Flagella
A whiplike motility appendage present on the surface cells. Prokaryote flagella are composed of a protein called FLAGELLIN. Bacteria can have a single flagellum, a tuft at one pole, or multiple flagella covering the entire surface. In eukaryotes, flagella are threadlike protoplasmic extensions used to propel flagellates and sperm. Flagella have the same basic structure as CILIA but are longer in proportion to the cell bearing them and present in much smaller numbers. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Sperm Tail
Flagellin
Chlamydomonas
Axoneme
Dyneins
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Movement
The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.
Spermatozoa
Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.
Microscopy, Electron
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
Sperm Motility
Sea Urchins
Cilia
Populations of thin, motile processes found covering the surface of ciliates (CILIOPHORA) or the free surface of the cells making up ciliated EPITHELIUM. Each cilium arises from a basic granule in the superficial layer of CYTOPLASM. The movement of cilia propels ciliates through the liquid in which they live. The movement of cilia on a ciliated epithelium serves to propel a surface layer of mucus or fluid. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Molecular Motor Proteins
Locomotion
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Microtubules
Vibrio alginolyticus
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Mutation
DNA, Ribosomal
Spirillum
Bacterial Adhesion
Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
Chemotaxis
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Aeromonas hydrophila
Genes, rRNA
Amino Acid Sequence
Electron Microscope Tomography
Salmonella typhimurium
Spirochaeta
Sperm Midpiece
Tubulin
A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from SPERM FLAGELLUM; CILIA; and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to COLCHICINE; VINCRISTINE; and VINBLASTINE.
Treponema
Spirochaetales
Spermatids
Fimbriae, Bacterial
Thin, hairlike appendages, 1 to 20 microns in length and often occurring in large numbers, present on the cells of gram-negative bacteria, particularly Enterobacteriaceae and Neisseria. Unlike flagella, they do not possess motility, but being protein (pilin) in nature, they possess antigenic and hemagglutinating properties. They are of medical importance because some fimbriae mediate the attachment of bacteria to cells via adhesins (ADHESINS, BACTERIAL). Bacterial fimbriae refer to common pili, to be distinguished from the preferred use of "pili", which is confined to sex pili (PILI, SEX).
Centrioles
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Caulobacter crescentus
RNA, Bacterial
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.
Eukaryota
One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.
Potent immunoregulatory effects of Salmonella typhi flagella on antigenic stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (1/3084)
A key function of monocytes/macrophages (Mphi) is to present antigens to T cells. However, upon interaction with bacteria, Mphi lose their ability to effectively present soluble antigens. This functional loss was associated with alterations in the expression of adhesion molecules and CD14 and a reduction in the uptake of soluble antigen. Recently, we have demonstrated that Salmonella typhi flagella (STF) markedly decrease CD14 expression and are potent inducers of proinflammatory cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC). In order to determine whether S. typhi and soluble STF also alter the ability of Mphi to activate T cells to proliferate to antigens and mitogens, hPBMC were cultured in the presence of tetanus toxoid (TT) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and either killed whole-cell S. typhi or purified STF protein. Both whole-cell S. typhi and STF suppressed proliferation to PHA and TT. This decreased proliferation was not a result of increased Mphi production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, or oxygen radicals or the release of interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, or interleukin-10 following exposure to STF. However, the ability to take up soluble antigen, as determined by fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran uptake, was reduced in cells cultured with STF. Moreover, there was a dramatic reduction in the expression of CD54 on Mphi after exposure to STF. These results indicate that whole-cell S. typhi and STF have the ability to alter in vitro proliferation to soluble antigens and mitogens by affecting Mphi function. (+info)Components of the Salmonella flagellar export apparatus and classification of export substrates. (2/3084)
Until now, identification of components of the flagellar protein export apparatus has been indirect. We have now identified these components directly by establishing whether mutants defective in putative export components could translocate export substrates across the cytoplasmic membrane into the periplasmic space. Hook-type proteins could be exported to the periplasm of rod mutants, indicating that rod protein export does not have to precede hook-type protein export and therefore that both types of proteins belong to a single export class, the rod/hook-type class, which is distinct from the filament-type class. Hook-capping protein (FlgD) and hook protein (FlgE) required FlhA, FlhB, FliH, FliI, FliO, FliP, FliQ, and FliR for their export to the periplasm. In the case of flagellin as an export substrate, because of the phenomenon of hook-to-filament switching of export specificity, it was necessary to use temperature-sensitive mutants and establish whether flagellin could be exported to the cell exterior following a shift from the permissive to the restrictive temperature. Again, FlhA, FlhB, FliH, FliI, and FliO were required for its export. No suitable temperature-sensitive fliQ or fliR mutants were available. FliP appeared not to be required for flagellin export, but we suspect that the temperature-sensitive FliP protein continued to function at the restrictive temperature if incorporated at the permissive temperature. Thus, we conclude that these eight proteins are general components of the flagellar export pathway. FliJ was necessary for export of hook-type proteins (FlgD and FlgE); we were unable to test whether FliJ is needed for export of filament-type proteins. We suspect that FliJ may be a cytoplasmic chaperone for the hook-type proteins and possibly also for FliE and the rod proteins. FlgJ was not required for the export of the hook-type proteins; again, because of lack of a suitable temperature-sensitive mutant, we were unable to test whether it was required for export of filament-type proteins. Finally, it was established that there is an interaction between the processes of outer ring assembly and of penetration of the outer membrane by the rod and nascent hook, the latter process being of course necessary for passage of export substrates into the external medium. During the brief transition stage from completion of rod assembly and initiation of hook assembly, the L ring and perhaps the capping protein FlgD can be regarded as bona fide export components, with the L ring being in a formal sense the equivalent of the outer membrane secretin structure of type III virulence factor export systems. (+info)Peptidoglycan-hydrolyzing activity of the FlgJ protein, essential for flagellar rod formation in Salmonella typhimurium. (3/3084)
Because the rod structure of the flagellar basal body crosses the inner membrane, the periplasmic space, and the outer membrane, its formation must involve hydrolysis of the peptidoglycan layer. So far, more than 10 genes have been shown to be required for rod formation in Salmonella typhimurium. Some of them encode the component proteins of the rod structure, and most of the remaining genes are believed to encode proteins involved in the export process of the component proteins. Although FlgJ has also been known to be involved in rod formation, its exact role has not been understood. Recently, it was suggested that the C-terminal half of the FlgJ protein has homology to the active center of some muramidase enzymes from gram-positive bacteria. In this study, we showed that the purified FlgJ protein from S. typhimurium has a peptidoglycan-hydrolyzing activity and that this activity is localized in its C-terminal half. Through oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, we constructed flgJ mutants with amino acid substitutions in the putative active center of the muramidase. The resulting mutants produced FlgJ proteins with reduced enzymatic activity and showed poor motility. These results indicate that the muramidase activity of FlgJ is essential for flagellar formation. Immunoblotting analysis with the fractionated cell extracts revealed that FlgJ is exported to the periplasmic space, where the peptidoglycan layer is localized. On the basis of these results, we conclude that FlgJ is the flagellum-specific muramidase which hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan layer to assemble the rod structure in the periplasmic space. (+info)Tn5-induced and spontaneous switching of Sinorhizobium meliloti to faster-swarming behavior. (4/3084)
Tn5 mutants of Sinorhizobium meliloti RMB7201 which swarmed 1.5 to 2. 5 times faster than the parental strain in semisolid agar, moist sand, and viscous liquid were identified. These faster-swarming (FS) mutants outgrew the wild type 30- to 40-fold within 2 days in mixed swarm colonies. The FS mutants survived and grew as well as or better than the wild type under all of the circumstances tested, except in a soil matrix subjected to air drying. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis was reduced in each of the FS mutants when they were grown on defined succinate-nitrate medium, but the extent of reduction was different for each. It appears that FS behavior likely results from a modest, general derepression of motility involving an increased proportion of motile and flagellated cells and an increased average number of flagella per cell and increased average flagellar length. Spontaneous FS variants of RMB7201 were obtained at a frequency of about 1 per 10,000 to 20,000 cells by either enrichment from the periphery of swarm colonies or screening of colonies for reduced EPS synthesis on succinate-nitrate plates. The spontaneous FS variants and Tn5 FS mutants were symbiotically effective and competitive in alfalfa nodulation. Reversion of FS variants to wild-type behavior was sporadic, indicating that reversion is affected by unidentified environmental factors. Based on phenotypic and molecular differences between individual FS variants and mutants, it appears that there may be multiple genetic configurations that result in FS behavior in RMB7201. The facile isolation of spontaneous FS variants of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa indicates that switching to FS behavior may be fairly common among bacterial species. The substantial growth advantage of FS mutants and variants wherever nutrient gradients exist suggests that switching to FS forms may be an important behavioral adaptation in natural environments. (+info)Domain organization of flagellar hook protein from Salmonella typhimurium. (5/3084)
Hook forms a universal joint, which mediates the torque of the flagellar motor to the outer helical filaments. Domain organization of hook protein from Salmonella typhimurium was investigated by exploring thermal denaturation properties of its proteolytic fragments. The most stable part of hook protein involves residues 148 to 355 and consists of two domains, as revealed by deconvolution analysis of the calorimetric melting profiles. Residues 72-147 and 356-370 form another domain, while the terminal regions of the molecule, residues 1-71 and 371-403, avoid a compact tertiary structure in the monomeric state. These folding domains were assigned to the morphological domains of hook subunits known from EM image reconstructions, revealing the overall folding of hook protein in its filamentous state. (+info)Cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain 1b is required for flagellar assembly in Chlamydomonas. (6/3084)
A second cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain (cDhc) has recently been identified in several organisms, and its expression pattern is consistent with a possible role in axoneme assembly. We have used a genetic approach to ask whether cDhc1b is involved in flagellar assembly in Chlamydomonas. Using a modified PCR protocol, we recovered two cDhc sequences distinct from the axonemal Dhc sequences identified previously. cDhc1a is closely related to the major cytoplasmic Dhc, whereas cDhc1b is closely related to the minor cDhc isoform identified in sea urchins, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Tetrahymena. The Chlamydomonas cDhc1b transcript is a low-abundance mRNA whose expression is enhanced by deflagellation. To determine its role in flagellar assembly, we screened a collection of stumpy flagellar (stf) mutants generated by insertional mutagenesis and identified two strains in which portions of the cDhc1b gene have been deleted. The two mutants assemble short flagellar stumps (<1-2 micrometer) filled with aberrant microtubules, raft-like particles, and other amorphous material. The results indicate that cDhc1b is involved in the transport of components required for flagellar assembly in Chlamydomonas. (+info)The polar flagellar motor of Vibrio cholerae is driven by an Na+ motive force. (7/3084)
Vibrio cholerae is a highly motile bacterium which possesses a single polar flagellum as a locomotion organelle. Motility is thought to be an important factor for the virulence of V. cholerae. The genome sequencing project of this organism is in progress, and the genes that are highly homologous to the essential genes of the Na+-driven polar flagellar motor of Vibrio alginolyticus were found in the genome database of V. cholerae. The energy source of its flagellar motor was investigated. We examined the Na+ dependence and the sensitivity to the Na+ motor-specific inhibitor of the motility of the V. cholerae strains and present the evidence that the polar flagellar motor of V. cholerae is driven by an Na+ motive force. (+info)Cloning, sequencing, and nucleolar targeting of the basal-body-binding nucleolar protein BN46/51. (8/3084)
BN46/51 is an acidic protein found in the granular component of the nucleolus of the amebo-flagellate Naegleria gruberi. When Naegleria amebae differentiate into swimming flagellates, BN46/51 is found associated with the basal body complex at the base of the flagella. In order to determine the factors responsible for targeting BN46/51 to a specific subnucleolar region, cDNAs coding for both subunits were isolated and sequenced. Two clones, JG4.1 and JG12.1 representing the 46 kDa and 51 kDa subunits, respectively, were investigated in detail. JG12.1 encoded a polypeptide of 263 amino acids with a predicted size of 30.1 kDa that co-migrated with the 51 kDa subunit of BN46/51 when expressed in yeast. JG4.1 encoded a polypeptide of 249 amino acids with a predicted size of 28.8 kDa that co-migrated with the 46 kDa subunit of BN46/51. JG4.1 was identical to JG12.1 except for the addition of an aspartic acid between positions 94 and 95 of the JG12.1 sequence and the absence of 45 amino acids beginning at position 113. The predicted amino acid sequences were not closely related to any previously reported. However, the sequences did have 26-31% identity to a group of FKPBs (FK506 binding proteins) but lacked the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase domain of the FKBPs. Both subunits contained two KKE and three KKX repeats found in other nucleolar proteins and in some microtubule binding proteins. Using 'Far Western' blots of nucleolar proteins, BN46/51 bound to polypeptides of 44 kDa and 74 kDa. The 44 kDa component was identified as the Naegleria homologue of fibrillarin. BN46/51 bound specifically to the nucleoli of fixed mammalian cells, cells which lack a BN46/51 related polypeptide. When the JG4.1 and JG12.1 cDNAs were expressed in yeast, each subunit was independently targeted to the yeast nucleolus. We conclude that BN46/51 represents a unique nucleolar protein that can form specific complexes with fibrillarin and other nucleolar proteins. We suggest that the association of BN46/51 with the MTOC of basal bodies may reflect its role in connecting the nucleolus with the MTOC activity for the mitotic spindle. This would provide a mechanism for nucleolar segregation during the closed mitosis of Naegleria amebae. (+info)Flagellin is a protein found in the flagella of bacteria that is responsible for triggering the immune response in the host.
Flagellin is a protein that is found in the flagella of certain bacteria and archaea. It is a key component of the bacterial flagellum, which is a long, whip-like structure that is used for movement. Flagellin is also an important virulence factor, meaning that it plays a role in the ability of certain bacteria to cause disease. In the medical field, flagellin is often studied as a potential vaccine candidate against bacterial infections, as it is able to stimulate an immune response in the body. It is also being investigated as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of certain diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and cancer.
Dyneins are large molecular motors that use ATP to move along microtubules and play important roles in various cellular processes such as cell division, intracellular transport, and muscle contraction.
Dyneins are a family of large molecular motors that are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including intracellular transport, cell division, and the maintenance of cell shape. They are composed of multiple protein subunits and use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to move along microtubules, which are important structural components of the cell. Dyneins are found in most eukaryotic cells and are responsible for a variety of important functions. For example, dynein is involved in the transport of organelles and vesicles within the cell, and it plays a key role in the movement of cilia and flagella, which are hair-like structures that protrude from the surface of some cells and are involved in movement and sensory functions. Dyneins are also involved in the process of cell division, where they help to move the chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell during mitosis. In addition, dyneins are involved in the maintenance of cell shape and the organization of the cytoskeleton, which is the network of protein fibers that provides support and structure to the cell. Dyneins are important for many cellular processes and are the subject of ongoing research in the field of cell biology.
Bacterial proteins are proteins produced by bacteria that play various roles in their biology and can have medical significance.
Bacterial proteins are proteins that are synthesized by bacteria. They are essential for the survival and function of bacteria, and play a variety of roles in bacterial metabolism, growth, and pathogenicity. Bacterial proteins can be classified into several categories based on their function, including structural proteins, metabolic enzymes, regulatory proteins, and toxins. Structural proteins provide support and shape to the bacterial cell, while metabolic enzymes are involved in the breakdown of nutrients and the synthesis of new molecules. Regulatory proteins control the expression of other genes, and toxins can cause damage to host cells and tissues. Bacterial proteins are of interest in the medical field because they can be used as targets for the development of antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents. They can also be used as diagnostic markers for bacterial infections, and as vaccines to prevent bacterial diseases. Additionally, some bacterial proteins have been shown to have therapeutic potential, such as enzymes that can break down harmful substances in the body or proteins that can stimulate the immune system.
Protozoan proteins are proteins produced by protozoa, a group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can cause various diseases in humans and animals.
Protozoan proteins are proteins that are produced by protozoa, which are single-celled organisms that belong to the kingdom Protista. Protozoa are found in a wide range of environments, including soil, water, and the bodies of animals and humans. Protozoan proteins can be of interest in the medical field because some protozoa are pathogenic, meaning they can cause disease in humans and other animals. For example, the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, which causes African sleeping sickness, produces a number of proteins that are important for its survival and replication within the host organism. Protozoan proteins can also be studied as potential targets for the development of new drugs to treat protozoan infections. For example, researchers are exploring the use of antibodies that target specific protozoan proteins to prevent or treat diseases caused by these organisms. In addition to their potential medical applications, protozoan proteins are also of interest to researchers studying the evolution and biology of these organisms. By studying the proteins produced by protozoa, scientists can gain insights into the genetic and biochemical mechanisms that underlie the biology of these organisms.
Molecular motor proteins are enzymes that use chemical energy to produce mechanical work, moving along cellular tracks and facilitating various cellular processes.
Molecular motor proteins are a class of proteins that use energy from ATP hydrolysis to move along a track or filament, such as microtubules or actin filaments. These proteins are essential for a wide range of cellular processes, including cell division, intracellular transport, and muscle contraction. There are several types of molecular motor proteins, including myosins, kinesins, dyneins, and adenylate kinases. Myosins are responsible for muscle contraction, while kinesins and dyneins are involved in intracellular transport. Adenylate kinases are involved in energy metabolism. Molecular motor proteins are often referred to as "engines" of the cell because they use chemical energy to perform mechanical work. They are also important for the proper functioning of many cellular processes, and defects in these proteins can lead to a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, muscular dystrophy, and cancer.
16S ribosomal RNA is a small RNA molecule that is a component of the ribosome and is used in the process of protein synthesis.
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S is a type of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that is found in bacteria and archaea. It is a small subunit of the ribosome, which is the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis. The 16S rRNA is located in the 30S subunit of the ribosome and is essential for the binding and decoding of messenger RNA (mRNA) during translation. The sequence of the 16S rRNA is highly conserved among bacteria and archaea, making it a useful target for the identification and classification of these organisms. In the medical field, the 16S rRNA is often used in molecular biology techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing to study the diversity and evolution of bacterial and archaeal populations. It is also used in the development of diagnostic tests for bacterial infections and in the identification of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
Ribosomal DNA refers to the genetic material located in the ribosomes of cells, which is responsible for protein synthesis.
DNA, ribosomal, refers to the specific type of DNA found within ribosomes, which are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is transcribed into ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which then forms the core of the ribosome. The rRNA molecules are essential for the assembly and function of the ribosome, and the rDNA sequences that code for these molecules are highly conserved across different species. Mutations in rDNA can lead to defects in ribosome function and can be associated with various medical conditions, including some forms of cancer and inherited disorders.
Bacterial DNA is the genetic material found in bacteria, which contains the instructions for the bacteria's growth, development, and function.
DNA, Bacterial refers to the genetic material of bacteria, which is a type of single-celled microorganism that can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the human body. Bacterial DNA is typically circular in shape and contains genes that encode for the proteins necessary for the bacteria to survive and reproduce. In the medical field, bacterial DNA is often studied as a means of identifying and diagnosing bacterial infections. Bacterial DNA can be extracted from samples such as blood, urine, or sputum and analyzed using techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or DNA sequencing. This information can be used to identify the specific type of bacteria causing an infection and to determine the most effective treatment. Bacterial DNA can also be used in research to study the evolution and diversity of bacteria, as well as their interactions with other organisms and the environment. Additionally, bacterial DNA can be modified or manipulated to create genetically engineered bacteria with specific properties, such as the ability to produce certain drugs or to degrade pollutants.
Algal proteins are proteins derived from algae that have potential medical applications, such as in the development of new drugs or as a source of nutrition for patients with specific dietary needs.
In the medical field, algal proteins refer to proteins that are derived from algae, which are photosynthetic microorganisms that are found in aquatic environments. Algal proteins are a rich source of essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, and they have been studied for their potential health benefits. Some of the potential health benefits of algal proteins include their ability to lower cholesterol levels, improve heart health, and reduce the risk of certain types of cancer. They may also be beneficial for people with diabetes, as they have been shown to help regulate blood sugar levels. Algal proteins are used in a variety of medical applications, including as a source of nutrition for people with certain medical conditions, as a dietary supplement, and as an ingredient in food products. They are also being studied for their potential use in the development of new drugs and therapies.
Tubulin is a protein that forms microtubules, which are essential components of the cytoskeleton and play a crucial role in cell division and intracellular transport.
Tubulin is a protein that is essential for the formation and maintenance of microtubules, which are structural components of cells. Microtubules play a crucial role in a variety of cellular processes, including cell division, intracellular transport, and the maintenance of cell shape. In the medical field, tubulin is of particular interest because it is a key target for many anti-cancer drugs. These drugs, known as tubulin inhibitors, work by disrupting the formation of microtubules, which can lead to cell death. Examples of tubulin inhibitors include paclitaxel (Taxol) and vinblastine. Tubulin is also involved in the development of other diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. In these conditions, abnormal tubulin dynamics have been implicated in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and other pathological hallmarks of the diseases. Overall, tubulin is a critical protein in cell biology and has important implications for the development of new treatments for a variety of diseases.
Axonemal dyneins are motor proteins that play a crucial role in the movement of cilia and flagella in cells.
Axonemal dyneins are a family of molecular motors that are found in the axoneme, which is the internal structure of cilia and flagella. These structures are hair-like projections that extend from the surface of certain cells and are responsible for moving the cell through its environment. Axonemal dyneins are responsible for the movement of cilia and flagella by using the energy from ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to generate force and movement. They are composed of a complex array of proteins that work together to move the axoneme back and forth, causing the cell to move forward. Dyneins are also involved in other cellular processes, such as the transport of materials within the cell and the organization of the cytoskeleton. Mutations in the genes that encode for axonemal dyneins can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, including primary ciliary dyskinesia and Bardet-Biedl syndrome, which are characterized by abnormalities in the structure and function of cilia and flagella.
Bacterial RNA refers to the ribonucleic acid molecules synthesized by bacteria, which play a crucial role in various biological processes, including gene expression and protein synthesis.
RNA, Bacterial refers to the ribonucleic acid molecules that are produced by bacteria. These molecules play a crucial role in the functioning of bacterial cells, including the synthesis of proteins, the regulation of gene expression, and the metabolism of nutrients. Bacterial RNA can be classified into several types, including messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which all have specific functions within the bacterial cell. Understanding the structure and function of bacterial RNA is important for the development of new antibiotics and other treatments for bacterial infections.
Euzophera flagella
... is a species of snout moth in the genus Euzophera. It was described by Julius Lederer in 1869 and is known ...
Evolution of flagella
The evolution of flagella is of great interest to biologists because the three known varieties of flagella - (eukaryotic, ... Similarly, flagella grow by exporting flagellin through the flagellar machinery. It is hypothesised that the flagellum evolved ... "Evolution of the Bacterial Flagellum: Cumulative evidence indicates that flagella developed as modular systems, with many ... Eubacterial flagellum is a multifunctional organelle. It is also one of a range of motility systems in bacteria. The structure ...
Flagellum
... flagella may be: whiplash flagella (= smooth, acronematic flagella): without hairs, e.g., in Opisthokonta hairy flagella (= ... The flagellum in archaea is called the archaellum to note its difference from the bacterial flagellum. Eukaryotic flagella and ... a flagellum that trails on the substrate heterodynamic: flagella with different beating patterns (usually with one flagellum ... The bacterial flagellum is driven by a rotary engine (Mot complex) made up of protein, located at the flagellum's anchor point ...
Masticophis flagellum
... flagellum) from the Ozarks, Missouri (3 March 2021) Eastern coachwhip (Masticophis flagellum flagellum), ... Masticophis flagellum flagellum), Taney County, Missouri (11 April 2015) Eastern coachwhip (Masticophis flagellum flagellum), ... Masticophis flagellum flagellum) Florida (14 September 2015) Eastern coachwhip (Masticophis flagellum flagellum), St. Genevieve ... Masticophis flagellum cingulum Lowe & Woodin, 1954 - Sonoran coachwhip Masticophis flagellum flagellum (Shaw, 1802) - eastern ...
Autographa flagellum
... , the silver whip, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in ... "Autographa flagellum (Walker [1858])". Moths of North Dakota. Retrieved November 16, 2020. v t e (Articles with short ... "931208.00 - 8916 - Autographa flagellum - (Walker, [1858])". North American Moth Photographers Group. Mississippi State ... Robinson, E. & Anweiler, G. G. "Species Details Autographa flagellum". University of Alberta Museums. E.H. Strickland ...
Calamus flagellum
... is an Asian species of tropical forest rattan liana in the family Arecaceae, with a native range from Assam ... Calamus flagellum is a strong climber with stems in clusters forming The individual rattan stems form from a leafsheath up to ... The flagellum is attached here (this is a whiplike climbing organ bearing reflexed strong claws on the lower side). Partial ... 3: 333 POWO: Calamus flagellum Griff. ex Walp. (retrieved 6 February 2021) Roskov Y.; Kunze T.; Orrell T.; Abucay L.; ...
Hericium flagellum
... is a species of fungus in the family Hericiaceae native to Europe, first described by Giovanni Antonio ... Hericium flagellum in Index Fungorum (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles ... "Distribution and ecological traits of a rare and threatened fungus Hericium flagellum in Poland with the prediction of its ... "First record of Hericium flagellum (Basidiomycota) from the "Olbina" nature reserve in Wielkopolska Voivodship, Poland". Acta ...
Cilia and flagella associated protein 74
... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CFAP74 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89 ... "Entrez Gene: Cilia and flagella associated protein 74". Retrieved 2018-05-27. v t e (Articles with short description, Short ...
Masticophis flagellum flagellum
... , commonly known as the Eastern coachwhip, is a subspecies of M. flagellum, a nonvenomous, ... ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Masticophis flagellum flagellum, pp. 181-182 + Plate 26 + Map 141.) Johnson, Richard W., et al ... M. flagellum adults and juveniles can be found in suburban neighborhoods where development encroaches on favorable habitats A ... Apicomplexa) from Masticophis flagellum and Coluber constrictor (Serpentes) in Arkansas, U.S.A." Transactions of the American ...
Per Flagellum Sanguemque, Tenebras Veneramus
... (Latin for With Blood and Whip, We Worship the Dark) is the sixth full-length ... All music is composed by Maurice de Jong Adapted from the Per Flagellum Sanguemque, Tenebras Veneramus liner notes. Maurice de ... Per Flagellum Sanguemque, Tenebras Veneramus (booklet). Gnaw Their Tongues. Hagerstown, Maryland: Crucial Blast. 2011.{{cite AV ... Nunziata, Francesco (December 1, 2011). "Gnaw Their Tongues: Per Flagellum Sanguemque, Tenebras Veneramus" (in Italian). Onda ...
Melvin I. Simon
Michael Robert Silverman (born in 1943) and Melvin Simon are credited with the discovery that bacterial flagella are based in ... Silverman, M.; Simon, M. I. (1977). "Bacterial Flagella". Annual Review of Microbiology. 31: 397-419. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi. ...
Microswimmer
For example, the E. coli moves by rotating its helical flagellum, Chlamydomonas flagella have a breaststroke kind of motion. ... For example, a hybrid biomicromotor based on a sperm cell can be driven by the flagellum of the sperm or by an attached ... Bacteria move due to rotation of hair-like filaments called flagella, which are anchored to a protein motor complex on the ... African trypanosome has a helical flagellum attached to the cell body with a planar wave passing through it. Swimming of these ...
Dayna Danger
Flagella, Genevieve. "A Fine Pointed Belonging" (PDF). Modern Fuel. "The most native BDSM thing ever': Dayna Danger's fetish ...
Ashley Gordon Lowndes
Lowndes, A. G. (1941). "Mechanics of a Flagellum". Nature. 148 (3746): 198. doi:10.1038/148198a0. S2CID 4080682. Lowndes, A. G ... 1936). "Flagella Movement". Nature. 138 (3483): 210-211. doi:10.1038/138210a0. S2CID 4014457. Lowndes, A. G. (21 August 2009 ...
Melainabacteria
It differs from cyanobacteria in its ability to move by flagella (like gram-negative flagella), though some members (e.g. ... Gastranaerophilales) lack flagella. Melainabacteria are not able to perform photosynthesis, but obtain energy by fermentation. ...
W-League transfers for 2013-14 season
Ng, Tomasz (28 January 2014). "Maika returns to Melbourne". The Corner Flag. "Ella Mastrantonio becomes latest Melbourne ...
Neochloris
Zoospores bear two flagella; upon spore germination, the zoospore loses its flagella and becomes spherical. Neochloris was ... The basal bodies of the zoospore flagella in Neochloris are arranged directly opposite to each other, those of Ettlia are ...
Undulipodium
They argued that the name "flagellum" should be restricted to prokaryotic organelles, such as bacterial flagella and ... For example, the early concept was the trivial homology of the flagella of flagellates and the pseudopodia of amoebae. The ... It is basically synonymous to flagella and cilia which are differing terms for similar molecular structures used on different ... Haimo LT, Rosenbaum JL (December 1981). "Cilia, flagella, and microtubules". J. Cell Biol. 91 (3 Pt 2): 125s-130s. doi:10.1083/ ...
Cilium
Since the flagellum of human sperm has the same internal structure of a cilium, ciliary dysfunction can also be responsible for ... Eukaryotic flagella found on sperm cells and many protozoans have a similar structure to motile cilia that enables swimming ... Fisch, C; Dupuis-Williams, P (June 2011). "Ultrastructure of cilia and flagella - back to the future!". Biology of the Cell. ... Haimo LT, Rosenbaum JL (December 1981). "Cilia, flagella, and microtubules". The Journal of Cell Biology. 91 (3 Pt 2): 125s- ...
Reclinomonas
It has two flagella. The cell is in a cup-like lorica which has a stem that attaches to a surface. When the cell reproduces, by ...
Lynn Margulis
Margulis, L (1980). "Undulipodia, flagella and cilia". Biosystems. 12 (1-2): 105-108. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(80)90041-6. PMID ...
Ostreococcus tauri
Cells also lack flagella. Initially described as containing 14 chromosomes, it is now known that the nucleus contains 20 ...
Lagerheimia
Zoospores have two flagella. When reproducing with autospores, 2, 4, or 8 are formed within the mother cell and are released ...
Characium
Zoospores have two flagella. The genus Characium is similar to Characiopsis, a type of algae in the class Eustigmatophyceae. ...
Viridiraptoridae
The cells glide only on their posterior flagellum, which is mostly longer than the anterior flagellum. While gliding, the cell ... The flagella are naked, heterodynamic (= with different movement each), and arise very close to each other in a slightly acute ... The flapping motion of the anterior flagellum often causes motions of the cell body while gliding (such as rotating, jiggling ... The amoeboid state retains flagella and shows a bridge-like morphology, with several different adhesion sites. Each cell ...
Synura
Two flagella are present. Identification of species depends on the morphology of the scales. For many species, a positive ...
Spirochaete
... s are distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella, called endoflagella which are ... Macnab RM (2003). "How bacteria assemble flagella". Annu Rev Microbiol. 57: 77-100. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090832 ... 2013 List of bacteria genera List of bacterial orders Bacteriology Borrelia Brevinema andersonii Flagellum Lyme disease ...
Renata Basto
Methods in Cilia and Flagella. Academic Press. 2015-03-26. ISBN 978-0-12-802640-3. "Renata Basto , Semantic Scholar". www. ... is considered a reference in the field of centrosomes biology and has edited a book about methods to study cilia and flagella. ...
Neochloridaceae
They reproduce via asexual reproduction, where the cell forms aplanospores or zoospores; the zoospores bear two flagella. ...
Aphelidium tribonemae
As it encysts, it loses its flagellum. The insides of the cyst are then forced into the host cell through the infection tube by ... Zoospores have 6-8 flagella. The cyst is sessile or it has a short stalk. The resting spores are spherical in shape and are 6-7 ... Zoospores are said to crawl like amoeba wielding their pseudopodia while the flagellum is towed behind it. Aphelidium ...
Flagellum - New World Encyclopedia
Archaeal flagellum. The archaeal flagellum is superficially similar to the bacterial (or eubacterial) flagellum; in the 1980s ... Eukaryotic flagellum. The eukaryotic flagellum is completely different from the prokaryote flagella in structure and assumedly ... Prokaryotes may have one or many flagella for locomotion, but these differ significantly from flagella in eukaryotes. Flagella ... A flagellum (plural, flagella) is a long, whip-like projection or appendage of a cell composed of microtubules (long, slender, ...
![CFAP57 cilia and flagella associated protein 57 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAB1ElEQVQ4jaWSPWgTcRjGf/ehuWhobO2JxGJRY3taTTRV2yoqSpW6iIWO4iAoUsRBioNDKUWKLU7i4KA4OfhVREQnETRia03k7IdiS0LaQYKJQg3mLtfc30GySNUDn/V5nx/vy/vAf0pqad3db2xquiBJku93s2Tb2eEHdw1rTcsxol23sObTjN7oIp9KVmaU9kMdTxcLAyiqGtA0bfms+XKQULSdQG2EmnUx0q9ughAA8p/CFW0IN3Sv0vUI5p2zIMpUrd5JeP/Jii//80ZJUlrb9lyV8qn3zI5dB8A4MoBWtcITAKBmZe3eRmPzccYf9uIUsyzx6zQd7fMMAIjFdgxpkuPy4clFANbu6qa6fouybXtznxeAoqoBn0/zz5kvBqVQ5DBasJ5gXaPnDQAWFpwCkiwLZekyAMp2wTPAsqy5d8nEZcIHThPQo7jlIua9854BibdvekqKX8PouARAOn6F+c8pT4Bc7svz6U8f77O1cwDVV439PcPU4yHw8AUhhDPyOn4OfWOMuuZfBZp41INTLACorhC2/Jc2zsxMX8vl8lMcPBUHFL5mnpEZGa748sS42esKYS8WLtl2NjE22s/6fScIhtr48W2S5O0zIFwvp3vST6Z+myCvkaonAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
CFAP57 cilia and flagella associated protein 57 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI
CFAP57 cilia and flagella associated protein 57 [Homo sapiens] CFAP57 cilia and flagella associated protein 57 [Homo sapiens]. ... cilia and flagella associated protein 57provided by HGNC. Primary source. HGNC:HGNC:26485 See related. Ensembl:ENSG00000243710 ... Loss-of-function mutations in CFAP57 cause multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella in humans and mice. Ma A, et al ... cilia- and flagella-associated protein 57. Names. WD repeat-containing protein 65. ...
Evolution of flagella
3 The archaeal flagellum. 4 Further research. 5 References. The eukaryotic flagellum. There are two competing groups of models ... Evolution of flagella. The evolution of flagella is of great interest to biologists because the three known varieties of ... The bacterial flagellum. An obvious approach to the evolutiuon of the bacterial flagellum is suggested by the fact that a ... The archaeal flagellum. The recently elucidated archaeal flagellum is analogous, not homologous, to the bacterial one. In ...
ID's mascot - the flagellum or the ribosome? | Uncommon Descent
IDs mascot - the flagellum or the ribosome?. William Dembski. February 19, 2007. Intelligent Design. Share. Facebook Twitter ... I vote for flagellum. My consern is that abandoning the flagellum will appear to be victory. As they clearly have not won the ... My consern is that abandoning the flagellum will appear to be victory. As they clearly have not won the flagellum debate, I ... For bacterial flagellum mascot paraphernalia, go here.. Comments. [...] George Church IMO is right. The ribosome should be our ...
SMatCH Seminar: Mechanosensitive Remodeling in Bacterial Flagella - Princeton Engineering
Diameter of flagellum - Eukaryotes - BNID 104823
The bacterial flagellum differs from the eukaryotic flagellum in several regards: (i) the bacterial flagellar filament, ca. 20 ... Neidhardt et al Physiology of the Bacterial Cell, second edition 1996 chapter 10- Flagella and motility. ... flagellum, meaning whip, is misleading) (iv) the motor can operate in either the counterclockwise (CCW) or clockwise (CW) ... nm in diameter, consists of subunits of just one protein, whereas the eukaryotic flagellum has a complex architecture and is ...
Figure 8 - Characterization of Flagella Produced by Clinical Strains of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia - Volume 8, Number 9...
Characterization of Flagella Produced by Clinical Strains of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Doroti de Oliveira-Garcia*†, Monique ... B) Structures resembling flagella seem to be protruding and interconnecting bacteria (arrowheads) or connecting bacteria to the ... Characterization of Flagella Produced by Clinical Strains of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. ...
Flagella and Philosophy
Furthermore the flagellum of E. coli is only one variant of many, indicating that one Doesnt it make sense that flagella might ... If you are doubtful of any of this, you need only see a video of how a flagellum is formed in a bacteria. The formation of a ... Flagella and Philosophy. July 11, 2011. W. Brad Robinson Leave a comment ... Still, the flagellum is so mind-bogglingly complicated and yet robust in its implementation, that it has from time to time been ...
The interaction of Escherichia coli O157 :H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium flagella with host cell membranes and cytoskeletal...
Flagella from E. coli O157 (H7), EPEC O127 (H6) and S. Typhimurium (P1 and P2 flagella) were shown to bind to purified ... Flagella from E. coli O157 (H7), EPEC O127 (H6) and S. Typhimurium (P1 and P2 flagella) were shown to bind to purified ... Flagella from E. coli O157 (H7), EPEC O127 (H6) and S. Typhimurium (P1 and P2 flagella) were shown to bind to purified ... Flagella from E. coli O157 (H7), EPEC O127 (H6) and S. Typhimurium (P1 and P2 flagella) were shown to bind to purified ...
Flagella Stain- Principle, Procedure and Result Interpretation
... This article describes Flagella Stain- Principle, Procedure ... Number of flagella per cell: Bacteria may have one, two, or many flagella per cell. The number of flagella can be counted by ... Tufted flagella are multiple flagella that originate from the same point on the cell surface and form a bundle. Tufted flagella ... Vibrio cholerae has a single polar flagellum, and Helicobacter pylori has tufted flagella. However, flagella stain is not a ...
Network Portal - Function periplasmic flagellum
Crosslinked flagella as a stabilized vaccine adjuvant scaffold | BMC Biotechnology | Full Text
In addition, with regard to potential adjuvant activity, all crosslinked flagella filaments were able to induce wild-type ... Flagellar filaments with disulfide-stabilized protofilaments introduce new possibilities for the application of flagella as a ... and these substitutions were capable of forming flagella when transfected into a flagellin-negative strain of Salmonella ... modeling of monomer packing in flagellin filaments helped identify amino acids with proximity to neighboring flagella ...
More than one way to build a flagellum: Comparative genomics of parasitic protozoa [2]<...
Briggs, L. J., Davidge, J. A., Wickstead, B., Ginger, M. L., & Gull, K. (2004). More than one way to build a flagellum: ... Briggs LJ, Davidge JA, Wickstead B, Ginger ML, Gull K. More than one way to build a flagellum: Comparative genomics of ... Briggs, LJ, Davidge, JA, Wickstead, B, Ginger, ML & Gull, K 2004, More than one way to build a flagellum: Comparative genomics ... More than one way to build a flagellum : Comparative genomics of parasitic protozoa [2]. In: Current Biology. 2004 ; Vol. 14, ...
Case #429 - October, 2016
Flagellum Dei / Skanners [Used CD] [USCD-058] [Digipak] [Sealed] [Import] - Metal Queen
CDC - DPDx - Diagnostic Procedures - Stool Specimens
Number of Flagella*. Other Features. Pentatrichomonas hominis. 6-20 µm.. Usual range. 11-12 µm.. Pear shaped.. Nervous, jerky. ... Fibrils or flagella are usually not seen.. Retortamonas intestinalis. 4-9 µm.. Usual range, 4-7 µm.. Pear shaped or slightly ... Posterior flagellum extends free posteriorly or laterally.. Retortamonas intestinalis. 4-9 µm.. Usual range, 6-7 µm.. Pear ... Fibrils or flagella longitudinally in unstained cysts. Deep staining fibers or fibrils may be seen lying laterally or obliquely ...
bacteriophage | Virology Blog
Department of Biology - Research outputs
- Publication list
Dr. Crowther's STEM songs
Flagellum ontogeny in trypanosomes studied via an inherited and regulated RNA interference system. - Oxford Neuroscience
It allowed us to demonstrate that PFR proteins are able to enter both mature and growing flagella but appear to concentrate ... The PFR is constructed by a polar assembly process at the distal end of the flagellum resulting in a stable cytoskeletal ... differentially in new flagella because of the construction process. ... Flagellum ontogeny in trypanosomes studied via an inherited and regulated RNA interference system. ...
BAM R14: Clark's Flagellar Stain | FDA
Energy source of flagellar type III secretion | Nature
Bacterial flagella contain a secretion apparatus that is related to the type III secretion system used by many pathogens to ... Bacterial flagella contain a specialized secretion apparatus that functions to deliver the protein subunits that form the ... Weak swarming motility and rare flagella were observed in a mutant deleted for FliI and for the non-flagellar type-III ... Bacterial flagella contain a secretion apparatus related to the type III secretion system used by many pathogens to transfer ...
Spirillaceae media
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Encyclopedia of Life
No flagella are evident. Bacteria with this shape are often found in sediments and in gelatinous environments. Phase contrast ... Spirillum (spire-ill-um), a motile bacterium, twisted body form, with (polar) flagella at both ends of the cell. Don t believe ... These two Spirillum cells have stiff, corkscrew-like flagella that they use like propellers to move through the environment. ... in vivo view of the chemoheterotrophic bacterium Spirillum volutans (EHRENBERG,1832). Tufts of flagella (F) occur at both poles ...
Name the two components of ribosomes. - f9e9mw8jj
The Cytoskeleton | Biology for Majors I
Flagella and Cilia. Figure 6. This transmission electron micrograph of two flagella shows the 9 + 2 array of microtubules ( ... To refresh your memory, flagella (singular = flagellum) are long, hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrane and ... the cell has just one flagellum or a few flagella. When cilia (singular = cilium) are present, however, many of them extend ... In eukaryotic cells, flagella and cilia are quite different structurally from their counterparts in prokaryotes, as discussed ...
A K+-selective CNG channel orchestrates Ca2+ signalling in zebrafish sperm | eLife
Sodium and proton transport in flagella isolated from sea urchin spermatozoa. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 259:4957-4963 ... Calcium in the flagellum controls sperm navigation. In sperm of marine invertebrates and mammals, Ca2+ signalling has been ... The purity of flagella preparations was assessed using dark-field microscopy (Figure 1-figure supplement 2). For testis ... 2005) Ca2+ spikes in the flagellum control chemotactic behavior of sperm The EMBO Journal 24:2741-2752. ...
Water-Borne Diseases
Volume 47 Issue 4 | The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
A novel mutation in |i|CFAP47|/i| causes male infertility due to multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella. |...
Interaction between the flagellum of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and the vitellogenin-like protein of Diaphorina citri...
Cilia and flagellaMotilityStructuresProteinsMorphological abnormalitiesOrganismPeritrichousSophisticated cellularColiFilamentsEukaryoticBacterial speciesSpermBacteriumEukaryotesMicroscopicProximity to flagellaMotileLigandsFlagellinFlagellarRotateAppendagesCytoskeletalUnlikeDiameterMembranesSurfacesStabilityLongStructureMoveTypesPrimaryCellsLayersSpecialThinPresenceGenerallyWaterDebateMotion
Cilia and flagella1
- Cilia and flagella, two extraordinary microscopic structures, are essential to many species, from single-celled to multicellular. (laboratoryhub.com)
Motility4
- A flagellum (plural, flagella ) is a long, whip-like projection or appendage of a cell composed of microtubules (long, slender, protein tubes) and used in motility. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Bacterial flagella have many established roles beyond swimming motility. (ed.ac.uk)
- Bacterial flagella are thin and delicate structures that extend from the cell membrane and enable motility and chemotaxis. (stemcelldaily.com)
- Weak swarming motility and rare flagella were observed in a mutant deleted for FliI and for the non-flagellar type-III secretion ATPases InvJ and SsaN. (nature.com)
Structures6
- These structures are quite unrelated to the flagella of eukaryotes . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- B) Structures resembling flagella seem to be protruding and interconnecting bacteria (arrowheads) or connecting bacteria to the plastic (arrows). (cdc.gov)
- "But," say non-creationists , "each protein that makes up the structure of a flagellum looks similar to proteins used in other, less complicated bacterial structures. (zorknot.com)
- Sperm have thin structures known as flagella whose motion must be regulated in order to reach the egg for fertilization. (mdpi.com)
- Bacterial flagella contain a specialized secretion apparatus that functions to deliver the protein subunits that form the filament and other structures to outside the membrane 1 . (nature.com)
- Other shapes within the painting resemble biologic structures, including flagella, ribosomes, and genetic material found in bacteria. (cdc.gov)
Proteins6
- These proteins include dynein, a molecular motor that can cause flagella to bend, and propel the cell relative to its environment or propel water or mucus relative to the cell. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Radial spoke proteins of Chlamydomonas flagella. (umassmed.edu)
- Furthermore the flagellum of E. coli is only one variant of many, indicating that one Doesn't it make sense that flagella might have come from mutations that put the proteins together in ways that were somewhat beneficial? (zorknot.com)
- The flagellin filament (flagella) is composed of thousands of individual flagellin proteins polymerized into 11 protofilaments, linked by non-covalent bonds, to form whip-like helical appendages hundreds of nanometers long and anchored at one end to a membrane-bound motor assembly. (biomedcentral.com)
- Some attach to bacterial outer membrane proteins, while others attach to appendages such as pili or flagella. (virology.ws)
- It allowed us to demonstrate that PFR proteins are able to enter both mature and growing flagella but appear to concentrate differentially in new flagella because of the construction process. (ox.ac.uk)
Morphological abnormalities3
- Loss-of-function mutations in CFAP57 cause multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella in humans and mice. (nih.gov)
- causes male infertility due to multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella. (bvsalud.org)
- A previous study suggested that loss of CFAP47 function is involved in multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF) in humans and mice . (bvsalud.org)
Organism1
- In a multicellular organism, cilia or flagella can also extend out from stationary cells that are held in place as part of a tail goes into a layer of tissue. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Peritrichous2
- For example, some bacteria have a single flagellum at one end (monotrichous), some have multiple flagella at one or both ends (lophotrichous or amphitrichous), some have flagella all over the cell surface (peritrichous), and some have no flagella at all (atrichous). (stemcelldaily.com)
- They are either nonmotile or motile by peritrichous flagella. (medscape.com)
Sophisticated cellular1
- The evolution of flagella is of great interest to biologists because the three known varieties of flagella ( eukaryotic , bacterial , and archaebacterial) each represent an extremely sophisticated cellular structure that requires the interaction of many different and finely-tuned systems to function correctly. (fact-index.com)
Coli5
- Most bacteria, including E. Coli bacteria, which cause food poisoning , move around by using flagella. (zorknot.com)
- In this study, the molecular basis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium flagella binding to epithelial cell cultures was investigated. (ed.ac.uk)
- Motor mutants of E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium caused reduced haemolysis compared to wild-type, indicating that membrane disruption was in part due to flagella rotation. (ed.ac.uk)
- Flagella from E. coli O157 (H7), EPEC O127 (H6) and S. Typhimurium (P1 and P2 flagella) were shown to bind to purified intracellular components of the actin cytoskeleton and directly increase in vitro actin polymerization rates. (ed.ac.uk)
- We propose that flagella interactions with host cell membranes and cytoskeletal components may help prime intimate attachment and invasion for E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium, respectively. (ed.ac.uk)
Filaments4
- Bacterial flagella are helical filaments that rotate like screws. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Computational modeling of monomer packing in flagellin filaments helped identify amino acids with proximity to neighboring flagella protofilaments. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition, with regard to potential adjuvant activity, all crosslinked flagella filaments were able to induce wild-type levels of epithelial NF-κB in a cell reporter system. (biomedcentral.com)
- Flagellar filaments with disulfide-stabilized protofilaments introduce new possibilities for the application of flagella as a vaccine adjuvant. (biomedcentral.com)
Eukaryotic2
- In eukaryotic cells , flagella are active in movements involving feeding and sensation. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- There are basically two kinds of flagella , the ones that bacteria have, and the ones that eukaryotic cells have. (zorknot.com)
Bacterial species2
- In some bacterial species, the flagella twine together helically outside the cell body to form a bundle large enough to be visible in a light microscope . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Therefore, a special technique called flagella stain is used to visualize the presence and arrangement of flagella on different bacterial species. (stemcelldaily.com)
Sperm3
- Flagella use a whip-like action to create movement of the whole cell, such as the movement of sperm in the reproductive tract. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- A sperm cell moves by means of a single flagellum. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Movement of a unicellular organisms by flagella can be relatively swift, whether it be Euglena with its emergent flagellum or a sperm cell with its flagellum. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Bacterium1
- The objective of flagella stain is to check whether a bacterium is motile or non-motile and to determine its flagellar pattern. (stemcelldaily.com)
Eukaryotes4
- The flagellum of eukaryotes usually moves with an "S" motion and is surrounded by cell membrane . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Prokaryotes may have one or many flagella for locomotion, but these differ significantly from flagella in eukaryotes. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The structural similarity of cilia and eukaryote flagella, and the substantial differences between flagella in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, is such that some authorities group cilia and eukaryote flagella together and consider cilium simply a special type of flagellum-one organized such that many flagella (cilia) may work in synchrony (Patterson 2000). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- In Protozoa - a diverse group of single-celled, microscopic or near-microscopic protist eukaryotes that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals-those organisms with flagella ( flagellates ) are generally placed in the phylum Zoomastigina (or Mastigophora), whereas those with cilia (ciliates) are placed in phylum Ciliophora. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Microscopic1
- I would profer the human hand as a candidate for ID mascot, because, unlike the microscopic ribosome or flagellum, it is a readily visible structure that's also chock full of CSI. (uncommondescent.com)
Proximity to flagella1
- Scanning electron microscopy revealed flagella disappearing into cellular surfaces and transmission electron microscopy of S. Typhiumurium indicated host membrane deformation and disruption in proximity to flagella. (ed.ac.uk)
Motile2
- Flagella stain is a simple and useful technique when the number and arrangement of flagella are critical for the identification of motile bacteria. (stemcelldaily.com)
- Flagella stain is a simple and useful technique when the number and arrangement of flagella are critical to the identification of motile bacteria. (stemcelldaily.com)
Ligands2
- Despite clear evidence of flagella-dependent adherence, the specificity of the ligands and mechanisms of binding are still debated. (ed.ac.uk)
- Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in bacterial cell walls and bacterial flagella, acts as ligands to trigger for downstream pathways that release inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha and interleukins (IL1B, IL2, IL6 and IL18). (cdc.gov)
Flagellin1
- Paired cysteine substitutions were made at amino acids predicted to form inter-monomer disulfide cross-links, and these substitutions were capable of forming flagella when transfected into a flagellin-negative strain of Salmonella enterica subspecies Typhimurium. (biomedcentral.com)
Flagellar2
- An obvious approach to the evolutiuon of the bacterial flagellum is suggested by the fact that a subset of flagellar components can serve a function as a Type III transport system. (fact-index.com)
- We use the method of regularized Stokeslets and a three-dimensional preferred curvature model to simulate groups of undulating flagella, where flagellar waveforms are modulated via hydrodynamic coupling with other flagella and surfaces. (mdpi.com)
Rotate1
- Composed of a core surrounded by two sheath layers, the flagella rotate to allow migration of the cell through viscous media, which would not be possible using external flagella. (systemsbiology.net)
Appendages1
- Flagella are long, thin, whip-like appendages that some bacteria use for locomotion. (stemcelldaily.com)
Cytoskeletal1
- The PFR is constructed by a polar assembly process at the distal end of the flagellum resulting in a stable cytoskeletal structure with low turn-over. (ox.ac.uk)
Unlike1
- Unlike bacteria, eukaryote flagella have an internal structure comprised of nine doublets of microtubules forming a cylinder around a central pair of microtubules. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Diameter1
- A mordant is a substance that binds to the flagella and increases their diameter by coating them with layers of stain. (stemcelldaily.com)
Membranes1
- The flagella also may have hair or mastigonemes, scales, connecting membranes, and internal rods. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Surfaces1
- Flagella interactions with host cell surfaces were intimate and crossed cellular boundaries as demarcated by actin and membrane labelling. (ed.ac.uk)
Stability1
- It also depends on various factors such as the temperature, pH, age of culture, and quality of stain that can affect the stability and visibility of flagella. (stemcelldaily.com)
Long2
- We find that collective motion of free-swimming flagella is an unstable phenomenon in long-term simulations unless there is an external mechanism to keep flagella near each other. (mdpi.com)
- The order Uropygi includes south tropical predator arachnids with large raptorial pedipalps, a long and multi-segmented pos-pygidium, and long flagellum. (bvsalud.org)
Structure2
- Eukaryote flagella are similar to cilia -another structure that extends out from the surface of cell and is used for movement-in that both are composed of nine pairs of microtubules (nine microtubule doublets) arranged around its circumference and one pair of microtubules (two microtubule siglets) running down the center, the 9 + 2 structure (Towle 1989). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- If you look at all the different components of the flagellum (pictured below) you can see that the structure is pretty complicated. (zorknot.com)
Move1
- Flagellates move by whipping the flagella on the flagellate side to side. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Types1
- Flagella in archaebacteria are distinct from both of those types. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Primary1
- Flagella stain is a wet mount technique that involves applying a mordant and a primary stain to the bacterial cells on a microscope slide. (stemcelldaily.com)
Cells1
- However, it requires an experienced laboratory scientist and careful handling of the bacterial cells, as the flagella are easily damaged or detached by agitation or environmental factors. (stemcelldaily.com)
Layers1
- This technique involves using a mordant, such as tannic acid or aluminum potassium sulfate, to coat the flagella with layers of stain, such as crystal violet, making them visible. (stemcelldaily.com)
Special1
- Therefore, a special staining technique called flagella stain is used to visualize them. (stemcelldaily.com)
Thin2
- However, flagella are too thin and delicate to be seen with a regular light microscope and ordinary stains. (stemcelldaily.com)
- The wet mount technique is a simple and useful method for staining bacterial flagella, which are too thin to be seen with ordinary stains under a bright field microscope. (stemcelldaily.com)
Presence1
- By staining the flagella, one can observe their presence or absence, as well as their number and location on the bacterial cell. (stemcelldaily.com)
Generally1
- although P. hominis has five flagella, few, if any, are generally seen on stained smears. (cdc.gov)
Water1
- Note: Agitating the loop in the droplet of water on the slide causes the flagella to shear off the cell. (stemcelldaily.com)
Debate2
- The flagellum has been a prominent focal point in the debate between those advocating Darwinism and those advocating intelligent design (Miller 2004). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- As they clearly have not won the flagellum debate, I think we should not make it appear that they have. (uncommondescent.com)
Motion1
- The purpose of this study is to model planar motion of flagella in groups to explore how collective motion may arise in three-dimensional fluid environments. (mdpi.com)
