Milk Thistle
Silymarin
Salsola
Milk thistle and prostate cancer: differential effects of pure flavonolignans from Silybum marianum on antiproliferative end points in human prostate carcinoma cells. (1/13)
Extracts from the seeds of milk thistle, Silybum marianum, are known commonly as silibinin and silymarin and possess anticancer actions on human prostate carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Seven distinct flavonolignan compounds and a flavonoid have been isolated from commercial silymarin extracts. Most notably, two pairs of diastereomers, silybin A and silybin B and isosilybin A and isosilybin B, are among these compounds. In contrast, silibinin is composed only of a 1:1 mixture of silybin A and silybin B. With these isomers now isolated in quantities sufficient for biological studies, each pure compound was assessed for antiproliferative activities against LNCaP, DU145, and PC3 human prostate carcinoma cell lines. Isosilybin B was the most consistently potent suppressor of cell growth relative to either the other pure constituents or the commercial extracts. Isosilybin A and isosilybin B were also the most effective suppressors of prostate-specific antigen secretion by androgen-dependent LNCaP cells. Silymarin and silibinin were shown for the first time to suppress the activity of the DNA topoisomerase IIalpha gene promoter in DU145 cells and, among the pure compounds, isosilybin B was again the most effective. These findings are significant in that isosilybin B composes no more than 5% of silymarin and is absent from silibinin. Whereas several other more abundant flavonolignans do ultimately influence the same end points at higher exposure concentrations, these findings are suggestive that extracts enriched for isosilybin B, or isosilybin B alone, might possess improved potency in prostate cancer prevention and treatment. (+info)New insight into the biosynthesis of flavanolignans in the white-flowered variant of Silybum marianum. (2/13)
It has been demonstrated that besides the known flavanolignan constituents of the white-flowered variant of Silybum marianum, (-)-silandrin A (3a) and (-)-isosilandrin A (4a); their trans-benzodioxane diastereomers, (-)-silandrin B (3b) and (-)-isosilandrin B (4b), are also produced by the plant. Moreover, the isolation of their cis-benzodioxane diastereomers, (-)-isocisilandrin (5) and cisilandrin (6), confirm that the previously proposed biosynthetic pathway involving a nonselective O-beta coupling is correct. (+info)Hepatic metabolism and biliary excretion of silymarin flavonolignans in isolated perfused rat livers: role of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Abcc2). (3/13)
(+info)Large-scale isolation of flavonolignans from Silybum marianum extract affords new minor constituents and preliminary structure-activity relationships. (4/13)
(+info)Substituted pyrazinecarboxamides as abiotic elicitors of flavolignan production in Silybum marianum (L.) gaertn cultures in vitro. (5/13)
(+info)Identification of hepatoprotective flavonolignans from silymarin. (6/13)
(+info)NF-kappaB inhibitors from Brucea javanica exhibiting intracellular effects on reactive oxygen species. (7/13)
AIM: Brucea javanica was studied to identify nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibitors exhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) intracellular amplification. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eight compounds were evaluated for selective cytotoxicity using HT-29, HeLa, and HL-60 cells, and in a NF-kappaB assay. Active compounds were then tested using ROS and mitochondria transmembrane potential (MTP) assays. NF-kappaB and nuclear factor activated T-cell (NFAT) translocation were also assessed using their respective whole cell assays. RESULTS: Bruceajavanone B, bruceantin, bruceine A, (-)-hydnocarpin, and chrysoeriol exhibited cytotoxic potential and NF-kappaB p65 inhibition. Chrysoeriol exhibited selective cytotoxicity against leukemia cells with greater potency and also showed an ability to up-regulate NFAT transcriptional pathways through the amplification of intracellular ROS, in the presence of H2O2, to a greater degree than bruceantin and bruceine. CONCLUSION: Chrysoeriol selectively kills leukemic cells and potentiates the amplification of ROS levels. Therefore, chrysoeriol could serve as a potential chemotherapeutic modifier for leukemia chemotherapy since leukemia cells have a higher susceptibility to elevated ROS levels. (+info)Investigating the potential for toxicity from long-term use of the herbal products, goldenseal and milk thistle. (8/13)
(+info)Flavanolignans are a type of biologically active compounds that are found in certain plants. They are formed from the combination of flavonoids and lignans, two classes of plant phenolic compounds. One of the most well-known groups of flavanolignans is the one found in milk thistle (Silybum marianum), which includes silibinin, silidianin, and silicristin. These compounds have been studied for their potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and liver-protective effects.
Medical Definition of Milk Thistle:
Milk thistle, also known as Silybum marianum, is a plant that has been used for medicinal purposes for centuries. It belongs to the Asteraceae family and is native to Mediterranean regions. The active compound in milk thistle is silymarin, which is found in the seeds of the plant. Silymarin is a flavonoid complex that contains several components, including silybin, silydianin, and silychristin.
Milk thistle has been traditionally used for its potential benefits in supporting liver health and function. It is believed to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic properties that may help protect the liver from damage caused by toxins, viruses, and free radicals. Some studies suggest that milk thistle may also help improve insulin resistance, reduce cholesterol levels, and support brain health.
However, it is important to note that while some research suggests potential benefits of milk thistle for liver health and other conditions, more high-quality studies are needed to confirm these effects and establish recommended dosages. As with any supplement or medication, milk thistle should be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider.
Silymarin is not a medical term itself, but it's the active compound found in the milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum). Medically, silymarin is often referred to as a standardized extract from the seeds of the milk thistle plant. It is a complex mixture of flavonolignans, mainly consisting of silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, and silydianin.
Silymarin has been reported to have various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects. It is commonly used in complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and toxic liver damage due to alcohol or drug abuse. However, its clinical efficacy remains a subject of ongoing research and debate among medical professionals.
"Salsola" is a term that refers to a genus of plants, rather than a medical concept. The plants in this genus are commonly known as Russell or Prickly Pear cactuses, and they are native to Asia, Africa, and Europe. They are not typically associated with medical definitions or conditions. If you have any questions about a specific medical term or condition, I would be happy to help you with that instead!
'Avena sativa' is the scientific name for a type of grass species known as common oat or cultivated oat. It is widely grown as a crop for its seed, which is used as a food source for both humans and animals. Oats are rich in fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, making them a popular choice for breakfast cereals, baked goods, and animal feeds. In addition to their nutritional value, oats have also been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating skin irritation and promoting hair growth.
"Scutellaria" is a genus of plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It includes about 350 species, commonly known as skullcaps, that are found worldwide but primarily in temperate regions. Some species of Scutellaria have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, including treating anxiety, insomnia, and inflammation. However, it is important to note that the effectiveness and safety of using these plants for medicinal purposes have not been thoroughly studied and are not established by scientific evidence. Therefore, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before using any herbal remedies.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
Flavonolignan
Tricin
Lignan
Herbacetin
Staphylococcus aureus
List of antioxidants in food
Silychristin
Trichilia catigua
Cinchonain-Ib
Silibinin
Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome
Silybum marianum
Naturally occurring phenols
List of MeSH codes (D03)
List of MeSH codes (D02)
Flavonolignan - Wikipedia
Plus it
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Hepatoprotective herbal drug, silymarin from experimental pharmacology to clinical medicine
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Browse by Keywords - I, UNCG NC DOCKS (North Carolina Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship)
Thieme E-Journals - Planta Medica / Full Text
Biblio | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University
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Silybum7
- Silybum marianum in vitro-flavonolignan production" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
- Mature fruits (achenes) of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner, Asteraceae) accumulate high amounts of silymarin, a complex mixture of bioactive antioxidant flavonolignans deriving from taxifolin. (intechopen.com)
- Silymarin, a flavonolignan from 'milk thistle' (Silybum marianum) plant is used almost exclusively for hepatoprotection and amounts to 180 million US dollars business in Germany alone. (nih.gov)
- Large-Scale Isolation of Flavonolignans from Silybum marianum Extract Affords New Minor Cons. (uncg.edu)
- Here, we investigated the effect of silibinin (a polyphenolic flavonolignan of the herbal plant of Silybum marianum, milk thistle) on the epidermal growth factor (EGF) ligand-induced CD44 expression in human breast cancer cells. (iiarjournals.org)
- Silibinin ( Figure 1 ) is a polyphenolic flavonolignan of the herbal plant of Silybum marianum, milk thistle, and has a wide range of pharmacologic effects, such as antihepatotoxic and anticarcinogenic in a variety of tumor cells ( 4 , 5 ). (iiarjournals.org)
- Silymarin is a flavonolignans extracted from the milk thistle Silybum marianum (L.) gaernt. (thehouseofgoodies.com)
Milk Thistle Flavonolignans1
- 2020. Single Laboratory Validation of UHPLC-MS/MS Assays for Six Milk Thistle Flavonolignans in Human Serum. . (oregonstate.edu)
Silymarin flavonolignans1
- New brominated derivatives of silymarin flavonolignans and related flavonoids were prepared. (cas.cz)
Silibinin1
- Silymarin composed of six flavonolignans that Silibinin, with 40-50, is the most one. (ac.ir)
Silybin2
- Silymarin consists of four flavonolignan isomers namely--silybin, isosilybin, silydianin and silychristin. (nih.gov)
- Silymarin, as well as an isolated form of flavonolignan known as silybin, can support a healthy liver and promote the body's natural ability to combat toxins such as alcohol, environmental toxins and poisons. (holographichealth.com)
Biosynthesis1
- This review focuses on recent developments in chemistry, biosynthesis, modern advanced analytical methods, and transformations of flavonolignans specifically reflecting their chirality. (cas.cz)
Antioxidants2
Biological1
- A growing number of studies show that the respective diastereomers of flavonolignans have significantly different activities in anisotropic biological systems. (cas.cz)
Active2
- The active constituents of milk thistle supplements are believed to be the flavonolignans contained within the extracts. (aspetjournals.org)
- The name silymarin is a general term for the active chemicals known as flavonolignans. (holographichealth.com)
Silymarin21
- Silymarin (the mixture of flavonolignans extracted from Silybum marianum) has potentially beneficial antioxidant properties. (nih.gov)
- Silymarin is a flavonolignan that has been introduced fairly recently as a hepatoprotective agent. (medscape.com)
- Phytochemistry analysis revealed an abundance of active constituents, particularly silymarin, composed of polyphenols and flavonolignans. (nih.gov)
- Silymarin is majorly found in leaves, seeds, and fruits and is comprised of seven flavonolignans. (nih.gov)
- The active complex of MT is a lipophilic extract from the seeds of the plant and is composed of three isomer flavonolignans (silybin, silydianin, and silychristin) collectively known as silymarin. (nih.gov)
- The plant's healing abilities may come from a mixture of flavonolignans called "silymarin" and its main element, which is called "silybinin. (healthline.com)
- Milk thistle products are typically either an extract of milk thistle, termed silymarin, or a phytosome preparation of the two major flavonolignans. (nih.gov)
- The benefits of this plant come from its silymarin content-a mixture of chemicals known as flavonolignans. (wholefoodsmagazine.com)
- Silymarin contains a group of closely-related flavonolignan compounds including silibinin, and is extracted from Silybum marianum species, also called milk thistle. (nih.gov)
- The herb is derived from the hard fruits of the Silybum marianum plant, and contains a substance called Silymarin, which is a group of flavonolignans. (narsto.org)
- Silybin and the other silymarin flavonolignans from milk thistle conserve tissue glutathione, are liver-protective, and have anticancer potential. (altmedrev.com)
- Silymarin is the key component of S. marianum and includes flavonolignans (silibinin, isosilibinin, silychristin, isosilychristin, and silydianin) and a flavonoid (taxifolin). (genominfo.org)
- The name silymarin is a general term for the active chemicals known as flavonolignans. (opc3.com)
- Silymarin, as well as an isolated form of flavonolignan known as silybin, can support a healthy liver and promote the body's natural ability to combat toxins such as alcohol, environmental toxins and poisons. (opc3.com)
- Silymarin is not a single component but a complex of chemicals known as flavonolignans. (herbhealer.net)
- The substance contains silymarin and silibinin, vital flavonolignans that basically help your liver regenerate faster. (madebykatiebug.com)
- The active compound in milk thistle is silymarin, a complex of flavonolignans including silybin, silydianin, and silychristin. (portlandclinicofnaturalhealth.com)
- Silymarin is a mixture of flavonolignans extracted from the seeds of the milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum). (rcd.bio)
- The plant's seeds contain fatty acids and proteins, as well as silymarin, a mixture of flavonolignans, which is what makes it so effective. (karpasia-hp.com)
- Silibinin, also known as silybin, is the major active constituent of silymarin, a standardized milk thistle seeds standardized extract containing a mixture of flavonolignans consisting of silibinin and isosilibinin. (icliniq.com)
- Designed to reduce the toxic load in your body and relieve occasional constipation, CleanseSMART® also contains silymarin, a mixture of flavonolignans isolated from the botanical seed milk thistle, an herbal ingredient traditionally used for liver protection. (durhamnaturals.com)
Silybin1
- Flavonolignans Calculated As Silybin 28.6mg) 2.5g, Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Rhizome (Equiv. (abetterme.co.nz)
Constituents1
- Milk thistle has a wide safety margin which has led to an array of commercially available milk thistle products with different recommended doses and/or formulations designed to increase systemic concentrations of the major bioactive constituents, flavonolignans. (nih.gov)
Ether1
- The flavonolignans tricin 4'-O-(erythro-beta-guaiacylglyceryl) ether and tricin 4'-O-(threo-beta-guaiacylglyceryl) ether can be isolated together with their 7-O-glucosides in the leaves of Hyparrhenia hirta. (wikipedia.org)
Flavonoid1
- Flavonolignans are natural phenols composed of a part flavonoid and a part phenylpropane. (wikipedia.org)
Tricin1
- Three flavonolignans derived from the flavone tricin have been isolated from the herb Avena sativa. (wikipedia.org)
Liver1
- Several studies show that milk thistle benefits liver and kidney diseases because of the flavonolignans. (portlandclinicofnaturalhealth.com)
Roles1
- First, we will characterize the roles of OATPs in milk thistle flavonolignan disposition through in vitro kinetic experiments (study 1.1) and in vivo pharmacokinetic experiments in OATP humanized mice (study 1.2). (nih.gov)