Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the PLACENTA. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels (UMBILICAL CORD) at the time of delivery.
The collecting of fetal blood samples typically via ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND GUIDED FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION from the umbilical vein.
The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Exchange of substances between the maternal blood and the fetal blood at the PLACENTA via PLACENTAL CIRCULATION. The placental barrier excludes microbial or viral transmission.
In utero transfusion of BLOOD into the FETUS for the treatment of FETAL DISEASES, such as fetal erythroblastosis (ERYTHROBLASTOSIS, FETAL).
Transplacental passage of fetal blood into the circulation of the maternal organism. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Pathophysiological conditions of the FETUS in the UTERUS. Some fetal diseases may be treated with FETAL THERAPIES.
The process by which fetal Rh+ erythrocytes enter the circulation of an Rh- mother, causing her to produce IMMUNOGLOBULIN G antibodies, which can cross the placenta and destroy the erythrocytes of Rh+ fetuses. Rh isoimmunization can also be caused by BLOOD TRANSFUSION with mismatched blood.
A condition characterized by the abnormal presence of ERYTHROBLASTS in the circulation of the FETUS or NEWBORNS. It is a disorder due to BLOOD GROUP INCOMPATIBILITY, such as the maternal alloimmunization by fetal antigen RH FACTORS leading to HEMOLYSIS of ERYTHROCYTES, hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC), general edema (HYDROPS FETALIS), and SEVERE JAUNDICE IN NEWBORN.
A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the fetus and amniotic cavity through abdominal or uterine entry.
A clear, yellowish liquid that envelopes the FETUS inside the sac of AMNION. In the first trimester, it is likely a transudate of maternal or fetal plasma. In the second trimester, amniotic fluid derives primarily from fetal lung and kidney. Cells or substances in this fluid can be removed for prenatal diagnostic tests (AMNIOCENTESIS).
The heart rate of the FETUS. The normal range at term is between 120 and 160 beats per minute.
Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation EMBRYO; FETUS; or pregnant female before birth.
Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in two or more fetal compartments, such as SKIN; PLEURA; PERICARDIUM; PLACENTA; PERITONEUM; AMNIOTIC FLUID. General fetal EDEMA may be of non-immunologic origin, or of immunologic origin as in the case of ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS.
Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.
Specialized arterial vessels in the umbilical cord. They carry waste and deoxygenated blood from the FETUS to the mother via the PLACENTA. In humans, there are usually two umbilical arteries but sometimes one.
The taking of a blood sample to determine its character as a whole, to identify levels of its component cells, chemicals, gases, or other constituents, to perform pathological examination, etc.
The circulation of BLOOD, of both the mother and the FETUS, through the PLACENTA.
The failure of a FETUS to attain its expected FETAL GROWTH at any GESTATIONAL AGE.
The last third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 29th through the 42nd completed week (197 to 294 days) of gestation.
The weight of the FETUS in utero. It is usually estimated by various formulas based on measurements made during PRENATAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY.
The process of bearing developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero in non-human mammals, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The flexible rope-like structure that connects a developing FETUS to the PLACENTA in mammals. The cord contains blood vessels which carry oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and waste products away from the fetus.
Monitoring of FETAL HEART frequency before birth in order to assess impending prematurity in relation to the pattern or intensity of antepartum UTERINE CONTRACTION.
The visualization of tissues during pregnancy through recording of the echoes of ultrasonic waves directed into the body. The procedure may be applied with reference to the mother or the fetus and with reference to organs or the detection of maternal or fetal disease.
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.
Cells derived from a FETUS that retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Hemorrhage caused by vitamin K deficiency.
The middle third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 15th through the 28th completed week (99 to 196 days) of gestation.
Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
The repetitive uterine contraction during childbirth which is associated with the progressive dilation of the uterine cervix (CERVIX UTERI). Successful labor results in the expulsion of the FETUS and PLACENTA. Obstetric labor can be spontaneous or induced (LABOR, INDUCED).
The major component of hemoglobin in the fetus. This HEMOGLOBIN has two alpha and two gamma polypeptide subunits in comparison to normal adult hemoglobin, which has two alpha and two beta polypeptide subunits. Fetal hemoglobin concentrations can be elevated (usually above 0.5%) in children and adults affected by LEUKEMIA and several types of ANEMIA.
A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.
Contagious infection with human B19 Parvovirus most commonly seen in school age children and characterized by fever, headache, and rashes of the face, trunk, and extremities. It is often confused with rubella.
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with frequency-shifted ultrasound reflections produced by moving targets (usually red blood cells) in the bloodstream along the ultrasound axis in direct proportion to the velocity of movement of the targets, to determine both direction and velocity of blood flow. (Stedman, 25th ed)
An infant during the first month after birth.
The heart of the fetus of any viviparous animal. It refers to the heart in the postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (HEART/embryology) only on the basis of time.
Percutaneous transabdominal puncture of the uterus during pregnancy to obtain amniotic fluid. It is commonly used for fetal karyotype determination in order to diagnose abnormal fetal conditions.
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.
A variety of anesthetic methods such as EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA used to control the pain of childbirth.
Passage of blood from one fetus to another via an arteriovenous communication or other shunt, in a monozygotic twin pregnancy. It results in anemia in one twin and polycythemia in the other. (Lee et al., Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology, 9th ed, p737-8)
Venous vessels in the umbilical cord. They carry oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the mother to the FETUS via the PLACENTA. In humans, there is normally one umbilical vein.
Morphological and physiological development of FETUSES.
The number of RED BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD.
A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.
The threadlike, vascular projections of the chorion. Chorionic villi may be free or embedded within the DECIDUA forming the site for exchange of substances between fetal and maternal blood (PLACENTA).
Immature, nucleated ERYTHROCYTES occupying the stage of ERYTHROPOIESIS that follows formation of ERYTHROID PRECURSOR CELLS and precedes formation of RETICULOCYTES. The normal series is called normoblasts. Cells called MEGALOBLASTS are a pathologic series of erythroblasts.
The beginning third of a human PREGNANCY, from the first day of the last normal menstrual period (MENSTRUATION) through the completion of 14 weeks (98 days) of gestation.
Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS or FETUSES.
The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.
Rhythmic, intermittent propagation of a fluid through a BLOOD VESSEL or piping system, in contrast to constant, smooth propagation, which produces laminar flow.
The volume of packed RED BLOOD CELLS in a blood specimen. The volume is measured by centrifugation in a tube with graduated markings, or with automated blood cell counters. It is an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, ANEMIA shows a low value; POLYCYTHEMIA, a high value.
An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.
The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz.
Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.
A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
The oxygen-carrying proteins of ERYTHROCYTES. They are found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates. The number of globin subunits in the hemoglobin quaternary structure differs between species. Structures range from monomeric to a variety of multimeric arrangements.
Volume of circulating BLOOD. It is the sum of the PLASMA VOLUME and ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME.
Cells lining the outside of the BLASTOCYST. After binding to the ENDOMETRIUM, trophoblasts develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblasts, which form the early fetal-maternal interface (PLACENTA).
An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).
Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.
Non-human animals, selected because of specific characteristics, for use in experimental research, teaching, or testing.
The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.
A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.
Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.
The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.
Glucose in blood.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Cocaine metabolite kinetics in the newborn. (1/4377)

The study goal was to determine the half-life elimination of cocaine and benzoylecgonine (BZE) in the newborn. Three 0.3-mL blood samples were collected during the first day of life. Urine was collected once daily. Cocaine and BZE concentrations were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. An extraction method was developed for measuring low concentrations of cocaine and BZE in small (0.1 mL) blood samples. Cocaine had a half-life of 11.6 h in one subject. The half-life of BZE during the first day of life, based on blood data in 13 subjects, was 16 h (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.8 to 21.4 h). The half-life of BZE during the first week of life, based on urine data in 16 subjects, was 11.2 h (95% CI, 10.1 to 11.8 h). The novel extraction method for small blood sample volumes should be applicable to other basic drugs.  (+info)

Cortisol in fetal fluids and the fetal adrenal at parturition in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). (2/4377)

Glucocorticoid hormones may play a critical role in initiating parturition in tammar wallabies. In this study, we investigated the concentration of cortisol in fetal fluids and cortisol production by fetal adrenals over the last 3 days of the 26-day pregnancy and within 24 h postpartum. The fetal adrenals almost doubled in size between Days 24 and 26 of pregnancy, and their cortisol content increased over 10-fold during this period, from 10 pg to over 100 pg per adrenal pair. After birth, neonatal adrenals continued to grow, but cortisol content fell dramatically to 20 pg. The prepartum increase in adrenal cortisol was reflected by a substantial rise in cortisol concentrations in yolk sac fluid, allantoic fluid, and fetal blood, which were below 10 ng/ml on Day 24 and rose to over 40 ng/ml by Day 26. Cortisol concentrations in neonatal blood decreased postpartum, mirroring decreased cortisol content in neonatal adrenals. Cortisol production by the fetal adrenal was stimulated in vitro by ACTH and prostaglandin E2, suggesting that the in vivo increase may be stimulated by release of ACTH from the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary axis and prostaglandin E2 from the placenta. These results indicate that increasing cortisol production by the fetal adrenal is a characteristic of late pregnancy in the tammar wallaby and support the suggestion that fetal cortisol may trigger the initiation of parturition in this marsupial species.  (+info)

Delay of preterm delivery in sheep by omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturates. (3/4377)

A positive correlation has been shown between dietary intake of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in late pregnancy and gestation length in pregnant women and experimental animals. To determine whether omega-3 fatty acids have an effect on preterm labor in sheep, a fish oil concentrate emulsion was continuously infused to six pregnant ewes from 124 days gestational age. At 125 days, betamethasone was administered to the fetus to produce preterm labor. Both the onset of labor and the time of delivery were delayed by the fish oil emulsion. Two of the omega-3-infused ewes reverted from contractions to nonlabor, an effect never previously observed for experimental glucocorticoid-induced preterm labor in sheep. Maternal plasma estradiol and maternal and fetal prostaglandin E2 rose in control ewes but not in those infused with omega-3 fatty acid. The ability of omega-3 fatty acids to delay premature delivery in sheep indicates their possible use as tocolytics in humans. Premature labor is the major cause of neonatal death and long-term disability, and these studies present information that may lead to a novel therapeutic regimen for the prevention of preterm delivery in human pregnancy.  (+info)

Phenotypic and functional evidence for the expression of CXCR4 receptor during megakaryocytopoiesis. (4/4377)

The identification of stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha as a chemoattractant for human progenitor cells suggests that this chemokine and its receptor might represent critical determinants for the homing, retention, and exit of precursor cells from hematopoietic organs. In this study, we investigated the expression profile of CXCR4 receptor and the biological activity of SDF-1alpha during megakaryocytopoiesis. CD34(+) cells from bone marrow and cord blood were purified and induced to differentiate toward the megakaryocyte lineage by a combination of stem-cell factor (SCF) and recombinant human pegylated megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG-rhuMGDF). After 6 days of culture, a time where mature and immature megakaryocytes were present, CD41(+) cells were immunopurified and CXCR4mRNA expression was studied. High transcript levels were detected by a RNase protection assay in cultured megakaryocytes derived from cord blood CD34(+) cells as well as in peripheral blood platelets. The transcript levels were about equivalent to that found in activated T cells. By flow cytometry, a large fraction (ranging from 30% to 100%) of CD41(+) cells showed high levels of CXCR4 antigen on their surface, its expression increasing in parallel with the CD41 antigen during megakaryocytic differentiation. CXCR4 protein was also detected on peripheral blood platelets. SDF-1alpha acts on megakaryocytes by inducing intracellular calcium mobilization and actin polymerization. In addition, in in vitro transmigration experiments, a significant proportion of megakaryocytes was observed to respond to this chemokine. This cell migration was inhibited by pertussis toxin, indicating coupling of this signal to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding proteins. Although a close correlation between CD41a and CXCR4 expession was observed, cell surface markers as well as morphological criteria indicate a preferential attraction of immature megakaryocytes (low level of CD41a and CD42a), suggesting that SDF-1alpha is a potent attractant for immature megakaryocytic cells but is less active on fully mature megakaryocytes. This hypothesis was further supported by the observation that SDF-1alpha induced the migration of colony forming unit-megakaryocyte progenitors (CFU-MK) and the expression of activation-dependent P-selectin (CD62P) surface antigen on early megakaryocytes, although no effect was observed on mature megakaryocytes and platelets. These results indicate that CXCR4 is expressed by human megakaryocytes and platelets. Furthermore, based on the lower responses of mature megakaryocytes and platelets to SDF-1alpha as compared with early precursors, these data suggest a role for this chemokine in the maintenance and homing during early stages of megakaryocyte development. Moreover, because megakaryocytes are also reported to express CD4, it becomes important to reevaluate the role of direct infection of these cells by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 in HIV-1-related thrombocytopenia.  (+info)

Detection of antibody to bovine syncytial virus and respiratory syncytial virus in bovine fetal serum. (5/4377)

Batches of commercial fetal bovine serum, described by the suppliers as antibody-free, all contained antibody to bovine syncytial virus (BSV) when tested by indirect immunofluorescence. Antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was not detected in these sera. Twenty-four percent of individual fetal bovine sera contained antibody to BSV, and 14% contained antibody to RSV when tested by indirect immunofluorescence. BSV antibody titers in fetal sera from dams with high BSV antibody levels were variable but always higher than RSV antibody titers. Radial immunodiffusion studies with BSV-positive sera revealed the presence of immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and IgA, but the quantity of these immunoglobulins was not directly related to the BSV antibody titers. The evidence suggests that the antibody present in fetal sera arose as the result of infection rather than from maternal transfer across the placenta.  (+info)

Early ontogeny of monocytes and macrophages in the pig. (6/4377)

Prenatal development of cord blood monocytes and tissue macrophages was studied in pig foetuses by immunophenotyping and functional assays. The function of peripheral blood monocytes was compared in germ-free and conventional piglets. First macrophages were identified by electron microscopy in foetal liver on the 25th day of gestation. Monoclonal antibodies against porcine CD45 and SWC3 antigens were used for flow cytometric identification of myelomonocytic cells in cell suspensions prepared from the yolk sac, foetal liver, spleen and cord blood. Leukocytes expressing the common myelomonocytic antigen SWC3 were found in all organs studied since the earliest stages of development. Opsonized zymosan ingestion assay was used to determine the phagocytic capacity of foetal mononuclear phagocytes isolated from cord blood, liver and spleen. In the foetal liver, avid phagocytosis of apoptic cells had been found to occur before cells were able to ingest zymosan in vitro. The first cells capable of ingesting zymosan particles were found on the 40th day of gestation in umbilical blood and 17 days later in foetal spleen and liver. Their relative proportion increased with age. Cord blood monocytes and peripheral blood monocytes in germ-free piglets had low oxidatory burst activity as shown by iodonitrophenyl tetrazolium reduction assay. A remarkable increase of oxidatory burst activity was observed in conventional piglets, probably due to activation of immune mechanisms by the microflora colonizing gastrointestinal tract.  (+info)

Laboratory assay reproducibility of serum estrogens in umbilical cord blood samples. (7/4377)

We evaluated the reproducibility of laboratory assays for umbilical cord blood estrogen levels and its implications on sample size estimation. Specifically, we examined correlation between duplicate measurements of the same blood samples and estimated the relative contribution of variability due to study subject and assay batch to the overall variation in measured hormone levels. Cord blood was collected from a total of 25 female babies (15 Caucasian and 10 Chinese-American) from full-term deliveries at two study sites between March and December 1997. Two serum aliquots per blood sample were assayed, either at the same time or 4 months apart, for estrone, total estradiol, weakly bound estradiol, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Correlation coefficients (Pearson's r) between duplicate measurements were calculated. We also estimated the components of variance for each hormone or protein associated with variation among subjects and variation between assay batches. Pearson's correlation coefficients were >0.90 for all of the compounds except for total estradiol when all of the subjects were included. The intraclass correlation coefficient, defined as a proportion of the total variance due to between-subject variation, for estrone, total estradiol, weakly bound estradiol, and SHBG were 92, 80, 85, and 97%, respectively. The magnitude of measurement error found in this study would increase the sample size required for detecting a difference between two populations for total estradiol and SHBG by 25 and 3%, respectively.  (+info)

Long-term fetal microchimerism in peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets in healthy women and women with scleroderma. (8/4377)

Fetal CD34(+) CD38(+) cells have recently been found to persist in maternal peripheral blood for many years after pregnancy. CD34(+) CD38(+) cells are progenitor cells that can differentiate into mature immune-competent cells. We asked whether long-term fetal microchimerism occurs in T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, monocyte, and natural-killer cell populations of previously pregnant women. We targeted women with sons and used polymerase chain reaction for a Y-chromosome-specific sequence to test DNA extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and from CD3, CD19, CD14, and CD56/16 sorted subsets. We also asked whether persistent microchimerism might contribute to subsequent autoimmune disease in the mother and included women with the autoimmune disease scleroderma. Scleroderma has a peak incidence in women after childbearing years and has clinical similarities to chronic graft-versus-host disease that occurs after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, known to involve chimerism. Sixty-eight parous women were studied for male DNA in PBMC and 20 for PBMC subsets. Microchimerism was found in PBMC from 33% (16 of 48) of healthy women and 60% (12 of 20) women with scleroderma, P =.046. Microchimerism was found in some women in CD3, CD19, CD14, and CD56/16 subsets including up to 38 years after pregnancy. Microchimerism in PBMC subsets was not appreciably more frequent in scleroderma patients than in healthy controls. Overall, microchimerism was found in CD3, CD19, and CD14 subsets in approximately one third of women and in CD56/16 in one half of women. HLA typing of mothers and sons indicated that HLA compatibility was not a requirement for persistent microchimerism in PBMC subsets. Fetal microchimerism in the face of HLA disparity implies that specific maternal immunoregulatory pathways exist that permit persistence but prevent effector function of these cells in normal women. Although microchimerism in PBMC was more frequent in women with scleroderma than healthy controls additional studies will be necessary to determine whether microchimerism plays a role in the pathogenesis of this or other autoimmune diseases.  (+info)

Fetal blood refers to the blood circulating in a fetus during pregnancy. It is essential for the growth and development of the fetus, as it carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the developing tissues and organs. Fetal blood also removes waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the fetal tissues and transports them to the placenta for elimination.

Fetal blood has several unique characteristics that distinguish it from adult blood. For example, fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is the primary type of hemoglobin found in fetal blood, whereas adults primarily have adult hemoglobin (HbA). Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, which allows it to more efficiently extract oxygen from the maternal blood in the placenta.

Additionally, fetal blood contains a higher proportion of reticulocytes (immature red blood cells) and nucleated red blood cells compared to adult blood. These differences reflect the high turnover rate of red blood cells in the developing fetus and the need for rapid growth and development.

Examination of fetal blood can provide important information about the health and well-being of the fetus during pregnancy. For example, fetal blood sampling (also known as cordocentesis or percutaneous umbilical blood sampling) can be used to diagnose genetic disorders, infections, and other conditions that may affect fetal development. However, this procedure carries risks, including preterm labor, infection, and fetal loss, and is typically only performed when there is a significant risk of fetal compromise or when other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive.

Cordocentesis, also known as percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS), is a medical procedure in which a small amount of fetal blood is withdrawn from the umbilical cord for diagnostic testing. It is typically performed when there is a concern for fetal anemia, chromosomal abnormalities, or other genetic disorders. The procedure involves inserting a thin needle through the mother's abdomen and uterus to reach the umbilical cord, usually during the second trimester of pregnancy. Cordocentesis carries a small risk of complications, including fetal injury, infection, and premature labor.

A fetus is the developing offspring in a mammal, from the end of the embryonic period (approximately 8 weeks after fertilization in humans) until birth. In humans, the fetal stage of development starts from the eleventh week of pregnancy and continues until childbirth, which is termed as full-term pregnancy at around 37 to 40 weeks of gestation. During this time, the organ systems become fully developed and the body grows in size. The fetus is surrounded by the amniotic fluid within the amniotic sac and is connected to the placenta via the umbilical cord, through which it receives nutrients and oxygen from the mother. Regular prenatal care is essential during this period to monitor the growth and development of the fetus and ensure a healthy pregnancy and delivery.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Maternal-fetal exchange, also known as maternal-fetal transport or placental transfer, refers to the physiological process by which various substances are exchanged between the mother and fetus through the placenta. This exchange includes the transfer of oxygen and nutrients from the mother's bloodstream to the fetal bloodstream, as well as the removal of waste products and carbon dioxide from the fetal bloodstream to the mother's bloodstream.

The process occurs via passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport mechanisms across the placental barrier, which is composed of fetal capillary endothelial cells, the extracellular matrix, and the syncytiotrophoblast layer of the placenta. The maternal-fetal exchange is crucial for the growth, development, and survival of the fetus throughout pregnancy.

Intrauterine blood transfusion (IUT) is a medical procedure in which blood is transfused into the fetal circulation through the umbilical vein while the fetus is still in the uterus. This procedure is typically performed to treat severe anemia in the fetus, most commonly caused by hemolytic disease of the newborn due to Rh incompatibility or ABO incompatibility between the mother and fetus.

During the procedure, ultrasound guidance is used to insert a thin needle through the mother's abdomen and uterus and into the umbilical vein of the fetus. The blood is then transfused slowly, allowing the fetal body to adjust to the increased volume. The procedure may need to be repeated every 2-4 weeks until the baby is mature enough for delivery.

IUT is a highly specialized procedure that requires significant expertise and experience in maternal-fetal medicine and interventional radiology. It carries risks such as preterm labor, infection, fetal bradycardia (abnormally slow heart rate), and fetal loss, but it can be life-saving for the fetus when performed appropriately.

Fetomaternal transfusion, also known as fetal-maternal hemorrhage, is a medical condition where there is a transfer of fetal blood cells into the maternal circulation. This can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, or in the postpartum period due to various reasons such as placental abnormalities, trauma, or invasive procedures like amniocentesis. In some cases, it may lead to complications for both the fetus and the mother, including fetal anemia, hydrops fetalis, and maternal alloimmunization.

Fetal diseases are medical conditions or abnormalities that affect a fetus during pregnancy. These diseases can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. They can range from mild to severe and may impact various organ systems in the developing fetus. Examples of fetal diseases include congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, and infectious diseases such as toxoplasmosis or rubella. Fetal diseases can be diagnosed through prenatal testing, including ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or delivery of the fetus, depending on the nature and severity of the disease.

Rh isoimmunization is a condition that occurs when an Rh-negative individual (usually a woman) develops an immune response to the Rh-positive blood of another individual (usually a fetus during pregnancy or a transfused blood). The Rh-negative person's immune system recognizes the Rh-positive blood as foreign and produces antibodies against it. This sensitization can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn if the mother becomes pregnant with another Rh-positive fetus, as the maternal antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the fetal red blood cells, potentially causing anemia, jaundice, or more severe complications.

The first exposure to Rh-positive blood typically does not cause a significant reaction because the mother's immune system has not yet produced enough antibodies. However, subsequent exposures can lead to increasingly severe reactions due to the presence of pre-existing antibodies. Preventive measures such as administering Rh immunoglobulin (RhIg) to Rh-negative women during pregnancy and after delivery help prevent sensitization and reduce the risk of hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Erythroblastosis, fetal is a medical condition that occurs in the fetus or newborn when there is an incompatibility between the fetal and maternal blood types, specifically related to the Rh factor or ABO blood group system. This incompatibility leads to the destruction of the fetal red blood cells by the mother's immune system, resulting in the release of bilirubin, which can cause jaundice, anemia, and other complications.

In cases where the mother is Rh negative and the fetus is Rh positive, the mother may develop antibodies against the Rh factor during pregnancy or after delivery, leading to hemolysis (breakdown) of the fetal red blood cells in subsequent pregnancies if preventive measures are not taken. This is known as hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).

Similarly, incompatibility between the ABO blood groups can also lead to HDN, although it is generally less severe than Rh incompatibility. In this case, the mother's immune system produces antibodies against the fetal red blood cells, leading to their destruction and subsequent complications.

Fetal erythroblastosis is a serious condition that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated. Treatment options include intrauterine transfusions, phototherapy, and exchange transfusions in severe cases. Preventive measures such as Rh immune globulin (RhIG) injections can help prevent the development of antibodies in Rh-negative mothers, reducing the risk of HDN in subsequent pregnancies.

The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby through the umbilical cord. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's side of the placenta contains many tiny blood vessels that connect to the baby's circulatory system. This allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother's and baby's blood. After the baby is born, the placenta is usually expelled from the uterus in a process called afterbirth.

Fetoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that allows direct visualization of the fetus and the intrauterine environment through the use of a fiber-optic scope. It is typically performed during the second trimester of pregnancy to diagnose or treat various fetal conditions, such as twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, or spina bifida. The procedure involves inserting a thin tube called a fetoscope through the mother's abdomen and uterus to access the fetus. Fetoscopy can also be used for taking fetal tissue samples for genetic testing.

It is important to note that while fetoscopy can provide valuable information and treatment options, it does carry some risks, including preterm labor, premature rupture of membranes, infection, and bleeding. Therefore, the decision to undergo fetoscopy should be made carefully, in consultation with a medical professional, and based on a thorough evaluation of the potential benefits and risks.

Amniotic fluid is a clear, slightly yellowish liquid that surrounds and protects the developing baby in the uterus. It is enclosed within the amniotic sac, which is a thin-walled sac that forms around the embryo during early pregnancy. The fluid is composed of fetal urine, lung secretions, and fluids that cross over from the mother's bloodstream through the placenta.

Amniotic fluid plays several important roles in pregnancy:

1. It provides a shock-absorbing cushion for the developing baby, protecting it from injury caused by movement or external forces.
2. It helps to maintain a constant temperature around the fetus, keeping it warm and comfortable.
3. It allows the developing baby to move freely within the uterus, promoting normal growth and development of the muscles and bones.
4. It provides a source of nutrients and hydration for the fetus, helping to support its growth and development.
5. It helps to prevent infection by providing a barrier between the fetus and the outside world.

Throughout pregnancy, the volume of amniotic fluid increases as the fetus grows. The amount of fluid typically peaks around 34-36 weeks of gestation, after which it begins to gradually decrease. Abnormalities in the volume of amniotic fluid can indicate problems with the developing baby or the pregnancy itself, and may require medical intervention.

Fetal heart rate (FHR) is the number of times a fetus's heart beats in one minute. It is measured through the use of a fetoscope, Doppler ultrasound device, or cardiotocograph (CTG). A normal FHR ranges from 120 to 160 beats per minute (bpm), although it can vary throughout pregnancy and is usually faster than an adult's heart rate. Changes in the FHR pattern may indicate fetal distress, hypoxia, or other conditions that require medical attention. Regular monitoring of FHR during pregnancy, labor, and delivery helps healthcare providers assess fetal well-being and ensure a safe outcome for both the mother and the baby.

Prenatal diagnosis is the medical testing of fetuses, embryos, or pregnant women to detect the presence or absence of certain genetic disorders or birth defects. These tests can be performed through various methods such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS), amniocentesis, or ultrasound. The goal of prenatal diagnosis is to provide early information about the health of the fetus so that parents and healthcare providers can make informed decisions about pregnancy management and newborn care. It allows for early intervention, treatment, or planning for the child's needs after birth.

Fetal hypoxia is a medical condition that refers to a reduced level of oxygen supply to the fetus. This can occur due to various reasons, such as maternal health problems, complications during pregnancy or delivery, or issues with the placenta. Prolonged fetal hypoxia can lead to serious complications, including brain damage and even fetal death. It is important for healthcare providers to closely monitor fetal oxygen levels during pregnancy and delivery to ensure the well-being of the fetus.

Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.

It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.

Hydrops Fetalis is a serious condition characterized by the accumulation of excessive fluid in two or more fetal compartments, including the abdomen (ascites), around the heart (pericardial effusion), and/or within the lungs (pleural effusion). This accumulation can also affect the skin, causing it to become edematous. Hydrops Fetalis is often associated with various underlying causes, such as chromosomal abnormalities, congenital infections, genetic disorders, and structural defects that impair the fetus's ability to maintain fluid balance. In some cases, the cause may remain unknown. The prognosis for Hydrops Fetalis is generally poor, with a high mortality rate, although early detection and appropriate management can improve outcomes in certain situations.

I apologize, but "sheep" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a common animal with the scientific name Ovis aries. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

The umbilical arteries are a pair of vessels that develop within the umbilical cord during fetal development. They carry oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood from the mother to the developing fetus through the placenta. These arteries arise from the internal iliac arteries in the fetus and pass through the umbilical cord to connect with the two umbilical veins within the placenta. After birth, the umbilical arteries become ligaments (the medial umbilical ligaments) that run along the inner abdominal wall.

Blood specimen collection is the process of obtaining a sample of blood from a patient for laboratory testing and analysis. This procedure is performed by trained healthcare professionals, such as nurses or phlebotomists, using sterile equipment to minimize the risk of infection and ensure accurate test results. The collected blood sample may be used to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, assess overall health and organ function, and check for the presence of drugs, alcohol, or other substances. Proper handling, storage, and transportation of the specimen are crucial to maintain its integrity and prevent contamination.

Placental circulation refers to the specialized circulatory system that develops during pregnancy to allow for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the mother's blood and the fetal blood in the placenta. The placenta is a highly vascular organ that grows within the uterus and is connected to the developing fetus via the umbilical cord.

In the maternal side of the placenta, the spiral arteries branch into smaller vessels called the intervillous spaces, where they come in close contact with the fetal blood vessels within the villi (finger-like projections) of the placenta. The intervillous spaces are filled with maternal blood that flows around the villi, allowing for the exchange of gases and nutrients between the two circulations.

On the fetal side, the umbilical cord contains two umbilical arteries that carry oxygen-depleted blood from the fetus to the placenta, and one umbilical vein that returns oxygenated blood back to the fetus. The umbilical arteries branch into smaller vessels within the villi, where they exchange gases and nutrients with the maternal blood in the intervillous spaces.

Overall, the placental circulation is a crucial component of fetal development, allowing for the growing fetus to receive the necessary oxygen and nutrients to support its growth and development.

Fetal growth retardation, also known as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), is a condition in which a fetus fails to grow at the expected rate during pregnancy. This can be caused by various factors such as maternal health problems, placental insufficiency, chromosomal abnormalities, and genetic disorders. The fetus may be smaller than expected for its gestational age, have reduced movement, and may be at risk for complications during labor and delivery. It is important to monitor fetal growth and development closely throughout pregnancy to detect any potential issues early on and provide appropriate medical interventions.

The third trimester of pregnancy is the final stage of pregnancy that lasts from week 29 until birth, which typically occurs around the 40th week. During this period, the fetus continues to grow and mature, gaining weight rapidly. The mother's body also prepares for childbirth by dilating the cervix and producing milk in preparation for breastfeeding. Regular prenatal care is crucial during this time to monitor the health of both the mother and the developing fetus, as well as to prepare for delivery.

Fetal weight is the calculated weight of a fetus during pregnancy, typically estimated through ultrasound measurements. It is a crucial indicator of fetal growth and development throughout pregnancy. The weight is determined by measuring various parameters such as the head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length, which are then used in conjunction with specific formulas to estimate the fetal weight. Regular monitoring of fetal weight helps healthcare providers assess fetal health, identify potential growth restrictions or abnormalities, and determine appropriate delivery timing. Low fetal weight can indicate intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), while high fetal weight might suggest macrosomia, both of which may require specialized care and management.

"Animal pregnancy" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. However, in biological terms, animal pregnancy refers to the condition where a fertilized egg (or eggs) implants and develops inside the reproductive tract of a female animal, leading to the birth of offspring (live young).

The specific details of animal pregnancy can vary widely between different species, with some animals exhibiting phenomena such as placental development, gestation periods, and hormonal changes that are similar to human pregnancy, while others may have very different reproductive strategies.

It's worth noting that the study of animal pregnancy and reproduction is an important area of biological research, as it can provide insights into fundamental mechanisms of embryonic development, genetics, and evolution.

The umbilical cord is a flexible, tube-like structure that connects the developing fetus to the placenta in the uterus during pregnancy. It arises from the abdomen of the fetus and transports essential nutrients, oxygen, and blood from the mother's circulation to the growing baby. Additionally, it carries waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the fetus back to the placenta for elimination. The umbilical cord is primarily composed of two arteries (the umbilical arteries) and one vein (the umbilical vein), surrounded by a protective gelatinous substance called Wharton's jelly, and enclosed within a fibrous outer covering known as the umbilical cord coating. Following birth, the umbilical cord is clamped and cut, leaving behind the stump that eventually dries up and falls off, resulting in the baby's belly button.

Cardiotocography (CTG) is a technical means of monitoring the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions during pregnancy, particularly during labor. It provides visual information about the fetal heart rate pattern and the frequency and intensity of uterine contractions. This helps healthcare providers assess the well-being of the fetus and the progression of labor.

The cardiotocograph records two main traces:

1. Fetal heart rate (FHR): It is recorded using an ultrasound transducer placed on the mother's abdomen. The normal fetal heart rate ranges from 120 to 160 beats per minute. Changes in the FHR pattern may indicate fetal distress, hypoxia, or other complications.

2. Uterine contractions: They are recorded using a pressure sensor (toco) placed on the mother's abdomen. The intensity and frequency of uterine contractions can be assessed to evaluate the progression of labor and the effect of contractions on fetal oxygenation.

Cardiotocography is widely used in obstetrics as a non-invasive method for monitoring fetal well-being during pregnancy and labor. However, it should always be interpreted cautiously by healthcare professionals, considering other factors like maternal and fetal conditions, medical history, and clinical presentation. Overinterpretation or misinterpretation of CTG traces can lead to unnecessary interventions or delays in recognizing actual fetal distress.

Prenatal ultrasonography, also known as obstetric ultrasound, is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid inside the uterus. It is a non-invasive and painless test that is widely used during pregnancy to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, detect any potential abnormalities or complications, and determine the due date.

During the procedure, a transducer (a small handheld device) is placed on the mother's abdomen and moved around to capture images from different angles. The sound waves travel through the mother's body and bounce back off the fetus, producing echoes that are then converted into electrical signals and displayed as images on a screen.

Prenatal ultrasonography can be performed at various stages of pregnancy, including early pregnancy to confirm the pregnancy and detect the number of fetuses, mid-pregnancy to assess the growth and development of the fetus, and late pregnancy to evaluate the position of the fetus and determine if it is head down or breech. It can also be used to guide invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.

Overall, prenatal ultrasonography is a valuable tool in modern obstetrics that helps ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.

Fetal death, also known as stillbirth or intrauterine fetal demise, is defined as the death of a fetus at 20 weeks of gestation or later. The criteria for defining fetal death may vary slightly by country and jurisdiction, but in general, it refers to the loss of a pregnancy after the point at which the fetus is considered viable outside the womb.

Fetal death can occur for a variety of reasons, including chromosomal abnormalities, placental problems, maternal health conditions, infections, and umbilical cord accidents. In some cases, the cause of fetal death may remain unknown.

The diagnosis of fetal death is typically made through ultrasound or other imaging tests, which can confirm the absence of a heartbeat or movement in the fetus. Once fetal death has been diagnosed, medical professionals will work with the parents to determine the best course of action for managing the pregnancy and delivering the fetus. This may involve waiting for labor to begin naturally, inducing labor, or performing a cesarean delivery.

Experiencing a fetal death can be a very difficult and emotional experience for parents, and it is important for them to receive supportive care from their healthcare providers, family members, and friends. Grief counseling and support groups may also be helpful in coping with the loss.

Fetal stem cells are a type of stem cell that are derived from fetal tissue, which is tissue obtained from an elective abortion or a spontaneous miscarriage. These stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various cell types, including neurons, cardiac muscle cells, and hepatocytes (liver cells). Fetal stem cells are unique in that they have a greater capacity for self-renewal and can generate a larger number of differentiated cells compared to adult stem cells. They also have the potential to be less immunogenic than other types of stem cells, making them a promising candidate for cell-based therapies and regenerative medicine. However, the use of fetal stem cells is a subject of ethical debate due to their source.

Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB) is a condition characterized by an insufficient amount of vitamin K in the body, leading to bleeding complications. It can be further classified into three types:

1. Early onset VKDB: This occurs in the first 24 hours of life and is often seen in infants whose mothers have taken medications that interfere with vitamin K metabolism or who are born prematurely.
2. Classic onset VKDB: This occurs between 2-7 days after birth and is most commonly seen in breastfed infants who have not received vitamin K supplementation at birth.
3. Late onset VKDB: This occurs after the first week of life and can occur up to six months of age. It is often associated with underlying medical conditions that affect vitamin K absorption or metabolism, such as liver disease, cystic fibrosis, or celiac disease.

Symptoms of VKDB may include bleeding from the umbilical cord, gastrointestinal tract, nose, or brain. Treatment typically involves administering vitamin K to stop the bleeding and prevent further complications. Prevention strategies include providing vitamin K supplementation to all newborns at birth.

The second trimester of pregnancy is the period between the completion of 12 weeks (the end of the first trimester) and 26 weeks (the beginning of the third trimester) of gestational age. It is often considered the most comfortable period for many pregnant women as the risk of miscarriage decreases significantly, and the symptoms experienced during the first trimester, such as nausea and fatigue, typically improve.

During this time, the uterus expands above the pubic bone, allowing more space for the growing fetus. The fetal development in the second trimester includes significant growth in size and weight, formation of all major organs, and the beginning of movement sensations that the mother can feel. Additionally, the fetus starts to hear, swallow and kick, and the skin is covered with a protective coating called vernix.

Prenatal care during this period typically includes regular prenatal appointments to monitor the mother's health and the baby's growth and development. These appointments may include measurements of the uterus, fetal heart rate monitoring, and screening tests for genetic disorders or other potential issues.

Blood gas analysis is a medical test that measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, as well as the pH level, which indicates the acidity or alkalinity of the blood. This test is often used to evaluate lung function, respiratory disorders, and acid-base balance in the body. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments for conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and other respiratory illnesses. The analysis is typically performed on a sample of arterial blood, although venous blood may also be used in some cases.

'Labor, Obstetric' refers to the physiological process that occurs during childbirth, leading to the expulsion of the fetus from the uterus. It is divided into three stages:

1. The first stage begins with the onset of regular contractions and cervical dilation and effacement (thinning and shortening) until full dilation is reached (approximately 10 cm). This stage can last from hours to days, particularly in nulliparous women (those who have not given birth before).
2. The second stage starts with complete cervical dilation and ends with the delivery of the baby. During this stage, the mother experiences strong contractions that help push the fetus down the birth canal. This stage typically lasts from 20 minutes to two hours but can take longer in some cases.
3. The third stage involves the delivery of the placenta (afterbirth) and membranes, which usually occurs within 15-30 minutes after the baby's birth. However, it can sometimes take up to an hour for the placenta to be expelled completely.

Obstetric labor is a complex process that requires careful monitoring and management by healthcare professionals to ensure the safety and well-being of both the mother and the baby.

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is a type of hemoglobin that is produced in the fetus and newborn babies. It is composed of two alpha-like globin chains and two gamma-globin chains, designated as α2γ2. HbF is the primary form of hemoglobin during fetal development, replacing the embryonic hemoglobin (HbG) around the eighth week of gestation.

The unique property of HbF is its higher affinity for oxygen compared to adult hemoglobin (HbA), which helps ensure adequate oxygen supply from the mother to the developing fetus. After birth, as the newborn starts breathing on its own and begins to receive oxygen directly, the production of HbF gradually decreases and is usually replaced by HbA within the first year of life.

In some genetic disorders like sickle cell disease and beta-thalassemia, persistence of HbF into adulthood can be beneficial as it reduces the severity of symptoms due to its higher oxygen-carrying capacity and less polymerization tendency compared to HbS (in sickle cell disease) or unpaired alpha chains (in beta-thalassemia). Treatments like hydroxyurea are used to induce HbF production in these patients as a therapeutic approach.

Hemoglobinopathies are a group of genetic disorders characterized by structural or functional abnormalities of the hemoglobin molecule in red blood cells. Hemoglobin is a complex protein that plays a crucial role in carrying oxygen throughout the body. The two most common types of hemoglobinopathies are sickle cell disease and thalassemia.

In sickle cell disease, a single mutation in the beta-globin gene results in the production of an abnormal form of hemoglobin called hemoglobin S (HbS). When deoxygenated, HbS molecules tend to aggregate and form long polymers, causing the red blood cells to become sickle-shaped, rigid, and fragile. These abnormally shaped cells can block small blood vessels, leading to tissue damage, chronic pain, organ dysfunction, and other serious complications.

Thalassemias are a heterogeneous group of disorders caused by mutations in the genes that regulate the production of alpha- or beta-globin chains. These mutations result in reduced or absent synthesis of one or more globin chains, leading to an imbalance in hemoglobin composition and structure. This imbalance can cause premature destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis), resulting in anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly, and other symptoms.

Hemoglobinopathies are typically inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that affected individuals have two copies of the abnormal gene – one from each parent. Carriers of a single abnormal gene usually do not show any signs or symptoms of the disorder but can pass the abnormal gene on to their offspring.

Early diagnosis and appropriate management of hemoglobinopathies are essential for improving quality of life, reducing complications, and increasing survival rates. Treatment options may include blood transfusions, iron chelation therapy, antibiotics, pain management, and, in some cases, bone marrow transplantation or gene therapy.

Erythema infectiosum is a viral infection commonly known as "fifth disease." It is caused by the human parvovirus B19 and primarily affects children. The characteristic symptom of erythema infectiosum is a distinctive red rash on the cheeks, which gives the appearance of having been slapped, hence one of its other names, "slapped cheek syndrome." After a few days, the rash may spread to the arms, legs, and trunk, often in a lacy or net-like pattern. The rash is usually not itchy or painful.

In addition to the rash, people with erythema infectiosum may experience mild flu-like symptoms such as fever, headache, and fatigue. Some individuals may also develop joint pain and swelling, particularly adolescents and adults. In most cases, erythema infectiosum is a self-limiting illness that resolves within one to three weeks without specific treatment. However, the rash may come and go for several weeks, especially when exposed to sunlight, heat, or emotional stress.

Erythema infectiosum is usually spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be transmitted through blood transfusions and from mother to fetus during pregnancy. While most cases of erythema infectiosum are mild, the infection can cause more severe complications in people with weakened immune systems, sickle cell disease, or chronic hemolytic anemia. Pregnant women who contract erythema infectiosum may have a higher risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, or premature delivery, especially during the first half of pregnancy.

Ultrasonography, Doppler refers to a non-invasive diagnostic medical procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images of the movement of blood flow through vessels, tissues, or heart valves. The Doppler effect is used to measure the frequency shift of the ultrasound waves as they bounce off moving red blood cells, which allows for the calculation of the speed and direction of blood flow. This technique is commonly used to diagnose and monitor various conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, carotid artery stenosis, heart valve abnormalities, and fetal heart development during pregnancy. It does not use radiation or contrast agents and is considered safe with minimal risks.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

The fetal heart is the cardiovascular organ that develops in the growing fetus during pregnancy. It starts to form around 22 days after conception and continues to develop throughout the first trimester. By the end of the eighth week of gestation, the fetal heart has developed enough to pump blood throughout the body.

The fetal heart is similar in structure to the adult heart but has some differences. It is smaller and more compact, with a four-chambered structure that includes two atria and two ventricles. The fetal heart also has unique features such as the foramen ovale, which is a hole between the right and left atria that allows blood to bypass the lungs, and the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta and diverts blood away from the lungs.

The fetal heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood from the placenta to the rest of the body and returning deoxygenated blood back to the placenta for re-oxygenation. The rate of the fetal heartbeat is faster than that of an adult, typically ranging from 120 to 160 beats per minute. Fetal heart rate monitoring is a common method used during pregnancy and childbirth to assess the health and well-being of the developing fetus.

Amniocentesis is a medical procedure in which a small amount of amniotic fluid, which contains fetal cells, is withdrawn from the uterus through a hollow needle inserted into the abdomen of a pregnant woman. This procedure is typically performed between the 16th and 20th weeks of pregnancy.

The main purpose of amniocentesis is to diagnose genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities in the developing fetus, such as Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, and neural tube defects. The fetal cells obtained from the amniotic fluid can be cultured and analyzed for various genetic characteristics, including chromosomal structure and number, as well as specific gene mutations.

Amniocentesis carries a small risk of complications, such as miscarriage, infection, or injury to the fetus. Therefore, it is generally offered to women who have an increased risk of having a baby with a genetic disorder or chromosomal abnormality, such as those over the age of 35, those with a family history of genetic disorders, or those who have had a previous pregnancy affected by a genetic condition.

It's important to note that while amniocentesis can provide valuable information about the health of the fetus, it does not guarantee a completely normal baby, and there are some risks associated with the procedure. Therefore, the decision to undergo amniocentesis should be made carefully, in consultation with a healthcare provider, taking into account the individual circumstances and preferences of each woman.

Acidosis is a medical condition that occurs when there is an excess accumulation of acid in the body or when the body loses its ability to effectively regulate the pH level of the blood. The normal pH range of the blood is slightly alkaline, between 7.35 and 7.45. When the pH falls below 7.35, it is called acidosis.

Acidosis can be caused by various factors, including impaired kidney function, respiratory problems, diabetes, severe dehydration, alcoholism, and certain medications or toxins. There are two main types of acidosis: metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis.

Metabolic acidosis occurs when the body produces too much acid or is unable to eliminate it effectively. This can be caused by conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, kidney failure, and ingestion of certain toxins.

Respiratory acidosis, on the other hand, occurs when the lungs are unable to remove enough carbon dioxide from the body, leading to an accumulation of acid. This can be caused by conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and sedative overdose.

Symptoms of acidosis may include fatigue, shortness of breath, confusion, headache, rapid heartbeat, and in severe cases, coma or even death. Treatment for acidosis depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, oxygen therapy, fluid replacement, and dialysis.

Obstetrical anesthesia refers to the use of anesthetic techniques and medications during childbirth or obstetrical procedures. The goal is to provide pain relief and comfort to the birthing person while ensuring the safety of both the mother and the baby. There are different types of obstetrical anesthesia, including:

1. Local anesthesia: Injection of a local anesthetic agent to numb a specific area, such as the perineum (the area between the vagina and the anus) during childbirth.
2. Regional anesthesia: Numbing a larger region of the body using techniques like spinal or epidural anesthesia. These methods involve injecting local anesthetic agents near the spinal cord to block nerve impulses, providing pain relief in the lower half of the body.
3. General anesthesia: Using inhaled gases or intravenous medications to render the birthing person unconscious during cesarean sections (C-sections) or other surgical procedures related to childbirth.

The choice of anesthetic technique depends on various factors, including the type of delivery, the mother's medical history, and the preferences of both the mother and the healthcare team. Obstetrical anesthesia requires specialized training and expertise to ensure safe and effective pain management during labor and delivery.

Fetofetal transfusion is a medical condition that can occur in pregnancies with multiple fetuses, such as twins or higher-order multiples. It refers to the transfer of blood from one fetus (donor) to another (recipient) through anastomotic connections in their shared placenta.

In some cases, these anastomoses can result in an imbalance in blood flow between the fetuses, leading to a net transfer of blood from one fetus to the other. This situation is more likely to occur when there is a significant weight or size difference between the fetuses, known as twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS).

In TTTS, the recipient fetus receives an excess of blood, which can lead to high-output cardiac failure, hydrops, and potential intrauterine demise. Meanwhile, the donor fetus may become anemic, growth-restricted, and at risk for hypovolemia and intrauterine demise as well. Fetofetal transfusion can be diagnosed through ultrasound evaluation and managed with various interventions, including laser ablation of anastomotic vessels or fetoscopic surgery, depending on the severity and gestational age at diagnosis.

The umbilical veins are blood vessels in the umbilical cord that carry oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood from the mother to the developing fetus during pregnancy. There are typically two umbilical veins, one of which usually degenerates and becomes obliterated, leaving a single functional vein. This remaining vein is known as the larger umbilical vein or the venous duct. It enters the fetal abdomen through the umbilicus and passes through the liver, where it branches off to form the portal sinus. Ultimately, the blood from the umbilical vein mixes with the blood from the inferior vena cava and is pumped to the heart through the right atrium.

It's important to note that after birth, the umbilical veins are no longer needed and undergo involution, becoming the ligamentum teres in the adult.

Fetal development is the process in which a fertilized egg grows and develops into a fetus, which is a developing human being from the end of the eighth week after conception until birth. This complex process involves many different stages, including:

1. Fertilization: The union of a sperm and an egg to form a zygote.
2. Implantation: The movement of the zygote into the lining of the uterus, where it will begin to grow and develop.
3. Formation of the embryo: The development of the basic structures of the body, including the neural tube (which becomes the brain and spinal cord), heart, gastrointestinal tract, and sensory organs.
4. Differentiation of tissues and organs: The process by which different cells and tissues become specialized to perform specific functions.
5. Growth and maturation: The continued growth and development of the fetus, including the formation of bones, muscles, and other tissues.

Fetal development is a complex and highly regulated process that involves the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Proper nutrition, prenatal care, and avoidance of harmful substances such as tobacco, alcohol, and drugs are important for ensuring healthy fetal development.

Erythrocyte count, also known as red blood cell (RBC) count, is a laboratory test that measures the number of red blood cells in a sample of blood. Red blood cells are important because they carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. A low erythrocyte count may indicate anemia, while a high count may be a sign of certain medical conditions such as polycythemia. The normal range for erythrocyte count varies depending on a person's age, sex, and other factors.

Blood flow velocity is the speed at which blood travels through a specific part of the vascular system. It is typically measured in units of distance per time, such as centimeters per second (cm/s) or meters per second (m/s). Blood flow velocity can be affected by various factors, including cardiac output, vessel diameter, and viscosity of the blood. Measuring blood flow velocity is important in diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, such as heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.

Chorionic villi are finger-like projections of the chorion, which is the outermost extraembryonic membrane in a developing embryo. These structures are composed of both fetal and maternal tissues and play a crucial role in the early stages of pregnancy by providing a site for exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and the developing fetus.

Chorionic villi contain fetal blood vessels that are surrounded by stromal cells, trophoblasts, and connective tissue. They are formed during the process of implantation, when the fertilized egg attaches to the uterine wall. The chorionic villi continue to grow and multiply as the placenta develops, eventually forming a highly vascular and specialized organ that supports fetal growth and development throughout pregnancy.

One important function of chorionic villi is to serve as the site for the production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone that can be detected in the mother's blood and urine during early pregnancy. This hormone plays a critical role in maintaining pregnancy by signaling the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone, which helps to prevent menstruation and support fetal growth.

Abnormalities in chorionic villi can lead to various pregnancy complications, such as miscarriage, stillbirth, or intrauterine growth restriction. For this reason, chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a diagnostic procedure that may be performed during early pregnancy to obtain fetal cells for genetic testing and diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities or other genetic disorders.

Erythroblasts are immature red blood cells that are produced in the bone marrow. They are also known as normoblasts and are a stage in the development of red blood cells, or erythrocytes. Erythroblasts are larger than mature red blood cells and have a nucleus, which is lost during the maturation process. These cells are responsible for producing hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in the blood. Abnormal increases or decreases in the number of erythroblasts can be indicative of certain medical conditions, such as anemia or leukemia.

The first trimester of pregnancy is defined as the period of gestational development that extends from conception (fertilization of the egg by sperm) to the end of the 13th week. This critical phase marks significant transformations in both the mother's body and the growing embryo/fetus.

During the first trimester, the fertilized egg implants into the uterine lining (implantation), initiating a series of complex interactions leading to the formation of the placenta - an organ essential for providing nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus while removing waste products. Simultaneously, the embryo undergoes rapid cell division and differentiation, giving rise to various organs and systems. By the end of the first trimester, most major structures are present, although they continue to mature and grow throughout pregnancy.

The mother may experience several physiological changes during this time, including:
- Morning sickness (nausea and vomiting)
- Fatigue
- Breast tenderness
- Frequent urination
- Food aversions or cravings
- Mood swings

Additionally, hormonal shifts can cause various symptoms and prepare the body for potential changes in lactation, posture, and pelvic alignment as pregnancy progresses. Regular prenatal care is crucial during this period to monitor both maternal and fetal wellbeing, identify any potential complications early on, and provide appropriate guidance and support throughout the pregnancy.

Embryonic and fetal development is the process of growth and development that occurs from fertilization of the egg (conception) to birth. The terms "embryo" and "fetus" are used to describe different stages of this development:

* Embryonic development: This stage begins at fertilization and continues until the end of the 8th week of pregnancy. During this time, the fertilized egg (zygote) divides and forms a blastocyst, which implants in the uterus and begins to develop into a complex structure called an embryo. The embryo consists of three layers of cells that will eventually form all of the organs and tissues of the body. During this stage, the basic structures of the body, including the nervous system, heart, and gastrointestinal tract, begin to form.
* Fetal development: This stage begins at the end of the 8th week of pregnancy and continues until birth. During this time, the embryo is called a fetus, and it grows and develops rapidly. The organs and tissues that were formed during the embryonic stage continue to mature and become more complex. The fetus also begins to move and kick, and it can hear and respond to sounds from outside the womb.

Overall, embryonic and fetal development is a complex and highly regulated process that involves the coordinated growth and differentiation of cells and tissues. It is a critical period of development that lays the foundation for the health and well-being of the individual throughout their life.

The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ located in the female pelvic cavity, between the bladder and the rectum. It has a thick, middle layer called the myometrium, which is composed of smooth muscle tissue, and an inner lining called the endometrium, which provides a nurturing environment for the fertilized egg to develop into a fetus during pregnancy.

The uterus is where the baby grows and develops until it is ready for birth through the cervix, which is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. The uterus plays a critical role in the menstrual cycle as well, by shedding its lining each month if pregnancy does not occur.

Pulsatile flow is a type of fluid flow that occurs in a rhythmic, wave-like pattern, typically seen in the cardiovascular system. It refers to the periodic variation in the volume or velocity of a fluid (such as blood) that is caused by the regular beating of the heart. In pulsatile flow, there are periods of high flow followed by periods of low or no flow, which creates a distinct pattern on a graph or tracing. This type of flow is important for maintaining proper function and health in organs and tissues throughout the body.

Hematocrit is a medical term that refers to the percentage of total blood volume that is made up of red blood cells. It is typically measured as part of a complete blood count (CBC) test. A high hematocrit may indicate conditions such as dehydration, polycythemia, or living at high altitudes, while a low hematocrit may be a sign of anemia, bleeding, or overhydration. It is important to note that hematocrit values can vary depending on factors such as age, gender, and pregnancy status.

Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that constitutes about 21% of the earth's atmosphere. It is a crucial element for human and most living organisms as it is vital for respiration. Inhaled oxygen enters the lungs and binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, which carries it to tissues throughout the body where it is used to convert nutrients into energy and carbon dioxide, a waste product that is exhaled.

Medically, supplemental oxygen therapy may be provided to patients with conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, heart failure, or other medical conditions that impair the body's ability to extract sufficient oxygen from the air. Oxygen can be administered through various devices, including nasal cannulas, face masks, and ventilators.

Ultrasonography, also known as sonography, is a diagnostic medical procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to produce dynamic images of organs, tissues, or blood flow inside the body. These images are captured in real-time and can be used to assess the size, shape, and structure of various internal structures, as well as detect any abnormalities such as tumors, cysts, or inflammation.

During an ultrasonography procedure, a small handheld device called a transducer is placed on the patient's skin, which emits and receives sound waves. The transducer sends high-frequency sound waves into the body, and these waves bounce back off internal structures and are recorded by the transducer. The recorded data is then processed and transformed into visual images that can be interpreted by a medical professional.

Ultrasonography is a non-invasive, painless, and safe procedure that does not use radiation like other imaging techniques such as CT scans or X-rays. It is commonly used to diagnose and monitor conditions in various parts of the body, including the abdomen, pelvis, heart, blood vessels, and musculoskeletal system.

A Cesarean section, often referred to as a C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby. It involves making an incision through the mother's abdomen and uterus to remove the baby. This procedure may be necessary when a vaginal delivery would put the mother or the baby at risk.

There are several reasons why a C-section might be recommended, including:

* The baby is in a breech position (feet first) or a transverse position (sideways) and cannot be turned to a normal head-down position.
* The baby is too large to safely pass through the mother's birth canal.
* The mother has a medical condition, such as heart disease or high blood pressure, that could make vaginal delivery risky.
* The mother has an infection, such as HIV or herpes, that could be passed to the baby during a vaginal delivery.
* The labor is not progressing and there are concerns about the health of the mother or the baby.

C-sections are generally safe for both the mother and the baby, but like any surgery, they do carry some risks. These can include infection, bleeding, blood clots, and injury to nearby organs. In addition, women who have a C-section are more likely to experience complications in future pregnancies, such as placenta previa or uterine rupture.

If you have questions about whether a C-section is necessary for your delivery, it's important to discuss your options with your healthcare provider.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless gas that is naturally present in the Earth's atmosphere. It is a normal byproduct of cellular respiration in humans, animals, and plants, and is also produced through the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.

In medical terms, carbon dioxide is often used as a respiratory stimulant and to maintain the pH balance of blood. It is also used during certain medical procedures, such as laparoscopic surgery, to insufflate (inflate) the abdominal cavity and create a working space for the surgeon.

Elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the body can lead to respiratory acidosis, a condition characterized by an increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and a decrease in pH. This can occur in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or other lung diseases that impair breathing and gas exchange. Symptoms of respiratory acidosis may include shortness of breath, confusion, headache, and in severe cases, coma or death.

Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb) is the main oxygen-carrying protein in the red blood cells, which are responsible for delivering oxygen throughout the body. It is a complex molecule made up of four globin proteins and four heme groups. Each heme group contains an iron atom that binds to one molecule of oxygen. Hemoglobin plays a crucial role in the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues, and also helps to carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation.

There are several types of hemoglobin present in the human body, including:

* Hemoglobin A (HbA): This is the most common type of hemoglobin, making up about 95-98% of total hemoglobin in adults. It consists of two alpha and two beta globin chains.
* Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2): This makes up about 1.5-3.5% of total hemoglobin in adults. It consists of two alpha and two delta globin chains.
* Hemoglobin F (HbF): This is the main type of hemoglobin present in fetal life, but it persists at low levels in adults. It consists of two alpha and two gamma globin chains.
* Hemoglobin S (HbS): This is an abnormal form of hemoglobin that can cause sickle cell disease when it occurs in the homozygous state (i.e., both copies of the gene are affected). It results from a single amino acid substitution in the beta globin chain.
* Hemoglobin C (HbC): This is another abnormal form of hemoglobin that can cause mild to moderate hemolytic anemia when it occurs in the homozygous state. It results from a different single amino acid substitution in the beta globin chain than HbS.

Abnormal forms of hemoglobin, such as HbS and HbC, can lead to various clinical disorders, including sickle cell disease, thalassemia, and other hemoglobinopathies.

Blood volume refers to the total amount of blood present in an individual's circulatory system at any given time. It is the combined volume of both the plasma (the liquid component of blood) and the formed elements (such as red and white blood cells and platelets) in the blood. In a healthy adult human, the average blood volume is approximately 5 liters (or about 1 gallon). However, blood volume can vary depending on several factors, including age, sex, body weight, and overall health status.

Blood volume plays a critical role in maintaining proper cardiovascular function, as it affects blood pressure, heart rate, and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues throughout the body. Changes in blood volume can have significant impacts on an individual's health and may be associated with various medical conditions, such as dehydration, hemorrhage, heart failure, and liver disease. Accurate measurement of blood volume is essential for diagnosing and managing these conditions, as well as for guiding treatment decisions in clinical settings.

Trophoblasts are specialized cells that make up the outer layer of a blastocyst, which is a hollow ball of cells that forms in the earliest stages of embryonic development. In humans, this process occurs about 5-6 days after fertilization. The blastocyst consists of an inner cell mass (which will eventually become the embryo) and an outer layer of trophoblasts.

Trophoblasts play a crucial role in implantation, which is the process by which the blastocyst attaches to and invades the lining of the uterus. Once implanted, the trophoblasts differentiate into two main layers: the cytotrophoblasts (which are closer to the inner cell mass) and the syncytiotrophoblasts (which form a multinucleated layer that is in direct contact with the maternal tissues).

The cytotrophoblasts proliferate and fuse to form the syncytiotrophoblasts, which have several important functions. They secrete enzymes that help to degrade and remodel the extracellular matrix of the uterine lining, allowing the blastocyst to implant more deeply. They also form a barrier between the maternal and fetal tissues, helping to protect the developing embryo from the mother's immune system.

Additionally, trophoblasts are responsible for the formation of the placenta, which provides nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus and removes waste products. The syncytiotrophoblasts in particular play a key role in this process by secreting hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which helps to maintain pregnancy, and by forming blood vessels that allow for the exchange of nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus.

Abnormalities in trophoblast development or function can lead to a variety of pregnancy-related complications, including preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and gestational trophoblastic diseases such as hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinomas.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) is a hormone produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. ACTH plays a crucial role in the regulation of the body's stress response and has significant effects on various physiological processes.

The primary function of ACTH is to stimulate the adrenal glands, which are triangular-shaped glands situated on top of the kidneys. The adrenal glands consist of two parts: the outer cortex and the inner medulla. ACTH specifically targets the adrenal cortex, where it binds to specific receptors and initiates a series of biochemical reactions leading to the production and release of steroid hormones, primarily cortisol (a glucocorticoid) and aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid).

Cortisol is involved in various metabolic processes, such as regulating blood sugar levels, modulating the immune response, and helping the body respond to stress. Aldosterone plays a vital role in maintaining electrolyte and fluid balance by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.

ACTH release is controlled by the hypothalamus, another part of the brain, which produces corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). CRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete ACTH, which in turn triggers cortisol production in the adrenal glands. This complex feedback system helps maintain homeostasis and ensures that appropriate amounts of cortisol are released in response to various physiological and psychological stressors.

Disorders related to ACTH can lead to hormonal imbalances, resulting in conditions such as Cushing's syndrome (excessive cortisol production) or Addison's disease (insufficient cortisol production). Proper diagnosis and management of these disorders typically involve assessing the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and addressing any underlying issues affecting ACTH secretion.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are immature, self-renewing cells that give rise to all the mature blood and immune cells in the body. They are capable of both producing more hematopoietic stem cells (self-renewal) and differentiating into early progenitor cells that eventually develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. HSCs are found in the bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, and peripheral blood. They have the ability to repair damaged tissues and offer significant therapeutic potential for treating various diseases, including hematological disorders, genetic diseases, and cancer.

An animal model in medicine refers to the use of non-human animals in experiments to understand, predict, and test responses and effects of various biological and chemical interactions that may also occur in humans. These models are used when studying complex systems or processes that cannot be easily replicated or studied in human subjects, such as genetic manipulation or exposure to harmful substances. The choice of animal model depends on the specific research question being asked and the similarities between the animal's and human's biological and physiological responses. Examples of commonly used animal models include mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and non-human primates.

Regional blood flow (RBF) refers to the rate at which blood flows through a specific region or organ in the body, typically expressed in milliliters per minute per 100 grams of tissue (ml/min/100g). It is an essential physiological parameter that reflects the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues while removing waste products. RBF can be affected by various factors such as metabolic demands, neural regulation, hormonal influences, and changes in blood pressure or vascular resistance. Measuring RBF is crucial for understanding organ function, diagnosing diseases, and evaluating the effectiveness of treatments.

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is given as two figures:

1. Systolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart pushes blood out into the arteries.
2. Diastolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart rests between beats, allowing it to fill with blood.

Normal blood pressure for adults is typically around 120/80 mmHg, although this can vary slightly depending on age, sex, and other factors. High blood pressure (hypertension) is generally considered to be a reading of 130/80 mmHg or higher, while low blood pressure (hypotension) is usually defined as a reading below 90/60 mmHg. It's important to note that blood pressure can fluctuate throughout the day and may be affected by factors such as stress, physical activity, and medication use.

Hydrocortisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid, which is a class of steroid hormones. It is identical to the naturally occurring cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal gland that helps regulate metabolism and helps your body respond to stress. Hydrocortisone has anti-inflammatory effects and is used to treat various inflammatory conditions such as allergies, skin disorders, and autoimmune diseases. It works by suppressing the immune system's response to reduce swelling, redness, itching, and other symptoms caused by inflammation.

Hydrocortisone is available in different forms, including oral tablets, topical creams, lotions, gels, and ointments, as well as injectable solutions. The specific use and dosage depend on the condition being treated and the individual patient's medical history and current health status.

As with any medication, hydrocortisone can have side effects, especially when used in high doses or for extended periods. Common side effects include increased appetite, weight gain, mood changes, insomnia, and skin thinning. Long-term use of hydrocortisone may also increase the risk of developing osteoporosis, diabetes, cataracts, and other health problems. Therefore, it is essential to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using this medication.

The thymus gland is an essential organ of the immune system, located in the upper chest, behind the sternum and surrounding the heart. It's primarily active until puberty and begins to shrink in size and activity thereafter. The main function of the thymus gland is the production and maturation of T-lymphocytes (T-cells), which are crucial for cell-mediated immunity, helping to protect the body from infection and cancer.

The thymus gland provides a protected environment where immune cells called pre-T cells develop into mature T cells. During this process, they learn to recognize and respond appropriately to foreign substances while remaining tolerant to self-tissues, which is crucial for preventing autoimmune diseases.

Additionally, the thymus gland produces hormones like thymosin that regulate immune cell activities and contribute to the overall immune response.

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells (RBCs), are the most common type of blood cell in circulating blood in mammals. They are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

Erythrocytes are formed in the bone marrow and have a biconcave shape, which allows them to fold and bend easily as they pass through narrow blood vessels. They do not have a nucleus or mitochondria, which makes them more flexible but also limits their ability to reproduce or repair themselves.

In humans, erythrocytes are typically disc-shaped and measure about 7 micrometers in diameter. They contain the protein hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen and gives blood its red color. The lifespan of an erythrocyte is approximately 120 days, after which it is broken down in the liver and spleen.

Abnormalities in erythrocyte count or function can lead to various medical conditions, such as anemia, polycythemia, and sickle cell disease.

Reference values, also known as reference ranges or reference intervals, are the set of values that are considered normal or typical for a particular population or group of people. These values are often used in laboratory tests to help interpret test results and determine whether a patient's value falls within the expected range.

The process of establishing reference values typically involves measuring a particular biomarker or parameter in a large, healthy population and then calculating the mean and standard deviation of the measurements. Based on these statistics, a range is established that includes a certain percentage of the population (often 95%) and excludes extreme outliers.

It's important to note that reference values can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, race, and other demographic characteristics. Therefore, it's essential to use reference values that are specific to the relevant population when interpreting laboratory test results. Additionally, reference values may change over time due to advances in measurement technology or changes in the population being studied.

Blood glucose, also known as blood sugar, is the concentration of glucose in the blood. Glucose is a simple sugar that serves as the main source of energy for the body's cells. It is carried to each cell through the bloodstream and is absorbed into the cells with the help of insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas.

The normal range for blood glucose levels in humans is typically between 70 and 130 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) when fasting, and less than 180 mg/dL after meals. Levels that are consistently higher than this may indicate diabetes or other metabolic disorders.

Blood glucose levels can be measured through a variety of methods, including fingerstick blood tests, continuous glucose monitoring systems, and laboratory tests. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is important for people with diabetes to help manage their condition and prevent complications.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

T-lymphocytes, also known as T-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the adaptive immune system's response to infection. They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. There are several different types of T-cells, including CD4+ helper T-cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, and regulatory T-cells (Tregs).

CD4+ helper T-cells assist in activating other immune cells, such as B-lymphocytes and macrophages. They also produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help coordinate the immune response. CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells directly kill infected cells by releasing toxic substances. Regulatory T-cells help maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases by suppressing the activity of other immune cells.

T-lymphocytes are important in the immune response to viral infections, cancer, and other diseases. Dysfunction or depletion of T-cells can lead to immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to infections. On the other hand, an overactive T-cell response can contribute to autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation.

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... is the loss of fetal blood cells into the maternal circulation. It takes place in normal pregnancies ... from the red blood cells. Subsequent staining, using Shepard's method, makes fetal cells (containing foetal hemoglobin) appear ... Fetal-maternal haemorrhage is one cause of intrauterine death (IUD). The Kleihauer-Betke test is a blood test used to measure ... It is estimated that less than 1ml of fetal blood is lost to the maternal circulation during normal labour in around 96% of ...
... (cffDNA) is fetal DNA that circulates freely in the maternal blood. Maternal blood is sampled by ... Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Aneuploidy Using Cell-Free Fetal Nucleic Acids in Maternal Blood: Clinical Policy ( ... Approximately 11 to 13.4 percent of the cell-free DNA in maternal blood is of fetal origin. The amount varies widely from one ... Chiu RW, Poon LL, Lau TK, Leung TN, Wong EM, Lo YM (September 2001). "Effects of blood-processing protocols on fetal and total ...
"Animal welfare and ethics in the collection of fetal blood for the production of fetal bovine serum". Altex. 38 (2): 319-323. ... Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is derived from the blood drawn from a bovine fetus via a closed system of collection at the ... The blood is collected aseptically into a sterile container or blood bag and then allowed to clot. The normal method of ... Fetal bovine serum is the most widely used serum-supplement for the in vitro cell culture of eukaryotic cells. This is due to ...
Anderson, Ian (24 September 1987). Fetal fragments suggest warm-blooded dinosaurs. p. 25. ISSN 0262-4079. {{cite book}}: ,work ...
"Ultrasonic measurement of human fetal blood flow". Journal of Biomedical Engineering. 4 (1): 28-36. doi:10.1016/0141-5425(82) ...
If a pregnant woman is known to have anti-D antibodies, the Rh blood type of a fetus can be tested by analysis of fetal DNA in ... A blood type (also known as a blood group) is a classification of blood, based on the presence and absence of antibodies and ... A complete blood type would describe each of the 44 blood groups, and an individual's blood type is one of many possible ... Blood donors with exceptionally strong anti-A, anti-B or any atypical blood group antibody may be excluded from blood donation ...
Fielder, F.D.; Pocock, Pamela (1968). "Foetal blood flow detector". Ultrasonics. 6 (4): 240-241. doi:10.1016/0041-624X(68)90134 ... "Electronic foetal monitoring system, United Kingdom, 1980". Science Museum. Retrieved 2019-10-09. Brown, Tom. "An except from ... "Ultrasonic foetal heart monitor, England, 1973-1978". Science Museum. Retrieved 2019-10-09. Health and Social Service Journal, ... "Image of foetal monitoring system, united kingdom, 1980". Science & Society Picture Library. 2008-04-23. Retrieved 2019-10-09 ...
"The uric acid content of maternal and fetal blood". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 32 (1): 63-69. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18) ... Their purpose was to provide education on prenatal hygiene and fetal nutrition in an effort to increase the birth rate, which ... In addition, he published a number of research papers on the biochemistry of the fetal circulatory system and the placenta (see ...
... maternal and fetal blood lead levels are virtually identical. Once in the fetal circulation, lead readily enters the developing ... Measuring a person's blood lead level requires a blood sample, which may be performed with a fingerstick or a blood draw. The ... Blood lead level (BLL), is a measure of the amount of lead in the blood. Lead is a toxic heavy metal and can cause neurological ... "since no safe blood lead level in children has been identified, a blood lead 'level of concern' cannot be used to define ...
Conventional methods for growing animal tissue in culture involves the use of fetal bovine serum (FBS). FBS is a blood product ... Nowak-Imialek, Monika; Niemann, Heiner (2016). "Embryonic Stem Cells and Fetal Development Models". Fetal Stem Cells in ... Sothic Bioscience is building a platform for biosynthetic horseshoe crab blood production. Horseshoe crab blood contains ... "Blood, brains and burgers: The future is lab-grown everything". New Atlas. 2021-08-11. Retrieved 2021-08-15. "Under Development ...
Hemoglobin F is found in fetal red blood cells, and is involved in transporting oxygen from the mother's bloodstream to organs ... Fetal hemoglobin, or foetal haemoglobin (also hemoglobin F, HbF, or α2γ2) is the main oxygen carrier protein in the human fetus ... but it's only from 3 months onwards that it becomes the main type found in fetal red blood cells. The switch to produce adult ... The small proportion of red blood cells containing hemoglobin F are called F-cells, which also contain other types of ...
Hennessy DP, Coghlan JP, Hardy KJ, Scoggins BA, Wintour EM (October 1982). "The origin of cortisol in the blood of fetal sheep ... and although lamb fetal cortisol is mostly of maternal origin during the first 122 days, 88% or more is of fetal origin by day ... increased fetal production of cortisol between weeks 30 and 32 initiates production of fetal lung pulmonary surfactant to ... It also increases blood glucose levels by reducing glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue, decreasing protein synthesis, ...
ISBN 3-540-58961-9. Ervin MG, Leake RD, Ross MG, Calvario GC, Fisher DA (May 1985). "Arginine vasotocin in ovine fetal blood, ... and possibly in mammals during the fetal stage of development. Arginine vasotocin (AVT), a hormone produced by neurosecretory ...
... bringing the fetal blood extremely close to the maternal blood; but no intermingling of fetal and maternal blood occurs (" ... Maternal blood flow begins between days 5-12, and is approximately 600-700 ml/min at term. Deoxygenated fetal blood passes ... Sometimes the blood vessels connecting the lobes get in the way of fetal presentation during labor, which is called vasa previa ... In humans and other hemochorial placentals, the maternal blood comes into direct contact with the fetal chorion, though no ...
"Fetal head sparing theory". Radiopaedia. Hershkovitz R, Kingdom JC, Geary M, Rodeck CH. Fetal cerebral blood flow ... Foetal cerebral redistribution or 'brain-sparing' is a diagnosis in foetal medicine. It is characterised by preferential flow ... Neurodevelopmental outcome in 2-year-old infants who were small-for-gestational-age-term fetuses with cerebral blood flow ... of blood towards the brain at the expense of the other vital organs, and it occurs as a haemodynamic adaptation in foetuses ...
Fetal demise occurs if the circulating blood volume is significantly decreased. The critical factor deciding the prognosis is ... or may present with signs of decreased blood flow to the foetus such as growth restriction and foetal distress. Postnatally, ... Evidence from the Southern blot test reveals that 85 % of the clotted material is maternal blood. Breus mole is reported to be ... The mole may be echogenic or hypoechoic depending upon the amount of fresh blood present in it. Breus' mole should be ...
... blood plasma and switched strategy to search for cell-free fetal DNA in mother's blood. Lo, who by the time was married, ... using fetal DNA from fetal cells in the mother's blood. This, however, was stymied by a number of factors, including low ... His research focuses on the detection of cell-free fetal DNA in blood plasma. Lo was born in Hong Kong in 1963. His mother ... Lo then wondered if fetal DNA was detectable in mother's blood. Using PCR, he detected the Y chromosome in a mother bearing a ...
"Relationship between fetal biophysical activities and umbilical cord blood gas values". American Journal of Obstetrics and ... even if there is no other evidence of reduced blood flow to the placenta, normal uterine blood flow rate being 600mL/min. The ... 1992). Fetal and infant origins of adult disease. London: British Medical Journal. ISBN 978-0-7279-0743-1. Haws, Rachel A; ... The term is also sometimes used to designate late decelerations of fetal heart rate as measured by cardiotocography or an NST, ...
Moreover, neonates have much higher levels of bilirubin in their blood due to: Rapid breakdown of fetal red blood cells ... This breakdown of fetal red blood cells releases large amounts of bilirubin. Severe hemolytic disease of the newborn. Many ... The blood-brain barrier is not fully functional in neonates and therefore bilirubin is able to cross into the central nervous ... liver is heavily exercised by the breakdown of fetal hemoglobin as it is replaced with adult hemoglobin and the blood-brain ...
She was lying in the fetal position in a pool of blood. An autopsy determined that Brown had been stabbed seven times in the ...
"Fetal cells in maternal blood for prenatal diagnosis: a love story rekindled". Biomarkers in Medicine. 11 (9): 705-710. doi: ... For example, isolation of protoporphyrin IX from blood samples can be used as a diagnostic tool for atherosclerosis. Cancer ... "Liquid Biopsy: Using DNA in Blood to Detect, Track, and Treat Cancer". National Cancer Institute. 8 November 2017. Retrieved 12 ... primarily blood. Like traditional biopsy, this type of technique is mainly used as a diagnostic and monitoring tool for ...
... which is essential for fetal blood circulation. At birth, when the first breath is taken fetal blood flow is reversed to travel ... Within the fetal right atrium, blood from the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava flow in separate streams to ... During atrial systole, blood not only empties from the atria to the ventricles, but blood continues to flow uninterrupted from ... During the cardiac cycle the atria receive blood while relaxed in diastole, then contract in systole to move blood to the ...
"Noninvasive blood tests for fetal development predict gestational age and preterm delivery". Science. 360 (6393): 1133-1136. ... "Blood Transfusion, Haemophilia, and AIDS". The Lancet. 324 (8417-8418): 1433-1435. December 1984. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(84) ... demonstrated how the use of new technologies makes it possible based on a blood test among pregnant woman to predict ... infected with HIV and later the same year that HIV infection was caused by commercially manufactured factor VIII based on blood ...
"Fetal genotyping for the K (Kell) and Rh C, c, and E blood groups on cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma". Transfusion. 47 ( ... Fetal antigen status can be tested as early as 15 weeks by PCR of fetal cells. CVS is possible as well to test fetal antigen ... as well as fetal signs of anemia or hydrops. Blood is generally drawn from the father to help determine fetal antigen status. ... Blood is taken from the mother during the pregnancy, and using PCR, can detect the K, C, c, D, and E alleles of fetal DNA. This ...
Blood is taken from the mother, and using PCR, can detect the K, C, c, D, and E alleles of fetal DNA. This blood test is non- ... Fetal antigen status can be tested as early as 15 weeks by PCR of fetal cells. CVS is possible as well to test fetal antigen ... "Fetal genotyping for the K (Kell) and Rh C, c, and E blood groups on cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma". Transfusion. 47 ( ... For US patients, blood may be sent to either of the labs. In the US, Sensigene is done by Sequenome to determine fetal D status ...
Circulating cffDNA can be detected in maternal blood between the 5th and the 7th week of gestational age, however more fetal ... Wright, Caroline F.; Burton, Hilary (2009). "The use of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in maternal blood for non-invasive ... Clausen, Frederik Banch (2014). "Integration of noninvasive prenatal prediction of fetal blood group into clinical prenatal ... "Translating cell-free fetal DNA technology: structural lessons from non-invasive RhD blood typing". Trends in Biotechnology. 31 ...
Blood is taken from the mother, and using PCR, can detect the K, C, c, D, and E alleles of fetal DNA. This blood test is non- ... Fetal antigen status can be tested as early as 15 weeks by PCR of fetal cells. CVS is possible as well to test fetal antigen ... "Fetal genotyping for the K (Kell) and Rh C, c, and E blood groups on cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma". Transfusion. 47 ( ... For US patients, blood may be sent to either of the labs. In the US, Sensigene is done by Sequenome to determine fetal D status ...
During a fetal scalp blood testing procedure, a small incision on the fetal scalp is made and blood is collected using a ... Fetal scalp lactate measurements also require a much smaller volume of blood whereas fetal blood sampling is more invasive. A ... October 2022). "Digital fetal scalp stimulation (dFSS) versus fetal blood sampling (FBS) to assess fetal wellbeing in labour-a ... Furthermore, studies are being done to evaluate and compare between the fetal scalp blood test and digital fetal scalp blood ...
... blood flow to fetal organs was studied 3 to 10 days after surgery by means of the microsphere technique over a range of fetal ... Blood flows to neural tissues (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem), heart, and the adrenals increased in inverse … ... Blood flow to the fetal lungs decreased progressively with hypoxia. The blood flow to kidneys, digestive tract, pancreas, and ... Blood flow to fetal organs as a function of arterial oxygen content Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979 Nov 1;135(5):637-46. doi: 10.1016 ...
2021 Fetal Blood Eage. All rights reserved ...
2021 Fetal Blood Eage. All rights reserved ...
A new blood test may help predict how severely a baby will be affected by alcohol exposure during pregnancy. ... Fetal alcohol syndrome is a severe form of a spectrum of mental and physical disabilities, called fetal alcohol spectrum ... A new blood test may help predict how severely a baby will be affected by alcohol exposure during pregnancy. ... 5 misconceptions about fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. "Collectively, our data indicate that maternal plasma miRNAs may help ...
Targeted Gene Editing Cures Blood Disorder in Fetal Mice The technique offers a potential new approach for early treatment of ... The fetal research study was patterned after an earlier successful trial of the gene editing process in anemic adult mice. ... Working with diseased fetal tissue presented an enormous challenge for the researchers. The latest effort was a true ... Mice that received a single injection of the PNA/DNA complex in utero had normal blood counts, spleens of normal size, and ...
Blood flow (F), blood pressure (P), and vascular resistance (R) are closely related (F = P/R), and resistance changes are … ...
Red Blood Cells Expressing Fetal Antigens: Their Presence in Adults with Certain Forms of Anemia Subject Area: Hematology , ... M. Lunghi, A.L. Giuliani, M. Torboli, G. Guerra, F. Vesce, G. Salsini, E. Wiener, G. Bertia; Red Blood Cells Expressing Fetal ... Using the IgG fraction of an antiserum against cord red blood cell (RBC) membranes (F-IgG), antigenic properties of RBC of ... Effects of Exercise Training on Red Blood Cell Production: Implications for Anemia Acta Haematol (January,2012) ...
Explore fetal prognosis based on uricemia and maternal proteinuria. Gain insights to improve maternal and fetal outcomes. ... Fetal Prognostics in Relation to Uricemia and Maternal Proteinuria of Arterial High Blood Pressure Types during Pregnancy at ... b) Fetal prognosis as a function of maternal uricemia: Fetal complications (hypotrophy, prematurity, SFA, and MFIU) were ... b) Fetal prognosis as a function of maternal uricemia: Fetal complications (hypotrophy, prematurity, SFA, and MFIU) were ...
2018). Fetal cord blood and tissue immune responses to chronic placental inflammation and chorioamnionitis. figshare. ... From a cohort of 19 live birth infants, we collected cord blood and placenta samples to evaluate for signs of acute and chronic ... We also found an increased proportion of RORγt+ cells within Foxp3+ cells in subjects with acute high stage fetal and maternal ...
Aquí presentamos un protocolo para medir el flujo sanguíneo fetal rápidamente con resonancia magnética y realizar ... Medicina Número 167 Imágenes de flujo fetal con resonancia magnética resonancia magnética de contraste de fase fetal ... La resonancia magnética fetal enfrenta varios desafíos. Este protocolo aborda los problemas de movimiento fetal, requisitos de ... corrige retrospectivamente el movimiento fetal y permite la extracción de la frecuencia cardíaca fetal utilizando la activación ...
Copyright © 2023 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & Association of Clinical Pathologists. All rights reserved.. ...
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Doctors at Boston Childrens Hospital have performed the first-ever fetal brain surgery to treat a rare blood vessel ... Doctors at Boston Childrens Hospital have performed the first-ever fetal brain surgery to treat a rare blood vessel ... Boston Childrens Hospital Performs First-Ever Fetal Brain Surgery to Treat Rare Blood Vessel Abnormality. ... Boston Childrens Hospital Performs First-Ever Fetal Brain Surgery to Treat Rare Blood Vessel Abnormality. ...
Fetal Dopplers : Schiller Monitors : Medical Device Depot, Inc. ... Fetal Dopplers *Fetal Doppler Accessories & Probes *MedaSonics ...
Theory of abnormal fetal blood-flow patterns. The second theory is related to abnormal fetal blood-flow patterns. During fetal ... A preductal defect does not change normal fetal blood-flow patterns. As a result, no collaterals form in utero. If blood flows ... As with coarctation, abnormal fetal blood-flow patterns are theorized to substantially contribute to the etiology of IAA. ... Blood pressure is mechanically affected at all levels and at the level of the kidneys, and recent data suggest that ...
MASS SPECTROMETER TRANSDUCER FOR FETAL-SCALP BLOOD GAS MEASUREMENT. Rolfe P., Goddard PJ., Burton PJ., Crowe JA., Johnson P., ...
Cord Blood Methylmercury and Fetal Growth Outcomes in Baltimore Newborns: Potential Confounding and Effect Modification by ... Cord Blood Methylmercury and Fetal Growth Outcomes in Baltimore Newborns: Potential Confounding and Effect Modification by ... "Cord Blood Methylmercury and Fetal Growth Outcomes in Baltimore Newborns: Potential Confounding and Effect Modification by ... "Cord Blood Methylmercury and Fetal Growth Outcomes in Baltimore Newborns: Potential Confounding and Effect Modification by ...
Fetal Chromosome Abnormalities. sequencing of fetal DNA in material blood. ,Pregnant Individuals. Diagnosis and residual ...
High-end arteriolar resistance limits uterine artery blood flow and restricts fetal growth in preeclampsia and gestational ... These are, to our knowledge, the first quantitative measurements of Q(UA) and pelvic blood flow in early- vs. late-onset PE in ... We concluded that high end-arteriolar resistance, not smaller UA diameter, limited Q(UA) and restricted fetal growth in PE and ... Altitude Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/etiologia Hipertensão Induzida pela Gravidez/fisiopatologia Pré-Eclâmpsia/fisiopatologia ...
Managing Blood and Blood Product Inventory Guidelines for Australian Health Providers*Module 1: Managing Blood and Blood ... Testing of maternal blood to determine fetal RHD genotype. The Guideline for the prophylactic use of Rh D immunoglobulin in ... Home » Best Practice » Prophylactic use of Rh D immunoglobulin in maternity care » Testing of maternal blood to determine fetal ... Non invasive prenatal testing of blood from an RhD negative pregnant patient for the detection of the RHD gene from fetal DNA ...
Increased systolic blood pressure in adult rats induced by fetal exposure to maternal low protein diets.Clin Sci1994;86:217-22. ... Maternal nutrition and fetal growth. In: Ward RHT, Smith SK, Donnai D eds.Early fetal growth and development. London: RCOG ... Fetal undernutrition has also been shown to cause persisting raised blood pressure in rats.27 This must encourage the view that ... Maternal and fetal influences on blood pressure.Arch Dis Child1991;66:1291-5. ...
A fetal blood sample showed moderate anemia. Because of these negative results for virus infections, an ascitic fluid sample ... A fetal blood sample showed increased anemia and thrombocythemia.. Fetopathologic examination showed hepatosplenomegaly, thymic ... A) Fetal brain at 23... Table. * Table. Characteristics of neonates with congenital viral or bacterial infections, including a ... Fetal brain and placenta biopsy specimens and a serum sample from the mother were negative for LCMV. The matching sequence was ...
... causes your body to produce abnormally shaped red blood cells. Learn about symptoms and treatment. ... It increases the amount of fetal hemoglobin in the blood. This medicine is not right for everyone; talk to your provider about ... National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute) * Treatments for Blood Disorders (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute) Also in ... Blood Smear (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish * Complete Blood Count (CBC) (National Library of Medicine) Also in ...
This allows increased blood flow to the maternal-fetal interface. Remodeling of these arterioles probably begins in the first ... In addition, fetal growth determination at 2-week intervals must be performed to document adequate fetal growth. A 24-hour ... Report of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. Am J Obstet ... During this period, maternal and fetal evaluation must show that the fetus does not have severe growth restriction or fetal ...
During the pregnancy, your babys DNA circulates freely in your bloodstream. This allows the mother to perform prenatal tests
Arsenic; Manganese; Pregnancy; In-utero exposure; Biomarkers; Pregnancy; Women; Author Keywords: arsenic; cord blood; fetal ... The main objective of this paper is to evaluate infant toenails, hair, and cord blood as biomarkers of prenatal exposure to As ... Cord blood was collected at the time of delivery. Maternal toenail concentrations were correlated with infant toenail ...
Fetal therapy - Download as a PDF or view online for free ... FETAL THYROID GOITER Rx FETAL CORD BLOOD FOR THYROID STATUS TSH ... FETAL THERAPY fetoscopy Intra - uterine fetal blood transfusion Fetal surgery *4. . Fetal therapy A therapeutic intervention ... Invasive fetal therapy 1961 Intra uterine blood transfusion *27. . Invasive fetal therapy 1961 Intra uterine blood transfusion ... Fetal therapy Pharmacological fetal therapy - (noninvasive) • Surgical fetal therapy - (Invasive) *8. . Fetal therapy  ...
... allows doctors to sample fetal blood under ultrasound guidance. The test is usually performed after 18 weeks gestation. ... Fetal Blood Sampling Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling (PUBS) allows doctors to sample fetal blood under ultrasound ... itself is similar to an amniocentesis procedure and involves placement of a small needle into the uterus for a fetal blood ... This procedure is also used to perform blood transfusion (e.g. Rh incompatibility) and to directly administer medication to the ...
  • Fetal scalp blood testing is a technique used in obstetrics during active labor to confirm whether a fetus is receiving enough oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
  • With the help of a small needle, various providers and specialists can remove small amounts of blood from the fetus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The use of fetal scalp blood testing originated in Germany in 1961 and required 0.25 mL of blood drawn from the fetus. (wikipedia.org)
  • An amnioscope with a light source is used to expose the scalp of the fetus, and the procedure requires at least 3 to 4 cm of cervical dilation to visualize the fetal scalp. (wikipedia.org)
  • COMPLETE FETAL A - V BLOCK AA A A A At the time of diagnosis of heart block in FETUS maternal dexamethasone (4 or 8 mg/d for 2 weeks, Then 4 mg/day should be initiated maintained for the duration of the pregnancy, tapering at times (2 mg/d) in the third trimester. (slideshare.net)
  • COMPLETE FETAL A - V BLOCK AA A A A In the presence of maternal anti-Ro/La antibodies , there are no known markers that will predict which fetus will develop an AV conduction defect. (slideshare.net)
  • An intrauterine transfusion provides blood to an Rh-positive fetus when fetal red blood cells are being destroyed by the Rh-sensitized mother's immune system. (uofmhealthwest.org)
  • Fetal blood sampling (FBS) shows that the fetus has severe anemia. (uofmhealthwest.org)
  • The satisfactory result of a Fetal Scalp Blood Sample (FSBS) may enhance the clinical decision and avoid unnecessary surgical intervention with the fetus being delivered vaginally. (ogpnews.com)
  • A woman of blood type Rhesus (Rh) negative can create antibodies against the red blood cells of a fetus of type Rh positive, injuring that fetus, or subsequent fetuses. (nature.com)
  • Background: Fetal red blood cells (FRBC) in maternal blood are counted in rhesus-negative women to determine the amount of anti-D immunoglobulin to be administered in the case of a rhesus-positive fetus. (uantwerpen.be)
  • Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) harms a growing fetus, triggering a condition known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). (psu.edu)
  • Immune hydrops fetalis usually occurs when the blood types of the mother and the fetus aren't compatible with each other. (healthline.com)
  • An intrauterine fetal blood transfusion is done in the hospital. (uofmhealthwest.org)
  • Occasionally, a doctor may give the baby blood transfusions (intrauterine fetal blood transfusion) to help increase the chances that the baby will survive until birth. (healthline.com)
  • This study aimed for the quantitative detection of cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) in peripheral plasma of pregnant women, which provides basic data for clinical non-invasive prenatal screening in early pregnancy. (imrpress.com)
  • Two of the leading researchers in cell-free fetal DNA testing - Dennis Lo of the University of Hong Kong and Steve Quake of Stanford University in California - use different methods to analyse fetal cell-free DNA from maternal serum. (nature.com)
  • A new blood test may help predict how severely a baby will be affected by alcohol exposure during pregnancy. (futurity.org)
  • The results indicated that moderate to high levels of alcohol exposure during early pregnancy resulted in significant differences in some circulating small RNA molecules, termed microRNAs (miRNAs), in maternal blood. (futurity.org)
  • That's why we examined specific biomarkers in the mother's blood in the second and third trimester of her pregnancy to determine if they are useful in identifying children who could benefit from early interventions. (futurity.org)
  • The objectives of this work were to calculate the frequency of arterial hypertension during pregnancy, describe the epidemiological profile, and identify the most common type of hypertension and to establish fetal prognosis based on uricemia and maternal proteinuria. (scirp.org)
  • Hypertension in pregnancy is defined as systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 140 mm/Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 90 mm/Hg in two (2) consecutive visits separated by at least 4 hours in a woman resting for 10 to 15 minutes in a sitting position then in left lateral decubitus [1]. (scirp.org)
  • Non invasive prenatal testing of blood from an RhD negative pregnant patient (in a singleton pregnancy) for the detection of the RHD gene from fetal DNA circulating in maternal blood, if the patient is alloimmunised with immune Anti-D MBS Item number 73421. (blood.gov.au)
  • Thus, this study indicates the efficiency and reliability of cffDNA in peripheral blood of 7-10th week of gestational period for the detection of early pregnancy. (imrpress.com)
  • It is starting to replace the more invasive and riskier tests for detecting fetal abnormalities that are often inaccurate and can only be done during later stages of pregnancy. (genomeweb.com)
  • Checking for hundreds or thousands of traits with one blood test, early in pregnancy, could move prenatal genetic testing from uncommon to routine. (nature.com)
  • Technical problems have hampered attempts to isolate individual fetal cells and, even when such cells could be found, there was no guarantee that they were from the present pregnancy. (nature.com)
  • fetal demise has not, however, a group of injured pregnant women who had survived after being admitted been significantly reduced because of a who were "at risk" for termination of with trauma during pregnancy. (who.int)
  • The rise in non-obstetric causes, especially their pregnancy, we could define a sub- fetal stage was defined as the period trauma [1]. (who.int)
  • 28 pregnancy is currently a leading cause cy loss in the form of abortion or fetal gestational weeks) [12]. (who.int)
  • Having high blood pressure while pregnant can lead to health complications for both mom and baby, but making certain lifestyle choices can help lower blood pressure during pregnancy. (nortonhealthcare.com)
  • Even though a gestational diabetes diagnosis felt scary at the time, for Jenna Wilson, support from Norton Children's Maternal-Fetal Medicine made her high-risk pregnancy much less intimidating. (nortonhealthcare.com)
  • You may also be given an ultrasound during pregnancy if you notice the baby is moving less often or you're experiencing other pregnancy complications, such as high blood pressure . (healthline.com)
  • To determine the correlation between maternal bile acid (BA) level and fetal pulmonary surfactant in rats and study the effects of BA on fetal lung in rat model of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. (hindawi.com)
  • Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is liver disease which could lead to premature birth, fetal distress and neonatal asphyxia, and increasing risk of fetal morbidity and mortality [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Howard and Murphy found that fetal serum TBA was higher than that of the maternal level during late stage of normal pregnancy [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Women in Denmark can now take a blood test to identify genetic foetal abnormalities in early pregnancy. (euronews.com)
  • 1. Provide quality antenatal care (ANC) as early as possible in the first trimester, at least four times during pregnancy and include provision of iron-folic acid, TT injection, Hb/ blood pressure, nutrition and foetal growth monitoring. (who.int)
  • However, there are only a few nancies, complications of pregnancy such studies on the effect of other individual ma- as hypertension, pre-eclampsia, anaemia ternal micronutrients on fetal growth [ 2-5 ]. (who.int)
  • This procedure is used to help determine blood type, diagnose genetic abnormalities, identify fetal infections, fetal anemia, and low platelet count. (wikipedia.org)
  • The software is designed to analyze whole-genome sequence data from samples of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) extracted from maternal blood plasma, one of the newer and less invasive forms of prenatal genetic testing that are becoming more commonly used to screen fetuses for heritable genetic diseases and identify abnormalities. (genomeweb.com)
  • Fetal therapy, also known as fetal treatment, is a branch of fetal medicine that involves the diagnosis and treatment of fetal abnormalities. (yalemedicine.org)
  • Noninvasive maternal screening for fetal chromosomal abnormalities should be offered to all pregnant women who have not already decided to have amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) provides recommendations for screening for fetal chromosomal abnormalities and a chart to show the timing of prenatal testing for chromosomal abnormalities (see ACOG: Prenatal Genetic Testing Chart ). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Some of the signs and symptoms of oxygen deprivation are pH in the umbilical cord, abnormal fetal heartbeat and abnormal coloration of amniotic fluid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fetal scalp blood testing is associated with a relatively high failure rate of up to 20% due to variables such as sample contamination with air or amniotic fluid, or inadequate sample volume. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the current study, the researchers injected the nanoparticle suspension into the amniotic fluid of pregnant mice whose fetuses carried a genetic mutation that causes beta thalassemia, a blood disorder that reduces the production of hemoglobin and causes a severe form of anemia. (uconn.edu)
  • Each year, less than 2% of pregnant women in the United States undergo amniocentesis (in which a small amount of amniotic fluid containing fetal cells is taken for analysis) or chorionic villus sampling (CVS - in which fetal tissue is extracted from the placenta). (nature.com)
  • Does amniotic fluid analysis reflect acid-base balance in fetal blood? (ox.ac.uk)
  • An example of the latter is the direct treatment of fetal supraventricular tachycardia that is refractory to more conventional maternal therapy. (texaschildrens.org)
  • Therefore, due to limitation in adding value, fetal scalp testing can serve as second line test to provide and strengthen the information on fetal acidosis and hypoxia status obtained from cardiocotography (CTG). (wikipedia.org)
  • The eventual build up of carbon dioxide may lead to metabolic acidosis and hypoxia which in turn may lead to fetal death. (ogpnews.com)
  • Working with diseased fetal tissue presented an enormous challenge for the researchers. (uconn.edu)
  • The malformation is a rare prenatal condition in which arteries bringing high-flow, high-pressure blood to the brain from the heart connect directly with one of the main collecting veins deep at the base of the brain, rather than to capillaries that are necessary to slow blood flow and deliver oxygen to surrounding brain tissue. (coco66.com)
  • However, whether the level of TBA in maternal serum caused perinatal abnormality of pulmonary surfactant and fetal lung tissue morphological structure remains largely unknown. (hindawi.com)
  • It is not known whether an impairment of perivascular adipose tissue function occurs in smaller arteries, and whether the control of blood pressure is affected. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Here we studied the blood pressure effects and the alteration of perivascular adipose tissue function in mesenteric arteries of the offspring born to Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY) dams exposed to nicotine. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Alterations in perivascular adipose tissue composition and modulatory function are some of the mechanisms associated with this blood pressure increase. (mcmaster.ca)
  • This correlation can only be concluded by sampling fetal scalp blood and measuring acid status. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, fetal scalp blood testing could be used to reduce the number of unnecessary emergency caesarean sections made on the decision of fetal heart rate alone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Now, fetal scalp blood testing requires a considerable less amount of blood depending if testing pH or lactate. (wikipedia.org)
  • One safer alternative to fetal scalp blood testing is what is called fetal scalp stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • During a fetal scalp blood testing procedure, a small incision on the fetal scalp is made and blood is collected using a capillary tube. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fetal scalp blood testing should be avoided when there is a potential risk of infection (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1964, Saling was reported to be using fetal scalp blood sampling to help assess fetal well-being. (ogpnews.com)
  • The detection of risk factors by a good prenatal follow-up and the regular training of the care providers for adequate and multidisciplinary care (obstetrician, intensive care nephrologist and pediatrician) of hypertensive pregnant women and their newborns can improve the maternal prognosis and fetal. (scirp.org)
  • Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis using fetal cells in maternal blood. (bmj.com)
  • Non invasive prenatal testing of blood from an RhD negative pregnant patient for the detection of the RHD gene from fetal DNA circulating in maternal blood - MBS Item number 73420. (blood.gov.au)
  • The main objective of this paper is to evaluate infant toenails, hair, and cord blood as biomarkers of prenatal exposure to As and Mn and determine the relationship between maternal and infant As and Mn concentrations in these biomarkers. (cdc.gov)
  • Non-invasive prenatal genetic diagnosis is already in clinical use for fetal blood-type screening. (nature.com)
  • Issues that require fetal therapy are usually discovered during routine prenatal exams. (yalemedicine.org)
  • The risks of high blood pressure while pregnant have prompted a panel of medical experts to recommend all pregnant people get blood pressure screenings at every prenatal visit. (nortonhealthcare.com)
  • This procedure is also used to perform blood transfusion (e.g. (texaschildrens.org)
  • An intrauterine blood transfusion may be done to replace fetal red blood cells that are being destroyed by an Rh-sensitized mother's immune system (Rh disease). (uofmhealthwest.org)
  • Fetal survival after transfusion depends upon the severity of the fetus's illness, the method of transfusion, and the skill of the doctor who does the procedure. (uofmhealthwest.org)
  • Every three weeks, Katrina Crume and Aaron Dean Calloway made the nearly two-hour journey from their home near Owensboro, Kentucky, to Louisville so their baby, Phoebe, could receive a lifesaving blood transfusion. (nortonhealthcare.com)
  • A baby born with hydrops fetalis may need a blood transfusion and other treatments to remove the excess fluid. (healthline.com)
  • For immune hydrops, the baby may receive a direct transfusion of red blood cells that match its blood type. (healthline.com)
  • Many of them burst apart as they move through your blood vessels. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 2) the nature of placental exchange and the gaseous content of the maternal and fetal vessels. (edu.au)
  • With this rare condition, which affects 10 to 15 percent of identical twins who share the same placenta, the placenta has abnormal blood vessels. (yalemedicine.org)
  • Here we examine the feasibility of CS for reconstructing retrospectively undersampled PC MR measurements of fetal vessels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling (PUBS) allows doctors to sample fetal blood under ultrasound guidance. (texaschildrens.org)
  • The procedure itself is similar to an amniocentesis procedure and involves placement of a small needle into the uterus for a fetal blood sample from the umbilical cord. (texaschildrens.org)
  • Fetal Serum Laboratories manufactures the foetal blood serum infusions reagents distributed by Genprice. (cd1234567890.com)
  • The Foetal Blood Serum Infusions reagent is RUO (Research Use Only) to test human serum or cell culture lab samples. (cd1234567890.com)
  • Description: The Morphine ELISA kit for serum or whole blood is intended for use in research laboratories. (cd1234567890.com)
  • Analysing the free-floating fragments of fetal DNA that exist in a pregnant woman's blood serum is proving more successful. (nature.com)
  • Groups A and B intervened with BA showed significant higher level of TBA in both maternal and fetal serum, more mortality rate of fetal rats, more concentration of SP-A in fetal serum, and wider alveolus mesenchyme of fetal rats than the control Group C. Higher level of BA associated with increased fetal risk and lower numerical density of mitochondria in type II alveolar epithelial cells. (hindawi.com)
  • The levels of TBA in maternal serum were found to have significant positive correlation with those in fetal serum and SP-A level but negatively with the area of alveolus and the numerical density of lamellar body. (hindawi.com)
  • The TBA level in maternal serum showed significant association with lung pathological changes in fetal rats. (hindawi.com)
  • Blood flow to the fetal lungs decreased progressively with hypoxia. (nih.gov)
  • The blood flow to kidneys, digestive tract, pancreas, and carcass had a tendency to remain constant or increase gradually in the transition from high to moderately low levels of arterial O2 content and then to decrease abruptly in more severe hypoxia. (nih.gov)
  • Transfusions can be given through the fetal abdomen or, more often, by delivering the blood into the umbilical vein or artery. (uofmhealthwest.org)
  • The procedure has many benefits such as providing specific information about the baby's health and the ability to treat babies with any severe blood diseases before birth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fetal alcohol syndrome is a severe form of a spectrum of mental and physical disabilities, called fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), that can affect children's development with long-lasting consequences. (futurity.org)
  • This vascular abnormality allows blood to flow dangerously fast through part of the brain after a child is born, potentially leading to heart failure, severe brain injury, or death. (coco66.com)
  • Using the IgG fraction of an antiserum against cord red blood cell (RBC) membranes (F-IgG), antigenic properties of RBC of newborns (n = 24) and patients suffering from anemia (n = 46) [either due to β -thalassemia intermedia (n = 37) or hemorrhage (n = 9)] as compared to those of normal adults (n = 18) were examined with fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and radio-immunoassays (RIA). (karger.com)
  • The medium cerebral artery peak systolic velocity was 1.98 multiples of median, which indicated fetal anemia. (cdc.gov)
  • A fetal blood sample showed moderate anemia. (cdc.gov)
  • It provides a means for rapid and accurate genetic testing, analysis of blood disorders (e.g. anemia, hemophilia, alloimmune thrombocytopenia, identification of congenital infection), or early detection of metabolic diseases that might possibly not be detected by amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling in certain cases. (texaschildrens.org)
  • Birth weight was strongly associated with reduced Q(UA) (R(2) = 0.80, P disease severity and adverse fetal outcomes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Last month, two research groups independently published proof that the fetal genotype - the genetic status at a given locus - can be derived for thousands of sites from samples of fetal DNA with just a 10-millilitre blood draw from a pregnant woman 2 , 3 . (nature.com)
  • With the help of continuous ultrasound guidance to place the needle in the abdomen into the tiny fetal blood vessel, the blood sample gets obtained and sent for testing. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fetal therapy Tools required for it are - Ultrasound machine MRI Fetoscope laser machine etc. (slideshare.net)
  • Ultrasound shows evidence of fetal hydrops , such as swollen tissues and organs. (uofmhealthwest.org)
  • The procedure is contraindicated in the case of pregnancies less than 34 weeks, abnormal fetal heart rate, abnormal fetal blood status, and maternal infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lifeblood is approved to continue providing this test under the national blood arrangements for high-risk pregnancies until alternative services become available as part of the normal provision of pathology services. (blood.gov.au)
  • Phase contrast (PC) MR is routinely used to quantify blood flow in postnatal subjects and through the use of metric optimized gating (MOG) has been employed in studies of fetal blood flow in both normal pregnancies and fetal congenital heart disease [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The increased blood volume from her pregnancies and strain on her heart muscle had taken a toll, as it does with many women. (nortonhealthcare.com)
  • This means that by taking a blood sample from the mother and non-invasive fetal testing for RhD, the so-called anti-D immunoglobulin prophylaxis can be omitted in about 40% of pregnancies. (xn--frauenrztinmnchen-vqb67b.de)
  • Mice that received a single injection of the PNA/DNA complex in utero had normal blood counts, spleens of normal size, and lived a normal life span. (uconn.edu)
  • 7 What is new is an understanding that some of the body's memories of early undernutrition become translated into pathology-an unsurprising conclusion since numerous experiments in animals have shown that undernutrition for even brief periods in utero leads to persisting changes in blood pressure, cholesterol metabolism, insulin responses to glucose, and in a range of other metabolic, endocrine, and immune parameters. (bmj.com)
  • Our Yale Medicine Fetal Care Center, which is the only of its kind in the state and one of few in the Northeast, offers comprehensive services to women whose unborn babies have anomalies and conditions that can be treated in utero. (yalemedicine.org)
  • This is a supplementary procedure used to determine if fetal acidemia has occurred following fetal cardiac distress. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recently, compressed sensing (CS) has been integrated with MOG for accelerated CINE imaging of the fetal cardiac anatomy [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Figure 2 demonstrated comparable measurements of total blood volume per cardiac cycle between fully sampled and undersampled reconstructions (R=6). (biomedcentral.com)
  • From a cohort of 19 live birth infants, we collected cord blood and placenta samples to evaluate for signs of acute and chronic histologic inflammation and cell phenotype characterization. (figshare.com)
  • Cord blood was collected at the time of delivery. (cdc.gov)
  • The choice of delivery can be dependent on a variety of clinical factors as cervical dilation, the rate of progress of labour, parity, fetal blood pH and the skill of the operator. (ogpnews.com)
  • He further commented on the remarkable provisions of nature in requiring but a small amount of blood to flow through the lungs before their respiratory function began. (edu.au)
  • Servetus (1553) made the important discovery that the blood, after passing through the lungs, is of a bright red color. (edu.au)
  • Levels of total bile acid (TBA), ALT, AST, TBIL, DBIL, and SP-A were determined and the lungs of fetal rats were analyzed for pathological changes. (hindawi.com)
  • CffDNA was extracted from peripheral blood and SRY gene's expression was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. (imrpress.com)
  • This is a non-invasive assay used for the detection of Fetal trisomies like Down syndrome (Trisomy 21), Edwards syndrome (Trisomy 18) and Patau's syndrome (Trisomy 13) using Maternal peripheral blood. (truemedix.in)
  • Por ejemplo, la aorta descendente es un vaso largo y recto cerca de la columna vertebral en las llanuras sagitales, la aorta ascendente y las arterias pulmonares principales se pueden identificar como vasos que salen de los ventrículos izquierdo y derecho, respectivamente. (jove.com)
  • Fully sampled PCMR data from the ascending and descending aorta were acquired in five fetal subjects (2 normal, 3 congenital heart disease). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Figure 1 shows an example flow curve of the human fetal ascending aorta for both fully sampled and undersampled (R=6) reconstructions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In rhesus-positive pregnant women this is done in not always very well-defined indications including trauma, miscarriage, fetal death and diminished fetal movements. (uantwerpen.be)
  • It is now part of the UK's National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) guideline on contemplation of a caesarean section, due to abnormal heart rate, that a fetal blood sample should be offered if possible before a final decision is made. (ogpnews.com)
  • We conclude that fetal and neonatal exposure to nicotine caused blood pressure elevation. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Pregnant women in malaria endemic areas need to have a blood test during the first trimester and when positive they are given treatment immediately and ITN. (who.int)
  • High-end arteriolar resistance limits uterine artery blood flow and restricts fetal growth in preeclampsia and gestational hypertension at high altitude. (bvsalud.org)
  • Yet in a paper appearing in the international science journal Nature Communications , scientists from UConn, Yale University, and Carnegie Mellon University describe how they corrected a genetic mutation in fetal mice using an intravenous injection of nanoparticles loaded with a combination of donor DNA and synthetic molecules known as peptide nucleic acids or PNAs. (uconn.edu)
  • Blood flows to neural tissues (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem), heart, and the adrenals increased in inverse relation to arterial O2 content. (nih.gov)
  • Biologists have known for decades that some fetal cells pass through the placenta and into the mother's blood stream. (nature.com)
  • In a sheep preparation the blood flow to fetal organs was studied 3 to 10 days after surgery by means of the microsphere technique over a range of fetal arterial O2 content from 6 to 1 mM. (nih.gov)
  • Doctors at Boston Children's Hospital have performed the first-ever fetal brain surgery to treat a rare blood vessel abnormality that can be fatal to newborns. (coco66.com)
  • 1972. Details of blood changes in 32 patients with pancytopenia associated with long-term exposure to benzene. (cdc.gov)
  • The fetal research study was patterned after an earlier successful trial of the gene editing process in anemic adult mice. (uconn.edu)
  • This approach offers a potential paradigm shift in managing vein of Galen malformation, and researchers will continue to perform and follow fetal cases to establish a clear pattern of improvement in both neurological and cardiovascular outcomes. (coco66.com)
  • Potential risks include bleeding from the fetal blood sampling site, infection, changes to heart rate, and death. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fetal infection. (uofmhealthwest.org)
  • Fetal blood sampling is a useful procedure that can diagnose, treat, or monitor different fetal problems. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fetal blood sampling is a complex procedure and performed when other tests are not possible. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since its first description, the techniques for the detection and interpretation of the Fetal Heart Rate have technically evolved. (ogpnews.com)
  • At this time there was much mystery concerning the adult circulation, and Galen further erred in assuming that the blood somehow passed through, the ventricular septum on its course from the right ventricle to the left. (edu.au)
  • The world's news media was buzzing last week after researchers showed that a blood test for mothers could detect Down's syndrome in their fetuses 1 . (nature.com)
  • Mirror syndrome can result in life-threatening hypertension (high blood pressures) or seizures. (healthline.com)
  • Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders. (medlineplus.gov)
  • most UK practitioners collect individual drops of fetal capillary blood in a heperanised tube following scalp skin puncture with a small blade. (ogpnews.com)
  • 24 gestational weeks), fetal abuse and assaults, puncture wounds women in Eastern Saudi Arabia who death at any gestational duration, or pre- and burn injuries [3,4]. (who.int)
  • Recently, bile acid was found to cause surfactant inactivation by enhancing the activity of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and induce inflammatory response of fetal lung [ 5 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • There is little exact information regarding the physiology of the fetal circulation in mammals. (edu.au)
  • While continuous fetal heart rate monitoring is the primary method for assessing fetal wellbeing during labor, a change in fetal heart rate is not indicative of fetal acidemia. (wikipedia.org)
  • The fetal origins hypothesis states that fetal undernutrition in middle to late gestation, which leads to disproportionate fetal growth, programmes later coronary heart disease. (bmj.com)
  • The programming of blood pressure, insulin responses to glucose, cholesterol metabolism, blood coagulation, and hormonal settings are all areas of active research.The BMJ's recent editorial on the fetal origins hypothesis stated that it rests only on the "very general" proposition that fetal undernutrition causes coronary heart disease. (bmj.com)
  • The hypothesis states that coronary heart disease is associated with specific patterns of disproportionate fetal growth that result from fetal undernutrition in middle to late gestation. (bmj.com)
  • Even though it is now relatively easy to electronically continuously monitor the fetal heart, the interpretation can often be ambiguous in its nature. (ogpnews.com)
  • Therefore parallel to the evolution of fetal heart rate monitoring, was that of fetal blood pH assessment. (ogpnews.com)
  • however the causes of the stress cannot always be identified fully through interpretation of the fetal heart rate alone. (ogpnews.com)
  • This historic 1928 paper by Kellogg describes development of blood flow through the heart. (edu.au)
  • The history of the dispute concerning the blood flow within the fetal heart and its quantitative distribution dates from the beginning of the fourth century. (edu.au)
  • gave the first adequate description of the fetal heart. (edu.au)
  • Servetus also recognized the foramen ovalein the fetal heart. (edu.au)
  • Twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence (TRAP) , a rare condition in which one twin without a functioning heart draws blood from the other twin. (yalemedicine.org)
  • A fetal echo is a specialist, detailed scan of your baby's heart. (babycentre.co.uk)
  • Umbilical blood flow did not change systematically in relation to arterial O2 content. (nih.gov)
  • The mother's immune system may then attack and destroy the baby's red blood cells. (healthline.com)
  • Treating the disorder at the fetal stage allowed the researchers to target important stem cells, which propagate the corrected DNA once they are treated, rather than DNA carrying the mutation. (uconn.edu)
  • We also found an increased proportion of RORγt+ cells within Foxp3+ cells in subjects with acute high stage fetal and maternal inflammation compared to those without acute or chronic inflammation. (figshare.com)
  • Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • With SCD, the hemoglobin forms into stiff rods within the red blood cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This changes the shape of the red blood cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Because of this, you may not have enough red blood cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The sickle-shaped cells can also stick to vessel walls, causing a blockage that slows or stops the flow of blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These new therapies involve taking some of your blood stem cells and either adding new DNA to them or changing their existing DNA. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Blood contains billions of DNA fragments released when cells die and are broken up by enzymes. (nature.com)
  • These are, to our knowledge , the first quantitative measurements of Q(UA) and pelvic blood flow in early- vs. late-onset PE in high- altitude residents. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition to the blood pressure criteria, proteinuria of greater than or equal to 0.3 grams in a 24-hour urine specimen, a protein (mg/dL)/creatinine (mg/dL) ratio of 0.3 or higher, or a urine dipstick protein of 1+ (if a quantitative measurement is unavailable) is required to diagnose preeclampsia. (medscape.com)