A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.
The active metabolite of FOLIC ACID. Leucovorin is used principally as an antidote to FOLIC ACID ANTAGONISTS.
Antimetabolites that are useful in cancer chemotherapy.
The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
An oxidoreductase involved in pyrimidine base degradation. It catalyzes the catabolism of THYMINE; URACIL and the chemotherapeutic drug, 5-FLUOROURACIL.
Organic compounds which contain platinum as an integral part of the molecule.
Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.
An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the reaction 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate and dUMP to dihydrofolate and dTMP in the synthesis of thymidine triphosphate. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 2.1.1.45.
An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.
An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity.
An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.
Uracil is a nitrogenous base found in RNA that is not present in DNA.
An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.
Drug therapy given to augment or stimulate some other form of treatment such as surgery or radiation therapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy is commonly used in the therapy of cancer and can be administered before or after the primary treatment.
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.
5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate. An inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase. Formed from 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine.
The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.
Congener of FLUOROURACIL with comparable antineoplastic action. It has been suggested especially for the treatment of breast neoplasms.
An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.
Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)
A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.
4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.
Period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease.
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.
Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of DAUNORUBICIN.
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.
Deoxycytidine is a nucleoside that is a building block of DNA and is involved in DNA replication and repair.
An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6)
Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.
Regional infusion of drugs via an arterial catheter. Often a pump is used to impel the drug through the catheter. Used in therapy of cancer, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, infection, and peripheral vascular disease.
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.
A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.
5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.
Agents counteracting or neutralizing the action of POISONS.
The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.
A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
The adaptation of therapeutic approaches such as pharmacological (DRUG CHRONOTHERAPY), surgical, radiological, or physical to the known variations in biological RHYTHMICITY, such as CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS. The treatment is aimed at supporting normal rhythms, or modifying the timing of therapy to achieve maximal efficacy and minimal adverse effect.
A group of diterpenoid CYCLODECANES named for the taxanes that were discovered in the TAXUS tree. The action on MICROTUBULES has made some of them useful as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS.
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.
The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.
Leukopenia is a medical condition characterized by a decrease in the number of white blood cells in the body.
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).
Resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures.
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.
Preliminary cancer therapy (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone/endocrine therapy, immunotherapy, hyperthermia, etc.) that precedes a necessary second modality of treatment.
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of 2-deoxy-D-ribose from THYMIDINE to orthophosphate, thereby liberating thymidine.
An enzyme which catalyzes the deamination of CYTOSINE resulting in the formation of URACIL. It can also act on 5-methylcytosine to form THYMIDINE.
Any process by which toxicity, metabolism, absorption, elimination, preferred route of administration, safe dosage range, etc., for a drug or group of drugs is determined through clinical assessment in humans or veterinary animals.
Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).
Antagonist of urate oxidase.
An autosomal recessive disorder affecting DIHYDROPYRIMIDINE DEHYDROGENASE and causing familial pyrimidinemia. It is characterized by thymine-uraciluria in homozygous deficient patients. Even a partial deficiency in the enzyme leaves individuals at risk for developing severe 5-FLUOROURACIL-associated toxicity.
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.
The local recurrence of a neoplasm following treatment. It arises from microscopic cells of the original neoplasm that have escaped therapeutic intervention and later become clinically visible at the original site.
A branch of the celiac artery that distributes to the stomach, pancreas, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, and greater omentum.
A cyclodecane isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, TAXUS BREVIFOLIA. It stabilizes MICROTUBULES in their polymerized form leading to cell death.
Uracil nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety.
Uridine is a nucleoside that plays a role in RNA synthesis and metabolism.
A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.
One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.
A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of ribose from uridine to orthophosphate, forming uracil and ribose 1-phosphate.
The highest dose of a biologically active agent given during a chronic study that will not reduce longevity from effects other than carcinogenicity. (from Lewis Dictionary of Toxicology, 1st ed)
The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.
A group of methylazirinopyrroloindolediones obtained from certain Streptomyces strains. They are very toxic antibiotics used as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS in some solid tumors. PORFIROMYCIN and MITOMYCIN are the most useful members of the group.
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
Radiotherapy given to augment some other form of treatment such as surgery or chemotherapy. Adjuvant radiotherapy is commonly used in the therapy of cancer and can be administered before or after the primary treatment.
A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.
2'-Deoxyuridine. An antimetabolite that is converted to deoxyuridine triphosphate during DNA synthesis. Laboratory suppression of deoxyuridine is used to diagnose megaloblastic anemias due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Tumors or cancer of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, from the MOUTH to the ANAL CANAL.
Agents obtained from higher plants that have demonstrable cytostatic or antineoplastic activity.
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.
The penultimate step in the pathway of histidine biosynthesis. Oxidation of the alcohol group on the side chain gives the acid group forming histidine. Histidinol has also been used as an inhibitor of protein synthesis.
Chemical substances, produced by microorganisms, inhibiting or preventing the proliferation of neoplasms.
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
The enzyme catalyzing the formation of orotidine-5'-phosphoric acid (orotidylic acid) from orotic acid and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate in the course of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. EC 2.4.2.10.
The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.
Thiophenes are a class of heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur that are used in the medical field as anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents.
Antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to make them nearly identical with human antibodies. If the constant region and part of the variable region are replaced, they are called humanized. If only the constant region is modified they are called chimeric. INN names for humanized antibodies end in -zumab.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Methods of investigating the effectiveness of anticancer cytotoxic drugs and biologic inhibitors. These include in vitro cell-kill models and cytostatic dye exclusion tests as well as in vivo measurement of tumor growth parameters in laboratory animals.
Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.
The total amount of radiation absorbed by tissues as a result of radiotherapy.
Leukemia L1210 is a type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia that is commonly used as a research model to study cancer biology and test new treatments.
Antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.)
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.
Treatment that combines chemotherapy with radiotherapy.
The area covering the terminal portion of ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of STOMACH at the cardiac orifice.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Therapeutic act or process that initiates a response to a complete or partial remission level.
Any surgical procedure for treatment of glaucoma by means of puncture or reshaping of the trabecular meshwork. It includes goniotomy, trabeculectomy, and laser perforation.
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.
The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.
The administration of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through some other route than the alimentary canal, usually over minutes or hours, either by gravity flow or often by infusion pumping.
Catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleosides with the elimination of ammonia.
An amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported.
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.
Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.
Human colonic ADENOCARCINOMA cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells such as the GOBLET CELLS.
Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
Derivatives of acetic acid with one or more fluorines attached. They are almost odorless, difficult to detect chemically, and very stable. The acid itself, as well as the derivatives that are broken down in the body to the acid, are highly toxic substances, behaving as convulsant poisons with a delayed action. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)
A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.
An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase.
Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a pentose group from one compound to another.

Intensive weekly chemotherapy is not effective in advanced pancreatic cancer patients: a report from the Italian Group for the Study of Digestive Tract Cancer (GISCAD). (1/6112)

Twenty-two patients, with locally advanced unresectable and/or metastatic pancreatic carcinoma, received weekly administration of cisplatin 40 mg m(-2), 5-fluorouracil 500 mg m(-2), epidoxorubicin 35 mg m(-2), 6S stereoisomer of leucovorin 250 mg m(-2) and glutathione 1.5 mg m(-2), supported by a daily administration of lenograstim at a dose of 5 microg kg(-1). Nineteen patients were men and three were women. Median age was 63 years (range 47-70). At study entry, pain was present in 15 out of 22 patients (68%) with a mean value of Scott-Huskisson scale of 27.6+/-23.8, whereas a weight loss >10% was present in 15 patients. After eight weekly treatments, three partial responses were achieved for a response rate of 13% (95% CI 0-26%), five patients had stable disease and 14 progressed on therapy. Pain was present in 9 out of 22 patients (40%) with a mean value of Scott-Huskisson scale of 12.3+/-18.4. Eight patients (36%) (three partial response and five stable disease) had a positive weight change. Toxicity was mild: WHO grade III or IV toxicity was recorded in terms of anaemia in 7 out of 188 cycles (3.7%), of neutropenia in 9 out of 188 cycles (4.7%) and of thrombocytopenia in 3 out of 188 cycles (1.5%). Median survival of all patients was 6 months. The outcome of this intensive chemotherapy regimen does not support its use in pancreatic cancer.  (+info)

Is early post-operative treatment with 5-fluorouracil possible without affecting anastomotic strength in the intestine? (2/6112)

Early post-operative local or systemic administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is under investigation as a means to improve outcome after resection of intestinal malignancies. It is therefore quite important to delineate accurately its potentially negative effects on anastomotic repair. Five groups (n = 24) of rats underwent resection and anastomosis of both ileum and colon: a control group and four experimental groups receiving daily 5-FU, starting immediately after operation or after 1, 2 or 3 days. Within each group, the drug (or saline) was delivered either intraperitoneally (n = 12) or intravenously (n = 12). Animals were killed 7 days after operation and healing was assessed by measurement of anastomotic bursting pressure, breaking strength and hydroxyproline content. In all cases, 5-FU treatment from the day of operation or from day 1 significantly (P<0.025) and severely suppressed wound strength; concomitantly, the anastomotic hydroxyproline content was reduced. Depending on the location of the anastomosis and the route of 5-FU administration, even a period of 3 days between operation and first dosage seemed insufficient to prevent weakening of the anastomosis. The effects of intravenous administration, though qualitatively similar, were quantitatively less dramatic than those observed after intraperitoneal delivery. Post-operative treatment with 5-FU, if started within the first 3 days after operation, is detrimental to anastomotic strength and may compromise anastomotic integrity.  (+info)

Profound variation in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity in human blood cells: major implications for the detection of partly deficient patients. (3/6112)

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is responsible for the breakdown of the widely used antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil (5FU), thereby limiting the efficacy of the therapy. To identify patients suffering from a complete or partial DPD deficiency, the activity of DPD is usually determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM cells). In this study, we demonstrated that the highest activity of DPD was found in monocytes followed by that of lymphocytes, granulocytes and platelets, whereas no significant activity of DPD could be detected in erythrocytes. The activity of DPD in PBM cells proved to be intermediate compared with the DPD activity observed in monocytes and lymphocytes. The mean percentage of monocytes in the PBM cells obtained from cancer patients proved to be significantly higher than that observed in PBM cells obtained from healthy volunteers. Moreover, a profound positive correlation was observed between the DPD activity of PBM cells and the percentage of monocytes, thus introducing a large inter- and intrapatient variability in the activity of DPD and hindering the detection of patients with a partial DPD deficiency.  (+info)

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency and fluorouracil-related toxicity. (4/6112)

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is the initial and rate-limiting enzyme of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) catabolism. We report lymphocytic DPD data concerning a group of 53 patients (23 men, 30 women, mean age 58, range 36-73), treated by 5-FU-based chemotherapy in different French institutions and who developed unanticipated 5-FU-related toxicity. Lymphocyte samples (standard collection procedure) were sent to us for DPD determination (biochemical method). Among the whole group of 53 patients, 19 had a significant DPD deficiency (DD; below 150 fmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein, i.e. less than 70% of the mean value observed from previous population study). There was a greater majority of women in the DD group (15 out of 19, 79%) compared with the remaining 34 patients (15 out of 34, 44%, P<0.014). Toxicity was often severe, leading to patient death in two cases (both women). The toxicity score (sum of WHO grading, theoretical range 0-20) was twice as high in patients with marked DD (below 100 pmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein, n = 11, mean score = 13.2) compared with patients with moderate DD (between 150 and 100 pmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein, n = 8, mean score = 6.8), P = 0.008. In the DD group, there was a high frequency of neurotoxic syndromes (7 out of 19, 37%). The two deceased patients both had severe neurotoxicity. The occurrence of cardiac toxicity was relatively rare (1 out of 19, 5%). These data suggest that women are particularly prone to DPD deficiency and allow a more precise definition of the DD toxicity profile.  (+info)

Antitumor agents. I. Effect of 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide on liver microsomes and thymus of rat. (5/6112)

Effects of antitumor agents on rat liver microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme activities and thymus lymphocytes were studied in male Wistar rats. High doses of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cyclophosphamide (CP) given parenterally for 6 days caused a partial decrease in whole body weight and the microsomal enzyme content such as cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5. Aniline p-hydroxylase and aminopyrine N-demethylase activities also decreased in rats dosed for 5 days decreased compared with the control. Both compounds in the high concentrations produced spectral change of "modified type II". However, the magnitude of the spectral changes observed was independent of the the concentration of substrate added. The addition of NADPH to the microsomes-substrate mixture modified the spectral change. Both drugs caused a considerable decrease in thymus weight and the number of thymus lymphocytes, while the alkaline phosphatase activity was enhanced in 5-FU groups, indicating that the agents cause a significant involution of the thymus. Decrease in the total number of the lymphocytes was greater than that in the blood leucocytes.  (+info)

Persistent induction of apoptosis and suppression of mitosis as the basis for curative therapy with S-1, an oral 5-fluorouracil prodrug in a colorectal tumor model. (6/6112)

In an effort to improve the therapeutic selectivity of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) against colorectal cancer, S-1, a combination agent including a prodrug of FUra with two modulators, was recently developed by Taiho Pharmaceuticals Co. S-1 is a combination of tegafur (FT), 5-chloro-2,4-hydroxypyridine, and potassium oxonate in the molar ratio of 1.0:0.4:1.0, with the latter two components as inhibitors of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate transferase, respectively. In this study, the therapeutic selectivity and efficacy of S-1 (oral) was compared with FT (oral) and FUra (i.v. infusion) in rats bearing advanced colorectal cancer by using clinically relevant schedules. The maximum tolerated doses (MTDs) of S-1, FT, and FUra were 31.5, 200, and 25 mg/kg/d for 7 days and 22.5, 150, and 12.5 mg/kg/d for 28 days, respectively. The therapeutic index of S-1 was 4- to 5-fold higher than that of either FT or FUra. S-1 achieved 100% complete tumor regression (CR) at its MTD in both 7-day and 28-day schedules. Furthermore, the high incidences of stomatitis, alopecia, and diarrhea observed with FUra and FT, were not observed with S-1. In an attempt to understand the basis for the observed superior therapeutic selectivity with S-1, we studied pharmacokinetic analysis of FUra, drug-induced apoptosis, suppression of mitosis, and inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TS) after S-1, FUra, or FT administration. The peak plasma FUra concentrations derived from FUra or S-1 (FT) at comparable MTDs were similar, but the plasma level of FUra was higher with S-1 than with FUra. Induction of high and sustained apoptosis was achieved with S-1. Although the initial level of apoptosis induced by FUra was comparable to S-1, it was not sustained. The sustained level of apoptosis appears to correlate with tumor growth inhibition. Mitotic figures were more greatly suppressed with S-1 treatment than with FUra. Studies on TS inhibition indicated that, although both S-1 and FUra caused a 4- to 6-fold induction of total TS protein, single oral administration of S-1 was superior to 24-h infusion of FUra in suppressing free TS. The data are consistent with the observation that the therapeutic efficacy of S-1 (100% cure) over FUra is associated with high and sustained levels of drug-induced apoptosis, greater suppression of mitosis, and inhibition of free TS in tumor tissues.  (+info)

Phase I study of eniluracil, a dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase inactivator, and oral 5-fluorouracil with radiation therapy in patients with recurrent or advanced head and neck cancer. (7/6112)

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an effective enhancer of radiation therapy (RT) in head and neck cancers. Due to rapid, predominantly hepatic metabolism by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) and suggested clinical benefit from prolonged drug exposure, 5-FU is commonly given by continuous infusion. Eniluracil is a novel DPD-inactivator designed to prolong the half-life of 5-FU and provide sustained plasma concentrations of 5-FU with oral dosing. We conducted a Phase I study of the safety and efficacy of eniluracil given with oral 5-FU in patients receiving concurrent RT for recurrent or advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Thirteen patients with recurrent, metastatic, or high-risk (defined as an expected 2-year survival rate of <10%) head and neck cancer were enrolled and treated with concomitant chemoradiotherapy on an every-other-week schedule. Eniluracil at a fixed dose [20 mg twice a day (BID)] was given for 7 consecutive days (days 1-7). 5-FU and RT were given on 5 consecutive days (days 2-6). One patient was treated with once-daily RT (2.0 Gy fractions). The remaining patients received hyperfractionated RT (1.5-Gy fractions BID). The initial dose of 5-FU was 2.5 mg/m2 given BID. Dose escalation in patient cohorts was scheduled at 2.5-mg/m2 increments, with intrapatient dose escalation permitted. Lymphocyte DPD activity and serum 5-FU and uracil concentrations were monitored during two cycles. DPD activity was completely or nearly completely inactivated in all patients. Sustained, presumed therapeutic concentrations of 5-FU were observed at a dose of 5.0 mg/m2 given BID. Cumulative dose-limiting myelosuppression (both neutropenia and thrombocytopenia) was observed during the fourth and fifth cycles following administration of 5.0 mg/m2 5-FU BID. One patient died of neutropenic sepsis during cycle 4. Other late cycle toxicities included diarrhea, fatigue, and mucositis. Grade 3 mucositis was observed in 4 patients, but no grade 4 mucositis or grade 3 or 4 dermatitis was observed. A second patient death occurred during cycle 1 of treatment. No specific cause of death was identified. The study was subsequently discontinued. Cumulative myelosupression was the significant dose-limiting toxicity of oral 5-FU given with the DPD-inactivator eniluracil on an every-other-week schedule. Clinical radiation sensitization was not observed, based on the absence of dose-limiting mucositis and dermatitis. Alternative dosing schedules need to be examined to determine the most appropriate use of eniluracil and 5-FU as radiation enhancers.  (+info)

A Fas-dependent component in 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin-induced cytotoxicity in colon carcinoma cells. (8/6112)

We have shown previously (J. A. Houghton et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94: 8144-8149, 1997) that thymineless death in thymidylate synthase-deficient (TS-) colon carcinoma cells is mediated via Fas/FasL interactions after deoxythymidine (dThd) deprivation, and that Fas-dependent sensitivity of human colon carcinoma cell lines may be dependent upon the level of Fas expressed. The objective of this study was to elucidate whether a Fas-dependent component exists in 5-fluorouracil (FUra)/leucovorin (LV)-induced cytotoxicity of colon carcinoma cells, and whether this may be potentiated by IFN-gamma-induced elevation in Fas expression, using the HT29 cell line as a model. The cytotoxic activity of FUra/LV was inhibited by dThd in HT29 cells and also, in part, by NOK-1+NOK-2 MoAbs that prevent Fas/FasL interactions. FUra/LV-induced cytotoxicity was significantly potentiated by IFN-gamma, reversed by exposure to NOK-1+NOK-2 antibodies, and correlated with a 4-fold induction of Fas expression in the presence of IFN-gamma and significant elevation in expression of FasL. Using five additional human colon carcinoma cell lines, FUra/LV-induced cytotoxicity was dThd-dependent in GC3/c1, VRC5/c1, and Caco2 but not in HCT8 or HCT116 cells. Like HT29 cells, this cytotoxicity was potentiated by IFN-gamma in GC3/c1 and VRC5/c1 but not in Caco2, which fails to express Fas, nor in HCT8 and HCT116, in which no dThd-dependent FUra-induced cytotoxicity was demonstrated. Data suggest that a Fas-dependent component, potentiated by IFN-gamma, exists in FUra/LV-induced cytotoxicity but requires FUra/LV-induced DNA damage for IFN-gamma-induced potentiation to occur.  (+info)

Fluorouracil is a chemotherapy drug that is commonly used to treat various types of cancer, including colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and head and neck cancer. It works by interfering with the production of DNA in cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing. Fluorouracil is usually given intravenously or orally, and it can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue. In some cases, it can also cause more serious side effects, such as mouth sores, skin reactions, and anemia.

Leucovorin, also known as folic acid or folinic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that is important for the synthesis of DNA and RNA. It is used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, such as methotrexate-induced myelosuppression, and in the prevention of side effects from chemotherapy. Leucovorin is also used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency and to prevent neural tube defects in pregnant women. It is available as a medication and can be taken by mouth or given intravenously.

Organoplatinum compounds are chemical compounds that contain a carbon atom bonded to a platinum atom. They are commonly used in the medical field as chemotherapy drugs to treat various types of cancer, including ovarian, testicular, and lung cancer. Organoplatinum compounds work by interfering with the growth and division of cancer cells, ultimately leading to their death. Some examples of organoplatinum compounds used in medicine include cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin. These drugs can have significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, and kidney damage, but they are often effective at stopping the growth of cancer cells and improving outcomes for patients.

Colorectal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the colon or rectum. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Colorectal neoplasms can be further classified into polyps, adenomas, and carcinomas. Polyps are non-cancerous growths that typically arise from the inner lining of the colon or rectum. Adenomas are a type of polyp that have the potential to become cancerous if left untreated. Carcinomas, on the other hand, are cancerous tumors that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Colorectal neoplasms are a common health concern, and regular screening is recommended for individuals at high risk, such as those with a family history of colorectal cancer or those over the age of 50. Early detection and treatment of colorectal neoplasms can significantly improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

Thymidylate synthase (TS) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in DNA synthesis. It catalyzes the conversion of deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) to deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP), which is a key intermediate in the synthesis of DNA. In the medical field, TS is an important target for cancer chemotherapy. Many anticancer drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and methotrexate, work by inhibiting TS, thereby blocking DNA synthesis and leading to cell death. Mutations in the TS gene can also lead to inherited disorders such as thymidylate synthase deficiency, which is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe combined immunodeficiency and bone marrow failure.

Cisplatin is a chemotherapy drug that is commonly used to treat various types of cancer, including ovarian, testicular, bladder, and lung cancer. It works by binding to the DNA of cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing. Cisplatin is usually administered intravenously and can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and damage to the kidneys and hearing. It is important to note that cisplatin is not effective for all types of cancer and may not be suitable for everyone. The use of cisplatin should be determined by a healthcare professional based on the individual's specific medical needs and circumstances.

Camptothecin is a natural alkaloid compound that is derived from the Chinese tree Camptotheca acuminata. It has been used in the medical field as an anti-cancer drug due to its ability to inhibit the activity of topoisomerase I, an enzyme that is essential for DNA replication and repair. This inhibition leads to the formation of DNA double-strand breaks, which can cause cell death and prevent the growth and spread of cancer cells. Camptothecin and its derivatives have been used to treat various types of cancer, including ovarian, lung, and colorectal cancer. However, they can also cause significant side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, and may interact with other medications.

Methotrexate is a medication that is used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and certain skin conditions. It is a chemotherapy drug that works by inhibiting the growth and division of cells, which can slow or stop the progression of cancer or other diseases. Methotrexate is usually given by injection or taken by mouth, and it can have a number of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, and hair loss. It is important to carefully follow the instructions of a healthcare provider when taking methotrexate, as it can be a potent medication that requires careful monitoring.

Uracil is a nitrogenous base that is found in RNA, but not in DNA. It is one of the four nitrogenous bases that make up the RNA molecule, along with adenine, guanine, and cytosine. Uracil is a pyrimidine base, which means that it has a six-membered ring structure with two nitrogen atoms and two carbon atoms. It is important for the function of RNA because it is involved in the process of transcription, in which the genetic information in DNA is copied into RNA. In addition, uracil is also involved in the process of translation, in which the information in RNA is used to synthesize proteins.

Floxuridine is a chemotherapy drug that is used to treat certain types of cancer, including head and neck cancer, liver cancer, and pancreatic cancer. It works by interfering with the growth and division of cancer cells, which can slow down or stop the growth of tumors. Floxuridine is usually given intravenously (into a vein) or as a solution that is injected directly into the tumor. It can also be given as a pill that is taken by mouth. Floxuridine can cause side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and low blood cell counts. It is important to follow your doctor's instructions carefully when taking floxuridine, and to report any side effects to your doctor right away.

Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in the glandular cells of an organ or tissue. It is one of the most common types of cancer and can occur in many different parts of the body, including the lungs, breast, colon, rectum, pancreas, stomach, and thyroid gland. Adenocarcinomas typically grow slowly and may not cause symptoms in the early stages. However, as the cancer grows, it can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. This can lead to more serious symptoms and a higher risk of complications. Treatment for adenocarcinoma depends on the location and stage of the cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient. Options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches. The goal of treatment is to remove or destroy the cancer cells and prevent them from spreading further.

Epirubicin is an anthracycline chemotherapy drug used to treat various types of cancer, including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and stomach cancer. It works by interfering with the production of DNA and RNA, which are essential for the growth and division of cancer cells. Epirubicin is usually administered intravenously and can cause side effects such as hair loss, nausea, vomiting, and low white blood cell counts. It is also known by the brand name Ellence.

Fluorodeoxyuridylate, also known as FdUMP or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate, is a nucleotide analog that is used in the treatment of various types of cancer. It is a synthetic version of the natural nucleotide deoxyuridylate (dUMP), which is a precursor to the nucleotide thymidine triphosphate (dTTP), which is used in DNA replication. In cancer cells, the enzyme thymidylate synthase (TS) is often overactive, leading to an increased production of dTMP from dUMP. FdUMP is designed to compete with dUMP for binding to TS, thereby inhibiting the production of dTMP and preventing DNA replication. This leads to the death of cancer cells. FdUMP is typically administered in combination with other chemotherapy drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), which is converted to FdUMP in the body. The combination of FdUMP and 5-FU is commonly used to treat colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and other types of cancer.

Colonic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the colon, which is the final part of the large intestine. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign colonic neoplasms include polyps, which are small, non-cancerous growths that can develop on the inner lining of the colon. Polyps can be further classified as adenomas, which are made up of glandular tissue, or hyperplastic polyps, which are non-glandular. Malignant colonic neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous tumors that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The most common type of colon cancer is adenocarcinoma, which starts in the glandular tissue of the colon. Colonic neoplasms can be detected through various diagnostic tests, including colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and fecal occult blood testing. Treatment options for colonic neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the growth, as well as the overall health of the patient. Early detection and treatment of colonic neoplasms can significantly improve the chances of a successful outcome.

Cyclophosphamide is an immunosuppressive drug that is commonly used to treat various types of cancer, including lymphoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma. It works by inhibiting the growth and division of cells, including cancer cells, and by suppressing the immune system. Cyclophosphamide is usually administered intravenously or orally, and its dosage and duration of treatment depend on the type and stage of cancer being treated, as well as the patient's overall health. Side effects of cyclophosphamide can include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and an increased risk of infection. It can also cause damage to the kidneys, bladder, and reproductive organs, and may increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer later in life.

Tegafur is a chemotherapy drug that is used to treat various types of cancer, including colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer. It is a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), which is a medication that works by slowing or stopping the growth of cancer cells in the body. Tegafur is usually given in combination with other chemotherapy drugs, such as leucovorin, to increase its effectiveness and reduce the risk of side effects. It is usually taken orally, although it can also be given intravenously or by injection. Tegafur is a potent medication that can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, fatigue, and hair loss. It can also cause more serious side effects, such as bone marrow suppression, which can lead to anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. It is important to note that tegafur is not suitable for everyone, and its use should be carefully considered by a healthcare professional based on the individual's medical history and current health status.

Mitomycin is a chemotherapy drug that is used to treat various types of cancer, including bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, and sarcoma. It works by interfering with the DNA replication process in cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing. Mitomycin is usually given as an intravenous injection or as a solution that is applied directly to the tumor. It can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and mouth sores.

Semustine, also known as megestrol acetate, is a medication used in the treatment of brain tumors, specifically gliomas. It is a type of chemotherapy drug that works by slowing down the growth of cancer cells in the brain. Semustine is usually given intravenously or orally in combination with other chemotherapy drugs. It can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and fatigue.

Stomach neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the lining of the stomach. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Stomach neoplasms can occur in different parts of the stomach, including the stomach lining, the muscular wall of the stomach, and the glands that produce stomach acid. Some common types of stomach neoplasms include gastric adenocarcinoma (a type of cancer that starts in the glandular cells of the stomach lining), gastric lymphoma (a type of cancer that starts in the lymphatic cells of the stomach), and gastric stromal tumors (benign tumors that develop in the connective tissue of the stomach). Stomach neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and loss of appetite. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging tests (such as endoscopy or CT scan), and biopsy. Treatment for stomach neoplasms depends on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Doxorubicin is an anthracycline chemotherapy drug that is used to treat a variety of cancers, including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and leukemia. It works by interfering with the production of DNA and RNA, which are essential for the growth and division of cancer cells. Doxorubicin is usually administered intravenously, and its side effects can include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and damage to the heart and kidneys. It is a powerful drug that can be effective against many types of cancer, but it can also have serious side effects, so it is typically used in combination with other treatments or in low doses.

Rectal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the rectum, which is the final section of the large intestine. These neoplasms can be either benign or malignant, and they can range in size and location within the rectum. Benign rectal neoplasms, also known as polyps, are non-cancerous growths that typically do not spread to other parts of the body. They can be either pedunculated, meaning they have a stalk that attaches them to the rectal wall, or sessile, meaning they are attached directly to the rectal wall. Malignant rectal neoplasms, also known as rectal cancers, are cancerous tumors that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Rectal cancers can be either adenocarcinomas, which are the most common type, or squamous cell carcinomas, which are less common. Rectal neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including rectal bleeding, changes in bowel habits, pain or discomfort in the rectum, and a feeling of incomplete bowel movements. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy. Treatment options for rectal neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient.

Deoxycytidine is a nucleoside that is a building block of DNA. It is composed of a deoxyribose sugar, a nitrogenous base (cytosine), and a phosphate group. Deoxycytidine is a key component of the nucleic acid chain that makes up DNA, and it plays a crucial role in the process of DNA replication. In the medical field, deoxycytidine is sometimes used as a medication to treat certain types of cancer, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It works by inhibiting the growth and division of cancer cells.

Levamisole is an anthelmintic medication that is used to treat various types of parasitic infections, including roundworms, hookworms, and whipworms. It works by paralyzing the muscles of the parasites, allowing the body's immune system to remove them. In addition to its use as an anthelmintic, levamisole has also been used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, such as colorectal cancer. It is thought to work by stimulating the immune system to attack cancer cells. However, levamisole has also been associated with serious side effects, including fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and skin rash. In some cases, it can cause more serious side effects, such as blood disorders, liver damage, and even death. As a result, the use of levamisole for cancer treatment has been largely discontinued in many countries, and it is now primarily used as an anthelmintic.

Neoplasm metastasis refers to the spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor to other parts of the body. This occurs when cancer cells break away from the primary tumor, enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system, and travel to distant organs or tissues, where they can form new tumors. Metastasis is a major cause of cancer-related deaths, as it makes the disease more difficult to treat and increases the risk of complications. The ability of cancer cells to metastasize is a key factor in determining the prognosis for patients with cancer.

Breast neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the breast tissue. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign breast neoplasms are usually not life-threatening, but they can cause discomfort or cosmetic concerns. Malignant breast neoplasms, on the other hand, can spread to other parts of the body and are considered a serious health threat. Some common types of breast neoplasms include fibroadenomas, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma.

Stomatitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation or irritation of the mouth, including the gums, tongue, lips, and inner lining of the cheeks. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, allergies, irritants, medications, and certain diseases. Symptoms of stomatitis may include pain, swelling, redness, sores, and difficulty swallowing or speaking. Treatment for stomatitis depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or other therapies.

Liver neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the liver. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign liver neoplasms include hemangiomas, focal nodular hyperplasia, and adenomas. These growths are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant liver neoplasms, on the other hand, are more serious and include primary liver cancer (such as hepatocellular carcinoma) and secondary liver cancer (such as metastatic cancer from other parts of the body). These tumors can grow quickly and spread to other parts of the body, leading to serious health complications. Diagnosis of liver neoplasms typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, as well as blood tests and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapy.

Levoleucovorin, also known as leucovorin or LV, is a medication used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, including colorectal cancer and ovarian cancer. It is a form of folic acid, which is a B vitamin that is important for the growth and development of cells in the body. Levoleucovorin is used in combination with methotrexate, a chemotherapy drug, to treat certain types of cancer. Methotrexate can cause a condition called megaloblastic anemia, which is a type of anemia caused by a deficiency of folic acid. Levoleucovorin helps to replenish the body's stores of folic acid and prevent the harmful effects of methotrexate on the bone marrow. Levoleucovorin is usually given as an injection into a vein or muscle. It is usually given in combination with methotrexate once a week for several weeks, or as directed by a healthcare provider. It is important to follow the instructions provided by a healthcare provider when taking levoleucovorin, as it can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and headache.

Bromouracil is a medication that is used to treat certain types of cancer, including leukemia and lymphoma. It works by interfering with the production of DNA and RNA, which are essential for the growth and reproduction of cancer cells. Bromouracil is usually given as a pill or a liquid, and it is usually taken in combination with other medications. It can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and a decrease in the number of white blood cells.

Flucytosine is an antifungal medication that is used to treat fungal infections, particularly those caused by the yeast Candida. It works by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of the fungus. Flucytosine is usually given in combination with other antifungal medications, such as amphotericin B or azoles, to increase its effectiveness. It is typically administered orally in the form of a tablet or capsule, although it can also be given intravenously in severe cases. Flucytosine is generally well-tolerated, but it can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It is important to take this medication exactly as prescribed by a healthcare provider to ensure that it is effective and to minimize the risk of side effects.

Taxoids are a class of natural compounds found in certain plants, particularly in the yew tree family. They are a type of chemotherapy drug that are used to treat various types of cancer, including ovarian, breast, and lung cancer. Taxoids work by interfering with the ability of cancer cells to divide and grow, ultimately leading to their death. The most well-known taxoid is paclitaxel, which is used in the treatment of ovarian and breast cancer. Other taxoids include docetaxel and nab-paclitaxel.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell is a type of cancer that originates in the squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells that line the surface of the body. Squamous cells are found in the skin, mouth, throat, lungs, and other organs. Carcinoma, Squamous Cell can develop in any part of the body where squamous cells are present, but it is most commonly found in the head and neck, lungs, and skin. The exact cause of Squamous Cell Carcinoma is not always clear, but it is often associated with exposure to certain substances, such as tobacco smoke, alcohol, and certain chemicals. It can also develop as a result of chronic inflammation or infection, such as HPV (human papillomavirus) infection in the cervix. Symptoms of Squamous Cell Carcinoma can vary depending on the location of the tumor, but may include a persistent sore or lesion that does not heal, a change in the appearance of the skin or mucous membranes, difficulty swallowing or breathing, and unexplained weight loss. Treatment for Squamous Cell Carcinoma typically involves surgery to remove the tumor, followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, targeted therapy or immunotherapy may also be used. The prognosis for Squamous Cell Carcinoma depends on the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis and the overall health of the patient.

Head and neck neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in the head and neck region of the body. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and can affect any part of the head and neck, including the mouth, nose, throat, sinuses, salivary glands, thyroid gland, and neck lymph nodes. Head and neck neoplasms can be further classified based on the type of tissue they arise from, such as squamous cell carcinoma (which develops from the squamous cells that line the inside of the mouth and throat), adenoid cystic carcinoma (which develops from the glands that produce mucus), and salivary gland tumors (which develop from the salivary glands). The treatment for head and neck neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving the prognosis and reducing the risk of complications.

Esophageal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign esophageal neoplasms include polyps, which are small, non-cancerous growths that can develop on the lining of the esophagus. Other examples of benign neoplasms include leiomyomas, which are smooth muscle tumors, and lipomas, which are fatty tumors. Malignant esophageal neoplasms, on the other hand, are more serious and can be further classified into two main types: squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. Squamous cell carcinomas develop in the squamous cells that line the esophagus, while adenocarcinomas develop in the glandular cells that line the lower part of the esophagus, near the stomach. Esophageal neoplasms can cause a range of symptoms, including difficulty swallowing, chest pain, weight loss, and difficulty breathing. Treatment options for esophageal neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) is a high-energy molecule that plays a central role in the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines, which are essential components of DNA and RNA. PRPP is synthesized from ribose-5-phosphate and ATP in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase (PRS). In the medical field, PRPP is often studied in the context of diseases related to purine metabolism, such as gout and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. PRPP is also a key intermediate in the synthesis of the anti-cancer drug 6-mercaptopurine, which is used to treat certain types of leukemia and lymphoma. Additionally, PRPP is involved in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation, making it a potential target for the development of new cancer therapies.

Leukopenia is a medical condition characterized by a low number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood. The normal range of white blood cells in the blood is typically between 4,500 and 11,000 cells per microliter (µL) of blood. When the number of white blood cells falls below 4,000 cells/µL, it is considered leukopenia. Leukopenia can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, autoimmune disorders, certain medications, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and bone marrow disorders. It can also be a symptom of more serious underlying conditions, such as leukemia, lymphoma, or other blood disorders. Symptoms of leukopenia may include fatigue, weakness, fever, chills, and an increased susceptibility to infections. Treatment for leukopenia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to stimulate the production of white blood cells, antibiotics to treat infections, or other therapies to address the underlying condition.

Mucositis is a condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the mucous membranes lining the digestive tract, mouth, and throat. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, infection, autoimmune disorders, and certain medications. Symptoms of mucositis may include pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty swallowing or eating. In severe cases, it can lead to malnutrition, dehydration, and difficulty breathing. Treatment for mucositis may include pain management, nutritional support, and medications to reduce inflammation and promote healing.

Neutropenia is a medical condition characterized by a low number of neutrophils, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the body's immune system. Neutrophils are responsible for fighting off infections and are a key component of the body's defense against bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Neutropenia is typically defined as a neutrophil count of less than 1,500 cells per microliter (µL) of blood. However, the normal range of neutrophil counts can vary depending on the laboratory and the individual's age and sex. Neutropenia can be caused by a variety of factors, including certain medications, infections, autoimmune disorders, and cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. It can also be a symptom of other medical conditions, such as bone marrow disorders, genetic disorders, and nutritional deficiencies. Neutropenia can increase the risk of infections, as the body has fewer neutrophils to fight off pathogens. Symptoms of neutropenia may include fever, chills, fatigue, and sore throat. Treatment for neutropenia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to stimulate the production of neutrophils, antibiotics to treat infections, or changes to the individual's medications or treatment plan.

Thymidine Phosphorylase (TP) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of thymidine, a nucleoside found in DNA and RNA. It catalyzes the conversion of thymidine to thymine and 2-deoxyribose-1-phosphate, which can then be used in the synthesis of DNA and RNA. In the medical field, TP has been studied in various contexts, including cancer research. TP is overexpressed in many types of cancer cells, and its overexpression has been associated with poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, TP has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment. TP inhibitors have been developed as potential anticancer agents, and some of them have shown promising results in preclinical studies. However, more research is needed to fully understand the role of TP in cancer and to develop effective TP inhibitors for clinical use.

Cytosine deaminase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cytosine, a nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA, to uracil. This enzyme is commonly used in genetic engineering and gene therapy to introduce specific genetic changes into cells. In these applications, cytosine deaminase is often used in combination with a substrate that is toxic to cells, such as 5-fluorocytosine, which is converted to 5-fluorouracil by the enzyme. The accumulation of 5-fluorouracil inside the cell leads to DNA damage and cell death, allowing researchers to selectively kill or modify specific cells.

Pancreatic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the pancreas, a gland located in the abdomen behind the stomach. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Pancreatic neoplasms can occur in various parts of the pancreas, including the exocrine gland (which produces digestive enzymes), the endocrine gland (which produces hormones), and the ducts (which carry digestive juices from the pancreas to the small intestine). Symptoms of pancreatic neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), nausea, vomiting, and unexplained fatigue. Diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasms typically involves imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, or ultrasound, as well as blood tests and biopsies. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the type and stage of the neoplasm.

Oxonic acid is a chemical compound with the formula H2C2O4. It is also known as carbonic acid monohydrate or hydrogen oxalate. In the medical field, oxonic acid is not commonly used as a medication or treatment. However, it is a naturally occurring compound that is found in many plants and animals, and it is also produced industrially as a precursor to other chemicals. In small amounts, oxonic acid is thought to have some beneficial effects on the body, such as improving circulation and supporting the immune system. However, in larger amounts, it can be toxic and cause damage to the kidneys and other organs.

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency is a rare genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of certain medications, including some chemotherapy drugs. DPD is an enzyme that is responsible for breaking down pyrimidine molecules, which are important building blocks of DNA and RNA. In individuals with DPD deficiency, the enzyme is not functioning properly, leading to a buildup of pyrimidine molecules in the body. This buildup can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and skin rash. It can also lead to serious side effects when certain medications, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), are used to treat cancer. These medications are converted into active forms by the body, and the buildup of pyrimidine molecules can interfere with this process, leading to toxic levels of the active forms. DPD deficiency is typically diagnosed through genetic testing and is usually treated by avoiding medications that are known to be metabolized by DPD. In some cases, alternative medications may be used, or the dose of the medication may be adjusted to minimize the risk of side effects.

Nausea is a common sensation of uneasiness or discomfort in the upper stomach with an involuntary urge to vomit. It can be a symptom of various medical conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders, infections, pregnancy, and certain medications. In the medical field, nausea is often evaluated and treated by a healthcare provider to determine the underlying cause and provide appropriate treatment.

Neoplasm recurrence, local refers to the return of cancer cells to the original site of the tumor after treatment. This can occur even if the cancer has been completely removed through surgery or other treatments. Local recurrence is typically treated with additional surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, depending on the type and stage of the cancer. It is important to note that local recurrence does not necessarily mean that the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Paclitaxel is a chemotherapy drug that is used to treat various types of cancer, including ovarian, breast, lung, and pancreatic cancer. It works by interfering with the normal functioning of the microtubules, which are structures in the cell that help it divide and grow. By disrupting the microtubules, paclitaxel can slow or stop the growth of cancer cells. It is usually administered intravenously, either alone or in combination with other chemotherapy drugs.

Deoxyuracil nucleotides are a type of nucleotide that contains the nitrogenous base deoxyuracil (dU) instead of thymine (T). They are found in DNA and RNA, and are involved in various biological processes such as DNA replication, repair, and transcription. Deoxyuracil nucleotides are important for maintaining the integrity of the genetic material and ensuring proper cell function. In the medical field, deoxyuracil nucleotides are used as components of antiviral and anticancer drugs, as well as in the treatment of certain genetic disorders.

Uridine is a nucleoside that is a component of RNA (ribonucleic acid). It is composed of a uracil base attached to a ribose sugar through a glycosidic bond. In RNA, uridine is one of the four nitrogenous bases, along with adenine, cytosine, and guanine. Uridine plays a crucial role in RNA metabolism, including transcription and translation. It is also involved in various cellular processes, such as energy metabolism and signal transduction. In the medical field, uridine is sometimes used as a supplement or medication to treat certain conditions, such as liver disease, depression, and nerve damage.

Phosphonoacetic acid is a chemical compound that is used in the medical field as an antiviral agent. It is a prodrug, meaning that it is inactive until it is metabolized in the body to produce its active form. In the case of phosphonoacetic acid, it is metabolized to produce the active antiviral agent phosphonoacetic acid triethyl ester (PAA-TE), which is used to treat infections caused by certain viruses, including hepatitis B and C. PAA-TE works by inhibiting the replication of the virus, thereby preventing it from multiplying and causing further damage to the body. It is typically administered as a solution or tablet and is usually taken orally.

Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) is a type of cytokine, which is a signaling protein produced by immune cells in response to viral infections or other stimuli. IFN-alpha has antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory effects, and is used in the treatment of various medical conditions, including viral infections such as hepatitis B and C, certain types of cancer, and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. IFN-alpha is typically administered as an injection or infusion, and can cause a range of side effects, including flu-like symptoms, fatigue, and depression.

Trimetrexate is a medication that is used to treat certain types of infections caused by bacteria, fungi, and parasites. It is a member of a class of drugs called trimethoprim-sulfonamides, which work by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of these microorganisms. Trimetrexate is typically used to treat infections of the skin, respiratory tract, and urinary tract. It may also be used to treat certain types of parasitic infections, such as giardiasis and toxoplasmosis. Trimetrexate is usually taken by mouth in the form of tablets or capsules. The dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the specific infection being treated and the patient's overall health. It is important to follow the instructions provided by your healthcare provider and to complete the full course of treatment, even if you start to feel better before the medication is finished. Like all medications, trimetrexate can cause side effects. Common side effects may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and headache. More serious side effects may include allergic reactions, liver damage, and bone marrow suppression. If you experience any side effects while taking trimetrexate, you should contact your healthcare provider right away.

Uridine Phosphorylase (UP) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of pyrimidine nucleotides in the body. It catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of uridine to uracil and ribose-1-phosphate. This reaction is an important step in the salvage pathway for pyrimidine nucleotides, which allows the body to recycle and reuse these molecules rather than relying solely on de novo synthesis. UP is found in many tissues throughout the body, including the liver, kidney, and small intestine. It is also present in certain types of cancer cells, where it has been shown to play a role in tumor growth and progression. In the medical field, UP is of interest as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of certain types of cancer. Inhibitors of UP have been shown to selectively target cancer cells that overexpress the enzyme, leading to cell death and potentially slowing or stopping tumor growth. Additionally, UP has been proposed as a biomarker for certain types of cancer, as its levels in the blood or other bodily fluids may be elevated in patients with these conditions.

Mitomycins are a group of chemotherapy drugs that are derived from Streptomyces bacteria. They are classified as alkylating agents, which means that they work by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing. Mitomycin is used to treat a variety of cancers, including bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, and cervical cancer. It is usually given intravenously or as a solution that is injected directly into the tumor. Mitomycin can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and hair loss. It can also increase the risk of infection and bleeding.

Fluorine is a chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9. It is a highly reactive, non-metallic gas that is commonly used in various medical applications. In the medical field, fluorine is used in the production of a wide range of compounds, including fluoride toothpaste, which helps to prevent tooth decay by strengthening tooth enamel. Fluoride is also used in the treatment of certain medical conditions, such as osteoporosis, by increasing bone density. Fluorine is also used in the production of certain medications, such as fluoroquinolones, which are antibiotics used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. Additionally, fluorine is used in the production of certain imaging agents, such as fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), which is used in positron emission tomography (PET) scans to detect cancer and other diseases. However, it is important to note that fluorine is a highly toxic element and can cause serious health problems if not handled properly. Therefore, its use in medical applications is closely regulated and monitored to ensure safety.

Deoxyuridine (dU) is a nucleoside that is a component of DNA. It is formed by the removal of a hydroxyl group from thymidine, another nucleoside found in DNA. Deoxyuridine is not found in RNA, which is the other type of nucleic acid found in cells. In the medical field, deoxyuridine is sometimes used as a medication. For example, it has been used to treat certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of DNA, which can slow the growth of cancer cells. Deoxyuridine is also used as a diagnostic tool in the laboratory. It can be incorporated into DNA during replication, and then detected using techniques such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or sequencing. This can be useful for studying the function and regulation of genes, as well as for identifying genetic mutations that may be associated with disease.

Gastrointestinal neoplasms refer to tumors or abnormal growths that develop in the lining of the digestive tract, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Gastrointestinal neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the location and size of the tumor. Some common symptoms include abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, nausea and vomiting, weight loss, and anemia. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal neoplasms typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging tests such as endoscopy or CT scans, and biopsy. Treatment options for gastrointestinal neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Diarrhea is a medical condition characterized by the passage of loose, watery stools more than three times a day. It can be acute, meaning it lasts for a short period of time, or chronic, meaning it persists for more than four weeks. Diarrhea can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, food poisoning, medications, underlying medical conditions, and stress. It can also be a symptom of other medical conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and irritable bowel syndrome. Diarrhea can cause dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and malnutrition if it persists for an extended period of time. Treatment for diarrhea depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, dietary changes, and fluid replacement therapy. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Histidinol is a chemical compound that is a derivative of the amino acid histidine. It is not typically used in the medical field as a medication or treatment. However, it has been studied for its potential therapeutic effects in certain conditions, such as cancer and infectious diseases. In these contexts, histidinol is thought to work by inhibiting the growth and proliferation of cells, as well as by enhancing the immune response. It is important to note that the use of histidinol for these purposes is still in the experimental stage, and more research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and risks.

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in the epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the surfaces of organs and tissues in the body. Carcinomas can develop in any part of the body, but they are most common in the skin, lungs, breast, prostate, and colon. Carcinomas are classified based on the location and type of epithelial cells from which they originate. For example, a carcinoma that develops in the skin is called a skin carcinoma, while a carcinoma that develops in the lungs is called a lung carcinoma. Carcinomas can be further classified as either non-melanoma skin cancers (such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) or melanoma, which is a more aggressive type of skin cancer that can spread to other parts of the body. Treatment for carcinomas depends on the type and stage of the cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy.

Lymphatic metastasis is a type of cancer spread that occurs when cancer cells from a primary tumor travel through the lymphatic system and spread to other parts of the body. The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and organs that helps to fight infection and remove waste products from the body. When cancer cells enter the lymphatic system, they can travel through the lymph nodes, which are small, bean-shaped structures that filter out harmful substances from the lymph fluid. If the cancer cells reach the lymph nodes, they can multiply and form new tumors, which can then spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system. Lymphatic metastasis is a common way for cancer to spread, and it can occur in many different types of cancer, including breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.

Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRTase) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of the nucleotide uridine monophosphate (UMP) in the human body. UMP is a key intermediate in the synthesis of all nucleotides, including DNA and RNA. OPRTase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoribosyl group from phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) to orotic acid, forming orotidine monophosphate (OMP). This reaction is the first step in the de novo synthesis of UMP, which is necessary for the production of all other nucleotides. Mutations in the gene encoding OPRTase can lead to a deficiency in the enzyme, resulting in a rare genetic disorder called orotic aciduria. This disorder is characterized by the accumulation of orotic acid and its toxic metabolites in the body, leading to neurological and developmental problems in affected individuals.

Thiophenes are a class of organic compounds that contain a five-membered ring with one sulfur atom and two carbon atoms. They are commonly found in a variety of natural and synthetic compounds, including some pharmaceuticals and pesticides. In the medical field, thiophenes are sometimes used as ingredients in drugs to treat a variety of conditions. For example, some thiophene-containing drugs are used to treat high blood pressure, while others are used to treat depression and anxiety. Some thiophenes have also been studied for their potential use in treating cancer. It is important to note that thiophenes can have potential side effects, and their use in medicine is carefully regulated by regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized are laboratory-made proteins that are designed to mimic the immune system's ability to fight off harmful pathogens. They are created by fusing a human antibody gene to a mouse antibody gene, resulting in a hybrid antibody that is specific to a particular antigen (a protein on the surface of a pathogen). Humanized monoclonal antibodies are designed to be more similar to human antibodies than their fully mouse counterparts, which can cause unwanted immune reactions in humans. They are used in a variety of medical applications, including cancer treatment, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. Monoclonal antibodies are produced in large quantities in the laboratory and can be administered to patients through injection or infusion. They are a type of targeted therapy, meaning that they specifically target a particular antigen on the surface of a pathogen or cancer cell, rather than affecting the entire immune system.

Leukemia L1210 is a type of cancerous cell line that was derived from a mouse in the 1960s. It is a type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which is a type of cancer that affects the white blood cells in the bone marrow. The L1210 cell line is often used in research to study the biology of leukemia and to test new treatments for the disease. It is also used as a model for studying the effects of radiation and chemotherapy on cancer cells.

Vinblastine is a chemotherapy drug that is used to treat various types of cancer, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, testicular cancer, and breast cancer. It works by interfering with the formation of microtubules, which are essential components of the cell's cytoskeleton. This disruption of the cytoskeleton can cause the cancer cells to stop dividing and eventually die. Vinblastine is usually administered intravenously and can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and low blood cell counts.

Disease progression refers to the worsening or progression of a disease over time. It is a natural course of events that occurs in many chronic illnesses, such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. Disease progression can be measured in various ways, such as changes in symptoms, physical examination findings, laboratory test results, or imaging studies. In some cases, disease progression can be slowed or stopped through medical treatment, such as medications, surgery, or radiation therapy. However, in other cases, disease progression may be inevitable, and the focus of treatment may shift from trying to cure the disease to managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Understanding disease progression is important for healthcare providers to develop effective treatment plans and to communicate with patients about their condition and prognosis. It can also help patients and their families make informed decisions about their care and treatment options.

In the medical field, neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors of cells that can occur in any part of the body. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. They can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, or difficulty moving the affected area. Examples of benign neoplasms include lipomas (fatty tumors), hemangiomas (vascular tumors), and fibromas (fibrous tumors). Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous and can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. They can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the location and stage of the cancer. Examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinomas (cancers that start in epithelial cells), sarcomas (cancers that start in connective tissue), and leukemias (cancers that start in blood cells). The diagnosis of neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy (the removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope). Treatment options for neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.

Vomiting is a medical condition characterized by the involuntary and forceful expulsion of the contents of the stomach through the mouth. It is also known as emesis or retching. Vomiting can be a symptom of a variety of medical conditions, including infections, digestive disorders, pregnancy, and certain medications. It can also be a response to toxins, such as those found in certain foods or chemicals. In severe cases, vomiting can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and other complications. Treatment for vomiting depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, changes in diet and fluid intake, or other interventions.

Thrombocytopenia is a medical condition characterized by a low number of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood. Platelets are small, disc-shaped cells that play a crucial role in blood clotting and preventing excessive bleeding. In thrombocytopenia, the number of platelets in the blood is below the normal range, which can lead to an increased risk of bleeding and bruising. The severity of thrombocytopenia can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe, and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, autoimmune disorders, certain medications, and bone marrow disorders. Symptoms of thrombocytopenia may include easy bruising, nosebleeds, bleeding gums, and petechiae (small red or purple spots on the skin). Treatment for thrombocytopenia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to increase platelet production, blood transfusions, or other therapies.

Nucleoside deaminases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nitrogenous bases from nucleosides, resulting in the formation of a free base and a deaminated nucleoside. These enzymes play important roles in various biological processes, including DNA synthesis, RNA metabolism, and the regulation of gene expression. In the medical field, nucleoside deaminases have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications. For example, some nucleoside deaminases have been shown to be involved in the development of certain types of cancer, and inhibitors of these enzymes have been investigated as potential cancer treatments. Additionally, nucleoside deaminases have been used as targets for the development of antiviral drugs, as many viruses rely on the deamination of nucleosides to replicate their genetic material.

Beta-alanine is an amino acid that is naturally produced in the body and is also available as a dietary supplement. It is a building block of proteins and is involved in the production of carnosine, a dipeptide that is found in muscle tissue. Carnosine has been shown to have a number of potential health benefits, including improved exercise performance, enhanced muscle endurance, and increased mental alertness. In the medical field, beta-alanine is sometimes used to treat conditions such as muscle fatigue and weakness, as well as to improve athletic performance. It is also sometimes used to treat certain types of nerve pain and to reduce the symptoms of certain neurological disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of beta-alanine supplementation.

Oxidoreductases are a class of enzymes that catalyze redox reactions, which involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another. These enzymes play a crucial role in many biological processes, including metabolism, energy production, and detoxification. In the medical field, oxidoreductases are often studied in relation to various diseases and conditions. For example, some oxidoreductases are involved in the metabolism of drugs and toxins, and changes in their activity can affect the efficacy and toxicity of these substances. Other oxidoreductases are involved in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause cellular damage and contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer and aging. Oxidoreductases are also important in the diagnosis and treatment of certain diseases. For example, some oxidoreductases are used as markers of liver disease, and changes in their activity can indicate the severity of the disease. In addition, some oxidoreductases are targets for drugs used to treat diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Overall, oxidoreductases are a diverse and important class of enzymes that play a central role in many biological processes and are the subject of ongoing research in the medical field.

Anus Neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in or around the anus. These growths can be either benign or malignant, and they can occur in various parts of the anal canal, including the rectum, anal verge, and anal sphincter. Benign anal neoplasms are non-cancerous growths that do not spread to other parts of the body. Examples of benign anal neoplasms include hemorrhoids, anal polyps, and skin tags. Malignant anal neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous growths that can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. The most common type of malignant anal neoplasm is anal cancer, which is usually caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Symptoms of anal neoplasms may include rectal bleeding, pain or discomfort during bowel movements, itching or discharge from the anus, and a lump or mass in the anal area. Diagnosis of anal neoplasms typically involves a physical examination, biopsy, and imaging tests such as colonoscopy or MRI. Treatment for anal neoplasms depends on the type, size, and location of the growth, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Early detection and treatment of anal neoplasms are crucial for improving the chances of a successful outcome.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular is a type of cancer that originates in the liver cells, specifically in the cells that line the small blood vessels within the liver. It is the most common type of liver cancer and is often associated with chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis or hepatitis B or C infection. The cancer cells in hepatocellular carcinoma can grow and spread to other parts of the body, including the lungs, bones, and lymph nodes. Symptoms of hepatocellular carcinoma may include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and fatigue. Treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and liver transplantation. The choice of treatment depends on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient.

Fluoroacetates are a group of organic compounds that contain a fluoroacetate functional group. They are commonly found in plants, particularly in the leaves and stems of certain species, and can be toxic to animals, including humans, if ingested. In the medical field, fluoroacetates are primarily used as research tools to study the metabolism and biochemistry of the body. They are also used as antifungal agents and as a treatment for certain types of cancer. However, exposure to fluoroacetates can be dangerous and can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, muscle weakness, and in severe cases, seizures, coma, and death. Therefore, it is important to handle fluoroacetates with caution and to seek medical attention immediately if exposure occurs.

Hematologic diseases refer to disorders that affect the blood and blood-forming organs, such as the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes. These diseases can affect the production, function, or quality of blood cells, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications. Examples of hematologic diseases include: 1. Anemia: A condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin levels in the blood. 2. Leukemia: A type of cancer that affects the white blood cells, causing them to grow and divide uncontrollably. 3. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is responsible for fighting infections and diseases. 4. Thalassemia: A genetic disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. 5. Sickle cell disease: A genetic disorder that affects the shape of red blood cells, making them sickle-shaped and less able to carry oxygen. 6. Hemophilia: A genetic disorder that affects the production of clotting factors in the blood, leading to excessive bleeding. 7. Myelodysplastic syndromes: A group of disorders that affect the bone marrow's ability to produce healthy blood cells. Hematologic diseases can be treated with a variety of approaches, including medications, blood transfusions, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation. Early detection and treatment are crucial for managing these conditions and improving outcomes for patients.

Hydroxyurea is a medication that is used to treat certain types of blood disorders, including sickle cell anemia and myelofibrosis. It works by slowing down the production of new blood cells in the bone marrow, which can help to reduce the number of abnormal red blood cells in the body and prevent them from getting stuck in small blood vessels. Hydroxyurea is usually taken by mouth in the form of tablets or capsules, and the dosage and frequency of administration will depend on the specific condition being treated and the individual patient's response to the medication. It is important to follow the instructions provided by your healthcare provider and to report any side effects or concerns to them right away.

Pentosyltransferases are a group of enzymes that transfer a pentose sugar moiety from one molecule to another. In the medical field, pentosyltransferases are important in the metabolism of carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules. They play a role in the synthesis of various compounds, including nucleotides, glycosaminoglycans, and other complex carbohydrates. Pentosyltransferases are also involved in the breakdown of certain molecules, such as heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Mutations in genes encoding pentosyltransferases can lead to various diseases, including mucopolysaccharidoses and other lysosomal storage disorders.

"TOLAK : Fluorouracil Cream : 4% (w/w) fluorouracil (as fluorouracil sodium)" (PDF). Pdf.hres.ca. Archived (PDF) from the ... Fluorouracil (5-FU, 5-fluorouracil), sold under the brand name Adrucil among others, is a cytotoxic chemotherapy medication ... Fluorouracil's efficacy is decreased when used alongside allopurinol, which can be used to decrease fluorouracil induced ... "fluorouracil" is the INN, USAN, USP name, and BAN. The form "5-fluorouracil" is often used; it shows that there is a fluorine ...
"Fluorouracil". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 ...
DHH 5-fluorouracil toxicity; 274270; DPYD 6-mercaptopurine sensitivity; 610460; TPMT Aarskog-Scott syndrome; 305400; FGD1 ABCD ...
Freeman, Nancy J.; Costanza, Mary E. (1988-01-01). "5-Fluorouracil-associated cardiotoxicity". Cancer. 61 (1): 36-45. doi: ...
There are several Combination therapies: 1. FEC: fluorouracil + cyclophosphamide + epirubicin; 2. FAC: fluorouracil + ... methotrexate and fluorouracil (CMF). In comparison to this the Epirubicin therapy contains fluorouracil/epirubicin/ ... cyclophosphamide (FEC). Three large randomized studies have directly compared the epirubicin-containing regimen fluorouracil/ ...
The fluoropyrimidines include fluorouracil and capecitabine. Fluorouracil is a nucleobase analogue that is metabolised in cells ... Kaldate RR, Haregewoin A, Grier CE, Hamilton SA, McLeod HL (2012). "Modeling the 5-fluorouracil area under the curve versus ... Capitain O, Asevoaia A, Boisdron-Celle M, Poirier AL, Morel A, Gamelin E (December 2012). "Individual fluorouracil dose ... such as 5-fluorouracil, are used to treat some cases of non-melanoma skin cancer. If the cancer has central nervous system ...
5-fluorouracil has received FDA approval. Removing the residual superficial tumor with surgery alone can result in large and ... The use of a chemotherapeutic agent such as 5-Fluorouracil or imiquimod can prevent the development of skin cancer. It is ... Some superficial cancers respond to local therapy with 5-fluorouracil, a chemotherapy agent. One can expect a great deal of ... This tumor is generally responsive to topic chemotherapy, such as imiquimod, or fluorouracil, although surgical treatment is ...
Ansfield proposed that dosages of a new drug, 5-Fluorouracil, be increased in the treatment of incurable cancer to find if it ... He was a leader in applying 5-FU (5-Fluorouracil) to humans, demonstrating its effectiveness as a chemotherapy drug. Ansfield ... His first faculty assignment was testing 5-FU (5-Fluorouracil), a new drug conceptualized and developed by Professor Charles ... ANSFIELD, FJ; SCHROEDER, JM; CURRERI, AR (July 28, 1962). "Five Years Clinical Experience with 5-Fluorouracil". JAMA. 181 (4): ...
... and 5-fluorouracil. FAC (or CAF): 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide. AC (or CA): Adriamycin (doxorubicin) and ... FEC: 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide. AT: Adriamycin (doxorubicin) and Taxotere (docetaxel). Since chemotherapy ... "Breakthrough - CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil)". 2009-01-06. Archived from the original on 2009-01-06. ...
Cyclophosphamide Methotrexate Fluorouracil (CMF) is a commonly used regimen of breast cancer chemotherapy that combines three ... 2002). "The feasibility of classical cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil (CMF) for pre- and post-menopausal node- ... "CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil)". UK: Breakthrough Breast Cancer. Archived from the original on 2009-01 ... and fluorouracil (CMF) followed by radiation for stage III breast cancer: a phase II trial (CALGB 8944)". Breast Cancer Res. ...
Topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, Efudex, Carac) has been shown to be an effective therapy for diffuse, but minor actinic cheilitis ... 5-fluorouracil works by blocking DNA synthesis. Cells that are rapidly growing need more DNA, so they accumulate more 5- ... Treatment options include 5-fluorouracil, imiquimod, scalpel vermillionectomy, chemical peel, electrosurgery, and carbon ... fluorouracil, resulting in their death. Normal skin is much less affected. The treatment usually takes 2-4 weeks depending on ...
Bhadra D, Bhadra S, Jain S, Jain NK (May 2003). "A PEGylated dendritic nanoparticulate carrier of fluorouracil". International ...
5-fluorouracil, capecitabine); high consumption of energy drinks have been associated with variant angina[citation needed]. ...
Chu, Edward (September 2007). "Clinical Colorectal Cancer: "Ode to 5-Fluorouracil"". Clinical Colorectal Cancer. 6 (9): 609. ... and a world-renowned cancer researcher who developed the medication Fluorouracil. In 1951 the Heidelbergers hired Herb Fritz Jr ...
... and fluorouracil Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil. Docetaxel and cyclophosphamide. Docetaxel, doxorubicin, and ... A series of studies has established that 6 months of chemotherapy with either gemcitabine or fluorouracil, as compared with ... Studies have shown that fluorouracil is an effective adjuvant chemotherapy among patients with microsatellite stability or low- ... July 2003). "Tumor microsatellite-instability status as a predictor of benefit from fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy ...
Longley, D. B.; Harkin, D. P.; Johnston, P. G. (2003). "5-Fluorouracil: Mechanisms of action and clinical strategies". Nature ... methotrexate and fluorouracil. The phenomenon was first reported in 1954 by Hazel D. Barner and Seymour S. Cohen in Escherichia ... "The Mode of Action of 5-Fluorouracil and Its Derivatives". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States ...
Longley, DB; Harkin DP; Johnston PG (May 2003). "5-fluorouracil: mechanisms of action and clinical strategies". Nat. Rev. ...
August 2009). "Identification of genes conferring resistance to 5-fluorouracil". Proceedings of the National Academy of ...
Treatment with a laser and topical 5-fluorouracil". J Reprod Med. 37 (5): 453-6. PMID 1324311. "Michael Brodman, M.D. = Female ...
"Identification of genes conferring resistance to 5-fluorouracil". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United ...
The Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery Study Group (1989-12-01). "Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery Study One-Year Follow-up". ... Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery Study: This study investigated the safety and effectiveness of 5-fluorouracil after ... It showed that using 5-fluorouracil after glaucoma surgery improved patients' results and reduced the need for additional ...
Weiss, E; Amini, S (2007). "A Novel Treatment for Knuckle Pads With Intralesional Fluorouracil". Arch Dermatol. 143 (11): 1447- ... there has been some effectiveness with intralesional fluorouracil. Skin lesion List of cutaneous conditions Garrod's pad Mackey ...
Topical fluorouracil (5-FU) destroys AKs by blocking methylation of thymidylate synthetase, thereby interrupting DNA and RNA ... Topical creams, such as 5-fluorouracil or imiquimod, may require daily application to affected skin areas over a typical time ... Robins P, Gupta AK (August 2002). "The use of topical fluorouracil to treat actinic keratosis". Cutis. 70 (2 Suppl): 4-7. PMID ... Gupta AK, Davey V, Mcphail H (October 2005). "Evaluation of the effectiveness of imiquimod and 5-fluorouracil for the treatment ...
COVID-19 misinformation Fluorouracil Merck Index, 11th Edition, 2886. Wick, AN; Drury, DR; Nakada, HI; Wolfe, JB (1957). " ...
... fluorouracil and ingenol mebutate; radiation therapy; and surgical excision, including Mohs surgery (microscopically controlled ...
Keratosis can also be treated by using cryotherapy or fluorouracil. In more severe cases of XP, even minuscule amounts of UV ...
When elemental fluorine reacts with uracil, they produce 5-fluorouracil. 5-Fluorouracil is an anticancer drug (antimetabolite) ... Because 5-fluorouracil is similar in shape to, but does not undergo the same chemistry as, uracil, the drug inhibits RNA ...
... and fluorouracil (or "CMF"). Most chemotherapy medications work by destroying fast-growing and/or fast-replicating cancer cells ...
Upon entering the cell, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is converted to a variety of active metabolites, intracellularly. One such ... The most widely used inhibitor is 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and its metabolized form 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (5-FdUMP), ... 2002). "Induction of thymidylate synthase as a 5-fluorouracil resistance mechanism". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1587 (2-3): 194- ... Fluorouracil (5-FU) Activity edit]] The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "FluoropyrimidineActivity_WP1601 ...
Individuals with this condition may develop life-threatening toxicity following exposure to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a ... biochemical basis for familial pyrimidinemia and severe 5-fluorouracil-induced toxicity". J Clin Invest. 81 (1): 47-51. doi: ... impact of pharmacogenetics on 5-fluorouracil therapy". Clinical Advances in Hematology & Oncology. 2 (8): 527-532. ISSN 1543- ... "Profiling dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency in patients with cancer undergoing 5-fluorouracil/capecitabine therapy". ...
Fluorouracil Topical: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Apply fluorouracil cream with a nonmetal applicator, a glove, or your finger. If you apply fluorouracil cream with your finger ... Before using fluorouracil,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to fluorouracil or any other medications. ... This is a sign that fluorouracil is working. Do not stop using fluorouracil unless your doctor has told you to do so. ...
5-fluorouracil may be an effective treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 in women. ... Cite this: 5-Fluorouracil Effective Treatment for CIN 2 in Small Trial - Medscape - Jan 09, 2014. ... Topical 5% 5-fluorouracil (5FU) applied intravaginally may be an effective treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia ( ...
Patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck who received docetaxel plus cisplatin and fluorouracil induction ... plus chemoradiotherapy had a significantly longer survival than did patients who received cisplatin and fluorouracil induction ... Cisplatin and fluorouracil alone or with docetaxel in head and neck cancer N Engl J Med. 2007 Oct 25;357(17):1705-15. doi: ... Conclusions: Patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck who received docetaxel plus cisplatin and fluorouracil ...
Low-dose continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion stimulates VEGF-A-mediated angiogenesis. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad ... Low-dose continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion stimulates VEGF-A-mediated angiogenesis.. Acta Oncol. 2009; 48(3):418-25.AO ... AnimalsAntimetabolites, AntineoplasticCell ProliferationDose-Response Relationship, DrugEndothelium, VascularFluorouracil ... "Low-dose Continuous 5-fluorouracil Infusion Stimulates VEGF-A-mediated Angiogenesis." Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden), vol ...
Sensitization to Low Dose 5-Fluorouracil: SUBSEQUENT ENHANCEMENT OF ITS SYSTEMIC ANTITUMOR EFFECT IN THE RAT. ... Sensitization to Low Dose 5-Fluorouracil: SUBSEQUENT ENHANCEMENT OF ITS SYSTEMIC ANTITUMOR EFFECT IN THE RAT. ... This report describes a novel method of immunochemotherapy; the active immunization to the drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with ...
The efficacy of captopril and 5-fluorouracil combination in the proliferation and collagen deposition of keloid fibroblast ...
Fluorouracil has some effect on DNA and is useful in symptom palliation for patients with progressive disease. It is commonly ... Nanoliposomal irinotecan with fluorouracil and folinic acid in metastatic pancreatic cancer after previous gemcitabine-based ... The most active agents for pancreatic cancer have been 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and gemcitabine. Gemcitabine appears to be ... Capecitabine is a prodrug of fluorouracil that undergoes hydrolysis in liver and tissues to form the active moiety ( ...
Compare Fluorouracil prices and find coupons that could save you up to 80% instantly at pharmacies near you such as CVS, ... Fluorouracil is used to treat various types of cancer. ... fluorouracil) is $226.49. You can buy fluorouracil at the ... The average cost for 1 Tube, 40gm of 5% each of the generic (fluorouracil) is $226.49. You can buy fluorouracil at the ... Fluorouracil is used to treat various types of cancer. Learn more about Adrucil intravenous . 1 ...
Fluorouracil may be metabolised by catabolic or anabolic routes which are similar to that of endogenous uracil. Fluorouracil ... Isolated Fluorouracil lesions in low numbers are most commonly treated with destructive therapies, 5 fluorouracil cream, such ... If the treated area is inadvertently exposed to fluorouracil sun, the reaction to fluorouracil is more vigorous than normal. ... Haematological disorders, associated with systemic drug toxicity, e. Fluorouracil action of fluorouracil cream means that some ...
What is fluorouracil?. Fluorouracil, also called "5-FU" or "5-fluorouracil," is an FDA-approved chemotherapy drug commonly used ... Why is fluorouracil important to know about if you have pets?. Pets can be exposed to fluorouracil by chewing on containers, ... How do I report a fluorouracil problem to FDA?. If your pet has a problem with fluorouracil or any other human or animal drug, ... If your pet comes into contact with fluorouracil, seek immediate veterinary care, and bring the container of fluorouracil with ...
Tag: Fluorouracil ic50. Constraint satisfaction complications (CSP) are at the core of numerous scientific. Constraint ...
5-Fluorouracil. Another option is 5-FU cream, which interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis, thereby creating a thymine ... Treatment of extensive vulvar condylomata acuminata with topical 5-fluorouracil. South Med J. 1990 Jul. 83(7):761-4. [QxMD ... Interferon, podophyllin, and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) should not be used in pregnancy. ...
FLUOROURACIL injection, solution. NDC Code(s): 63323-117-00, 63323-117-01, 63323-117-10, 63323-117-20 *Packager: Fresenius Kabi ... FLUOROURACIL injection, solution. NDC Code(s): 63323-117-18, 63323-117-28, 63323-117-41, 63323-117-43 *Packager: Fresenius Kabi ... FLUOROURACIL injection, solution. NDC Code(s): 16729-276-03, 16729-276-05, 16729-276-67, 16729-276-68 *Packager: Accord ... FLUOROURACIL injection, solution. NDC Code(s): 68001-266-24, 68001-266-27, 68001-266-32, 68001-266-33 *Packager: BluePoint ...
Sequential interaction of phenytoin and phenobarbital with fluorouracil」の研究トピックを掘り下げます。これらがまとまってユニークなフィンガープリントを構成します。 ... Tsuda A, Miki A, Togawa T, Satoh H, Hori S, Sawada Y. Sequential interaction of phenytoin and phenobarbital with fluorouracil. ... Sequential interaction of phenytoin and phenobarbital with fluorouracil. / Tsuda, Aiko; Miki, Akiko; Togawa, Takeshi その他. In: ... Sequential interaction of phenytoin and phenobarbital
For fluorouracil: Patients with dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency are unable to metabolize fluorouracil normally ... For fluorouracil: *. This agent may cause severe diarrhea. Episodes of diarrhea should be assessed routinely. Modifications of ... For fluorouracil: Liver function should be assessed prior to each cycle for potential dose evaluation. ... Fluorouracil 500 mg/m2 IV Push on Days 1 and 8 ... and may have severe unexpected toxicity to fluorouracil. Review ...
... and 5-fluorouracil (DCF) therapy can cause severe adverse events, including neutropenia and febrile neutropenia. The ... Docetaxel and 5-fluorouracil doses were reduced by 20% if grade 3 or 4 mucositis oral or diarrhea was observed. The cisplatin ... Phase I/II study of divided-dose docetaxel, cisplatin and fluorouracil for patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell ... Impact of docetaxel in addition to cisplatin and fluorouracil as neoadjuvant treatment for resectable stage III or T3 ...
5-fluorouracil was effective even in the face of recurrence following first line treatment (including 5-fluorouracil) ... 5-fluorouracil has a 74% success rate as the initial treatment of high-grade vaginal dysplasia ... Researchers acknowledge that the study was retrospective in nature, but the data supports 5-fluorouracil as a viable option in ... Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2017) sought to assess the success rate of 5-fluorouracil in the treatment and prevention of high- ...
5-Fluorouracil Toxicosis in Cats and Dogs. read more Pet Owner Blog Sunscreen Toxins. read more ...
Since growth of M. thermoautotrophicum is inhibited by fluorouracil, analogue-resistant strains were isolated by spontaneous ...
5-fluorouracil. *Vincristine. Other medications. There are several other medications that may be used in the treatment of ...
Phase I trial of low-dose, prolonged continuous infusion fluorouracil plus interferon-alfa: Evidence for enhanced fluorouracil ... Phase I trial of low-dose, prolonged continuous infusion fluorouracil plus interferon-alfa: Evidence for enhanced fluorouracil ... Phase I trial of low-dose, prolonged continuous infusion fluorouracil plus interferon-alfa: Evidence for enhanced fluorouracil ... Phase I trial of low-dose, prolonged continuous infusion fluorouracil plus interferon-alfa : Evidence for enhanced fluorouracil ...
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) being a mainstream anticancer drug is under keen and detailed investigation for prodrugs formulations in ... Synthesis of 5-fluorouracil cocrystals with novel organic acids as coformers and anticancer evaluation against HCT-116 ... Synthesis of 5-fluorouracil cocrystals with novel organic acids as coformers and anticancer evaluation against HCT-116 ...
2-Methoxy-5-fluorouracil,2-ethoxy-5-fluorouracil,2-Methoxy-4-hydrazinyl-5-fluoropyrimidine,4-amino-2,5-dimethoxypyrimidine- ...
Upfront Modified Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, Oxaliplatin, and Irinotecan Plus Panitumumab Versus Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, and ... To verify whether the intensification of the upfront chemotherapy backbone with a modified schedule of modified fluorouracil, ... followed by fluorouracil/-leucovorin/panitumumab until disease progression. The primary end point was objective response rate ( ... leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan (mFOLFOXIRI) increases the activity of fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin when ...
ARM B: Patients receive fluorouracil IV over 46 hours starting on day 1. Patients also receive leucovorin IV over 90-120 ... A Randomized Phase II Study of Gemcitabine and Nab-Paclitaxel Compared With 5-Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, and Liposomal ... This phase II trial compares two treatment combinations: gemcitabine hydrochloride and nab-paclitaxel, or fluorouracil, ... Comparing Two Treatment Combinations, Gemcitabine and Nab-Paclitaxel With 5-Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, and Liposomal Irinotecan ...
5-fluorouracil. Chemo Fog. Folate Homeostasis. Methotrexate. Pharmacokinetics. Transporters Permanent link to this record. http ... A PHARMACOKINETIC BASED STUDY TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE REPORTED COGNITIVE DEFICITS FOR 5-FLUOROURACIL AND METHOTREXATE IN MALE ...
Trang chủ Công trình KHCN Bài báo ngoài nước Pegylated dendrimer and its effect in fluorouracil loading and release for ... The fluorouracil (5-FU)-loaded pegylated dendrimer showed a slow release profile of the drug. In vitro study, at the primary ... Pegylated dendrimer and its effect in fluorouracil loading and release for enhancing antitumor activity.. ... Pegylated dendrimer and its effect in fluorouracil loading and release for enhancing antitumor activ. Bởi ...
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above. ...
  • Irinotecan liposomal is used in combination with fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas after disease progression following gemcitabine-based therapy. (medscape.com)
  • This chemotherapy combination contains the drugs leucovorin calcium (folinic acid), fluorouracil, irinotecan hydrochloride, and oxaliplatin. (cancer.gov)
  • Apply fluorouracil cream with a nonmetal applicator, a glove, or your finger. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you apply fluorouracil cream with your finger, be sure to wash your hands well immediately afterwards. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Do not apply fluorouracil cream or topical solution to the eyelids or the eyes, nose, or mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A randomized phase 3 trial of the treatment of squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck compared induction chemotherapy with docetaxel plus cisplatin and fluorouracil (TPF) with cisplatin and fluorouracil (PF), followed by chemoradiotherapy. (nih.gov)
  • Patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck who received docetaxel plus cisplatin and fluorouracil induction chemotherapy plus chemoradiotherapy had a significantly longer survival than did patients who received cisplatin and fluorouracil induction chemotherapy plus chemoradiotherapy. (nih.gov)
  • Docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil (DCF) therapy can cause severe adverse events, including neutropenia and febrile neutropenia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fluorouracil cream and topical solution are used to treat actinic or solar keratoses (scaly or crusted lesions [skin areas] caused by years of too much exposure to sunlight). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Fluorouracil cream and topical solution are also used to treat a type of skin cancer called superficial basal cell carcinoma if usual types of treatment cannot be used. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Topical 5% 5-fluorouracil (5FU) applied intravaginally may be an effective treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 in women, according to a prospective, nonblinded, randomized controlled trial. (medscape.com)
  • Fluorouracil is a topical cream that treats sun-damaged skin cells and certain types of skin cancer cells by breaking down the DNA in those cells. (dane101.com)
  • Fluorouracil is available either as a solution for injection or as a topical cream or topical solution that's applied on the skin. (healthcareforpets.com)
  • The containers of topical cream or topical solution may include the brand names Efudex, Carac, Tolak, and Fluoroplex or state "Fluorouracil. (healthcareforpets.com)
  • Pets can be exposed to fluorouracil by chewing on containers, usually tubes, of topical fluorouracil or by licking the area of your skin where you applied the medicine. (healthcareforpets.com)
  • Because of this, FDA asked makers of fluorouracil topical products to add new wording to the product labels that warn users about the danger to pets. (healthcareforpets.com)
  • Safely storing your fluorouracil topical products can save your pet's life. (healthcareforpets.com)
  • 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely applied in the treatment of various cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC) [1,2]. (medscimonit.com)
  • Fluorouracil, also called "5-FU" or "5-fluorouracil," is an FDA-approved chemotherapy drug commonly used to treat a wide variety of cancers in people, including some types of skin cancers and a condition called solar or actinic keratosis, which can lead to skin cancer. (healthcareforpets.com)
  • The most active agents for pancreatic cancer have been 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and gemcitabine. (medscape.com)
  • For patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, Fluorouracil is administered either as an infusional regimen in combination with leucovorin or as part of a multidrug chemotherapy regimen that includes leucovorin. (wikikenko.com)
  • In the case of adenocarcinoma of the breast, Fluorouracil is administered as part of a multidrug regimen with cyclophosphamide. (wikikenko.com)
  • The impact of therapeutic drug management (TDM) on reducing toxicity and improving efficacy in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients receiving fluorouracil-based chemotherapy is still unclear. (medscimonit.com)
  • Capecitabine is a prodrug of fluorouracil that undergoes hydrolysis in liver and tissues to form the active moiety (fluorouracil), inhibiting thymidylate synthetase, which in turn blocks methylation of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. (medscape.com)
  • Withhold fluorouracil and initiate ammonia-lowering therapy. (nih.gov)
  • For patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum, Fluorouracil is typically administered as part of a combination therapy. (wikikenko.com)
  • Case report: A male patient aged 60 under treatment with PHT and PB in which serum concentrations of PHT (32.8 μg/ml) and PB (26.7 μg/ml) increased ∼2-fold after the start of postoperative adjuvant therapy with calcium levofolinate (l-LV) and fluorouracil (5-FU). (elsevierpure.com)
  • Therapy with 5-fluorouracil cream has not been evaluated in controlled studies, frequently causes local irritation, and is not recommended for the treatment of genital warts. (cdc.gov)
  • Withhold or permanently discontinue fluorouracil in patients with evidence of acute early-onset or unusually severe toxicity, which may indicate near complete or total absence of dipyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) activity. (nih.gov)
  • Withhold fluorouracil for cardiac toxicity. (nih.gov)
  • For fluorouracil: Patients with dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency are unable to metabolize fluorouracil normally and may have severe unexpected toxicity to fluorouracil. (medscape.com)
  • The results showed liposomal formulation increases the penetration of the 5-Fluorouracil in biological membrane. (repository-tnmgrmu.ac.in)
  • The liposomes are intended to be formulated as mucoadhesive buccal film of 5-Fluorouracil liposomal using polymers HPMC and SCMC. (repository-tnmgrmu.ac.in)
  • Fluorouracil is recommended for administration either as an intravenous bolus or as an intravenous infusion. (nih.gov)
  • What Medicine is used for: ​5-Fluorouracil is an intravenous chemotherapy used alone or in combination with other agents for the treatment of certain types of cancer. (cgh.com.sg)
  • Fluorouracil can cause severe diarrhea. (nih.gov)
  • Withhold fluorouracil for severe diarrhea until resolved. (nih.gov)
  • If severe, discontinue fluorouracil until resolved or decreased to Grade 1, then resume at a reduced dose. (nih.gov)
  • Fluorouracil can cause severe and fatal myelosuppression. (nih.gov)
  • Withhold fluorouracil until severe myelosuppression resolves, then resume at a reduced dose. (nih.gov)
  • Fluorouracil is in a class of medications called antimetabolites. (medlineplus.gov)
  • No fluorouracil dose has been proven safe in patients with absent DPD activity. (nih.gov)
  • Fluorouracil has some effect on DNA and is useful in symptom palliation for patients with progressive disease. (medscape.com)
  • Gastric adenocarcinoma patients can benefit from Fluorouracil as part of a platinum-containing multidrug chemotherapy regimen. (wikikenko.com)
  • Fluorouracil Kocak I.V. Injection is a powerful solution for patients battling colon, rectal, breast, stomach, or pancreatic cancer. (wikikenko.com)
  • Fluorouracil provides patients in Turkey with an effective tool in their fight against cancer, bringing them one step closer to recovery and a brighter future. (wikikenko.com)
  • La recherche consacrée à la qualité de vie des patients cancéreux dans les pays en développement est limitée. (who.int)
  • Afin d'estimer la faisabilité d'une évaluation de la qualité de vie dans une cohorte de patients cancéreux tunisiens, nous avons présenté le questionnaire QLQ-C30 de l'EORTC à 23 femmes traitées par chimiothérapie adjuvante en ambulatoire pour un cancer du sein à un stade précoce, au début du traitement et pendant le troisième cycle de chimiothérapie. (who.int)
  • Furthermore, Fluorouracil may impact fertility in both genders, making it important to avoid breastfeeding while undergoing treatment. (wikikenko.com)
  • Experiments in various species revealed an impairment of fluorouracil fertility and reproductive performance of systemic 5-fluorouracil. (shopwestcomb.com)
  • HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATIONThese highlights do not include all the information needed to use FLUOROURACIL INJECTION safely and effectively. (nih.gov)
  • See full prescribing information for FLUOROURACIL INJECTION. (nih.gov)
  • Fluorouracil Kocak I.V. Injection is a powerful medication used in the treatment of various types of cancer, including colon, rectal, breast, stomach, and pancreatic cancer. (wikikenko.com)
  • Fluorouracil is used to treat various types of cancer. (webmd.com)
  • While Fluorouracil can be highly beneficial in combating cancer, it is essential to be aware of potential side effects. (wikikenko.com)
  • Il est nécessaire d'améliorer encore l'infrastructure de soins et la sensibilisation du public en matière de cancer si l'on veut réaliser des études fiables sur la qualité de vie des cancéreux. (who.int)
  • Albertsson P, Lennernäs B, Norrby K. Low-dose continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion stimulates VEGF-A-mediated angiogenesis. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • TY - JOUR T1 - Low-dose continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion stimulates VEGF-A-mediated angiogenesis. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Discontinue fluorouracil until resolved or decreased to Grade 1, then resume at a reduced dose. (nih.gov)
  • Individualize the dose and dosing schedule of fluorouracil based on tumor type, the specific regimen administered, disease state, response to treatment, and patient risk factors. (nih.gov)
  • For fluorouracil: Liver function should be assessed prior to each cycle for potential dose evaluation. (medscape.com)
  • the active immunization to the drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with enhanced antitumor activity resulting from its subsequent systemic administration. (jci.org)
  • Cite this: 5-Fluorouracil Effective Treatment for CIN 2 in Small Trial - Medscape - Jan 09, 2014. (medscape.com)
  • In conclusion, using fluorouracil cream can be an effective treatment for certain types of skin cells but only under strict dermatologist approved guidelines. (dane101.com)
  • Optimal treatment of AK lesions in the elderly depends on several factors, including adherence to treatment regimens fluorouracil modification of regimens to adjust to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes that occur. (shopwestcomb.com)
  • abstract = "Objective: We report a case of sequential interaction of phenytoin (PHT) and phenobarbital (PB) with fluorouracil (5-FU). (elsevierpure.com)
  • Fluorouracil comes as a solution and a cream to apply to the skin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Information is also available online at https: Continue typing to refine, 5 fluorouracil cream. (shopwestcomb.com)
  • If you have concerns about the fluorouracil of your reaction to 5-FU cream, get in touch with your doctor. (shopwestcomb.com)
  • The total area of skin being treated with Efudix at any one time should not exceed cm 2 approximately 23 x 23 cm, 5 fluorouracil cream. (shopwestcomb.com)
  • Sadly, the FDA has received reports involving dogs that were exposed to one type of medicated cream called fluorouracil. (healthcareforpets.com)
  • Overusing fluorouracil can lead to redness, peeling, pain sensation irritation , or even darker shades on your face so always use a little amount in accordance with your doctor's guidance. (dane101.com)
  • Each Vial Contains 20 Mg (For 20 Ml) Of 5-Fluorouracil. (wikikenko.com)
  • 5-Fluorouracil ( 5-FU ) is one of the most widely applied chemotherapeutic agents with a broad spectrum of activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • FDA has not yet received any reports of fluorouracil poisoning in cats or other pets but recommends that this drug also be kept away from all pets for their safety. (healthcareforpets.com)
  • If your pet has a problem with fluorouracil or any other human or animal drug, please report it to FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine . (healthcareforpets.com)
  • The Jss o 5-Fluorouracil from F4 was found 9.4802 mg cm-2 h-1, the result indicates 8.53 times higher than compared to free drug. (repository-tnmgrmu.ac.in)
  • Both men and women using Fluorouracil should employ effective birth control measures to prevent pregnancy. (wikikenko.com)
  • The average cost for 1 Tube, 40gm of 5% each of the generic (fluorouracil) is $226.49. (webmd.com)
  • Avoid allowing pets to contact this tube or your skin where fluorouracil has been applied. (healthcareforpets.com)
  • Fluorouracil administration requires careful consideration of the patient's specific requirements. (wikikenko.com)
  • If you are using fluorouracil to treat actinic or solar keratoses, you should continue using it until the lesions start to peel off. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you are using fluorouracil to treat basal cell carcinoma, you should continue using it until the lesions are gone. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Does 5-Fluorouracil Effectively Treat Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Prevent Recurrence? (obgproject.com)
  • Interferon, podophyllin, and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) should not be used in pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • If your medicine contains fluorouracil, immediately move it somewhere out of reach of your pets and keep them from licking your skin where you've applied the medicine. (healthcareforpets.com)
  • Fluorouracil usage can potentially increase the risk of bleeding or infection. (wikikenko.com)