Retinal Artery Occlusion: Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.Retinal Artery: Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina.Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.Fluorescein Angiography: Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.Retinal Vein: Central retinal vein and its tributaries. It runs a short course within the optic nerve and then leaves and empties into the superior ophthalmic vein or cavernous sinus.Ophthalmic Artery: Artery originating from the internal carotid artery and distributing to the eye, orbit and adjacent facial structures.Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.Ophthalmodynamometry: Measurement of the blood pressure of the retinal vessels. It is used also for the determination of the near point of convergence (CONVERGENCE, OCULAR). (From Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Fundus Oculi: The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.Retinal Vessels: The blood vessels which supply and drain the RETINA.Susac Syndrome: A rare disorder consisting of microangiopathy of brain, retina, and inner ear ARTERIOLES. It is characterized by the clinical triad of encephalopathy, BRANCH RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION and VERTIGO/hearing loss.Ciliary Arteries: Three groups of arteries found in the eye which supply the iris, pupil, sclera, conjunctiva, and the muscles of the iris.Retinal DiseasesFluorophotometry: Measurement of light given off by fluorescein in order to assess the integrity of various ocular barriers. The method is used to investigate the blood-aqueous barrier, blood-retinal barrier, aqueous flow measurements, corneal endothelial permeability, and tear flow dynamics.Retinal Vein Occlusion: Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color: Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image. This type of ultrasonography is well-suited to identifying the location of high-velocity flow (such as in a stenosis) or of mapping the extent of flow in a certain region.Thiocyanates: Organic derivatives of thiocyanic acid which contain the general formula R-SCN.Fluorescent Dyes: Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.Visual Acuity: Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.Blood Flow Velocity: A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.Regional Blood Flow: The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.Carotid Arteries: Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery.Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.Cerebral Arteries: The arterial blood vessels supplying the CEREBRUM.Renal Artery: A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters.Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery.Intraocular Pressure: The pressure of the fluids in the eye.Ophthalmoscopy: Examination of the interior of the eye with an ophthalmoscope.Blindness: The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.Choroidal Neovascularization: A pathological process consisting of the formation of new blood vessels in the CHOROID.Mesenteric Arteries: Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines.Carotid Artery Diseases: Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.Tears: The fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands. This fluid moistens the CONJUNCTIVA and CORNEA.Eye: The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.Carotid Artery, Internal: Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the anterior part of the brain, the eye and its appendages, the forehead and nose.Dextrans: A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. Dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. They are also commonly used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes.Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve.Glaucoma, Neovascular: A form of secondary glaucoma which develops as a consequence of another ocular disease and is attributed to the forming of new vessels in the angle of the anterior chamber.Basilar Artery: The artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries.Arterial Occlusive Diseases: Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.Dry Eye Syndromes: Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.Tomography, Optical Coherence: An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.Amaurosis Fugax: Transient complete or partial monocular blindness due to retinal ischemia. This may be caused by emboli from the CAROTID ARTERY (usually in association with CAROTID STENOSIS) and other locations that enter the central RETINAL ARTERY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p245)Eye Diseases: Diseases affecting the eye.Carotid Artery, External: Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the exterior of the head, the face, and the greater part of the neck.Laser-Doppler Flowmetry: A method of non-invasive, continuous measurement of MICROCIRCULATION. The technique is based on the values of the DOPPLER EFFECT of low-power laser light scattered randomly by static structures and moving tissue particulates.Diabetic Retinopathy: Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.Ganglionectomy: Removal of an autonomic or sensory ganglion by any means.Iliac Artery: Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs.Vertebral Artery: The first branch of the SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY with distribution to muscles of the NECK; VERTEBRAE; SPINAL CORD; CEREBELLUM; and interior of the CEREBRUM.Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion.Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.Laser Coagulation: The use of green light-producing LASERS to stop bleeding. The green light is selectively absorbed by HEMOGLOBIN, thus triggering BLOOD COAGULATION.Radial Artery: The direct continuation of the brachial trunk, originating at the bifurcation of the brachial artery opposite the neck of the radius. Its branches may be divided into three groups corresponding to the three regions in which the vessel is situated, the forearm, wrist, and hand.Sneddon Syndrome: A systemic non-inflammatory arteriopathy primarily of middle-aged females characterized by the association of livedo reticularis, multiple thrombotic CEREBRAL INFARCTION; CORONARY DISEASE, and HYPERTENSION. Elevation of antiphospholipid antibody titers (see also ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME), cardiac valvulopathy, ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; SEIZURES; DEMENTIA; and chronic ischemia of the extremities may also occur. Pathologic examination of affected arteries reveals non-inflammatory adventitial fibrosis, thrombosis, and changes in the media. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p861; Arch Neurol 1997 Jan;54(1):53-60)Injections: Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.Electroretinography: Recording of electric potentials in the retina after stimulation by light.Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic: Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)Mammary Arteries: Arteries originating from the subclavian or axillary arteries and distributing to the anterior thoracic wall, mediastinal structures, diaphragm, pectoral muscles and mammary gland.Lasers: An optical source that emits photons in a coherent beam. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) is brought about using devices that transform light of varying frequencies into a single intense, nearly nondivergent beam of monochromatic radiation. Lasers operate in the infrared, visible, ultraviolet, or X-ray regions of the spectrum.Myography: The recording of muscular movements. The apparatus is called a myograph, the record or tracing, a myogram. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Rose Bengal: A bright bluish pink compound that has been used as a dye, biological stain, and diagnostic aid.Capillary Permeability: The property of blood capillary ENDOTHELIUM that allows for the selective exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues and through membranous barriers such as the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER; BLOOD-AQUEOUS BARRIER; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD-NERVE BARRIER; BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER; and BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (TIGHT JUNCTIONS) which may limit large molecule movement.Spectrometry, Fluorescence: Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.Subclavian Artery: Artery arising from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and from the arch of the aorta on the left side. It distributes to the neck, thoracic wall, spinal cord, brain, meninges, and upper limb.Rhodamines: A family of 3,6-di(substituted-amino)-9-benzoate derivatives of xanthene that are used as dyes and as indicators for various metals; also used as fluorescent tracers in histochemistry.Vasodilation: The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.Paracentesis: A procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from a body cavity or organ via a trocar and cannula, needle, or other hollow instrument.Blood Pressure: PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.Choroid Diseases: Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.Retinal Neurons: Nerve cells of the RETINA in the pathway of transmitting light signals to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They include the outer layer of PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS, the intermediate layer of RETINAL BIPOLAR CELLS and AMACRINE CELLS, and the internal layer of RETINAL GANGLION CELLS.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.Microscopy, Fluorescence: Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.Splenic Artery: The largest branch of the celiac trunk with distribution to the spleen, pancreas, stomach and greater omentum.Brachial Artery: The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries.Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototropic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Fluorometry: An analytical method for detecting and measuring FLUORESCENCE in compounds or targets such as cells, proteins, or nucleotides, or targets previously labeled with FLUORESCENCE AGENTS.Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Cornea: The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye consisting of five layers: stratified squamous CORNEAL EPITHELIUM; BOWMAN MEMBRANE; CORNEAL STROMA; DESCEMET MEMBRANE; and mesenchymal CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM. It serves as the first refracting medium of the eye. It is structurally continuous with the SCLERA, avascular, receiving its nourishment by permeation through spaces between the lamellae, and is innervated by the ophthalmic division of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE via the ciliary nerves and those of the surrounding conjunctiva which together form plexuses. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Eisenmenger Complex: A condition associated with VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT and other congenital heart defects that allow the mixing of pulmonary and systemic circulation, increase blood flow into the lung, and subsequent responses to low oxygen in blood. This complex is characterized by progressive PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY of the RIGHT VENTRICLE; CYANOSIS; and ERYTHROCYTOSIS.Ophthalmic Solutions: Sterile solutions that are intended for instillation into the eye. It does not include solutions for cleaning eyeglasses or CONTACT LENS SOLUTIONS.Blood-Retinal Barrier: A specialized transport barrier, in the EYE, formed by the retinal pigment EPITHELIUM, and the ENDOTHELIUM of the BLOOD VESSELS of the RETINA. TIGHT JUNCTIONS joining adjacent cells keep the barrier between cells continuous.Vasoconstriction: The physiological narrowing of BLOOD VESSELS by contraction of the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.Hepatic Artery: A branch of the celiac artery that distributes to the stomach, pancreas, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, and greater omentum.Carotid Artery, Common: The two principal arteries supplying the structures of the head and neck. They ascend in the neck, one on each side, and at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage, each divides into two branches, the external (CAROTID ARTERY, EXTERNAL) and internal (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL) carotid arteries.Glaucoma: An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.Macular Edema: Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Permeability: Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Muscle, Smooth, Vascular: The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.Coronary Vessels: The veins and arteries of the HEART.Coloring Agents: Chemicals and substances that impart color including soluble dyes and insoluble pigments. They are used in INKS; PAINTS; and as INDICATORS AND REAGENTS.Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.Vision Disorders: Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).Eosine I Bluish: A red fluorescein dye used as a histologic stain. It may be cytotoxic, mutagenic, and inhibit certain mitochondrial functions.Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Celiac Artery: The arterial trunk that arises from the abdominal aorta and after a short course divides into the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries.Staining and Labeling: The marking of biological material with a dye or other reagent for the purpose of identifying and quantitating components of tissues, cells or their extracts.Glaucoma, Open-Angle: Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.Vasodilator Agents: Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6)Microscopy, Confocal: A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.Mesenteric Artery, Superior: A large vessel supplying the whole length of the small intestine except the superior part of the duodenum. It also supplies the cecum and the ascending part of the colon and about half the transverse part of the colon. It arises from the anterior surface of the aorta below the celiac artery at the level of the first lumbar vertebra.Anterior Chamber: The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and that part of the crystalline lens which presents through the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p109)Uveal Diseases: Diseases of the uvea.Photography: Method of making images on a sensitized surface by exposure to light or other radiant energy.Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis.Photofluorography: The photography of images produced on a fluorescent screen by X-rays.Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries.Carotid Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)Retinal Hemorrhage: Bleeding from the vessels of the retina.Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.Umbilical Arteries: Specialized arterial vessels in the umbilical cord. They carry waste and deoxygenated blood from the FETUS to the mother via the PLACENTA. In humans, there are usually two umbilical arteries but sometimes one.Middle Cerebral Artery: The largest of the cerebral arteries. It trifurcates into temporal, frontal, and parietal branches supplying blood to most of the parenchyma of these lobes in the CEREBRAL CORTEX. These are the areas involved in motor, sensory, and speech activities.Renal Artery Obstruction: Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).Light Coagulation: The coagulation of tissue by an intense beam of light, including laser (LASER COAGULATION). In the eye it is used in the treatment of retinal detachments, retinal holes, aneurysms, hemorrhages, and malignant and benign neoplasms. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)Thoracic Arteries: Arteries originating from the subclavian or axillary arteries and distributing to the anterior thoracic wall, mediastinal structures, diaphragm, pectoral muscles, mammary gland and the axillary aspect of the chest wall.Organomercury Compounds: Organic compounds which contain mercury as an integral part of the molecule.Retinal Neovascularization: Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.Temporal Arteries: Arteries arising from the external carotid or the maxillary artery and distributing to the temporal region.Fovea Centralis: An area approximately 1.5 millimeters in diameter within the macula lutea where the retina thins out greatly because of the oblique shifting of all layers except the pigment epithelium layer. It includes the sloping walls of the fovea (clivus) and contains a few rods in its periphery. In its center (foveola) are the cones most adapted to yield high visual acuity, each cone being connected to only one ganglion cell. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium.Bronchial Arteries: Left bronchial arteries arise from the thoracic aorta, the right from the first aortic intercostal or the upper left bronchial artery; they supply the bronchi and the lower trachea.Sclera: The white, opaque, fibrous, outer tunic of the eyeball, covering it entirely excepting the segment covered anteriorly by the cornea. It is essentially avascular but contains apertures for vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. It receives the tendons of insertion of the extraocular muscles and at the corneoscleral junction contains the canal of Schlemm. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Aqueous Humor: The clear, watery fluid which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It has a refractive index lower than the crystalline lens, which it surrounds, and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea and the crystalline lens. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p319)Fibrinolytic Agents: Fibrinolysin or agents that convert plasminogen to FIBRINOLYSIN.Intravitreal Injections: The administration of substances into the VITREOUS BODY of the eye with a hypodermic syringe.Retinal Detachment: Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Popliteal Artery: The continuation of the femoral artery coursing through the popliteal fossa; it divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.Acute Disease: Disease having a short and relatively severe course.Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.Ulnar Artery: The larger of the two terminal branches of the brachial artery, beginning about one centimeter distal to the bend of the elbow. Like the RADIAL ARTERY, its branches may be divided into three groups corresponding to their locations in the forearm, wrist, and hand.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that covers the posterior surface of the eyelids and the anterior pericorneal surface of the eyeball.Lissamine Green Dyes: Green dyes containing ammonium and aryl sulfonate moieties that facilitate the visualization of tissues, if given intravenously. They have mostly been used in the study of kidney physiology.Pigment Epithelium of Eye: The layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the RETINA; the CILIARY BODY; and the IRIS in the eye.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
Susac's syndrome
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How is hyperbaric oxygen therapy used to treat central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)?
Optometry must follow neurology's standard of care in retinal artery obstruction
Get PDF - DWI findings of optic nerve ischemia in the setting of central retinal artery occlusion
A case of incomplete central retinal artery occlusion associated with short posterior ciliary artery occlusion.
VeinVesselsOptical coherenceBranch retinal artery occlusionsLeakageVeinsHemorrhageOcclusion in the right eyeArterial macroaneurysmsPresented with branch retinalNeovascularizationOphthalmicVasculatureExaminationBRAOVenousEdemaFindingsFundus fluoresceinCilioretinalVascular occlusionCoronary arteryTortuosityOcclusionRetinaMacularDetachmentArterialIschemiaVeinsDiabeticProduced by fluorescein angiographyCilioretinal arteryCentral retinalPigment epitheliumOphthalmic arteryFundus fluorescein angiographyVesselBlockageDisordersExamination and fluorescein angiographyMaculaEmboliOphthalmologyIschemic retinalEpitheliumGiant cell arteBilateralOptic nerveOptical coherence tomography aCarotid arteriesTransientOcular2018Subsequent retinalEmbolus
Vein14
- A) Color fundus photograph of the right eye showing cotton-wool spots (yellow arrow heads), retinal whitening, retinal vein sheathing (white arrow heads), and aneurysmal dilations at the optic disc. (healio.com)
- E) Color fundus photograph of the left eye showing an ERM at the macula, hard exudates in the peripapillary region (red arrow head), retinal vein sheathing (white arrow heads), and aneurysmal dilations at the optic disc. (healio.com)
- Rodriguez reported a patient with Eisenmenger syndrome who developed bilateral visual loss secondary to central retinal vein occlusion [ 5 ]. (omicsonline.org)
- Central retinal vein occlusion in a sickle cell trait carrier after a cycling race. (semanticscholar.org)
- When a peripheral retinal vein is occluded, this is called a branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) . (hramd.com)
- When the main vein draining the eye is occluded, this is called a central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) . (hramd.com)
- Occlusions, or blockages, in a retinal vein can occur for various reasons. (hramd.com)
- When a retinal vein is blocked, blood has difficulty draining the eye. (hramd.com)
- The diagnosis of a retinal vein occlusion can usually be made by a direct clinical examination of the retina. (hramd.com)
- Some patients with retinal vein occlusion are candidates for treatment. (hramd.com)
- Laser treatment and intraocular injections are both used to treat retinal vein occlusions. (hramd.com)
- Retinal laser is employed to lessen the amount of macular swelling in patients with branch retinal vein occlusions and to prevent a potentially serious complication called neovascularization in patients with central and branch retinal vein occlusions. (hramd.com)
- In addition to laser treatment, intraocular injections with medicines such as steroids, Lucentis®, Avastin®, and Eylea® are also commonly used treatments for macular swelling in central and branch retinal vein occlusions. (hramd.com)
- Not all patients with retinal vein occlusions require treatment, and careful monitoring by an eye doctor will determine whether treatment is needed. (hramd.com)
Vessels2
- Funduscopy demonstrated retina edema and cherry-red spot in right eye (Figure 1) and retinal vessels dialation and tortuosity, small blot retinal hemorrhages in left eye (Figure 2). (omicsonline.org)
- This leads to back pressure on the vessels and spillage of blood and fluid into the retinal tissue. (hramd.com)
Optical coherence1
- Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) showed an epiretinal membrane (ERM) OD and OS and thickening of the outer nuclear layer in the area of retinal whitening OD (Figures 1D and 1H ). (healio.com)
Branch retinal artery occlusions1
- This syndrome is caused by a microangiopathy affecting the precapillary arterioles of the brain, retina, and inner ear, and in consequence encephalopathy, hearing loss, and branch retinal artery occlusions are present [3, (termedia.pl)
Leakage1
- Fluorescein angiography showed delayed artery filling and late leakage in the macula of the right eye. (omicsonline.org)
Veins2
- The retinal blood supply consists of arteries and veins. (hramd.com)
- Arteries supply blood to the retina and veins drain blood from the retina. (hramd.com)
Hemorrhage1
- She was treated with panretinal photocoagulation for peripheral retinal ischemia and pars plana vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage. (healio.com)
Occlusion in the right eye1
- Fluorescence retinal angiography revealed a pattern compatible with resolved branch retinal artery occlusion in the right eye and demonstrated multifocal arteriolar disease in the retinal periphery (Fig. 1). (termedia.pl)
Arterial macroaneurysms1
- Idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis (IRVAN) syndrome is a rare retinal vascular condition characterized by bilateral retinal artery vasculitis, arterial macroaneurysms occurring most commonly at the optic nerve head and at bifurcations of the retinal arteries, and neuroretinitis. (healio.com)
Presented with branch retinal1
- We report a case of a previously healthy young woman who presented with branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) as a presenting feature of IRVAN syndrome. (healio.com)
Neovascularization2
- Diffuse retinal ischemia, macular edema, and neovascularization may lead to bilateral vision loss. (healio.com)
- Macular exudation and retinal neovascularization secondary to diffuse capillary nonperfusion can lead to progressive visual loss in some patients. (healio.com)
Ophthalmic1
- Results: Ophthalmic examination revealed unilateral central retinal artery occlusion. (omicsonline.org)
Vasculature1
- Idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis (IRVAN) is a rare syndrome affecting the retinal and optic disc vasculature. (healio.com)
Examination3
- Dilated fundus examination (DFE) OD showed aneurysms at the optic disc with cotton-wool spots and retinal whitening (Figure 1A ). (healio.com)
- Fundoscopic examination showed cotton wool spots in the right eye with signs of branch retinal arteriolar occlusion. (termedia.pl)
- The ocular examination revealed acute central retinal artery occlusion. (semanticscholar.org)
BRAO2
- The authors report a case of a 36-year-old woman presenting with branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) in her right eye who was subsequently diagnosed with IRVAN syndrome. (healio.com)
- Fluorescein angiography (FA) showed evidence of BRAO of the inferotemporal retinal artery OD. (healio.com)
Venous1
- Retinal venous sheathing was apparent in both eyes (Figures 1A and 1E ). (healio.com)
Edema1
- Fluorescein angiography is a useful clinical tool to determine the severity of the edema and ischemia. (hramd.com)
Findings2
- Krarup described a patient with multiple cardiac defects and Eisenmenger syndrome who developed bilateral rubeosis iridis with spontaneous hyphemas and minimal retinal findings [ 3 ]. (omicsonline.org)
- Although the MRI findings were initially thought to represent atypical multiple sclerosis, the central location of the corpus callosal lesions and the enhancement of branch retinal artery occlusion associated with the hearing loss enabled a final diagnosis of Susac syndrome. (termedia.pl)
Fundus fluorescein1
- The fundus fluorescein angiography revealed abnormal retinal vascular perfusion. (semanticscholar.org)
Cilioretinal1
- Cilioretinal artery occlusion in sickle cell trait and rheumatoid arthritis. (semanticscholar.org)
Vascular occlusion1
- The most common reason for a retinal vascular occlusion is atherosclerosis, or "hardening of the arteries", that occurs with increasing age, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol. (hramd.com)
Coronary artery1
- Medical history was notable for prominent pulmonary hypertension and severe shortness of breath, but no symptomatic coronary artery disease, dizziness, or syncope. (omicsonline.org)
Tortuosity1
- B,C) Intermediate-phase and late-phase fluorescein angiography (FA) of the right eye showing evidence of a branch retinal artery occlusion of the inferior temporal retinal artery, vessel tortuosity (white arrow), and disc hyperfluorescence. (healio.com)
Occlusion167
- To compare the findings on retinal vascular images obtained using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) with those using fluorescein angiography (FA) in eyes with retinal artery occlusion (RAO). (arvojournals.org)
- Retinal artery occlusion is a blockage in one of the small arteries that carry blood to the retina. (scripps.org)
- A branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) occurs when one of these branches of the arterial supply to the retina becomes occluded. (medscape.com)
- Color fundus photo of right eye with inferior branch retinal artery occlusion from a platelet-fibrin embolus. (medscape.com)
- One study found that acute coronary syndrome occurred 1.72 times more often in patients with retinal artery occlusion than in controls. (medscape.com)
- [ 16 ] Over a similar period, another study showed a 20% incidence of stroke in patients with retinal artery occlusion. (medscape.com)
- Background and Purpose- Central retinal artery occlusion results in acute visual loss with poor spontaneous recovery. (ahajournals.org)
- Several open-label clinical studies using continuous infusion of thrombolytic agents have suggested that local intraarterial fibrinolysis (LIF) is efficacious in the treatment of central retinal artery occlusion. (ahajournals.org)
- The aim is to compare the visual outcome in patients with acute central retinal artery occlusion of presumed thromboembolic etiology treated with LIF administered in aliquots with that of patients treated with standard therapy. (ahajournals.org)
- Methods- We conducted a single-center, nonrandomized interventional study of consecutive patients with acute central retinal artery occlusion from July 1999 to July 2006. (ahajournals.org)
- Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), a cause of acute visual loss, occurs in one per 10 000 ophthalmology outpatient visits. (ahajournals.org)
- It is of interest to note that histological examinations in specimens from a patient with SS suggest that the cause of the retinal arterial wall plaque is the accumulation of serous deposits between the retinal blood vessels and the internal limiting membrane which leads to compression or even occlusion of them. (biomedcentral.com)
- Though the exact pathogenesis of this disorder is unknown, the retinal and brain biopsy findings suggest a small vessel vasculopathy leading to arteriolar occlusion and microinfarction of cerebral, retinal and cochlear tissue. (wikipedia.org)
- Fluorescein angiography showed an occlusion of the right retinal artery branch. (ajnr.org)
- It's used to diagnose diabetic retinopathy, retinal artery occlusion and retinal vein occlusion plus some choroidal and iris disorders. (specsavers.co.uk)
- Branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) is a rare retinal vascular disorder in which one of the branches of the central retinal artery is obstructed. (wikipedia.org)
- No proved treatment exists for branch retinal artery occlusion. (wikipedia.org)
- S.S. Hayreh, T.A. Weingeist, Experimental occlusion of the central artery of the retina. (springer.com)
- N.J. David, E.W.D. Noron, J.D. Gass, J. Beauchamp, Fluorescein angiography in central retinal artery occlusion. (springer.com)
- Retinal vascular occlusion affects the eye, specifically the retina. (healthline.com)
- What are the different types of retinal vascular occlusion? (healthline.com)
- There are two types of retinal vascular occlusion. (healthline.com)
- Retinal artery occlusion is a blockage of one of the retinal arteries, which are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to your retina. (healthline.com)
- A blockage in the main artery of your retina is called a central retinal artery occlusion. (healthline.com)
- A branch retinal artery occlusion happens when the blockage occurs further along in the smaller branches of your artery. (healthline.com)
- Retinal vein occlusion is blockage of one of your retinal veins, which are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to your heart. (healthline.com)
- Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) occurs when the blockage is in a smaller branch of veins throughout the retina. (healthline.com)
- However, other factors that affect blood flow can put you at a higher risk of having retinal vascular occlusion. (healthline.com)
- The primary symptom of retinal vascular occlusion is a sudden change in vision. (healthline.com)
- Physical pain is not a symptom of retinal vascular occlusion. (healthline.com)
- The authors report a case of a 36-year-old woman presenting with branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) in her right eye who was subsequently diagnosed with IRVAN syndrome. (healio.com)
- Two cases of primary occlusion of branch retinal arteries have been described in patients previously diagnosed with IRVAN. (healio.com)
- We report a case of a previously healthy young woman who presented with branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) as a presenting feature of IRVAN syndrome. (healio.com)
- B,C) Intermediate-phase and late-phase fluorescein angiography (FA) of the right eye showing evidence of a branch retinal artery occlusion of the inferior temporal retinal artery, vessel tortuosity (white arrow), and disc hyperfluorescence. (healio.com)
- Presenting three cases with retinal arterial occlusion that had showed arterial shunts in the retina. (euretina.org)
- Three patients were presented with reduced vision in one eye due to retinal artery occlusion. (euretina.org)
- One of them was with central retinal artery, while the other two had a branch artery occlusion. (euretina.org)
- This type of stroke is referred to as retinal artery occlusion. (belmarrahealth.com)
- An obstruction in the main retinal vein is called a central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). (belmarrahealth.com)
- If it occurs in the smaller branch veins, it is called branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). (belmarrahealth.com)
- Obstruction can also occur in the arteries supplying the eye, which include central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) and the small branching arteries supplying the eyes, branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO). (belmarrahealth.com)
- It is most commonly due to a clot embolus from the carotid artery in the neck or the heart that travels to the retinal artery, causing occlusion. (belmarrahealth.com)
- When this form of eye occlusion occurs, the final outcome may involve a thrombus or clot of the central retinal vein just where it enters the eye. (belmarrahealth.com)
- Vein occlusion is usually caused by a clot or plaque that breaks loose from the main artery of the neck (carotid), or from one of the valves or chambers of the heart. (belmarrahealth.com)
- To describe a case of branch retinal artery occlusion following dental extraction and to point out the ophthalmic complications of dental procedures to ophthalmologists and dentists. (hindawi.com)
- Retinal arterial occlusion is a rare but serious cause of permanent visual loss among these dental procedures where the exact pathologic mechanism is still obscure. (hindawi.com)
- Here we report a case of visual loss due to branch retinal artery occlusion after dental extraction in a middle-aged patient. (hindawi.com)
- Many of the retinal issues are linked with retinal vascular occlusion (RVO). (medgadget.com)
- At present, the treatment options for both central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) are limited and hence require greater R&D efforts. (medgadget.com)
- On the basis of types, the market has been bifurcated into retinal vascular occlusion and retinal artery occlusion. (medgadget.com)
- How is hyperbaric oxygen therapy used to treat central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)? (medscape.com)
- Treatment options for central retinal artery occlusion. (medscape.com)
- Central retinal artery occlusion and retinal tolerance time. (medscape.com)
- Optic disk and retinal nerve fiber layer damage after transient central retinal artery occlusion: an experimental study in rhesus monkeys. (medscape.com)
- Tobalem S, Schutz JS, Chronopoulos A. Central retinal artery occlusion - rethinking retinal survival time. (medscape.com)
- The incidence of central retinal artery occlusion in Olmsted County, Minnesota. (medscape.com)
- Diagnosis and Management of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion. (medscape.com)
- Clinical characteristics and outcome of current standard management of central retinal artery occlusion. (medscape.com)
- Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Results of a Prospective and Standardized Medical Examination. (medscape.com)
- The risk of acute coronary syndrome after retinal artery occlusion: a population-based cohort study. (medscape.com)
- Vasavada D, Baskaran P, Ramakrishnan S. Retinal Vascular Occlusion Secondary to Retrobulbar Injection: Case Report and Literature Review. (medscape.com)
- Central Retinal Artery Occlusion and Cerebral Infarction Following Stem Cell Injection for Baldness. (medscape.com)
- Risk and Risk Periods for Stroke and Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients with Central Retinal Artery Occlusion. (medscape.com)
- Ocular neovascularization in eyes with a central retinal artery occlusion or a branch retinal artery occlusion. (medscape.com)
- Zhao L, Wang J, Liu Y, Qian F (2012) Unilateral Central Retinal Artery Occlusion in Eisenmenger Syndrome. (omicsonline.org)
- Background: To report a case of unilateral central retinal artery occlusion in a patient with Eisenmenger syndrome. (omicsonline.org)
- Results: Ophthalmic examination revealed unilateral central retinal artery occlusion. (omicsonline.org)
- Conclusion: The unilateral central retinal artery occlusion in a patient with Eisenmenger syndrome is rarely reported in the literatures. (omicsonline.org)
- The resultant increased pulmonary artery pressure creates pulmonary vascular fibrosis and occlusion of pulmonary capillary beds. (omicsonline.org)
- We treated a patient with the Eisenmenger syndrome associated with an unoperated on congenital ventricular septal defect who developed unilateral central retinal artery occlusion. (omicsonline.org)
- Rodriguez reported a patient with Eisenmenger syndrome who developed bilateral visual loss secondary to central retinal vein occlusion [ 5 ]. (omicsonline.org)
- Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain serendipitously revealed restricted diffusion within the distal left optic nerve, illustrating a more proximal occlusion, which matched the fluorescein angiographic findings. (eurekamag.com)
- Ocular ischemic syndrome is a rare condition, which is caused by ocular hypoperfusion due to stenosis or occlusion of the common or internal carotid arteries. (medscimonit.com)
- Differential diagnosis of ocular ischemic syndrome includes diabetic retinopathy and moderate central retinal vein occlusion. (medscimonit.com)
- A case of incomplete central retinal artery occlusion associated with short posterior ciliary artery occlusion. (biomedsearch.com)
- To our knowledge, incomplete central retinal artery occlusion associated with short posterior ciliary artery occlusion is extremely rare. (biomedsearch.com)
- In this particular case, spasms of the ophthalmic artery and occlusion of the short posterior ciliary artery occurred simultaneously. (biomedsearch.com)
- This case report reflects on how the interplay of genetic mutation and vitamin deficiency can cause a pathological level of homocysteine with resultant branch retinal artery occlusion in a young patient. (springer.com)
- Initial assessment, and retinal photography revealed a left superior hemi-field branch retinal artery occlusion with macular sparing. (springer.com)
- This case report has highlighted the link between hyperhomocysteinaemia and retinal artery occlusion. (springer.com)
- However, despite vitamin replacement being shown to normalize homocysteine levels, no evidence exists to date as to whether this will reduce the risk of further retinal vascular occlusion. (springer.com)
- The retinal artery occlusion may last for only a few seconds or minutes, or it may be permanent. (drugster.info)
- Measures used to prevent other blood vessel (vascular) diseases, such as coronary artery disease, may decrease the risk of retinal artery occlusion. (drugster.info)
- Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an ophthalmological emergency. (bmj.com)
- Ajay Kumar was suffering from Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO), which is caused by the obstruction of the central retinal artery. (medindia.net)
- As the situation turned critical and he sought medical attention, Kumar was diagnosed with Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO). (medindia.net)
- Terming it a rare case in a 20-year-old boy, Kapur said Retinal Artery Occlusion is prominent among those who are usually above 40 years of age. (medindia.net)
- Clinically the syndrome manifests as a pathognomonic triad of encephalopathy, hearing loss, and branch retinal artery occlusion. (bristol.ac.uk)
- Oo K, Mohd-Zain M, Shatriah I (January 29, 2018) Central Retinal Artery Occlusion with Sparing of Cilioretinal Artery Post Pulmonary Artery Stenting. (cureus.com)
- Central retinal arterial occlusion is an ocular emergency. (cureus.com)
- Central retinal artery occlusion following cardiac procedures have been described in adults. (cureus.com)
- We describe a pediatric patient who developed central retinal artery occlusion following pulmonary artery stenting. (cureus.com)
- Pulmonary artery stenting is a rare procedure that may lead to central retinal artery occlusion. (cureus.com)
- We describe a case of severe visual loss in a teenager who developed central retinal artery occlusion following a pulmonary artery stenting procedure. (cureus.com)
- She was diagnosed with right central retinal artery occlusion with cilioretinal artery sparing. (cureus.com)
- Color fundus photograph of an eye post retinal laser photocoagulation due to retinal vein occlusion associated with Behçet's disease. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
- Fundus fluorescein angiography demonstrated central retinal artery occlusion. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
- The presence of occlusions surrounding the fovea from multiple directions suggested the possibility of central retinal artery occlusion with migration of microemboli downstream. (elsevier.com)
- The ophthalmic findings of Susac syndrome (SS) consist of visual field defects related to branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO), and fluorescein angiography (FA) reveals a unique staining pattern. (ovid.com)
- Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion, also known as retinal artery occlusion , is related to ischemic optic neuropathy and central retinal artery occlusion , and has symptoms including amaurosis fugax An important gene associated with Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion is MTHFR (Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Formation of Fibrin Clot (Clotting Cascade) and Complement and coagulation cascades . (malacards.org)
- Fluorescein angiography and its prognostic significance in central retinal vein occlusion. (bmj.com)
- To determine the prognostic value of fluorescein angiograms in central retinal occlusion 75 patients presenting within the first three months of their initial visual symptoms were studied prospectively. (bmj.com)
- Objectives To evaluate comorbidity before and after the diagnosis of branch retinal vein occlusion to determine whether it is a consequence of arterial thickening and therefore could serve as a diagnostic marker for other comorbidities and to evaluate the risk factors for the development of such occlusion. (bmj.com)
- Participants 1168 patients with photographically verified branch retinal vein occlusion and 116 800 controls alive and aged ≥40 when the occlusion was diagnosed in the corresponding case. (bmj.com)
- Main outcome measures The risk of comorbidity 10 years and 1 year before the diagnosis of branch retinal vein occlusion and the incident comorbidity in a mean period of seven years after the diagnosis, with odds ratios and incidence rate ratios adjusted for age, sex, and year of diagnosis. (bmj.com)
- Results Risk factors present 10 years and 1 year before the diagnosis of branch retinal vein occlusion included peripheral artery disease (odds ratio 1.83, 95% confidence interval 1.14 to 2.95), diabetes (1.74, 1.40 to 2.17) and arterial hypertension (2.16, 1.86 to 2.51). (bmj.com)
- Conclusion Diabetes, hypertension, and peripheral artery disease are associated with an increased risk of developing branch retinal vein occlusion up to a decade later. (bmj.com)
- Branch retinal vein occlusion was associated with an increased risk of subsequently developing hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure, and cerebrovascular disease, emphasising the importance of preventive initiatives. (bmj.com)
- These results fit the assumption that branch retinal vein occlusion is a consequence of arterial thickening and that the arteriovenous crossing signs that precede it are hallmarks of arterial disease. (bmj.com)
- Branch retinal vein occlusion is a common retinal vascular disorder and a common cause of visual loss in middle aged and elderly people. (bmj.com)
- Because thrombosis is involved, branch retinal vein occlusion is thought to be related not only to peripheral artery disease but also to procoagulant disorders. (bmj.com)
- Branch retinal vein occlusion of superotemporal branch vein in the right eye. (bmj.com)
- white circles) upstream of the venous occlusion and (B) fundus fluorescein late phase angiogram of the same eye showing a notch in a major vein (arrow) at the site where a branch vein drains into a trunk vein and has been compressed and wholly or partially occluded by an artery immediately to the left of the trunk vein. (bmj.com)
- To analyze optical coherence tomography angiography images of retinal capillary perfusion in incomplete central retinal artery occlusion. (ovid.com)
- Case report of a 63-year-old male white patient with transient vision loss in the left eye related to central retinal artery occlusion, secondary to left internal carotid thrombosis. (ovid.com)
- In this case of incomplete and transient central retinal artery occlusion, the deep capillary plexus was poorly visible on optical coherence tomography angiography, which could be due to its elective hypoperfusion and explain the ischemic whitening of the inner nuclear layer, previously described as paramacular acute middle maculopathy. (ovid.com)
- In a case of partial central retinal artery occlusion, optical coherence tomography angiography allowed showing elective poor perfusion of the retinal deep capillary plexus. (ovid.com)
- Frequent complications: progressive visual field scotoma, ischemic optic neuropathy, central retinal artery or vein occlusion, and neovascularization adjacent to the optic nerve head. (intechopen.com)
- CHICAGO - Occlusion of the retinal artery has been thought to be a predictor of stroke, but an analysis of patients with diagnosed retinal artery occlusion at Cleveland Clinic has found that their risk of stroke is about the same as the general population, a researcher reported at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Vascular Surgery Society. (mdedge.com)
- Subsequent hemispheric stroke is rare with or following retinal artery occlusion (RAO)," said David Laczynski, MD, a vascular surgeon at the Cleveland Clinic. (mdedge.com)
- Right: Cherry-red spot in left eye with extensive retinal edema and pallor secondary to retinal artery occlusion. (cmaj.ca)
- Choroidal circulation is usually unaffected in central retinal artery occlusion. (cmaj.ca)
- An angiogram showed a normal right eye and delayed arterial filling in the left eye consistent with a central retinal artery occlusion ( Fig. 2 ). (cmaj.ca)
- 1 , 2 , 3 Retinal ischemia can result from direct occlusion of the central retinal artery by an embolism from the left atrium or carotid arteries. (cmaj.ca)
- 4 , 5 The resulting ischemia may be either transient (amaurosis fugax) or persistent (central retinal artery occlusion). (cmaj.ca)
- Therapeutic options for central retinal artery occlusion are aimed at either reducing intraocular pressure (through ocular massage, anterior chamber paracentesis or acetazolamide therapy) or attempting to dislodge or reduce the embolus (through localized thrombolysis or ocular massage). (cmaj.ca)
- It is partial or full retinal vein occlusion. (imo.es)
- Patel PS, Sadda SR. Retinal artery occlusion. (medlineplus.gov)
- It is characterized by a clinical triad of visual disturbances due to branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO), hearing loss and encephalopathy. (springeropen.com)
- Eyes obtained at autopsy from patients with SS confirmed in histopathological examination artery occlusion at side of endothelial cell dysfunction and glia also seems to be involved [ 9 ]. (springeropen.com)
- The findings in retinal fluorescein angiography (FA) are pathognomonic and show segmental arteriolar wall hyperfluorescence (AWH) with dye leakage in 96% of the patients [ 4 ], often occurring in a multifocal fashion and located distant to areas of branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO). (springeropen.com)
- Retinal artery occlusion causes catastrophic, sudden visual loss. (who.int)
- More than 90% of eyes with central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) have a sudden, painless decrease in visual acuity to a level of counting fingers to light perception . (who.int)
- We report here on another successful use of Reynard and Hanscom's method , with some modifications, for the treatment of retinal artery occlusion. (who.int)
- On-the-spot fundus photography and fluorescein angiography confirmed the complete vascular occlusion as the main pathology ( Figure 2 ). (who.int)
- Fundoscopic examination showed cotton wool spots in the right eye with signs of branch retinal arteriolar occlusion. (termedia.pl)
- Fluorescence retinal angiography revealed a pattern compatible with resolved branch retinal artery occlusion in the right eye and demonstrated multifocal arteriolar disease in the retinal periphery (Fig. 1). (termedia.pl)
- Although the MRI findings were initially thought to represent atypical multiple sclerosis, the central location of the corpus callosal lesions and the enhancement of branch retinal artery occlusion associated with the hearing loss enabled a final diagnosis of Susac syndrome. (termedia.pl)
- Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) treatments focus on moving the embolus downstream by lowering intraocular pressure and producing vasodilatation. (ceemjournal.org)
- Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is a devastating and common ophthalmologic condition [ 1 ]. (ceemjournal.org)
- Ischemic retinal vasculitis is an inflammation of retinal blood vessels associated with vascular occlusion and subsequent retinal hypoperfusion. (hindawi.com)
- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in combination with systemic treatment of sickle cell disease presenting as central retinal artery occlusion: a case report. (ebscohost.com)
- Introduction We describe hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of central retinal artery occlusion in a young adult with sickle cell disease. (ebscohost.com)
- Retinal artery occlusion refers to the closure of the central retinal artery and usually results in complete loss of vision in one eye. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) occurs when the central retinal artery, the main source of blood supply to the retina, or one of its branches becomes blocked. (thefreedictionary.com)
- If the occlusion occurs in the central artery of the retina, damage usually results in complete loss of vision in the affected eye. (thefreedictionary.com)
- If occlusion occurs in a branch artery, vision loss will be partial and may even go unnoticed if only a section of the peripheral vision is affected. (thefreedictionary.com)
- A common treatment is inhalation of carbon dioxide so as to dilate the retinal vessels and move the occlusion from the central retinal artery to a branch artery. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Individuals affected by underlying conditions such as high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, glaucoma, and elevated cholesterol should treat their conditions appropriately to minimize the possibility of a retinal artery occlusion. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The ocular examination revealed acute central retinal artery occlusion. (semanticscholar.org)
- Central retinal vein occlusion in a sickle cell trait carrier after a cycling race. (semanticscholar.org)
- Cilioretinal artery occlusion in sickle cell trait and rheumatoid arthritis. (semanticscholar.org)
- Traumatic central retinal artery occlusion with sickle cell trait. (semanticscholar.org)
- Visual complications due to ischemic optic neuropathy or retinal artery occlusion can lead to total and permanent visual loss. (medicalexpert.com)
- This "stroke" is called a retinal artery occlusion. (yavitzeye.com)
- On funduscopic exam with CRAO you will see a "cherry red spot" in the macula with ischemic retinal whitening due to the occlusion +/- retinal emboli. (wordpress.com)
- Retinal artery occlusion refers to blockage of the retinal artery carrying oxygen to the nerve cells in the retina at the back of the eye. (rsnallc.com)
- Retinal artery occlusion is usually associated with sudden painless loss of vision in one eye. (rsnallc.com)
- A blockage in the main artery in the retina is called central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) , which often results in severe loss of vision. (rsnallc.com)
- Retinal artery occlusion occurs due to blockage of the retinal artery, often by an embolus (a small piece of cholesterol that blocks blood flow) or thrombus (blood clot). (rsnallc.com)
- The retinal artery occlusion may be transient and last for only a few seconds or minutes if the blockage breaks up and restores blood flow to the retina, or it may be permanent. (rsnallc.com)
- Most retinal artery occlusion patients are in their 60s, and are more commonly men than women. (rsnallc.com)
- An important aspect of managing retinal artery occlusion is for your doctor to identify and manage risk factors that may lead to other vascular conditions. (rsnallc.com)
- She also has a central retinal vein occlusion in the left eye for which she had intravitreal Kenalog and finally chorioretinal anastomosis laser a year ago. (retinagallery.com)
- CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION WITH SUCCESSFUL CHORIORETINAL ANASTOMOSES - LEFT EYE DISCUSSION: I explained to the patient that the maculae unfortunately are drying and becoming thinner and that is making her visual function worse. (retinagallery.com)
- The central retinal vein occlusion in the left eye, if anything, looks a little better. (retinagallery.com)
- Central Retinal Vein Occlusion and Laser Induced Chorioretinal Anastomosis 288 views 84-year-old woman has age-related macular degeneration in both eyes with foveal atrophy. (retinagallery.com)
Retina43
- Fluorescein angiography is an eye test that uses a special dye and camera to look at blood flow in the retina and choroid . (scripps.org)
- Retinal detachment is a separation of the light-sensitive membrane (retina) in the back of the eye from its supporting layers. (scripps.org)
- Fluorescein angiography (FA) has long been the gold standard for vascular imaging of the retina and choroid. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- The central retinal artery, a branch of the ophthalmic artery, enters the eye through the optic disc and divides into multiple branches to perfuse the inner layers of the retina. (medscape.com)
- It is characterized by acute or subacute encephalopathy, sensorineural hearing loss, and occlusions of the retinal artery branch caused by a microangiopathy involving the brain, cochlea, and retina. (ajnr.org)
- This is a technique that enables the observation of the vessels of the retina using a series of photographs taken after an intravenous injection of fluorescein. (specsavers.co.uk)
- Mild thickening and increased reflectivity of inner retina and prominent inner part of synaptic portion of outer plexiform layer are "acute retinal ischemic changes" visible on OCT. Over time, retina becomes thinner, especially in the inner portion. (springer.com)
- D.Y. Yu, S.J. Cringle, Oxygen distribution and consumption within the retina in vascularised and avascular retinas and in animal models of retinal disease. (springer.com)
- Blockage of the retinal vein leads to leakage of fluids into the retina, causing swelling and preventing oxygen circulation and your ability to see. (belmarrahealth.com)
- Eye strokes are caused by obstructed blood flow damaging the retina and optic nerve, and this can occur in one of two ways: obstruction of arteries or veins preventing adequate perfusion of blood, or blockage due to a clot or thrombus preventing adequate perfusion of blood. (belmarrahealth.com)
- Coats' disease is a condition in which abnormal, telangiectatic, permeable blood vessels of the retina exude subretinal fluid, at first causing localized and later total retinal detachment. (neurologyadvisor.com)
- Funduscopy demonstrated retina edema and cherry-red spot in right eye (Figure 1) and retinal vessels dialation and tortuosity, small blot retinal hemorrhages in left eye (Figure 2). (omicsonline.org)
- The inner retinal opacity has resolved, leaving behind diffuse thinning of the retina and disorganization (loss of the normally visible cellular layers of the retina). (healio.com)
- Posterior eye segment changes are the most characteristic, such as narrowed retinal arteries, perifoveal telangiectasias, dilated retinal veins, mid-peripheral retinal hemorrhages, microaneurysms, neovascularization at the optic disk and in the retina, a cherry-red spot, cotton-wool spots, vitreous hemorrhage and normal-tension glaucoma. (medscimonit.com)
- NYEE clinicians diagnosed the problem using several state-of-the-art technologies, including fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and multifocal electroretinography (MERG), to examine his retina for evidence of cellular damage and monitor his response to therapy. (alternative-learning.org)
- Clots may travel from other parts of the body and block an artery in the retina. (drugster.info)
- If a branch of the retinal artery is blocked, part of the retina will not receive enough blood and oxygen. (drugster.info)
- This treatment causes the arteries of the retina to widen (dilate). (drugster.info)
- A very simple treatment of inhaling a carbon dioxide-oxygen mixture was done which helps in dilating the arteries and removing few clots from the retina. (medindia.net)
- Your retina specialist may use another key test called Fluorescein Angiography. (ccteyes.com)
- Fluorescein angiography imaging of the retina is essential to confirm diagnosis of ROA, but Dr. Laczynski said that many institutions do not have access to this level of imaging. (mdedge.com)
- Susac syndrome is a rare microangiopathy of suspected autoimmune origin affecting arteries of the retina, the cochlea and the brain. (springeropen.com)
- Susac syndrome (SS) is a rare occlusive microangiopathy (vasculitis) of unknown aetiology and mechanism involving arteries of the retina, cochlea and brain [ 1 ]. (springeropen.com)
- This syndrome is caused by a microangiopathy affecting the precapillary arterioles of the brain, retina, and inner ear, and in consequence encephalopathy, hearing loss, and branch retinal artery occlusions are present [3, (termedia.pl)
- Fluorescein Angiography is a diagnostic test that aids visualization of the blood circulation in the retina and choroid. (targetwoman.com)
- Ischaemia or edema in the retina circulation can be detected with the help of fluorescein angiography. (targetwoman.com)
- This avascular focal leakage caused in the retinal pigment epithelium triggers the distortion of the neuron-sensory retina. (targetwoman.com)
- Zerumbone not only down-regulated the gene expression of retinal angiogenic parameters, but also reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the retina of diabetic rats. (mdpi.com)
- We explored the effect of topical Nepafenac, an anti-inflammatory drug known to reach the retina when administered via eyedrops, on the development of early stages of diabetic retinopathy and on metabolic and physiologic abnormalities that contribute to the retinal disease. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Topical ocular administration of Nepafenac achieved sufficient drug delivery to the retina and diabetes-induced alterations in retinal vascular metabolism, function, and morphology were inhibited. (diabetesjournals.org)
- The involved area of the retina and the retinal vessels may demonstrate a relative or an absolute scotoma on visual field testing. (entokey.com)
- The aim of this study is to report peripheral reperfusion of ischemic areas of the retina on ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFA) following anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) intravitreal injections in patients treated for diabetic retinopathy. (dovepress.com)
- This patient was found to have antibodies against a retinal antigen with staining of the outer nuclear layer in human retina. (neuroophthalmology.ca)
- A fluorescein angiogram is a sophisticated test used to examine the retina. (yavitzeye.com)
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a virus that may infect the retina and potentially cause irreversible vision loss due to retinal detachment or destruction. (yavitzeye.com)
- Eye strokes occur when blockages (occlusions) occur in arteries or veins in the retina, causing vision loss. (yavitzeye.com)
- Fluorescein angiography evaluates the blood flow in the retina and choroid. (majoropticians.com)
- The air bubble can help smooth out the retina and prevent retinal detachment. (majoropticians.com)
- Fluorescein angiography is a test used to assess blood flow in the retina and choroid. (majoropticians.com)
- Fluorescein angiography is used to help in the diagnosis of various conditions affecting the retina. (majoropticians.com)
- Fluorescein angiography also helps detect areas in the retina, where blood flow has been blocked due to a variety of vascular conditions. (majoropticians.com)
- Intravitreal injections are a treatment for many retinal eye conditions where there are abnormal vessels growing under the retina, e.g. certain types of wet AMD. (majoropticians.com)
- Fundus photograph showing edema of the entire left retina and whitened retinal vessels without cherry-red spot. (em-consulte.com)
Macular14
- In very few cases, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and macular hole formation (associated or not with subretinal neovascularization) have been reported as complications following a ruptured RAM (3-5) . (scielo.br)
- Diffuse retinal ischemia, macular edema, and neovascularization may lead to bilateral vision loss. (healio.com)
- Macular exudation and retinal neovascularization secondary to diffuse capillary nonperfusion can lead to progressive visual loss in some patients. (healio.com)
- Due to their remarkable ability to quickly improve symptoms and also to provide consistent visual recovery, intravitreal administration of different anti-VEGF agents is nowadays the standard treatment for many retinal diseases including neovascular ARMD, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, venous occlusions and other retinal disorders ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- Color fundus photograph of an eye with lupus retinopathy showing sclerotic retinal arteries, intraretinal hemorrhages and macular deposits. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
- Macular transit time and leakage from arteries and veins were not used as prognostic features. (bmj.com)
- The macular area of both fundi showed retinal dot-and-blot hemorrhages, hard exudates. (nih.gov)
- Like OCT, fluorescein angiography is useful in many diseases, but especially vascular diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein/artery occlusions, and age related macular degeneration. (ccteyes.com)
- Intravitreal injections have revolutionized treatment of many diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusions. (ccteyes.com)
- After two weeks her fundus exam showed significant improvement with less disc edema, less macular edema in the right eye, substantial decrease in perivenous sheathing, and resolution of the white-centered retinal hemorrhages peripherally. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
- Abnormal results of fluorescein angiography test may indicate diabetic retinopathy , macular degeneration , or cancer . (targetwoman.com)
- It can cause visual loss secondary to macular ischemia, macular edema, and neovascularization leading to vitreous hemorrhage, fibrovascular proliferation, and tractional retinal detachment. (hindawi.com)
- Common clinical manifestations of retinal vasculitis include vascular sheathing, vitreitis, intraretinal hemorrhage, macular edema, optic nerve edema, and vascular leakage (Fig. 10.1 ). (entokey.com)
- Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT Copernicus HR from Optopol) showed hyper-reflectivity in the inner retinal layer, and cystoid macular oedema with serous retinal detachment of right eye. (termedia.pl)
Detachment4
- Retinal detachment is rare. (healthline.com)
- Some of the standard Bloch-Sulzberger treatments include cryotherapy and laser photocoagulation for the treatment of retinal neovascularization that predisposes to retinal detachment. (thefreedictionary.com)
- optic disc coloboma is caused by an abnormal closure of the embryonic fissure and can be complicated by choroidal neovascularization and retinal detachment. (bvsalud.org)
- This virus can also lead to a retinal detachment. (yavitzeye.com)
Arterial17
- She was previously diagnosed with a ruptured retinal arterial macroaneurism (RAM) in the same eye. (scielo.br)
- Retinal arterial macroaneurysm (RAM) is a localized dilatation of a retinal arteriole, which usually occurs in the first three orders of the arterial tree (1) . (scielo.br)
- Multiple studies have shown increased mortality in patients with retinal arterial emboli. (medscape.com)
- Idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis (IRVAN) syndrome is a rare retinal vascular condition characterized by bilateral retinal artery vasculitis, arterial macroaneurysms occurring most commonly at the optic nerve head and at bifurcations of the retinal arteries, and neuroretinitis. (healio.com)
- The presence of arterial shunts connecting two retinal arteries had been shown. (euretina.org)
- Perfusion of inner retinal layers corrupts when these arterial branches occluded commonly by an embolus. (hindawi.com)
- Inhalation of 100% oxygen at 2 atmospheric absolute provides an arterial pO 2 of 1000-1200 mm Hg, resulting in a 3-fold increase in oxygen diffusion distance through ischemic retinal tissues. (medscape.com)
- Retinal emboli and retinal artery occlusions are known to occur following greater arterial circulation procedures, including left ventricular assisted device surgery, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, carotid endarterectomy, and carotid artery stenting [1-. (cureus.com)
- To date, retinal arterial collateral development has been described only in a single patient. (ovid.com)
- The medical records including fundus photography and FA of all patients with SS were reviewed, and those with any type of retinal arterial collateral were identified. (ovid.com)
- The literature reveals scant evidence for the association between BRAO and retinal arterial collaterals. (ovid.com)
- Our findings indicate that retinal arterial collaterals in SS are usually A-A and not A-V and may be more common in this disorder than previously believed. (ovid.com)
- While anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is the most common ocular manifestation of giant cell arteritis, this case serves to remind us that other presentations are possible, including central retinal arterial ischemia and ocular motor palsies. (neuroophthalmology.ca)
- Right: The left eye showed markedly delayed passage of fluorescein, with filling of its arterial tree beginning several minutes after the infusion. (cmaj.ca)
- Retinal arterial obstruction. (medlineplus.gov)
- The characteristic item found in all 4 cases was the abrupt arterial stop or segmental interruption of arteries and increased staining of arterial wall on angiography more clearly shown on indocyanine green angiography that can potentially be proposed as a crucial diagnostic element. (springeropen.com)
- Non-proliferative retinopathy was more common, especially vascular tortuosities (17/61), followed by arteriovenous anastomoses in the retinal periphery (15/61) and arterial occlusions (5/61). (ebscohost.com)
Ischemia15
- Retinal whitening that corresponds to the area of ischemia is the most notable finding. (wikipedia.org)
- She was treated with panretinal photocoagulation for peripheral retinal ischemia and pars plana vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage. (healio.com)
- Optic coherence tomography imaging showed increased retinal thickness due to edema caused by ischemia. (hindawi.com)
- Biousse V, Newman N. Retinal and optic nerve ischemia. (medscape.com)
- Reperfusion of retinal ischemia in retinal occlusive vasculitis with nicotinic acid and infliximab in Adamantiades-Behcet's disease. (stanford.edu)
- To describe a case of ischemic retinal vasculitis in Adamantiades-Behcet disease (ABD) that demonstrated significant resolution of retinal ischemia following treatment with nicotinic acid and infliximab.Observations: A 12-year-old male with a history of recurrent oral ulcers, fevers, and failure to thrive was admitted to the hospital with fever, oral and perirectal mucositis, and poor oral intake one month before presentation to uveitis clinic. (stanford.edu)
- Three months later, his BCVA improved to 20/70 OU with slight improvement of retinal ischemia on FA. (stanford.edu)
- However, three months after beginning nicotinic acid therapy, FA revealed significant improvement of his retinal ischemia OU. (stanford.edu)
- Conclusion: To our knowledge, the index report is the first to show that nicotinic acid may improve retinal ischemia in vaso-occlusive retinal vasculitis and be an integral part of the treatment regimen of this sight-threatening condition. (stanford.edu)
- Given that the immunopathological process in SS induces retinal ischemia, it is conceivable that abnormal blood vessel development may occur in affected individuals. (ovid.com)
- The long term effect of these management strategies in preventing the progression of retinal ischemia and preserving vision is not well understood and needs to be further studied. (hindawi.com)
- The main concern with retinal vasculitis is the risk of developing vasooclusion and retinal ischemia that can lead to serious sight threatening manifestations. (hindawi.com)
- Different causes of retinal vasculitis carry variable risks of developing retinal ischemia ranging from being common in presumed tuberculous retinal vasculitis and Behçet's disease to a more rare association in sarcoidosis and multiple sclerosis (Table 1 ) [ 3 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The pathogenesis of ischemia in retinal vasculitis is not clear but is suggested to be either thrombotic or obliterative secondary to the infiltration of inflammatory cells (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
- 1 - 4 This damage to the vasculature results in ischemia, promoting a cascade of molecular processes including upregulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1, which in turn upregulates cytokines and growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which further contribute to breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. (dovepress.com)
Veins8
- Fluorescein angiography uses fluorescent dye to trace blood flow through retinal arteries and veins, looking for leaks. (alternative-learning.org)
- Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the left eye was hand motion, and fundus examination revealed a hyperemic optic disk with blurred margins, swelling, retinal folds, dilated veins, and normal size arteries. (frontiersin.org)
- Our study was aimed to present a reliable SD-OCT assisted method of differentiating retinal arteries from veins. (biomedcentral.com)
- Our method was able to classify retinal arteries and veins with a commercially available SD-OCT alone, and achieved high classification performance. (biomedcentral.com)
- Fluorescein angiography (FA) is a gold stand for classifying retinal arteries and veins, but due to its invasive nature, it is not employed merely for the purpose of differentiating arteries from veins. (biomedcentral.com)
- Figure 10.1 Occlusive vasculitis with complete sclerosis of the peripheral retinal arteries and veins. (entokey.com)
- FA also indicates whether the inflammation involves veins, arteries, or both. (entokey.com)
- Figure 10.2 Diffuse vasculitis with an extensive inflammation of the retinal veins with evidence of mild CME. (entokey.com)
Diabetic9
- The Diabetic Retinopathy Study used a protocol consisting of seven standard 30-degree photos for acquisition of images of the retinal periphery in a systematic manner. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
- Zerumbone ameliorates retinal damage by blocking advanced glycation end products and their receptor system in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. (mdpi.com)
- Zerumbone displayed similar characteristics to fenofibric acid in reducing retinal vascular permeability and leukostasis in diabetic rats. (mdpi.com)
- Fundus photographs showed that large retinal vessel diameters were decreased in zerumbone-treated diabetic rats. (mdpi.com)
- In conclusion, treatment of diabetic rats with zerumbone attenuates the severity of retinal inflammation and angiogenesis, via inhibition of p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. (mdpi.com)
- At 2 months of diabetes, insulin-deficient diabetic control rats exhibited significant increases in retinal prostaglandin E 2 , superoxide, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase-2, and leukostasis within retinal microvessels. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Diabetic patients treated with aspirin due to rheumatoid arthritis were judged to have less retinopathy than expected ( 1 , 2 ), and treatment of diabetic dogs with moderate-dose aspirin over a 5-year period significantly reduced the number of retinal hemorrhages and acellular capillaries that developed ( 3 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- 9 Neutralizing VEGF in diabetic rats inhibits blood-retinal barrier breakdown in a dose-dependent manner. (dovepress.com)
- Diabetic and non-diabetic patients demonstrate similar fluorescein pharmacokinetics in the plasma. (sgpharma.com)
Produced by fluorescein angiography1
- The purpose of this study is to determine whether phase variance optical coherence tomography (PV-OCT), a software-based optical coherence tomography(OCT) image processing technology, can be used to generate angiographic images of the retinochoroidal vasculature that are comparable to those produced by fluorescein angiography (FA), the current gold standard diagnostic test. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Cilioretinal artery1
- However, CRAOs in patients who have a cilioretinal artery have better visual prognosis, usually recovering to 20/50 vision or better in over 80% of eyes. (rsnallc.com)
Central retinal15
- An alternative to the continuous infusion of thrombolytic is its administration in small aliquots until patency of the central retinal artery is clinically established. (ahajournals.org)
- The central retinal artery, a branch of the ophthalmic artery, divides into multiple branches at the level of the optic nerve head. (hindawi.com)
- Ophthalmologic and fluorescein angiography exams confirmed central retinal artery conclusion, but revealed no embolus. (eurekamag.com)
- The vessel soon crosses medially over the nerve and gives rise to its first branch, the central retinal artery. (biomedsearch.com)
- After the central retinal artery branches from the ophthalmic artery, a varying number of posterior ciliary arteries arise. (biomedsearch.com)
- The central retinal artery is the first, and one of the smaller branches of the OA and runs in the dura mater inferior to the optic nerve. (wikipedia.org)
- About 12.5mm (0.5 inch) posterior to the globe, the central retinal artery turns superiorly and penetrates the optic nerve continuing along the center of the optic nerve entering the eye to supply the inner retinal layers. (wikipedia.org)
- Retrobulbar Doppler ultrasound confirmed a reduced blood flow velocity in the left central retinal artery. (ovid.com)
- However, the reason why the deep capillary plexus is more sensitive to reduced blood flow in the central retinal artery is not fully understood. (ovid.com)
- 1-4) We describe a case of spontaneous resolution of ophthalmologic sequelae in a patient who developed post-traumatic, bilateral carotid dissections that resulted in bilateral CCF and central retinal venous insufficiency. (harvard.edu)
- Even when treated promptly, an acute obstruction of the central retinal artery usually results in severe and permanent loss of vision [ 4 , 5 ]. (ceemjournal.org)
- The prognosis for central retinal visual acuity is poor with only about one-third of patients recovering useful vision. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The dye reaches the central retinal artery after passing through the heart and lungs. (utah.edu)
- The central retinal thickness (CRT) in the right eye was 633 µm (Figure 3), and in the left eye it remained within the normal range. (termedia.pl)
- There is also reasonably good circulation through the central retinal artery. (retinagallery.com)
Pigment epithelium1
- Fundus fluorescein angiography showing mild optic disc and retinal pigment epithelium staining and vascular sheathing in an eye with idiopathic retinal vasculitis. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
Ophthalmic artery8
- We speculate that his transient blindness was due to ophthalmic artery spasms. (biomedsearch.com)
- As the short posterior ciliary artery branches from the ophthalmic artery, the anatomical location of the lesion might be near the branching of both arteries. (biomedsearch.com)
- The ophthalmic artery enters the orbit through the optic canal, usually inferotemporal to the optic nerve. (biomedsearch.com)
- The ophthalmic artery (OA) is the first branch of the internal carotid artery distal to the cavernous sinus. (wikipedia.org)
- The ophthalmic artery can also pass superiorly to the optic nerve in a minority of cases. (wikipedia.org)
- In the posterior third of the cone of the orbit, the ophthalmic artery turns sharply medially to run along the medial wall of the orbit. (wikipedia.org)
- Because of the obvious importance of the ocular globe, branches of the ophthalmic artery often are subdivided into two groups: those that supply the eyeball (ocular group) and those that supply non-ocular orbital structures (orbital group). (wikipedia.org)
- Thrombolytic therapy ("clot-busting" drugs), delivered either intravenously or directly through the ophthalmic artery, has also been tried but clinical trials have not shown this treatment to be effective. (rsnallc.com)
Fundus fluorescein angiography3
- Fundus fluorescein angiography showed filling defects in the upper temporal branch retinal artery in the early phase (Figure 1(c) ). (hindawi.com)
- The patient's parents declined fundus fluorescein angiography. (cureus.com)
- The fundus fluorescein angiography revealed abnormal retinal vascular perfusion. (semanticscholar.org)
Vessel4
- In a joint statement, the American Heart Association and the National Stroke Association define stroke as brain, spinal cord or retinal injury caused by a blood vessel blockage. (healio.com)
- Paired with OCT based vessel measurements, our study has expanded the potential clinical implication of SD-OCT in evaluation of a variety of retinal and systemic vascular diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
- 3 , 4 We have shown in a previous study that dopamine increases retinal vessel diameter and reduces flicker‐induced retinal vessel changes. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Retinal vessel tortuosity is present in 22% of patients. (arizona.edu)
Blockage1
- If a patient suffered an acute blockage in the last 2 weeks, it would usually be visible on retinal examination, he said. (healio.com)
Disorders6
- S. Hayreh, Prevalent misconceptions about acute retinal vascular occlusive disorders. (springer.com)
- Retinitis pigmentosa encompasses a clinically and genetically varied group of hereditary retinal disorders, and is one of the most common causes of retinal degeneration. (reviewofoptometry.com)
- Retinal diseases and disorders often require urgent treatment. (ccteyes.com)
- Retinal disorders affect this vital tissue. (icdlist.com)
- Retinal vasculitis represents a heterogeneous group of disorders with retinal vascular inflammation and associated ocular inflammation. (entokey.com)
- More recently, biologic drugs such as infliximab and daclizumab have offered additional options for patients of ocular and systemic autoimmune disorders with retinal vasculitis. (entokey.com)
Examination and fluorescein angiography1
- Recovery of blood flow in the occluded arteriole both in fundus examination and fluorescein angiography were noted. (thefreedictionary.com)
Macula4
- Ophthalmoscopy for the left eye showed exudation in the macula and retinal artery macroaneurysm with surrounding haemorrhage in the infero-temporal vascular arcade. (euretina.org)
- 5. Retinal map around the macula revealed a localized area of retinal thickening (as outlined in red) measuring 315m to 340m. (reviewofoptometry.com)
- The fluorescein angiogram also was normal, and a second, more careful exam of the macula--with a fundus contact lens--was not helpful. (reviewofoptometry.com)
- The OA then turns medially giving off 1 to 5 posterior ciliary arteries (PCA) that subsequently branch into the long and short posterior ciliary arteries (LPCA and SPCA respectively) which perforate the sclera posteriorly in the vicinity of the optic nerve and macula to supply the posterior uveal tract. (wikipedia.org)
Emboli7
- [ 15 ] A10-fold increase in the annual rate of stroke in patients with retinal emboli compared to controls after a follow-up period of 3.4 years was demonstrated in another study. (medscape.com)
- Regarding mortality, one study found a 3-fold higher risk of 8-year mortality from stroke in patients with documented retinal emboli at baseline compared with patients without emboli. (medscape.com)
- A case series reported that 15% of patients with retinal emboli died within 1 year, and a mortality rate of 54% was shown within 7 years. (medscape.com)
- The right eye is affected more commonly than the left eye which probably reflects the greater possibility of cardiac or aortic emboli traveling to the right carotid artery. (wikipedia.org)
- Most of the cases are due to emboli to the retinal circulation. (wikipedia.org)
- Three main types of retinal emboli have been identified: Cholesterol, calcific, and fibrin-platelet. (wikipedia.org)
- There was no evidence of retinal emboli in either eye. (cmaj.ca)
Ophthalmology3
- Even though the American Academy of Ophthalmology published these guidelines a few years ago, "many ophthalmologists and retinal specialists do not manage them appropriately," Richards said. (healio.com)
- A 16-year-old girl with underlying congenital pulmonary atresia and an intact ventricular septum was referred for ophthalmology assessment at day six after a left pulmonary artery stenting procedure. (cureus.com)
- With that heritage as a strong foundation, the practice utilizes the most modern treatment techniques, featuring the latest in diagnostic and surgical equipment for general ophthalmology and retinal disease management and surgery. (ccteyes.com)
Ischemic retinal2
- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) can increase the volume of oxygen delivered to the ischemic retinal tissue until spontaneous or assisted reperfusion occurs. (ceemjournal.org)
- Ischemic retinal vasculitis can be idiopathic or secondary to systemic disease such as in Behçet's disease, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, multiple sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. (hindawi.com)
Epithelium2
- CSR is associated with central vision impairment as the zone of fluid accumulation is the choroid region followed by the retinal epithelium. (targetwoman.com)
- Although at the beginning the fundus may be normal, eventually there is arteriolar attenuation, minimal optic disc pallor and some retinal pigmentary epithelium changes with mottled appeareance, as seen in this patient. (neuroophthalmology.ca)
Giant cell arte1
- A doctor may also order a test of your blood's sedimentation rate, and a temporal artery biopsy may be useful if giant cell arteritis is suspected. (rsnallc.com)
Bilateral1
- Frosted branch angiitis (FBA), or acute frosted retinal periphlebitis, is a rare clinical entity first described in the Japanese literature in 1976 in a 6-year-old child with idiopathic bilateral retinal periphlebitis. (reviewofophthalmology.com)
Optic nerve3
- The supraorbital artery branches from the OA as it passes over the optic nerve. (wikipedia.org)
- Clinical Applications of the Photopic Negative Response to Optic Nerve and Retinal Diseases. (ebscohost.com)
- Retinal hemangioblastoma is one of the most common tumours, and when it appears near the optic nerve, its treatment is challenging and risky. (bmj.com)
Optical coherence tomography a2
- Optical coherence tomography angiography images were captured with Angiovue (Optovue, Inc., Freemont, CA). Retinal capillary bed was segmented into the superficial and deep capillary plexus. (ovid.com)
- Optical coherence tomography angiography showed a normal superficial capillary plexus but the deep capillary plexus was not distinguishable compared with the right eye, although the posterior pole appeared well perfused on fluorescein angiography. (ovid.com)
Carotid arteries3
- Atherosclerosis is the major cause of changes in the carotid arteries. (medscimonit.com)
- Aspirin or other anti-clotting drugs are used if the problem is in the carotid arteries. (drugster.info)
- The Doppler scan showed small plaques in the left and right common carotid arteries, with a 16%-49% stenosis of the left proximal common carotid artery, but there were no significant hemodynamic abnormalities in either the carotid or vertebral circulation. (cmaj.ca)
Transient1
- Vision usually remains good but transient vision loss may be reported if the retinal hemorrhages involve the fovea and parafoveal areas. (arizona.edu)
Ocular1
- The treatment can be local, for example, ocular (conservative, laser and surgical) or systemic (conservative and surgical treatment of the carotid artery). (medscimonit.com)
20181
- The study evaluated 221 patients whose RAO was confirmed with fluorescein angiography from 2004 to 2018 at the Cleveland Clinic Cole Eye Institute. (mdedge.com)
Subsequent retinal1
- CAR is a paraneoplastic disorder in which the aberrant expression of retinal antigens in tumor cells, generates cross-reacting auto-antibodies which finally lead to apoptosis of the photoreceptor cells and subsequent retinal dysfunction. (neuroophthalmology.ca)
Embolus1
- An embolus was visible at the bifurcation of the inferior retinal artery. (who.int)
