.m.. Evidence ... Accumulation of Folic Acid Metabolites from the NHANES Data. Christine Pfeiffer, Centers for Disease Control Prevention. 12:15 ...

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/news/meetings-workshops/2019/metabolic-interaction-folates-folic-acid-vitamin-b12-deficiency

Knowledge About Folic Acid and Use of Multivitamins Containing Folic Acid Among Reproductive-Aged Women -- Georgia, 1995 ... Knowledge About Folic Acid and Use of Multivitamins Containing Folic Acid Among Reproductive-Aged Women -- Georgia, 1995 MMWR ... Have you heard or read that taking a vitamin called folic acid can help prevent some birth defects? The amount of folic acid ... will assist in increasing awareness about the benefits of folic acid. Because women who know about the benefits of folic acid ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0043735/m0043735.asp

https://www.kidshealth.org/WillisKnighton/en/parents/preg-folic-acid.html

Some countries, including the U.S., require that grains be fortified with folic acid. Past studies have found folic acid ... The folic acid therapy provided the most benefit for people who had the lowest levels of folate in their blood at the start of ... Chinese study shows folic acid helps reduce stroke risk September / October 2015 , Volume 14, Issue 5 * Full September / ... Participants who took folic acid along with a blood pressure drug were less likely to have a stroke than people who took the ...

https://www.fic.nih.gov/News/GlobalHealthMatters/september-october-2015/Pages/china-folic-acid-stroke-risk.aspx

Folic Acid. Folic Acid. - Macrocytic (folate deficiency) anemia; pregnancy; - Adult: Supplement: 0.4mg PO qd; - Pregnancy: 0.8 ...

https://www.wheelessonline.com/orthopaedics-related-topics/medications/folic-acid/

Find treatment reviews for Folic Acid from other patients. Learn from their experiences about effectiveness, side effects and ... Showing 3 of 21 patient evaluations for Folic Acid Previous page 1 2 3 … 7 Next page ...

https://www.patientslikeme.com/treatment/141-folic-acid

Folic acid and folinic acid for reducing side effects in patients receiving methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Shea B, ... Folic acid and folinic acid for reducing side effects in patients receiving methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Shea B, ... Folic acid in pregnancy. Paul C. Paul C. BJOG. 2016 Feb;123(3):392. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.13602. BJOG. 2016. PMID: 26810675 No ... Folic Acid Supplement Use and Increased Risk of Gestational Hypertension. Li Q, Xu S, Chen X, Zhang X, Li X, Lin L, Gao D, Wu M ...

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?DB=pubmed&term=FOLIC+ACID/TU

Folic acid (vitamin B9) is a water-soluble vitamin B that is used both in naturopathic treatments and conventional medicine ... Hazards and side effects of folic acid supplementation What is folic acid and what are the supplements used for? ... Uses of folic acid supplements. Folic acid is a component naturally present in food. When you should increase folic acid, ... Hazards and side effects of folic acid supplementation. What is folic acid and what are the supplements used for?. Folic acid ( ...

https://www.botanical-online.com/en/diet/folic-acid-toxicity

FOLIC ACID, 0.4MG, TABLET. Common uses. This medication is typically used for anemia (low red blood cells) or as a vitamin and ...

https://www.uniprix.com/en/drug-lexicon/02237661/folic-acid

I went into Vitamin Shoppe and the sales lady was trying to sell me Folic Acid because Im a vegan. I went in there for B12, ... Vegans + Folic Acid. 1191 Views 3 Replies 3 Participants Last post by VEGIHEAD, Oct 9, 2007. ... I went into Vitamin Shoppe and the sales lady was trying to sell me Folic Acid because Im a vegan. I went in there for B12, ... I went into Vitamin Shoppe and the sales lady was trying to sell me Folic Acid because Im a vegan. I went in there for B12, ...

https://www.veggieboards.com/threads/vegans-folic-acid.71711/

More information is available on folic acid + iodine including side effects, age restrictions, food interactions, whether the ... Active ingredient: folic acid + iodine. The medicines below all contain the following active ingredient(s): folic acid + iodine ...

https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicines/medicinal-product/aht,26642/folic-acid-+-iodine

Folic acid plays a particularly important role before and ... Folic acid intake in Germany is inadequate: 80 to 90 percent of ... adequate folic acid intake is an essential prerequisite for the healthy development of the embryo. Insufficient folic acid ... Folic acid intake in Germany is inadequate: 80 to 90 percent of the population take far less than the recommended dose of this ... Folic acid plays a particularly important role before and during pregnancy. A deficiency can cause severe deformities in the ...

https://www.bfr.bund.de/en/press_information/2005/30/folic_acid_intake_in_germany_is_inadequate-6847.html?list_documents_sort_by=filesize&list_documents_order_by=asc

Maternal folic acid, the synthetic form of folate, is one of the first modifiable factors identified to date with the potential ... Folic acid appears to protect against ASD especially in mothers and children who are genetically susceptible to inefficient ... We will examine folic acid interactions with genetic susceptibility factors. Finally, we will increase understanding of the ... Through completion of the proposed project, we will gain a better understanding of how strongly folic acid is associated with ...

https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/cohorts/index.cfm/main/detail/search/true/ids/p4169

Folic Acid is one of the best supplements to help you achieve your bodybuilding goals. Pick the right supplements from the wide ... Folic Acid. Folic Acid. Folate is the natural form of vitamin B9, water-soluble and naturally found in many foods. It is also ... added to foods and sold as a supplement in the form of folic acid; this form is actually better absorbed than that from food ...

https://illpumpyouup.com/ingredients/folic-acid/

CDC urges all women of reproductive age to take 400 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid each day, in addition to consuming food with folate from a varied diet, to help prevent some major birth defects of the baby's brain ( anencephaly ) and spine ( spina bifida ). (cdc.gov)
Are folate and folic acid the same thing? (cdc.gov)
The terms "folate" and "folic acid" are often used interchangeably, even though they are different. (cdc.gov)
Folic acid is the ideal form of folate to use for food fortification. (cdc.gov)
You can get 400 mcg of folic acid each day by taking a vitamin with folic acid in it, eating fortified foods, or a combination of the two, in addition to consuming a balanced diet rich in natural food folate. (cdc.gov)
Folic acid is the synthetic form of folate , or vitamin B9, which is found in leafy green vegetables, nuts, peas, beans and other foods. (nih.gov)
Folate," formerly known as "folacin" and sometimes "vitamin B9," is the generic term for naturally occurring food folates, and folates in dietary supplements and fortified foods, including folic acid. (nih.gov)
Folate functions as a coenzyme or cosubstrate in single-carbon transfers in the synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and metabolism of amino acids [ 1-3 ]. (nih.gov)
Whether unmetabolized folic acid has any biological activity or can be used as a biomarker of folate status is not known [ 7 ]. (nih.gov)
Folic acid is readily soluble in dilute solutions of alkali hydroxides and carbonates, and solutions of the drug may be prepared with the aid of sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate, thereby forming the soluble sodium salt of folic acid (sodium folate). (nih.gov)
Folic acid is metabolized in the liver to 7, 8-dihydrofolic acid and eventually to 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydrofolic acid with the aid of reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPNH) and folate reductases. (nih.gov)
Folic acid (or folate) is a B vitamin (B9) found mostly in dark green vegetables like broccoli and spinach, legumes such as beans and peas, and enriched grains. (kidshealth.org)
Folic acid and folate are both terms for a type of B vitamin (vitamin B9). (nih.gov)
Folic acid is man-made (synthetic) folate. (nih.gov)
Folate and folic acid are forms of vitamin B9 used for deficiency and to prevent pregnancy complications. (nih.gov)
Many foods contain folate or have folic acid added. (nih.gov)
This vitamin is also known as pteroylglutamic acid, folate or folate. (botanical-online.com)
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and folate or folic acid (vitamin B9) are two vitamins that "work" together. (botanical-online.com)
As side effects, it has been reported that healthy volunteers who received between 400 and 500 μg / day of folic acid had a slight depletion of zinc , by interference of the folate supplement with its absorption. (botanical-online.com)
Some observational studies suggest an interaction between elevated folate/folic acid levels and vitamin B12 metabolism, raising the concern that high folate/folic acid status may exacerbate biomarkers of vitamin B12 deficiency and cognitive decline in older adults taking multivitamin supplements. (nih.gov)
The biological premise and experimental evidence for establishing a causal effect for the consequences of elevated folic acid intake and the role of high folate status in modifying the effects of vitamin B12 deficiency are lacking, and most animal and in vitro studies aimed at addressing this issue have suffered from experimental study design limitations. (nih.gov)
Research consensus on the approaches to investigate folate/folic acid -vitamin B12 interactions are urgently needed to assess the safety aspects associated with potential excess intake of folic acid. (nih.gov)
Main objectives of the workshop are to deliberate on the potential causal mechanisms of excess folate/folic acid and Vit B12 deficiency, as well as potential biological effects of unmetabolized folic acid and to develop consensus on various basic and clinical experimental study designs, intervention strategies and experimental models, for exploring the biochemical mechanisms for these interactions. (nih.gov)
The folic acid therapy provided the most benefit for people who had the lowest levels of folate in their blood at the start of the trial. (nih.gov)
Past studies have found folic acid supplements had little effect on cardiovascular disease but the China trial was conducted in a part of the world where folate levels are low. (nih.gov)
In order to prevent neural tube defects in newborn babies, they should take 400 µg folic acid daily in the form of a food supplement in addition to dietary folate intake. (bund.de)
By Greg Arnold, DC, CSCS, December 20, 2005, abstracted from "Dietary folate improves age-related decreases in lymphocyte function" in the January 2006 issue of the Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry Recent research has elucidated health-promoting roles for folic acid beyond that of insuring normal development of the fetus . (vitanetonline.com)
This vitamin is known as folate when it is found naturally in food, such as green leafy vegetables, and as folic acid when it is added to food, such as bread and breakfast cereals, or used in dietary supplements. (foodstandards.govt.nz)
This is in addition to eating foods with added folic acid and naturally rich in folate. (foodstandards.govt.nz)
Women with genetic variants that make folate metabolism inefficient are more likely to have children with autism spectrum disorders, suggesting a particularly important role for supplemental folic acid in pregnancy (1). (womensmentalhealth.org)
The implications for public health are tremendous, as some women are more likely to require higher than standard doses of folic acid or supplementation with folate-related compounds, such as l-methylfolate). (womensmentalhealth.org)
Maternal folic acid, the synthetic form of folate, is one of the first modifiable factors identified to date with the potential to reduce occurrence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) by 40% if taken near conception. (nih.gov)
Folic acid appears to protect against ASD especially in mothers and children who are genetically susceptible to inefficient folate-dependent one-carbon and methylation metabolism, but this finding needs replication. (nih.gov)
Folic acid is the synthetic (man-made) form of folate, a naturally occurring B vitamin (vitamin B9). (healthywomen.org)
This is why women are advised to take folic acid supplements before conception and during pregnancy: inadequate folate raises the risk of brain and spinal cord defects. (nih.gov)

Getting enough folic acid before and during pregnancy can prevent major birth defects of her baby's brain or spine. (medlineplus.gov)
If you don't get enough folic acid from the foods you eat, you can also take it as a dietary supplement . (medlineplus.gov)
One of the most important ways to help prevent serious birth defects in your baby is to get enough folic acid every day - especially before conception and during early pregnancy . (kidshealth.org)
Half of all pregnancies are not planned, so anyone who could become pregnant should make sure to get enough folic acid. (kidshealth.org)
How Can I Get Enough Folic Acid? (kidshealth.org)
However, if you are planning a pregnancy, the best way to guarantee you get enough folic acid, is to take a daily folic acid supplement at least one month before and three months after conception. (foodstandards.govt.nz)
Consuming enough folic acid substantially reduces the risk of neural tube defects but won't prevent all cases. (foodstandards.govt.nz)
The shift toward eating whole grains instead of fortified grain products, along with the rising popularity of grain-free and low-carb diets, mean many women may not be getting enough folic acid from food. (healthywomen.org)
If a woman has enough folic acid in her body before and while she is pregnant, her baby is less likely to have a major birth defect of the brain or spine. (moviecultists.com)
Peoplewho donot get enough folic acid in their diet can get anemia whichmeans their blooddoes not carry oxygen well, and they mayfeelvery tired and weak. (deepdyve.com)
Getting enough folic acid is very important in pregnancy. (deepdyve.com)

When the baby is developing early during pregnancy, folic acid helps form the neural tube. (cdc.gov)
CDC recommends that these women consume 4,000 mcg of folic acid each day one month before becoming pregnant and through the first 3 months of pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
Taking a folic acid supplement daily before pregnancy may reduce the risk of gestational, or pregnancy-related, diabetes, according to a study by researchers at the National Institutes of Health and other institutions. (nih.gov)
In addition to reducing the risk for neural tube defects, our findings suggest that taking folic acid supplements before pregnancy might provide a low-cost way to reduce the risk of gestational diabetes," said the study's senior author, Cuilin Zhang, M.D., Ph.D., of the Division of Intramural Population Health Research at NIH's Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). (nih.gov)
Folic acid is effective in the treatment of megaloblastic anemias due to a deficiency of folic acid (as may be seen in tropical or nontropical sprue) and in anemias of nutritional origin, pregnancy, infancy, or childhood. (nih.gov)
The doctor may recommend that you take a higher dose of folic acid (even before a pregnancy). (kidshealth.org)
Taking folic acid before and during pregnancy can reduce the risk of certain birth defects. (nih.gov)
Folic acid (vitamin B9 ) is a water-soluble vitamin B that is used both in naturopathic treatments and conventional medicine mainly for its properties as a cardiovascular health booster and as an essential vitamin for pregnancy . (botanical-online.com)
However, women can substantially decrease the risk for this birth defect by consuming 400 ug (0.4 mg) of folic acid per day before conception and during early pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
Previously, Chinese scientists collaborated with the U.S. CDC to examine the benefits of folic acid consumption before and during pregnancy, concluding that the supplement significantly reduced the risk for neural tube defects in infants. (nih.gov)
Epidemiology and (Patho)Physiology of Folic Acid Supplement Use in Obese Women before and during Pregnancy. (nih.gov)
Folic acid plays a particularly important role before and during pregnancy. (bund.de)
Prior to and during the first three weeks of pregnancy, adequate folic acid intake is an essential prerequisite for the healthy development of the embryo. (bund.de)
these will generally be supplements containing only folic acid or special pregnancy supplements. (foodstandards.govt.nz)
Folic is very important in pregnancy as it helps to regulate embryonic and foetal nerve cell formation which is vital for normal development. (victoriahealth.com)
Importantly, the timing for the benefits of folic acid appear very early in pregnancy, starting pre-conception, and this is extremely important to note as many pregnancies are unplanned, and some women do not even realize they are pregnant before this window of opportunity to take folic acid has largely passed. (womensmentalhealth.org)
In one study, the use of folic acid between four weeks before conception to 8 weeks after conception was associated with a lower risk of autism (2), and another found the most robust association with prevention of autism spectrum disorders within use of folic acid during the first four weeks of pregnancy (3). (womensmentalhealth.org)
During early pregnancy, folic acid is key to development of the embryo and fetus. (healthywomen.org)
During pregnancy, women need 600 mcg of folic acid per day. (healthywomen.org)
Pregnant women should continue with folic acid at least through the first trimester (3 months) of pregnancy. (healthywomen.org)
It is safe to keep taking folic acid throughout your pregnancy. (healthywomen.org)
Marcq-en-Baroeul, France and East Brunswick, NJ-A retrospective study published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) investigated the role of supplementation with vitamin B complex (5-methyltetrahydrofolate as Quatrefolic from Gnosis by Lesaffre plus vitamins B12 and B6) versus folic acid (FA) on pregnancy outcomes (clinical pregnancy, pregnancy. (wholefoodsmagazine.com)
Bethesda, MD-Taking a folic acid supplement daily before pregnancy may reduce the risk of pregnancy-related diabetes, according to a study published in Diabetes Care. (wholefoodsmagazine.com)
No. If you're still in the early stages of pregnancy, start taking folic acid straight away and carry on until you're 12 weeks pregnant. (moviecultists.com)
Knowledge about using folic acid before and in the first trimester of pregnancy was highest among university-educated women and those working in professional occupations. (who.int)

Initiation and duration of folic acid supplementation in preventing congenital malformations. (nih.gov)
In some patients, supplementation of iron or folic acid may be useful. (medscape.com)
Folic acid supplementation may be beneficial in patients with elevated reticulocyte counts, indicating increased utilization resulting from the hemolytic process and the high bone marrow turnover rate. (medscape.com)
When you should increase folic acid, always recommend a diet rich in folates, in addition to studying a possible supplementation. (botanical-online.com)
Folic acid supplementation in ranges of 400 - 1,000 mcg daily is safe and non-toxic (It has even been recommended to use 5-10 mg daily). (botanical-online.com)
In the last two decades, folic acid fortification policies and voluntary supplementation have increased folic acid intake. (nih.gov)
The cumulative folic acid intake from fortification, supplementation, diet and other sources can easily exceed the upper limit set forth for folic acid (1000 μg/day). (nih.gov)
It can take about 20 weeks of folic acid supplementation to reach the level needed to prevent NTDs, so supplementation should begin at least 5-6 months prior to conception. (healthywomen.org)
A recent population-based, long term cohort study conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health studied the correlation between folic acid supplementation and the risk of autistic traits in children exposed to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in utero. (wholefoodsmagazine.com)
Folic acid supplementation in the periconceptional period is known to lower the risk of such defects. (who.int)
Of the respondents, 62.4% had heard of folic acid and 39.2% knew about the role of folic acid supplementation in prevention of congenital anomalies. (who.int)

Impairment of thymidylate synthesis in patients with folic acid deficiency is thought to account for the defective deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis that leads to megaloblast formation and megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias. (nih.gov)
Folic acid is used to treat or prevent folic acid deficiency. (nih.gov)
The most dangerous effect is that taking folic acid supplements can accelerate the damage caused by vitamin B12 deficiency , which usually occurs in vegetarians and the elderly, when there is a risk of B12 deficiency but it is not diagnosed . (botanical-online.com)
They should not exceed 1000 mcg daily folic acid since higher and longer doses can cause seizures, zinc deficiency and vitamin B12. (botanical-online.com)
Particularly in the case of older people, very high folic acid intakes can have adverse effects on their health if this coincides with a vitamin B 12 deficiency. (bund.de)
As a medication, folic acid is used to treat folic acid deficiency and certain types of anemia (lack of red blood cells) caused by folic acid deficiency. (moviecultists.com)
Deficiency of vitamin B-9 (folic acid) and B-12 (cobalamin) can cause pigmentation problems leading to patchy skin. (moviecultists.com)
Lab technicians monitor changes in rats' weight and blood for folic acid deficiency. (nih.gov)

Folic acid is very important because it can help prevent some major birth defects of the baby's brain ( anencephaly ) and spine ( spina bifida ). (cdc.gov)
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that all women of reproductive age take a daily supplement containing 400 to 800 micrograms of folic acid to reduce the risk of conceiving a child with a neural tube defect, a class of birth defects affecting the brain and spinal cord. (nih.gov)
This report summarizes the survey findings regarding knowledge and use of folic acid, which indicate that only 20% of Georgia women aged 15-44 years consumed a multivitamin containing greater than or equal to 400 ug of folic acid per day, and 71% did not know that folic acid can prevent some birth defects. (cdc.gov)
and 'Have you heard or read that taking a vitamin called folic acid can help prevent some birth defects? (cdc.gov)
Of those who had heard folic acid can help prevent some birth defects, 30% (95% CI=27%-32%) reported consuming a multivitamin containing greater than or equal to 400 ug of folic acid per day, and 6% (95% CI=5%-8%) reported consuming a multivitamin containing greater than or equal to 400 ug of folic acid several times a week. (cdc.gov)
We have long known that supplemental folic acid is preventative against birth defects , particularly neural tube defects. (womensmentalhealth.org)
The U. S. Public Health Service and CDC recommend that all women of childbearing age consume 0.4 mg (400 micrograms) of folic acid daily to reduce the risk of serious birth defects and long-term neurodevelopmental disorders. (womensmentalhealth.org)
Folic Acid and Birth Defects: What's the Connection? (healthywomen.org)
How does folic acid help prevent birth defects? (healthywomen.org)
The B vitamin folic acid helps prevent birth defects. (moviecultists.com)
Folic acid is now added to bread, cereals, and other foods to help prevent birth defects. (nih.gov)

Most vitamins sold in the United States have the recommended daily amount of folic acid (400 mcg) that women need for the prevention of neural tube defects. (cdc.gov)
you have a lower-than-normal amount of folic acid , a type of vitamin B, in your blood. (nih.gov)
This article discusses the test to measure the amount of folic acid in the blood. (nih.gov)
The amount of folic acid women consumed was estimated based on the amount in the multivitamin brand they reported using. (cdc.gov)
As people's eating habits differ, this does not lead to an even supply of the recommended amount of folic acid across all the groups in the population. (bund.de)

You don't need to take folic acid supplements after that. (foodstandards.govt.nz)

What Are the Benefits of Folic Acid? (kidshealth.org)
To characterize knowledge about the benefits of folic acid and use of multivitamins containing folic acid among Georgia women, the Division of Public Health, Georgia Department of Human Resources (GDHR), analyzed data from the 1995 Georgia Women's Health Survey (GWHS) -- a comprehensive study of women's health that included questions about folic acid. (cdc.gov)

Folic acid is the fully oxidized monoglutamate form of the vitamin that is used in fortified foods and most dietary supplements. (nih.gov)
What is folic acid and what are the supplements used for? (botanical-online.com)
However, in certain pharmacological treatments , that is, through medications or supplements, folic acid can cause adverse reactions related to convulsive effects, zinc depletion due to decreased absorption, or masking a deficit of vitamin B12 . (botanical-online.com)
It is advised to consult with the doctor before starting any treatment with folic acid supplements at these doses. (botanical-online.com)
The advice is to consume foods rich in folic acid and, if necessary, take folic acid supplements containing between 400 and 1,000 mcg of this vitamin per pilll or tablet . (botanical-online.com)
Megadoses of folic acid are considered to be supplements that contain milligrams (mg) of this vitamin instead of micrograms (mcg or μg). (botanical-online.com)
It seems quite established that a disproportionate increase in folic acid ( vitamin B9 as supplements of synthetic pteroylglutamic acid ) may mask or interfere with the functioning of B12. (botanical-online.com)
Pregnant women or women wishing to have children would still have to take additional folic acid-containing food supplements. (bund.de)
Synthetic folic acid is used in food supplements and for food fortification. (bund.de)
However, this does not mean that it is no longer necessary to take folic acid in food supplements. (bund.de)
Folic acid supplements are available over the counter from pharmacies and through your doctor at varying doses. (foodstandards.govt.nz)
Increasing your folic acid intake should not lead to weight gain - especially if increasing it through healthy diet and natural supplements. (moviecultists.com)
Researchers have found that taking folic acid supplements may reduce a person's risk of having a stroke. (realhealthmag.com)
Folic acid supplements, which lower the levels of homocysteine (an amino acid believed to raise stroke risk) in the blood, could reduce a person's chance of a stroke by 18 percent, according to Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine researchers. (realhealthmag.com)

CDC recommends that women of reproductive age who could become pregnant consume at least 400 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid every day. (cdc.gov)
Compared to women who did not take a folic acid supplement, those who took less than 400 micrograms were 22% less likely to develop gestational diabetes. (nih.gov)
Women who are pregnant or trying to become pregnant should get at least 400 micrograms (0.4 milligrams) of folic acid daily before conception and for at least 3 months afterward . (kidshealth.org)
Three slices of bread (100g) contains an average of 120 micrograms of folic acid. (foodstandards.govt.nz)
The CDC urges all women of reproductive age get 400 micrograms of folic acid every day, whether they plan to become pregnant or not. (healthywomen.org)
CDC urges every woman who could become pregnant to get 400 micrograms (400 mcg) of folic acid every day . (moviecultists.com)
Mostwomen need to haveabout 400 micrograms(mcg) offolic acid in their diet everyday. (deepdyve.com)

When taking folic acid, a higher dose than 400 mcg of folic acid each day is not necessarily better to prevent neural tube defects, unless a doctor recommends taking more due to other health conditions. (cdc.gov)
If taking folic acid for reasons other than neural tube defect prevention, talk to your healthcare provider. (cdc.gov)
Adequate folic acid in healthful diets may reduce a woman's risk of having a child with a neural tube defect. (nih.gov)
It's not clear why folic acid has such a profound effect on the prevention of neural tube defects. (kidshealth.org)
Prevention of neural-tube defects with folic acid in China. (nih.gov)
Experience from countries like the USA, Canada and Childe, in which flour is already fortified with folic acid, show that this can lead to a significant reduction in the incidence of neural tube defects. (bund.de)
In addition to helping decrease neural tube defects,1 folic acid can also help treat inflammatory bowel disease 2 improve memory 3 and help decrease an amino acid in the body, homocysteine,4 that increases heart disease risk.5 Now a new study 6 has found another way that folic acid can help us age more gracefully: by helping strengthen our immune system. (vitanetonline.com)
If you have a family history of neural tube defects you may require more folic acid and you should ask your doctor or health care provider for advice about your individual needs. (foodstandards.govt.nz)
Folic acid helps prevent neural tube defects (NTDs), which are serious defects of the baby's brain and spine. (healthywomen.org)
Taking a folic acidpill everydaystarting a few monthsbefore youget pregnant or assoon asyouknow you are pregnant can help prevent some problems in your baby's spine andbrain called neural tube defects. (deepdyve.com)
Folic acid helps the baby's spinal cordgrow normally in the firsttrimester.Takingfolic acidduringpregnancy can prevent almostall neural tube defectsfrom occurring. (deepdyve.com)
RÉSUMÉ En Égypte, l'incidence des malformations du tube neural est élevée. (who.int)

Folic acid comes in tablets. (nih.gov)
Whether you're looking for Bludplus (Iron with Folic Acid), Iron And Folic Acid Tablets, Elixir Same Tablets etc, you can explore and find the best products from Tradeindia. (tradeindia.com)
Take your folic acid tablets with a glass of water. (moviecultists.com)

Prevalence of knowledge about folic acid varied directly by respondents' educational and income levels. (cdc.gov)
Awareness campaigns are suggested to improve knowledge about folic acid among women in the childbearing period in Egypt. (who.int)

Everyone needs folic acid. (medlineplus.gov)
Everyone needs folic acid, but it's particularly important for the women of childbearing age because folic acid plays a critical role in the proper develop of the baby's nervous system. (nih.gov)

Some women report improvements in their skin and hair when taking prenatal vitamins that contain folic acid. (moviecultists.com)

Schmidt RJ, Tancredi DJ, Ozonoff S, Hansen RL, Hartiala J, Allayee H, Schmidt LC, Tassone F, Hertz-Picciotto I. Maternal periconceptional folic acid intake and risk of autism spectrum disorders and developmental delay in the CHARGE (CHildhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment) case-control study. (womensmentalhealth.org)
This cross-sectional study aimed to measure the level of knowledge about periconceptional folic acid use among pregnant women attending for antenatal care at Ain Shams University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt in 2012. (who.int)

An example of preventive medicine added to the 1951 NIH Clinical Center time capsule was a vial of synthetic folic acid, a B vitamin. (nih.gov)

Passive diffusion also occurs when pharmacological doses of folic acid are consumed. (nih.gov)

London, England-The International Alliance of Dietary/Food Supplement Associations (IADSA) has launched two new Mind the Gap resources explaining the importance of omega-3 and folic acid in maternal and infant nutrition, according to a press release. (wholefoodsmagazine.com)

4 Daly S. Low-dose folic acid lowers plasma homocysteine levels in women of child-bearing age. (vitanetonline.com)

NOW B-12 1000 mcg with Folic Acid is an ideal way to supply the body with a perfect dose of this crucial nutrient. (vitasprings.com)

Administration of folic acid alone is improper therapy for pernicious anemia and other megaloblastic anemias in which vitamin B12 is deficient. (nih.gov)
Folic acid in doses above 0.1 mg daily may obscure pernicious anemia in that hematologic remission can occur while neurologic manifestations remain progressive. (nih.gov)
There is a potential danger in administering folic acid to patients with undiagnosed anemia, since folic acid may obscure the diagnosis of pernicious anemia by alleviating the hematologic manifestations of the disease while allowing the neurologic complications to progress. (nih.gov)

They cited earlier studies showing that folic acid is absorbed more easily into the body, compared to the naturally occurring form of the vitamin. (nih.gov)
Naturally occurring conjugated folates are reduced enzymatically to folic acid in the gastrointestinal tract prior to absorption. (nih.gov)
Folic acid or vitamin B9 is not toxic since it is an essential component for life and it is naturally present in many foods of plant origin . (botanical-online.com)
Folic acid is a component naturally present in food. (botanical-online.com)
The folic acidfound naturally in food issometimescalledfolate. (deepdyve.com)

Vitamin B 12 and folic acid, with their interrelated metabolism, are important vitamins for the maintenance of various metabolic pathways in the body. (moviecultists.com)
Folic acid had first been isolated in crystalline form in 1943, but in 1951, Dr. James Hundley, Head of the Laboratory of Nutrition at the then National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases , wrote that the "exact chemical form in which folic acid exists as a functional unit in metabolism is still in doubt. (nih.gov)

Folic acid is the precursor of tetrahydrofolic acid, which is involved as a cofactor for transformylation reactions in the biosynthesis of purines and thymidylates of nucleic acids. (nih.gov)

Folic acid is better suited for food fortification because many fortified products, such as bread and pasta, are cooked. (cdc.gov)
The result: the mandatory fortification of flour with folic acid could effectively increase total intake in all echelons of the population in a calculable manner. (bund.de)
If the public agencies responsible for management should decide in favour of mandatory fortification of flour, the fortification of other foods with folic acid would have to be restricted in order to avoid excessive intake by the rest of the population. (bund.de)
The fortification of a staple food with folic acid has, therefore, been under discussion for some time now. (bund.de)
If the public agencies responsible for management in Germany decide in favour of the mandatory fortification of a staple food with folic acid, the additional fortification of foods with folic acid should be restricted to maximum 100 µg per portion. (bund.de)
The New Zealand Government has introduced voluntary fortification of bread with folic acid. (foodstandards.govt.nz)
Further information on folic acid fortification. (foodstandards.govt.nz)

Conjugates of folic acid are present in a wide variety of foods, particularly liver, kidneys, yeast, and leafy green vegetables. (nih.gov)
Leafy green vegetables are verygoodsources offolic acid. (deepdyve.com)

Trying to get your folic acid needs from general multi-vitamins may result in you getting higher than recommended amounts of other vitamins and minerals. (foodstandards.govt.nz)
Most prenatal vitamins contain 0.8 mg or 800 mcg of folic acid. (womensmentalhealth.org)

Daily folic acid intake should not exceed 1000mcg. (nih.gov)
VitaSprings does not imply any medical claims from the customer reviews on this Vitamin B-12 1000mcg With Folic Acid Chewable product on this website. (vitasprings.com)
Write a Review on this Vitamin B-12 1000mcg With Folic Acid Chewable product and share your experience or opinion with other customers. (vitasprings.com)
Buy Vitamin B-12 1000mcg With Folic Acid Chewable from NOW Foods at VitaSprings, and we guarantee you a safe, secure online shopping experience! (vitasprings.com)

In normal amounts, folic acid has practically no contraindications and can be safely supplemented in very high doses, 100% of the CDR (Recommended Daily Allowance). (botanical-online.com)

In September 1992, the Public Health Service (PHS) recommended that all women of childbearing age who are capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 ug of folic acid daily (2). (cdc.gov)

Vitamin B 9 or folic acid, which is found in dark green leafy vegetables, is essential for cells to grow and divide rapidly-as they do in a growing embryo. (nih.gov)

Getting a combination of the two: taking a vitamin that has folic acid in it and eating fortified foods. (cdc.gov)
If you eat some of these foods daily, you are getting folic acid. (veggieboards.com)
That's why various foods like breakfast cereals, dairy products and soft drinks are already fortified with folic acid today. (bund.de)
Youcan get some folic acid in the foods you eat. (deepdyve.com)
What foods have folic acid? (deepdyve.com)

That's why it's so important for all women of childbearing age to get enough folic (FOE-lik) acid, not just those who are trying to become pregnant. (kidshealth.org)
For each educational level, women who reported knowledge of folic acid were more likely to have consumed a multivitamin containing greater than or equal to 400 ug of folic acid per day than women who had not heard about folic acid. (cdc.gov)
Discussions are, therefore, underway on how to lastingly improve the folic acid intake of the population in general and of women of child-bearing age in particular. (bund.de)
Women who wish to or could become pregnant, therefore, need a higher folic acid intake than the rest of the population. (bund.de)
How much folic acid do pregnant women need? (healthywomen.org)
Folic Acid Likis, Frances 2016-11-01 00:00:00 Share with Women What is folic acid? (deepdyve.com)
Share with Women What is folic acid? (deepdyve.com)
Only 18.8% of women reported taking folic acid, and 8.8% had used it before conception. (who.int)

New information makes the periconceptual use (before conception and into the first trimester) of folic acid even more compelling. (womensmentalhealth.org)

A recent major research breakthrough has issued the finding that periconceptual folic acid use has been associated with a decreased risk of autism spectrum disorders (1-3). (womensmentalhealth.org)

So you can boost your intake by eating breakfast cereals, breads, pastas, and rice that have 100% of the recommended daily folic acid allowance. (kidshealth.org)
Talk to your doctor about your daily folic acid intake. (kidshealth.org)
When taken by mouth: It is likely safe for most people to take folic acid in doses of no more than 1 mg daily. (moviecultists.com)
What are the benefits of taking folic acid daily? (moviecultists.com)

Every woman of reproductive age needs to get folic acid every day, whether she is planning to get pregnant or not, to help make new cells. (cdc.gov)

Each tablet, for oral administration, contains 1 mg folic acid. (nih.gov)
Discover 144 products from Iron Folic Acid Tablet manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, and dealers across India. (tradeindia.com)
Iron Folic Acid Tablet product price in India ranges from 1 to 1,140 INR and minimum order requirements from 1 to 1,00,000. (tradeindia.com)
We offer a wide range of Iron Folic Acid Tablet selections in various locations including Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Panchkula, Mohali and many more. (tradeindia.com)

Folic acid is essential for the healthy division of cells and the utilisation of sugar and amino acids (used to make protein) in food, but is easily destroyed by heat and even by storage for long periods at room temperature. (victoriahealth.com)

Some health care providers recommend taking a folic acid supplement in addition to a prenatal vitamin. (kidshealth.org)
Since it can be hard to get this amount from food alone, experts suggest taking a prenatal vitamin with 400 mcg of folic acid every day. (healthywomen.org)

Anatomy2

Organisms2

Diseases17

Chemicals and Drugs37

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Phenomena and Processes9

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture7

Named Groups1

Health Care5

Geographicals2

Thiamine deficiency is prevalent in a selected group of urban Indonesian elderly people. (1/4015)

Plasma total homocysteine and cysteine in relation to glomerular filtration rate in diabetes mellitus. (2/4015)

Effect of MTHFR 677C>T on plasma total homocysteine levels in renal graft recipients. (3/4015)

Endothelial dysfunction by acute hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia: restoration by folic acid. (4/4015)

Influence of haemodialysis on plasma total homocysteine concentration. (5/4015)

An estimation of the requirement for folic acid in gestating sows: the metabolic utilization of folates as a criterion of measurement. (6/4015)

MTHFR polymorphism, methyl-replete diets and the risk of colorectal carcinoma and adenoma among U.S. men and women: an example of gene-environment interactions in colorectal tumorigenesis. (7/4015)

Hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia in children with chronic renal failure. (8/4015)

Folic Acid

Folic Acid Deficiency

Neural Tube Defects

Tetrahydrofolates

Homocysteine

Food, Fortified

Dietary Supplements

Vitamin B 12

Vitamin B Complex

Folic Acid Antagonists

Preconception Care

Folate Receptors, GPI-Anchored

Hyperhomocysteinemia

Anemia, Macrocytic

Hematinics

Vitamin B 6

Pteroylpolyglutamic Acids

Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Folic Acid Transporters

Pregnancy

Bread

Vitamins

Prenatal Care

Flour

Folate Receptor 1

Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)

Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena

Formyltetrahydrofolates

Spinal Dysraphism

Aminopterin

Double-Blind Method

Reduced Folate Carrier Protein

Pterins

FIGLU Test

Pyridoxine

Cereals

Micronutrients

Diet

Methotrexate

Anencephaly

Nutritional Requirements

Homocystine

Methylmalonic Acid

Nutrition Policy

4-Aminobenzoic Acid

Riboflavin

Biological Availability

Erythrocytes

Nutritional Status

Glutamates

Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena

Cleft Palate

Anemia, Megaloblastic

Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic

Methionine

Vitamin B Deficiency

Placebos

Iron

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency

Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors

Anemia, Pernicious

gamma-Glutamyl Hydrolase

Iron, Dietary

Cleft Lip

Pregnancy Complications

Administration, Oral

Infant, Newborn

KB Cells

Ireland

Intestinal Absorption

Trimetrexate

Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Lactobacillus casei

Nepal

Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (NAD+)

Leucovorin

Betaine

Congenital Abnormalities

Mouth Abnormalities