Fertilization
Fertilization in Vitro
Spermatozoa
Sperm-Ovum Interactions
Oocytes
Embryo Transfer
Zona Pellucida
Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic
Sperm Motility
Pregnancy
Sea Urchins
Pregnancy Rate
Acrosome
Cleavage Stage, Ovum
Acrosome Reaction
Fertilizers
Sperm Capacitation
Cryopreservation
Blastocyst
Ovulation Induction
Infertility, Male
Infertility
Microinjections
Fertility
Parthenogenesis
Sperm Head
Pregnancy Outcome
Semen Preservation
Oocyte Retrieval
Oogenesis
Insemination, Artificial
Follicular Fluid
Reproductive Techniques
Urochordata
Embryo, Mammalian
Fallopian Tubes
Meiosis
Ovarian Follicle
Menotropins
Chorionic Gonadotropin
Semen
Oocyte Donation
Cumulus Cells
Reproductive Techniques, Assisted
Embryo Culture Techniques
Sperm Transport
Echinodermata
Superovulation
In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques
Ovary
Live Birth
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Epididymis
Oligospermia
Pollen Tube
Micromanipulation
Fallopian Tube Diseases
Embryo, Nonmammalian
Sperm Tail
Contraception, Immunologic
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
Blastomeres
Ejaculation
Metaphase
Spermatids
Testis
Cryoprotective Agents
Cytoplasm
Cattle
Seminal Plasma Proteins
Calcium
Sperm Maturation
Seeds
Abortion, Spontaneous
Semen Analysis
Surrogate Mothers
Morula
Gonadotropins
Sperm Retrieval
Suction
Swine
Spermatogenesis
Zebrafish
Buserelin
Culture Media
Nitrogen
Fetal Viability
Vitrification
Cell Nucleus
Ionophores
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
Estradiol
Protamines
Oviducts
Molecular Sequence Data
Calcium Signaling
Progesterone
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer
Lytechinus
Gametogenesis
Nafarelin
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Mice, Inbred Strains
Preimplantation Diagnosis
Annelida
Gonadotropins, Equine
Chromomycin A3
Endosperm
Phaeophyta
Microscopy, Confocal
Human Characteristics
Culture Techniques
Beginning of Human Life
Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Human
Life
Twins
Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer
Pregnancy, Ectopic
Leuprolide
Follicular Phase
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos
Amino Acid Sequence
Exocytosis
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Insemination, Artificial, Homologous
Models, Biological
Polar Bodies
Species Specificity
Receptors, Cell Surface
Gastropoda
Retrospective Studies
Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous
Mammals
Xenopus laevis
Crosses, Genetic
Nuclear Transfer Techniques
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate
Phosphoinositide Phospholipase C
Endometriosis
Cells, Cultured
Fluorescent Dyes
Luteinizing Hormone
Triplets
Luteal Phase
Arabidopsis
Aneuploidy
Triptorelin Pamoate
Cell Membrane
Soil
Larva
Single Embryo Transfer
RNA, Messenger
Povidone
Embryo Research
Chromatin
Bivalvia
Calcimycin
Personhood
Thimerosal
Caenorhabditis elegans
Treatment Outcome
Uterus
Prolonged mating in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) increases likelihood of ovulation and embryo number. (1/2757)
Prairie voles are induced ovulators that mate frequently in brief bouts over a period of approximately 24 h. We examined 1) impact of mating duration on ovulation and embryo number, 2) incidence of fertilization, 3) temporal pattern of embryo development, 4) embryo progression through the reproductive tract over time, and 5) embryo development in culture. Mating was videotaped to determine first copulation, and the ovaries were examined and the reproductive tracts flushed at 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h and 2, 3, and 4 days after first copulation. The number of mature follicles and fresh corpora lutea and the number and developmental stage of embryos were quantified. One, two-, and four-cell embryos were cultured in Whitten's medium. Mature follicles were present at the earliest time examined (6 h). Thirty-eight percent of females that had been paired for < 12 h after the first copulation ovulated, whereas all females paired >/= 12 h after the first copulation ovulated. Virtually all (> 99%) oocytes recovered from females paired for >/= 12 h after first copulation were fertilized. Pairing time after first copulation and mean copulation-bout duration were significant (p < 0.05) determinants of embryo number. Embryos entered the uterine horns and implanted on Days 3 and 4, respectively, after first copulation (Day 0). Embryos cultured in vitro underwent approximately one cell division per day, a rate similar to that in vivo. We conclude that prairie voles ovulate reliably after pairing for >/= 12 h, although some females showed exceptional sensitivity not predicted by the variables quantified. Prolonged mating for longer than 12 h increased the total embryos produced. This mechanism likely has adaptive significance for increasing offspring number. (+info)Male gametic cell-specific gene expression in flowering plants. (2/2757)
The role of the male gamete-the sperm cell-in the process of fertilization is to recognize, adhere to, and fuse with the female gamete. These highly specialized functions are expected to be controlled by activation of a unique set of genes. However, male gametic cells traditionally have been regarded as transcriptionally quiescent because of highly condensed chromatin and a very reduced amount of cytoplasm. Here, we provide evidence for male gamete-specific gene expression in flowering plants. We identified and characterized a gene, LGC1, which was shown to be expressed exclusively in the male gametic cells. The gene product of LGC1 was localized at the surface of male gametic cells, suggesting a possible role in sperm-egg interactions. These findings represent an important step toward defining the molecular mechanisms of male gamete development and the cellular processes involved in fertilization of flowering plants. (+info)Treatment of mouse oocytes with PI-PLC releases 70-kDa (pI 5) and 35- to 45-kDa (pI 5.5) protein clusters from the egg surface and inhibits sperm-oolemma binding and fusion. (3/2757)
The effect of phosphatidyinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) on mouse sperm-egg interaction was investigated in this study to determine if glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins are involved in mammalian fertilization. When both sperm and zona-intact oocytes were pretreated with a highly purified preparation of PI-PLC and coincubated, there was no significant effect on sperm-zona pellucida binding; however, fertilization was reduced from 59.6% (control group) to 2.8% (treatment group). A similar reduction in fertilization rates was found when zona-intact oocytes were treated with PI-PLC and washed prior to incubation with untreated sperm. The effect of PI-PLC on sperm binding and fusion with zona-free oocytes was then investigated. Treatment of sperm with PI-PLC had no significant effect on sperm-egg binding or fusion. However, treatment of eggs with PI-PLC significantly reduced sperm-egg binding and fusion from 6.2 bound and 2.1 fused sperm per egg in the control group to 2.1 bound and 0.02 fused sperm per egg in the treatment group. This decrease in sperm-egg binding and fusion depended on the dose of PI-PLC employed, with a maximal inhibitory effect on binding and fusion at 5 and 1 U/ml, respectively. PI-PLC-treated oocytes could be artificially activated by calcium ionophore, demonstrating that the oocytes were functionally viable following treatment. Furthermore, treatment of oocytes with PI-PLC did not reduce the immunoreactivity of the non-GPI-anchored egg surface integrin, alpha6beta1. Taken together, these observations support the hypothesis that PI-PLC affects fertilization by specifically releasing GPI-anchored proteins from the oolemma. In order to identify the oolemmal GPI-anchored proteins involved in fertilization, egg surface proteins were labeled with sulfo-NHS biotin, treated with PI-PLC, and analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by avidin blotting. A prominent high-molecular-weight protein cluster (approximately 70 kDa, pI 5) and a lower molecular weight (approximately 35-45 kDa, pI 5.5) protein cluster were released from the oolemmal surface as a result of PI-PLC treatment. It is likely that these GPI-anchored egg surface proteins are required for sperm-egg binding and fusion. (+info)Mutations in FIE, a WD polycomb group gene, allow endosperm development without fertilization. (4/2757)
A fundamental problem in biology is to understand how fertilization initiates reproductive development. Higher plant reproduction is unique because two fertilization events are required for sexual reproduction. First, a sperm must fuse with the egg to form an embryo. A second sperm must then fuse with the adjacent central cell nucleus that replicates to form an endosperm, which is the support tissue required for embryo and/or seedling development. Here, we report cloning of the Arabidopsis FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM (FIE) gene. The FIE protein is a homolog of the WD motif-containing Polycomb proteins from Drosophila and mammals. These proteins function as repressors of homeotic genes. A female gametophyte with a loss-of-function allele of fie undergoes replication of the central cell nucleus and initiates endosperm development without fertilization. These results suggest that the FIE Polycomb protein functions to suppress a critical aspect of early plant reproduction, namely, endosperm development, until fertilization occurs. (+info)Activation of Xenopus eggs by proteases: possible involvement of a sperm protease in fertilization. (5/2757)
Egg activation in cross-fertilization between Xenopus eggs and Cynops sperm may be caused by a protease activity against Boc-Gly-Arg-Arg-MCA in the sperm acrosome. To determine the role of the sperm protease in fertilization, the protease was purified from Cynops sperm using several chromatographic techniques. We found that purified sperm protease readily hydrolyzes Boc-Gly-Arg-Arg-MCA and Z-Arg-Arg-MCA, that protease activity was inhibited by the trypsin inhibitors aprotinin and leupeptin, and that not only the purified protease, but also cathepsin B, induces activation in Xenopus eggs. We inseminated unfertilized Xenopus eggs with homologous sperm in the presence of various peptidyl MCA substrates or protease inhibitors and demonstrated that trypsin inhibitors or MCA substrates containing Arg-Arg-MCA reversibly inhibited fertilization of both fully jellied and denuded eggs. Sperm motility was not affected by the reagents. An extract obtained from Xenopus sperm showed hydrolytic activity against Boc-Gly-Arg-Arg-MCA, Z-Arg-Arg-MCA, and Arg-MCA. These results suggest that the tryptic protease in Xenopus sperm is involved in fertilization, most likely by participating in egg activation. (+info)Evidence that a starfish egg Src family tyrosine kinase associates with PLC-gamma1 SH2 domains at fertilization. (6/2757)
The initiation of calcium release at fertilization in the eggs of most animals relies on the production of IP3, implicating the activation of phospholipase C. Recent work has demonstrated that injection of PLC-gamma SH2 domain fusion proteins into starfish eggs specifically inhibits the initiation of calcium release in response to sperm, indicating that PLC-gamma is necessary for Ca2+ release at fertilization [Carroll et al. (1997) J. Cell Biol. 138, 1303-1311]. Here we investigate how PLC-gamma may be activated, by using the PLC-gamma SH2 domain fusion protein as an affinity matrix to identify interacting proteins. A tyrosine kinase activity and an egg protein of ca. Mr 58 K that is recognized by an antibody directed against Src family tyrosine kinases associate with PLC-gamma SH2 domains in a fertilization-dependent manner. These associations are detected by 15 s postfertilization, consistent with a function in releasing Ca2+. Calcium ionophore treatment of eggs did not cause association of the kinase activity or of the Src family protein with the PLC-gamma SH2 domains. These data identify an egg Src family tyrosine kinase as a potential upstream regulator of PLC-gamma in the activation of starfish eggs. (+info)Na+/H+ antiporter activity in hamster embryos is activated during fertilization. (7/2757)
This study characterized the activation of the regulatory activity of the Na+/H+ antiporter during fertilization of hamster embryos. Hamster oocytes appeared to lack any mechanism for the regulation of intracellular pH in the acid range. Similarly, no Na+/H+ antiporter activity could be detected in embryos that were collected from the reproductive tract between 1 and 5 h post-egg activation (PEA). Activity of the Na+/H+ antiporter was first detected in embryos collected at 5.5 h PEA and gradually increased to reach maximal activity in embryos collected at 7 h PEA. Parthenogenetically activated one-cell and two-cell embryos demonstrate Na+/H+ antiporter activity, indicating that antiporter activity is maternally derived and initiated by activation of the egg. The inability of cycloheximide, colchicine, or cytochalasin D to affect initiation of antiporter activity indicates that antiporter appearance is not dependent on the synthesis of new protein or recruitment of existing protein to the cell membrane. In contrast, incubation of one-cell embryos with sphingosine did inhibit the appearance of Na+/H+ antiporter activity, showing that inhibition of normal protein kinase C activity is detrimental to antiporter function. Furthermore, incubation of oocytes with a phorbol ester which stimulates protein kinase C activity induced Na+/H+ antiporter activity in oocytes in which the activity was previously absent. Incubation with an intracellular calcium chelator also reduced the appearance of antiporter activity. Taken together, these data indicate that the appearance of Na+/H+ antiporter activity following egg activation may be due, at least in part, to regulation by protein kinase C and intracellular calcium levels. (+info)Nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions that control nuclear envelope breakdown and entry into mitosis in the sea urchin zygote. (8/2757)
In sea urchin zygotes and mammalian cells nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB) is not driven simply by a rise in cytoplasmic cyclin dependent kinase 1-cyclin B (Cdk1-B) activity; the checkpoint monitoring DNA synthesis can prevent NEB in the face of mitotic levels of Cdk1-B. Using sea urchin zygotes we investigated whether this checkpoint prevents NEB by restricting import of regulatory proteins into the nucleus. We find that cyclin B1-GFP accumulates in nuclei that cannot complete DNA synthesis and do not break down. Thus, this checkpoint limits NEB downstream of both the cytoplasmic activation and nuclear accumulation of Cdk1-B1. In separate experiments we fertilize sea urchin eggs with sperm whose DNA has been covalently cross-linked to inhibit replication. When the pronuclei fuse, the resulting zygote nucleus does not break down for >180 minutes (equivalent to three cell cycles), even though Cdk1-B activity rises to greater than mitotic levels. If pronuclear fusion is prevented, then the female pronucleus breaks down at the normal time (average 68 minutes) and the male pronucleus with cross-linked DNA breaks down 16 minutes later. This male pronucleus has a functional checkpoint because it does not break down for >120 minutes if the female pronucleus is removed just prior to NEB. These results reveal the existence of an activity released by the female pronucleus upon its breakdown, that overrides the checkpoint in the male pronucleus and induces NEB. Microinjecting wheat germ agglutinin into binucleate zygotes reveals that this activity involves molecules that must be actively translocated into the male pronucleus. (+info)Causes of Female Infertility
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There are several potential causes of female infertility, including:
1. Hormonal imbalances: Disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid dysfunction, and premature ovarian failure can affect hormone levels and ovulation.
2. Ovulatory disorders: Problems with ovulation, such as anovulation or oligoovulation, can make it difficult to conceive.
3. Tubal damage: Damage to the fallopian tubes due to pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, or surgery can prevent the egg from traveling through the tube and being fertilized.
4. Endometriosis: This condition occurs when tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, causing inflammation and scarring that can lead to infertility.
5. Fibroids: Noncancerous growths in the uterus can interfere with implantation of a fertilized egg or disrupt ovulation.
6. Pelvic adhesions: Scar tissue in the pelvis can cause fallopian tubes to become damaged or blocked, making it difficult for an egg to travel through the tube and be fertilized.
7. Uterine or cervical abnormalities: Abnormalities such as a bicornuate uterus or a narrow cervix can make it difficult for a fertilized egg to implant in the uterus.
8. Age: A woman's age can affect her fertility, as the quality and quantity of her eggs decline with age.
9. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and being overweight or underweight can affect fertility.
10. Stress: Chronic stress can disrupt hormone levels and ovulation, making it more difficult to conceive.
It's important to note that many of these factors can be treated with medical assistance, such as medication, surgery, or assisted reproductive technology (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF). If you are experiencing difficulty getting pregnant, it is recommended that you speak with a healthcare provider to determine the cause of your infertility and discuss potential treatment options.
Male infertility can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
1. Low sperm count or poor sperm quality: This is one of the most common causes of male infertility. Sperm count is typically considered low if less than 15 million sperm are present in a sample of semen. Additionally, sperm must be of good quality to fertilize an egg successfully.
2. Varicocele: This is a swelling of the veins in the scrotum that can affect sperm production and quality.
3. Erectile dysfunction: Difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection can make it difficult to conceive.
4. Premature ejaculation: This can make it difficult for the sperm to reach the egg during sexual intercourse.
5. Blockages or obstructions: Blockages in the reproductive tract, such as a blockage of the epididymis or vas deferens, can prevent sperm from leaving the body during ejaculation.
6. Retrograde ejaculation: This is a condition in which semen is released into the bladder instead of being expelled through the penis during ejaculation.
7. Hormonal imbalances: Imbalances in hormones such as testosterone and inhibin can affect sperm production and quality.
8. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, hypogonadism, and hyperthyroidism, can affect fertility.
9. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and stress can all impact fertility.
10. Age: Male fertility declines with age, especially after the age of 40.
There are several treatment options for male infertility, including:
1. Medications to improve sperm count and quality
2. Surgery to repair blockages or obstructions in the reproductive tract
3. Artificial insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF) to increase the chances of conception
4. Donor sperm
5. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) such as ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection)
6. Hormone therapy to improve fertility
7. Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking and alcohol, losing weight, and reducing stress.
It's important to note that male infertility is a common condition and there are many treatment options available. If you're experiencing difficulty conceiving, it's important to speak with a healthcare provider to determine the cause of infertility and discuss potential treatment options.
Infertility can be classified into two main categories:
1. Primary infertility: This type of infertility occurs when a couple has not been able to conceive a child after one year of regular sexual intercourse, and there is no known cause for the infertility.
2. Secondary infertility: This type of infertility occurs when a couple has been able to conceive at least once before but is now experiencing difficulty in conceiving again.
There are several factors that can contribute to infertility, including:
1. Age: Women's fertility declines with age, especially after the age of 35.
2. Hormonal imbalances: Imbalances of hormones such as progesterone, estrogen, and thyroid hormones can affect ovulation and fertility.
3. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): A common condition that affects ovulation and can cause infertility.
4. Endometriosis: A condition in which the tissue lining the uterus grows outside the uterus, causing inflammation and scarring that can lead to infertility.
5. Male factor infertility: Low sperm count, poor sperm quality, and blockages in the reproductive tract can all contribute to infertility.
6. Lifestyle factors: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, being overweight or underweight, and stress can all affect fertility.
7. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and thyroid disorders can affect fertility.
8. Uterine or cervical abnormalities: Abnormalities in the shape or structure of the uterus or cervix can make it difficult for a fertilized egg to implant in the uterus.
9. Previous surgeries: Surgeries such as hysterectomy, tubal ligation, and cesarean section can affect fertility.
10. Age: Both male and female age can impact fertility, with a decline in fertility beginning in the mid-30s and a significant decline after age 40.
It's important to note that many of these factors can be treated with medical interventions or lifestyle changes, so it's important to speak with a healthcare provider if you are experiencing difficulty getting pregnant.
There are several possible causes of oligospermia, including:
* Hormonal imbalances
* Varicocele (a swelling of the veins in the scrotum)
* Infections such as epididymitis or prostatitis
* Blockages such as a vasectomy or epididymal obstruction
* Certain medications such as anabolic steroids and chemotherapy drugs
* Genetic disorders
* Environmental factors such as exposure to toxins or radiation
Symptoms of oligospermia may include:
* Difficulty getting an erection
* Premature ejaculation
* Low sex drive
* Painful ejaculation
Diagnosis of oligospermia typically involves a physical exam, medical history, and semen analysis. Treatment will depend on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include medications to improve sperm count and quality, surgery to correct blockages or varicoceles, or assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).
It's important to note that a low sperm count does not necessarily mean a man is infertile. However, it can make it more difficult to conceive a child. With appropriate treatment and lifestyle changes, some men with oligospermia may be able to improve their fertility and have children.
There are several types of fallopian tube diseases, including:
1. Hydrosalpinx: A condition in which the fallopian tubes become filled with fluid, leading to inflammation and scarring.
2. Salpingitis: An inflammation of the fallopian tubes, often caused by bacterial or fungal infections.
3. Tubal pregnancy: A rare condition in which a fertilized egg implants in the fallopian tube instead of the uterus.
4. Ectopic pregnancy: A condition in which a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, often in the fallopian tube.
5. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): An infection of the reproductive organs in the pelvis, which can cause scarring and damage to the fallopian tubes.
6. Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, often affecting the fallopian tubes.
7. Adenomyosis: A condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows into the muscle of the uterus, often affecting the fallopian tubes.
8. Fimbrial tumors: Rare growths that can occur in the fallopian tubes, often benign but can be cancerous.
9. Mullerian duct anomalies: Congenital abnormalities of the fallopian tubes and other reproductive organs.
10. Oophoritis: Inflammation of the ovaries, which can affect the fallopian tubes.
Fallopian tube diseases can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including hysterosalpingography (HSG), laparoscopy, and ultrasound. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and can include antibiotics for infections, surgery to remove blockages or scar tissue, or assisted reproductive technology such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) if the fallopian tubes are damaged or blocked.
OHSS typically occurs when too many eggs are stimulated to mature during ovulation, leading to an imbalance in hormone levels. The syndrome is more common in women who undergo IVF with high-dose fertility medications, multiple embryo transfer, or those with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Symptoms of OHSS may include:
1. Enlarged ovaries that are painful to the touch
2. Abdominal bloating and discomfort
3. Pelvic pain
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Diarrhea or constipation
6. Abnormal vaginal bleeding
7. Elevated hormone levels (estradiol and/or LH)
OHSS can be diagnosed through ultrasound and blood tests. Treatment options for OHSS include:
1. Cancellation of further fertility treatment until symptoms resolve
2. Medications to reduce hormone levels and inflammation
3. Ultrasound-guided aspiration of fluid from the ovaries
4. Hospitalization for monitoring and supportive care
Prevention is key, and fertility specialists take several measures to minimize the risk of OHSS, such as:
1. Monitoring hormone levels and ultrasound assessment of ovarian response during treatment
2. Adjusting medication dosages based on individual patient needs
3. Limited embryo transfer to reduce the risk of multiple pregnancies
4. Avoiding the use of high-dose stimulation protocols in women with PCOS or other risk factors
Early detection and proper management are crucial to prevent complications and ensure a successful outcome for fertility treatment. If you suspect you may have OHSS, it is essential to consult a fertility specialist immediately.
Here are some key points to consider when discussing azoospermia:
1. Causes: Azoospermia can be caused by various factors, including blockages due to surgery, injury, or infection, hormonal imbalances, anatomical abnormalities like varicocele, and chromosomal abnormalities.
2. Diagnosis: Azoospermia is typically diagnosed through semen analysis, which involves examining a semen sample under a microscope to determine the presence of sperm cells. Other tests may also be performed to identify any underlying causes, such as hormone level testing and ultrasound imaging.
3. Treatment: Treatment for azoospermia depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications to address hormonal imbalances or surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like IVF or ICSI can also be used to help achieve pregnancy.
4. Prognosis: The prognosis for azoospermia varies depending on the underlying cause and the effectiveness of treatment. In general, the earlier the condition is diagnosed and treated, the better the prognosis.
5. Impact on fertility: Azoospermia can significantly impact fertility, as the absence of sperm in the semen makes it difficult or impossible to achieve pregnancy through natural means. However, with the help of ART, many men with azoospermia can still achieve fatherhood.
6. Psychological impact: Azoospermia can have significant psychological and emotional impacts on men and their partners, particularly if they are trying to conceive. It is important to provide support and counseling to help cope with the challenges of this condition.
7. Prevention: There is no known prevention for azoospermia, as it is often caused by underlying genetic or hormonal factors. However, identifying and addressing any underlying causes early on can improve outcomes and increase the chances of achieving pregnancy.
* Severe abdominal pain, often on one side of the abdomen
* Vaginal bleeding, which may be heavy or light
* Faintness or dizziness
* Shoulder pain or a sense of heaviness in the shoulder
* Feeling faint or lightheaded
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. This can happen due to various reasons such as pelvic inflammatory disease, previous surgery, or abnormalities in the shape of the uterus or fallopian tubes. If left untreated, an ectopic pregnancy can lead to severe bleeding, organ damage, and even death.
There are several methods for diagnosing an ectopic pregnancy, including:
* Ultrasound: This test uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the uterus and surrounding tissues. It can help identify the location of the pregnancy and detect any abnormalities.
* Blood tests: These tests can measure the levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy. In an ectopic pregnancy, the level of hCG may be lower than expected.
* Laparoscopy: This is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that involves inserting a thin, lighted tube through a small incision in the abdomen to visualize the pelvic organs. It can help confirm the diagnosis and locate the ectopic pregnancy.
Treatment for an ectopic pregnancy usually involves medication or surgery, depending on the severity of the condition. Medications such as methotrexate can be used to dissolve the pregnancy tissue and allow it to pass out of the body. Surgery may be necessary if the pregnancy is not responding to medication or if there are any complications. In some cases, the fallopian tube may need to be removed if it is severely damaged or if there is a risk of further damage.
Preventive measures for ectopic pregnancy include:
* Using contraception: Using a reliable form of contraception can help prevent unintended pregnancies, which can reduce the risk of an ectopic pregnancy.
* Avoiding risky behaviors: Avoiding risky sexual behaviors such as unprotected sex and multiple partners can help reduce the risk of infection and other complications that can lead to an ectopic pregnancy.
* Getting regular pelvic exams: Regular pelvic exams can help detect any abnormalities or changes in the reproductive organs, which can help identify any potential problems early on.
It is important to note that while these measures can help reduce the risk of an ectopic pregnancy, they are not foolproof and there is always a risk of complications during any pregnancy. If you suspect you may be experiencing an ectopic pregnancy or have any other concerns, it is important to seek medical attention right away.
Endometriosis can cause a range of symptoms, including:
* Painful periods (dysmenorrhea)
* Heavy menstrual bleeding
* Pelvic pain or cramping
* Infertility or difficulty getting pregnant
* Abnormal bleeding or spotting
* Bowel or urinary symptoms such as constipation, diarrhea, or painful urination during menstruation
The exact cause of endometriosis is not known, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Some possible causes include:
* Retrograde menstruation: The backflow of endometrial tissue through the fallopian tubes into the pelvic cavity during menstruation
* Coelomic metaplasia: The transformation of cells that line the abdominal cavity (coelom) into endometrial cells
* Immunological factors: Abnormal immune responses that lead to the growth and accumulation of endometrial cells outside of the uterus
* Hormonal factors: Fluctuations in estrogen levels, which can stimulate the growth of endometrial cells
* Genetic factors: Inherited traits that increase the risk of developing endometriosis
There are several risk factors for developing endometriosis, including:
* Family history: A woman's risk increases if she has a mother, sister, or daughter with endometriosis
* Early onset of menstruation: Women who start menstruating at a younger age may be more likely to develop endometriosis
* Frequent or heavy menstrual bleeding: Women who experience heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding may be more likely to develop endometriosis
* Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Women with PCOS are at higher risk for developing endometriosis
* Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of developing endometriosis
There is no cure for endometriosis, but there are several treatment options available to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. These may include:
* Hormonal therapies: Medications that reduce estrogen levels or block the effects of estrogen on the endometrium can help manage symptoms such as pain and heavy bleeding
* Surgery: Laparoscopic surgery can be used to remove endometrial tissue and scar tissue, and improve fertility
* Alternative therapies: Acupuncture, herbal remedies, and other alternative therapies may help manage symptoms and improve quality of life
It's important for women with endometriosis to work closely with their healthcare provider to find the best treatment plan for their individual needs. With proper diagnosis and treatment, many women with endometriosis can go on to lead fulfilling lives.
There are several types of aneuploidy, including:
1. Trisomy: This is the presence of an extra copy of a chromosome. For example, Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21).
2. Monosomy: This is the absence of a chromosome.
3. Mosaicism: This is the presence of both normal and abnormal cells in the body.
4. Uniparental disomy: This is the presence of two copies of a chromosome from one parent, rather than one copy each from both parents.
Aneuploidy can occur due to various factors such as errors during cell division, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, or inheritance of an abnormal number of chromosomes from one's parents. The risk of aneuploidy increases with age, especially for women over the age of 35, as their eggs are more prone to errors during meiosis (the process by which egg cells are produced).
Aneuploidy can be diagnosed through various methods such as karyotyping (examining chromosomes under a microscope), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or quantitative PCR. Treatment for aneuploidy depends on the underlying cause and the specific health problems it has caused. In some cases, treatment may involve managing symptoms, while in others, it may involve correcting the genetic abnormality itself.
In summary, aneuploidy is a condition where there is an abnormal number of chromosomes present in a cell, which can lead to various developmental and health problems. It can occur due to various factors and can be diagnosed through different methods. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and the specific health problems it has caused.
1. Irregular menstrual cycles, or amenorrhea (the absence of periods).
2. Cysts on the ovaries, which are fluid-filled sacs that can be detected by ultrasound.
3. Elevated levels of androgens (male hormones) in the body, which can cause a range of symptoms including acne, excessive hair growth, and male pattern baldness.
4. Insulin resistance, which is a condition in which the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.
PCOS is a complex disorder, and there is no single cause. However, genetics, hormonal imbalances, and insulin resistance are thought to play a role in its development. It is estimated that 5-10% of women of childbearing age have PCOS, making it one of the most common endocrine disorders affecting women.
There are several symptoms of PCOS, including:
1. Irregular menstrual cycles or amenorrhea
2. Weight gain or obesity
3. Acne
4. Excessive hair growth on the face, chest, and back
5. Male pattern baldness
6. Infertility or difficulty getting pregnant
7. Mood changes, such as depression and anxiety
8. Sleep apnea
PCOS can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, including:
1. Pelvic exam: A doctor will examine the ovaries and uterus to look for cysts or other abnormalities.
2. Ultrasound: An ultrasound can be used to detect cysts on the ovaries and to evaluate the thickness of the uterine lining.
3. Hormone testing: Blood tests can be used to measure levels of androgens, estrogen, and progesterone.
4. Glucose tolerance test: This test is used to check for insulin resistance, which is a common finding in women with PCOS.
5. Laparoscopy: A small camera inserted through a small incision in the abdomen can be used to visualize the ovaries and uterus and to diagnose PCOS.
There is no cure for PCOS, but it can be managed with lifestyle changes and medication. Treatment options include:
1. Weight loss: Losing weight can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce androgen levels.
2. Hormonal birth control: Birth control pills or other hormonal contraceptives can help regulate menstrual cycles and reduce androgen levels.
3. Fertility medications: Clomiphene citrate and letrozole are commonly used to stimulate ovulation in women with PCOS.
4. Injectable fertility medications: Gonadotropins, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), can be used to stimulate ovulation.
5. Surgery: Laparoscopic ovarian drilling or laser surgery can improve ovulation and fertility in women with PCOS.
6. Assisted reproductive technology (ART): In vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) can be used to help women with PCOS conceive.
7. Alternative therapies: Some complementary and alternative therapies, such as acupuncture and herbal supplements, may be helpful in managing symptoms of PCOS.
It is important for women with PCOS to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a treatment plan that meets their individual needs and goals. With appropriate treatment, many women with PCOS can improve their menstrual regularity, fertility, and overall health.
1. Ovarian cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Common symptoms include pelvic pain, bloating, and irregular periods.
2. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): This is a hormonal disorder that affects ovulation and can cause cysts on the ovaries. Symptoms include irregular periods, acne, and excess hair growth.
3. Endometriosis: This is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, often on the ovaries. Symptoms include pelvic pain, heavy bleeding, and infertility.
4. Ovarian cancer: This is a type of cancer that affects the ovaries. It is rare, but can be aggressive and difficult to treat. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and vaginal bleeding.
5. Premature ovarian failure (POF): This is a condition in which the ovaries stop functioning before the age of 40. Symptoms include hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and infertility.
6. Ovarian torsion: This is a condition in which the ovary becomes twisted, cutting off blood flow. Symptoms include severe pelvic pain, nausea, and vomiting.
7. Ovarian abscess: This is an infection that forms on the ovaries. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, and vaginal discharge.
8. Ectopic pregnancy: This is a condition in which a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, often on the ovaries. Symptoms include severe pelvic pain, bleeding, and fainting.
9. Ovarian cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries. They can be benign or cancerous. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and irregular periods.
10. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): This is a hormonal disorder that affects the ovaries, causing symptoms such as irregular periods, cysts on the ovaries, and excess hair growth.
It's important to note that these are just a few examples of the many possible conditions that can affect the ovaries. If you experience any persistent or severe symptoms in your pelvic area, it is important to seek medical attention to determine the cause and receive proper treatment.
External fertilization
Iron fertilization
Ocean fertilization
Internal fertilization
Double fertilization
CULTAN Fertilization
Human fertilization
CO2 fertilization effect
Fertilisation
Natural cycle in vitro fertilization
Fertilisation of Orchids
In vitro fertilisation
Wilhelm-Tietjen-Stiftung für Fertilisation
History of in vitro fertilisation
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990
Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Deceased Fathers) Act 2003
The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom
Animal embryonic development
Sexual reproduction
Coated urea
Sperm motility
Ontogeny
Sinotaia quadrata
Russ George
Foliar feeding
Lukas Ligeti
Swell shark
Associations between Urinary Concentrations of Disinfection Byproducts and in Vitro Fertilization Outcomes: A Prospective...
In vitro fertilization (IVF): MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
In vitro fertilization (IVF): MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Issues · TwelveIterationMods/Fertilization · GitHub
DailyMed - Search Results for Inhibit Ovum Fertilization
NIH Guide: RESEARCH INVOLVING HUMAN IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
Browsing Publications by Subject "Fertilization"
Sperm Storage and Cross-Fertilization of Spring and Autumn Spawning Herring | Nature
to use iron fertilization Archives | PlanetSave
Category:In vitro fertilisation - Wikipedia
Extracorporeal fertilization and embryo transfer - PubMed
Freshwater systems and ecosystem services: Challenges and chances for cross-fertilization of disciplines | SpringerLink
How In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Works - Our Bodies Ourselves Today
First Puppies Born by In Vitro Fertilization | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine
Double Fertilization (Angiosperms) | Channels for Pearson+
CO2 plant fertilisation
JCI -
Mice generated by in vitro fertilization exhibit vascular dysfunction and shortened life span
HS1429/HS1429: Nitrogen Fertilization Guidelines for Potato Production in Florida
NNN / First Puppies Born by In Vitro Fertilization
Study Considers Link Between Skull Deformity, In Vitro Fertilization - Consumer Health News | HealthDay
Information for "In vitro fertilization" - wikidoc
Management of Chronic Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: Cross-Fertilisation between HIV/AIDS and Diabetes Care
CONTRARY BRIN: Ocean fertilization? Other palliative measures... and more science!
Crop Fertilization and Care | College of Agricultural Sciences
Ocean iron fertilization: time to lift the research taboo | Kiel Institute
Fertilization of forests to save carbon sinks? - Forest.fi
Webinar fertilization research in openground vegetables, Interreg VB North Sea Region Programme
Quebec - Plan to Suspend Public Funding for in Vitro Fertilization | Knowledge | Fasken
Frontiers | Nitrogen Fertilization and Native C4 Grass Species Alter Abundance, Activity, and Diversity of Soil Diazotrophic...
Sexual Reproduction - Conjugation, Alternation Of Generations, Animal Reproduction - Chromosomes, Haploid, Normal, and...
Sperm6
- In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the joining of a woman's egg and a man's sperm in a laboratory dish. (medlineplus.gov)
- Fertilization means the sperm has attached to and entered the egg. (medlineplus.gov)
- If the doctor thinks the chance of fertilization is low, the sperm may be directly injected into the egg. (medlineplus.gov)
- To prepare sperm for fertilization, Dr. Travis and his team duplicated the environment of the female reproductive tract with a tailor-made liquid medium supplemented with magnesium, an element they tested and found to be crucial to the capacitation process. (cornell.edu)
- The procedure is the culmination of many years of work in the Travis laboratory, as every step of harvesting oocytes and sperm, maturation, fertilization, storage, and transfer required testing and optimization. (cornell.edu)
- We have developed models in which sperm-egg recognition is predicated on the N-terminus of ZP2 which is cleaved by ovastacin, a metalloendoprotease released from egg cortical granules following fertilization. (nih.gov)
20212
- FRIDAY, Oct. 29, 2021 (HealthDay News) -- Among infants and children with the skull deformity known as craniosynostosis, 4 percent were conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF), according to a study published online Sept. 20 in The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery . (healthday.com)
- In the last introduction speakers will talk about fertilisation in the season 2021. (northsearegion.eu)
Nitrogen2
- Nitrogen fertilization on mineral soils will also increase carbon sinks. (forest.fi)
- Nitrogen fertilization rate had a stronger influence on diazotroph population size and activity (determined by nifH gene and transcript abundances) and community composition (determined by nifH gene amplicon sequencing) than agricultural season or grass species. (frontiersin.org)
Oocyte2
- Experimental studies show that disinfection byproducts (DBPs) can inhibit oocyte maturation, decrease fertilization capacity, and impair embryo development, but human evidence is lacking. (nih.gov)
- The results at four steps in the procedure can be analysed: the rate of oocyte collection is 85 to 90 per cent, the rate of fertilization, 80 to 90 per cent, the rate of embryo development, 50 to 70 per cent, and the pregnancy rate per laparoscopy, 4 to 13 per cent. (nih.gov)
Embryo transfer2
Implantation3
- Using the mouse as a paradigm, we study the developmental biology of gametogenesis, fertilization and pre-implantation embryogenesis. (nih.gov)
- We investigate molecular mechanisms used by germ cell-specific factors to promote spermatogenesis in males and folliculogenesis in females that ensure fertilization and sustain pre-implantation development. (nih.gov)
- Editorial: Challenges in fertilization and implantation success. (bvsalud.org)
Zygote1
- The two sex cells fuse during fertilization and form a diploid zygote (which has the normal number of chromosomes). (jrank.org)
Travis2
- One of two cocker spaniel-beagle mix puppies born via in vitro fertilization in the Travis lab. (cornell.edu)
- This made it possible to " achieve a success rate of 80-90% fertilization" said Travis. (nextnature.net)
Eggs1
- As expected, PMCA1/PMCA3-null eggs (dKO) had a dramatically extended Ca2+ exposure at fertilization (10 times more). (nih.gov)
Occurs2
Sustainable1
- Understanding the dynamics of potato plant growth and N uptake in response to N-fertilization is the initial step to establish a proper guideline for N-fertilization for sustainable production. (ufl.edu)
Infertility2
- As a result, the use of in vitro fertilization (IVF) has increased over the past 40 years and can help people dealing with infertility, single parents, and same-sex couples. (ourbodiesourselves.org)
- ABSTRACT To investigate the effects of silymarin on follicular development, we enrolled 40 healthy women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) due to male factor infertility in this trial. (who.int)
Puppies2
- The first puppies born by in vitro fertilization (IVF) were delivered on July 10, 2015 at the Baker Institute for Animal Health. (cornell.edu)
- But thanks to the work of researchers at Cornell University (USA), for the first time a litter of puppies was born entirely from in vitro fertilization. (nextnature.net)
Reproduction1
- Because of the tremendous need, scientists have struggled for more than 40 years to develop fertilization techniques in dogs, but the differences between canine reproduction and that of other mammals slowed progress. (cornell.edu)
Rate1
- 3 The pregnancy rate is about the same for IVF using natural fertilization or ICSI. (nih.gov)
Season1
- Subjects are small scale composting, the long term effects of compost use, combining optimal yields with less N-residue and fertilisation in the new season. (northsearegion.eu)
Fewer1
- Excessive fertilization (202 kg N ha -1 ) resulted in fewer nifH transcripts compared to moderate fertilization (67 kg N ha -1 ) and decreased both richness and evenness of diazotrophic community, reflecting an inhibitory effect of high N application rates on soil diazotrophic community. (frontiersin.org)
Storage1
- Cryopreservation of germplasm for long term storage, in vitro fertilization and rederivation of lines. (nih.gov)
Research1
- This Program Announcement, Research Involving Human In Vitro Fertilization, is related to the priority area of family planning. (nih.gov)
Means1
- According to Antti Leinonen, ash fertilization accelerates tree growth for decades, which means the best stands to fertilize are young ones. (forest.fi)
Ocean3
- CONTRARY BRIN: Ocean fertilization? (blogspot.com)
- Ocean fertilization? (blogspot.com)
- Ocean Fertilization: Right idea. (blogspot.com)
Years1
- Hire pre-approved Lawn Fertilization pros in Baton Rouge, Louisiana - with exceptional references and many years of experience. (f2o.org)
Include1
- Sites considered for fertilization should include a sufficient number of healthy and vital trees, whose growth can be maintained and improved with ash. (forest.fi)
Response1
- Our results revealed relationships between soil diazotrophic community and associated soil properties, adding to our understanding of the response of soil diazotrophs to N fertilization and grass species in native C 4 grass systems. (frontiersin.org)
Development3
- PMCAs extrude Ca2+ from the cytosol following Ca2+ release events, so I hypothesized that deleting PMCAs in oocytes would result in prolonged Ca2+ exposure at fertilization, leading to altered fertility and embryo development. (nih.gov)
- Our results suggest that 10 times more Ca2+ is “too much” Ca2+ for embryo development and raise awareness of the importance of appropriate Ca2+ exposure at fertilization. (nih.gov)
- Monospermic fertilization is essential for the onset of development. (nih.gov)
Field1
- Our objective was to evaluate the impact of N fertilization rates (0, 67, and 202 kg N ha -1 ) and grass species (switchgrass [ Panicum virgatum ] and big bluestem [ Andropogon gerardii ]) on the abundance, activity, diversity, and community composition of soil diazotrophs over three agricultural seasons (grass green-up, initial harvest, and second harvest) in a field experiment in East Tennessee, United States. (frontiersin.org)
Normal1
- When the gametes fuse at fertilization, they restore the normal number of chromosomes. (jrank.org)
Process1
- To become capable of fertilization, they undergo a maturation process within the female reproductive tract, a process called capacitation. (cornell.edu)
Percent1
- In an interview with the Finnish Broadcasting Company (Yle) , Markku Remes , Senior Forest Management Specialist at the Finnish Forest Centre, said that after ash fertilization, tree growth will increase by up to 50 percent in a couple of decades. (forest.fi)
Worldwide1
- Quebec, the first province and one of the only jurisdictions worldwide to fully fund in vitro fertilization (" IVF ") treatments is now scaling back. (fasken.com)