Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.
A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.
The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.
Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium.
A pathological process consisting of the formation of new blood vessels in the CHOROID.
The blood vessels which supply and drain the RETINA.
Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium.
The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.
Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. The technique is used especially in CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY as well as for studies of other vascular structures.
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.
An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.
The use of green light-producing LASERS to stop bleeding. The green light is selectively absorbed by HEMOGLOBIN, thus triggering BLOOD COAGULATION.
Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.
A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.
A method of delineating blood vessels by subtracting a tissue background image from an image of tissue plus intravascular contrast material that attenuates the X-ray photons. The background image is determined from a digitized image taken a few moments before injection of the contrast material. The resulting angiogram is a high-contrast image of the vessel. This subtraction technique allows extraction of a high-intensity signal from the superimposed background information. The image is thus the result of the differential absorption of X-rays by different tissues.
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.
An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototropic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Examination of the interior of the eye with an ophthalmoscope.
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)
An area approximately 1.5 millimeters in diameter within the macula lutea where the retina thins out greatly because of the oblique shifting of all layers except the pigment epithelium layer. It includes the sloping walls of the fovea (clivus) and contains a few rods in its periphery. In its center (foveola) are the cones most adapted to yield high visual acuity, each cone being connected to only one ganglion cell. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.
Diseases of the uvea.
Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.
Central retinal vein and its tributaries. It runs a short course within the optic nerve and then leaves and empties into the superior ophthalmic vein or cavernous sinus.
The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.
Inflammation of the choroid.
The administration of substances into the VITREOUS BODY of the eye with a hypodermic syringe.
Recording of electric potentials in the retina after stimulation by light.
Bleeding from the vessels of the retina.
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina.
Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.
A visual impairment characterized by the accumulation of fluid under the retina through a defect in the retinal pigment epithelium.
Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.
The coagulation of tissue by an intense beam of light, including laser (LASER COAGULATION). In the eye it is used in the treatment of retinal detachments, retinal holes, aneurysms, hemorrhages, and malignant and benign neoplasms. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)
Devices for examining the interior of the eye, permitting the clear visualization of the structures of the eye at any depth. (UMDNS, 1999)
Method of making images on a sensitized surface by exposure to light or other radiant energy.
Therapy using oral or topical photosensitizing agents with subsequent exposure to light.
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).
Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.
Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; BEHCET SYNDROME; and CHORIORETINITIS.
The single layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the RETINA, situated closely to the tips (outer segments) of the RETINAL PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. These epithelial cells are macroglia that perform essential functions for the photoreceptor cells, such as in nutrient transport, phagocytosis of the shed photoreceptor membranes, and ensuring retinal attachment.
Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.
Diseases, dysfunctions, or disorders of or located in the iris.
An optical source that emits photons in a coherent beam. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) is brought about using devices that transform light of varying frequencies into a single intense, nearly nondivergent beam of monochromatic radiation. Lasers operate in the infrared, visible, ultraviolet, or X-ray regions of the spectrum.
Colloid or hyaline bodies lying beneath the retinal pigment epithelium. They may occur either secondary to changes in the choroid that affect the pigment epithelium or as an autosomal dominant disorder of the retinal pigment epithelium.
Exudates are fluids, CELLS, or other cellular substances that are slowly discharged from BLOOD VESSELS usually from inflamed tissues. Transudates are fluids that pass through a membrane or squeeze through tissue or into the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE of TISSUES. Transudates are thin and watery and contain few cells or PROTEINS.
Small breaks in the elastin-filled tissue of the retina.
Chemicals and substances that impart color including soluble dyes and insoluble pigments. They are used in INKS; PAINTS; and as INDICATORS AND REAGENTS.
The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium.
The administration of substances into the eye with a hypodermic syringe.
Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various types of neoplasms.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.
The layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the RETINA; the CILIARY BODY; and the IRIS in the eye.
Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).
Hemorrhage into the VITREOUS BODY.
A rare genetic disorder characterized by partial or complete absence of the CORPUS CALLOSUM, resulting in infantile spasms, MENTAL RETARDATION, and lesions of the RETINA or OPTIC NERVE.
A rare disorder consisting of microangiopathy of brain, retina, and inner ear ARTERIOLES. It is characterized by the clinical triad of encephalopathy, BRANCH RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION and VERTIGO/hearing loss.
Autosomal dominant hereditary maculopathy with childhood-onset accumulation of LIPOFUSION in RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Affected individuals develop progressive central acuity loss, and distorted vision (METAMORPHOPSIA). It is associated with mutations in bestrophin, a chloride channel.
Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.
An exudate between the RETINA and CHOROID from various sources including the vitreous cavity, SUBARACHNOID SPACE, or abnormal vessels.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Agents and endogenous substances that antagonize or inhibit the development of new blood vessels.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin.
Substances used to allow enhanced visualization of tissues.
A bright bluish pink compound that has been used as a dye, biological stain, and diagnostic aid.
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)
The inner layer of CHOROID, also called the lamina basalis choroideae, located adjacent to the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; (RPE) of the EYE. It is a membrane composed of the basement membranes of the choriocapillaris ENDOTHELIUM and that of the RPE. The membrane stops at the OPTIC NERVE, as does the RPE.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
A form of RETINAL DEGENERATION in which abnormal CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION occurs under the RETINA and MACULA LUTEA, causing bleeding and leaking of fluid. This leads to bulging and or lifting of the macula and the distortion or destruction of central vision.
The property of blood capillary ENDOTHELIUM that allows for the selective exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues and through membranous barriers such as the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER; BLOOD-AQUEOUS BARRIER; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD-NERVE BARRIER; BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER; and BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (TIGHT JUNCTIONS) which may limit large molecule movement.
Measurement of light given off by fluorescein in order to assess the integrity of various ocular barriers. The method is used to investigate the blood-aqueous barrier, blood-retinal barrier, aqueous flow measurements, corneal endothelial permeability, and tear flow dynamics.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Congenital anomaly in which some of the structures of the eye are absent due to incomplete fusion of the fetal intraocular fissure during gestation.
The minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules.
Diseases affecting the eye.
An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.
Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.
The measurement of visualization by radiation of any organ after a radionuclide has been injected into its blood supply. It is used to diagnose heart, liver, lung, and other diseases and to measure the function of those organs, except renography, for which RADIOISOTOPE RENOGRAPHY is available.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (>2.5 cm in diameter) may compress adjacent structures, including the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p841)
Excessive axial myopia associated with complications (especially posterior staphyloma and CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION) that can lead to BLINDNESS.
The white, opaque, fibrous, outer tunic of the eyeball, covering it entirely excepting the segment covered anteriorly by the cornea. It is essentially avascular but contains apertures for vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. It receives the tendons of insertion of the extraocular muscles and at the corneoscleral junction contains the canal of Schlemm. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
A scientific tool based on ULTRASONOGRAPHY and used not only for the observation of microstructure in metalwork but also in living tissue. In biomedical application, the acoustic propagation speed in normal and abnormal tissues can be quantified to distinguish their tissue elasticity and other properties.
The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve.
Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
Removal of the whole or part of the vitreous body in treating endophthalmitis, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies, and some types of glaucoma.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye or of vision disorders.
Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.
Method of measuring and mapping the scope of vision, from central to peripheral of each eye.
Antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to make them nearly identical with human antibodies. If the constant region and part of the variable region are replaced, they are called humanized. If only the constant region is modified they are called chimeric. INN names for humanized antibodies end in -zumab.
The process of generating three-dimensional images by electronic, photographic, or other methods. For example, three-dimensional images can be generated by assembling multiple tomographic images with the aid of a computer, while photographic 3-D images (HOLOGRAPHY) can be made by exposing film to the interference pattern created when two laser light sources shine on an object.
The total area or space visible in a person's peripheral vision with the eye looking straightforward.
A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.
A syndrome characterized by bilateral granulomatous UVEITIS with IRITIS and secondary GLAUCOMA, premature ALOPECIA, symmetrical VITILIGO, poliosis circumscripta (a strand of depigmented hair), HEARING DISORDERS, and meningeal signs (neck stiffness and headache). Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid reveals a pattern consistent with MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p748; Surv Ophthalmol 1995 Jan;39(4):265-292)
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.
Surgery performed on the eye or any of its parts.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Computed tomography where there is continuous X-ray exposure to the patient while being transported in a spiral or helical pattern through the beam of irradiation. This provides improved three-dimensional contrast and spatial resolution compared to conventional computed tomography, where data is obtained and computed from individual sequential exposures.
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.
The original member of the family of endothelial cell growth factors referred to as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was originally isolated from tumor cells and referred to as "tumor angiogenesis factor" and "vascular permeability factor". Although expressed at high levels in certain tumor-derived cells it is produced by a wide variety of cell types. In addition to stimulating vascular growth and vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating VASODILATION via NITRIC OXIDE-dependent pathways. Alternative splicing of the mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor A results in several isoforms of the protein being produced.
Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.
Organic derivatives of thiocyanic acid which contain the general formula R-SCN.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.
A method of hemostasis utilizing various agents such as Gelfoam, silastic, metal, glass, or plastic pellets, autologous clot, fat, and muscle as emboli. It has been used in the treatment of spinal cord and INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS, renal arteriovenous fistulas, gastrointestinal bleeding, epistaxis, hypersplenism, certain highly vascular tumors, traumatic rupture of blood vessels, and control of operative hemorrhage.
A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.
Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.
Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)
A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)
Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the anterior part of the brain, the eye and its appendages, the forehead and nose.
Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.
Types of spiral computed tomography technology in which multiple slices of data are acquired simultaneously improving the resolution over single slice acquisition technology.
Specialized PHOTOTRANSDUCTION neurons in the vertebrates, such as the RETINAL ROD CELLS and the RETINAL CONE CELLS. Non-visual photoreceptor neurons have been reported in the deep brain, the PINEAL GLAND and organs of the circadian system.
Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.
The veins and arteries of the HEART.
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.
The first branch of the SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY with distribution to muscles of the NECK; VERTEBRAE; SPINAL CORD; CEREBELLUM; and interior of the CEREBRUM.
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.
An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.
Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting.
A characteristic symptom complex.
Computer systems or networks designed to provide radiographic interpretive information.
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.
A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. Dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. They are also commonly used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes.
A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.
The fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands. This fluid moistens the CONJUNCTIVA and CORNEA.
The failure by the observer to measure or identify a phenomenon accurately, which results in an error. Sources for this may be due to the observer's missing an abnormality, or to faulty technique resulting in incorrect test measurement, or to misinterpretation of the data. Two varieties are inter-observer variation (the amount observers vary from one another when reporting on the same material) and intra-observer variation (the amount one observer varies between observations when reporting more than once on the same material).
Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.
Congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities involving ARTERIES; VEINS; or venous sinuses in the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and MENINGES.
Localized or diffuse reduction in blood flow through the vertebrobasilar arterial system, which supplies the BRAIN STEM; CEREBELLUM; OCCIPITAL LOBE; medial TEMPORAL LOBE; and THALAMUS. Characteristic clinical features include SYNCOPE; lightheadedness; visual disturbances; and VERTIGO. BRAIN STEM INFARCTIONS or other BRAIN INFARCTION may be associated.
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.
Improvement in the quality of an x-ray image by use of an intensifying screen, tube, or filter and by optimum exposure techniques. Digital processing methods are often employed.
An abnormal direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. An A-V fistula usually leads to the formation of a dilated sac-like connection, arteriovenous aneurysm. The locations and size of the shunts determine the degree of effects on the cardiovascular functions such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEART RATE.
Photosensitive afferent neurons located primarily within the FOVEA CENTRALIS of the MACULA LUTEA. There are three major types of cone cells (red, blue, and green) whose photopigments have different spectral sensitivity curves. Retinal cone cells operate in daylight vision (at photopic intensities) providing color recognition and central visual acuity.
The escape of diagnostic or therapeutic material from the vessel into which it is introduced into the surrounding tissue or body cavity.
The use of ultrasound to guide minimally invasive surgical procedures such as needle ASPIRATION BIOPSY; DRAINAGE; etc. Its widest application is intravascular ultrasound imaging but it is useful also in urology and intra-abdominal conditions.
The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.
The arterial blood vessels supplying the CEREBRUM.

Variations in acute multifocal histoplasmic choroiditis in the primate. (1/1800)

Experimental histoplasmic choroiditis was produced in primates by intracarotid injections of living H. capsulatum organisms. The severity of the choroiditis varied with inoculum size, as well as with site of injection (common carotid vs. internal carotid artery). A reproducible model of histoplasmic choroiditis in primates was produced with an internal carotid injection of 5,000 to 10,000 organisms/lb. The clinical and histopathological course of this acute choroiditis over the first 30 days is presented.  (+info)

Pigment epithelial windows and drusen: an animal model. (2/1800)

Aging rhesus monkeys, both controls and those undergoing long-term administration of investigational oral contraceptive steroids, developed widespread hyperfluorescent dots at the posterior pole. The dots were considered to represent drusen. Histologic (including electron microscopic) study showed the "drusen" in some of the animals to be almost exclusively pigment epithelial windows produced by a lipoidal degeneration of the pigment epithelial cells. The experiment provided a fortuitous model for direct correlation of clinical and histologic observations of myriad uniform, tiny, depigmented, hyperfluorescent, nonleaking spots at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium.  (+info)

In vivo significance of ICAM-1--dependent leukocyte adhesion in early corneal angiogenesis. (3/1800)

PURPOSE: Numerous investigations have stressed the significance of leukocytes in early angiogenesis. Leukocytes invade the cornea, and the location of their extravasation corresponds to the site of vessel ingrowth. The interactions between leukocytes and vascular endothelium are mediated by various proteins, including adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). In this study, the role of ICAM-1 during early corneal angiogenesis was evaluated in vivo. METHODS: Corneal neovascularization was induced in New Zealand White rabbits by use of intrastromal pellets containing 750 ng vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The fluorescent dye rhodamine 6G was used to stain leukocytes in vivo. Leukocyte adhesion and vessel growth were quantified in vivo by high-resolution fluorescence angiography. To inhibit ICAM-1 interactions a microemulsion containing anti-ICAM-1 antibody was applied topically. RESULTS: Limbal vessels showed increased leukocyte adhesion 24 hours after pellet implantation: The number of rolling and sticking leukocytes was significantly increased compared with the number in control animals (P < 0.01). Treatment with anti-ICAM-1 antibody resulted in reduced leukocyte sticking and increased leukocyte rolling. The area covered by new blood vessels was significantly diminished in eyes treated with anti-ICAM-1 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results support the hypothesis that ICAM-1-mediated leukocyte adhesion is a key event in early angiogenesis. This model may serve for investigation of the significance of adhesion molecules by in vivo observation and quantification.  (+info)

Metabolic acidosis-induced retinopathy in the neonatal rat. (4/1800)

PURPOSE: Carbon dioxide (CO2)-induced retinopathy (CDIR) in the neonatal rat, analogous to human retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), was previously described by our group. In this model, it is possible that CO2-associated acidosis provides a biochemical mechanism for CDIR. Therefore, the effect of pure metabolic acidosis on the developing retinal vasculature of the neonatal rat was investigated. METHODS: A preliminary study of arterial blood pH was performed to confirm acidosis in our model. In neonatal rats with preplaced left carotid artery catheters, acute blood gas samples were taken 1 to 24 hours after gavage with either NH4Cl 1 millimole/100 g body weight or saline. In the subsequent formal retinopathy study, 150 newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were raised in litters of 25 and randomly assigned to be gavaged twice daily with either NH4Cl 1 millimole/100 g body weight (n = 75) or saline (n = 75) from day 2 to day 7. After 5 days of recovery, rats were killed, and retinal vasculature was assessed using fluorescein perfusion and ADPase staining techniques. RESULTS: In the preliminary pH study, the minimum pH after NH4Cl gavage was 7.10+/-0.10 at 3 hours (versus 7.37+/-0.03 in controls, mean +/- SD, P < 0.01). In the formal retinopathy study, preretinal neovascularization occurred in 36% of acidotic rats versus 5% of controls (P < 0.001). Acidotic rats showed growth retardation (final weight 16.5+/-3.0 g versus 20.2+/-2.6 g, P < 0.001). The ratio of vascularized to total retinal area was smaller in acidotic rats (94%+/-4% versus 96%+/-2%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic acidosis alone induces neovascularization similar to ROP in the neonatal rat. This suggests a possible biochemical mechanism by which high levels of CO2 induce neovascularization and supports the suggestion that acidosis may be an independent risk factor for ROP.  (+info)

Idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy. (5/1800)

Idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy (ICSC) is usually seen in young males with Type A personality. Clinical evaluation of the macula with fundoscopy and biomicroscopy, coupled with fluorescein angiography establishes the diagnosis. Indocyanine green angiographic studies have reinformed that the basic pathology lies in choriocapillaries and retinal pigment epithelium. Most of the ICSC resolve completely in four months, and some of them could resolve early with direct photocoagulation of the leaking site. Oral steroids have no role, and could even cause an adverse reaction.  (+info)

Chronic retinal vein occlusion in glaucoma. (6/1800)

Asymptomatic chronic retinal vein occlusion that occurs in chronic simple glaucoma is described. The condition is characterized by marked elevation of retinal vein pressure with collateral vessels and vein loops at the optic disc in cases of central vein occlusion, or retinal veno-venous anastomoses along a horizontal line temporal and nasal to the disc in hemisphere vein occlusion. No patient had visible arterial changes, capillary closure, fluorescein leakage, or haemorrhages. The vein occlusion was not limited to "end stage" glaucoma. The role of increased intraocular pressure and glaucomatous enlargement of the optic cup with retinal vein distortion in the pathogenesis of the condition was stressed. Follow-up of these patients revealed persistence of the retinal vein occlusion shown by elevated retinal vein pressures. This would reduce effective perfusion of the inner retina and optic disc and may affect the long-term visual prognosis.  (+info)

De novo lesions in presumed ocular histoplasmosis-like syndrome. (7/1800)

Two patients with multifocal choroiditis similar or identical to POHS are presented. Colour photographs and fluorescein angiography document the occurrence of de novo lesions in the originally involved eye. The cases also demonstrate the development of new choroidal lesions within the originally involved eye, the early evolution of the "basic choroidal lesion", and the need for fluorescein angiography for visualizing the underlying choroidal lesion.  (+info)

The use of internal limiting membrane maculorrhexis in treatment of idiopathic macular holes. (8/1800)

The purpose of this study was to assess surgical results of internal limiting membrane (ILM) maculorrhexis in macular hole surgery. This study is a part of continuing prospective clinical trial of our team of researchers. Thirteen eyes of 13 patients with idiopathic macular hole underwent vitrectomy with the removal of posterior cortical vitreous, peeling of the macular ILM, and intraocular gas tamponade, followed by postoperative face-down positioning. The excised specimens were evaluated with transmission electron microscopy. Complete closure of the hole was observed in all 13 eyes (100% anatomic success rate). Visual improvement of 2 or more lines on ETDRS visual acuity chart was achieved in 11 (85%) of the 13 eyes. Six (54.5%) eyes attained visual acuity of 20/50 or better. Electron microscopy showed ILM in the removed specimens. ILM maculorrhexis is a promising new surgical approach to close idiopathic macular holes but requires further investigation and long-term evaluation.  (+info)

CNV develops when the underlying choroidal layers experience changes that lead to the growth of new blood vessels, which can leak fluid and cause damage to the retina. This can result in vision distortion, loss of central vision, and even blindness if left untreated.

The formation of CNV is a complex process that involves various cellular and molecular mechanisms. It is thought to be triggered by factors such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and the presence of certain growth factors and proteins.

There are several clinical signs and symptoms associated with CNV, including:

1. Distortion of vision, including metamorphopsia (distorted vision of geometric shapes)
2. Blind spots or scotomas
3. Decreased central vision
4. Difficulty reading or performing other daily tasks
5. Reduced color perception
6. Sensitivity to light and glare

The diagnosis of CNV is typically made based on a comprehensive eye exam, including a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as fluorescein angiography or optical coherence tomography (OCT).

There are several treatment options for CNV, including:

1. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections: These medications work by blocking the growth of new blood vessels and can help improve vision and reduce the risk of further damage.
2. Photodynamic therapy: This involves the use of a light-sensitive medication and low-intensity laser therapy to damage and shrink the abnormal blood vessels.
3. Focal photocoagulation: This involves the use of a high-intensity laser to destroy the abnormal blood vessels in the central retina.
4. Vitrectomy: In severe cases, a vitrectomy may be performed to remove the vitreous gel and blood vessels that are causing the CNV.

It is important to note that these treatments do not cure CNV, but they can help improve vision and slow the progression of the disease. Regular follow-up appointments with an eye care professional are necessary to monitor the condition and adjust treatment as needed.

Examples of retinal diseases include:

1. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): a leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 50, AMD affects the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision.
2. Diabetic retinopathy (DR): a complication of diabetes that damages blood vessels in the retina and can cause blindness.
3. Retinal detachment: a condition where the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, causing vision loss.
4. Macular edema: swelling of the macula that can cause vision loss.
5. Retinal vein occlusion (RVO): a blockage of the small veins in the retina that can cause vision loss.
6. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP): a group of inherited disorders that affect the retina and can cause progressive vision loss.
7. Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA): an inherited disorder that causes blindness or severe visual impairment at birth or in early childhood.
8. Stargardt disease: a rare inherited disorder that affects the retina and can cause progressive vision loss, usually starting in childhood.
9. Juvenile macular degeneration: a rare inherited disorder that causes vision loss in young adults.
10. Retinal dystrophy: a group of inherited disorders that affect the retina and can cause progressive vision loss.

Retinal diseases can be diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) or fluorescein angiography. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and can include medication, laser surgery, or vitrectomy.

It's important to note that many retinal diseases can be inherited, so if you have a family history of eye problems, it's important to discuss your risk factors with your eye doctor. Early detection and treatment can help preserve vision and improve quality of life for those affected by these diseases.

Some common examples of choroid diseases include:

1. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV): This is a condition where new blood vessels grow under the retina, often as a result of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or other eye conditions. These new vessels can cause vision loss and distortion.
2. Choroidal melanoma: This is a type of cancer that develops in the choroid layer of the eye. It is usually slow-growing, but it can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
3. Choroiditis: This is an inflammatory condition that affects the choroid layer of the eye, often as a result of infection or autoimmune disorders. It can cause vision loss and pain in the affected eye.
4. Choroidal rupture: This is a rare condition where the choroid layer of the eye ruptures, leading to bleeding and potentially severe vision loss.
5. Other conditions: There are several other conditions that can affect the choroid layer of the eye, such as choroidal vasculitis, choroidal effusion, and choroidal tumors. These conditions can cause a range of symptoms, including vision loss, pain, and distortion.

Overall, choroid diseases can have a significant impact on vision and eye health, and it is important to seek medical attention if any symptoms persist or worsen over time. Early detection and treatment can help to mitigate the risk of long-term vision loss and other complications.

There are two main types of MD:

1. Dry Macular Degeneration (DMD): This is the most common form of MD, accounting for about 90% of cases. It is caused by the gradual accumulation of waste material in the macula, which can lead to cell death and vision loss over time.
2. Wet Macular Degeneration (WMD): This type of MD is less common but more aggressive, accounting for about 10% of cases. It occurs when new blood vessels grow underneath the retina, leaking fluid and causing damage to the macula. This can lead to rapid vision loss if left untreated.

The symptoms of MD can vary depending on the severity and type of the condition. Common symptoms include:

* Blurred vision
* Distorted vision (e.g., straight lines appearing wavy)
* Difficulty reading or recognizing faces
* Difficulty adjusting to bright light
* Blind spots in central vision

MD can have a significant impact on daily life, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks such as driving, reading, and recognizing faces.

There is currently no cure for MD, but there are several treatment options available to slow down the progression of the disease and manage its symptoms. These include:

* Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections: These medications can help prevent the growth of new blood vessels and reduce inflammation in the macula.
* Photodynamic therapy: This involves the use of a light-sensitive drug and low-intensity laser to damage and shrink the abnormal blood vessels in the macula.
* Vitamin supplements: Certain vitamins, such as vitamin C, E, and beta-carotene, have been shown to slow down the progression of MD.
* Laser surgery: This can be used to reduce the number of abnormal blood vessels in the macula and improve vision.

It is important for individuals with MD to receive regular monitoring and treatment from an eye care professional to manage their condition and prevent complications.

Symptoms of macular edema may include blurred vision, distorted vision, blind spots, and sensitivity to light. Diagnosis is typically made through a comprehensive eye exam, including a visual acuity test and imaging tests such as optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Treatment for macular edema depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, medications such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections or corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce fluid buildup and swelling in the retina. In more severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary, such as a vitrectomy to remove the vitreous gel and relieve pressure on the retina.

Prevention of macular edema includes managing underlying conditions such as diabetes and age-related macular degeneration, as well as maintaining regular eye exams to detect and treat any changes in the retina early on. Early detection and treatment can help prevent vision loss from macular edema.

The symptoms of RVO can vary depending on the severity of the blockage, but may include:

* Blurred vision
* Double vision
* Flashes of light
* Eye pain
* Reduced peripheral vision

RVO is typically diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which may include imaging tests such as fluorescein angiography or optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Treatment for RVO depends on the severity of the condition and may include:

* Medications to reduce inflammation and improve blood flow
* Injections of medication into the eye
* Laser surgery to clear blockages or reduce inflammation
* Vitrectomy, a surgical procedure to remove the vitreous gel and blood from the eye

Early diagnosis and treatment of RVO can help prevent or reduce vision loss. However, in some cases, permanent vision loss may occur despite treatment.

Preventing RVO is not always possible, but controlling risk factors such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and hypertension can help reduce the likelihood of developing the condition. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and not smoking, can also help reduce the risk of RVO.

There are two main types of DR:

1. Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR): This is the early stage of DR, where the blood vessels in the retina become damaged and start to leak fluid or bleed. The symptoms can be mild or severe and may include blurred vision, floaters, and flashes of light.
2. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR): This is the advanced stage of DR, where new blood vessels start to grow in the retina. These vessels are weak and can cause severe bleeding, leading to vision loss.

DR is a common complication of diabetes, and it is estimated that up to 80% of people with diabetes will develop some form of DR over their lifetime. The risk of developing DR increases with the duration of diabetes and the level of blood sugar control.

Early detection and treatment of DR can help to prevent vision loss, so it is important for people with diabetes to have regular eye exams to monitor their retinal health. Treatment options for DR include laser surgery, injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) medications, and vitrectomy, a surgical procedure to remove the vitreous gel and blood from the eye.

Preventing Diabetic Retinopathy

While there is no surefire way to prevent diabetic retinopathy (DR), there are several steps that people with diabetes can take to reduce their risk of developing this complication:

1. Control blood sugar levels: Keeping blood sugar levels within a healthy range can help to slow the progression of DR. This can be achieved through a combination of diet, exercise, and medication.
2. Monitor blood pressure: High blood pressure can damage the blood vessels in the retina, so it is important to monitor and control blood pressure to reduce the risk of DR.
3. Maintain healthy blood lipids: Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol can increase the risk of DR.
4. Quit smoking: Smoking can damage the blood vessels in the retina and increase the risk of DR.
5. Maintain a healthy weight: Obesity is a risk factor for DR, so maintaining a healthy weight can help to reduce the risk of this complication.
6. Get regular eye exams: Regular eye exams can help to detect DR in its early stages, when it is easier to treat and prevent vision loss.

Preventing Diabetic Retinopathy

While there is no cure for diabetic retinopathy (DR), there are several treatment options available to help manage the condition and prevent vision loss. These include:

1. Laser surgery: This is a common treatment for early-stage DR, where a laser is used to shrink abnormal blood vessels in the retina and reduce the risk of further damage.
2. Injection therapy: Medications such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections can be used to shrink abnormal blood vessels and reduce swelling in the retina.
3. Vitrectomy: In severe cases of DR, a vitrectomy may be performed to remove scar tissue and blood from the center of the eye.
4. Blood pressure control: Maintaining healthy blood pressure can help to slow the progression of DR.
5. Blood glucose control: Keeping blood sugar levels under control can also slow the progression of DR.
6. Follow-up care: Regular follow-up appointments with an eye doctor are important to monitor the progress of DR and adjust treatment as needed.

Early detection and treatment of diabetic retinopathy can help to prevent vision loss and improve outcomes for individuals with this complication of diabetes. By managing blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol, and by getting regular eye exams, individuals with diabetes can reduce their risk of developing DR and other diabetic complications.

There are many different types of uveal diseases, including:

1. Uveitis: This is inflammation of the uvea, which can be caused by a variety of factors such as infection, injury, or autoimmune disorders.
2. Iridocyclitis: This is inflammation of the iris and ciliary body.
3. Choroiditis: This is inflammation of the choroid layer of the uvea.
4. Retinal vein occlusion: This is a blockage of the veins that carry blood away from the retina, which can cause vision loss.
5. Macular edema: This is swelling of the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision.
6. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): This is a condition that affects the macula and can cause vision loss over time.
7. Diabetic retinopathy: This is a complication of diabetes that can cause damage to the blood vessels in the retina and lead to vision loss.
8. Retinal detachment: This is a condition where the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, leading to vision loss.
9. Retinal vein thrombosis: This is a blockage of the veins that carry blood away from the retina, which can cause vision loss.
10. Uveal melanoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the uvea and can be potentially life-threatening.

These are just a few examples of uveal diseases, and there are many other conditions that can affect the uvea as well. Treatment options for uveal diseases vary depending on the specific condition and its cause, but may include medications, laser surgery, or other procedures to treat inflammation, reduce swelling, or remove tumors.

There are two main types of retinal artery occlusion: central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) and branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO). Central retinal artery occlusion occurs when the central retinal artery, which supplies blood to the macula, becomes blocked. This can cause sudden vision loss in one eye, often with a painless, blinding effect. Branch retinal artery occlusion, on the other hand, occurs when one of the smaller retinal arteries that branch off from the central retinal artery becomes blocked. This can cause vision loss in a specific part of the visual field, often with some preserved peripheral vision.

Retinal artery occlusion is often caused by a blood clot or other debris that blocks the flow of blood through the retinal arteries. It can also be caused by other conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and atherosclerosis (the buildup of plaque in the arteries).

Retinal artery occlusion is a medical emergency that requires prompt treatment. Treatment options may include intravenous injection of medications to dissolve the clot or other debris, laser surgery to repair damaged retinal tissue, and/or vitrectomy (surgical removal of the vitreous gel) to remove any blood or debris that has accumulated in the eye.

In summary, retinal artery occlusion is a serious condition that can cause sudden vision loss and potentially lead to permanent blindness. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you experience any symptoms of retinal artery occlusion, such as sudden vision loss or blurred vision in one eye, flashes of light, floaters, or pain in the eye.

Symptoms of choroiditis may include blurred vision, sensitivity to light, redness and pain in the affected eye, and seeing floaters or flashes of light. In severe cases, it can lead to retinal detachment, which can cause permanent vision loss if not treated promptly.

Diagnosis of choroiditis typically involves a comprehensive eye exam, including a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as fluorescein angiography or optical coherence tomography to evaluate the retina and choroid. Treatment options for choroiditis depend on the underlying cause, but may include antibiotics or anti-inflammatory medications, corticosteroids, and in some cases, surgery.

Retinal hemorrhage can cause vision loss or blindness if not treated promptly. The bleeding can lead to scarring, which can cause permanent damage to the retina and affect vision. In some cases, retinal hemorrhage can be a sign of a more serious underlying condition that requires immediate medical attention.

Retinal hemorrhage is diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as fluorescein angiography or optical coherence tomography. Treatment options for retinal hemorrhage depend on the underlying cause and can include laser surgery, medication, or vitrectomy.

In summary, retinal hemorrhage is a serious condition that can cause vision loss or blindness if not treated promptly. It is essential to seek medical attention if symptoms such as blurred vision, flashes of light, or floaters are noticed. Early detection and treatment can help prevent or reduce vision loss in cases of retinal hemorrhage.

The growth of new blood vessels in the retina is a natural response to hypoxia (lack of oxygen) and inflammation caused by these diseases. However, these new blood vessels are fragile and can cause damage to the retina, leading to vision loss. In some cases, RNV can also lead to vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, or glaucoma, which can further exacerbate vision loss.

The diagnosis of RNV is typically made through a comprehensive eye exam, including a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as fluorescein angiography or optical coherence tomography (OCT). Treatment options for RNV depend on the underlying cause of the condition and may include medications, laser therapy, or vitrectomy.

In summary, retinal neovascularization is a common complication of various retinal diseases that can lead to vision loss if left untreated. Early detection and prompt treatment are essential to prevent further damage and preserve visual function.

The exact cause of CSR is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to changes in blood flow and inflammation in the retina. It can occur in people of all ages and is more common in males than females.

Symptoms of CSR may include:

* Blurred vision or blind spots
* Distorted vision
* Sensitivity to light
* Floating objects or cobwebs in vision
* Eye pain or discomfort

Diagnosis of CSR typically involves a comprehensive eye exam, including a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Treatment for CSR depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, no treatment may be necessary, as the condition may resolve on its own over time. Other treatments may include:

* Medications to reduce inflammation and improve blood flow in the retina
* Photodynamic therapy (PDT) to reduce the amount of fluid in the retina
* Vitrectomy, a surgical procedure to remove the vitreous gel and relieve pressure on the retina.

It is important for individuals with CSR to follow their treatment plan and have regular follow-up appointments with their eye care professional to monitor the progression of the condition and adjust treatment as needed. With appropriate treatment, many people with CSR experience improvement in their vision.

The retina is a layer of cells that lines the inside of the eye and senses light to send visual signals to the brain. When the retina becomes detached, it can no longer function properly, leading to vision loss or distortion.

Retinal detachment can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Age-related changes: As we age, the vitreous gel that fills the eye can become more liquid and pull away from the retina, causing a retinal detachment.
2. Injury or trauma: A blow to the head or a penetrating injury can cause a retinal detachment.
3. Medical conditions: Certain conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and sickle cell disease, can increase the risk of developing a retinal detachment.
4. Genetic factors: Some people may be more prone to developing a retinal detachment due to inherited genetic factors.

Symptoms of retinal detachment may include:

1. Flashes of light: People may see flashes of light in the peripheral vision.
2. Floaters: Specks or cobwebs may appear in the vision, particularly in the periphery.
3. Blurred vision: Blurred vision or distorted vision may occur as the retina becomes detached.
4. Loss of vision: In severe cases, a retinal detachment can cause a complete loss of vision in one eye.

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. A comprehensive eye exam can diagnose a retinal detachment and determine the appropriate treatment.

Treatment for retinal detachment typically involves surgery to reattach the retina to the underlying tissue. In some cases, laser surgery may be used to seal off any tears or holes in the retina that caused the detachment. In more severe cases, a scleral buckle or other device may be implanted to support the retina and prevent further detachment.

In addition to surgical treatment, there are some lifestyle changes you can make to help reduce your risk of developing a retinal detachment:

1. Quit smoking: Smoking has been linked to an increased risk of retinal detachment. Quitting smoking can help reduce this risk.
2. Maintain a healthy blood pressure: High blood pressure can increase the risk of retinal detachment. Monitoring and controlling your blood pressure can help reduce this risk.
3. Wear protective eyewear: If you participate in activities that could potentially cause eye injury, such as sports or working with hazardous materials, wearing protective eyewear can help reduce the risk of retinal detachment.
4. Get regular eye exams: Regular comprehensive eye exams can help detect any potential issues with the retina before they become serious problems.

Overall, a retinal detachment is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention to prevent long-term vision loss. By understanding the causes and symptoms of retinal detachment, as well as making lifestyle changes to reduce your risk, you can help protect your vision and maintain good eye health.

In the medical field, telangiectasis may be diagnosed through a physical examination and/or imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Treatment options for telangiectasis depend on the underlying cause of the condition but may include topical creams or ointments, laser therapy, or lifestyle changes.

Some synonyms for telangiectasis are: spider veins, telangiectatic vessels, and spider naevi.

Note: Telangiectasis is not to be confused with telengectasis which is a condition where the blood vessels in the lung become dilated and can lead to pulmonary embolism.

The exact cause of retinal vasculitis is not known, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, meaning that the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues. It can occur at any age but is more common in adults between 30 and 60 years old.

Symptoms of retinal vasculitis include:

1. Blurred vision or blind spots
2. Floaters (specks or cobwebs in vision)
3. Flashes of light
4. Redness and pain in the eye
5. Sensitivity to light
6. Blindness in one or both eyes

Retinal vasculitis is diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, including a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Treatment options for retinal vasculitis include:

1. Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
2. Immunosuppressive drugs to suppress the immune system
3. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections to prevent the growth of new blood vessels
4. Photodynamic therapy to damage and shrink the abnormal blood vessels
5. Vitrectomy, a surgical removal of the vitreous gel and any blood or scar tissue in the eye

The prognosis for retinal vasculitis varies depending on the severity and location of the disease, but it can lead to significant vision loss if left untreated. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Some common examples of eye manifestations include:

1. Redness or inflammation of the conjunctiva (the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye): This can be a sign of an infection, allergy, or other condition.
2. Discharge or crusting around the eyes: This can be a sign of an infection or allergies.
3. Swelling of the eyelids or eye socket: This can be a sign of an infection, injury, or other condition.
4. Bulging of one or both eyes (proptosis): This can be a sign of a tumor or other condition that is putting pressure on the eye socket.
5. Abnormal alignment of the eyes (strabismus): This can be a sign of a neurological disorder or other condition.
6. Blurring or distortion of vision: This can be a sign of a variety of conditions, including refractive errors, cataracts, glaucoma, or retinal detachment.
7. Abnormal pupillary reaction to light (photophobia): This can be a sign of a neurological disorder or other condition.
8. Eye twitching or spasms: This can be a sign of a neurological disorder or other condition.
9. Blind spots in the field of vision: This can be a sign of a retinal detachment or other condition.
10. Abnormal color vision (color blindness): This can be a sign of a genetic disorder or other condition.

Healthcare professionals may use a variety of tests and procedures to evaluate eye manifestations, including visual acuity tests, refraction tests, retinoscopy, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or MRI. Treatment of eye manifestations depends on the underlying cause and can range from glasses or contact lenses for refractive errors to surgery for cataracts or retinal detachment. In some cases, treatment of the underlying condition can help resolve the eye manifestations.

Example Sentences:

1. The patient was diagnosed with iris disease and was prescribed antibiotic eye drops to help clear up the infection.
2. The doctor suspected that the patient's blurred vision was caused by an iris disease, so he referred the patient to a specialist for further evaluation.
3. Although the symptoms of iris disease can be uncomfortable, most cases can be effectively treated with medication and proper care.

Retinal drusen appear as small, flat spots or patches in the retina and are usually yellow or orange in color. They are made up of lipids (fatty substances) and other waste products that have accumulated in the retina over time. The exact cause of retinal drusen is not known, but they are thought to be related to the natural aging process and the decline in the function of the retina over time.

Retinal drusen can be diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as optical coherence tomography (OCT). There is no treatment for retinal drusen, but they can be monitored with regular eye exams to ensure that they are not progressing or causing any vision problems.

In some cases, retinal drusen may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition such as macular degeneration, which can cause vision loss if left untreated. It is important for individuals over the age of 50 to have regular comprehensive eye exams to detect any changes in the retina and to prevent vision loss.

In summary, retinal drusen are small deposits that accumulate in the retina and are a common age-related change. They do not cause vision problems on their own but can be an early warning sign of more serious eye diseases such as macular degeneration. Regular comprehensive eye exams can detect any changes in the retina and prevent vision loss.

Angioid streaks can be detected during an eye exam using a specialized microscope called a fundus camera. If the streaks are caused by diabetic retinopathy or other underlying conditions, treatment may involve managing the underlying condition to prevent further damage to the blood vessels in the retina. In some cases, laser surgery may be recommended to seal off leaking blood vessels and prevent further bleeding.

In summary, Angioid streaks are a sign of damage to the blood vessels in the retina and can be a warning sign of more serious underlying conditions such as diabetic retinopathy or hypertensive retinopathy. It is important to seek medical attention if you notice any changes in your vision or see flashes of light, as these can be signs of a more serious condition.

Some common types of choroid neoplasms include:

1. Choroidal melanoma: A malignant tumor that arises from the pigment-producing cells of the choroid. It is the most common type of primary intraocular cancer and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
2. Choroidal hemangioma: A benign tumor that arises from the blood vessels of the choroid. It can cause changes in vision and may require treatment to prevent complications.
3. Choroidal naevus: A benign growth that occurs in the choroid and can be inherited. It is usually asymptomatic but can sometimes cause changes in vision.
4. Other rare types of choroid neoplasms include choroidal lymphoma, choroidal osteochondromatosis, and choroidal metastasis (metastasis of cancer from another part of the body to the choroid).

Choroid neoplasms can be diagnosed using a variety of tests, including imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT or MRI scans, and visual field testing. Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the neoplasm, and may include observation, laser therapy, photodynamic therapy, or surgery.

Overall, choroid neoplasms are complex and varied conditions that require careful evaluation and treatment by an ophthalmologist or other eye care professional to prevent complications and preserve vision.

A vitreous hemorrhage is a type of eye injury that occurs when there is bleeding within the vitreous humor, the gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eye. This condition can be caused by a variety of factors, such as trauma, disease, or complications during surgery.

Symptoms of Vitreous Hemorrhage[2]

The symptoms of vitreous hemorrhage can vary depending on the severity of the injury, but may include:

* Blurred vision
* Floaters (specks or cobwebs in vision)
* Flashes of light
* Eye pain
* Redness and swelling of the eye
* Sensitivity to light

Treatment of Vitreous Hemorrhage[2]

The treatment of vitreous hemorrhage depends on the underlying cause and severity of the injury. In some cases, the body may absorb the blood over time, and no treatment is necessary. However, if the hemorrhage is severe or causing significant vision loss, surgery may be required to remove the blood and repair any damage to the eye.

Complications of Vitreous Hemorrhage[2]

If left untreated, vitreous hemorrhage can lead to a number of complications, including:

* Glaucoma (increased pressure in the eye)
* Retinal detachment (separation of the retina from the back of the eye)
* Cataract formation
* Infection
* Blindness

Prevention of Vitreous Hemorrhage[2]

While some cases of vitreous hemorrhage cannot be prevented, there are steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of developing this condition. These include:

* Wearing protective eyewear during activities that could potentially cause eye injury
* Avoiding close-range objects or activities that could cause trauma to the eye
* Getting regular eye exams to monitor for any changes or abnormalities in the eye

In conclusion, vitreous hemorrhage is a serious condition that can cause significant vision loss if left untreated. While some cases may resolve on their own over time, others may require surgical intervention to prevent complications and preserve vision. Regular eye exams and protective eyewear can help reduce the risk of developing this condition.

References:

[1] American Academy of Ophthalmology. (2020). Vitreous Hemorrhage. Retrieved from

[2] MedlinePlus. (2020). Vitreous Hemorrhage. Retrieved from

The symptoms of Aicardi Syndrome can vary widely, but may include:

* Developmental delays and intellectual disability
* Seizures, which can be severe and difficult to control
* Vision loss or blindness
* Abnormalities in the structure of the brain and spinal cord, such as abnormal formation of the cerebral hemispheres or spina bifida
* Congenital heart defects
* Other congenital anomalies

Aicardi Syndrome is a rare condition, and the exact prevalence is not known. However, it is estimated to affect about 1 in 100,000 to 1 in 200,000 individuals worldwide. The syndrome can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluations, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and genetic testing.

There is currently no cure for Aicardi Syndrome, but various treatments can be used to manage the symptoms and improve quality of life. These may include medications to control seizures, physical therapy to improve mobility and coordination, and other supportive measures such as speech and language therapy and occupational therapy. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct anatomical abnormalities or to relieve pressure on the brain or spinal cord.

The prognosis for individuals with Aicardi Syndrome varies widely, depending on the severity of the symptoms and the presence of other health issues. Some individuals with the syndrome may have a relatively mild course, while others may experience significant developmental delays and disability. With appropriate medical care and support, however, many individuals with Aicardi Syndrome can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their full potential.

Symptoms of Susac syndrome may include:

* Blind spots or vision loss
* Headaches
* Seizures
* Fatigue
* Confusion
* Weakness or numbness in the limbs

The condition is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as MRI and CT scans. There is no cure for Susac syndrome, but treatment options may include:

* Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
* Immunosuppressive medications to prevent the immune system from attacking the brain and eyes
* Antiviral or antibacterial medications to treat any underlying infections
* Physical therapy to improve vision and motor function

The prognosis for Susac syndrome varies depending on the severity of the condition and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment. In some cases, vision may be restored, but in other cases, blindness may be permanent. The condition can also increase the risk of developing other autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis or lupus.

The disorder is caused by mutations in the genes that code for proteins involved in the transport and metabolism of lipids in the retinal cells. The vitelliform deposits that accumulate in the macula are thought to disrupt the normal functioning of the retinal cells, leading to progressive vision loss over time.

VMD typically affects both eyes, with symptoms usually appearing in early childhood or adolescence. The initial symptoms may include blurred vision, difficulty reading, and poor color perception. As the condition progresses, central vision can become severely impaired, leading to difficulties with daily activities such as driving, reading, and recognizing faces.

There is currently no cure for VMD, but various treatments are being explored to slow down the progression of the disorder. These may include vitamin supplements, anti-inflammatory medications, and photodynamic therapy. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove the vitelliform deposits and restore some vision.

Early diagnosis of VMD is important to help manage the condition and prevent complications. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, and genetic testing. Genetic testing can identify the specific genetic mutations responsible for the disorder and help guide treatment decisions.

Overall, VMD is a rare and debilitating eye disorder that can significantly impact an individual's quality of life. While there is currently no cure, ongoing research is working towards developing new treatments to slow down the progression of the disorder and improve visual outcomes for those affected.

Symptoms of chorioretinitis may include blurred vision, sensitivity to light, floaters, and flashes of light. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as fluorescein angiography or optical coherence tomography, and laboratory testing to rule out other conditions.

Treatment for chorioretinitis usually involves antibiotics or antiviral medication to clear the infection, as well as steroids to reduce inflammation. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected area of the retina. Prognosis is generally good if the disease is caught early and treated promptly, but vision loss may occur if the disease is left untreated for an extended period of time.

The term "papilledema" comes from the Greek words "papilla," meaning "little nipple," and "dema," meaning "swelling." This refers to the appearance of the optic disc when it is swollen, as it looks like a small, round nipple on the surface of the retina.

Papilledema can be caused by a variety of conditions, including high blood pressure, brain tumors, and aneurysms. It can also be a symptom of other conditions such as meningitis or multiple sclerosis. The diagnosis of papilledema is typically made through a comprehensive eye exam, which includes visual acuity testing, refraction, and retinoscopy. Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans may also be used to evaluate the cause of the swelling.

Treatment of papilledema depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In cases where high blood pressure is the cause, medication to lower blood pressure may be prescribed. In other cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary to relieve pressure on the brain and reduce swelling in the optic disc.

It's important for individuals with papilledema to work closely with their healthcare provider to monitor and manage their condition, as untreated papilledema can lead to permanent vision loss.

Wet macular degeneration can cause vision loss in several ways:

1. Leakage of fluid from the new blood vessels can cause swelling and distortion of the retina, leading to vision loss.
2. The growth of new blood vessels can cause scar tissue to form, which can pull on the retina and cause it to tear or detach, leading to vision loss.
3. The buildup of fluid and scar tissue can cause the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision, to become distorted or atrophic, leading to vision loss.

Symptoms of wet macular degeneration may include:

1. Blurred vision
2. Distorted vision (e.g., straight lines appear wavy)
3. Difficulty reading or recognizing faces
4. Difficulty adjusting to bright light
5. Floaters (specks or cobwebs in your vision)
6. Blind spots in your central vision

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to see an eye doctor as soon as possible for a comprehensive evaluation and treatment. Wet macular degeneration can be treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections, photodynamic therapy, or a combination of both. These treatments aim to reduce the growth of new blood vessels and slow down the progression of the disease.

It is important to note that wet macular degeneration can progress rapidly, so early detection and treatment are crucial to preserving vision. Regular eye exams, especially after age 50, can help detect wet macular degeneration in its early stages, when it is more treatable.

Examples:

1. Retinal coloboma: A condition where a hole or gap in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, can cause vision loss or blindness.
2. Cerebral coloboma: A condition where a part of the brain is missing or underdeveloped, which can result in intellectual disability, seizures, and other neurological symptoms.
3. Coloboma of the eye: A condition where the iris or optic nerve is not properly formed, leading to vision problems such as amblyopia (lazy eye) or strabismus (crossed eyes).

Note: Coloboma is a relatively rare condition and can be diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment options vary depending on the location and severity of the defect, and may include surgery, medication, or other interventions to manage associated symptoms.

There are many different types of eye diseases, including:

1. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause blurry vision and blindness.
2. Glaucoma: A group of diseases that damage the optic nerve and can lead to vision loss and blindness.
3. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A condition that causes vision loss in older adults due to damage to the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision.
4. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that can cause damage to the blood vessels in the retina and lead to vision loss.
5. Detached retina: A condition where the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, leading to vision loss.
6. Macular hole: A small hole in the macula that can cause vision loss.
7. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye is weaker than the other and has reduced vision.
8. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A condition where the eyes are not aligned properly and point in different directions.
9. Conjunctivitis: An inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids.
10. Dry eye syndrome: A condition where the eyes do not produce enough tears, leading to dryness, itchiness, and irritation.

Eye diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, age, environmental factors, and certain medical conditions. Some eye diseases are inherited, while others are acquired through lifestyle choices or medical conditions.

Symptoms of eye diseases can include blurry vision, double vision, eye pain, sensitivity to light, and redness or inflammation in the eye. Treatment options for eye diseases depend on the specific condition and can range from medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Regular eye exams are important for detecting and managing eye diseases, as many conditions can be treated more effectively if caught early. If you experience any symptoms of eye disease or have concerns about your vision, it is important to see an eye doctor as soon as possible.

Pseudophakia is considered a rare condition, as most cataract surgeries involve removal of the entire natural lens. However, there are certain situations where leaving behind some residual lens material can be beneficial, such as in cases where the patient has severe astigmatism or presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).

The presence of pseudophakia can affect the visual outcome and refractive status of the eye, and may require additional surgical intervention to optimize visual acuity. It is important for ophthalmologists to be aware of this condition and consider it when evaluating patients with cataracts or other eye conditions.

Intracranial aneurysms are relatively rare but can have serious consequences if they rupture and cause bleeding in the brain.

The symptoms of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm may include headaches, seizures, and visual disturbances.

If an intracranial aneurysm ruptures, it can lead to a subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding in the space around the brain), which is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.

Diagnosis of an intracranial aneurysm typically involves imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and may also involve catheter angiography.

Treatment for intracranial aneurysms usually involves surgical clipping or endovascular coiling, depending on the size, location, and severity of the aneurysm.

Preventing rupture of intracranial aneurysms is important, as they can be difficult to treat once they have ruptured.

Endovascular coiling is a minimally invasive procedure in which a catheter is inserted into the affected artery and a small coil is inserted into the aneurysm, causing it to clot and preventing further bleeding.

Surgical clipping involves placing a small metal clip across the base of the aneurysm to prevent further bleeding.

In addition to these treatments, medications such as anticonvulsants and antihypertensives may be used to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

In this article, we will explore the definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of degenerative myopia.

Definition: Degenerative Myopia is a type of nearsightedness that progresses with age and is associated with changes in the shape and structure of the eye. It can cause significant vision loss and may require surgical intervention to treat.

Causes: The exact causes of degenerative myopia are not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to changes in the shape of the cornea, lens, and retina as well as aging. It can also be associated with other conditions such as cataracts, glaucoma, and retinal detachment.

Symptoms: Symptoms of degenerative myopia may include blurry vision, double vision, eye strain, headaches, and difficulty driving or reading at night. As the condition progresses, vision loss can occur, making everyday activities more difficult.

Diagnosis: Degenerative myopia is diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam. This includes a visual acuity test, refraction test, retinoscopy, and imaging tests such as ultrasound or optical coherence tomography (OCT) to assess the shape and structure of the eye.

Treatment: Treatment for degenerative myopia depends on the severity of the condition and can include glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery such as LASIK. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat complications such as cataracts or retinal detachment.

Prevention: There is no known prevention for degenerative myopia, but early detection and treatment can help slow its progression. It is important to have regular eye exams, especially if you are over the age of 40, to monitor for any changes in your vision.

In conclusion, degenerative myopia is a condition that can cause significant vision loss if left untreated. Early detection and treatment can help slow its progression, and there are various treatment options available depending on the severity of the condition. It is important to have regular eye exams to monitor for any changes in your vision and to address any issues promptly.

Symptoms of retinal perforations may include flashes of light, floaters, blurred vision, and loss of peripheral vision. These symptoms can be caused by a variety of factors, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and trauma to the eye.

Retinal perforations are typically diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which may include imaging tests such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography. Treatment for retinal perforations depends on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include laser surgery, cryotherapy, or vitrectomy.

In summary, retinal perforations are a serious condition that can cause significant vision loss if left untreated. Early detection and prompt treatment are essential to prevent long-term vision loss and improve outcomes for patients with retinal perforations.

Some common types of vision disorders include:

1. Myopia (nearsightedness): A condition where close objects are seen clearly, but distant objects appear blurry.
2. Hyperopia (farsightedness): A condition where distant objects are seen clearly, but close objects appear blurry.
3. Astigmatism: A condition where the cornea or lens of the eye is irregularly shaped, causing blurred vision at all distances.
4. Presbyopia: A condition that occurs as people age, where the lens of the eye loses flexibility and makes it difficult to focus on close objects.
5. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye has reduced vision due to abnormal development or injury.
6. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A condition where the eyes are misaligned and point in different directions.
7. Color blindness: A condition where people have difficulty perceiving certain colors, usually red and green.
8. Retinal disorders: Conditions that affect the retina, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, or retinal detachment.
9. Glaucoma: A group of conditions that damage the optic nerve, often due to increased pressure in the eye.
10. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause blurred vision and sensitivity to light.

Vision disorders can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, refraction test, and dilated eye exam. Treatment options for vision disorders depend on the specific condition and may include glasses or contact lenses, medication, surgery, or a combination of these.

The buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries is often caused by high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and a family history of heart disease. The plaque can also rupture, causing a blood clot to form, which can completely block the flow of blood to the heart muscle, leading to a heart attack.

CAD is the most common type of heart disease and is often asymptomatic until a serious event occurs. Risk factors for CAD include:

* Age (men over 45 and women over 55)
* Gender (men are at greater risk than women, but women are more likely to die from CAD)
* Family history of heart disease
* High blood pressure
* High cholesterol
* Diabetes
* Smoking
* Obesity
* Lack of exercise

Diagnosis of CAD typically involves a physical exam, medical history, and results of diagnostic tests such as:

* Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
* Stress test
* Echocardiogram
* Coronary angiography

Treatment for CAD may include lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and quitting smoking. Medications such as beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and statins may also be prescribed to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. In severe cases, surgical intervention such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may be necessary.

Prevention of CAD includes managing risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes, quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and getting regular exercise. Early detection and treatment of CAD can help to reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life for those affected by the disease.

The severity of coronary stenosis can range from mild to severe, with blockages ranging from 15% to over 90%. In mild cases, lifestyle changes and medication may be enough to manage symptoms. However, more severe cases typically require interventional procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery to improve blood flow to the heart.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

There are several types of ischemia, including:

1. Myocardial ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, which can lead to chest pain or a heart attack.
2. Cerebral ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the brain, which can lead to stroke or cognitive impairment.
3. Peripheral arterial ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the legs and arms.
4. Renal ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the kidneys.
5. Hepatic ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the liver.

Ischemia can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment for ischemia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgical interventions.

The exact cause of ROP is not known, but it is thought to be related to the immaturity of the retina and the high levels of oxygen in incubators used to care for premature babies. The risk of developing ROP increases with the degree of prematurity, with infants born before 28 weeks gestation being at highest risk.

ROP typically develops in two stages:

1. Stage 1: Early ROP - This stage is characterized by the formation of small blood vessels and immature retinal tissue.
2. Stage 2: Advanced ROP - This stage is characterized by the proliferation of abnormal blood vessels, bleeding, and scarring in the retina.

There are several subtypes of ROP, including:

1. Type 1 ROP: Mildest form of the disease, with few or no complications.
2. Type 2 ROP: More severe form of the disease, with abnormal blood vessel growth and scarring in the retina.
3. Type 3 ROP: Most severe form of the disease, with widespread scarring and bleeding in the retina.

Treatment for ROP typically involves monitoring the infant's eye development closely and applying laser therapy to the affected areas if necessary. In severe cases, surgery may be required to remove abnormal blood vessels or scar tissue.

Prevention of ROP is primarily focused on reducing the risk factors, such as prematurity and oxygen exposure. This includes:

1. Proper management of gestational diabetes to prevent preterm birth.
2. Close monitoring of fetal development and early delivery if necessary.
3. Careful regulation of oxygen levels in incubators to avoid over-oxygenation.
4. Early detection and treatment of infections that can lead to preterm birth.
5. Avoiding excessive use of ophthalmic drugs that can be harmful to the developing retina.

Early detection and timely intervention are crucial for effective management and prevention of ROP. Regular eye exams and screening are necessary to identify the disease in its early stages, when treatment is most effective.

There are several types of intracranial AVMs, including:

1. Cerebral AVMs: These are the most common type of AVM and occur in the cerebral hemispheres of the brain.
2. Spinal AVMs: These occur in the spinal cord and are less common than cerebral AVMs.
3. Multiple AVMs: Some people may have multiple AVMs, which can be located in different parts of the brain or spine.

The symptoms of intracranial AVMs can vary depending on the location and size of the malformation. They may include:

1. Seizures: AVMs can cause seizures, which can be a sign of the malformation.
2. Headaches: Patients with AVMs may experience frequent and severe headaches.
3. Weakness or numbness: AVMs can cause weakness or numbness in the arms or legs.
4. Vision problems: AVMs can affect the vision, including blurriness, double vision, or loss of peripheral vision.
5. Confusion or disorientation: Patients with AVMs may experience confusion or disorientation.
6. Seizures: AVMs can cause seizures, which can be a sign of the malformation.
7. Cranial nerve deficits: AVMs can affect the cranial nerves, leading to problems with speech, hearing, or facial movements.
8. Hydrocephalus: AVMs can cause hydrocephalus, which is an accumulation of fluid in the brain.

The diagnosis of intracranial AVMs is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, neuroimaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and angiography. Angiography is a test that uses dye and X-rays to visualize the blood vessels in the brain.

Treatment of intracranial AVMs usually involves a multidisciplinary approach, including neurosurgeons, interventional neuroradiologists, and neurologists. Treatment options may include:

1. Observation: Small AVMs that are not causing symptoms may be monitored with regular imaging studies to see if they grow or change over time.
2. Endovascular embolization: This is a minimally invasive procedure in which a catheter is inserted through a blood vessel in the leg and directed to the AVM in the brain. Once there, the catheter releases tiny particles that block the flow of blood into the AVM, causing it to shrink or disappear.
3. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the AVM. This is usually done when the AVM is large or in a location that makes it difficult to treat with endovascular embolization.
4. Radiation therapy: This may be used to shrink the AVM before surgery or as a standalone treatment.
5. Chemotherapy: This may be used in combination with radiation therapy to treat AVMs that are caused by a genetic condition called hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT).

The choice of treatment depends on the location and size of the AVM, as well as the patient's overall health and other medical conditions. In some cases, a combination of treatments may be necessary to achieve the best outcome.

It is important to note that this condition can be caused by various factors such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain medications. It can also be a symptom of other underlying conditions such as carotid artery disease or aneurysm.

Causes:

* Reduced blood flow to the optic nerve due to various factors such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain medications
* Other underlying conditions such as carotid artery disease or aneurysm

Symptoms:

* Vision loss or blindness in one or both eyes
* Blurred vision or double vision
* Loss of peripheral vision
* Sensitivity to light

Diagnosis:

* Dilated eye exam
* Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans
* Blood tests to check for underlying conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure

Treatment:

* Treatment of underlying conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure
* Medications to improve blood flow to the optic nerve
* Surgery to repair any blockages in the carotid artery or other underlying conditions.

There are several different types of uveitis, including:

1. Anterior uveitis: This type affects the front part of the eye and is the most common form of uveitis. It is often caused by an infection or injury.
2. Posterior uveitis: This type affects the back part of the eye and can be caused by a systemic disease such as sarcoidosis or juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
3. Intermediate uveitis: This type affects the middle layer of the eye and is often caused by an autoimmune disorder.
4. Panuveitis: This type affects the entire uvea and can be caused by a systemic disease such as vasculitis or Behçet's disease.

Symptoms of uveitis may include:

* Eye pain
* Redness and swelling in the eye
* Blurred vision
* Sensitivity to light
* Floaters (specks or cobwebs in your vision)
* Flashes of light

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to see an eye doctor as soon as possible. Uveitis can be diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, which may include imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Treatment for uveitis depends on the cause and severity of the condition, but may include medication to reduce inflammation, antibiotics for infections, or surgery to remove any diseased tissue.

Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications such as cataracts, glaucoma, and blindness. If you have uveitis, it is important to follow your doctor's recommendations for treatment and monitoring to protect your vision.

There are many different types of retinal degeneration, each with its own set of symptoms and causes. Some common forms of retinal degeneration include:

1. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): This is the most common form of retinal degeneration and affects the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision. AMD can cause blind spots or distorted vision.
2. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP): This is a group of inherited conditions that affect the retina and can lead to night blindness, loss of peripheral vision, and eventually complete vision loss.
3. Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA): This is a rare inherited condition that causes severe vision loss or blindness at birth or within the first few years of life.
4. Stargardt disease: This is a rare inherited condition that causes progressive vision loss and can lead to blindness.
5. Retinal detachment: This occurs when the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, causing vision loss.
6. Diabetic retinopathy (DR): This is a complication of diabetes that can cause damage to the blood vessels in the retina and lead to vision loss.
7. Retinal vein occlusion (RVO): This occurs when a blockage forms in the small veins that carry blood away from the retina, causing vision loss.

There are several risk factors for retinal degeneration, including:

1. Age: Many forms of retinal degeneration are age-related and become more common as people get older.
2. Family history: Inherited conditions such as RP and LCA can increase the risk of retinal degeneration.
3. Genetics: Some forms of retinal degeneration are caused by genetic mutations.
4. Diabetes: Diabetes is a major risk factor for diabetic retinopathy, which can cause vision loss.
5. Hypertension: High blood pressure can increase the risk of retinal vein occlusion and other forms of retinal degeneration.
6. Smoking: Smoking has been linked to an increased risk of several forms of retinal degeneration.
7. UV exposure: Prolonged exposure to UV radiation from sunlight can increase the risk of retinal degeneration.

There are several treatment options for retinal degeneration, including:

1. Vitamin and mineral supplements: Vitamins A, C, and E, as well as zinc and selenium, have been shown to slow the progression of certain forms of retinal degeneration.
2. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections: These medications can help reduce swelling and slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy and other forms of retinal degeneration.
3. Photodynamic therapy: This involves the use of a light-sensitive medication and low-intensity laser light to damage and shrink abnormal blood vessels in the retina.
4. Retinal implants: These devices can be used to restore some vision in people with advanced forms of retinal degeneration.
5. Stem cell therapy: Research is ongoing into the use of stem cells to repair damaged retinal cells and restore vision.

It's important to note that early detection and treatment of retinal degeneration can help to slow or stop the progression of the disease, preserving vision for as long as possible. Regular eye exams are crucial for detecting retinal degeneration in its early stages, when treatment is most effective.

The symptoms of RP can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the specific genetic mutations causing it. Common symptoms include:

* Night blindness
* Difficulty seeing in low light environments
* Blind spots or missing areas in central vision
* Difficulty reading or recognizing faces
* Sensitivity to light
* Reduced peripheral vision
* Blurred vision

There is currently no cure for RP, and treatment options are limited. However, researchers are actively working to develop new therapies and technologies to slow the progression of the disease and improve the quality of life for individuals with RP. These include:

* Gene therapy: Using viral vectors to deliver healthy copies of the missing gene to the retina in an effort to restore normal vision.

* Stem cell therapy: Transplanting healthy stem cells into the retina to replace damaged or missing cells.

* Pharmacological interventions: Developing drugs that can slow down or reverse the progression of RP by targeting specific molecular pathways.

* Retinal implants: Implanting a retinal implant, such as a retinal prosthetic, to bypass damaged or non-functional photoreceptors and directly stimulate the visual pathway.

It's important to note that these therapies are still in the experimental stage and have not yet been proven effective in humans. Therefore, individuals with RP should consult with their healthcare provider about the best treatment options available.

In summary, Retinitis Pigmentosa is a genetic disorder that causes progressive vision loss, particularly during childhood or adolescence. While there is currently no cure for RP, researchers are actively working to develop new therapies to slow down or restore vision in those affected by the disease. These include gene therapy, stem cell therapy, pharmacological interventions, and retinal implants. It's important to consult with a healthcare provider for the best treatment options available.

FAQs:

1. What is Retinitis Pigmentosa?

Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is a genetic disorder that causes progressive vision loss, typically during childhood or adolescence.

2. What are the symptoms of Retinitis Pigmentosa?

Symptoms of RP can vary depending on the specific mutation causing the disease, but common symptoms include difficulty seeing at night, loss of peripheral vision, and difficulty adjusting to bright light.

3. Is there a cure for Retinitis Pigmentosa?

Currently, there is no cure for RP, but researchers are actively working on developing new therapies to slow down or restore vision in those affected by the disease.

4. What are some potential treatments for Retinitis Pigmentosa?

Some potential treatments for RP include gene therapy, stem cell therapy, pharmacological interventions, and retinal implants. It's important to consult with a healthcare provider for the best treatment options available.

5. Can Retinitis Pigmentosa be prevented?

RP is a genetic disorder, so it cannot be prevented in the classical sense. However, researchers are working on developing gene therapies that can prevent or slow down the progression of the disease.

6. How does Retinitis Pigmentosa affect daily life?

Living with RP can significantly impact daily life, especially as vision loss progresses. It's important to adapt and modify daily routines, such as using assistive devices like canes or guide dogs, and seeking support from family and friends.

7. What resources are available for those affected by Retinitis Pigmentosa?

There are a variety of resources available for those affected by RP, including support groups, advocacy organizations, and online communities. These resources can provide valuable information, support, and connections with others who understand the challenges of living with the disease.

Types of Arterial Occlusive Diseases:

1. Atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis is a condition where plaque builds up inside the arteries, leading to narrowing or blockages that can restrict blood flow to certain areas of the body.
2. Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): PAD is a condition where the blood vessels in the legs and arms become narrowed or blocked, leading to pain or cramping in the affected limbs.
3. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): CAD is a condition where the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart, become narrowed or blocked, leading to chest pain or a heart attack.
4. Carotid Artery Disease: Carotid artery disease is a condition where the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain, become narrowed or blocked, leading to stroke or mini-stroke.
5. Renal Artery Stenosis: Renal artery stenosis is a condition where the blood vessels that supply the kidneys become narrowed or blocked, leading to high blood pressure and decreased kidney function.

Symptoms of Arterial Occlusive Diseases:

1. Pain or cramping in the affected limbs
2. Weakness or fatigue
3. Difficulty walking or standing
4. Chest pain or discomfort
5. Shortness of breath
6. Dizziness or lightheadedness
7. Stroke or mini-stroke

Treatment for Arterial Occlusive Diseases:

1. Medications: Medications such as blood thinners, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and blood pressure medications may be prescribed to treat arterial occlusive diseases.
2. Lifestyle Changes: Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.
3. Endovascular Procedures: Endovascular procedures such as angioplasty and stenting may be performed to open up narrowed or blocked blood vessels.
4. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat arterial occlusive diseases, such as bypass surgery or carotid endarterectomy.

Prevention of Arterial Occlusive Diseases:

1. Maintain a healthy diet and lifestyle
2. Quit smoking and avoid exposure to secondhand smoke
3. Exercise regularly
4. Manage high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes
5. Avoid excessive alcohol consumption
6. Get regular check-ups with your healthcare provider

Early detection and treatment of arterial occlusive diseases can help manage symptoms, slow the progression of the disease, and prevent complications such as heart attack or stroke.

Coronary disease is often caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, smoking, obesity, and a lack of physical activity. It can also be triggered by other medical conditions, such as diabetes and kidney disease.

The symptoms of coronary disease can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

* Chest pain or discomfort (angina)
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Swelling of the legs and feet
* Pain in the arms and back

Coronary disease is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and cardiac imaging. Treatment for coronary disease may include lifestyle changes, medications to control symptoms, and surgical procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery to improve blood flow to the heart.

Preventative measures for coronary disease include:

* Maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine
* Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption
* Managing high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and other underlying medical conditions
* Reducing stress through relaxation techniques or therapy.

Examples of syndromes include:

1. Down syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 that affects intellectual and physical development.
2. Turner syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by a missing or partially deleted X chromosome that affects physical growth and development in females.
3. Marfan syndrome: A genetic disorder affecting the body's connective tissue, causing tall stature, long limbs, and cardiovascular problems.
4. Alzheimer's disease: A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, confusion, and changes in personality and behavior.
5. Parkinson's disease: A neurological disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with movement.
6. Klinefelter syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra X chromosome in males, leading to infertility and other physical characteristics.
7. Williams syndrome: A rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of genetic material on chromosome 7, characterized by cardiovascular problems, developmental delays, and a distinctive facial appearance.
8. Fragile X syndrome: The most common form of inherited intellectual disability, caused by an expansion of a specific gene on the X chromosome.
9. Prader-Willi syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by a defect in the hypothalamus, leading to problems with appetite regulation and obesity.
10. Sjogren's syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that affects the glands that produce tears and saliva, causing dry eyes and mouth.

Syndromes can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment for a syndrome depends on the underlying cause and the specific symptoms and signs presented by the patient.

There are several types of atrophy that can occur in different parts of the body. For example:

1. Muscular atrophy: This occurs when muscles weaken and shrink due to disuse or injury.
2. Neuronal atrophy: This occurs when nerve cells degenerate, leading to a loss of cognitive function and memory.
3. Cardiac atrophy: This occurs when the heart muscle weakens and becomes less efficient, leading to decreased cardiac output.
4. Atrophic gastritis: This is a type of stomach inflammation that can lead to the wasting away of the stomach lining.
5. Atrophy of the testes: This occurs when the testes shrink due to a lack of use or disorder, leading to decreased fertility.

Atrophy can be diagnosed through various medical tests and imaging studies, such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment for atrophy depends on the underlying cause and may involve physical therapy, medication, or surgery. In some cases, atrophy can be prevented or reversed with proper treatment and care.

In summary, atrophy is a degenerative process that can occur in various parts of the body due to injury, disease, or disuse. It can lead to a loss of function and decreased quality of life, but with proper diagnosis and treatment, it may be possible to prevent or reverse some forms of atrophy.

Here are some examples of how 'Aneurysm, Ruptured' is used in different contexts:

1. Medical literature: "The patient was rushed to the hospital with a ruptured aneurysm after experiencing sudden severe headaches and vomiting."
2. Doctor-patient communication: "You have a ruptured aneurysm, which means that your blood vessel has burst and is causing bleeding inside your body."
3. Medical research: "The study found that patients with a history of smoking are at increased risk of developing a ruptured aneurysm."
4. Emergency medical services: "The patient was transported to the hospital with a ruptured aneurysm and was in critical condition upon arrival."
5. Patient education: "To prevent a ruptured aneurysm, it is important to manage high blood pressure and avoid smoking."

Some examples of pathologic constrictions include:

1. Stenosis: A narrowing or constriction of a blood vessel or other tubular structure, often caused by the buildup of plaque or scar tissue.
2. Asthma: A condition characterized by inflammation and constriction of the airways, which can make breathing difficult.
3. Esophageal stricture: A narrowing of the esophagus that can cause difficulty swallowing.
4. Gastric ring constriction: A narrowing of the stomach caused by a band of tissue that forms in the upper part of the stomach.
5. Anal fissure: A tear in the lining of the anus that can cause pain and difficulty passing stools.

Pathologic constrictions can be caused by a variety of factors, including inflammation, infection, injury, or genetic disorders. They can be diagnosed through imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or endoscopies, and may require surgical treatment to relieve symptoms and improve function.

The different types of CNSVMs include:

1. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs): These are abnormal connections between arteries and veins that can cause bleeding, seizures, and neurological deficits.
2. Cavernous malformations: These are abnormal collections of blood vessels that can cause seizures, headaches, and neurological deficits.
3. Capillary telangiectasia: These are small, fragile blood vessels that can cause seizures, headaches, and neurological deficits.
4. Venous malformations: These are abnormalities of the veins that can cause neurological symptoms and cosmetic deformities.

The diagnosis of CNSVMs is based on a combination of clinical presentation, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and angiography. Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the malformation and may include observation, surgery, embolization, or radiosurgery. The prognosis for CNSVMs varies depending on the specific type and location of the malformation, as well as the severity of the symptoms. In general, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

The condition is often caused by atherosclerosis, a buildup of plaque in the arteries, which can reduce blood flow to the brain and cause damage to the blood vessels. Other factors that can contribute to vertebrobasilar insufficiency include blood clots, high blood pressure, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes and high cholesterol.

Vertebrobasilar insufficiency is typically diagnosed through a physical examination, imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, andDoppler ultrasound. Treatment options for the condition may include lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, and stress management, as well as medications to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to improve blood flow to the brain.

It is important to note that vertebrobasilar insufficiency can be a serious condition and can lead to more severe complications such as stroke if left untreated. If you are experiencing symptoms of the condition, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible.

There are two main types of carotid stenosis:

1. Internal carotid artery stenosis: This type of stenosis occurs when the internal carotid artery, which supplies blood to the brain, becomes narrowed or blocked.
2. Common carotid artery stenosis: This type of stenosis occurs when the common carotid artery, which supplies blood to the head and neck, becomes narrowed or blocked.

The symptoms of carotid stenosis can vary depending on the severity of the blockage and the extent of the affected area. Some common symptoms include:

* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Vertigo (a feeling of spinning)
* Blurred vision or double vision
* Memory loss or confusion
* Slurred speech
* Weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body

If left untreated, carotid stenosis can lead to a stroke or other serious complications. Treatment options for carotid stenosis include medications to lower cholesterol and blood pressure, as well as surgical procedures such as endarterectomy (removing plaque from the artery) or stenting (placing a small mesh tube in the artery to keep it open).

In conclusion, carotid stenosis is a serious medical condition that can lead to stroke and other complications if left untreated. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

There are several types of dry eye syndromes, including:

1. Dry eye disease (DED): This is the most common type of dry eye syndrome and is characterized by a deficiency in the tear film that covers the surface of the eye. It can be caused by a variety of factors such as aging, hormonal changes, medications, and environmental conditions.
2. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD): This type of dry eye syndrome is caused by problems with the meibomian glands, which are located in the eyelids and produce the fatty layer of the tear film. MGD can be caused by inflammation, blockages, or other issues that prevent the glands from functioning properly.
3. Aqueous deficient dry eye (ADDE): This type of dry eye syndrome is caused by a lack of the aqueous layer of the tear film, which is produced by the lacrimal gland. It can be caused by surgical removal of the lacrimal gland, injury to the gland, or other conditions that affect its function.
4. Evaporative dry eye (EDE): This type of dry eye syndrome is caused by a problem with the meibomian glands and the lipid layer of the tear film. It can be caused by inflammation, blockages, or other issues that prevent the glands from functioning properly.
5. Contact lens-related dry eye (CLDE): This type of dry eye syndrome is caused by wearing contact lenses, which can disrupt the natural tear film and cause dryness and irritation.
6. Sjögren's syndrome: This is an autoimmune disorder that affects the glands that produce tears and saliva, leading to dry eye syndrome and other symptoms.
7. Medications: Certain medications, such as antihistamines, decongestants, and blood pressure medications, can reduce tear production and lead to dry eye syndrome.
8. Hormonal changes: Changes in hormone levels, such as during menopause or pregnancy, can lead to dry eye syndrome.
9. Environmental factors: Dry air, smoke, wind, and dry climates can all contribute to dry eye syndrome.
10. Nutritional deficiencies: A lack of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet has been linked to an increased risk of dry eye syndrome.

It is important to note that dry eye syndrome can be a complex condition and may involve multiple factors. A comprehensive diagnosis from an eye doctor or other healthcare professional is necessary to determine the underlying cause and develop an effective treatment plan.

The AVF is created by joining a radial or brachial artery to a vein in the forearm or upper arm. The vein is typically a radiocephalic vein, which is a vein that drains blood from the hand and forearm. The fistula is formed by sewing the artery and vein together with a specialized suture material.

Once the AVF is created, it needs time to mature before it can be used for hemodialysis. This process can take several weeks or months, depending on the size of the fistula and the individual patient's healing response. During this time, the patient may need to undergo regular monitoring and testing to ensure that the fistula is functioning properly.

The advantages of an AVF over other types of hemodialysis access include:

1. Improved blood flow: The high-flow path created by the AVF allows for more efficient removal of waste products from the blood.
2. Reduced risk of infection: The connection between the artery and vein is less likely to become infected than other types of hemodialysis access.
3. Longer duration: AVFs can last for several years, providing a reliable and consistent source of hemodialysis access.
4. Improved patient comfort: The fistula is typically located in the arm or forearm, which is less invasive and more comfortable for the patient than other types of hemodialysis access.

However, there are also potential risks and complications associated with AVFs, including:

1. Access failure: The fistula may not mature properly or may become blocked, requiring alternative access methods.
2. Infection: As with any surgical procedure, there is a risk of infection with AVF creation.
3. Steal syndrome: This is a rare complication that occurs when the flow of blood through the fistula interferes with the normal flow of blood through the arm.
4. Thrombosis: The fistula may become occluded due to clotting, which can be treated with thrombolysis or surgical intervention.

In summary, an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a type of hemodialysis access that is created by connecting an artery and a vein, providing a high-flow path for hemodialysis. AVFs offer several advantages over other types of hemodialysis access, including improved blood flow, reduced risk of infection, longer duration, and improved patient comfort. However, there are also potential risks and complications associated with AVFs, including access failure, infection, steal syndrome, and thrombosis. Regular monitoring and testing are necessary to ensure that the fistula is functioning properly and to minimize the risk of these complications.

The term extravasation is commonly used in medical contexts to describe the leakage of fluids or medications from a blood vessel or other body structure. In the context of diagnostic and therapeutic materials, extravasation can refer to the leakage of materials such as contrast agents, medications, or other substances used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

Extravagation of diagnostic and therapeutic materials can have significant consequences, including tissue damage, infection, and systemic toxicity. For example, if a contrast agent used for imaging purposes leaks into the surrounding tissues, it can cause inflammation or other adverse reactions. Similarly, if a medication intended for injection into a specific location leaks into the surrounding tissues or organs, it can cause unintended side effects or toxicity.

To prevent extravasation of diagnostic and therapeutic materials, healthcare providers must follow proper techniques and protocols for administration and use of these materials. This may include using sterile equipment, following proper injection techniques, and monitoring the patient closely for any signs of complications. In cases where extravasation does occur, prompt treatment and management are essential to minimize potential harm and prevent long-term consequences.

... (FA), fluorescent angiography (FAG), or fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) is a technique for ... Fluorescein angiography does not involve the use of ionizing radiation. Fluorescein angiography was pioneered by German ... The fluorescein is administered intravenously in intravenous fluorescein angiography (IVFA) and orally in oral fluorescein ... Angiography at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) "Fluorescein angiography". U.S. National ...
Fluorescein angiography is a medical procedure in which a fluorescent dye is injected into the bloodstream. The dye highlights ... The term angiography has been applied to radionuclide angiography and newer vascular imaging techniques such as CO2 angiography ... CT angiography and MR angiography. The term isotope angiography has also been used, although this more correctly is referred to ... "Fluorescein Angiography". EMPIRE RETINA CONSULTANTS. Retrieved 22 August 2016. Kashani AH, Chen CL, Gahm JK, Zheng F, Richter ...
The current gold standards of angiography, fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), both require ... "Retinal vascular layers imaged by fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography angiography". JAMA Ophthalmology. ... "Fluorescein Angiography". American Academy of Ophthalmolog. Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Alander JT, Kaartinen I ... Gass JD, Sever RJ, Sparks D, Goren J (October 1967). "A combined technique of fluorescein funduscopy and angiography of the eye ...
Intravenous or oral fluorescein is used in fluorescein angiography in research and to diagnose and categorize vascular ... Fluorescein is also known as a color additive (D&C Yellow no. 7). The disodium salt form of fluorescein is known as uranine or ... Yang CS, Sung CS, Lee FL, Hsu WM (2007). "Management of anaphylactic shock during intravenous fluorescein angiography at an ... 8. Fluorescein is a precursor to the red dye eosin Y by bromination. Oral and intravenous use of fluorescein can cause adverse ...
pioneered the use of fluorescein angiography for the diagnosis of macular and retinal diseases, which led to the accurate ... Norton, EW; Gutman, F (1965). "Diabetic retinopathy studied by fluorescein angiography". Transactions of the American ... a macular degeneration specialist who developed fluorescein angiography as a diagnostic tool, and John T. Flynn, a pediatric ...
Fluorescein angiography is a helpful adjunct. Findings include delayed venous filling, hypofluorescence caused by hemorrhage ...
Variability in fluorescein angiography interpretation for photodynamic therapy in age-related macular degeneration. Retina. ... Quantitative image sequence analysis of fundus fluorescein angiography. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 1999 Jan;30(1):72-3. 19. Shin ... Quantitative, spatio-temporal image analysis of fluorescein angiography in age-related macular degeneration. Proc SPIE 1998; ... retinal imaging with a number of publications on image analysis methods for modalities such as fluorescein angiography. He ...
Fluorescein angiography is commonly used to diagnose the syndrome. There have been several methods in treating patients with ... Fluorescein angiography is quite useful in diagnosing retinal features of the disease, and the use of ultrasonography and ... MRI, CT, and cerebral angiography may all be used to investigate the extent and location of any vascular lesions affecting the ...
Sodium Fluorescein Angiography (abbreviated SFA, FA or FAG) is used for the imaging of retinal vascular disease and utilises ... Following the development of fundus photography, David Alvis, and Harold Novotny, performed the first fluorescein angiography ( ... Marmor, Michael F. (2011-07-01). "Fluorescein angiography: Insight and serendipity a half century ago". Archives of ... Red free photography is also regularly used as a base line photo prior to Angiography. Angiography is a process of ...
The FAZ is an important anatomical landmark in fluorescein angiography. Its diameter is 0.5mm, the central 1.5 degrees of an ...
Fundus photography Fundus fluorescein angiography Eye examination "Indocyanine Green Angiography". www.aao.org. Khurana, AK (31 ... Late phase at 15-30 minutes Indocyanine green angiography has many advantages over commonly used fundus fluorescein angiography ... Choroidal neovascularization is better visualized by ICGA, than fluorescein angiography. The patient toleration is also better ... Indications for indocyanine green angiography include: Choroidal neovascularisation (CNV):Indocyanine green angiography is ...
The abnormal vessels are even better seen with fluorescein angiography. In advanced disease, glaucoma is diagnosed by measuring ...
Fluorescein angiography is used less often than in the past. These investigations may be followed by genetic testing in order ...
Techniques of fluorescein angiography developed by Knight won international acclaim. Knight was president of the Dunedin Film ...
Amar Agarwal (2007). Fundus Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green Angiography: A Textbook and Atlas. SLACK Incorporated. pp. 18-. ...
Fluorescein angiography (FA) is helpful in identifying the anomalous vasculature, particularly in the early stages of Type 2 ... Diagnosis of MacTel type 2 may be aided by the use of advanced imaging techniques such as fluorescein angiography, fundus ... An abnormal capillary pattern is may be identified with fluorescein angiography. Areas of focal RPE hyperplasia (pigment ... Indocyanine green angiography-guided laser photocoagulation directed at the leaky microaneurysms and vessels combined with sub- ...
International Symposium on Fluorescein Angiography Ghent 28 March-1 April 1976. Documenta Ophthalmologica Proceedings Series. ...
McGregor, AD (1987). "The Allen test - an investigation of its accuracy by fluorescein angiography". J Hand Surg Br Vol. 12 (1 ... In addition, the results of Allen's tests do not appear to correlate with distal blood flow as demonstrated by fluorescein dye ...
Fluorescein angiography may demonstrate leakage in areas remote from the retinal infarctions. In a recent analysis (Susac et al ... Both patients underwent fluorescein retinal angiography that demonstrated multifocal retinal artery occlusions without evidence ... Gass Plaques and Fluorescein Leakage in Susac Syndrome. Journal of Neurological Sciences 299(1-2): 97-100; 2010 Susac JO, ...
In wet macular degeneration, angiography can visualize the leakage of bloodstream behind the macula. Fluorescein angiography ...
Its blood flow can be revealed by fluorescein angiography or laser Doppler imaging. Thus if the central retinal artery gets ...
"Classification of Human Retinal Microaneurysms Using Adaptive Optics Scanning Light Ophthalmoscope Fluorescein Angiography". ... Usually not detected by CT angiography. Retinal microaneurysms can be diagnosed using ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, FFA, ...
One way to distinguish IRMA from retinal neovascularization is to perform fluorescein angiography. Since IRMA blood vessels are ... and therefore exhibit hyperfluorescence on fluorescein angiography. IRMA is deeper in the retina than neovascularization, has ...
Fluorescein angiography reveals an abrupt diminution in dye at the site of the obstruction. Visual field testing can confirm ...
On the basis of fluorescein angiography, CNV may be described as classic or occult. Two other tests that help identify the ... "Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Asymptomatic Neovascularization in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration". ... condition include indocyanine green angiography and optical coherence tomography. CNV is conventionally treated with ...
Fluorescein angiography uses injection of a fluorescein dye to image the back of the retina. It is a commonly used technique ... "Comparison between optical coherence tomography and fundus fluorescein angiography for the detection of cystoid macular edema ...
... fluorescein angiography and coherence tomography. Ultra Widefield Fluorescein Angiography is the gold standard for diagnosis of ... Fluorescein angiography and angioscopy is recommended for patients with abnormal findings that may be indicative of ... Optic nerve sign is represented by dilated capillaries that can be visualized in the nerve using fluorescein angiography. ... Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography and Coherence Tomography Angiography are non invasive methods of diagnosing ...
He was also the director of the fluorescein angiography Laboratory at the Michael Reese Hospital. In 1977, he was a full ...
Fluorescein angiography, Indocyanine green angiography and Optical coherence tomography is also used to diagnose PCV. Since it ... Since Indocyanine green angiography gives better imaging of choroidal structures, it is more preferred in diagnosing PCV. ... or fluorescein leakage. Active lesions are further classified as Exudative, Hemorrhagic or Mixed forms. Irreversible vision ...
Fluorescein angiography is used to assess the extent of retinopathy that aids in treatment plan development. Optical coherence ... Fluorescein angiography is used by retina specialists to further assess diabetic retinopathy severity and to determine sites of ...
Computed Tomography Angiography Intravenous digital subtraction angiography "microangiography". The Free Dictionary. Takeshita ... Fluorescein and indocyanine green are often used for this purpose.[citation needed] Computational imaging with lasers, ... "Micro-angiography for tumor vessel imaging" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-06-10. Bollinger A, Amann-Vesti BR (June 2007). "Fluorescence ... Microangiography (/ˌmaɪkroʊˌændʒiˈɒɡrəfi/ MY-kroh-AN-jee-OG-rə-fee) is a type of angiography that consists of the radiography ...
These tests include fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and ocular coherence tomography (OCT). FFA is used to identify Retinal ... Eales Disease with a characteristic clinical picture, fluorescein angiographic finding, and natural course is considered a ...
Fluorescein angiography A method of taking a picture of the flow of blood in the vessels of the eye by tracing the progress of ...
While fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography are today well established for diagnosing and tracking ... Optical coherence tomography angiography can help the physician see if there is any subretinal fluid in the eye. This is useful ... Fundus autofluorescence and optical coherence tomography angiography are imaging modalities that can be used in the diagnosis. ... These studies used swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography to examine the choriocapillaris. Using imaging ...
Indocyanine green angiography or fluorescein angiography can help in early detection of choroidal disturbances and choroidal ...
... or injection into a vein it is used to help evaluate the blood vessels in the back of the eye during fluorescein angiography. ... "Fluorescein , Definition of Fluorescein by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Fluorescein". Lexico Dictionaries , ... "Fluorescein". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Fluorescein sodium". Drug Information Portal. U.S. ... Fluorescein is used to help in the diagnosis of a number of eye problems. When applied as a drop or within a strip of paper to ...
... allowing ICG angiography to image deeper patterns of circulation than fluorescein angiography. ICG binds tightly to plasma ... A distinction is therefore also made, when describing fluorescent angiography, between NA fluorescent angiography and ICGA / ... In comparison, preparations for a bone marrow CT (140 ml) contain 300 mg/ml and for a corona angiography (200 ml) 350 mg/ml of ... For the competitor substance fluorescein, the proportion of people with side-effects is 4.8% and the death rate is 1:222,222. ...
... during which fluorescein angiography is an appropriate consideration. However, carotid angiography is not advisable in the ... Walsh J, Markowitz I, Kerstein MD (August 1986). "Carotid endarterectomy for amaurosis fugax without angiography". Am. J. Surg ... carotid angiography, cardiac catheterization, and cardiac bypass. Ocular causes include: Iritis Keratitis Blepharitis Optic ...
For example, fluorescent angiography, a technique of analysis of circulation in retina is used for diagnosing various eye ... Fluorescein was among the first fluorescent dyes to be developed. Its disodium salt (under the trademark "Uranine") was ... see fluorescein in biological research). For example, the fluorescent-activated cell sorting in flow cytometry makes it ...
Fluorescein angiography Frisch Auf Göppingen, a German sport club Fuerzas Armadas Guanches, a terrorist group in the Canary ...
Diagnosis Diagnosis of FEVR is often made through direct visualization of the retina and fluorescein angiography, along with ...
"Fluorescein Angiography Does Not Alter the Initial Clinical Management of Choroidal Neovascularization in Age-Related Macular ...
Fluorescein angiography can also be used to determine the extent of the occlusion as well as classify it into one of four types ... One diagnostic method for the confirmation of CRAO is Fluorescein angiography, it is used to examine the retinal artery filling ... which is visualized by the leading edge of the fluorescein moving slower than normal through the retinal artery branches to the ... time after the fluorescein dye is injected into the peripheral venous system. In an eye with CRAO some branches of the retinal ...
A fluorescein angiography test may be conducted, in which a fluorescent dye is often injected into the patient's bloodstream ... The fluorescent dye can have dangerous side effects: see Fluorescein Eye examination may be done to check the eye(s) conditions ...
... probably because of circulatory anastomoses Fluorescein angiography Ehrlich, Rita; Harris, Alon; Wentz, Scott M.; Moore, ...
... followed with confirmation by optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography. The angiography test will usually show ... Indocyanine green angiography or laser Doppler imaging can be used to reveal the underlying swollen choroidal vessels under the ... Indocyanine green angiography can be used to predict how the patient will respond to PDT. Laser photocoagulation, which ... Yannuzzi, L. A. (2003). "Indocyanine green angiography-guided photodynamic therapy for treatment of chronic central serous ...
Hyvärinen completed her thesis on fluorescein angiography and helped start the first clinical laboratory in that area while ...
Fluorescein angiography is an eye test that uses a special dye and camera to look at blood flow in the retina and choroid. ... fluorescein angiography can provide more information about certain diseases than regular fluorescein angiography. ... Fluorescein angiography is an eye test that uses a special dye and camera to look at blood flow in the retina and choroid. ... comparison between ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography and widefield optical coherence tomography angiography. Retina. 2021 ...
Fluorescein Angiography: Basic Principles and Interpretation. Robert N. Johnson, Arthur D. Fu, H. Richard McDonald, J. Michael ... Fluorescein Angiography: Basic Principles and Interpretation. / Johnson, Robert N.; Fu, Arthur D.; McDonald, H. Richard et al. ... Fluorescein Angiography: Basic Principles and Interpretation. In Retina Fifth Edition. Vol. 1. Elsevier Inc. 2012. p. 2-50.e1 ... Fluorescein Angiography : Basic Principles and Interpretation. Retina Fifth Edition. Vol. 1 Elsevier Inc., 2012. pp. 2-50.e1 ...
Fluorescein angiography: This test involves an injection of a dye into the vein in the arm to highlight blood vessels in the ...
Fluorescein angiography Fluorescein angiography. Fluorescein angiography is an eye test that uses a special dye and camera to ... Fluorescein angiography is an eye test that uses a special dye and camera to look at blood flow in the retina and choroid. ...
Fluorescein angiography * Ocular blood flow analysis via laser Doppler flowmetry * Color vision measurements ...
Fundus Fluorescein angiography (FFA) findings include small hypofluorescent lesions in the early and late phases corresponding ...
Fluorescein angiography: In this test, a dye is injected into a vein in your arm. Your eye doctor will take photographs of your ... Fluorescein angiography. This test allows the doctor to visualize the retinal blood vessels. After a small amount of vegetable- ...
Fluorescein angiography. Fluorescein angiography is an eye test that uses a special dye and camera to look at blood flow in the ... Fluorescein angiography. Fluorescein angiography is an eye test that uses a special dye and camera to look at blood flow in the ... Fluorescein eye stain. This is a test that uses orange dye (fluorescein) and a blue light to detect foreign bodies in the eye. ... Fluorescein eye stain. This is a test that uses orange dye (fluorescein) and a blue light to detect foreign bodies in the eye. ...
Fluorescein angiography 33. Red-free of direct RNFL defects better seen with tinted lenses. 34. Optics of slit lamp 35. Maddox ... Fluorescein, puncta, schirmer s, CT-scan. 19. Lees screen 20. Initial investigations of a young child with ptosis VA, VF, ... Diamter larger than cornea, H2O2 as disinfectant, does not require keratometry, does not require fluorescein to assess fit. 45 ...
Fundal photos, fundal fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography (OCT) of patient 9. A) areas of blot hemorrhages ... Fundal photos, fundal fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography (OCT) of patient 9. A) areas of blot hemorrhages ... Fundal fluorescein angiography (FA) performed in 4 severe cases demonstrated extensive fluid leakage from retinal vessels ... Investigations included Humphrey automated visual field analyzer, Amsler charting, fundus fluorescein angiography, and optical ...
Fluorescein angiography remains the essential tool in the diagnosis of CNV. In some cases of occult CNV of the elderly, ICG ... A) Fluorescein angiography before surgery (VA= 20/40). (The broken line on FA frame indicates the OCT scan direction). (B) OCT ... A) Fluorescein angiography before surgery (VA=20/200). (The broken line on FA frame indicates the OCT scan direction). (B) The ... C) Fluorescein angiography after surgery (VA= 20/30): the CNV has been completely removed. (The broken line on FA frame ...
Doctors can also diagnose diabetic retinopathy with fluorescein angiography, which checks for abnormal blood vessel growth or ...
Known serious allergies to the fluorescein dye used in angiography, to the mydriatic, steroidal and non-steroidal eye drops ...
ischemic: capillary dropout, as shown by fundus fluorescein angiography and;. mixed: both types together. ... Patients with a diagnosis of maculopathy also have fundus flourescein angiography.. For the classification of diabetic ...
Retinal vessels were of normal calibre but each macula exhibited fine stippling shown by fluorescein angiography (Horgan & ...
... fluorescein angiography, fundus autofluorescence. developing deep learning models to perform image classification, semantic ...
... fundus photography as well as fluorescein angiography represent useful tools. Fluorescein angiography is a dynamic method to ... Serial photographs are taken the first 20 seconds after intravenous injection of a 10% fluorescein sodium solution, then less ... Fluorescein angiographic atlas of the small animal ocular fundus. Paris: CNVSPA, 1998. ...
On the basis of diagnosis, it is segmented into retinal examination, imaging, fluorescein angiography, fundus photos, visual ...
Brief history of Fluorescein. Home » Our Services » Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) ... Fundus fluorescein angiography shows leakage of fluorescein dye from neovasculazation at the disc, neovascularization elsewhere ... Photography and vice versa recorded as light grey or white in the arm Video angiography the! -Sodium fluoresceinfluorescein ... Free to view, fluorescein Video angiography of the Standing Ovation Award for " PowerPoint. At 490nm ( blue ) your clips ...
Fundus Fluorescein Angiography. • Corneal Toppography & Aberometry. • Computerized Visual Field Testing. • Specular ...
What is the difference between indocyanine green and fluorescein angiography? Indocyanine green angiography is a technique used ... Fluorescein angiography is the standard technique for studying blood vessel diseases and the retina in general. ... Why is angiography useful? Angiography is a technique used to delineate retinal or choroidal cases. Different contrasts are ... What is angiography? It is a diagnostic technique to determine pathological and abnormal structures in the blood vessels and ...
M. Michaelides, S. Fraser-Bell, R. Hamilton et al., "Macular perfusion determined by fundus fluorescein angiography at the 4- ... b) Early phase fluorescein angiograph, left eye, demonstrating abnormal hyperfluorescence in the macula. (c) Late phase ... and fluorescein leakage that were sustained for up to 6 months [35]. In an RCT, the safety and efficacy of the dexamethasone ... there was a suggestive effect of celecoxib in reducing fluorescein leakage [81]. ...
... a fluorescein angiography, a visual field test, an electroretinography and fundus autofluorescence imaging. Yet, after all ...
Retinal Imaging Market Analysis By Device Type (Fundus Camera, Fluorescein Angiography, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)), By ...
... he or she may order color photographs of the retina and a special test called fluorescein angiography to find out if you need ...
Fluorescein angiography. In this test, a dye is injected into the bloodstream. As the dye circulates through the blood vessels ...
... substandard fluorescein angiography tests that were of such poor quality that they lacked all diagnostic value and were ...
  • METHODS Ocular coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescein, and indocyanine green angiography were performed in 23 patients affected by AMD complicated by well defined CNV and in 10 patients affected by inflammatory or idiopathic CNV. (bmj.com)
  • Fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography demonstrated the leopard-spot pattern in all phases. (bvsalud.org)
  • Fluorescein angiography is an eye test that uses a special dye and camera to look at blood flow in the retina and choroid . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Over the course of seeing virtually every eye care expert in her area, she had blood tests, an MRI, CT scans, a fluorescein angiography, a visual field test, an electroretinography and fundus autofluorescence imaging. (aoa.org)
  • Glacet-Bernard A, Miere A, Houmane B, Tilleul J, Souied E. Nonperfusion assessment in retinal vein occlusion: comparison between ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography and widefield optical coherence tomography angiography. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Retinal fluorescein angiography: a sensitive and specific tool to predict coronary slow flow. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The dye sodium fluorescein can be used either in concentration of 10% or 20% in the form of intravenous bolus injection.It is used to image retinal, choroidal, optic disc, or iris vasculature, or a combination of these. (papercritters.com)
  • Fundus fluorescein angiography shows leakage of fluorescein dye from neovasculazation at the disc, neovascularization elsewhere and areas of retinal periphlebitis. (papercritters.com)
  • Fluorescein angiography revealed delayed arterial filling in the right eye and absent arterial filling in the left eye, suggesting bilateral central retinal artery occlusion. (who.int)
  • Automated image alignment for comparing microvascular changes detected by fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Doctors can also diagnose diabetic retinopathy with fluorescein angiography, which checks for abnormal blood vessel growth or leakage. (healthline.com)
  • Quantitative analysis of peripheral vasculitis, ischemia, and vascular leakage in uveitis using ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Fundus Fluorescein angiography - to elucidate areas of neovascularisation, leakage and capillary nonperfusion 9. (slideshare.net)
  • Fluorescein angiography: basic principles and interpretation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The intraocular and fluorescein angiography confirmed the complete vascular occlusion as the main pa- thology (Figure 2). (who.int)
  • And to provide you with relevant advertising - as everyone knows that DR is very serious eye disorder fluorescein dye in ophthalmology ppt affects. (papercritters.com)
  • Type I PED well-defined area of early hyperF, Type II late leak of undeyermined source not, Fluorescein Angiography, technique interpretation. (papercritters.com)
  • Fluorescein flows from the injection site to the heart and then, is pushed into the systemic vascular tree. (papercritters.com)
  • Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. (bvsalud.org)
  • The next phases of fluorescein angiography showed the blood flow in the affected artery. (who.int)
  • Blood flow problems shown on fluorescein angiography may suggest blood flow problems in other parts of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Special water-soluble fluorescein dye drops reveal smaller or larger epithelial defects which can look identical to corneal abrasions Policy. (papercritters.com)
  • Investigations included Humphrey automated visual field analyzer, Amsler charting, fundus fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography. (cdc.gov)
  • The investigations included complete slit lamp and fundoscopy examinations, automated visual field analysis, Amsler charting, fundus fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography. (who.int)
  • length when stimulated by a shorter Fluorescein angiography was first successfully used in the human eye in 1961* and has evolved since then as one of the fundamental imaging techniques in the eye. (papercritters.com)
  • Laser imaging is sparking renewed interest in ICG angiography. (rvc-nj.com)
  • Home » Our Services » Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) This test involves injecting dye into the bloodstream and taking a picture of it as it runs through the eyes. (papercritters.com)
  • RÉSUMÉ Nous avons évalué les causes des déficiences visuelles et de la cécité chez 694 patients diabétiques ayant consulté dans notre centre des soins oculaires à Sanaa (Yémen) entre 2001 et 2005 en examinant leur dossier médical. (who.int)
  • Automated image alignment for comparing microvascular changes detected by fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Glacet-Bernard A, Miere A, Houmane B, Tilleul J, Souied E. Nonperfusion assessment in retinal vein occlusion: comparison between ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography and widefield optical coherence tomography angiography. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Important aspects of workup regarding diabetic retinopathy include fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, and B-scan ultrasonography. (medscape.com)
  • Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) may provide fast, non-invasive deep tissue visualization of pathology with high sensitivity in conjunction with slit-lamp analysis. (nih.gov)
  • Indocyanine green angiography probably has limited prognostic value regarding outcomes. (medscape.com)
  • Indocyanine green angiography findings include delay of choriocapillaris perfusion, as well as fuzzy and indistinct choroidal vessels, multiple hypofluorescent dark spots during the intermediate and late phase, and disc hyperfluorescence during the late phase. (medscape.com)
  • All participants were subjected to coronary angiography (except control group 1), ophthalmic artery Doppler for measuring Pulsatility index (PI) and resistivity index (RI) and Fluorescence angiography of retinal vessels. (nih.gov)
  • Ophthalmic examination and fluorescein angiography showed that occlusions were due to ischaemic events. (who.int)
  • The angiography protocol involved the administration of an intravenous bolus of a 10% solution of sodium fluorescein dye at a dose of 7.7 mg/kg, followed by a saline flush. (medscape.com)
  • Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. (nih.gov)
  • However, digital fundus photography and clinical exam "were often hazy and did not show the distinct nature of the enhanced vasculature as clearly as fluorescein angiography," Dr. Hariharan said. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we report the first published fluorescein angiography (FA) study of a morning glory optic nerve in a patient with Aicardi syndrome and contralateral persistent fetal vasculature (PFV). (nih.gov)
  • Retinal fluorescein angiography: a sensitive and specific tool to predict coronary slow flow. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Included 15 patients indicated for coronary angiography that proved normal. (nih.gov)
  • However, several diagnostic procedures may be useful in establishing the diagnosis, including fluorescein angiography, ultrasonography, examination of the CSF, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and electrophysiologic testing. (medscape.com)
  • At the time of injection, the investigators used the RetCam system to perform clinical fundus photography and fluorescein angiography. (medscape.com)
  • And the fluorescein angiography procedure itself must be carefully planned because the timing of image taking after the injection needs to be considered. (medscape.com)
  • Fluorescein angiography is an invaluable adjunct in the diagnosis and management of diabetic retinopathy. (medscape.com)
  • Longitudinal imaging was done with AS-OCT/OCTA and fluorescein angiography at various time intervals for 14 days. (nih.gov)
  • Fluorescein angiography of the left eye in a patient with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. (medscape.com)
  • An important limitation of fluorescein angiography is that the quality of photography is highly operator-dependent, Dr. Hariharan noted. (medscape.com)
  • A newer method called ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography can provide more information about certain diseases than regular fluorescein angiography. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Blood flow problems shown on fluorescein angiography may suggest blood flow problems in other parts of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • With angiography, signs of RPE atrophy are visible, such as a moth-eaten appearance, multiple window defects, and areas of alternating hyperfluorescence and hypofluorescence. (medscape.com)