An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.
Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of androgens.
Compounds that interact with ANDROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of TESTOSTERONE. Depending on the target tissues, androgenic effects can be on SEX DIFFERENTIATION; male reproductive organs, SPERMATOGENESIS; secondary male SEX CHARACTERISTICS; LIBIDO; development of muscle mass, strength, and power.
The male reproductive organs. They are divided into the external organs (PENIS; SCROTUM;and URETHRA) and the internal organs (TESTIS; EPIDIDYMIS; VAS DEFERENS; SEMINAL VESICLES; EJACULATORY DUCTS; PROSTATE; and BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS).
A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.
A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.
Compounds that bind to and inhibit the activation of ANDROGEN RECEPTORS.
Proteins, generally found in the CYTOPLASM, that specifically bind ANDROGENS and mediate their cellular actions. The complex of the androgen and receptor migrates to the CELL NUCLEUS where it induces transcription of specific segments of DNA.
The surgical removal of one or both testicles.
The period following ESTRUS during which the phenomena of estrus subside in those animals in which pregnancy or pseudopregnancy does not occur.
Anilides are a class of organic compounds derived from aniline by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups.
A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).
Antineoplastic agents that are used to treat hormone-sensitive tumors. Hormone-sensitive tumors may be hormone-dependent, hormone-responsive, or both. A hormone-dependent tumor regresses on removal of the hormonal stimulus, by surgery or pharmacological block. Hormone-responsive tumors may regress when pharmacologic amounts of hormones are administered regardless of whether previous signs of hormone sensitivity were observed. The major hormone-responsive cancers include carcinomas of the breast, prostate, and endometrium; lymphomas; and certain leukemias. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1994, p2079)
A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the URINARY BLADDER and the URETHRA. It secretes a substance that liquefies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the PUBIC SYMPHYSIS, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the RECTUM.
A family of large terrestrial carnivores possessing long legs, coarse guard hairs and a busy tail. It is comprised of hyenas and aardwolves.
Tosyl compounds are a class of organic compounds containing a tosyl group (-SO2CH3), often used in the medical field as intermediates in the synthesis of other drugs or as active ingredients themselves.
A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.
A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.
A cytochrome P450 enzyme subtype that has specificity for relatively planar heteroaromatic small molecules, such as CAFFEINE and ACETAMINOPHEN.
A developmental defect in which a TESTIS or both TESTES failed to descend from high in the ABDOMEN to the bottom of the SCROTUM. Testicular descent is essential to normal SPERMATOGENESIS which requires temperature lower than the BODY TEMPERATURE. Cryptorchidism can be subclassified by the location of the maldescended testis.

Pharmacokinetics of flutamide in patients with renal insufficiency. (1/384)

AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of flutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogenic compound, and its pharmacologically active metabolite, hydroxyflutamide, in renal insufficiency. Haemodialysis (HD) clearance of flutamide and hydroxyflutamide was also determined. METHODS: Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed for flutamide and hydroxyflutamide in 26 male subjects with normal renal function (creatinine clearance by 24 h urine collection, CLcr, greater than 80 ml min(-1) 1.73 m(-2); n=6) or reduced renal function; CLcr=50-80 (n=7), 30-49 (n=3), 5-29 (n=4), and <5 ml min(-1) 1.73 m(-2)-HD (n=6), following a single, oral 250 mg flutamide dose. Subjects undergoing HD received a second 250 mg dose of flutamide 4 h prior to HD; blood and dialysate were collected during HD to determine dialysability of flutamide and hydroxyflutamide. RESULTS: Cmax, tmax, AUC, t1/2, and renal clearance of flutamide and hydroxyflutamide did not differ between groups. Less than 1% of the dose appeared in dialysate as hydroxyflutamide. No serious adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Renal function did not affect flutamide nor hydroxyflutamide disposition. HD did not alter hydroxyflutamide pharmacokinetics. Dosing adjustments for renal impairment or HD are not indicated for flutamide.  (+info)

From HER2/Neu signal cascade to androgen receptor and its coactivators: a novel pathway by induction of androgen target genes through MAP kinase in prostate cancer cells. (2/384)

Overexpression of the HER2/Neu protooncogene has been linked to the progression of breast cancer. Here we demonstrate that the growth of prostate cancer LNCaP cells can also be increased by the stable transfection of HER2/Neu. Using AG879, a HER2/Neu inhibitor, and PD98059, a MAP kinase inhibitor, as well as MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MPK-1), in the transfection assay, we found that HER2/Neu could induce prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a marker for the progression of prostate cancer, through the MAP kinase pathway at a low androgen level. Reporter assays and mammalian two-hybrid assays further suggest this HER2/Neu-induced androgen receptor (AR) transactivation may function through the promotion of interaction between AR and AR coactivators, such as ARA70. Furthermore, we found this HER2/Neu --> MAP kinase --> AR-ARAs --> PSA pathway could not be blocked completely by hydroxyflutamide, an antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer. Together, these data provide a novel pathway from HER2/Neu to AR transactivation, and they may represent one of the reasons for the PSA re-elevation and hormone resistance during androgen ablation therapy in prostate cancer patients.  (+info)

Selection for androgen receptor mutations in prostate cancers treated with androgen antagonist. (3/384)

The role of androgen receptor (AR) mutations in androgen-independent prostate cancer (PCa) was determined by examining AR transcripts and genes from a large series of bone marrow metastases. Mutations were found in 5 of 16 patients who received combined androgen blockade with the AR antagonist flutamide, and these mutant ARs were strongly stimulated by flutamide. In contrast, the single mutant AR found among 17 patients treated with androgen ablation monotherapy was not flutamide stimulated. Patients with flutamide-stimulated AR mutations responded to subsequent treatment with bicalutamide, an AR antagonist that blocks the mutant ARs. These findings demonstrate that AR mutations occur in response to strong selective pressure from flutamide treatment.  (+info)

Pharmacokinetics of flutamide and its metabolite 2-hydroxyflutamide in normal and hepatic injury rats. (4/384)

AIM: To develop a new HPLC assay to study the pharmacokinetics of flutamide (Flu) and its active metabolite 2-hydroxyflutamide (HF) in rats. METHODS: Normal or hepatic injury rats were given i.g. Flu 50 mg.kg-1. Reverse phase HPLC was developed with a mu-Bondapak C 18 column. Internal standard was methyltestosterone. The mobile phase was a mixture of methanol:acetonitrile:water:diethyl ether = 40:20:35:1 (vol). Absorbance was measured at lambda 234 nm. RESULTS: The pharmacokinetic parameters of Flu were as follows: in normal rats, K = 0.62 +/- 0.16 h-1, Cl = 6.0 +/- 1.0 L.kg-1.h-1, AUC = 8.6 +/- 1.3 mg.L-1.h, Cmax = 2.4 +/- 0.7 mg.L-1; in hepatic injury rats, K = 0.16 +/- 0.03 h-1, Cl = 0.63 +/- 0.29 L.kg-1.h-1, AUC = 100 +/- 44 mg.L-1.h, Cmax = 6.7 +/- 2.8 mg.L-1. The pharmacokinetic parameters of HF were as follows: in normal rats, K(m) = 0.07 +/- 0.01 h-1, AUC = 219 +/- 22 mg.L-1.h, Cmax = 8.6 +/- 0.6 mg.L-1; in hepatic injury rats, K(m) = 0.05 +/- 0.01 h-1, AUC = 170 +/- 42 mg.L-1.h, Cmax = 3.8 +/- 0.8 mg.L-1. There were significant differences between the parameters of normal and hepatic injury rats (P < 0.01) except AUC of HF (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This HPLC assay was sensitive and precise, and the elimination of Flu and HF was inhibited significantly due to hepatic injury.  (+info)

Androgen and epidermal growth factor down-regulate cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 and costimulate proliferation of MDA PCa 2a and MDA PCa 2b prostate cancer cells. (5/384)

Low levels of p27Kip1 in primary prostate cancer specimens have been shown to be associated with higher rates of disease recurrence and poor rates of disease-free survival in patients with localized disease. In this study, we provide the first direct evidence showing that dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a major proliferation regulator of prostate cancer, can down-regulate p27Kip1 and stimulate cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2) activity in established prostate cancer cell lines. We investigated the cooperative effects of DHT and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the proliferation of androgen-responsive MDA PCa 2a and MDA PCa 2b prostate cancer cells. DHT and EGF each stimulated proliferation of these cells, but exposure of the cells to DHT and EGF together stimulated greater proliferation. Stimulation of cell proliferation by DHT and/or EGF was associated with increased CDK2 activity and a decreased level of p27Kip1. There seems to be a positive feedback stimulation loop between androgen-induced gene transcription and EGF-stimulated signal transduction, as one could stimulate the synthesis of the receptors for the other. Dual blockade of androgen receptor function with the antiandrogen hydroxyflutamide and EGF receptor superfamily-mediated signal transduction with the anti-EGF receptor monoclonal antibody C225 and the anti-HER2 receptor monoclonal antibody Herceptin significantly enhanced growth inhibition of the MDA PCa 2a cells. Our results demonstrate the importance of counteracting both androgen receptors and EGF receptors in the development of novel therapies for prostate cancer.  (+info)

Detection of the environmental antiandrogen p,p-DDE in CD and long-evans rats using a tier I screening battery and a Hershberger assay. (6/384)

In this report, p,p'-DDE, a weak androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, has been examined in a Tier I screening battery designed to detect endocrine-active compounds (EACs). The screening battery that was used to examine p,p'-DDE was an abbreviated version of a proposed Tier I screening battery (Cook et al., 1997, Regul. ToxicoL Pharmacol. 26, 60-68) that consisted of a 15-day intact male in vivo battery and an in vitro yeast transactivation system (YTS). In addition, strain sensitivity differences were evaluated using male Crl:CDIGS BR (CD) and Long-Evans (LE) rats. Finally, p,p'-DDE was examined in a Hershberger assay designed to detect AR agonists. In the in vivo male battery using CD rats, responses to p,p'-DDE included organ weight changes (increased relative liver weight and decreased absolute epididymis weight) and hormonal alterations (increased serum estradiol [E2] levels and decreased serum FSH and T4 levels). Responses to p,p'-DDE in LE rats included organ weight changes (increased relative liver weight, absolute epididymis weight, relative accessory sex gland [ASG] unit weight, as well as the individual component weights of the ASG [prostate and seminal vesicles]), and hormonal alterations (increased serum testosterone [T], E2, dihydrotestosterone [DHT], thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH], and decreased T4 levels). These data demonstrate that there are considerable strain-sensitivity differences to p,p'-DDE exposure. The described in vivo male battery using CD rats did not identify p,p'-DDE as an EAC. In contrast, the in vivo male battery using LE rats identified p,p'-DDE as a EAC. Evaluation of the data for the LE rats demonstrate that p,p'-DDE appears to be acting as an AR antagonist whose primary effects are more potent centrally than peripherally. In the YTS for the AR, p,p'-DDE had an EC50 value of 3.5 x 10(-4) M; however, in the AR YTS competition assay, p,p'-DDE did not inhibit DHT binding to the AR. p,p'-DDE was inactive in the YTS containing the estrogen receptor or progesterone receptor at the concentrations evaluated. In the Hershberger assay, p,p'-DDE administration caused antiandrogen-like effects characterized by attenuation of the testosterone propionate-induced increases in reproductive-organ weights. In summary, these data suggest that strain selection will affect the ability to detect certain weak EACs. However, a Tier I screening battery consisting of both in vivo and in vitro endpoints would reduce the chance that weak-acting compounds such as p,p'-DDE would not be identified as potential EACs.  (+info)

Testosterone signaling through internalizable surface receptors in androgen receptor-free macrophages. (7/384)

Testosterone acts on cells through intracellular transcription-regulating androgen receptors (ARs). Here, we show that mouse IC-21 macrophages lack the classical AR yet exhibit specific nongenomic responses to testosterone. These manifest themselves as testosterone-induced rapid increase in intracellular free [Ca(2+)], which is due to release of Ca(2+) from intracellular Ca(2+) stores. This Ca(2+) mobilization is also inducible by plasma membrane-impermeable testosterone-BSA. It is not affected by the AR blockers cyproterone and flutamide, whereas it is completely inhibited by the phospholipase C inhibitor U-73122 and pertussis toxin. Binding sites for testosterone are detectable on the surface of intact IC-21 cells, which become selectively internalized independent on caveolae and clathrin-coated vesicles upon agonist stimulation. Internalization is dependent on temperature, ATP, cytoskeletal elements, phospholipase C, and G-proteins. Collectively, our data provide evidence for the existence of G-protein-coupled, agonist-sequestrable receptors for testosterone in plasma membranes, which initiate a transcription-independent signaling pathway of testosterone.  (+info)

Combined treatment with the 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor PNU 157706 and the antiandrogen flutamide on the Dunning R3327 prostatic carcinoma in rats. (8/384)

The steroid 5 alpha-reductase enzyme catalyzes the conversion of testosterone to the potent androgen 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). PNU 157706, a novel, potent and selective dual 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, was reported to be effective in inhibiting the growth of established tumors in the Dunning R3327 rat prostatic carcinoma model. We have studied the efficacy of combined treatment with PNU 157706 and the antiandrogen flutamide in this prostatic tumor in rats. Rats with tumor diameters of about 1 cm were treated orally 6 days a week for 9 weeks with PNU 157706 (10 mg/kg per day) alone or in combination with flutamide (1 and 5 mg/kg per day). Animals were killed 24 h after the last treatment and ventral prostates were removed for testosterone and DHT determination. PNU 157706 reduced the growth of established tumors by 36%; flutamide showed a slight effect at 1 mg/kg per day (24% inhibition), while at the dose of 5 mg/kg per day it reduced tumor growth by 48%. The combination of PNU 157706 with the lower dose of flutamide caused an additive tumor growth inhibition (60%) and the combination with the higher dose of flutamide resulted in a better inhibition of tumor growth (68%) than did either treatment alone. Castration resulted in marked tumor growth inhibition (76%). Ventral prostate weight was more markedly reduced by PNU 157706 treatment than by flutamide; combined treatment was as effective as castration. Prostatic DHT content was markedly reduced by PNU 157706 (93%), whereas prostatic testosterone increased (137%). Concomitant treatment with flutamide partially antagonized the testosterone increase induced by PNU 157706 and did not modify the already considerable suppression of DHT. These data show that the inhibitory effects of PNU 157706 and flutamide on Dunning prostatic tumor growth are additive, thus supporting the rationale of this combination therapy in advanced prostate cancer, in order to achieve adequate androgen blockade with minimal side-effects.  (+info)

Flutamide is a medication that is used to treat prostate cancer in men. It is a type of drug called an androgen receptor antagonist, which means that it blocks the effects of male hormones (androgens) on the prostate gland. Flutamide is usually used in combination with other medications or surgery to treat prostate cancer. It can help to slow the growth of cancer cells and reduce the risk of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body. Flutamide is usually taken by mouth as tablets, and the dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the individual patient's condition and response to the medication. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare professional when taking flutamide, as it can cause side effects such as breast tenderness, breast enlargement, and hot flashes.

Androgen antagonists are a class of drugs that block the effects of androgens, which are male sex hormones such as testosterone. These drugs are often used to treat conditions such as prostate cancer, acne, and hirsutism (excessive hair growth in women) by reducing the levels of androgens in the body. They work by binding to androgen receptors, preventing androgens from binding to these receptors and exerting their effects. Examples of androgen antagonists include flutamide, bicalutamide, and spironolactone.

Androgens are a group of hormones that are primarily responsible for the development and maintenance of male characteristics. They are produced by the testes in males and by the ovaries and adrenal glands in females. The most well-known androgen is testosterone, which is responsible for the development of male sexual characteristics such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. Other androgens include dihydrotestosterone (DHT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and androstenedione. In addition to their role in sexual development, androgens also play a role in other bodily functions such as bone density, red blood cell production, and metabolism. They are also involved in the regulation of mood and behavior. Abnormal levels of androgens can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including androgen insensitivity syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and testicular feminization syndrome. Androgens are also used in medical treatment for conditions such as hypogonadism, breast cancer, and prostate cancer.

Testosterone is a hormone that is primarily produced in the testicles in males and in smaller amounts in the ovaries and adrenal glands in females. It is responsible for the development of male sexual characteristics, such as the growth of facial hair, deepening of the voice, and muscle mass. Testosterone also plays a role in bone density, red blood cell production, and the regulation of the body's metabolism. In the medical field, testosterone is often used to treat conditions related to low testosterone levels, such as hypogonadism (a condition in which the body does not produce enough testosterone), delayed puberty, and certain types of breast cancer in men. It can also be used to treat conditions related to low estrogen levels in women, such as osteoporosis and menopause symptoms. Testosterone therapy can be administered in various forms, including injections, gels, patches, and pellets. However, it is important to note that testosterone therapy can have side effects, such as acne, hair loss, and an increased risk of blood clots, and should only be prescribed by a healthcare professional.

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a hormone that is produced in the body from testosterone, a male sex hormone. DHT is a potent androgen, meaning that it has a strong effect on the development and maintenance of male characteristics. It is involved in the development of male reproductive organs, such as the prostate gland and testicles, and plays a role in the growth and maintenance of body hair, muscle mass, and bone density. In addition, DHT is thought to play a role in the development of prostate cancer. DHT is also found in women, but in lower levels than in men.

Androgen receptor antagonists are a class of drugs that block the action of androgens, which are male sex hormones such as testosterone. These drugs are used to treat a variety of conditions, including prostate cancer, acne, and hirsutism (excessive hair growth in women). They work by binding to the androgen receptor and preventing androgens from binding to it, which in turn prevents the androgens from exerting their effects on the body. Some examples of androgen receptor antagonists include flutamide, bicalutamide, and enzalutamide.

Receptors, Androgen are proteins found on the surface of cells that bind to and respond to androgens, a group of hormones that play a role in the development and maintenance of male characteristics. These receptors are primarily found in the prostate gland, testes, and reproductive organs, but they are also present in other parts of the body, such as the brain, bone, and muscle. Activation of androgen receptors by androgens can lead to a variety of effects, including the growth and development of male reproductive tissues, the maintenance of bone density, and the regulation of metabolism.

Anilides are a class of organic compounds that are derived from aniline, which is an aromatic amine. In the medical field, anilides are often used as intermediates in the synthesis of other drugs and pharmaceuticals. They can also be used as antiseptics, disinfectants, and as local anesthetics. Some specific examples of anilides that have medical applications include benzylamine, which is used as a local anesthetic, and chlorobenzylamine, which is used as a disinfectant.

Methyltestosterone is a synthetic androgenic anabolic steroid that is used in the medical field for the treatment of conditions such as delayed puberty, breast cancer in women, and muscle wasting diseases. It is also used to promote muscle growth and strength in athletes and bodybuilders. However, the use of methyltestosterone for these purposes is illegal without a prescription and can have serious side effects, including liver damage, high blood pressure, and infertility.

Antineoplastic agents, hormonal are a class of drugs that are used to treat cancer by targeting hormones that regulate cell growth and division. These drugs work by either blocking the production or action of hormones that promote cancer cell growth, or by stimulating the production of hormones that inhibit cancer cell growth. Examples of hormonal antineoplastic agents include tamoxifen, which is used to treat breast cancer, and leuprolide, which is used to treat prostate cancer. These drugs are often used in combination with other antineoplastic agents, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, to increase their effectiveness. It is important to note that hormonal antineoplastic agents are not effective for all types of cancer, and they may have side effects that can be serious or life-threatening. It is important for patients to discuss the potential risks and benefits of these drugs with their healthcare provider before starting treatment.

Tosyl compounds are a class of organic compounds that contain a tosyl group (-SO2CH3), which is derived from toluene. These compounds are commonly used in the medical field as intermediates in the synthesis of various drugs and pharmaceuticals. One example of a tosyl compound used in medicine is tosyl chloride, which is used as a reagent in the synthesis of a variety of drugs, including antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, and anticancer drugs. Another example is tosylate esters, which are used as intermediates in the synthesis of certain antibiotics and other drugs. Tosyl compounds can also be used as protecting groups in organic synthesis, where they are used to protect certain functional groups in a molecule during the synthesis process. This allows chemists to selectively modify other parts of the molecule without affecting the protected functional group. Once the desired modifications have been made, the protecting group can be removed to restore the original functional group.

Hyperandrogenism is a medical condition characterized by an excess of androgens, which are male sex hormones such as testosterone. This excess can lead to a variety of symptoms and health problems, particularly in women and girls. In women, hyperandrogenism can cause symptoms such as acne, excess hair growth (hirsutism), irregular menstrual periods, and infertility. It can also lead to conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is a hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age. In boys, hyperandrogenism can cause symptoms such as early puberty, excessive growth, and acne. It can also lead to conditions such as precocious puberty, which is the early onset of puberty. Hyperandrogenism can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic disorders, certain medications, and certain medical conditions such as Cushing's syndrome or adrenal gland tumors. Treatment for hyperandrogenism depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to lower androgen levels, lifestyle changes, or surgery.

Linuron is a herbicide that is used to control broadleaf weeds in various crops, including cereals, vegetables, and fruits. It is a systemic herbicide, which means that it is absorbed by the plant and transported throughout its tissues, ultimately killing the plant. In the medical field, Linuron is not used as a treatment for any medical condition. However, it is important to note that exposure to Linuron or other herbicides can have potential health effects on humans, including skin irritation, respiratory problems, and damage to the liver and kidneys. Therefore, it is important to follow proper safety precautions when handling and using herbicides, including wearing protective clothing and gloves, and avoiding contact with the skin or eyes.

Prostatic neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in the prostate gland, which is a small gland located in the male reproductive system. These tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign prostatic neoplasms, also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), are the most common type of prostatic neoplasm and are typically associated with an increase in the size of the prostate gland. Malignant prostatic neoplasms, on the other hand, are more serious and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. The most common type of prostate cancer is adenocarcinoma, which starts in the glandular cells of the prostate. Other types of prostatic neoplasms include sarcomas, which are rare and start in the connective tissue of the prostate, and carcinoid tumors, which are rare and start in the neuroendocrine cells of the prostate.

Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of various drugs and toxins in the human body. It is a member of the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes, which are responsible for the oxidation of a wide range of substrates, including drugs, hormones, and environmental pollutants. CYP1A2 is primarily expressed in the liver, but it is also found in other tissues such as the lungs, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. It is involved in the metabolism of many commonly used drugs, including caffeine, theophylline, and certain antidepressants, as well as some environmental pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and dioxins. The activity of CYP1A2 can be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetic polymorphisms, age, sex, and exposure to certain chemicals. Variations in CYP1A2 activity can affect the metabolism and clearance of drugs, leading to differences in drug response and toxicity among individuals. Therefore, understanding the role of CYP1A2 in drug metabolism is important for optimizing drug therapy and minimizing adverse effects.

Cryptorchidism is a medical condition in which one or both testicles fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum, the pouch of skin that hangs behind the penis. This can occur in newborns, infants, and children, and is more common in males than females. In some cases, the testicles may descend into the scrotum within the first few months of life, but in others, the testicles may remain in the abdomen or inguinal canal (the canal that connects the abdomen to the scrotum) throughout life. Cryptorchidism can have a number of potential health consequences, including an increased risk of testicular cancer, infertility, and problems with sexual development. Treatment typically involves surgical intervention to move the testicles into the scrotum.

... is a prodrug to a more active form. Flutamide and its active form stay in the body for a relatively short time, which ... Flutamide is available in the form of 125 mg oral capsules and 250 mg oral tablets. The side effects of flutamide are sex- ... Flutamide has been studied in the treatment of bulimia nervosa in women. Flutamide was found to be effective in the treatment ... Flutamide was the first NSAA to be introduced, and was followed by nilutamide in 1989 and then bicalutamide in 1995. Flutamide ...
A favourable feature of flutamide therapy has been its lesser effect on libido and sexual potency; fewer than 20% of patients ... Androgen receptor antagonists such as flutamide and bicalutamide cause little to no decrease in sexual desire in women. Low ... Among the slight and temporary adverse events [of flutamide], most frequently reported and not requesting treatment ... Brogden RN, Clissold SP (August 1989). "Flutamide. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, ...
A favourable feature of flutamide therapy has been its lesser effect on libido and sexual potency; fewer than 20% of patients ... ISBN 978-1-4899-0917-6. Brogden RN, Clissold SP (August 1989). "Flutamide. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and ... of those given flutamide alone (Johansson et al. 1987; Lund & Rasmussen 1988). Gunther Göretzlehner; Christian Lauritzen; ... treated with flutamide alone reported such changes. In contrast, nearly all patients treated with oestrogens or estramustine ...
Due to the relatively short half-lives of flutamide and hydroxyflutamide, flutamide must be taken three times daily at 8-hour ... of patients treated with flutamide. The rate of nausea and vomiting appears to be lower with bicalutamide and flutamide than ... with respective incidences far below those of flutamide and nilutamide. In contrast to flutamide and nilutamide, no unique or ... Flutamide and nilutamide are first-generation NSAAs, similarly to bicalutamide, and all three drugs possess the same core ...
It is effective similarly to flutamide but is much safer as well as better-tolerated. Birth control pills that consist of an ... Flutamide is safe and effective. GnRH analogues: Suppress androgen production by the gonads and reduce androgen concentrations ... Flutamide: A pure antiandrogen. It has been found to possess equivalent or greater effectiveness than spironolactone, ... Giorgetti R, di Muzio M, Giorgetti A, Girolami D, Borgia L, Tagliabracci A (2017). "Flutamide-induced hepatotoxicity: ethical ...
... with flutamide. Hence, free testosterone levels with flutamide were approximately 1.6-fold higher in young men than in elderly ... In addition, flutamide, nilutamide, and enzalutamide have been found to cause convulsions and/or death in mice at sufficiently ... administration of flutamide in a group of normally-cycling women produced a clinical improvement of acne and hirsutism without ... Luo S, Martel C, Chen C, Labrie C, Candas B, Singh SM, Labrie F (December 1997). "Daily dosing with flutamide or Casodex exerts ...
... flutamide monotherapy (750 mg/day) versus cyproterone acetate (300 mg/day) EORTC 30903 - prednisone versus flutamide EORTC ... 1989). "Zoladex and flutamide vs orchidectomy: a phase III EORTC 30853 trial. EORTC Urological Group". Progress in Clinical and ... September 1990). "Zoladex and flutamide versus bilateral orchiectomy. A randomized phase III EORTC 30853 study. The EORTC GU ... April 2004). "Metastatic prostate cancer treated by flutamide versus cyproterone acetate. Final analysis of the "European ...
Several trials demonstrated complete clearing of acne with flutamide [62,77]. Flutamide used in combination with an [oral ... Bicalutamide and flutamide, though not nilutamide, can also be classified as toluidides. All three of the compounds share a ... administration of flutamide in a group of normally-cycling women produced a clinical improvement of acne and hirsutism without ... Luo S, Martel C, Chen C, Labrie C, Candas B, Singh SM, Labrie F (December 1997). "Daily dosing with flutamide or Casodex exerts ...
Dukes M, Furr BJ, Hughes LR, Tucker H, Woodburn JR (2000). "Nonsteroidal progestins and antiprogestins related to flutamide". ...
Goldspiel, Barry R.; Kohler, David R. (June 1990). "Flutamide: An Antiandrogen for Advanced Prostate Cancer". DICP. 24 (6): 616 ... flutamide, and spironolactone. Drugs with fair evidence for association with gynecomastia include calcium channel blockers such ...
Several trials demonstrated complete clearing of acne with flutamide [62,77]. Flutamide used in combination with an [oral ... Flutamide has generally been found to reduce symptoms of acne by 80 or 90% even at low doses, with several studies showing ... Flutamide use (750 mg po qd) has been reported by some clinicians (Israel & Tarver, 1997; Levy et al., 2003). Hepatotoxicity ... 88% in the [flutamide, nilutamide and bicalutamide] versus CPA groups, respectively. Libby V, Lee M, Liu JH (August 2019). " ...
Like spironolactone, flutamide is typically only used by women. Bicalutamide is another option for the treatment of female ... It has a far lower risk of liver toxicity than flutamide and is said to have an excellent safety profile. However, bicalutamide ... There is tentative evidence for flutamide in women; however, it is associated with relatively high rates of liver problems and ... Other options include topical or systemic spironolactone or flutamide, although they have a high incidence of feminising side ...
As such, the use of flutamide for acne has become increasingly limited, and it has been argued that continued use of flutamide ... Although effective, flutamide has a risk of serious liver toxicity, and cases of death in women taking even low doses of the ... Flutamide, a pure antagonist of the androgen receptor, is effective in treating acne in women. It appears to reduce acne ... In one study, flutamide decreased acne scores by 80% within three months, whereas spironolactone decreased symptoms by only 40 ...
There are case reports of suspected cross-hepatotoxicity between CPA and flutamide. As such, CPA and flutamide may be cross- ... 0% for 750 mg/day flutamide (n = 134). However, the final analysis of the last study (EORTC Trial 30892) indicated that VTE ... A large randomized controlled trial that compared CPA and flutamide in men with prostate cancer found that the rates of ... The effects of flutamide and the steroidal derivatives, cyproterone acetate, chlormadinone acetate, megestrol acetate and ...
Due to its risks, the use of flutamide in cisgender and transgender women is now limited and discouraged. Flutamide and ... Flutamide and nilutamide have relatively high toxicity, including considerable risks of liver damage and lung disease. ... Bicalutamide is said to have excellent tolerability and safety relative to flutamide and nilutamide, as well as in comparison ... ISBN 978-0-7817-6879-5. Giorgetti R, di Muzio M, Giorgetti A, Girolami D, Borgia L, Tagliabracci A (March 2017). "Flutamide- ...
Flutamide became the first NSAA to be tested clinically. Later the NSAAs bicalutamide and nilutamide were developed. The ... Flutamide is an arylpropionamide analog with pure antiandrogenic properties, seen in figure 4. It is completely absorbed from ... Bicalutamide is not as hepatotoxic as flutamide and nilutamide and has a longer half-life, of 6 days in humans, that allows ... Bicalutamide has a cyano group at the para position instead of a nitro group like flutamide and nilutamide. This change in ...
Nonsteroidal antiandrogens like flutamide and bicalutamide are more efficacious as antiandrogens than CPA in castrated animals ... In addition, CPA alone increased prostate weight by 60%, whereas flutamide had no effect. As a result of its weak intrinsic ... Accordingly, CPA shows weak androgenic effects in the liver in rodents which can be blocked by flutamide. A paradoxical effect ... The effects of flutamide and the steroidal derivatives, cyproterone acetate, chlormadinone acetate, megestrol acetate and ...
It was first introduced for medical use in 1987 in France and was the second NSAA to be marketed, with flutamide preceding it ... For comparison, the risk of elevated liver enzymes has been reported as 4 to 62% in the case of flutamide. The risk of ... Similarly to flutamide, nilutamide exhibits mitochondrial toxicity in hepatocytes by inhibiting respiratory complex I (NADH ... September 2007). "Comparison of the cytotoxicity of the nitroaromatic drug flutamide to its cyano analogue in the hepatocyte ...
1996). "Relative potencies of Flutamide and Casodex: preclinical studies". Endocrine Related Cancer. 3 (3): 229-241. doi: ... and the major active metabolite of flutamide, which is considered to be a prodrug of hydroxyflutamide as the active form. It ...
Flutamide is first introduced for medical use in the United States, to treat prostate cancer 1989: Flutamide is first studied ... For example, although flutamide has about 10-fold lower affinity for the AR than CPA, it shows equal or slightly greater ... Flutamide has also been studied extensively for such uses, but has fallen out of favor due to its association with ... Flutamide was followed by nilutamide in 1989 and bicalutamide in 1995. In addition to these three drugs, which have been ...
... antiandrogens such as nonsteroidal antiandrogens like flutamide, nilutamide, and bicalutamide; and androgen synthesis ...
However, the use of flutamide for acne is limited by its liver toxicity. Bicalutamide is a potential alternative to flutamide ... In one study, flutamide decreased acne scores by 80% within 3 months, whereas spironolactone decreased symptoms by only 40% in ... In addition, some clinical research has found that flutamide is more effective than spironolactone in the treatment of acne. ... Spironolactone, the 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride, and the nonsteroidal antiandrogen flutamide all appear to have similar ...
... of the patients treated with Flutamide in several trials comparing Flutamide, as part of MAB, versus castration [56-58]. ... Gao X, Xie C, Wang Y, Luo Y, Yagai T, Sun D, Qin X, Krausz KW, Gonzalez FJ (November 2016). "The antiandrogen flutamide is a ... Minimal rates of reduced sex drive have also been associated with the related NSAA flutamide. These findings are in accordance ... Five patients refused therapy; 88 patients (32 [8.0%] in the bicalutamide plus LHRH-A group and 56 [13.8%] in the flutamide ...
To further test the role of activated androgen receptors on AHN, flutamide, an antiandrogen drug that competes with ... Zhang JM, Tonelli L, Regenold WT, McCarthy MM (2010). "Effects of neonatal flutamide treatment on hippocampal neurogenesis and ... In preadolescent male rats, neonatal rats treated with flutamide developed more depression-like symptoms compared to control ... Dihydrotestosterone increased the number of BrdU cells, while flutamide inhibited these cells. Moreover, estrogens had no ...
Particularly, spironolactone and topical flutamide are some examples which have been studied. Likewise, the excessive hair ...
Poyet P, Labrie F (October 1985). "Comparison of the antiandrogenic/androgenic activities of flutamide, cyproterone acetate and ...
2011). Adjuvant therapy with flutamide for presurgical volume reduction in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Head Neck. 33: ...
Cusan L, Dupont A, Gomez JL, Tremblay RR, Labrie F (February 1994). "Comparison of flutamide and spironolactone in the ... but not flutamide, administration prevents bone loss in hyperandrogenic women treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone ... Spironolactone But Not Flutamide Administration Prevents Bone Loss in Hyperandrogenic Women Treated with Gonadotropin-Releasing ... other studies have found that 100 mg/day spironolactone is significantly or near-significantly inferior to 500 mg/day flutamide ...
The effects of flutamide and the steroidal derivatives, cyproterone acetate, chlormadinone acetate, megestrol acetate and ... All steroidal compounds stimulated tumor growth while flutamide had no stimulatory effect [51]. Thus, CPA due to its intrinsic ... When compared to flutamide, [cyproterone acetate] has significant intrinsic androgenic and estrogenic activities. [...] ... flutamide, and finasteride. Randomized controlled trials have found that higher dosages of CPA (e.g., 20 mg/day or 100 mg/day) ...
Knuth UA, Hano R, Nieschlag E (November 1984). "Effect of flutamide or cyproterone acetate on pituitary and testicular hormones ...
Flutamide: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Before taking flutamide,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to flutamide or any other medications. ... you should know that flutamide is only for use in men. If taken by pregnant women, flutamide can harm the fetus. Women who are ... ask your doctor about the safe use of alcoholic beverages while you are taking flutamide. Flutamide may cause facial flushing, ...
Flutamide) may treat, side effects, dosage, drug interactions, warnings, patient labeling, reviews, and related medications ... Distribution: In male rats administered an oral 5 mg/kg dose of 14 C-flutamide neither flutamide nor any of its metabolites is ... EULEXIN (flutamide) Capsules are contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to flutamide or any component of this ... The plasma half-life for the alpha-hydroxylated metabolite of flutamide is approximately 6 hours. Flutamide, in vivo , at ...
Provides a summary of interactions with vitamins, herbs, and food
Identification of a novel glutathione conjugate of flutamide in incubations with human liver microsomes. Download Prime PubMed ... Bioactivation of flutamide metabolites by human liver microsomes.. *Comparison of in vitro bioactivation of flutamide and its ... Flutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogen drug widely used in the treatment of prostate cancer, has been associated with rare ... Identification of a Novel Glutathione Conjugate of Flutamide in Incubations With Human Liver Microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. ...
... in flutamide-treated rats compared to the controls. Short-term treatment with flutamide applied to adult rats exerts its ... On the other hand, Cx43 expression in the interstitial tissue of flutamide-treated rats increased (p < 0.01), which could be ... Testes from 90-day-old control and flutamide-exposed rats were used for all analyses. Testis morphology was analyzed using ... Flutamide (50 mg/kg body weight) was administered to male rats daily from 82 to 88 postnatal day. ...
Flutamide is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in combination with LHRH agonists for the management ... Flutamide-induced inhibition of androgens at the cellular level complements the castration effects of LHRH agonists. ... Leuprolide with and without flutamide in advanced prostate cancer. Cancer. 1990 Sep 1. 66(5 Suppl):1039-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link] ... The antiandrogenic effects of flutamide are mediated by the inhibition of the uptake and/or nuclear binding of testosterone and ...
Nom du produit: Generic flutamide. Active component:. Analogues de flutamide: flutamide. Disponibilité: In Stock!. Mode de ... Ordonnance requise: Aucune prescription requise pour le flutamide générique Noté 5/5 sur la base de votes dutilisateurs.. Info ...
"Информация о компании Eulexin: Buy Flutamide Purchase Online. Телефон, адрес, количество сотрудников. Looking for a eulexin? ... order flutamide eulexin el paso. eulexin 250mg two day delivery. eulexin order american pharmacy. cod eulexin 250 mg. eulexin ... buy flutamide eulexin purchase online. no script eulexin generic shop. secure eulexin canada bestellen cod. eulexin trusted ...
Flutamide is an anticancer medicine, it is used to treat advanced prostate cancer in men. Learn about its mechanism of action, ... Can we use Flutamide in children and women? . *No, Flutamide is not intended for women. There is limited research only ... How long do I need to take Flutamide?. *It is advised to take as long as your doctor advises to take Flutamide. Do not stop ... How is Flutamide administered?. *Flutamide is available only in tablet form. It should be taken by mouth. Take the medicine as ...
Fluridil or Flutamide I was reading a post on hairlosscure2020 and he was discussing Fluridil and Flutamide. At this point im ...
Flutamide. Flutamide is an anti-androgen that is used to treat prostate cancer. It works by blocking androgen receptors.5,7 ... Side effects: The most concerning side effect of flutamide is liver toxicity, which appears to be related to dose and older age ... Effectiveness: A 2011 clinical trial indicated that flutamide was as effective as COCs containing CPA in treating acne lesions. ... Adalatkhah, H., Pourfarzi, F. & Sadeghi-Bazargani, H. Flutamide versus a cyproterone acetate-ethinyl estradiol combination in ...
Administration of tamoxifen but not flutamide to hormonally ...Wiley. onlinelibrary.wiley.com ...
The signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia listed in Table 3 can be roughly correlated with the percentage of total hemoglobin in the oxidized form (see "Clinical Assessment-Laboratory Tests"). Unfortunately, because methemoglobin (MetHb) is generally expressed as a percent of total hemoglobin, levels may not correspond with symptoms in some patients. For example, a patient with a MetHb level of 20% and total hemoglobin of 15 grams per deciliter (g/dL) still has 12 g/dL of functioning hemoglobin, whereas a patient with a MetHb level of 20% and total hemoglobin of 8 g/dL has only 6.4 g/dL of functioning hemoglobin. Anemia, acidosis, respiratory compromise, cardiovascular disease, sepsis or the presence of other abnormal hemoglobin species (i.e. carboxyhemoglobin, sulfhemoglobin, sickle hemoglobin (HbS) may make patients more symptomatic than expected for a given MetHb level [Wright et al. 1999; Ash-Bernal et al. 2004; Skold et al. 2011].. Due to the large excess capacity of the blood to carry ...
Do not take flutamide if you are pregnant. Flutamide is not indicated for use by women. It is not known whether flutamide ... Flutamide is not indicated for use by women. Flutamide is in the FDA pregnancy category D. This means that it is known to harm ... Store flutamide at room temperature away from moisture and heat.. If you missed a dose - take the missed dose as soon as you ... Continue to take flutamide and talk to your doctor if you experience:. *hot flashes, diarrhea, skin rash, increased skin ...
bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide. Antiestrogens. Antiestrogens bind to estrogen receptor site on cancer cells thus blocking ...
flutamide. *hydroxychloroquine. *iron supplements (e.g., ferrous fumarate, ferrous gluconate, ferrous sulfate: do not take ...
flutamide. *galantamine. *gliptin diabetes medications (e.g., linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin). *grapefruit juice ...
The first and only case report of AKI associated with ADT (the oral antiandrogen flutamide) was published in 2002 by Turkish ... flutamide, bicalutamide, nilutamide); combined androgen blockade (GnRH agonists plus oral antiandrogens); bilateral orchiectomy ...
Flutamide Euflex, Eulexin. 125 mg. Hormonal Therapy Androgen Receptor Inhibitor. Yes 1989. In Use. ...
Exposure to certain medications such as flutamide, cyproterone, bicalutamide, spironolactone, ketoconazole, or cimetidine. ...
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McCormick CM, Mahoney E. Persistent effects of prenatal, neonatal, or adult treatment with flutamide on the hypothalamic- ... flutamide) or an aromatase inhibitor (ATD) during the perinatal period have a reduced decline in ACTH and CORT responses to ... flutamide) or ATD markedly increases PVN CRH and anterior pituitary POMC mRNA following stress in adulthood [7]. Consequently, ... or if ARs are antagonized with flutamide, during the prenatal or postnatal periods in male rats, increased basal and stress- ...
flutamide. Minor (1)anastrozole will increase the level or effect of flutamide by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 ... flutamide. anastrozole will increase the level or effect of flutamide by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism ...
Fluorinated and pegylated polyaspartamide derivatives to increase solubility and efficacy of Flutamide. Articolo in rivista. ...
Spironolactone, but not flutamide, administration prevents bone loss in hyperandrogenic women treated with gonadotropin- ...
The antiandrogens used are of two types: androgen receptor blockers (such as spironolactone, flutamide and cyproterone acetate ...
Prior treatment with first-generation AR antagonists (i.e., bicalutamide, nilutamide, flutamide) before abiraterone or ...
Contributions of Arylacetamide Deacetylase and Carboxylesterase 2 to Flutamide Hydrolysis in Human Liver Yuki Kobayashi, ...
  • Eulexin (flutamide) Capsules is an antiandrogen used to treat prostate cancer . (rxlist.com)
  • Our Eulexin (flutamide) Capsules Side Effects Drug Center provides a comprehensive view of available drug information on the potential side effects when taking this medication. (rxlist.com)
  • EULEXIN Capsules contain flutamide, an acetanilid, nonsteroidal, orally active anti- androgen having the chemical name, 2-methyl-N-[4-nitro-3 (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] propanamide. (rxlist.com)
  • The inactive ingredients for EULEXIN (flutamide) Capsules include: corn starch, lactose, magnesium stearate, povidone, and sodium lauryl sulfate. (rxlist.com)
  • EULEXIN (flutamide) Capsules are indicated for use in combination with LHRH agonists for the management of locally confined Stage B 2 -C and Stage D 2 metastatic carcinoma of the prostate . (rxlist.com)
  • Treatment with EULEXIN (flutamide) Capsules and the LHRH agonist should start 8 weeks prior to initiating radiation therapy and continue during radiation therapy. (rxlist.com)
  • To achieve benefit from treatment, EULEXIN (flutamide) Capsules should be initiated with the LHRH agonist and continued until progression. (rxlist.com)
  • Treatment with EULEXIN (flutamide) Capsules and the LHRH agonist did not add substantially to the toxicity of radiation treatment alone. (rxlist.com)
  • The following adverse experiences were reported during a multicenter clinical trial comparing EULEXIN (flutamide) Capsules + LHRH-A +radiation versus radiation alone. (rxlist.com)
  • Prior treatment with first-generation AR antagonists (i.e., bicalutamide, nilutamide, flutamide) before abiraterone or enzalutamide is allowed. (mayo.edu)
  • Flutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogen drug widely used in the treatment of prostate cancer, has been associated with rare incidences of hepatotoxicity in patients. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The first and only case report of AKI associated with ADT (the oral antiandrogen flutamide) was published in 2002 by Turkish clinicians ( Med Oncol . (medscape.com)
  • Flutamide is in a class of medications called nonsteroidal antiandrogens. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Flutamide tablets may be given in combination with LHRH agonists. (mrmed.in)
  • Continue to take flutamide along with the LHRH agonist treatment even if you feel well. (medlineplus.gov)
  • You may not be able to take flutamide, or you may require a dosage adjustment or special monitoring during treatment if you have any of the conditions listed above. (us.org)
  • NADPH- and GSH-supplemented human liver microsomal incubations of flutamide gave rise to a novel GSH conjugate where GSH moiety was conjugated to the flutamide molecule via the amide nitrogen, resulting in a sulfenamide. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Interestingly, the same adduct was formed when flutamide was incubated with human liver microsomes in the presence of GSSG and NADPH. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The U.S. FDA-approved Flutamide to treat people with prostate cancer conditions on 27th January 1989. (mrmed.in)
  • Flutamide is used to treat advanced prostate cancer in men. (mrmed.in)
  • Flutamide is an orally administered drug. (mrmed.in)
  • tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to flutamide or any other medications. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Do not take this medicine if you are allergic to Flutamide and its other ingredient. (mrmed.in)
  • Serious side effects while taking Flutamide are liver problems (hepatitis), stomach pain, dark urine, allergic reaction swelling in the leg and other parts. (mrmed.in)
  • Store Flutamide in the original package at room temperature (20°C to 25°C). Keep the tablets away from the reach of children and pets. (mrmed.in)
  • Store flutamide at room temperature away from moisture and heat. (us.org)
  • If taken by pregnant women, flutamide can harm the fetus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Women who are or may become pregnant should not take flutamide. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you take flutamide while you are pregnant, call your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Do not take flutamide if you are pregnant. (us.org)
  • Flutamide may cause liver damage that can be serious or life-threatening. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Your doctor will order certain blood tests to check how well your liver is working before you begin taking flutamide, every month for the first 4 months of your treatment, and periodically for as long as your treatment continues. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There have been postmarketing reports of hospitalization and rarely death due to liver failure in patients taking flutamide. (rxlist.com)
  • If at any time a patient has jaundice, or their ALT rises above 2 times the upper limit of normal, flutamide should be immediately discontinued with close follow-up of liver function tests until resolution. (rxlist.com)
  • Flutamide should be used cautiously in patients with liver problems. (mrmed.in)
  • Your doctor will need to monitor your liver function with blood tests before starting treatment with flutamide, every month for the first 4 months of treatment, and periodically thereafter. (us.org)
  • In rare cases, flutamide has caused severe liver damage resulting in death or hospitalization. (us.org)
  • Flutamide is in the FDA pregnancy category D. This means that it is known to harm an unborn baby. (us.org)
  • Approximately half of the reported cases occurred within the initial 3 months of treatment with flutamide. (rxlist.com)
  • Serum transaminase levels should be measured prior to starting treatment with flutamide. (rxlist.com)
  • Short-term treatment with flutamide applied to adult rats exerts its primary effect on the basal ES, coexisting junctional complexes and their constituent proteins Cx43 and ZO-1, without any apparent morphological alterations in the seminiferous epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Flutamide is not recommended for women and children. (mrmed.in)
  • Can we use Flutamide in children and women? (mrmed.in)
  • No, Flutamide is not intended for women. (mrmed.in)
  • Flutamide is not indicated for use by women. (us.org)
  • Do not stop taking Flutamide without talking to your doctor. (mrmed.in)
  • Talk to your doctor about the risks of taking flutamide. (medlineplus.gov)
  • ask your doctor about the safe use of alcoholic beverages while you are taking flutamide. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you have overdosed on Flutamide tablets or someone accidentally takes your tablet, contact the hospital or a doctor immediately for medical advice. (mrmed.in)
  • Flutamide is usually taken three times a day (every 8 hours). (us.org)
  • In contrast, estrogens (estradiol, bisphenol-A, and 4-tert-octylphenol), pure anti-estrogen ICI 182,780 (ICI), and anti-androgens (4-OH-flutamide or the vinclozolin metabolite M-2) had no effect on P production even at 1000 nM. (cdc.gov)
  • flutamide reversed this effect. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although it is rare, some men taking flutamide have developed breast cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is not known whether flutamide passes into breast milk. (us.org)
  • Flutamide is not recommended in patients whose ALT values exceed twice the upper limit of normal. (rxlist.com)
  • Flutamide (50 mg/kg body weight) was administered to male rats daily from 82 to 88 postnatal day. (biomedcentral.com)