Colloids formed by the combination of two immiscible liquids such as oil and water. Lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion. Water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. The formation of emulsions may be aided by amphiphatic molecules that surround one component of the system to form MICELLES.
Emulsions of fats or lipids used primarily in parenteral feeding.
Liquid components of living organisms.
Unctuous combustible substances that are liquid or easily liquefiable on warming, and are soluble in ether but insoluble in water. Such substances, depending on their origin, are classified as animal, mineral, or vegetable oils. Depending on their behavior on heating, they are volatile or fixed. (Dorland, 28th ed)
SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS that induce a dispersion of undissolved material throughout a liquid.
Oil from soybean or soybean plant.
(Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.
Liquid perfluorinated carbon compounds which may or may not contain a hetero atom such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, but do not contain another halogen or hydrogen atom. This concept includes fluorocarbon emulsions and fluorocarbon blood substitutes.
The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously).
A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient.
Sorbitan mono-9-octadecanoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivatives; complex mixtures of polyoxyethylene ethers used as emulsifiers or dispersing agents in pharmaceuticals.
Relating to the size of solids.
A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary CHOLESTEROL and TRIGLYCERIDES from the SMALL INTESTINE to the tissues. Their density (0.93-1.006 g/ml) is the same as that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.
'Squalene' is a biologically occurring triterpene compound, naturally produced in humans, animals, and plants, that forms an essential part of the lipid-rich membranes in various tissues, including the skin surface and the liver, and has been studied for its potential benefits in skincare, dietary supplements, and vaccine adjuvant systems.
Oils derived from plants or plant products.
Chemistry dealing with the composition and preparation of agents having PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS or diagnostic use.
A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The preparation, mixing, and assembling of a drug. (From Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th ed, p1814)
Agents that modify interfacial tension of water; usually substances that have one lipophilic and one hydrophilic group in the molecule; includes soaps, detergents, emulsifiers, dispersing and wetting agents, and several groups of antiseptics.
Substances that are used in place of blood, for example, as an alternative to BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS after blood loss to restore BLOOD VOLUME and oxygen-carrying capacity to the blood circulation, or to perfuse isolated organs.
The chemical and physical integrity of a pharmaceutical product.
Triglycerides are the most common type of fat in the body, stored in fat cells and used as energy; they are measured in blood tests to assess heart disease risk, with high levels often resulting from dietary habits, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, and alcohol consumption.
A complex mixture of PHOSPHOLIPIDS; GLYCOLIPIDS; and TRIGLYCERIDES; with substantial amounts of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES; PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINES; and PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS, which are sometimes loosely termed as 1,2-diacyl-3-phosphocholines. Lecithin is a component of the CELL MEMBRANE and commercially extracted from SOYBEANS and EGG YOLK. The emulsifying and surfactant properties are useful in FOOD ADDITIVES and for forming organogels (GELS).
The delivery of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient whose sole source of nutrients is via solutions administered intravenously, subcutaneously, or by some other non-alimentary route. The basic components of TPN solutions are protein hydrolysates or free amino acid mixtures, monosaccharides, and electrolytes. Components are selected for their ability to reverse catabolism, promote anabolism, and build structural proteins.
A plant genus of the family SIMAROUBACEAE. Members contain bruceosides and bruceanols (quassinoids). The astringent seeds have been used to treat dysentery in southeastern Asia.
Specialized solutions for PARENTERAL NUTRITION. They may contain a variety of MICRONUTRIENTS; VITAMINS; AMINO ACIDS; CARBOHYDRATES; LIPIDS; and SALTS.
The resistance that a gaseous or liquid system offers to flow when it is subjected to shear stress. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of six (6) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.
Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer.
Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form. These include binders, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc.
The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Forms to which substances are incorporated to improve the delivery and the effectiveness of drugs. Drug carriers are used in drug-delivery systems such as the controlled-release technology to prolong in vivo drug actions, decrease drug metabolism, and reduce drug toxicity. Carriers are also used in designs to increase the effectiveness of drug delivery to the target sites of pharmacological actions. Liposomes, albumin microspheres, soluble synthetic polymers, DNA complexes, protein-drug conjugates, and carrier erythrocytes among others have been employed as biodegradable drug carriers.
The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints.
A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3.
Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the LIVER. Those from the liver are usually high in VITAMIN A. The oils are used as DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS. They are also used in soaps and detergents and as protective coatings.
Substances intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions. Included in this definition are skin creams, lotions, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail polishes, eye and facial makeup preparations, permanent waves, hair colors, toothpastes, and deodorants, as well as any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. (U.S. Food & Drug Administration Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition Office of Cosmetics Fact Sheet (web page) Feb 1995)
A biocompatible polymer used as a surgical suture material.
Materials in intermediate state between solid and liquid.
The generic name for the group of aliphatic hydrocarbons Cn-H2n+2. They are denoted by the suffix -ane. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34.
The interstitial fluid that is in the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.
A 9-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. It contains a cofactor for LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE and activates several triacylglycerol lipases. The association of Apo C-II with plasma CHYLOMICRONS; VLDL, and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS is reversible and changes rapidly as a function of triglyceride metabolism. Clinically, Apo C-II deficiency is similar to lipoprotein lipase deficiency (HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE I) and is therefore called hyperlipoproteinemia type IB.
A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.
A nonionic polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block co-polymer with the general formula HO(C2H4O)a(-C3H6O)b(C2H4O)aH. It is available in different grades which vary from liquids to solids. It is used as an emulsifying agent, solubilizing agent, surfactant, and wetting agent for antibiotics. Poloxamer is also used in ointment and suppository bases and as a tablet binder or coater. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by HYPODERMOCLYSIS.
The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and VISCOSITY.
Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.
The metabolic process of breaking down LIPIDS to release FREE FATTY ACIDS, the major oxidative fuel for the body. Lipolysis may involve dietary lipids in the DIGESTIVE TRACT, circulating lipids in the BLOOD, and stored lipids in the ADIPOSE TISSUE or the LIVER. A number of enzymes are involved in such lipid hydrolysis, such as LIPASE and LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE from various tissues.
The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means.
Volume of biological fluid completely cleared of drug metabolites as measured in unit time. Elimination occurs as a result of metabolic processes in the kidney, liver, saliva, sweat, intestine, heart, brain, or other site.
Small uniformly-sized spherical particles, of micrometer dimensions, frequently labeled with radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers.
A group of apolipoproteins that can readily exchange among the various classes of lipoproteins (HDL; VLDL; CHYLOMICRONS). After lipolysis of TRIGLYCERIDES on VLDL and chylomicrons, Apo-C proteins are normally transferred to HDL. The subtypes can modulate remnant binding to receptors, LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE, or LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE.
Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. The dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. All three states of matter can form colloids among each other.

An emulsion is a type of stable mixture of two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water, which are normally unable to mix together uniformly. In an emulsion, one liquid (the dispersed phase) is broken down into small droplets and distributed throughout the other liquid (the continuous phase), creating a stable, cloudy mixture.

In medical terms, emulsions can be used in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. For example, certain medications may be formulated as oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions to improve their absorption, stability, or palatability. Similarly, some skincare products and makeup removers contain emulsifiers that help create stable mixtures of water and oils, allowing for effective cleansing and moisturizing.

Emulsions can also occur naturally in the body, such as in the digestion of fats. The bile salts produced by the liver help to form small droplets of dietary lipids (oil) within the watery environment of the small intestine, allowing for efficient absorption and metabolism of these nutrients.

Fat emulsions for intravenous use are a type of parenteral nutrition solution that contain fat in the form of triglycerides, which are broken down and absorbed into the body to provide a source of energy and essential fatty acids. These emulsions are typically used in patients who are unable to consume food orally or enterally, such as those with gastrointestinal tract disorders, malabsorption syndromes, or severe injuries.

The fat emulsion is usually combined with other nutrients, such as carbohydrates and amino acids, to create a complete parenteral nutrition solution that meets the patient's nutritional needs. The emulsion is administered through a vein using a sterile technique to prevent infection.

Fat emulsions are typically made from soybean oil or a mixture of soybean and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oils. MCTs are more easily absorbed than long-chain triglycerides (LCTs), which are found in soybean oil, and may be used in patients with malabsorption syndromes or other conditions that affect fat absorption.

It is important to monitor patients receiving intravenous fat emulsions for signs of complications such as infection, hyperlipidemia (elevated levels of fats in the blood), and liver function abnormalities.

Body fluids refer to the various liquids that can be found within and circulating throughout the human body. These fluids include, but are not limited to:

1. Blood: A fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body via the cardiovascular system. It is composed of red and white blood cells suspended in plasma.
2. Lymph: A clear-to-white fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system, helping to remove waste products, bacteria, and damaged cells from tissues while also playing a crucial role in the immune system.
3. Interstitial fluid: Also known as tissue fluid or extracellular fluid, it is the fluid that surrounds the cells in the body's tissues, allowing for nutrient exchange and waste removal between cells and blood vessels.
4. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): A clear, colorless fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord, providing protection, cushioning, and nutrients to these delicate structures while also removing waste products.
5. Pleural fluid: A small amount of lubricating fluid found in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall, allowing for smooth movement during respiration.
6. Pericardial fluid: A small amount of lubricating fluid found within the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, reducing friction during heart contractions.
7. Synovial fluid: A viscous, lubricating fluid found in joint spaces, allowing for smooth movement and protecting the articular cartilage from wear and tear.
8. Urine: A waste product produced by the kidneys, consisting of water, urea, creatinine, and various ions, which is excreted through the urinary system.
9. Gastrointestinal secretions: Fluids produced by the digestive system, including saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal secretions, which aid in digestion, absorption, and elimination of food particles.
10. Reproductive fluids: Secretions from the male (semen) and female (cervical mucus, vaginal lubrication) reproductive systems that facilitate fertilization and reproduction.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, oils are typically defined as lipid-based substances that are derived from plants or animals. They are made up of molecules called fatty acids, which can be either saturated or unsaturated. Oils are often used in medical treatments and therapies due to their ability to deliver active ingredients through the skin, as well as their moisturizing and soothing properties. Some oils, such as essential oils, are also used in aromatherapy for their potential therapeutic benefits. However, it's important to note that some oils can be toxic or irritating if ingested or applied to the skin in large amounts, so they should always be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Emulsifying agents, also known as emulsifiers, are substances that help to mix two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water, to form a stable emulsion. Emulsifiers work by reducing the surface tension between the two liquids, allowing them to mix together and remain mixed. They are often used in food production, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals to create smooth and consistent products. Examples of emulsifying agents include lecithin, egg yolk, and various synthetic compounds.

Soybean oil is a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the soybean (Glycine max). It is one of the most widely consumed cooking oils and is also used in a variety of food and non-food applications.

Medically, soybean oil is sometimes used as a vehicle for administering certain medications, particularly those that are intended to be absorbed through the skin. It is also used as a dietary supplement and has been studied for its potential health benefits, including its ability to lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease.

However, it's important to note that soybean oil is high in omega-6 fatty acids, which can contribute to inflammation when consumed in excess. Therefore, it should be used in moderation as part of a balanced diet.

Triolein is a type of triglyceride, which is a kind of fat molecule. More specifically, triolein is the triglyceride formed from three molecules of oleic acid, a common monounsaturated fatty acid. It is often used in scientific research and studies involving lipid metabolism, and it can be found in various vegetable oils and animal fats.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fluorocarbons" are not typically associated with medical definitions. Fluorocarbons are chemical compounds that contain carbon atoms bonded to fluorine atoms. They are often used in a variety of applications including refrigerants, fire extinguishing agents, and in the manufacturing of Teflon and other non-stick coatings.

If you have any medical terms or concepts you'd like me to define or explain, please let me know!

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a medical term used to describe the delivery of nutrients directly into a patient's bloodstream through a vein, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. It is a specialized medical treatment that is typically used when a patient cannot receive adequate nutrition through enteral feeding, which involves the ingestion and digestion of food through the mouth or a feeding tube.

PN can be used to provide essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes to patients who have conditions that prevent them from absorbing nutrients through their gut, such as severe gastrointestinal tract disorders, malabsorption syndromes, or short bowel syndrome.

PN is administered through a catheter that is inserted into a vein, typically in the chest or arm. The nutrient solution is prepared under sterile conditions and delivered through an infusion pump to ensure accurate and controlled delivery of the solution.

While PN can be a life-saving intervention for some patients, it also carries risks such as infection, inflammation, and organ damage. Therefore, it should only be prescribed and administered by healthcare professionals with specialized training in this area.

Medical Definition of Mineral Oil:

Mineral oil is a commonly used laxative, which is a substance that promotes bowel movements. It is a non-digestible, odorless, and tasteless oil that is derived from petroleum. When taken orally, mineral oil passes through the digestive system without being absorbed, helping to soften stools and relieve constipation by increasing the weight and size of the stool, stimulating the reflexes in the intestines that trigger bowel movements.

Mineral oil is also used topically as a moisturizer and emollient for dry skin conditions such as eczema and dermatitis. It forms a barrier on the skin, preventing moisture loss and protecting the skin from irritants. However, mineral oil should not be used on broken or inflamed skin, as it can trap bacteria and delay healing.

It is important to note that long-term use of mineral oil laxatives can lead to dependence and may interfere with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, and K. Therefore, it should be used only under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Polysorbates are a type of nonionic surfactant (a compound that lowers the surface tension between two substances, such as oil and water) commonly used in pharmaceuticals, foods, and cosmetics. They are derived from sorbitol and reacted with ethylene oxide to create a polyoxyethylene structure. The most common types of polysorbates used in medicine are polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, and polysorbate 60, which differ in the number of oxyethylene groups in their molecular structure.

Polysorbates are often added to pharmaceutical formulations as emulsifiers, solubilizers, or stabilizers. They help to improve the solubility and stability of drugs that are otherwise insoluble in water, allowing for better absorption and bioavailability. Polysorbates can also prevent the aggregation and precipitation of proteins in injectable formulations.

In addition to their use in pharmaceuticals, polysorbates are also used as emulsifiers in food products such as ice cream, salad dressings, and baked goods. They help to mix oil and water-based ingredients together and prevent them from separating. In cosmetics, polysorbates are used as surfactants, solubilizers, and stabilizers in a variety of personal care products.

It is important to note that some people may have allergic reactions to polysorbates, particularly those with sensitivities to sorbitol or other ingredients used in their production. Therefore, it is essential to carefully consider the potential risks and benefits of using products containing polysorbates in individuals who may be at risk for adverse reactions.

In the context of medical and health sciences, particle size generally refers to the diameter or dimension of particles, which can be in the form of solid particles, droplets, or aerosols. These particles may include airborne pollutants, pharmaceutical drugs, or medical devices such as nanoparticles used in drug delivery systems.

Particle size is an important factor to consider in various medical applications because it can affect the behavior and interactions of particles with biological systems. For example, smaller particle sizes can lead to greater absorption and distribution throughout the body, while larger particle sizes may be filtered out by the body's natural defense mechanisms. Therefore, understanding particle size and its implications is crucial for optimizing the safety and efficacy of medical treatments and interventions.

Chylomicrons are a type of lipoprotein that are responsible for carrying dietary lipids, such as triglycerides and cholesterol, from the intestines to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system and bloodstream. They are the largest lipoproteins and are composed of an outer layer of phospholipids, free cholesterol, and apolipoproteins, which surrounds a core of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters. Chylomicrons are produced in the intestinal mucosa after a meal containing fat, and their production is stimulated by the hormone cholecystokinin. Once in the bloodstream, chylomicrons interact with other lipoproteins and enzymes to deliver their lipid cargo to various tissues, including muscle and adipose tissue, where they are used for energy or stored for later use.

Squalene is a organic compound that is a polyunsaturated triterpene. It is a natural component of human skin surface lipids and sebum, where it plays a role in maintaining the integrity and permeability barrier of the stratum corneum. Squalene is also found in various plant and animal tissues, including olive oil, wheat germ oil, and shark liver oil.

In the body, squalene is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and other sterols. It is produced in the liver and transported to other tissues via low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). Squalene has been studied for its potential health benefits due to its antioxidant properties, as well as its ability to modulate immune function and reduce the risk of certain types of cancer. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits.

Medical definitions generally do not include plant oils as a specific term. However, in a biological or biochemical context, plant oils, also known as vegetable oils, are defined as lipid extracts derived from various parts of plants such as seeds, fruits, and leaves. They mainly consist of triglycerides, which are esters of glycerol and three fatty acids. The composition of fatty acids can vary between different plant sources, leading to a range of physical and chemical properties that make plant oils useful for various applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Some common examples of plant oils include olive oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil, and jojoba oil.

Pharmaceutical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the design, synthesis, and development of chemical entities used as medications. It involves the study of drugs' physical, chemical, and biological properties, as well as their interactions with living organisms. This field also encompasses understanding the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs in the body, which are critical factors in drug design and development. Pharmaceutical chemists often work closely with biologists, medical professionals, and engineers to develop new medications and improve existing ones.

Medical definitions of water generally describe it as a colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for all forms of life. It is a universal solvent, making it an excellent medium for transporting nutrients and waste products within the body. Water constitutes about 50-70% of an individual's body weight, depending on factors such as age, sex, and muscle mass.

In medical terms, water has several important functions in the human body:

1. Regulation of body temperature through perspiration and respiration.
2. Acting as a lubricant for joints and tissues.
3. Facilitating digestion by helping to break down food particles.
4. Transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
5. Helping to maintain healthy skin and mucous membranes.
6. Assisting in the regulation of various bodily functions, such as blood pressure and heart rate.

Dehydration can occur when an individual does not consume enough water or loses too much fluid due to illness, exercise, or other factors. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including dry mouth, fatigue, dizziness, and confusion. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening if left untreated.

Drug compounding is the process of combining, mixing, or altering ingredients to create a customized medication to meet the specific needs of an individual patient. This can be done for a variety of reasons, such as when a patient has an allergy to a certain ingredient in a mass-produced medication, or when a patient requires a different dosage or formulation than what is available commercially.

Compounding requires specialized training and equipment, and compounding pharmacists must follow strict guidelines to ensure the safety and efficacy of the medications they produce. Compounded medications are not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but the FDA does regulate the ingredients used in compounding and has oversight over the practices of compounding pharmacies.

It's important to note that while compounding can provide benefits for some patients, it also carries risks, such as the potential for contamination or incorrect dosing. Patients should only receive compounded medications from reputable pharmacies that follow proper compounding standards and procedures.

Surfactants, also known as surface-active agents, are amphiphilic compounds that reduce the surface tension between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid. They contain both hydrophilic (water-soluble) and hydrophobic (water-insoluble) components in their molecular structure. This unique property allows them to interact with and stabilize interfaces, making them useful in various medical and healthcare applications.

In the medical field, surfactants are commonly used in pulmonary medicine, particularly for treating respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants. The lungs of premature infants often lack sufficient amounts of natural lung surfactant, which can lead to RDS and other complications. Exogenous surfactants, derived from animal sources or synthetically produced, are administered to replace the missing or dysfunctional lung surfactant, improving lung compliance and gas exchange.

Surfactants also have applications in topical formulations for dermatology, as they can enhance drug penetration into the skin, reduce irritation, and improve the spreadability of creams and ointments. Additionally, they are used in diagnostic imaging to enhance contrast between tissues and improve visualization during procedures such as ultrasound and X-ray examinations.

Blood substitutes, also known as artificial blood or blood surrogates, are fluids that are designed to mimic some of the properties and functions of human blood. They are used as a replacement for blood transfusions in situations where blood is not available or when it is not safe to use. Blood substitutes can be divided into two main categories: oxygen-carrying and non-oxygen-carrying.

Oxygen-carrying blood substitutes contain artificial molecules called hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) that are designed to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues. These HBOCs can be derived from human or animal hemoglobin, or they can be synthetically produced.

Non-oxygen-carrying blood substitutes, on the other hand, do not contain hemoglobin and are used primarily to restore intravascular volume and maintain blood pressure in cases of hypovolemia (low blood volume) caused by bleeding or dehydration. These products include crystalloids, such as saline solution and lactated Ringer's solution, and colloids, such as albumin and hydroxyethyl starch solutions.

It is important to note that while blood substitutes can be useful in certain situations, they are not a perfect substitute for human blood. They do not provide all of the functions of blood, such as immune defense and clotting, and their use is associated with some risks, including allergic reactions, kidney damage, and increased oxygen free radical production. Therefore, they should only be used when there is no suitable alternative available.

Drug stability refers to the ability of a pharmaceutical drug product to maintain its physical, chemical, and biological properties during storage and use, under specified conditions. A stable drug product retains its desired quality, purity, strength, and performance throughout its shelf life. Factors that can affect drug stability include temperature, humidity, light exposure, and container compatibility. Maintaining drug stability is crucial to ensure the safety and efficacy of medications for patients.

Triglycerides are the most common type of fat in the body, and they're found in the food we eat. They're carried in the bloodstream to provide energy to the cells in our body. High levels of triglycerides in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease, especially in combination with other risk factors such as high LDL (bad) cholesterol, low HDL (good) cholesterol, and high blood pressure.

It's important to note that while triglycerides are a type of fat, they should not be confused with cholesterol, which is a waxy substance found in the cells of our body. Both triglycerides and cholesterol are important for maintaining good health, but high levels of either can increase the risk of heart disease.

Triglyceride levels are measured through a blood test called a lipid panel or lipid profile. A normal triglyceride level is less than 150 mg/dL. Borderline-high levels range from 150 to 199 mg/dL, high levels range from 200 to 499 mg/dL, and very high levels are 500 mg/dL or higher.

Elevated triglycerides can be caused by various factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and certain medical conditions like diabetes, hypothyroidism, and kidney disease. Medications such as beta-blockers, steroids, and diuretics can also raise triglyceride levels.

Lifestyle changes such as losing weight, exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet low in saturated and trans fats, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, and quitting smoking can help lower triglyceride levels. In some cases, medication may be necessary to reduce triglycerides to recommended levels.

Lecithins are a group of naturally occurring compounds called phospholipids, which are essential components of biological membranes. They are composed of a molecule that contains a hydrophilic (water-attracting) head and two hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails. This unique structure allows lecithins to act as emulsifiers, helping to mix oil-based and water-based substances together.

Lecithins are found in various foods such as egg yolks, soybeans, sunflower seeds, and some other plants. In the medical field, lecithins may be used in dietary supplements or as a component of nutritional support for patients with certain conditions. They have been studied for their potential benefits in improving liver function, supporting brain health, and reducing cholesterol levels; however, more research is needed to confirm these effects and establish recommended dosages.

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is a medical term used to describe a specialized nutritional support system that is delivered through a vein (intravenously). It provides all the necessary nutrients that a patient needs, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. TPN is typically used when a patient cannot eat or digest food through their gastrointestinal tract for various reasons, such as severe malabsorption, intestinal obstruction, or inflammatory bowel disease. The term "total" indicates that the nutritional support is complete and meets all of the patient's nutritional needs.

"Brucea" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Simaroubaceae. It includes several species of small trees and shrubs that are native to tropical regions of Africa and Asia. Some species of Brucea have been used in traditional medicine for their antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. The active compounds in these plants include quassinoids, which have been shown to have various biological activities. However, it is important to note that the use of Brucea species in medical treatments should be based on scientific evidence and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Parenteral nutrition solutions are medically formulated preparations that provide nutritional support through routes other than the gastrointestinal tract, usually via intravenous infusion. These solutions typically contain carbohydrates, proteins (or amino acids), lipids, electrolytes, vitamins, and trace elements to meet the essential nutritional requirements of patients who cannot receive adequate nutrition through enteral feeding.

The composition of parenteral nutrition solutions varies depending on individual patient needs, but they generally consist of dextrose monohydrate or cornstarch for carbohydrates, crystalline amino acids for proteins, and soybean oil, safflower oil, olive oil, or a combination thereof for lipids. Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium are added to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. Vitamins (fat-soluble and water-soluble) and trace elements (e.g., zinc, copper, manganese, chromium, and selenium) are also included in the solution to support various metabolic processes and overall health.

Parenteral nutrition solutions can be tailored to address specific patient conditions or requirements, such as diabetes, renal insufficiency, or hepatic dysfunction. Close monitoring of patients receiving parenteral nutrition is necessary to ensure appropriate nutrient delivery, prevent complications, and achieve optimal clinical outcomes.

Viscosity is a physical property of a fluid that describes its resistance to flow. In medical terms, viscosity is often discussed in relation to bodily fluids such as blood or synovial fluid (found in joints). The unit of measurement for viscosity is the poise, although it is more commonly expressed in millipascals-second (mPa.s) in SI units. Highly viscous fluids flow more slowly than less viscous fluids. Changes in the viscosity of bodily fluids can have significant implications for health and disease; for example, increased blood viscosity has been associated with cardiovascular diseases, while decreased synovial fluid viscosity can contribute to joint pain and inflammation in conditions like osteoarthritis.

Alpha-cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides made up of 6 glucose units joined together in a ring structure through alpha-(1,4) glycosidic bonds. They have a hydrophilic outer surface and a hydrophobic central cavity, which makes them useful for forming inclusion complexes with various hydrophobic molecules, including drugs, steroids, and fatty acids. This property can enhance the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of these compounds in pharmaceutical applications. Alpha-cyclodextrins are produced from starch by enzymatic conversion using cyclodextrin glucanotransferase.

Castor oil is a colorless or pale yellow vegetable oil that is derived from the seeds of the castor bean plant (Ricinus communis). It has a wide range of uses, including as a laxative, a moisturizer in skin and hair products, and a component in industrial lubricants and biodiesel.

Medically, castor oil is often used as a stimulant laxative to relieve constipation. It works by increasing the movement of the intestines, which helps to promote bowel movements. Castor oil is typically taken orally, and its effects usually begin to be felt within 2-6 hours after ingestion.

It's important to note that castor oil should not be used in large amounts or for prolonged periods of time, as it can lead to electrolyte imbalances and other serious side effects. It is also not recommended for use during pregnancy, as it may stimulate uterine contractions. As with any medication or supplement, it's always best to consult with a healthcare provider before using castor oil.

Excipients are inactive substances that serve as vehicles or mediums for the active ingredients in medications. They make up the bulk of a pharmaceutical formulation and help to stabilize, preserve, and enhance the delivery of the active drug compound. Common examples of excipients include binders, fillers, coatings, disintegrants, flavors, sweeteners, and colors. While excipients are generally considered safe and inert, they can sometimes cause allergic reactions or other adverse effects in certain individuals.

Solubility is a fundamental concept in pharmaceutical sciences and medicine, which refers to the maximum amount of a substance (solute) that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent (usually water) at a specific temperature and pressure. Solubility is typically expressed as mass of solute per volume or mass of solvent (e.g., grams per liter, milligrams per milliliter). The process of dissolving a solute in a solvent results in a homogeneous solution where the solute particles are dispersed uniformly throughout the solvent.

Understanding the solubility of drugs is crucial for their formulation, administration, and therapeutic effectiveness. Drugs with low solubility may not dissolve sufficiently to produce the desired pharmacological effect, while those with high solubility might lead to rapid absorption and short duration of action. Therefore, optimizing drug solubility through various techniques like particle size reduction, salt formation, or solubilization is an essential aspect of drug development and delivery.

A drug carrier, also known as a drug delivery system or vector, is a vehicle that transports a pharmaceutical compound to a specific site in the body. The main purpose of using drug carriers is to improve the efficacy and safety of drugs by enhancing their solubility, stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery, while minimizing unwanted side effects.

Drug carriers can be made up of various materials, including natural or synthetic polymers, lipids, inorganic nanoparticles, or even cells and viruses. They can encapsulate, adsorb, or conjugate drugs through different mechanisms, such as physical entrapment, electrostatic interaction, or covalent bonding.

Some common types of drug carriers include:

1. Liposomes: spherical vesicles composed of one or more lipid bilayers that can encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs.
2. Polymeric nanoparticles: tiny particles made of biodegradable polymers that can protect drugs from degradation and enhance their accumulation in target tissues.
3. Dendrimers: highly branched macromolecules with a well-defined structure and size that can carry multiple drug molecules and facilitate their release.
4. Micelles: self-assembled structures formed by amphiphilic block copolymers that can solubilize hydrophobic drugs in water.
5. Inorganic nanoparticles: such as gold, silver, or iron oxide nanoparticles, that can be functionalized with drugs and targeting ligands for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
6. Cell-based carriers: living cells, such as red blood cells, stem cells, or immune cells, that can be loaded with drugs and used to deliver them to specific sites in the body.
7. Viral vectors: modified viruses that can infect cells and introduce genetic material encoding therapeutic proteins or RNA interference molecules.

The choice of drug carrier depends on various factors, such as the physicochemical properties of the drug, the route of administration, the target site, and the desired pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Therefore, selecting an appropriate drug carrier is crucial for achieving optimal therapeutic outcomes and minimizing side effects.

Synovial fluid is a viscous, clear, and straw-colored fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths. It is produced by the synovial membrane, which lines the inner surface of the capsule surrounding these structures.

The primary function of synovial fluid is to reduce friction between articulating surfaces, providing lubrication for smooth and painless movement. It also acts as a shock absorber, protecting the joints from external forces during physical activities. Synovial fluid contains nutrients that nourish the articular cartilage, hyaluronic acid, which provides its viscoelastic properties, and lubricin, a protein responsible for boundary lubrication.

Abnormalities in synovial fluid composition or volume can indicate joint-related disorders, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, infection, or trauma. Analysis of synovial fluid is often used diagnostically to determine the underlying cause of joint pain, inflammation, or dysfunction.

Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. They include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, and phospholipids. Lipids serve many important functions in the body, including energy storage, acting as structural components of cell membranes, and serving as signaling molecules. High levels of certain lipids, particularly cholesterol and triglycerides, in the blood are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Lipase is an enzyme that is produced by the pancreas and found in the digestive system of most organisms. Its primary function is to catalyze the hydrolysis of fats (triglycerides) into smaller molecules, such as fatty acids and glycerol, which can then be absorbed by the intestines and utilized for energy or stored for later use.

In medical terms, lipase levels in the blood are often measured to diagnose or monitor conditions that affect the pancreas, such as pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), pancreatic cancer, or cystic fibrosis. Elevated lipase levels may indicate damage to the pancreas and its ability to produce digestive enzymes.

Fish oils are a type of fat or lipid derived from the tissues of oily fish. They are a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These fatty acids have been associated with various health benefits such as reducing inflammation, decreasing the risk of heart disease, improving brain function, and promoting eye health. Fish oils can be consumed through diet or taken as a dietary supplement in the form of capsules or liquid. It is important to note that while fish oils have potential health benefits, they should not replace a balanced diet and medical advice should be sought before starting any supplementation.

Cosmetics are defined in the medical field as products that are intended to be applied or introduced to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, and altering the appearance. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), cosmetics include skin creams, lotions, makeup, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail polishes, eye and facial makeup preparations, shampoos, permanent waves, hair colors, toothpastes, and deodorants, as well as any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product.

It's important to note that the FDA classifies cosmetics and drugs differently. Drugs are defined as products that are intended to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease, and/or affect the structure or function of the body. Some products, such as anti-dandruff shampoos or toothpastes with fluoride, can be considered both a cosmetic and a drug because they have both cleansing and therapeutic properties. These types of products are subject to regulation by both the FDA's Office of Cosmetics and Colors and its Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.

Cosmetics must not be adulterated or misbranded, meaning that they must be safe for use under labeled or customary conditions, properly packaged and labeled, and not contain any harmful ingredients. However, the FDA does not have the authority to approve cosmetic products before they go on the market, with the exception of color additives. Manufacturers are responsible for ensuring that their products are safe and properly labeled.

Polyglycolic acid (PGA) is a synthetic polymer of glycolic acid, which is commonly used in surgical sutures. It is a biodegradable material that degrades in the body through hydrolysis into glycolic acid, which can be metabolized and eliminated from the body. PGA sutures are often used for approximating tissue during surgical procedures due to their strength, handling properties, and predictable rate of absorption. The degradation time of PGA sutures is typically around 60-90 days, depending on factors such as the size and location of the suture.

Liquid crystals (LCs) are not exclusive to the medical field, but they do have important applications in medicine, particularly in the development of display technologies for medical devices. Here is a general definition:

Liquid crystals are a state of matter that possess properties between those of conventional liquids and solid crystals. They can flow like liquids but have molecules oriented in a way that they can reflect light, creating birefringence. This unique property makes them useful in various applications, such as LCDs (liquid crystal displays) found in many electronic devices, including medical equipment.

In the context of medicine, liquid crystals are primarily used in LCD screens for medical devices like monitors, imaging systems, and diagnostic equipment. They enable high-resolution, clear, and adjustable visualization of medical images, which is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.

Alkanes are a group of saturated hydrocarbons, which are characterized by the presence of single bonds between carbon atoms in their molecular structure. The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2, where n represents the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.

The simplest and shortest alkane is methane (CH4), which contains one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. As the number of carbon atoms increases, the length and complexity of the alkane chain also increase. For example, ethane (C2H6) contains two carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms, while propane (C3H8) contains three carbon atoms and eight hydrogen atoms.

Alkanes are important components of fossil fuels such as natural gas, crude oil, and coal. They are also used as starting materials in the production of various chemicals and materials, including plastics, fertilizers, and pharmaceuticals. In the medical field, alkanes may be used as anesthetics or as solvents for various medical applications.

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of lipids. It is responsible for breaking down triglycerides, which are the main constituent of dietary fats and chylomicrons, into fatty acids and glycerol. These products are then taken up by cells for energy production or storage.

LPL is synthesized in various tissues, including muscle and fat, where it is attached to the inner lining of blood vessels (endothelium). The enzyme is activated when it comes into contact with lipoprotein particles, such as chylomicrons and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), which transport triglycerides in the bloodstream.

Deficiencies or mutations in LPL can lead to various metabolic disorders, including hypertriglyceridemia, a condition characterized by high levels of triglycerides in the blood. Conversely, overexpression of LPL has been associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis due to excessive uptake of fatty acids by macrophages and their conversion into foam cells, which contribute to plaque formation in the arteries.

Lymph is a colorless, transparent fluid that circulates throughout the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune and circulatory systems. It consists of white blood cells called lymphocytes, proteins, lipids, glucose, electrolytes, hormones, and waste products. Lymph plays an essential role in maintaining fluid balance, absorbing fats from the digestive tract, and defending the body against infection by transporting immune cells to various tissues and organs. It is collected from tissues through lymph capillaries and flows through increasingly larger lymphatic vessels, ultimately returning to the bloodstream via the subclavian veins in the chest region.

Apolipoprotein C-II (ApoC-II) is a type of apolipoprotein, which are proteins that bind to lipids to form lipoprotein complexes. ApoC-II is a component of several lipoproteins, including very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and chylomicrons, which are responsible for the transport of fat molecules, such as triglycerides and cholesterol, in the bloodstream.

ApoC-II plays a crucial role in the activation of lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in VLDL and chylomicrons into fatty acids, which can then be taken up by cells for energy production or storage. Therefore, ApoC-II deficiency can lead to hypertriglyceridemia, a condition characterized by high levels of triglycerides in the blood.

In addition to its role in lipid metabolism, ApoC-II has been implicated in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the arteries and can lead to serious cardiovascular complications, such as heart attack and stroke.

In a medical context, paraffin is often referred to as "medical-grade paraffin," which is a type of mineral wax that is highly refined and purified for use in various medical applications. It is typically used in the form of paraffin baths for heat therapy, where a part of the body is dipped into a bath of melted paraffin to provide soothing warmth and pain relief. Medical-grade paraffin is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and chemically stable, making it safe for topical use on the skin. It has a high melting point and does not conduct electricity, which also makes it suitable for use in certain types of medical equipment and supplies.

Poloxamers are a type of triblock copolymer made up of a central hydrophobic chain of polyoxypropylene (poly(propylene oxide)) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of polyoxyethylene (poly(ethylene oxide)). They are amphiphilic molecules, meaning they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.

Poloxamers are often used in the pharmaceutical industry as drug delivery agents, emulsifiers, solubilizers, and stabilizers. They can form micelles in aqueous solutions above their critical micelle concentration (CMC), with the hydrophobic chains oriented toward the interior of the micelle and the hydrophilic chains on the exterior, interacting with the water molecules. This unique property allows poloxamers to solubilize drugs that are otherwise poorly soluble in water, improving their bioavailability.

Poloxamers have been studied for various medical applications, including as drug carriers for chemotherapy, diagnostic agents, and mucoadhesive materials. Some specific poloxamer compounds have been approved by the FDA for use in pharmaceutical formulations, such as Poloxamer 188 and Poloxamer 407.

In a medical context, poloxamers are not typically used as standalone treatments but rather as components of drug delivery systems or formulations.

Fluid therapy, in a medical context, refers to the administration of fluids into a patient's circulatory system for various therapeutic purposes. This can be done intravenously (through a vein), intraosseously (through a bone), or subcutaneously (under the skin). The goal of fluid therapy is to correct or prevent imbalances in the body's fluids and electrolytes, maintain or restore blood volume, and support organ function.

The types of fluids used in fluid therapy can include crystalloids (which contain electrolytes and water) and colloids (which contain larger molecules like proteins). The choice of fluid depends on the patient's specific needs and condition. Fluid therapy is commonly used in the treatment of dehydration, shock, sepsis, trauma, surgery, and other medical conditions that can affect the body's fluid balance.

Proper administration of fluid therapy requires careful monitoring of the patient's vital signs, urine output, electrolyte levels, and overall clinical status to ensure that the therapy is effective and safe.

Rheology is not a term that is specific to medicine, but rather it is a term used in the field of physics to describe the flow and deformation of matter. It specifically refers to the study of how materials flow or deform under various stresses or strains. This concept can be applied to various medical fields such as studying the flow properties of blood (hematology), understanding the movement of tissues and organs during surgical procedures, or analyzing the mechanical behavior of biological materials like bones and cartilages.

Surface properties in the context of medical science refer to the characteristics and features of the outermost layer or surface of a biological material or structure, such as cells, tissues, organs, or medical devices. These properties can include physical attributes like roughness, smoothness, hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, and electrical conductivity, as well as chemical properties like charge, reactivity, and composition.

In the field of biomaterials science, understanding surface properties is crucial for designing medical implants, devices, and drug delivery systems that can interact safely and effectively with biological tissues and fluids. Surface modifications, such as coatings or chemical treatments, can be used to alter surface properties and enhance biocompatibility, improve lubricity, reduce fouling, or promote specific cellular responses like adhesion, proliferation, or differentiation.

Similarly, in the field of cell biology, understanding surface properties is essential for studying cell-cell interactions, cell signaling, and cell behavior. Cells can sense and respond to changes in their environment, including variations in surface properties, which can influence cell shape, motility, and function. Therefore, characterizing and manipulating surface properties can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of cellular processes and offer new strategies for developing therapies and treatments for various diseases.

Lipolysis is the process by which fat cells (adipocytes) break down stored triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids. This process occurs when the body needs to use stored fat as a source of energy, such as during fasting, exercise, or in response to certain hormonal signals. The breakdown products of lipolysis can be used directly by cells for energy production or can be released into the bloodstream and transported to other tissues for use. Lipolysis is regulated by several hormones, including adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), cortisol, glucagon, and growth hormone, which act on lipases, enzymes that mediate the breakdown of triglycerides.

Sterilization, in a medical context, refers to the process of eliminating or removing all forms of microbial life, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, spores, and any other biological agents from a surface, object, or environment. This is typically achieved through various methods such as heat (using autoclaves), chemical processes, irradiation, or filtration.

In addition, sterilization can also refer to the surgical procedure that renders individuals unable to reproduce. This is often referred to as "permanent contraception" and can be performed through various methods such as vasectomy for men and tubal ligation for women. It's important to note that these procedures are typically permanent and not easily reversible.

Metabolic clearance rate is a term used in pharmacology to describe the volume of blood or plasma from which a drug is completely removed per unit time by metabolic processes. It is a measure of the body's ability to eliminate a particular substance and is usually expressed in units of volume (e.g., milliliters or liters) per time (e.g., minutes, hours, or days).

The metabolic clearance rate can be calculated by dividing the total amount of drug eliminated by the plasma concentration of the drug and the time over which it was eliminated. It provides important information about the pharmacokinetics of a drug, including its rate of elimination and the potential for drug-drug interactions that may affect metabolism.

It is worth noting that there are different types of clearance rates, such as renal clearance rate (which refers to the removal of a drug by the kidneys) or hepatic clearance rate (which refers to the removal of a drug by the liver). Metabolic clearance rate specifically refers to the elimination of a drug through metabolic processes, which can occur in various organs throughout the body.

Microspheres are tiny, spherical particles that range in size from 1 to 1000 micrometers in diameter. They are made of biocompatible and biodegradable materials such as polymers, glass, or ceramics. In medical terms, microspheres have various applications, including drug delivery systems, medical imaging, and tissue engineering.

In drug delivery, microspheres can be used to encapsulate drugs and release them slowly over time, improving the efficacy of the treatment while reducing side effects. They can also be used for targeted drug delivery, where the microspheres are designed to accumulate in specific tissues or organs.

In medical imaging, microspheres can be labeled with radioactive isotopes or magnetic materials and used as contrast agents to enhance the visibility of tissues or organs during imaging procedures such as X-ray, CT, MRI, or PET scans.

In tissue engineering, microspheres can serve as a scaffold for cell growth and differentiation, promoting the regeneration of damaged tissues or organs. Overall, microspheres have great potential in various medical applications due to their unique properties and versatility.

Apolipoprotein C (apoC) is a group of proteins that are associated with lipoproteins, which are complex particles composed of lipids and proteins that play a crucial role in the transport and metabolism of lipids in the body. There are three main types of apoC proteins: apoC-I, apoC-II, and apoC-III.

ApoC-I is involved in the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism and has been shown to inhibit the activity of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), which is an enzyme that facilitates the transfer of cholesteryl esters from high-density lipoproteins (HDL) to low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL).

ApoC-II is a cofactor for lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides in chylomicrons and VLDL, leading to the formation of smaller, denser lipoproteins. A deficiency in apoC-II can lead to hypertriglyceridemia, a condition characterized by elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood.

ApoC-III is also involved in the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism and has been shown to inhibit the activity of lipoprotein lipase and CETP. Elevated levels of apoC-III have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, possibly due to its effects on lipoprotein metabolism.

In summary, apolipoprotein C is a group of proteins that are involved in the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism and have important roles in the transport and metabolism of lipids in the body.

Colloids are a type of mixture that contains particles that are intermediate in size between those found in solutions and suspensions. These particles range in size from about 1 to 1000 nanometers in diameter, which is smaller than what can be seen with the naked eye, but larger than the molecules in a solution.

Colloids are created when one substance, called the dispersed phase, is dispersed in another substance, called the continuous phase. The dispersed phase can consist of particles such as proteins, emulsified fats, or finely divided solids, while the continuous phase is usually a liquid, but can also be a gas or a solid.

Colloids are important in many areas of medicine and biology, including drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, and tissue engineering. They are also found in nature, such as in milk, blood, and fog. The properties of colloids can be affected by factors such as pH, temperature, and the presence of other substances, which can influence their stability and behavior.

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The emulsions are usually opaque, milky fluids. However, there are also microemulsions, where the droplets of the hydrophobic ... Early cotton softeners were typically based on a water emulsion of soap and olive oil, corn oil, or tallow oil.[citation needed ... As softeners are often hydrophobic, they commonly occur in the form of an emulsion. In the early formulations, manufacturers ... Another approach is a polymeric network, an emulsion polymer. In addition to fabric softening chemicals, fabric softeners may ...
Lipid rescue (intralipid as antidote) (Lipids, Intravenous fluids). ... Lipid emulsion or fat emulsion refers to an emulsion of fat for human intravenous use, to administer nutrients to critically- ... The possibility of lipid emulsions as an alternative drug delivery medium is under works. Intravenous lipid emulsions have been ... The emulsion is used as a component of intravenous nutrition for people who are unable to get nutrition via an oral diet. These ...
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Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 259, 241-264. Taylor, G. I. (1934). The formation of emulsions in definable fields of flow. ... In fluid dynamics, a stagnation point flow refers to a fluid flow in the neighbourhood of a stagnation point (in three- ... Let two fluids with constant properties denoted with suffix 1 ( top ) , 2 ( bottom ) {\displaystyle 1({\text{top}}),\ 2({\text{ ... An introduction to fluid dynamics. Cambridge University Press, 2000. Hiemenz, Karl. Die Grenzschicht an einem in den ...
Dilational rheology of proteins adsorbed at fluid interfaces. In: Dickinson E, Rodríguez Patino J, editors. Food emulsions and ... She studied food emulsions, with a focus on interfacial viscoelasticity and emulsification. She moved back to the Netherlands ... She showed that the behaviour of ionised surfactants in oil and water emulsions could be predicted from the behaviour of single ... Relaxation processes at fluid interfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 1983;18:281. Lucassen-Reynders EH. Dynamic interfacial ...
Industrial cutting fluid has broadly been classified as water-soluble coolant and neat cutting fluid. Water-soluble coolant is ... oil in water emulsion. It has varying oil content from nil oil (synthetic coolant). This coolant can either keep its phase and ... Cutting fluid is a coolant that also serves as a lubricant for metal-shaping machine tools. Oils are often used for ... Sometimes an additional heat transfer fluid is used; water with ice and dry ice in acetone are two popular pairings. ...
For the dilute emulsions Palierne equation looks like: G ∗ = G m ∗ ( 1 + 5 ϕ H ∗ ) {\displaystyle G^{*}=G_{m}^{*}(1+5\phi H ... The equation can also be used for suspensions of viscoelastic solid particles in viscoelastic fluids. The equation is named ... Palierne equation connects the dynamic modulus of emulsions with the dynamic modulus of the two phases, size of the droplets ... Palierne, Jean-François (1991). "Linear Rheology of viscoelastic emulsions with interfacial tension". Rheologica Acta. 29 (3): ...
For an emulsion, these are immiscible fluids such as water and oil. For a foam, these are a solid and a fluid, or a liquid and ... A similar distinction is possible for emulsions. In many emulsions, one constituent is present in the form of isolated regions ... Examples of heterogeneous mixtures are emulsions and foams. In most cases, the mixture consists of two main constituents. ...
Uses latex additives to achieve fluid loss. Emulsion polymers are supplied as suspensions of polymer particles. They contain ... Fluid loss control agents. Lost circulation control agents. Specialty agents. Can be added to shorten the setting time or to ... Can sometimes be used to prevent annular fluid migration. Expanded Perlite-Used to reduce the weight as water is added with its ... Organic proteins (polypeptides). Not used above temperatures of 93 °C. Non-ionic synthetic polymers Can lower fluid loss rates ...
In those with low blood pressure intravenous fluids and norepinephrine may be used. The use of intravenous lipid emulsion may ... Low blood pressure is initially treated with fluids along with bicarbonate to reverse metabolic acidosis (if present), if the ... In cases of severe TCA overdose that are refractory to conventional therapy, intravenous lipid emulsion therapy has been ... Cao, Dazhe; Heard, Kennon; Foran, Mark; Koyfman, Alex (1 March 2015). "Intravenous lipid emulsion in the emergency department: ...
Patel, Arvind D. (1 January 1998). "Reversible Invert Emulsion Drilling Fluids - A Quantum Leap in Technology". IADC/SPE Asia ... Canada is also one of the most successful countries in the world to use carbon dioxide as fracturing fluid, with 1,200 ... By 2010 treatments averaged "approximately 60,000 US gal (230,000 L; 50,000 imp gal) of fluid and 100,000 lb (45,000 kg) of ... Nakagawa, Edson Y.; Santos, Helio; Cunha, J. C. (1 January 1999). Application of Aerated-Fluid Drilling in Deepwater. Society ...
"Proteins from microalgae for the stabilization of fluid interfaces, emulsions, and foams". Trends in Food Science & Technology ... has been incorporated in meat analogues and its protein isolates have been investigated for the stabilization of emulsions and ...
"Proteins from microalgae for the stabilization of fluid interfaces, emulsions, and foams". Trends in Food Science & Technology ... Microalgae proteins are also investigated as thickening agents or emulsion and foam stabilizers in the food industry to replace ...
"Proteins from microalgae for the stabilization of fluid interfaces, emulsions, and foams". Trends in Food Science & Technology ... Extracted proteins have been investigated for manufacturing of emulsion and foams. It is not widely incorporated in food ...
... and some cutting fluids for metal working. Two liquids can form different types of emulsions. As an example, oil and water can ... Whether an emulsion of oil and water turns into a "water-in-oil" emulsion or an "oil-in-water" emulsion depends on the volume ... Multiple emulsions are also possible, including a "water-in-oil-in-water" emulsion and an "oil-in-water-in-oil" emulsion. ... Emulsion dispersion Emulsified fuel Homogenizer Liquid whistle Miniemulsion Pickering emulsion Rheology Water-in-water emulsion ...
Body fluids are examples of complex liquid solutions, containing many solutes. Many of these are electrolytes since they ... Counterexamples are provided by liquid mixtures that are not homogeneous: colloids, suspensions, emulsions are not considered ...
It occurs in colloids, emulsions and other heterogeneous fluids under the influence of an oscillating electric field. This ... It is also widely used for characterizing zeta potential in dispersions and emulsions. There is review of the theory of this ... "Recent developments in the electroacoustic characterisation of colloidal suspensions and emulsions". Colloids and Surfaces A: ...
... and hydraulic fluids. Although it is an irritant at higher concentrations, it is sometimes used in skin care, hair care, soap, ... 4-pentanediol exhibits both surfactant and emulsion-stabilizing properties. Its relatively high viscosity and low volatility ...
In addition, a fluid may be required such as spraying, cooling, heating or drying air. The combination of the above ... This mix has different physical forms: solution, emulsion, suspension, powder, etc. It has its own characteristics. ...
This plane is the interface which separates mobile fluid from fluid that remains attached to the surface. Zeta potential is a ... ISBN 978-0-521-42600-8.[page needed] Dukhin AS (2017). Characterization of liquids, dispersions, emulsions, and porous ... In other words, zeta potential is the potential difference between the dispersion medium and the stationary layer of fluid ... ISBN 978-0-444-63908-0.[page needed] Kirby BJ (2010). Micro- and Nanoscale Fluid Mechanics: Transport in Microfluidic Devices. ...
Both categories will be described using a typical oil (O) and water (W) immiscible fluid pairing. Single emulsions can be sub ... Double or multiple emulsion classification is similar to single emulsion classification, except the immiscible phases are ... It seems that this rule is very well followed in the case of surfactant-stabilized emulsions, but not for Pickering emulsions. ... They are part of a larger family of emulsions along with miniemulsions (or nanoemulsions). As with all emulsions, one phase ...
Using β ray to measure and control the thickness of emulsion on photo film and paper. After the war, Wang was awarded with the ... dispersion and speed of ultrasound in fluid; Proving the existence of negative electrophoresis discovered by Felix Ehrenhaft; ...
Emulsions: The two types used are oil in water (oil emulsion muds) and water in oil (invert oil emulsion muds). Oil based mud: ... Fluid Rheology The change of drilling fluid viscosity The change of drilling fluid density The change of mud pH Corrosion or ... Synthetic-based fluid (SBM) (Otherwise known as Low Toxicity Oil Based Mud or LTOBM): Synthetic-based fluid is a mud in which ... The drilling fluid also keeps the drill bit cool and clears out cuttings beneath it during drilling. The drilling fluid used ...
There are various kinds of cutting fluids, which include oils, oil-water emulsions, pastes, gels, aerosols (mists), and air or ... Depending on context and on which type of cutting fluid is being considered, it may be referred to as cutting fluid, cutting ... Other techniques are used to measure the oil concentration in cutting fluids, such as measure of the fluid viscosity, density, ... The official technique to measure oil concentration in cutting fluid samples is manual titration: 100ml of the fluid under test ...
When the total fluid is composed of two or more liquids, the final result is an emulsion; when composed of a solid and a liquid ... Fluid undergoes shear when one area of fluid travels with a different velocity relative to an adjacent area. A high-shear mixer ... the fluid, creating flow and shear. The tip velocity, or speed of the fluid at the outside diameter of the rotor, will be ... Fluid is used only as an aid to processing. The high-shear mixer processes the solid material down to the desired particle size ...
Ketchup is commonly used an example of Bingham fluid and its flow behavior can be compared to that of a polymer melt. ... Food can be classified according to its rheological state, such as a solid, gel, liquid, emulsion with associated rheological ... Because foods are structurally complex, often a mixture of fluid and solids with varying properties within a single mass, the ... cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) Rao, M. A. (2007). Rheology of fluid and semisolid foods: principles and ...
2003 Dewandre T, Dubois F, Callens N, Dupont O, Bascou E. Digital Holographic Microscopy fr Emulsions on the Fluid Science ... sedimentation and stratification and fluid static pressure, allowing the study of fluid dynamic effects normally masked by ... The Fluid Science Laboratory is a European (ESA's) science payload designed for use in Columbus built by Alenia Spazio, OHB- ... The Fluid Science Laboratory fully occupies one International Standard Payload Rack. The Facility Core Element consists of the ...
The fluid might be a simple Newtonian liquid, or complex heterogeneous dispersion, emulsion or even a porous body. There are ... an electric signal that arises when ultrasound propagates through a heterogeneous fluid, such as a dispersion or emulsion. ... εm is fluid dielectric permittivity, ζ is electrokinetic potential η is dynamic viscosity of the fluid, Ks is conductivity of ... It is also widely used for characterizing ζ-potential in dispersions and emulsions. There is review of this effect theory, ...
For both systems, determining the dynamic role of soluble surfactant mixtures in stabilizing fluid-fluid interfaces is ... Instead, the emulsion must be stored or treated shipboard. In order to improve the water treatment processes and increase the ... Bilgewater is oily wastewater emulsion found in the lower chamber of ships, contaminated with oils, fuels, grease, and ... emulsions and aqueous film forming foams (AFFF), have direct impact on the overall characteristics of shipboard bilge ...
... clay-free invert emulsion fluid ocf-ief, invert emulsion, fracture gradient, drilling fluid property, drilling fluids and ... Breaking Records Using an Innovative Organophilic Clay-Free Invert Emulsion Fluid OCF-IEF to Drill the Longest Well to Date in ... "Breaking Records Using an Innovative Organophilic Clay-Free Invert Emulsion Fluid OCF-IEF to Drill the Longest Well to Date in ... Pushing the Limits: How Using a Customized Organophilic Clay-Free Invert Emulsion Fluid OCF-IEF was Successful in Breaking the ...
Dimethicone emulsion as an ingredient for Personal Care ... White emulsion Dosage - 1. 0.5 - 5.0% in Hair Care. Dosage - 2 ... Silicone Emulsions Silicone quat microemulsion PDMS Emulsions Special Emulsions Crosspolymer Gel & Bead Emulsions Aminosiloxane ... Emulsions Recycled Silicones Silicone Antifoams Food grade silicone antifoams Silicone Fluids Aminosiloxanes Silicone Quats ... CHT-BeauSil™ FLUID 8169 EM. Feature Feature 1. Shine. Feature 2. Color restoring. Feature 3. Softness. Feature 4. Conditioning ...
Fluids out of specification. The emulsions, dispersed in the mass of the crude, must be treated to remove the water and its ... In SMART FLUID, we continuously develop breaker emulsion additives based on our experience, seeking to adjust to the specific ... During the treatment of heavy oil emulsions and emulsions produced by tertiary recovery, especially with the injection of ... Demulsifiers are generally specific to a given emulsion and may be completely ineffective for another emulsion. ...
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... asphalt and light tar emulsions in concrete processes, and/or liquid insecticides, fungicides, fertilizers, growth inhibitors ...
Session P31: Gels, Emulsions and Complex Fluids. 2:30 PM-5:18 PM, Wednesday, March 4, 2020. Room: 503. Sponsoring Unit: DSOFT. ... and emulsions. We consider the case where non-central force constraints are present, but carry a weaker energetic cost than ...
Using that emulsion, we produced fat based emulsion particles through prilling (spray + chilling) process using twin fluid ... DUBEY, Bipro and WINDHAB, Erich (2012). Production of fat-based emulsion powder by prilling process using twin-fluid atomizer ... Production of fat-based emulsion powder by prilling process using twin-fluid atomizer for controlled release of iron ... In the present study, we dispersed the iron solution in a fat matrix of palm stearin, and prepared the simple emulsion (water- ...
Businesses were defined along product lines-for instance, rubber, encapsulants and sealants; resins and chemicals; fluids, ... emulsions, and compounds; specialty lubricants; and consumer, medical, and semi-conductor products. In most of the cases each ...
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Session A29: Microscale Flows: Emulsions & Microscale Flows: Interfaces and Wetting. 8:00 AM-9:57 AM, Sunday, November 21, 2021 ... 74th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics Volume 66, Number 17. Sunday-Tuesday, November 21-23, 2021; Phoenix ...
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We offer a broad line of silicone-based emulsions, fluids, gels and resins that allow you to formulate high SPF sunscreens that ... SILSOFT 034 FLUID. Silsoft 034 fluid can help modify the feel and improve the spreadability of a variety of cosmetic oils and ... Silsoft™ E-Pearl PMF Emulsion. Silsoft E-Pearl PMF emulsion helps personal care products reduce appearances of fine lines and ... This fluid can help improve spreading, and thus reduce the rub-on time of lotions and creams.. ...
Data for Mixtures of blue phase liquid crystal with simple liquids: elastic emulsions and cubic fluid cylinders. *Kevin ... Mixtures of blue phase liquid crystal with simple liquids: elastic emulsions and cubic fluid cylinders. Lintuvuori, J. S., ... 2018). Data for "Mixtures of blue phase liquid crystal with simple liquids: elastic emulsions and cubic fluid cylinders", [ ... elastic emulsions and cubic fluid cylinders". Edinburgh DataShare. 10.7488/ds/2396 ...
While academic literature shows steady progress in combining multi-phase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and population ... In Emulsion Formation and Stability; Thadros, T.F., Ed.; Wiley-VCH GmbH & Co KGaA: Weinheim, Germany, 2013. [Google Scholar] ... Stone, H.A. Dynamics of drop deformation and breakup in viscous fluids. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1994, 26, 65-102. [Google Scholar ... J. Fluid Mech. 1986, 167, 241-283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]. *De Bruijn, R.A. Deformation and Breakup of Drops in Simple ...
Determination of emulsion stability of fire-resistant fluids - Part 1: Fluids in category HFAE ... Petroleum and related products - Determination of emulsion stability of fire-resistant fluids - Part 1: Fluids in category HFAE ... This method is applicable only to HFAE fluids and not to HFAS fluids. ... ISO 20783‑1:2011 specifies a test method to assess the stability of emulsions within the category HFAE, as defined in ISO 6743- ...
Area: Soft matter; Colloids; Fluid Interfaces; Interfacial Assembly; Emulsions; Biophysics.. 11/30/23. Fuat Sakirler. Ph.D. ...
Complex Fluids2012 AIChE Annual Meeting Emulsions and Foams I2012 AIChE Annual Meeting ...
Fat Emulsion) may treat, side effects, dosage, drug interactions, warnings, patient labeling, reviews, and related medications ... Thiamine deficiency and fluid retention may also develop. To prevent these complications, closely monitor severely malnourished ... INTRALIPID® 20% (20% i.v. fat emulsion) (A 20% INTRAVENOUS FAT EMULSION) IS A STERILE, NON-PYROGENIC FAT EMULSION PREPARED FOR ... The lipid emulsion should be - a homogenous liquid with a milky white appearance. If the mixture is not white - or the emulsion ...
... hydraulic fluid; Solcenic; Solcenic HL; metalworking fluid; emulsion; microbial; spray water; sinusitis; asthma; bacteria; ... the Solcenic HL emulsion, emulsion leakage from the mine floor, and area samples of the mine air to characterize the work ... Solcenic HL emulsion is used in the closed loop hydraulic system that pressurizes the piston-driven roof supports in the ... Because Solcenic HL emulsion is only used at the longwall, miners were grouped as either "longwall miners" (potentially exposed ...
2022) Modulation of homogeneous and isotropic turbulence in emulsions. Journal of Fluid Mechanics Academic article ... 2022) Modulation of homogeneous and isotropic turbulence in emulsions. Journal of Fluid Mechanics Academic article ... 2020) A volume-of-fluid method for interface-resolved simulations of phase-changing two-fluid flows. Journal of Computational ... 2020) A volume-of-fluid method for interface-resolved simulations of phase-changing two-fluid flows. Journal of Computational ...
Bagheri, G.; Bonadonna, C.: Comment on "A new one‐equation model of fluid drag for irregularly shaped particles valid over a ... Poddar, A.; Mandal, S.; Bandopadhyay, A.; Chakraborty, S.: Electrorheology of a dilute emulsion of surfactant-covered drops. ... Jalaal, M.; Schaarsberg, M. K.; Visser, C. W.; Lohse, D.: Laser-induced forward transfer of viscoplastic fluids. Journal of ...
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Courteau, I., Chabert, F., & Virgilio, N. (mars 2019). Heat transfer fluids based on boron nitride Pickering emulsions [ ... Sabri, F., Fradette, L., Tavares, J. R., & Virgilio, N. (octobre 2014). Processing of highly viscous solid-stabilized emulsions ... Sabri, F., Fradette, L., Tavares, J. R., & Virgilio, N. (octobre 2014). Processing of solid stabilized emulsions [Communication ... Sabri, F., Fradette, L., Tavares, J. R., & Virgilio, N. (janvier 2018). Improving the separation of Pickering emulsion ...
Rheological characterisation of ferrofluid emulsions James Weir Fluid Laboratory, University of Strathclyde. PhD Studentship. ... Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in Smart Porous Materials. The University of Manchester. PhD Studentship. United Kingdom, ... R&D Thermal Fluids Engineer. Seabound Carbon Ltd. Job in Industry. United Kingdom, London. Record Last Modified 20:43:28 Jun 30 ... Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Developer. HR Wallingford LTD. Job in Industry. United Kingdom, Oxon, Wallingford. Record ...
4.4 Fluid behaviour.. 4.5 Viscosity of solutions.. 4.6 Viscosity of emulsions.. 4.7 Viscosity of suspensions.. 4.8 Rheological ... 7.7 Mixing of fl uids of high viscosity.. 7.8 Effect of impeller speed on heat and mass transfer.. 7.9 Mixing by blade mixers. ... 5.9 Emulsion instability.. 5.10 Phase inversion.. 5.11 Foams.. Part II Physical operations.. Chapter 6 Comminution.. 6.1 ... A3.5 Dependence of shear rate on the exponent n in the case of a generalized Casson fluid.. A3.6 Calculation of the fl ow rate ...
... when a less viscous fluid is injected in a narrow gap between two glass plates and displaces a more viscous fluid. The graph ... 5) Bremond et al., "Decompressing Emulsion Droplets Favors Coalescence", PRL 100, 024501 (2008). 6) Jullien et al., "Droplet ... a depth averaged flow-field and the projection of the droplets fluid-fluid interface are resolved. We call this perspective the ... 2] Marangoni induced force on a drop in a Hele-Shaw cell, F. Gallaire, P. Meliga, P. Laure and C. Baroud, Physics of Fluids, 26 ...
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  • The dynamics of surfactant-stabilized multiphase systems, including oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions and aqueous film forming foams (AFFF), have direct impact on the overall characteristics of shipboard bilge wastewaters and replacement firefighting foams. (serdp-estcp.org)
  • The three task areas use a unique combination of microscale measurement platforms with adsorption isotherm and thin film models, to study multiphase destabilization processes at length scales most relevant to the chemically stabilized O/W emulsions and film forming foams found and used shipboard. (serdp-estcp.org)
  • The tasks will test the overarching hypothesis that the concentration and interfacial curvature-dependent timescales of soluble surfactant transport are deterministic in destabilization of emulsions and foams, wherein systems containing surfactants with higher interfacial adsorption, lower interfacial advection, and higher interfacial diffusion result in immobile (no slip) interfaces and slower film drainage times. (serdp-estcp.org)
  • However, other, non-central force constraints are often present as well - examples include constraints on sliding in frictional granular media and composites, constraints on bending in biopolymers and covalent glasses, and constraints on shape distortions in confluent tissues, foams, and emulsions. (aps.org)
  • Monolayers of soft colloidal particles confined at fluid interfaces are at the core of a broad range of technological processes, from the stabilization of responsive foams and emulsions to advanced lithographic techniques. (lu.se)
  • Crude Oil Emulsions: A State-Of-The-Art Review. (smartfluid.es)
  • For economic purpose, pipeline considerations and for efficient refinery operations, the produced crude oil emulsions must dewatered and necessary to separate the water completely from the crude oils. (scialert.net)
  • The release kinetics was explained by the second order kinetics, where we estimated the release kinetic constant, and co-related with the viscosity ratio of dispersed phase to continuous phase, mean particle size of emulsion, and shelf-life of particles. (shu.ac.uk)
  • 4.6 Viscosity of emulsions. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • Compared to their individual constituent liquids, the flow properties of an emulsion are seemingly erratic, with the viscosity changing dramatically with the mixture's composition, for example. (aps.org)
  • The team found a composition-dependent viscosity for the emulsion. (aps.org)
  • This dramatic change in viscosity occurred as the emulsion underwent a so-called catastrophic phase inversion, where the mixture switched-within a second-from oil droplets in water to water droplets in oil. (aps.org)
  • gas shear rate viscosity literature drilling fluid selection and formulation bhr group 2016 investigation tendency chemical treatment production chemistry ronningsen drilling fluids. (onepetro.org)
  • The demulsifiers are active surface compounds, when they are added to the emulsion migrate to the crude/water interface, break or weaken the rigid film and improve the coalescence of the water droplets. (smartfluid.es)
  • For larger χ, the isotropic phase arranges primarily into liquid emulsion droplets which coarsen very slowly, rewiring the blue phase disclination lines into an amorphous elastic network. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Adopting the point of view of the microscope operator the channel appears as a two dimensional slice, a depth averaged flow-field and the projection of the droplets fluid-fluid interface are resolved. (epfl.ch)
  • Turning an emulsion of oil droplets in water into one consisting of water droplets in oil drastically changes the fluid's properties. (aps.org)
  • While academic literature shows steady progress in combining multi-phase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and population balance modelling (PBM) of emulsification processes, the computational burden of this approach is still too large for routine use in industry. (mdpi.com)
  • The rheology profile was optimized for hydraulic management, hole cleaning, and fluid stability. (onepetro.org)
  • ISO 20783‑1:2011 specifies a test method to assess the stability of emulsions within the category HFAE, as defined in ISO 6743-4, made up with waters having clearly-defined concentrations of salts. (iso.org)
  • This study was conducted to examine a batch microwave process of 2450 MHz in demulsification of water-oil- (w/o) emulsions as well as the effect of triton X-100 and Low Sulfur Wax Residue (LSWR) from synthesized (w/o) emulsions stability and demulsification. (scialert.net)
  • Crude oil is composed of mostly hydrocarbons, both aliphatic and aromatic, as well as some molecules that naturally occurring surfactants in crude oil (asphaltenses and resins) have been identified as largely responsible for the stability of these emulsions. (scialert.net)
  • Also, the study examined the effect of triton X-100 and Low Sulfur Wax Residue (LSWR) from synthesized (w/o) emulsions stability and demulsification. (scialert.net)
  • Results of the study showed that emulsion stability is depending on the concentration of the emulsifiers (Triton-X-100 or LSWR). (scialert.net)
  • For both systems, determining the dynamic role of soluble surfactant mixtures in stabilizing fluid-fluid interfaces is essential for improving bilgewater treatment and firefighting foam formulation. (serdp-estcp.org)
  • Water/oil/solid emulsions are mixtures of ordinarily incompatible materials. (scialert.net)
  • To make the emulsion, the team confined mixtures containing different volume fractions of oil and water in the gap between two concentric cylinders and then set the cylinders spinning. (aps.org)
  • This effort, in close collaboration with Department of Defense laboratories, will provide new mechanistic-level understanding of factors that govern emulsion and foam destabilization, through new measurements and models of surfactant transport to, at, and along the fluid-fluid interfaces. (serdp-estcp.org)
  • The work will yield new fundamental understanding of soluble surfactant transport at fluid-fluid interfaces. (serdp-estcp.org)
  • Bilgewater is oily wastewater emulsion found in the lower chamber of ships, contaminated with oils, fuels, grease, and detergents used on-board. (serdp-estcp.org)
  • In order to improve the water treatment processes and increase the volume of water that can be discharged, improved fundamental understanding of the role of fuels, oils, and detergent surfactants in shipboard emulsion destabilization is required. (serdp-estcp.org)
  • At its exhibit in Booth 520, the company will showcase signature products, traditionally used in cutting and forming, that have been rigorously tested for expanded use in rolling oils and rolling emulsions. (thomasnet.com)
  • We believe this initiative to extend the value of our flagship industrial lubricant additives to rolling oils and emulsions clearly demonstrates innovation and appreciation for the changing needs of the industry. (thomasnet.com)
  • and Clariant Hostacor® products for inhibiting corrosion in rolling oils and emulsions. (thomasnet.com)
  • Hostagliss PA135 has good lubricity and anti-wear properties and it is used as a component of non-water miscible metal working fluids such as cutting oils or deep drawing oils. (clariant.com)
  • Emulsogen HCW 049 is a solubilizer for active, essential and perfume oils and an O/W emulsifier for special emulsions. (clariant.com)
  • Margarine is plastic or fluid emulsion of refined, deodorized, hydrogenated or unhydrogenated / Interesterified edible vegetable oils / fats and water containing not less than 80% and not more than 90% fat which may contain permissible additives as given in Table-I & Table-2. (who.int)
  • It is similar in formulation to emulsifiable metal working fluids which have been associated with respiratory disorders, work related asthma, and allergic and irritant skin disorders (NIOSH, 1998a). (cdc.gov)
  • Now, Dennis Bakhuis of the University of Twente, Netherlands, and colleagues have induced and characterized various phase changes in emulsions subjected to a turbulent flow [ 1 ]. (aps.org)
  • Emulsogen EPA 073 is used as anionic emulsifier for the emulsion polymerization of monomers like pure acrylic, styrene-acrylic acid esters and vinyl acetate. (clariant.com)
  • Emulsogen EPN 407 is used as nonionic emulsifier for the emulsion polymerization of monomers like acrylates, styrene-acrylates, styrene-butadiene and vinyl acetate. (clariant.com)
  • Tthe emulsifier in emulsion industry and petroleum drilling fluid. (mis-asia.com)
  • An item designed to be attached to the discharge lines of a sprayer or a discharge pipe for the application of liquid detergents, waxes, acids and other solvent compounds in pressure cleaning, asphalt and light tar emulsions in concrete processes, and/or liquid insecticides, fungicides, fertilizers, growth inhibitors and other chemicals in agricultural applications. (tpub.com)
  • Mycobacteria present in the water (21) can likely grow on the organic compounds in metalworking fluids in the Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis in absence of competitors after disinfection. (cdc.gov)
  • Oil exploitation is always accompanied by the non-desired formation of emulsions caused by the presence of naturally occurring surface-active molecules such as asphaltenes and resins. (scialert.net)
  • Electrorheology of a dilute emulsion of surfactant-covered drops. (mpg.de)
  • But shake them hard enough, and they will form an emulsion with drops of one fluid suspended in the other. (aps.org)
  • Present study includes mainly the iron release kinetics through the fat matrix of the emulsion particle in an in-vitro gastric system (pH ≈ 2.0 ) as a function of (a) particle size of prills, (b) thickener concentration (polyethylene glycol, PEG) in dispersed phase, (c) droplet size of dispersed phase, (d) mixing properties (Reynolds number, Re), and (e) shelf-life of particles. (shu.ac.uk)
  • The Saffman-Taylor Instability, as illustrated in the background, forms fingers at a liquid-liquid interface, when a less viscous fluid is injected in a narrow gap between two glass plates and displaces a more viscous fluid. (epfl.ch)
  • Last technology surfactants to oil dehydration process (W/O emulsion) and treatment of associated water to production (O/W emulsions). (smartfluid.es)
  • The emulsions are stabilized by emulsifiers (active surface agents or surfactants) that tend to concentrate at the crude/water interface where they form interfacial films (surrounding the droplet). (smartfluid.es)
  • The amount of demulsifier chemical to be applied is also important because very little will leave the emulsion unbroken, however, a very high dose (overtreatment) can be adverse to the treatment process because the demulsifiers are also surfactants such as emulsifiers. (smartfluid.es)
  • During the treatment of heavy oil emulsions and emulsions produced by tertiary recovery, especially with the injection of surfactants, injection rates can typically reach thousands of ppm in the most extreme cases. (smartfluid.es)
  • To that end, the project team will work closely with members from other SERDP emulsion and AFFF teams, for consistency in experimental protocols and model systems, and for data sharing and knowledge transfer. (serdp-estcp.org)
  • Liquitex Basics Fluid Acrylic is everyday acrylic colour with a fluid, flowing consistency. (cassart.co.uk)
  • Furthermore it is used as synthetic base fluid for rolling emulsions. (clariant.com)
  • On December 6, 1999, NIOSH received a confidential health hazard evaluation request regarding possible health effects in workers exposed to Solcenic HL hydraulic fluid at the Robinson Run Mine in Shinnston, West Virginia. (cdc.gov)
  • Solcenic HL emulsion is used in the closed loop hydraulic system that pressurizes the piston-driven roof supports in the longwall section of the underground coal mine. (cdc.gov)
  • Four of the five, including the continuous mining section worker, reported that "Solcenic" or "hydraulic fluid" exacerbated their asthma symptoms. (cdc.gov)
  • The emulsions, dispersed in the mass of the crude, must be treated to remove the water and its associated inorganic salts. (smartfluid.es)
  • Substances consisting of different components, e.g. aluminum salts, EMULSIONS such as MF59 and AS03, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist or combinations of IMMUNOPOTENTIATORS (QS-21 and MPL in AS01), that helps increase the magnitude of an ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE to a VACCINE. (bvsalud.org)
  • The effect of oil-in-water emulsions on the spray droplet size distribution has been demonstrated by previous work. (astm.org)
  • A characteristic dimensionless number for connecting the bulk spray properties and the microscopic emulsion droplet properties was defined as the ratio between the emulsion recovery time and the spray atomization time. (astm.org)
  • Emulsion Rheology - Theory vs. Field Observation. (smartfluid.es)
  • Using that emulsion, we produced fat based emulsion particles through prilling (spray + chilling) process using twin fluid atomizers (internal mixing). (shu.ac.uk)
  • Comment on "A new one‐equation model of fluid drag for irregularly shaped particles valid over a wide range of Reynolds number" by F. Dioguardi et al. (mpg.de)
  • Combined experimental and numerical results show that our hollow particles have a thin and deformable shell, leading to a temperature-responsive collapse of the internal cavity and a complete flattening after adsorption at a fluid interface. (lu.se)
  • With an SPF of 15, Decléor's luxurious day emulsion doesn't get too oily - in fact, it goes on lightly, making it perfect to protect your skin against sun damage on an everyday basis. (spafinder.com)
  • We conducted telephone and on-site interviews with miners who were concerned that exposures to Solcenic HL emulsion might be putting them at risk for sinusitis, rhinitis, adult onset occupational asthma, and dermatitis, especially during periods of atypical exposure such as when working around large spills. (cdc.gov)
  • Its purpose was to assess the prevalence of various respiratory and skin disorders and symptoms in relation to possible sources and pathways of exposure, especially to Solcenic HL emulsion. (cdc.gov)
  • Self-reporting bias and misclassification are concerns, and we can neither establish nor rule out a relationship between exposure to Solcenic HL emulsion and self-reported adult onset asthma. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure to metalworking fluid aerosols can lead ypersensitivity pneumonitis is an occupational hazard to hypersensitivity pneumonitis and chronic obstructive of workers in two different industries, automobile pulmonary disease (1,6,12-14). (cdc.gov)
  • In one problems have also been associated with exposure to study, exposure to metalworking fluid mist resulted in water-damaged buildings during reconstruction, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis in 10 workers (7). (cdc.gov)
  • In this study, a microwave demulsification method was utilized in a 50-50% and 20-80% of water-in-oil emulsions with varied microwave exposure time. (scialert.net)
  • The union submitted the HHE request due to concerns regarding employee exposure to metalworking fluids (MWFs) and skin rash. (cdc.gov)
  • Aristoflex AVC is a synthetic polymer used as a gelling agent for aqueous systems and as a texturizer and thickener for oil-in-water emulsions. (clariant.com)
  • By far the most common method of treating emulsions is through the application of chemical additives called demulsifiers or emulsion breakers. (smartfluid.es)
  • In SMART FLUID, we continuously develop breaker emulsion additives based on our experience, seeking to adjust to the specific conditions of each type of crude. (smartfluid.es)
  • One of these properties of many spray fluids is the inclusion of an oil phase in the form of an emulsion. (astm.org)
  • Hostagliss L4 is a complex ester and used as lubricity improver and water-dispersable corrosion inhibitor for milky, semisynthetic and neat oil metalworking fluids. (clariant.com)
  • These chemicals are designed to neutralize the emulsifying effect of the agents that stabilize the emulsion. (smartfluid.es)
  • Fluid inclusion studies show distinct variations in composition, final homogenization temperature, and salinity in four stages. (hindawi.com)
  • The coexisting V L and S 1 type fluid inclusions show similar homogenization temperature of 550 to about 650°C in the prograde skarn stage, indicating that immiscibility occurred at lithostatic pressure of 700 bars to perhaps 1000 bars, corresponding to a depth of 2.6 km to about 3.7 km. (hindawi.com)
  • The coeval V L and L V types fluid inclusions with homogenization temperature of 350 to 400°C in the late retrograde skarn and quartz-sulfide stages suggest that boiling occurred under hydrostatic pressure of 150 to 280 bars, equivalent to a depth of 1.5 to 2.8 km. (hindawi.com)
  • Microthermometric data show a decreasing trend in temperature and salinity in the fluid evolution process. (hindawi.com)
  • Results show that, temperature profiles of water-in-oil emulsions inside a cylindrical container were measured. (scialert.net)
  • The rate of temperature increase of emulsions decreased at higher temperature due to decreasing dielectric loss of water. (scialert.net)
  • water cut pipe diameter drilling fluid property drilling fluid chemistry reservoir surveillance production monitoring drilling fluid selection and formulation water-in-oil emulsion fluid compatibility rock/fluid interaction. (onepetro.org)
  • D-FOAM-R M331 is a 100% active, non-silicone foam control additive for metalworking fluids and parts cleaning solutions. (clariant.com)
  • The demulsification is the breaking of an emulsion into oil and water phases. (smartfluid.es)
  • In the present study, we dispersed the iron solution in a fat matrix of palm stearin, and prepared the simple emulsion (water-in-oil) at 60 ◦C, where fat was a continuous phase. (shu.ac.uk)
  • Product DescriptionProduct Description Description of zinc stearate emulsionZinc stearate emulsion is easy to disperse in water, has ultra-fineness, good dispersion compatibility. (mis-asia.com)
  • Because their presence stabilizes the oil/water interface, it is necessary to break emulsions by adding other surface-active molecules. (scialert.net)
  • Due to its fast, volumetric and selective heating, microwave heating can be used an alternative demulsification method for water-in-oil emulsions. (scialert.net)
  • Whether an emulsion is tight or loose depends on a number of factors such as the percentage of oil and water found in the emulsion, the amount of agitation, the types and amounts of emulsifying agents present, as well as the properties of oil and water ( Ali and Alqam, 2000 ). (scialert.net)
  • The traditional methods of eliminating these emulsions include high heat and chemical utilizations, which force the emulsion to separate into water, hydrocarbon and solids. (scialert.net)
  • The experimental results showed that the percentage of water separated from the emulsion by microwave radiation was higher than 80% under certain conditions. (scialert.net)
  • This study was conducted to examine a batch microwave process in demulsification of water-oil- (w/o) emulsions. (scialert.net)
  • In this study, Elba domestic microwave oven model: EMO 808SS, its rated power output is 900 watts and its operation frequency is 2450 MHz was used in heating water-in-oil emulsion samples. (scialert.net)
  • The results could help industries to reduce the drag of oil-water emulsions transported through pipes, which would be relevant in sectors ranging from petrochemical to food. (aps.org)
  • Intravascular volume deficiency is acutely compensated for by vasoconstriction, followed over hours by migration of fluid from the extravascular compartment to the intravascular compartment, maintaining circulating volume at the expense of total body water. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Water and Sodium Balance Body fluid volume and electrolyte concentration are normally maintained within very narrow limits despite wide variations in dietary intake, metabolic activity, and environmental stresses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Water freely travels outside the vasculature, so as little as 10% of isotonic fluid remains in the intravascular space. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Within the framework of the classical BEM no inertial terms can be accommodated and therefore the U for Unsteady highlights the deformability of the fluid interface and La minar highlights flow at Reynolds number equal zero. (epfl.ch)
  • Cavitation generates intense localized shear & finds a wide range of applications such as emulsions etc. (researchgate.net)
  • Choice of resuscitation fluid depends on the cause of the deficit. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The initial step in nutritional support is to determine an infant's fluid requirement, which depends on gestational age, postnatal age, and any underlying disease. (medscape.com)
  • This paper discusses the successful design, laboratory testing, and performance of an innovative, low solids, organophilic clay-free invert emulsion fluid (OCF-IEF) used to drill the reservoir section of an extended reach drilling (ERD) well. (onepetro.org)
  • This specially designed drill-in fluid helped maintain the key ERD factors within the specifications necessary and set new limits for drilling performance, thus maximizing the horizontal section displacement/reservoir drainage and production output. (onepetro.org)
  • and had antibodies against the breaks and that mycobacteria or their products could be reservoir fluid (7). (cdc.gov)
  • Emulsion Separation Index: From Laboratory to Field Case Studies. (smartfluid.es)
  • This cooking produces a very stable emulsion, a lubricous fluid gel, containing up to 50% oil. (usda.gov)
  • Introduction Liquid-liquid emulsions are used in several commercially important products, e.g., personal care (cosmetics), food (milk products, ice creams) and home care (paints, room fresheners), etc. (researchgate.net)
  • Thus, non-oxygen-carrying fluids (eg, crystalloid or colloid solutions) may be used to restore intravascular volume in mild to moderate blood loss. (msdmanuals.com)
  • We numerically investigate the behavior of a phase-separating mixture of a blue phase I liquid crystal with an isotropic fluid. (ed.ac.uk)
  • When χ and the concentration of the isotropic component are both low, the blue phase disclination lattice templates a cubic array of fluid cylinders. (ed.ac.uk)
  • The low solids design helped improve deployment of the weighting material (ground marble) compared to similar fields in which more conventional organophilic clay-based fluids were used. (onepetro.org)
  • Six fluid inclusion types were recognized: S 1 (vapor + liquid + halite ± other daughter minerals), S 2 (vapor + liquid + daughter minerals except halite), L V (rich liquid + vapor), V L (rich vapor + liquid), V (vapor), and L (liquid) types. (hindawi.com)
  • Synthesis of ultrasmall metal nanoparticles and continuous shells at the liquid/liquid interface in Ouzo emulsions. (polymtl.ca)
  • In this talk, we will see that it is definitely true when working with fluid injection and migration in particle-laden fluids. (espci.fr)
  • Calming Bio-Lipid Repair Creme provides all of the benefits of the lightweight fluid except in a richer formula. (exit15.com)
  • Our blue phase-simple fluid composites can be externally manipulated: an electric field can trigger a morphological transition between cubic fluid cylinder phases with different topologies. (ed.ac.uk)
  • The diameter and height of emulsion sample in the container were 11.5 and 11 cm, respectively. (scialert.net)
  • Intralipid 20% (20% I.V. Fat Emulsion) is made of 20% soybean oil used to provide calories to patients who are getting their nutrition through an injection into the vein. (rxlist.com)
  • The selection of an OCF-IEF to provide low equivalent circulating density (ECD) performance in a fragile gel fluid, with low sag risk, was fundamental to achieve the necessary fluid properties. (onepetro.org)
  • Metalworking fluids respiratory problems in the workplace and home. (cdc.gov)
  • The fluid is also recommended for use on skin that has recently undergone microdermabrasion, chemical peels or laser surgery. (exit15.com)
  • A significant portion of the world crude oil is produced in the form of emulsion. (scialert.net)
  • some of the "minimally exposed workers" may have experienced acute exposures to Solcenic HL emulsion during their temporary assignments to work on the longwall. (cdc.gov)
  • In this work, we used volume of fluid approach and carried out CFD simulations of a ca. (researchgate.net)