Fluorescent dyes. Medical search

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.

A family of 3,6-di(substituted-amino)-9-benzoate derivatives of xanthene that are used as dyes and as indicators for various metals; also used as fluorescent tracers in histochemistry.

A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.

Chemicals and substances that impart color including soluble dyes and insoluble pigments. They are used in INKS; PAINTS; and as INDICATORS AND REAGENTS.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

The marking of biological material with a dye or other reagent for the purpose of identifying and quantitating components of tissues, cells or their extracts.

A broad class of substances containing carbon and its derivatives. Many of these chemicals will frequently contain hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. They exist in either carbon chain or carbon ring form.

Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.

Dyes used as cosmetics to change hair color either permanently or temporarily.

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.

The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis.

A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for P-glycoprotein and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of P-glycoprotein in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30)

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

A group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine. The ring structure is characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids such as papaverine. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.

A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.

Green dyes containing ammonium and aryl sulfonate moieties that facilitate the visualization of tissues, if given intravenously. They have mostly been used in the study of kidney physiology.

A subclass of IMIDES with the general structure of pyrrolidinedione. They are prepared by the distillation of ammonium succinate. They are sweet-tasting compounds that are used as chemical intermediates and plant growth stimulants.

Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Y-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. These are distinguished from IMINES which are RN=CR2.

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.

Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of CONNEXINS, the family of proteins which form the junctions.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Light-induced change in a chromophore, resulting in the loss of its absorption of light of a particular wave length. The photon energy causes a conformational change in the photoreceptor proteins affecting PHOTOTRANSDUCTION. This occurs naturally in the retina (ADAPTATION, OCULAR) on long exposure to bright light. Photobleaching presents problems when occurring in PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY, and in FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY. On the other hand, this phenomenon is exploited in the technique, FLUORESCENCE RECOVERY AFTER PHOTOBLEACHING, allowing measurement of the movements of proteins and LIPIDS in the CELL MEMBRANE.

A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.

Compounds with a BENZENE fused to IMIDAZOLES.

Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Optical imaging techniques used for recording patterns of electrical activity in tissues by monitoring transmembrane potentials via FLUORESCENCE imaging with voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes.

A plant genus of the family LOGANIACEAE (classified by some botanists as Gelsemiaceae). The sometimes used common name of trumpet flower is also used for DATURA.

Compounds with a benzene ring fused to a thiazole ring.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP.

Six-membered heterocycles containing an oxygen and a nitrogen.

A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.

Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.

An optical source that emits photons in a coherent beam. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) is brought about using devices that transform light of varying frequencies into a single intense, nearly nondivergent beam of monochromatic radiation. Lasers operate in the infrared, visible, ultraviolet, or X-ray regions of the spectrum.

Fluorescence microscopy utilizing multiple low-energy photons to produce the excitation event of the fluorophore. Multiphoton microscopes have a simplified optical path in the emission side due to the lack of an emission pinhole, which is necessary with normal confocal microscopes. Ultimately this allows spatial isolation of the excitation event, enabling deeper imaging into optically thick tissue, while restricting photobleaching and phototoxicity to the area being imaged.

Naphthalene derivatives carrying one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups at any ring position. They are often used in dyes and pigments, as antioxidants for rubber, fats, and oils, as insecticides, in pharmaceuticals, and in numerous other applications.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A highly-sensitive (in the picomolar range, which is 10,000-fold more sensitive than conventional electrophoresis) and efficient technique that allows separation of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and CARBOHYDRATES. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

A noninvasive technique that uses the differential absorption properties of hemoglobin and myoglobin to evaluate tissue oxygenation and indirectly can measure regional hemodynamics and blood flow. Near-infrared light (NIR) can propagate through tissues and at particular wavelengths is differentially absorbed by oxygenated vs. deoxygenated forms of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Illumination of intact tissue with NIR allows qualitative assessment of changes in the tissue concentration of these molecules. The analysis is also used to determine body composition.

An analytical method for detecting and measuring FLUORESCENCE in compounds or targets such as cells, proteins, or nucleotides, or targets previously labeled with FLUORESCENCE AGENTS.

The fluid inside CELLS.

A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.

A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of GAP JUNCTIONS. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions.

A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. Dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. They are also commonly used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Method for assessing flow through a system by injection of a known quantity of dye into the system and monitoring its concentration over time at a specific point in the system. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.

A 43-kDa peptide which is a member of the connexin family of gap junction proteins. Connexin 43 is a product of a gene in the alpha class of connexin genes (the alpha-1 gene). It was first isolated from mammalian heart, but is widespread in the body including the brain.

Techniques where DNA is delivered directly into organelles at high speed using projectiles coated with nucleic acid, shot from a helium-powered gun (gene gun). One of these techniques involves immunization by DNA VACCINES, which delivers DNA-coated gold beads to the epidermis.

A type of FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY using two FLUORESCENT DYES with overlapping emission and absorption spectra, which is used to indicate proximity of labeled molecules. This technique is useful for studying interactions of molecules and PROTEIN FOLDING.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The use of molecularly targeted imaging probes to localize and/or monitor biochemical and cellular processes via various imaging modalities that include RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING; ULTRASONOGRAPHY; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; FLUORESCENCE IMAGING; and MICROSCOPY.

A plasma membrane exchange glycoprotein transporter that functions in intracellular pH regulation, cell volume regulation, and cellular response to many different hormones and mitogens.

Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are GABA MODULATORS used as HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES, as ANESTHETICS, or as ANTICONVULSANTS.

Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)

Organic compounds which contain tin in the molecule. Used widely in industry and agriculture.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A class of organic compounds which contain an anilino (phenylamino) group linked to a salt or ester of naphthalenesulfonic acid. They are frequently used as fluorescent dyes and sulfhydryl reagents.

Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.

Microscopy in which television cameras are used to brighten magnified images that are otherwise too dark to be seen with the naked eye. It is used frequently in TELEPATHOLOGY.

A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.

Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Discrete concentrations of energy, apparently massless elementary particles, that move at the speed of light. They are the unit or quantum of electromagnetic radiation. Photons are emitted when electrons move from one energy state to another. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.

Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.

The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.

Thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or ORGANELLES in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. They include a variety of membranes associated with the CELL NUCLEUS; the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

A method for the study of certain organic compounds within cells, in situ, by measuring the light intensities of the selectively stained areas of cytoplasm. The compounds studied and their locations in the cells are made to fluoresce and are observed under a microscope.

Measurement of the polarization of fluorescent light from solutions or microscopic specimens. It is used to provide information concerning molecular size, shape, and conformation, molecular anisotropy, electronic energy transfer, molecular interaction, including dye and coenzyme binding, and the antigen-antibody reaction.

Nanometer-sized particles that are nanoscale in three dimensions. They include nanocrystaline materials; NANOCAPSULES; METAL NANOPARTICLES; DENDRIMERS, and QUANTUM DOTS. The uses of nanoparticles include DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS and cancer targeting and imaging.

A specialized field of physics and engineering involved in studying the behavior and properties of light and the technology of analyzing, generating, transmitting, and manipulating ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION in the visible, infrared, and ultraviolet range.

Inorganic or organic compounds that contain boron as an integral part of the molecule.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Interstitial space between cells, occupied by INTERSTITIAL FLUID as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. For organisms with a CELL WALL, the extracellular space includes everything outside of the CELL MEMBRANE including the PERIPLASM and the cell wall.

A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705)

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.

A purinergic P2X neurotransmitter receptor that plays a role in pain sensation signaling and regulation of inflammatory processes.

Direct contact of a cell with a neighboring cell. Most such junctions are too small to be resolved by light microscopy, but they can be visualized by conventional or freeze-fracture electron microscopy, both of which show that the interacting CELL MEMBRANE and often the underlying CYTOPLASM and the intervening EXTRACELLULAR SPACE are highly specialized in these regions. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p792)

Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods.

Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy.

A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.

Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.

Measurement of light given off by fluorescein in order to assess the integrity of various ocular barriers. The method is used to investigate the blood-aqueous barrier, blood-retinal barrier, aqueous flow measurements, corneal endothelial permeability, and tear flow dynamics.

Salts and esters of the 12-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--lauric acid.

Chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across membranes. Many are antibiotics, and many act as uncoupling agents by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.

Chemicals that bind to and remove ions from solutions. Many chelating agents function through the formation of COORDINATION COMPLEXES with METALS.

Thin strands of transparent material, usually glass, that are used for transmitting light waves over long distances.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

High molecular weight polymers containing a mixture of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides chained together by ribose or deoxyribose linkages.

A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.

Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum usually sensed as heat. Infrared wavelengths are longer than those of visible light, extending into the microwave frequencies. They are used therapeutically as heat, and also to warm food in restaurants.

Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the CELL MEMBRANE.

A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.

A technique encompassing morphometry, densitometry, neural networks, and expert systems that has numerous clinical and research applications and is particularly useful in anatomic pathology for the study of malignant lesions. The most common current application of image cytometry is for DNA analysis, followed by quantitation of immunohistochemical staining.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer.

A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in MOLECULAR GENETICS to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION.

Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency or other output.

Relating to the size of solids.

A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology.

Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents.

The quantity of volume or surface area of CELLS.

The area within CELLS.

Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Small uniformly-sized spherical particles, of micrometer dimensions, frequently labeled with radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers.

The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.

The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.

Systems for the delivery of drugs to target sites of pharmacological actions. Technologies employed include those concerning drug preparation, route of administration, site targeting, metabolism, and toxicity.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

Nanometer sized fragments of semiconductor crystalline material which emit PHOTONS. The wavelength is based on the quantum confinement size of the dot. They can be embedded in MICROBEADS for high throughput ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES.

The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Compounds with a core of fused benzo-pyran rings.

A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Methods utilizing the principles of MICROFLUIDICS for sample handling, reagent mixing, and separation and detection of specific components in fluids.

The use of instrumentation and techniques for visualizing material and details that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. It is usually done by enlarging images, transmitted by light or electron beams, with optical or magnetic lenses that magnify the entire image field. With scanning microscopy, images are generated by collecting output from the specimen in a point-by-point fashion, on a magnified scale, as it is scanned by a narrow beam of light or electrons, a laser, a conductive probe, or a topographical probe.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits CA(2+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE mediated uptake of CALCIUM into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.

Single layer of large flattened cells covering the surface of the cornea.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A 170-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein from the superfamily of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS. It serves as an ATP-dependent efflux pump for a variety of chemicals, including many ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS. Overexpression of this glycoprotein is associated with multidrug resistance (see DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE).

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

A method used to study the lateral movement of MEMBRANE PROTEINS and LIPIDS. A small area of a cell membrane is bleached by laser light and the amount of time necessary for unbleached fluorescent marker-tagged proteins to diffuse back into the bleached site is a measurement of the cell membrane's fluidity. The diffusion coefficient of a protein or lipid in the membrane can be calculated from the data. (From Segen, Current Med Talk, 1995).

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Forms to which substances are incorporated to improve the delivery and the effectiveness of drugs. Drug carriers are used in drug-delivery systems such as the controlled-release technology to prolong in vivo drug actions, decrease drug metabolism, and reduce drug toxicity. Carriers are also used in designs to increase the effectiveness of drug delivery to the target sites of pharmacological actions. Liposomes, albumin microspheres, soluble synthetic polymers, DNA complexes, protein-drug conjugates, and carrier erythrocytes among others have been employed as biodegradable drug carriers.

A dye that has been used as an industrial dye, a laboratory indicator, and a biological stain.

Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion.

Organic salts and esters of benzenesulfonic acid.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A transparent, biconvex structure of the EYE, enclosed in a capsule and situated behind the IRIS and in front of the vitreous humor (VITREOUS BODY). It is slightly overlapped at its margin by the ciliary processes. Adaptation by the CILIARY BODY is crucial for OCULAR ACCOMMODATION.

The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The transfer of energy of a given form among different scales of motion. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed). It includes the transfer of kinetic energy and the transfer of chemical energy. The transfer of chemical energy from one molecule to another depends on proximity of molecules so it is often used as in techniques to measure distance such as the use of FORSTER RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER.

Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

A class of cell surface receptors for PURINES that prefer ATP or ADP over ADENOSINE. P2 purinergic receptors are widespread in the periphery and in the central and peripheral nervous system.

Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.

Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

The development and use of techniques to study physical phenomena and construct structures in the nanoscale size range or smaller.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.

The optically determined size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool correlates with the quantal content at the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila larvae. (1/15061)

According to the current theory of synaptic transmission, the amplitude of evoked synaptic potentials correlates with the number of synaptic vesicles released at the presynaptic terminals. Synaptic vesicles in presynaptic boutons constitute two distinct pools, namely, exo/endo cycling and reserve pools (). We defined the vesicles that were endocytosed and exocytosed during high K+ stimulation as the exo/endo cycling vesicle pool. To determine the role of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool in synaptic transmission, we estimated the quantal content electrophysiologically, whereas the pool size was determined optically using fluorescent dye FM1-43. We then manipulated the size of the pool with following treatments. First, to change the state of boutons of nerve terminals, motoneuronal axons were severed. With this treatment, the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool decreased together with the quantal content. Second, we promoted the FM1-43 uptake using cyclosporin A, which inhibits calcineurin activities and enhances endocytosis. Cyclosporin A increased the total uptake of FM1-43, but neither the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool nor the quantal content changed. Third, we increased the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool by forskolin, which enhances synaptic transmission. The forskolin treatment increased both the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool and the quantal content. Thus, we found that the quantal content was closely correlated with the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool but not necessarily with the total uptake of FM1-43 fluorescence by boutons. The results suggest that vesicles in the exo/endo cycling pool primarily participate in evoked exocytosis of vesicles. (+info)

Single cell studies of enzymatic hydrolysis of a tetramethylrhodamine labeled triglucoside in yeast. (2/15061)

Several hundred molecules of enzyme reaction products were detected in a single spheroplast from yeast cells incubated with a tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) labeled triglucoside, alpha-d-Glc(1-->2)alpha-d-Glc(1-->3)alpha-d-Glc-O(CH2)8CONHCH2- CH2NH- COTMR. Product detection was accomplished using capillary electrophoresis and laser induced fluorescence following the introduction of a single spheroplast into the separation capillary. The in vivo enzymatic hydrolysis of the TMR-trisaccharide involves at least two enzymes, limited by processing alpha-glucosidase I, producing TMR-disaccharide, TMR-monosaccharide, and the free TMR-linking arm. Hydrolysis was reduced by preincubation of the cells with the processing enzyme inhibitor castanospermine. Confocal laser scanning microscopy studies confirmed the uptake and internalization of fluorescent substrate. This single cell analysis methodology can be applied for the in vivo assay of any enzyme with a fluorescent substrate. (+info)

Maintenance of motility in mouse sperm permeabilized with streptolysin O. (3/15061)

One approach to studying the mechanisms governing sperm motility is to permeabilize sperm and examine the regulation of motility by manipulating the intracellular milieu of the cell. The most common method of sperm permeabilization, detergent treatment, has the disadvantage that the membranes and many proteins are extracted from the cell. To avoid this problem, we have developed a method that uses streptolysin O to create stable pores within the plasma membrane while leaving internal membranes intact. Sperm were permeabilized, preincubated, and then treated with 0.6 U/ml of streptolysin O. Permeabilization was assessed by fluorescent dye technologies and endogenous protein phosphorylation using exogenously added [gamma-32P]ATP. Streptolysin O-induced permeabilization rendered the sperm immotile, and the effect was Ca2+-dependent. When the cells were treated simultaneously with a medium containing ATP, streptolysin O-treated sperm maintained flagellar movement. These results demonstrate that the streptolysin O permeabilization model system is a useful experimental method for studying the mechanisms that regulate sperm motility since it allows the flagellar apparatus to be exposed to various exogenously added molecules. (+info)

Quantification of tumour vasculature and hypoxia by immunohistochemical staining and HbO2 saturation measurements. (4/15061)

Despite the possibility that tumour hypoxia may limit radiotherapeutic response, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. A new methodology has been developed in which information from several sophisticated techniques is combined and analysed at a microregional level. First, tumour oxygen availability is spatially defined by measuring intravascular blood oxygen saturations (HbO2) cryospectrophotometrically in frozen tumour blocks. Second, hypoxic development is quantified in adjacent sections using immunohistochemical detection of a fluorescently conjugated monoclonal antibody (ELK3-51) to a nitroheterocyclic hypoxia marker (EF5), thereby providing information relating to both the oxygen consumption rates and the effective oxygen diffusion distances. Third, a combination of fluorescent (Hoechst 33342 or DiOC7(3)) and immunohistological (PECAM-1/CD31) stains is used to define the anatomical vascular densities and the fraction of blood vessels containing flow. Using a computer-interfaced microscope stage, image analysis software and a 3-CCD colour video camera, multiple images are digitized, combined to form a photo-montage and revisited after each of the three staining protocols. By applying image registration techniques, the spatial distribution of HbO2 saturations is matched to corresponding hypoxic marker intensities in adjacent sections. This permits vascular configuration to be related to oxygen availability and allows the hypoxic marker intensities to be quantitated in situ. (+info)

Organ-selective homing defines engraftment kinetics of murine hematopoietic stem cells and is compromised by Ex vivo expansion. (5/15061)

Hematopoietic reconstitution of ablated recipients requires that intravenously (IV) transplanted stem and progenitor cells "home" to organs that support their proliferation and differentiation. To examine the possible relationship between homing properties and subsequent engraftment potential, murine bone marrow (BM) cells were labeled with fluorescent PKH26 dye and injected into lethally irradiated hosts. PKH26(+) cells homing to marrow or spleen were then isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and assayed for in vitro colony-forming cells (CFCs). Progenitors accumulated rapidly in the spleen, but declined to only 6% of input numbers after 24 hours. Although egress from this organ was accompanied by a simultaneous accumulation of CFCs in the BM (plateauing at 6% to 8% of input after 3 hours), spleen cells remained enriched in donor CFCs compared with marrow during this time. To determine whether this differential homing of clonogenic cells to the marrow and spleen influenced their contribution to short-term or long-term hematopoiesis in vivo, PKH26(+) cells were sorted from each organ 3 hours after transplantation and injected into lethally irradiated Ly-5 congenic mice. Cells that had homed initially to the spleen regenerated circulating leukocytes (20% of normal counts) approximately 2 weeks faster than cells that had homed to the marrow, or PKH26-labeled cells that had not been selected by a prior homing step. Both primary (17 weeks) and secondary (10 weeks) recipients of "spleen-homed" cells also contained approximately 50% higher numbers of CFCs per femur than recipients of "BM-homed" cells. To examine whether progenitor homing was altered upon ex vivo expansion, highly enriched Sca-1(+)c-kit+Lin- cells were cultured for 9 days in serum-free medium containing interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, stem cell factor, flk-2/flt3 ligand, and thrombopoietin. Expanded cells were then stained with PKH26 and assayed as above. Strikingly, CFCs generated in vitro exhibited a 10-fold reduction in homing capacity compared with fresh progenitors. These studies demonstrate that clonogenic cells with differential homing properties contribute variably to early and late hematopoiesis in vivo. The dramatic decline in the homing capacity of progenitors generated in vitro underscores critical qualitative changes that may compromise their biologic function and potential clinical utility, despite their efficient numerical expansion. (+info)

Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the Ca2+-induced decline of transmitter release at K+-depolarized motor neuron terminals. (6/15061)

The present study tested whether a Ca2+-induced disruption of mitochondrial function was responsible for the decline in miniature endplate current (MEPC) frequency that occurs with nerve-muscle preparations maintained in a 35 mM potassium propionate (35 mM KP) solution containing elevated calcium. When the 35 mM KP contained control Ca2+ (1 mM), the MEPC frequency increased and remained elevated for many hours, and the mitochondria within twitch motor neuron terminals were similar in appearance to those in unstimulated terminals. All nerve terminals accumulated FM1-43 when the dye was present for the final 6 min of a 300-min exposure to 35 mM KP with control Ca2+. In contrast, when Ca2+ was increased to 3.6 mM in the 35 mM KP solution, the MEPC frequency initially reached frequencies >350 s-1 but then gradually fell approaching frequencies <50 s-1. A progressive swelling and eventual distortion of mitochondria within the twitch motor neuron terminals occurred during prolonged exposure to 35 mM KP with elevated Ca2+. After approximately 300 min in 35 mM KP with elevated Ca2+, only 58% of the twitch terminals accumulated FM1-43. The decline in MEPC frequency in 35 mM KP with elevated Ca2+ was less when 15 mM glucose was present or when preparations were pretreated with 10 microM oligomycin and then bathed in the 35 mM KP with glucose. When glucose was present, with or without oligomycin pretreatment, a greater percentage of twitch terminals accumulated FM1-43. However, the mitochondria in these preparations were still greatly swollen and distorted. We propose that prolonged depolarization of twitch motor neuron terminals by 35 mM KP with elevated Ca2+ produced a Ca2+-induced decrease in mitochondrial ATP production. Under these conditions, the cytosolic ATP/ADP ratio was decreased thereby compromising both transmitter release and refilling of recycled synaptic vesicles. The addition of glucose stimulated glycolysis which contributed to the maintenance of required ATP levels. (+info)

Simultaneous measurement of evoked release and [Ca2+]i in a crayfish release bouton reveals high affinity of release to Ca2+. (7/15061)

The opener neuromuscular junction of crayfish was used to determine the affinity of the putative Ca2+ receptor(s) responsible for evoked release. Evoked, asynchronous release, and steady-state intracellular Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]ss, were measured concomitantly in single release boutons. It was found that, as expected, asynchronous release is highly correlated with [Ca2+]ss. Surprisingly, evoked release was also found to be highly correlated with [Ca2+]ss. The quantal content (m) and the rate of asynchronous release (S) showed sigmoidal dependence on [Ca2+]ss. The slope log m/log [Ca2+]ss varied between 1.6 and 3.3; the higher slope observed at the lower [Ca2+]o. The slope log S/log [Ca2+]ss varied between 3 and 4 and was independent of [Ca2+]o. These results are consistent with the assumption that evoked release is controlled by the sum of [Ca2+]ss and the local elevation of Ca2+ concentration near the release sites resulting from Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (Y). On the basis of the above, we were able to estimate Y. We found Y to be significantly <10 microM even for [Ca2+]o = 13.5 mM. The dissociation constant (Kd) of the Ca2+ receptor(s) associated with evoked release was calculated to be in the range of 4-5 microM. This value of Kd is similar to that found previously for asynchronous release. (+info)

Light-induced calcium influx into retinal axons is regulated by presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity in vivo. (8/15061)

Visual activity is thought to be a critical factor in controlling the development of central retinal projections. Neuronal activity increases cytosolic calcium, which was hypothesized to regulate process outgrowth in neurons. We performed an in vivo imaging study in the retinotectal system of albino Xenopus laevis tadpoles with the fluorescent calcium indicator calcium green 1 dextran (CaGD) to test the role of calcium in regulating axon arbor development. We find that visual stimulus to the retina increased CaGD fluorescence intensity in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon arbors within the optic tectum and that branch additions to retinotectal axon arbors correlated with a local rise in calcium in the parent branch. We find three types of responses to visual stimulus, which roughly correlate with the ON, OFF, and SUSTAINED response types of RGC reported by physiological criteria. Imaging in bandscan mode indicated that patterns of calcium transients were nonuniform throughout the axons. We tested whether the increase in calcium in the retinotectal axons required synaptic activity in the retina; intraocular application of tetrodotoxin (10 microM) or nifedipine (1 and 10 microM) blocked the stimulus-induced increase in RGC axonal fluorescence. A second series of pharmacological investigations was designed to determine the mechanism of the calcium elevation in the axon terminals within the optic tectum. Injection of bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-AM (BAPTA-AM) (20 mM) into the tectal ventricle reduced axonal calcium levels, supporting the idea that visual stimulation increases axonal calcium. Injection of BAPTA (20 mM) into the tectal ventricle to chelate extracellular calcium also attenuated the calcium response to visual stimulation, indicating that calcium enters the axon from the extracellular medium. Caffeine (10 mM) caused a large increase in axonal calcium, indicating that intracellular stores contribute to the calcium signal. Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) may play a role in axon arbor development and the formation of the topographic retinotectal projection. Injection of nicotine (10 microM) into the tectal ventricle significantly elevated RGC axonal calcium levels, whereas application of the nAChR antagonist alphaBTX (100 nM) reduced the stimulus-evoked rise in RGC calcium fluorescence. These data suggest that light stimulus to the retina increases calcium in the axon terminal arbors through a mechanism that includes influx through nAChRs and amplification by calcium-induced calcium release from intracellular calcium stores. Such a mechanism may contribute to developmental plasticity of the retinotectal system by influencing both axon arbor elaboration and the strength of synaptic transmission. (+info)

Similar lines of fluorescent dyes provide an alternative to the DyLight Dyes (see also the list in Category:Fluorescent dyes ... The DyLight Fluor family of fluorescent dyes are produced by Dyomics in collaboration with Thermo Fisher Scientific. DyLight ... "DyLight Reactive Dyes". Pierce Protein Research Products. 2008. Retrieved 2013-10-17. "DyLight Reactive Dyes". Pierce Protein ... and cyanine dyes. Sulfonation makes DyLight dyes negatively charged and hydrophilic. DyLight Fluors are commercially available ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DyLight_Fluor

... including high quantum yields when bound to proteins and reactive versions of these dyes are commonly used as fluorescent ... Squaraine dyes are a class of organic dyes showing intense fluorescence, typically in the red and near infrared region ( ... Efficient energy transfer occurs between the encapsulated dye and nanotube - light is absorbed by the dye and without ... For example, encapsulation of dye molecules inside carbon nanotubes completely quenches strong dye luminescence, thus allowing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squaraine_dye

Similar lines of fluorescent dyes provide an alternative to the FluoProbes Dyes. "FluoProbes Dyes" (PDF). Interchim. 2010. ... "FluoProbes Dyes" (PDF). Interchim. 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-01. (Dyes, Fluorescent dyes). ... The FluoProbes series of fluorescent dyes were developed by Interchim to improve performances of standard fluorophores. They ... FluoProbes dyes are typically used to label proteins or nucleic acids (ultrafast -3 minutes- labeling of antibodies employs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FluoProbes

Fluorescent dyes, Neuropathology). ... The newer dyes, fluoro-jade B and fluoro-jade C, were developed ... Currently, there are three fluoro-jade dyes (Fluoro-Jade, Fluoro-Jade B, and Fluoro-Jade C ), all of which are anionic ... Schmued LC, Hopkins KJ (August 2000). "Fluoro-Jade B: a high affinity fluorescent marker for the localization of neuronal ... who demonstrated that another anionic dye, fuchsine acid, could successfully bind to damaged neurons after a hyperglycemic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoro-Jade_stain

Coumarins, Fluorescent dyes, Imines). ... laser dyes, also they are known as biologically active ... Liepouri, F.; Foukaraki, E.; Deligeorgiev, T.G.; Katerinopoulos, H.E. (2001). "Iminocoumarin-based low affinity fluorescent ... "New high-efficiency biscoumarin laser dyes". Chemical Physics Letters. Elsevier BV. 149 (2): 140-144. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(88) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iminocoumarin

Fluorescent dyes can act very differently. Generally, a fluorescent dye will be excited by a light source (a laser) at a ... However, there are many other mechanisms by which fluorescent dyes can act. Some dyes are able to diffuse across membranes. By ... If you can identify which CD is presented on your cells of interest, then you can stain your sample with a fluorescent dye ... Certain fluorescent dyes can be used to characterize kinetic intracellular activity rather than fixing cells in formaldehyde ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sorting

In contrast to thermofluor, no external fluorescent dye is needed because the flavin cofactor is already present in the flavin- ... Materials: A fluorometer equipped with temperature control or similar instrumentation (qPCR machines); suitable fluorescent dye ... 0.5-5 μM protein with dye into a suitable assay buffer. The exact concentrations of protein and dye are defined by experimental ... A prominent advantage of this technique is that no reporter dyes need be added as tryptophan is an intrinsic part of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_shift_assay

Fluorescent dyes can be chosen to obtain light emission at different wavelengths, and compounds such as perylene, rubrene and ... fluorescent and phosphorescent dyes and conjugated dendrimers. A number of materials are used for their charge transport ... Alq3 has been used as a green emitter, electron transport material and as a host for yellow and red emitting dyes. Because of ... They applied high alternating voltages in air to materials such as acridine orange dye, either deposited on or dissolved in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLED

CFSE was originally developed as a fluorescent dye that could be used to stably label lymphocytes and track their migration ... Parish CR, Glidden MH, Quah BJ, Warren HS (February 2009). "Use of the intracellular fluorescent dye CFSE to monitor lymphocyte ... Weston SA, Parish CR (October 1990). "New fluorescent dyes for lymphocyte migration studies. Analysis by flow cytometry and ... Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) is a fluorescent cell staining dye. CFSE is cell permeable and covalently couples ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxyfluorescein_succinimidyl_ester

Zoha SJ, Ramnarain S, Morseman JP, Moss MW, Allnutt FT, Rogers YH, Harvey B (1999). "PBXL Fluorescent Dyes for Ultrasensitive ... Phycobilisome versus cyanine dye detection capabilities in Western blot application. Singh NK, Sonani RR, Rastogi RP, Madamwar ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycobilisome

"Molecular Probes Fluorescent Dyes and Probes webpage". "Molecular Probes: The Handbook webpage". "Invitrogen Press Release: May ... The intention of Molecular Probes was to make available for research purposes fluorescent dyes that would be of utility for ... His research at Stanford was a combination of organic synthesis of novel fluorescent dyes and experimental proofs of the theory ... While there, he continued the synthesis of novel fluorescent dyes and did fluorescence-based studies of contractile proteins. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Haugland

1-Aminopentane Demmig, Stefan; Langhals, Heinz (1988). "Very soluble and Photostable perylene Fluorescent Dyes". Chemische ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Aminopentane

... (6-FAM) is a fluorescent dye with an absorption wavelength of 495 nm and an emission wavelength of 517 nm ... Parish, Christopher (December 1999). "Fluorescent dyes for lymphocyte migration and proliferation studies". Immunology and Cell ... Fluorone dyes, Benzoic acids, Dicarboxylic acids, Triarylmethane dyes). ... The dyes are membrane-impermeant and can be loaded into cells by microinjection or scrape loading. It can be incorporated into ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-Carboxyfluorescein

Resch-Genger, Ute; Grabolle; Cavaliere-Jaricot; Nitschke; Nann (August 2008). "Quantum dots versus organic dyes as fluorescent ... anti-counterfeiting dyes and paints, chemical sensing, and fluorescent tagging. However, unmodified quantum dots tend to be ... CdSe QDs have been shown to possess optical properties superior to organic dyes. The ZnS shell has a two-fold effect: to ... Cell Influence and Imaging Adding iron oxide nanoparticles to the QD micelles allows them to be fluorescent and magnetic. These ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogel_encapsulation_of_quantum_dots

The use of fluorescent dyes has been explored. These involve labelled proteins targeted at biomarkers, nucleic acid sequences ... The isolate is then exposed to fluorescent dye, which will be luminescent when viewed. Improvements to existing platforms are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_sensitivity_testing

To that end, the DNA strand is labeled with a fluorescent dye. Excited fluorescent dyes can transfer energy to metal. ... Binding of the analyte to the ligand will change the local environment of the fluorescent dye and thereby quench its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-switchable_biosurface

Boiling a solution of Nile blue with sulfuric acid produces Nile red (Nile blue oxazone). Nile blue is a fluorescent dye. The ... "Benzophenoxazine-based fluorescent dyes for labeling biomolecules" (PDF). Tetrahedron. 62 (48): 11021. doi:10.1016/j.tet. ... These dyes aggregate in the tumor cells, especially in the lipid membranes, and/or are sequestered and concentrated in ... Nile Blue and related naphthoxazinium dyes can be prepared by acid-catalyzed condensation of either 5-(dialkylamino)-2- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_blue

... owing to the high extinction coefficient combined with a comparable quantum yield to fluorescent dyes) as well as their ... "Quantum dots versus organic dyes as fluorescent labels". Nature Methods. 5 (9): 763-775. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1248. PMID 18756197 ... various kinds of organic dyes are used. However, as technology advances, greater flexibility in these dyes is sought. To this ... The technology, which is assigned to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, uses a "quantum dot dye that is delivered, in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot

The target molecules are labelled with fluorescent dyes. The fluorescent detection enables monitoring the process in real time ... The test sample is fluorescent labelled to monitor the molecular interactions. The analysis of molecular interaction patterns ... into one fragment to ensure proper quantification of the hybridization intensity It should allow coupling of multiple dyes On- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAGIChip

Hartley, BS; V Massey (1956). "The active center of chymotrypsin: 1. Labelling with a fluorescent dye". Biochimica et ... Some of the values are used to estimate the extent of success in attempts to conjugate the dye to a protein. Other values may ... or blue-green-fluorescent sulfonamide adducts. It can also be made to react with secondary amines. Dansyl chloride is widely ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansyl_chloride

"Pastel Highlighters" use pastel dyes instead of fluorescent dyes. Some word processing software can simulate highlighting by ... Many highlighters come in bright, often fluorescent and vibrant colors. Being fluorescent, highlighter ink glows under black ... A highlighter is a felt-tip marker filled with transparent fluorescent ink instead of black or opaque ink. The first ... A typical highlighter is fluorescent yellow, colored with pyranine. Different compounds, such as rhodamines (Rhodamine 6GD, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlighter

doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)82610-7. Cozens, Tom (2020-12-16). "Fluorescent molecule breaks size record for green-emitting dyes ... Stable dyes of low molecular weight which are water soluble are useful in biological systems. HINA has been used to detect and ... However, its fluorescent properties were not described until 2020. It is noteworthy for having a green-emitting fluorophore ... The observed Stokes shift of 6900 cm−1 is typical of push-pull dyes. HINA has been used as an analogue of pyridoxal 5′- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Hydroxyisonicotinaldehyde

Historically, artificially dyeing fish was common. Glassfish, in particular, were often injected with fluorescent dyes. The ... The tail is cut off and dye is injected into the body. The piece also included the first documented evidence to demonstrate ... Hong Kong suppliers were offering a service in which fish could be tattooed with company logos or messages using a dye laser; ... Practical Fishkeeping, February 2006 "Why its cruel to dye , Practical Fishkeeping magazine". Archived from the original on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishkeeping

Fragmented nucleic acid sequences of target, labelled with fluorescent dyes. A detection system that records and interprets the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNP_array

Sterically Protected Fluorescent Near-IR Dyes" (PDF). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (10): 3288-3289. doi:10.1021/ja042404n. PMID ... Studies with cyclodextrin-protected rotaxane azo dyes established this characteristic. More reactive squaraine dyes have also ... Potential application as long-lasting dyes is based on the enhanced stability of the inner portion of the dumbbell-shaped ... The enhanced stability of rotaxane dyes is attributed to the insulating effect of the macrocycle, which is able to block ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotaxane

Localization of embryonic antigens by antisera labelled with fluorescent dyes. Nature. 1954 Dec 4;174(4440):1059. PubMed PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Clayton

... the virus particles separate the fluorescent dyes used for signalling to prevent the formation of non-fluorescent dimers that ... April 2006). "Fluorescent signal amplification of carbocyanine dyes using engineered viral nanoparticles". Journal of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus

Biological samples are often treated with fluorescent dyes to make selected objects visible. However, the actual dye ... The authors speculate about fluorescent dyes for in vivo investigations. They cite Minsky's patent, thank Steve Baer, at the ... Also, transgenic techniques can create organisms that produce their own fluorescent chimeric molecules (such as a fusion of GFP ... Virtual CLSM (Java-based) Animations and explanations on various types of microscopes including fluorescent and confocal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_microscopy

... the transfer of properties of highly fluorescent dyes via spatial and electronic isolation of the dyes by mixing cationic dyes ... "Plug-and-Play Optical Materials from Fluorescent Dyes and Macrocycles". Chem. 6 (8): 1978-1997. doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2020.06. ... Scientists report the creation of the brightest fluorescent solid optical materials so far by enabling ... "Chemists create the brightest-ever fluorescent materials". phys.org. Retrieved 6 September 2020. "Scientists create the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July–September_2020_in_science

... the virus particles separate the fluorescent dyes used for signaling in order to prevent the formation of non-fluorescent ... Soc., 125, 3192 (2003). Fluorescent signal amplification of carbocyanine dyes using engineered viral nanoparticles. Carissa M. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpea_mosaic_virus

... compounds in fluorescent tube light-from left to right, the sulfate, nitrate, and chloride Neodymium compounds in ... Neodymium compounds were first commercially used as glass dyes in 1927 and remain a popular additive. The color of neodymium ... Usually in daylight or incandescent light neodymium glass appears lavender, but it appears pale blue under fluorescent lighting ... but blue under white fluorescent lighting, or greenish under trichromatic lighting. This color-change phenomenon is highly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium

It is seen either as deposition of silver or dyes across all or part of the image unrelated to the original exposure. It can be ... The discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen occurred when it was noticed that some fluorescent material lit up at some distance ... Henri Becquerel, who had been investigating fluorescence, observed that a sample of a uranium containing fluorescent material ... with the colour developer which converts all the unexposed silver halides into silver and simultaneously synthesizing dye in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogging_(photography)

... green fluorescent protein, lipophylic dyes or radioactively tagged amino acids) into the brain. These molecules are absorbed ... The crossing of the synaptic cleft is a vital difference between the anterograde tracers and the dye fillers used for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterograde_tracing

... when most standard fluorescent dyes (e.g. fluorescein) emit within a few nanoseconds of being excited. As a result, it is ... non-fluorescent molecule: binding results in a slower rotation speed of the fluorescent molecule, and in an increase in the ... A high level of polarization indicates that fluorescent is attached to a larger molecular complex. As a result, one of the ... It relies on the use of very specific fluorescent molecules, called lanthanides, that have the unusual property of emitting ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_reader

BBI salts are versatile fluorescent dyes with emission wavelengths λem between 329 and 561 nm, pronounced solvatochromism and ... 1831-1834, doi:10.1021/ol060349c, PMID 16623562 A.J. Boydston (2008), "Modular fluorescent benzobis(imidazolium)saltes: ... strong solvent-dependent Stokes shift, which can be used as protein tag for fluorescent labeling of proteins. From 1,2,4,5- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene

It is different from other types of microangiography in that a fluorescent marker or contrast medium is used instead of ... emerges as a competitive alternative to dye angiographies. This class of non-invasive microangiography techniques can be ... A few of the commonly used types are fluorescent, silicone rubber, and synchrotron radiation microangiography. Also known as ... FMA, fluorescent microangiography is used to visualize and quantify changes in microvasculature. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microangiography

Amaranth (dye) Cerise (color) Crimson List of colors Rose (color) Ruby (color) Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York: ... This color is supposed to be fluorescent, but there is no mechanism for displaying fluorescence on a computer screen. The color ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranth_(color)

... either from natural sunlight or from typical office fluorescent lighting, a blueline copy can fade over a span of months ( ... they degrade irreversibly to products that cannot form deeply colored dyes they (the diazonium compounds that were not degraded ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteprint

In Vivo luminescence cell and animal imaging uses dyes and fluorescent proteins as chromophores. The characteristics of each ... Furthermore, some of the blue light released by aequorin in contact with calcium ions is absorbed by a green fluorescent ... Nordgren, I. K.; Tavassoli, A. (2014). "A bidirectional fluorescent two-hybrid system for monitoring protein-protein ... "Bioluminescent and Red-Fluorescent Lures in a Deep-Sea Siphonophore". Science. 309 (5732): 263. doi:10.1126/science.1110441. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioluminescence

... the study was conducted using optical recordings of free cytosolic calcium levels after loading a fluorescent indicator dye ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_perception

The use of multiple probes with different fluorescent dyes allows for the identification of different cell types in the same ... These rRNA-based probes identify the cells based on the binding of fluorescent probes to individual cells through use of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_DeLong

Fluorescent signal strength depends on many factors such as probe labeling efficiency, the type of probe, and the type of dye. ... A range of colors in mixtures of fluorescent dyes can be detected, so each human chromosome can be identified by a ... Although there are more chromosomes than easily distinguishable fluorescent dye colors, ratios of probe mixtures can be used to ... If the fluorescent signal is weak, amplification of the signal may be necessary in order to exceed the detection threshold of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization

More directly, dyes can be added to (usually liquid) flows to measure concentrations; typically employing the light attenuation ... ISBN 1-86094-193-1. http://microspheres.us/fluorescent-microspheres/piv-seeding-microparticle-flow-visualization/599.html PIV ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_visualization

Tsien was a pioneer of calcium imaging and known for developing various dyes which become fluorescent in the presence of ... "Fluorescent indicators for Ca2+ based on green fluorescent proteins and calmodulin". Nature. 388 (6645): 882-7. Bibcode: ... "the green fluorescent protein: discovery, expression and development." The multicolored fluorescent proteins developed in ... One such dye, fura-2, is widely used to track changes of calcium concentration within cells. indo-1 and fluo-3, other popular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien

During this time, he dyed his hair red and often wore a pencil mustache, after Salvador Dalí. In 1980, he became licensed to ... At the museum, the machines were displayed as if in a showroom, and oriented around a central red fluorescent lightbox with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Koons

Isotopic tracers and fluorescent dyes have been used to establish the water transfer between conspecific or heterospecific ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycorrhizal_network

"Fluorescent indicators for Ca2+ based on green fluorescent proteins and calmodulin". Nature. 388 (6645): 882-887. Bibcode: ... Because the protein is large, it has a low leakage rate from cells compared to lipophilic dyes such as DiI. It lacks phenomena ... It was also noted during the extraction the animal creates green light due to the presence of the green fluorescent protein, ... In the animal, the protein occurs together with the green fluorescent protein to produce green light by resonant energy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aequorin

Livak, K. J.; Flood, S. J.; Marmaro, J.; Giusti, W.; Deetz, K. (June 1995). "Oligonucleotides with fluorescent dyes at opposite ... Fluorescent dyes, Diazo compounds, Nitro compounds, Ethanolamines, Methoxy compounds). ... Black Hole Quencher 1 (BHQ1) is an example of dark quencher, which is used to quench green and yellow dyes, such as 6- ... fluorescent quenchers). The absorption range of BHQ1 is from 480 to 580 nm with maximum absorption at 534 nm. Quenching ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hole_Quencher_1

After amplifying and then concentrating any PrPSc, the samples are labelled with a fluorescent dye using an antibody for ... in a specially constructed apparatus so it is totally surrounded by optical fibres to capture all light emitted once the dye is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy

Flowing and streaking freely on the surface of the panels, the bright and semi-transparent dyes complicated the reflective ... The artist recycled the cans discarded by American servicemen in Osaka and varnished them fluorescent pink. Reflecting, tinting ... creating abstract paintings with liquid dye on tin panels. In addition to her own art creation, Yamazaki devoted herself to ... Yamazaki created a group of tin works by pouring and dripping aniline dye and varnish onto tinplate panels. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuruko_Yamazaki

Synthetic organic compound used as dye and fluorescent tracer Han purple and Han blue - Artificial barium copper silicate ... The original dye required potash, ferric sulfate, and dried cochineal. Instead, the blood, potash, and iron sulfate reacted to ... In the late 1800s, Rabbi Gershon Henoch Leiner, the Hasidic Rebbe of Radzin, dyed tzitziyot with Prussian blue made with sepia ... European painters had previously used a number of pigments such as indigo dye, smalt, and Tyrian purple, and the extremely ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_blue

The technology of the dye solar cells has developed well beyond the laboratory stage and organic solar cells are attractive ... The first areas of focus were the fluorescent collector FLUKO, transparent insulation and the initial steps towards high ... the first serial product using fluorescent collectors as a power supply was produced.[citation needed] Within the PV small ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Solar_Energy_Systems

... aluminium fluorescent and phosphorescent dyes, and conjugated dendrimers. Fluorescent dyes can be selected according to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_electronics

... is a fluorescent dye that forms in a reaction between dansyl chloride and ammonia. It is the simplest ... The dansyl group is highly fluorescent, and it has a very high Stokes shift. The excitation maximum (ca 350 nm) is essentially ... Misra A, Tripathi S, Misra K (2000). "Fluorescent labelling of ribonucleosides at 2'-terminus; comparative fluorescence studies ... representative of the class of dansyl derivatized amines, which are widely used in biochemistry and chemistry as fluorescent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansyl_amide

The sol-gel is made with an organic dye, (2-[4-(dimethylamino)- phenylazo]benzoic acid). The dye has a pH color range of 6.7- ... One large application of the fluorescent method is the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOC's). Another type of ... As the vapor flows into the system it is hit with a high intensity light so that different organic dyes located in different ... fluorescent sensor focuses on metal complexes, rather than organic complexes. One example is the use of dirhodium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_optical_air_sensor

Each of the four DNA bases is attached to one of four different fluorescent dyes. When a nucleotide is incorporated by the DNA ... Both sets of DNA are subsequently amplified and each labelled with fluorescent dyes and used in two-colour array hybridization ... the fluorescent tag is cleaved off and the detector detects the fluorescent signal of the nucleotide incorporation. As the ... The level of DNA methylation at a given loci is determined by the relative intensity ratios of the two dyes. Adaptation of next ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenomics

... , pronounced like Dye Aye, also known as DiIC18(3), is a fluorescent lipophilic cationic indocarbocyanine dye and indolium ... The crystal form of the dye has melting point of 68 °C (at which it decomposes). The dye had an absorption maximum at 549 nm ... It is mildly fluorescent in aqueous suspension, but becomes bright when bound to cell membrane. Once bound to a membrane it ... The dye (DiIC18(3)) is a violet crystal that is soluble in ethanol, methanol, dimethylformamide, and dimethylsulfoxide. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DiI

In this study, they report the use of a dual dye-based approach that can effectively double the number of endpoints observed ... Detection is performed using either a primary or a secondary labeled antibody by chemiluminescent, fluorescent or colorimetric ... if fluorescent techniques are used. Two programs available online (P-SCAN and ProteinScan) can then be used to convert the ... and have developed a multiplexed detection method using near-infrared fluorescent techniques. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_phase_protein_lysate_microarray

The dye was a major commercial success for AGFA. In the following years, for the same reason, other dyes were marketed using ... The manufacturer reports that fluorescent light through a Congo Blue filter gives the appearance of black light. Congo Blue ... Azo dyes, Staining dyes, Naphthalenesulfonates, Naphthylamines, Biphenyls, Organic sodium salts). ... AGFA marketed the dye under the name "Congo red", a catchy name in Germany at the time of the 1884 Berlin West Africa ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_red

Fluorescent microscopy and the identification of malaria parasites using an acridine-orange staining technique / by G. T. Shute ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Fluorescent+Dyes&type=mesh

Red is a fluorescent red dye used in H2O2 detection in cells by measuring the fluorescent product resorufin. Order now from ...

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Fluorescent Dyes , Flinn Scientific

https://www.flinnsci.com/C/pub_91548/

... which result from the competition of the enzymatic product and the dye for forming a complex with a cucurbituril or calixarene ... convenient and general assay principle based on the reversible interaction of water-soluble macrocycles and fluorescent dyes. ... Figure 1: Assay principle, chemical structures of the macrocycles and complexation equilibria with fluorescent dyes.. ... Hennig, A., Bakirci, H. & Nau, W. Label-free continuous enzyme assays with macrocycle-fluorescent dye complexes. Nat Methods 4 ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nmeth1064?error=cookies_not_supported&code=84491ba0-03fc-472d-bb26-6d0406282707

Binding of fluorescent acridine dyes acridine orange and 9-aminoacridine to hemoglobin: Elucidation of their molecular ... Binding of fluorescent acridine dyes acridine orange and 9-aminoacridine to hemoglobin: Elucidation of their molecular ... Home / KnowledgeBase Articles / Binding of fluorescent acridine dyes acridine orange and 9-aminoacridine to hemoglobin: ... The dyes formed stable ground state complex with HHb as revealed from spectroscopic data. Temperature dependent fluorescence ...

https://jascoinc.com/knowledgebase/binding-of-fluorescent-acridine-dyes-acridine-orange-and-9-aminoacridine-to-hemoglobin-elucidation-of-their-molecular-recognition-by-spectroscopy-calorimetry-and-molecular-modeling-techniques/

The mixture of dyes at each spot encodes binary information that is read with a fluorescent microscope. ... Now, researchers reporting in ACS Central Science have developed a data storage approach based on mixtures of fluorescent dyes ... Storing data as mixtures of fluorescent dyes. by American Chemical Society Mixtures of fluorescent dye molecules, placed in ... The mixture of dyes at each spot encodes binary information that is read with a fluorescent microscope. ...

https://phys.org/news/2021-10-mixtures-fluorescent-dyes.html

No tax, free shipping, and 10-50% off on Fluorescent Tie-Dye 7 Deco Letters Letters supplies for teacher supplies, schools & ... Eureka EU-850003 Fluorescent Tie-Dye 7 Deco Letters sale. ... for more teacher supplies like the Fluorescent Tie-Dye 7 Deco ...

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... recently developed a range of new rhodamine-based fluorescent dyes, known as Janelia Fluor®dyes, which were first described by ... New Fluorescent Dyes for Super-resolution Microscopy. Thursday, 23rd November 2017 Fluorescence imaging is an essential tool in ... These dyes are suitable for use with conventional imaging techniques, such as confocal microscopy, as well as in SRM techniques ... Janelia Fluor® dyes are very bright and photostable and importantly, they are cell-permeable, enabling live-cell intracellular ...

https://www.tocris.com/resources/blog/new-fluorescent-dyes-for-super-resolution-micropscopy

Click Reagents by Chemistry Azide Reagents Fluorescent Dyes ... Azide-containing Fluorescent Dyes. Emission. color. Dye. Azide ... Azide-containing Fluorescent Dyes. (Picolyl-) Azides of fluorescent dyes can be used for the fluorescent labeling of terminal ... You are here: Click Chemistry , Click Reagents by Chemistry , Azide Reagents , Fluorescent Dyes ... Standard Dyes such as Cy3, Tamra or Texas Red have been thoroughly selected to cover the whole UV-Vis spectrum. Novel ...

https://www.jenabioscience.com/click-chemistry/click-reagents-by-chemistry/azide-reagents/fluorescent-dyes

Two fluorescent dyes covalently attached in diagonal interstrand orientation to siRNA undergo energy transfer and thereby ... "siRNA traffic lights": arabino-configured 2′-anchors for fluorescent dyes are key for dual color readout in cell imaging† ... "siRNA traffic lights": arabino-configured 2′-anchors for fluorescent dyes are key for dual color readout in cell imaging J. ... Two fluorescent dyes covalently attached in diagonal interstrand orientation to siRNA undergo energy transfer and thereby ...

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2018/OB/C8OB00417J

Screening of bead-based peptide libraries against fluorescent dye-labeled target proteins wa ... Commercially available red fluorescent dyes with net negative charges adversely showed strong interactions with library beads. ... Screening of bead-based peptide libraries against fluorescent dye-labeled target proteins was found to be significantly ... The introduction of zwitterionic dyes significantly reduced the unwanted interactions, which sheds light upon using the right ...

https://www.mysciencework.com/publication/show/investigating-fluorescent-dyes-fluorescenceassisted-screenings-ea2c24ef?search=1

All Fluorescent dye articles. * Research Individual cells energy metabolism caught on camera for the first time 2021-07-20T13: ... Fluorescent molecule breaks size record for green-emitting dyes 2020-12-16T14:10:00Z ... Glowing dyes move data storage beyond binary 2017-05-24T09:18:00Z ... Fluorescent labels reveal cells circle of life 2016-11-07T14:49:00Z ...

https://www.chemistryworld.com/fluorescent-dye/883.tag

Non-biased fluorescent dyes as markers of drugs for optical in cellulo and in vivo imaging ... However, fluorescent dyes compatible with the optical imaging are usually extended pi-systems carrying overall positive or ... We will develop non-biased red and near infrared fluorescent dyes, which are compatible with in vivo optical imaging and do not ... Non-biased fluorescent dyes as markers of drugs for optical in cellulo and in vivo imaging ...

https://www.alzheimer-europe.org/research/projects/non-biased-fluorescent-dyes-markers-drugs-optical-cellulo-and-vivo-imaging

1 Fluorescent dyes * 1.1 Vio® Dyes * 1.1.1 Violet laser (405 nm) ... 1 Fluorescent dyes. Flow cytometry has an inherent need to continuously increase the number of fluorochromes to meet the. ... VioGreen™ Dye (Emmax 520 nm). The VioGreen™ Dye is a fluorochrome with a large Stokes shift, emitting strong fluorescence at ... VioBlue® Dye (Emmax 452 nm). The VioBlue® Dye is a coumarin-based fluorochrome with excitation and emission wavelengths of 400 ...

https://www.miltenyibiotec.com/LU-en/resources/macs-handbook/macs-technologies/flow-cytometry/fluorescence-dyes.html

Dye Tracing 101. Step-by-step Dye Tracing Instructions for field activities. ...

https://dyetracing.com/documents

This Tie Dye T-shirt Fluorescent Swirl Yellow Pink Swirl Adult Tee Shirt features a striking combination of Tie Dye color! Our ... Tie Dye Spider Gold Retro Vintage Groovy Adult. This Tie Dye T-shirt Spider Gold Retro Vintage Groovy Adult Tee Shirt is in a ... Tie Dye T-shirt Fluorescent Swirl Yellow Pink Swirl Adult Tee Shirt. ... Tie Dye Spider Orange Retro Vintage Groovy Adult. This Tie Dye T-shirt Spider Orange Retro Vintage Groovy Adult Tee Shirt ...

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Selection of the fluorescent dye for your Stellaris RNA FISH probe set should be chosen to best match the specifications of the ... Which fluorescent dye should I choose for my Stellaris RNA FISH probe set?. ... Which fluorescent dye should I choose for my Stellaris RNA FISH probe set? ... Visit our Stellaris Dyes and Modifications page for specific recommendations and considerations for each of our dyes. To learn ...

https://www.biosearchtech.com/support/faqs/stellaris-rna-fish/which-fluorescent-dye-should-i-choose-for-my-stellaris-fish-probe-set

Zhu, Q., Yoon, H.-S., Parikh, P.B., Chang, Y.-T., Yao, S.Q. (2002-07-15). Combinatorial discovery of novel fluorescent dyes ... We have developed a combinatorial method for the fast and effective synthesis of a library based on a known fluorescent dye, ... By screening the 140 new compounds using fluorescence-based assays, we identified three new fluorescent dyes with novel ...

https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/75773?mode=full

... far-red fluorescent dye. Cy5 Bis NHS Ester contains two reactive groups on each dye molecule. It has been shown to be useful as ... Cy5 is a bright, far-red fluorescent dye. Cy5 Bis NHS Ester contains two reactive groups on each dye molecule. It has been ... Cy5 is intensely fluorescent and highly water soluble. The NHS ester (or succinimidyl ester) is the most popular amine reactive ... shown to be useful as fluorescent label for biological compounds. ...

https://www.mobitec.com/products/fluorescence-technology/fluorescent-dyes/c183-abp/cy5-bis-se

Motion Artefact in Voltage-Sensitive Fluorescent Dye Emission During Repeated Ischemia of Isolated Heart. ... Motion Artefact in Voltage-Sensitive Fluorescent Dye Emission During Repeated Ischemia of Isolated Heart ... Motion artefact (MA) in voltage-sensitive fluorescent signals causes significant debasement of action potential. During ...

https://www.med.muni.cz/en/research-and-development/research-and-development/publishing-activity/publikace-lf-mu/1124234

Regulation of Multicolor Fluorescence Changes Found in Donor-acceptor-type Mechanochromic Fluorescent Dyes. In: Chemistry - An ... Regulation of Multicolor Fluorescence Changes Found in Donor-acceptor-type Mechanochromic Fluorescent Dyes. / Ishi-i, Tsutomu; ... Regulation of Multicolor Fluorescence Changes Found in Donor-acceptor-type Mechanochromic Fluorescent Dyes. Chemistry - An ... title = "Regulation of Multicolor Fluorescence Changes Found in Donor-acceptor-type Mechanochromic Fluorescent Dyes", ...

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Dyes and Fluorescent Labels are an invaluable tool for diagnostics, medical biological and biochemical research. ... Dyes and fluorescent labels are an invaluable tool for diagnostics, medical biological, and biochemical research. Find here ...

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Erythrocytic vacuoles that accumulate a fluorescent dye predict spleen size and function in sickle cell disease. ...

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... synthetic dyes represent an attractive alternative to fluorescent proteins. Dyes with compact structures and a zero net charge ... Fluorescent dyes with increased Stokes shifts offer an advantage of using more flexible imaging schemes. In this case two ... The availability and proper choice of fluorescent dyes is a key factor to success in the entire labelling and imaging procedure ... are known to penetrate the outer plasma membrane of living cells and may be used as fluorescent labels in biology, optical ...

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... for Fluorescent Dyes like GelRed from Biotium, Novel Green EvaGreen or ROX. Safety report GelGreen or GelRed ... Maximo Fluorescent Reagent 6X Loading dye as substitute/replacement for Ethidium Bromide ... Fluorescent Gel Juice. Maximo-Fluorescent gel stain (100x) is exceptionally fast and sensitive. Sensitivity of Maximo-Gel juice ... Novel Green Plus is a next-generation DNA-binding dye with features ...

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Home/Sales/What is the best combination of light sources and filters that can be used with common fluorescent dyes? ... What is the best combination of light sources and filters that can be used with common fluorescent dyes?. February 9th, 2018, ... What is the best combination of light sources and filters that can be used with common fluorescent dyes?. ...

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Hoechst 33258 trihydrochloride is a fluorescent dyes, which can be used as a cell dye for DNA.. ... DAPI dihydrochloride is A fluorescent dye that binds DNA rich in a-T sequences. The maximum excitation/emission wavelength is ... DAPI dihydrochloride is A fluorescent dye that binds DNA rich in a-T sequences. The maximum excitation/emission wavelength is ... Fluo-4 AM is a fluorescent dye (λex=494 nm, λem=516 nm).. ... Propidium Iodide is a red-fluorescent dye that can be used to ...

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Fluorescent Dyes, Coolant Rust Inhibitor, Phase Change Material and Coolant Coloring Agent offered by Chemtex Speciality ... These dyes can be used in various types of heat transfer fluids and function as excellent leak detectors. Fluorescent dyes ... The Coolant Dye serves as a dye to be utilized in detecting the leaks in the cooling systems. Its unique attributes as follows ... Our product range includes a wide range of fluorescent dyes, coolant rust inhibitor, phase change material, coolant coloring ...

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Temperature dependent fluorescence data showed the strength of the dye-protein complexation to be inversely proportional to temperature and the fluorescence quenching was static in nature. (jascoinc.com)
pH dependent fluorescence studies revealed the existence of electrostatic interaction between the protein and dye molecules. (jascoinc.com)
We show that amino acid decarboxylase activity can be continuously monitored by measuring changes in fluorescence, which result from the competition of the enzymatic product and the dye for forming a complex with a cucurbituril or calixarene macrocycle. (nature.com)
Then, they used a fluorescence microscope to read the emission spectra of dye molecules at each spot and decode the message. (phys.org)
Two fluorescent dyes covalently attached in diagonal interstrand orientation to siRNA undergo energy transfer and thereby enable a dual color fluorescence readout (red/green) for hybridization. (rsc.org)
Single molecule fluorescence lifetime measurements indicate their application in fluorescence cell imaging, which reveals a red/green fluorescence contrast in particular for the arabino-configured 2′-modification by the two dyes, which is key for tracking of siRNA transport into HeLa cells. (rsc.org)
Investigating fluorescent dyes in fluorescence-assisted screen. (mysciencework.com)
The introduction of zwitterionic dyes significantly reduced the unwanted interactions, which sheds light upon using the right fluorescent probe for acquisition of reliable results in various fluorescence-assisted applications. (mysciencework.com)
Vio® Dyes represent a family of fluorochromes for flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy developed by Miltenyi Biotec. (miltenyibiotec.com)
Additionally, be mindful that if you plan on using a transgenic cell line that may be expressing a fluorescent protein like GFP or tdTomato, you want to choose a fluorophore with a different fluorescence maximum. (biosearchtech.com)
Two crystal polymorphs, BTD-pCHO(O) and BTD-pCHO(R) produced by the introduction of formyl groups to an MCF dye, respond to a mechanical stimulus, allowing a three-color fluorescence change. (elsevier.com)
The fluorescence lifetimes of PONy dyes vary and generally do not exceed 3 ns. (max-planck-innovation.com)
ION's Brilliant Sodium Assay is compatible with fluorescence microscopes, flow cytometers, and plate readers capable of detecting fluorescein or more optimally, yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). (icocinfo.org)
There are Fluorescent Pigments offered by us that are composed of dyed organic polymers that are formulated to be solvents for the fluorescence dyestuff. (shidimo.net)
Alexa Fluor series dyes.Alexa Fluor dyes are a series of negatively charged and hydrophilic fluorescent dyes with a wide range of dyes and are often used in fluorescence microscopy techniques. (tiankunchemical.com)
The quencher may absorb its partner's fluorescence and emit the fluorescence at a new wavelength or, in the case of a non-fluorescent quencher, as heat. (glenresearch.com)
The QYs (quantum yield of fluorescence) were determined in 0.1 M Tris-HCl pH 7.4 relative to reference dyes using the dye-labeled T12 oligo. (glenresearch.com)
The system is capable of detecting multicolor fluorescence produced by mixtures of fluorescent dyes as well as by micro and nano-objects. (suny.edu)
I applied the developed data acquisition system for detection of multicolor fluorescence of mixtures of quantum dots, high speed detection of micro-beads encoded with quantum dots and fluorescent dyes, and DNA sequencing by capillary electrophoresis. (suny.edu)
Similar to A-23187, 4-Bromo A-23187 is used for in situ calibrations of fluorescent Ca 2+ indicators to equilibrate intracellular and extracellular calcium concentrations and to allow Mn 2+ to enter cells to quench indicator fluorescence. (biotium.com)
Fluorescent probes are a kind of fluorescent molecules with characteristic fluorescence in the UV-visible-near infrared region, and their fluorescence properties (emission and excitation wavelength, intensity, polarization, lifetime) could be sensitively changed with the properties of the environment, such as polarity, refractive index, viscosity and so on. (bocsci.com)
In the fluorescent molecular probe, the fluorophore reflects the molecular recognition function of the micro world by giving information such as the enhancement and weakening of fluorescence intensity and the shift of fluorescence peak wavelength. (bocsci.com)
In inorganic analysis, the elements to be measured in inorganic compounds interact with organic reagents, and the complexes combined with fluorescent probes can emit fluorescence of different wavelengths under ultraviolet light, so as to determine the content of elements to be measured. (bocsci.com)
The fluorescent dye-based method utilizes a dye that emits fluorescence when incorporating itself into double-stranded DNA. (cdc.gov)
The SyBr Green dye functions as an intercalating agent that emits detectable fluorescence when bound to double-stranded DNA. (cdc.gov)
Since the dye binds to all amplified PCR products indiscriminately, artefacts such as those resulting from primer dimers or nonspecific binding of the primers may also contribute to the overall fluorescence. (cdc.gov)

Mixtures of fluorescent dye molecules, placed in tiny spots on an epoxy surface with an inkjet printer, encode data. (phys.org)
The researchers chose seven commercially available fluorescent dye molecules that emit light at different wavelengths. (phys.org)
Storing and Reading Information in Mixtures of Fluorescent Molecules, ACS Central Science (2021). (phys.org)
Both PALM and dSTORM are single molecule imaging techniques in which individual fluorescent molecules are sequentially and repeatedly activated and deactivated using light of specific wavelengths. (tocris.com)
(Picolyl-) Azides of fluorescent dyes can be used for the fluorescent labeling of terminal Alkyne and strained Alknye (e.g DBCO)-labeled molecules via Cu(I)-catalyzed Alknye-Azide (CUAAC) or Cu(I)-free strain-promoted Alkyne-Azide Click Chemistry (SPAAC) reaction, respectively. (jenabioscience.com)
Dyes with compact structures and a zero net charge (neutral or zwitterionic molecules with a short charge separation distance) are known to penetrate the outer plasma membrane of living cells and may be used as fluorescent labels in biology, optical microscopy and material science. (max-planck-innovation.com)
Redmond Red and Yakima Yellow are fluorescent dye tags that can be incorporated into synthetic DNA molecules to allow probe detection on a variety of platforms. (glenresearch.com)
The dyes come from the molecules that allow jelly fish to glow. (kpbs.org)
Such methods include pretreatment of the patient with dyes or tumor-specific proteins tagged with fluorescent molecules. (medscape.com)
These dyes are molecules that latch only onto tumor cells, fluoresce, and show surgeons the entire tumor, including any of its elusive and meandering finger-like projections that may otherwise escape resection. (embs.org)
In biochemical research, fluorescent probes can label antigens, antibodies and nucleic acids, detect the active sites of proteins, study the damage and repair of DNA base pairs and the chemical reaction activity of drug molecules, and complete the qualitative, quantitative and structural research of biological compounds. (bocsci.com)

Our product range includes a wide range of fluorescent dyes, coolant rust inhibitor, phase change material, coolant coloring agent, supplemental coolant additive and coolant thickener. (chemtex-speciality.com)
The range of fluorescent dyes offered by Neelikon is recognized to give high colour strength and fluorescent intensity, with good stability & light fastness properties. (neelikon.com)

Now, researchers reporting in ACS Central Science have developed a data storage approach based on mixtures of fluorescent dyes, which are deposited onto an epoxy surface in tiny spots with an inkjet printer. (phys.org)

Screening of bead-based peptide libraries against fluorescent dye-labeled target proteins was found to be significantly influenced by the dye characteristics. (mysciencework.com)
Due to their superior brightness and photostability, synthetic dyes represent an attractive alternative to fluorescent proteins. (max-planck-innovation.com)
Cytological studies of fluorescent proteins are rapidly yielding insights into chromatin structure and dynamics. (nih.gov)
They can combine with biomacromolecule such as amino acids, proteins, peptides and DNA in covalent bonds or other forms to form fluorescent complexes or polymers. (bocsci.com)

They are fluorescent because, upon absorbing light, they instantly emit light at a longer wavelength than the light absorbed. (shidimo.net)
What are fluorescent dyes?Fluorescent dyes are substances that absorb light waves of a certain wavelength and emit light waves with a wavelength greater than that of the absorbed light. (tiankunchemical.com)
The brightest fluorescent material in history is bornFluorescent dyes are organic compounds that absorb light of a certain wavelength and emit light of another wavelength. (tiankunchemical.com)

The molecular interaction between hemoglobin (HHb), the major human heme protein, and the acridine dyes acridine orange (AO) and 9-aminoacridine (9AA) was studied by various spectroscopic, calorimetric and molecular modeling techniques. (jascoinc.com)
The dyes are typically used to dye natural protein (wool and silk), synthetic polyamide (nylon) and to a small extent acrylics and blends of these fibres. (shidimo.net)
Here we describe the production and cytological characterization of new transgenic maize lines expressing a fluorescent histone fusion protein, H2B-mCherry. (nih.gov)
Roger Tsien was honored for developing colorful dyes called Green Fluorescent Protein. (kpbs.org)
They used genetic engineering to exchange individual moieties of building blocks and modified the protein chemically using fluorescent dyes. (phys.org)
This means that when the sharks are still in the embryo stage, they receive an injection of fluorescent protein genes. (smartaquariumguide.com)
The brilliant hues are produced by a fluorescent protein gene which occurs naturally in some marine organisms. (liveaquaria.com)

These dyes are suitable for use with conventional imaging techniques, such as confocal microscopy, as well as in SRM techniques, including dSTORM. (tocris.com)
Fluorescent dyes are widely used as indispensable markers in biology, optical microscopy, and analytical chemistry. (max-planck-innovation.com)
We measured the number of connection sites among neurons using microscopy with fluorescent dyes that label dendritic spines, the post-synaptic structures of excitatory synapses. (sfn.org)

The Eclipse Quencher is a new non-fluorescent quencher that allows DNA detection probes to be used for real time PCR applications such as measuring gene expression or detecting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). (glenresearch.com)
The use of fluorescent tags as an alternative to radiolabels in DNA probes and primers has blossomed over the years. (glenresearch.com)
This qualitative in-vitro diagnostics test uses oligonucleotide probes labeled with four different fluorescent dyes. (cdc.gov)
Fluorescent probes are also a kind of fluorescent chemical sensors. (bocsci.com)
The recognition group in the fluorescent probe, also known as the receptor part, is the main part of the molecular recognition function of the probes. (bocsci.com)
In industry, fluorescent probes can be used to determine the content of impurities in castings, so as to control the quality of products. (bocsci.com)
In agriculture, fluorescent probes can be used to check the purity of agricultural products, identify the viability of seeds, detect the deterioration of agricultural products as soon as possible, judge the maturity of fruits and diagnose crop diseases and pests. (bocsci.com)
In addition, fluorescent probes can also be used to detect the content of pesticides. (bocsci.com)
BOC Sciences provides high-quality Fluorescent Probes and Fluorescent Dyes products for global customers. (bocsci.com)
In addition to standard oligos synthesis, we also provide scientific research services such as long oligos synthesis, phosphorothioate oligos (S-Oligo) synthesis, modified oligos synthesis, fluorescent oligos synthesis, and real-time quantitative PCR probes to meet your different needs. (sbsgenetech.com)
Detection of PCR products in real-time can be accomplished by using fluorescent dyes or probes. (cdc.gov)
Fluorescently-labeled probes detect the amount of specific double-stranded DNA sequences while fluorescent dyes detect only the amount of double-stranded DNA. (cdc.gov)

Nile Red is a strongly fluorescent stain in the presence of a hydrophobic environment for the detection of intracellular lipid droplets. (abmole.com)
Chemtex's Fluoroscent Dye is an excellent coloring agent for glycol/water based coolant for the purpose of easy leak detection that can be easily detected in normal day light and also glows in presence of UV light. (chemtex-speciality.com)
Learn how fluorescent leak detection works and how it is being used in industrial settings. (leakfix-uv.com)
Fluorescent dyes that stain nucleic acids have been used in the detection of blood parasites. (cdc.gov)
In leak detection service, oil-based and the water tracing dye are mainly used. (sunlonge.com)
IFWB-331OZ Orange products are specially formulated versions of Xanthene dye for convenient use in water tracing and leak detection studies. (riskreactor.com)
The fluorophore, released from the target and separated from the quencher, is now highly fluorescent and ready for detection. (glenresearch.com)
ATTENTION: A partial charge of PAG Oil with Fluorescent Leak Detection Dye will not provide enough dye for proper fluorescing. (fjcinc.com)
Here, we are going to look at the principles behind fluorescent dye-based detection. (cdc.gov)
The most commonly used dye for fluorescent- dye based detection is SyBr Green. (cdc.gov)

To learn more about how to align the dye spectra with your filters, check out our blog here ( Imaging Stellaris Assays: Get to Know Your Microscope ). (biosearchtech.com)
Comparison of the UV-vis spectra indicates that PONy dyes absorb and emit at longer wavelengths and possess larger Stokes shifts than the parent dyes. (max-planck-innovation.com)
The unique combination of fluorescent dyes with known spectra is recognized in each individual measurement by using color deconvolution of the dye's spectra. (suny.edu)

These dyes can be used in various types of heat transfer fluids and function as excellent leak detectors. (chemtex-speciality.com)

These dyes are highly soluble in water and can be easily incorporated into formulations. (chemtex-speciality.com)

Many water tracing dyes are available in both liquid and powder. (sunlonge.com)
Part number IFWB-331OZ Risk Reactor Inc.'s EPA Approved water tracing dyes. (riskreactor.com)

DAPI dihydrochloride is A fluorescent dye that binds DNA rich in a-T sequences. (abmole.com)
As the PCR progresses and the quantity of double-stranded DNA increases, more dye binds to the PCR products and hence, signal intensity increases. (cdc.gov)
Real-time RT-PCR can also detect a single target in a very small concentration of DNA or RNA because it uses a fluorescent dye that binds to targets. (who.int)

An American invention, fluorescent pigments were the result of an experiment by Bob and Joe Switzer. (neelikon.com)

Janelia Fluor ® dyes are very bright and photostable and importantly, they are cell-permeable, enabling live-cell intracellular imaging. (tocris.com)
Cy5 is a bright, far-red fluorescent dye. (mobitec.com)
Exceptionally bright and illuminating, fluorescent colours have been attracting us for ages. (neelikon.com)
Make your work easier with easy to see, easy to use fluorescent dye tracing product from bright dye. (sunlonge.com)
Visually the dye appears orange to red-orange, depending on its concentration and under ultraviolet light as bright yellow. (riskreactor.com)
Biotium offers a wide range of calcium indicator dyes, including Fluo-4 AM Ester , a bright and cell permeable dye that is used for high-throughput screening. (biotium.com)

The dyes will emit in the ultraviolet, visible or near infrared. (crystalyn.com)

The versatility of the proposed transformation is demonstrated by the facile functionalizations of the commercial fluorophores Atto 495 and Pyronin Y. Using the phosphinylation/oxidation chemistry, Atto 495 was converted into an orange emitting dye A1 applicable in immunolabelling ( figure 2 ). (max-planck-innovation.com)

Cy5 Bis NHS Ester contains two reactive groups on each dye molecule. (mobitec.com)
We solve this challenge by producing purified suspensions of gold nanoparticle dimers linked by a single DNA double strand exhibiting one a single dye molecule. (jeromewenger.com)

The VioBlue® Dye is a coumarin-based fluorochrome with excitation and emission wavelengths of 400 nm and 455 nm, respectively. (miltenyibiotec.com)
The "fluorescent" aspect refers to special properties of some chemicals to absorb certain wavelengths and then emit, rather than reflect, light in response. (riskreactor.com)

We will develop non-biased red and near infrared fluorescent dyes, which are compatible with in vivo optical imaging and do not affect properties of drugs upon their conjugation. (alzheimer-europe.org)

Maximo-Fluorescent gel stain (100x) is exceptionally fast and sensitive. (geneon.net)
Propidium Iodide is a red-fluorescent dye that can be used to stain cells. (abmole.com)

While searching for new fluorophores suitable for nanoscale imaging of intracellular targets, various organic dyes with electrophilic conjugated systems were found to react with nucleophilic phos- phorus(III) reagents (see figure 1 ) to form phos-phonylated leuco bases. (max-planck-innovation.com)
BCECF AM is the most popular green fluorescent, intracellular pH indicator. (icocinfo.org)
The AM ester versions are cell permeable, and hydrolyzed by intracellular esterases to release the fluorescent dye. (biotium.com)

The optional use of a probenecid solution and an extracellular background masking solution (TRS) offers the ultimate in compatibility for cells types which are difficult to load with fluorescent Na+ indicators (e.g. (icocinfo.org)
These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays. (bvsalud.org)
To measure iron levels in sub-cellular compartments, we allowed neurons to take up fluorescent iron indicators that naturally reside in either endolysosomes or the cytoplasm and measured their brightness. (sfn.org)

The mixture of dyes at each spot encodes binary information that is read with a fluorescent microscope. (phys.org)
Selection of the fluorescent dye for your Stellaris RNA FISH probe set should be chosen to best match the specifications of the available band-pass filters sets on the microscope you will be using. (biosearchtech.com)
The system was mounted on a confocal microscope for time-lapse en face imaging, and cells were stained with calcein, a fluorescent vital dye. (unl.edu)
Either straight under the microscope without staining or after staining and fixing with a specific dye, amoeba can be seen. (risingacademy.org)

Fluorescent dyes refer to substances that absorb a light wave of a certain wavelength and emit another light wave with a wavelength gre. (axispharm.com)

Tocris acquired a license to the Janelia Fluor ® dyes and their photoactivatable derivatives from HHMI, Janelia Research Campus, and made them commercially available in 2017. (tocris.com)
Commercially available red fluorescent dyes with net negative charges adversely showed strong interactions with library beads. (mysciencework.com)

Upon oxidation, these intermediates provide new fluorophores (PONy dyes) with red-shifted absorption and emission maxima and increased Stokes shifts as compared to the precursor dyes. (max-planck-innovation.com)
Apart from fluorescent dyes, Neelikon also offers dye-Intermediates for fluorescent dyes, optical brighteners, and fluorescent brightening agents. (neelikon.com)
This entry was posted on Tuesday, March 19th, 2013 at 5:42 AM and is filed under Dye intermediates . (dyestuffintermediates.com)

Figure 1: Assay principle, chemical structures of the macrocycles and complexation equilibria with fluorescent dyes. (nature.com)

The Coolant Dye serves as a dye to be utilized in detecting the leaks in the cooling systems. (chemtex-speciality.com)
The use of UV Protection methodologies helps the dyes in locating the leaks in water pumps, radiators, cooling systems, hoses and fittings. (chemtex-speciality.com)
Fluorescent dyes also can reveal leaks in static systems that can be pressurized or agitated. (leakfix-uv.com)

The uniforms of firefighters, constructions workers , and other safety personnel are designed in fluorescent fabrics to indicate their presence and ensure safety in the working area. (neelikon.com)

Designing fluorescent dyes typically relies on a molecular engineering approach in which photophysical properties are tuned by chemical modifications. (jeromewenger.com)
These files are used in molecular dynamics simulations that include the dyes typically used in Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments. (shef.ac.uk)

For Yakima Yellow, the reference dye was carboxy tetramethylrhodamine in methanol. (glenresearch.com)
For Redmond Red, the reference dye was sulforhodamine 101 in EtOH. (glenresearch.com)

Dyes and fluorescent labels are an invaluable tool for diagnostics, medical biological, and biochemical research. (iris-biotech.de)

Example structures for different PONy dye classes are given in figure 2 . (max-planck-innovation.com)
When modified with fluorophores, for example, such strongly-labeled structures could be used as fluorescent beacons. (rsc.org)

One of the leading detergent products in the market switched to fluorescent packaging, thus grabbing eyeballs on the product shelves. (neelikon.com)
Most appropriate fluorescent products for quantitative analysis! (riskreactor.com)
How Fluorescent Dye Tracing Products Work: The "visual" aspect of our dye products refers to normal reflection of light as color. (riskreactor.com)
Initially we will provide products based on Epoch's Redmond Red™ and Yakima Yellow™ fluorophores and Eclipse™ non-fluorescent quencher, which will be described in detail in this article. (glenresearch.com)
The new Epoch products offer two new fluorescent dyes, available immediately as phosphoramidites and supports, as shown in Figure 1 . (glenresearch.com)
Many antifreeze products also contain yellow-green fluorescent dyes and a bitter taste to reduce the chances of accidental ingestion. (cdc.gov)

It has been shown to be useful as fluorescent label for biological compounds. (mobitec.com)
Fluorescent dyes can be used in a variety of staining and biological labeling applications. (crystalyn.com)
Signal in Biological Research-Fluorescent Labeling DyesTypes of fluorescent dyes1. (tiankunchemical.com)
They are the "molecular devices" that convert biological and chemical events into fluorescent signals that could be analyzed. (bocsci.com)

A combination of fluorescent dyes with new class polymers led to their effective use in printing and ink sectors. (neelikon.com)

What this all means is that the glofish shark is basically just a fluorescent-dyed rainbow shark. (smartaquariumguide.com)
GloFish® are not dyed and their color, which is inherited from their parents, does not fade! (liveaquaria.com)

The calcium indicator dyes vary in their calcium dissociation constant (Kd), color and brightness. (biotium.com)

The transformations required only few synthetic steps and provided functional derivatives of the PONy dyes (e. g. (max-planck-innovation.com)

The double stranded siRNA with the latter type of modification delivered the best energy transfer efficiency, which was explained by molecular dynamics simulations that showed that the two dyes are more flexible at the arabino-configured sugars compared to the completely stacked situation at the ribo-configured ones. (rsc.org)

Pluronic F-127 was used for fluorescent labeling of blood vessels, astrocytes, and neurons. (abmole.com)

It is easier to discern true signal from autofluorescence if longer wavelength fluorophores, such as Quasar™ 570, 670, or CAL Fluor™ Red 610 dyes, which emit in the red or far-red, are used instead. (biosearchtech.com)
Addition of neutral or anionic P(III) nucleophiles to cationic or highly polarized fluorophores results in "PONy" dyes with "grown-up" Strokes shift an red shifted adsorption and emission bands. (max-planck-innovation.com)

This Tie Dye T-shirt Fluorescent Swirl Yellow Pink Swirl Adult Tee Shirt features a striking combination of Tie Dye color! (teenormous.com)
This Tie Dye T-shirt Spider Brown Retro Vintage Groovy Adult Tee Shirt features a bronze majestic Tie Dye web of color! (teenormous.com)
Chemtex Speciality Limited is an ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 certified manufacturer and supplier of Fluorescent Green Color Dye. (chemtex-speciality.com)
Choose a dye color based on contrast to the background of the water body. (sunlonge.com)
The dyes are listed based on the solvent tested in, altering the solvent can alter the color of the dye. (crystalyn.com)
See the dyes below and click to see samples of their color in different solvents. (crystalyn.com)

In this case two fluorescent labels with small and large Stokes shifts can be combined in one experiment and imaged separately. (max-planck-innovation.com)

To enable the imaging, drugs should be labeled with easily detectable moieties, e.g. radioactive markers and fluorescent dyes. (alzheimer-europe.org)
These dyes can be prepared in cationic or zwitterionic forms, making them promising candidates for the development of cell-permeant fluorescent markers for living cells. (max-planck-innovation.com)

The function of the reporter group is to express the molecular recognition information which can be used as a fluorescent signal. (bocsci.com)

For example, red dyes provide contrast against heavy concentrations of algae. (sunlonge.com)
Because of the fluorescent nature, IFWB-33 offers greater contrast than non-fluorescent tracers! (riskreactor.com)

The Acid Dyes work in water, many choose to activate dyes in acid dye-baths instead. (shidimo.net)
In addition, the spectral properties of ICT dye can be modulated by the addition of the acid leading to an acid switchable, energy transfer cassette. (metu.edu.tr)

Non-fluorescent calcium (Ca ² +) chelator, membrane permeable. (icocinfo.org)

Step-by-step Dye Tracing Instructions for field activities. (dyetracing.com)
Water tracing dye is used by public work departments, engineers, sanitary authorities to trace water. (sunlonge.com)

So they grew the cells in a single layer and tested whether fluid could pass through by pouring a fluorescent liquid on top of the cells and checking to see if any of the glowing liquid ended up underneath. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

What is the best combination of light sources and filters that can be used with common fluorescent dyes? (gallenkamp-labs.com)
Fluorescent dyes exhibit feature to glow in presence of UV light. (chemtex-speciality.com)

Anatomy28

Organisms11

Chemicals and Drugs109

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment46

Phenomena and Processes37

Disciplines and Occupations6

Technology, Industry, Agriculture8

Information Science4

Health Care4

The optically determined size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool correlates with the quantal content at the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila larvae. (1/15061)

Single cell studies of enzymatic hydrolysis of a tetramethylrhodamine labeled triglucoside in yeast. (2/15061)

Maintenance of motility in mouse sperm permeabilized with streptolysin O. (3/15061)

Quantification of tumour vasculature and hypoxia by immunohistochemical staining and HbO2 saturation measurements. (4/15061)

Organ-selective homing defines engraftment kinetics of murine hematopoietic stem cells and is compromised by Ex vivo expansion. (5/15061)

Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the Ca2+-induced decline of transmitter release at K+-depolarized motor neuron terminals. (6/15061)

Simultaneous measurement of evoked release and [Ca2+]i in a crayfish release bouton reveals high affinity of release to Ca2+. (7/15061)

Light-induced calcium influx into retinal axons is regulated by presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity in vivo. (8/15061)

Fluorescent Dyes

Carbocyanines

Rhodamines

Fluoresceins

Pyridinium Compounds

Coloring Agents

Microscopy, Fluorescence

Staining and Labeling

Organic Chemicals

Quinolinium Compounds

Xanthenes

Hair Dyes

Spectrometry, Fluorescence

Fluorescence

Rhodamine 123

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Rosaniline Dyes

Calcium

Microscopy, Confocal

Isoquinolines

Fluorescein

Acridine Orange

Lissamine Green Dyes

Succinimides

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Benzoxazoles

Cell Membrane Permeability

Fura-2

Gap Junctions

Cells, Cultured

Membrane Potentials

Flow Cytometry

Photobleaching

Ethidium

Benzimidazoles

Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate

Kinetics

Aniline Compounds

Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging

Gelsemium

Benzothiazoles

Time Factors

Cell Communication

Oxazines

2-Naphthylamine

Liposomes

Lasers

Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton

Naphthols

Cell Membrane

Electrophoresis, Capillary

Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared

Fluorometry

Intracellular Fluid

Bisbenzimidazole

Amaranth Dye

Connexins

Dextrans

Biological Transport

Dye Dilution Technique

Ammonium Chloride

Connexin 43

Biolistics

Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Sodium

Cell Line

DNA

4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Molecular Imaging

Sodium-Hydrogen Antiporter

Propidium

Electrophysiology

Cell Survival

Barbiturates

Indicators and Reagents

Organotin Compounds

Potassium

Chlorides

Osmolar Concentration