Developing a universal vaccine requires that researchers identify conserved regions of the influenza virus that do not exhibit ... The vaccine is made by Sinovac Biotech in Beijing, China, from an inactivated strain of H5N1 known as Vietnam/1194/2004." ... The vaccine focuses on the M2 viral protein, which does not change, rather than the surface hemagglutinin and neuraminidase ... "A universal influenza vaccine could provide protection against all types of influenza and would eliminate the need to develop ...

Vacc-4x aims to generate immune responses to conserved domains, regions of the virus common to all strains of HIV, even if the ... After the sale of their main brands, the company have moved focus to the vaccine business after the acquisition of ... Hepatitis C and Influenza. The company is also a leader in soy technology and has developed patented products for improved ... Other vaccines include humoral, antibody-mediated peptide-based therapeutic HIV-1 vaccine Vacc-C5, that aims to guide the ...

... so portions of the stalk remain highly conserved across all influenza subtypes. The FI6 antibody makes extensive contacts with ... protective effects against H1N1 and H3N2 strains in vaccinated animals. Using protein engineering and adjuvants to focus the ... in the HA stalk at the atomic level an important intellectual landmark for the development of a universal influenza vaccine. In ... FI6 is the only known antibody found to bind all 16 subtypes of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin and is hoped to be useful ...

This antibody attached to a "conserved" portion of gp120 that outlasts many of its mutations, affecting 17/24 tested strains at ... affect multiple strains of a particular virus. BNAbs are known for HIV and influenza. Los Alamos National Laboratory's HIV ... Integrated web resource BNAber, focused on broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies, has recently been introduced. In 2006, a ... and have suggested possible strategies to generate an improved vaccine that would confer long-lasting immunity. Another disease ...

... approved four vaccines against the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus (the 2009 pandemic strain), and expected the initial vaccine lots ... early T-cell response have better outcomes when infected with influenza and because T-cells respond to conserved epitopes. The ... Vaccination campaigns usually focus special attention on people who are at high risk of serious complications if they catch the ... PATH's Vaccine Resource Library influenza resources CDC Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Information Statement Vaccines and ...

... -known informally as avian flu or bird flu is a variety of influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds. The type with the greatest risk is highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Bird flu is similar to swine flu, dog flu, horse flu and human flu as an illness caused by strains of influenza viruses that have adapted to a specific host. Out of the three types of influenza viruses (A, B, and C), influenza A virus is a zoonotic infection with a natural reservoir almost entirely in birds. Avian influenza, for most purposes, refers to the influenza A virus. Though influenza A is adapted to birds, it can also stably adapt and sustain person-to person transmission. Recent influenza research ...

... causes influenza in birds and some mammals, and is the only species of influenza virus A genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses. Strains of all subtypes of influenza A virus have been isolated from wild birds, although disease is uncommon. Some isolates of influenza A virus cause severe disease both in domestic poultry and, rarely, in humans. Occasionally, viruses are transmitted from wild aquatic birds to domestic poultry, and this may cause an outbreak or give rise to human influenza pandemics. Influenza A viruses are negative-sense, single-stranded, segmented RNA viruses. The several subtypes are labeled according to an H number (for the type of hemagglutinin) and an N number (for the type of neuraminidase). There are 18 different known H antigens (H1 to H18) and 11 ...

Another technique is use of cell cultures to grow vaccine strains; such as genetically engineering baculovirus to express a gene that encodes an influenza coat protein such as hemagglutinin or neuraminidase. "A recent NIAID-supported Phase II clinical trial of a vaccine produced by Protein Sciences Corporation using this strategy showed that it is well tolerated and immunogenic; the company is[when?] conducting further clinical evaluation of this product. Other new pathways for producing influenza vaccines include DNA-based approaches and the development of broadly protective vaccines based on influenza virus proteins that are shared by multiple strains."[5]. AVI Bio Pharma Inc. has evidence of inhibition of multiple subtypes of influenza A virus in cell culture with Morpholino oligomers from the results of ...

... s were used to test if the efficacy of a vaccine could be predicted (in mice), using different strains of the influenza virus. Mice were given a seasonal flu vaccine, or a vaccine against the specific flu virus tested in the study (PR8). The mice were then infected with the PR8 flu strain. Those groups of mice which were given the PR8-specific vaccine not only survived, but did not display any symptoms of the flu. The mice which received either of the two seasonal flu vaccines all developed flu symptoms, and some (20-40%, depending on which seasonal vaccine received) were killed by the PR8 infection.[8] The group of mice which received sub-lethal infection doses of PR8, and the group of mice which received vaccines of killed PR8, had different immunosignatures. The two groups of mice immunized with the seasonal flu vaccines also had immunosignatures which were distinct from each other. This demonstrates ...

Le subtypos del virus Influenza A plus communmente trovate como le causa de infectiones de SIV es H1N1, H1N2, H3N1 e H3N2, [2] [3] ben que le H2N3 ha essite recentemente trovate, que etiam produce iste typo de pathologia.[4] In le mundo, il ha 3 subtypos de virus de influenza A (H1N1, H3N2, y H1N2), cognoscite per infectar porcos. In le Statos Unite, le subtypo classic H1N1 esseva quasi exclusivemente prevalente inter le populationes porcin ante 1998. Comocunque, ab augusto 1998 le subtypos H3N2 esseva etiam isolate. Il es trovate que le major parte del virus H3N2 ha material recombinate, con lineages de genes de virus que attacca esseres human (HA, NA, and PB1), porcos (NS, NP, and M) e aves (PB2 and PA). ...

The Influenza pandemic of 1918 was a heavy pandemic of influenza. It lasted from January 1918 to December 1920.[1] About 500 million[1] people were infected across the world. The pandemic spread to remote Pacific Islands and the Arctic. It killed 50 million[2] to 100 million people[3]-3 to 5 percent of the world's population at the time.[3] This means it was one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history.[1][4][5][6]. To maintain morale, wartime censors minimized early reports of illness and mortality in Germany, Britain, France, and the United States;[7][8] but papers were free to report the epidemic's effects in neutral Spain (such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII). This situation created the false impression of Spain being especially hard-hit.[9] It also resulted in the nickname Spanish flu.[10]. In most cases, influenza outbreaks kill young people, or the elderly, or those patients that ...

The Pandemic H1N1/09 virus is a swine origin Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 virus strain responsible for the 2009 flu pandemic. For other names see the Nomenclature section below. The virus is a novel strain of influenza. Existing vaccines against seasonal flu provided no protection. A study at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published in May 2009 found that children had no preexisting immunity to the new strain but that adults, particularly those over 60, had some degree of immunity. Children showed no cross-reactive antibody reaction to the new strain, adults aged 18 to 64 had 6-9%, and older adults 33%. Much reporting of early analysis repeated that the strain contained genes from five different flu viruses: North American swine influenza, North American avian influenza, human influenza, and two ...

The influenza vaccine is recommended by the World Health Organization and United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for high-risk groups, such as children, the elderly, health care workers, and people who have chronic illnesses such as asthma, diabetes, heart disease, or are immuno-compromised among others.[104][105] In healthy adults it is modestly effective in decreasing the amount of influenza-like symptoms in a population.[106] In healthy children over the age of 2, the vaccine reduces the chances of getting influenza by around two-thirds, while it has not been well studied in children under 2.[107] In those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease vaccination reduces exacerbations,[108] it is not clear if it reduces asthma exacerbations.[109] Evidence supports a lower rate of influenza-like illness in many groups who are immunocompromised such as those ...

H2N3 is a subtype of the influenza A virus. Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of proteins on the surface of its coat, hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). H2N3 viruses can infect birds and mammals. According to research published by the US National Institutes of Health, the triple reassortant H2N3 virus isolated from diseased pigs in the United States in 2006 is pathogenic for certain mammals without prior adaptation and transmits among swine and ferrets. Adaptation, in the H2 hemagglutinin derived from an avian virus, includes the ability to bind to the mammalian receptor, a significant prerequisite for infection of mammals, in particular humans, which poses a big concern for public health. Researchers investigated the pathogenic potential of swine H2N3 in Cynomolgus macaques, a surrogate model for human influenza infection. In contrast to human H2N2 virus, which served as a control and largely caused mild pneumonia ...

... is a type of vaccine developed from mammalian cell lines rather than embryonic chicken eggs. The potential use of cell culture techniques in developing viral vaccines, especially for the Influenza virus, has been widely investigated in recent years as a complementary and alternative platform to the current egg-based strategies. The main benefit is the ability to rapidly produce vaccine supplies during an impending pandemic. Other benefits are the avoidance of egg-based allergy reactions. In addition, cell lines can be grown in synthetic media avoiding animal serum. This prevents the spread of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The United States Food and Drug Administration approved Flucelvax as the first mammalian cell-based Influenza vaccine in the United States on November 20, 2012. The vaccine was produced by Novartis through culturing of the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line. Specifically, Flucelvax ...

The Hong Kong Flu was a category 2 flu pandemic caused by a strain of H3N2 descended from H2N2 by antigenic shift, in which genes from multiple subtypes reassorted to form a new virus. This pandemic of 1968 and 1969 killed an estimated one million people worldwide.[6][7][8] The pandemic infected an estimated 500,000 Hong Kong residents, 15% of the population, with a low death rate.[9] In the United States, about 33,800 people died.[10]. Both the H2N2 and H3N2 pandemic flu strains contained genes from avian influenza viruses. The new subtypes arose in pigs coinfected with avian and human viruses and were soon transferred to humans. Swine were considered the original "intermediate host" for influenza, because they supported reassortment of divergent subtypes. However, other hosts appear capable of similar coinfection (e.g., many poultry species), and direct transmission of avian viruses to humans is possible. H1N1 may have ...

... (Neu5Ac ili NANA) je predominantna sijalinska kiselina u ćelijama sisara. Ovaj negativno naelektrisani ostatak je prisutan u kompleksnim glikanima na mucinima i glikoproteinima prisutnim na ćelijskim membranama. Neu5Ac ostaci su takođe prisutni u glikolipidima, poput gangliozida, ključnoj komponenti neuronskih membrana prisutnih u mozgu. Pored učešća u sprečavanju infekcija (sluz vezana za sluzokožne membrane - usta, nosa, GI, respiratornog trakta), Neu5Ac deluje kao receptor za influenza virus. On omobućava vezivanje za sluzne ćelije putem hemaglutinina (rani stupanj zadobijanja infekcije influenza virusom). ...

Kaman kuol, aalso nuo as fresh kuol ar simpli az kuol, a vairal infekshos diziiz a di opa resprichri chrak we praimerili afek di nuoz.[1] Di chruot, sainos, ah vais bax kiah aalso afek.[2] Sain ah simtom kiah bigin les dah tuu die afta expuoja.[2] Deh ingkluud kaafin, suo chuot, ronin nuoz, sniizin, ediek, ah fiiva.[3][4] Piipl yuujali rikova ina sebm tu ten die.[3] Som simtam kiah laas op tu chrii wiik.[5] Demde wid adaels elt prablem maita hokiejanali divelop nyuumuonia.[3] Wel uoba 200 vairos schrien implikiet ina di kaaz a di kaman kuol; di rainovairosdem a di muos kaman.[6] Deh pred chuu di ier juurin kluos kantak wid infektid piipl ah indirekli chuu kantak wid abjek ina di invairament fala bai chansfor tu di mout ar nuoz.[3] Rix fakta ingkluud wen pitni gaa diekier, smadi naa sliip gud, ah saikalajikal schres.[2] Simtam muosli juu tu di badi uona imyuun rispans tu di infekshan reda dah tu tishu dischrokshan bai di vairos dehself.[7] Piipl wid influenza noftaim shuo ...