Common coronavirus infection of cats caused by the feline infectious peritonitis virus (CORONAVIRUS, FELINE). The disease is characterized by a long incubation period, fever, depression, loss of appetite, wasting, and progressive abdominal enlargement. Infection of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage appears to be essential in FIP pathogenesis.
A species of CORONAVIRUS infecting cats of all ages and commonly found in catteries and zoos. Cats are often found carrying the virus but only a small proportion develop disease. Feline coronavirus and Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) are virtually the same virus in genetic and antigenetic terms, and are morphologically indistinguishable. Since they only differ in their disease potential (with FIPV causing a more serious illness), they are considered biotypes of each other.
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.
Spherical RNA viruses, in the order NIDOVIRALES, infecting a wide range of animals including humans. Transmission is by fecal-oral and respiratory routes. Mechanical transmission is also common. There are two genera: CORONAVIRUS and TOROVIRUS.
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Virus diseases caused by CORONAVIRIDAE.
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
A species of CORONAVIRUS infecting dogs. Onset of symptoms is usually sudden and includes vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration.
A species of CORONAVIRUS causing a fatal disease to pigs under 3 weeks old.
Enhancement of viral infectivity caused by non-neutralizing antibodies. There are at least two mechanisms known to account for this: mediation by Fc receptors (RECEPTORS, FC) or by complement receptors (RECEPTORS, COMPLEMENT). Either the virus is complexed with antiviral IMMUNOGLOBULIN G and binds to Fc receptors, or virus is coated with antiviral IMMUNOGLOBULIN M and binds to complement receptors.
A genus of the family CORONAVIRIDAE which causes respiratory or gastrointestinal disease in a variety of vertebrates.
A class I viral fusion protein that forms the characteristic spikes, or peplomers, found on the viral surface that mediate virus attachment, fusion, and entry into the host cell. During virus maturation, it is cleaved into two subunits: S1, which binds to receptors in the host cell, and S2, which mediates membrane fusion.
A species in the genus CORONAVIRUS causing the common cold and possibly nervous system infections in humans. It lacks hemagglutinin-esterase.
Zinc-binding metalloproteases that are members of the type II integral membrane metalloproteases. They are expressed by GRANULOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and their precursors as well as by various non-hematopoietic cells. They release an N-terminal amino acid from a peptide, amide or arylamide.
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).
Animals or humans raised in the absence of a particular disease-causing virus or other microorganism. Less frequently plants are cultivated pathogen-free.
A species of GAMMARETROVIRUS causing leukemia, lymphosarcoma, immune deficiency, or other degenerative diseases in cats. Several cellular oncogenes confer on FeLV the ability to induce sarcomas (see also SARCOMA VIRUSES, FELINE).
A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus feline lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, FELINE) isolated from cats with a chronic wasting syndrome, presumed to be immune deficiency. There are 3 strains: Petaluma (FIP-P), Oma (FIP-O) and Puma lentivirus (PLV). There is no antigenic relationship between FIV and HIV, nor does FIV grow in human T-cells.
Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and in some cats infected with feline leukemia virus (FeLV).
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A form of PERITONITIS seen in patients with TUBERCULOSIS, characterized by lesion either as a miliary form or as a pelvic mass on the peritoneal surfaces. Most patients have ASCITES, abdominal swelling, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and other systemic symptoms such as FEVER; WEIGHT LOSS; and ANEMIA.
Portable peritoneal dialysis using the continuous (24 hours a day, 7 days a week) presence of peritoneal dialysis solution in the peritoneal cavity except for periods of drainage and instillation of fresh solution.
A species of the genus VESIVIRUS infecting cats. Transmission occurs via air and mechanical contact.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Proteins found in any species of virus.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure.

Selection of antigenic variants of the S glycoprotein of feline infectious peritonitis virus and analysis of antigenic sites involved in neutralization. (1/47)

The type II feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) epitopes for neutralizing and enhancing antibodies are present on large spike glycoprotein (S) protein. In this study, we established monoclonal antibody-resistant mutant viruses resistant to three different monoclonal antibodies with neutralizing activity in Felis catus whole fetus cells and enhancing activity in feline macrophages, recognizing distinct epitopes on type II FIPV S protein. By comparing the nucleotide sequences of these mutant viruses with that of wild-type virus, we attempted to identify the neutralizing epitopes. The mutations were localized in the region of amino acid residues from 480 to 649 from the N terminal of the S protein.  (+info)

Clearance of infection in cats naturally infected with feline coronaviruses is associated with an anti-S glycoprotein antibody response. (2/47)

We have investigated by Western blotting the antibody responses against the three major structural proteins in cats naturally infected with feline coronaviruses that cleared virus infection (group I), established chronic asymptomatic infection (group II) or were sick (group III). The cats of group I developed an anti-S glycoprotein response that was, relative to the anti-M glycoprotein response, at least 30-fold higher than that of chronically infected cats from groups II and III. These results suggest that the anti-S glycoprotein response against antigenic domains revealed by Western blot is associated with clearance of the virus after natural infection, and is not a risk factor for the establishment of a chronic infection.  (+info)

Adverse effects of feline IL-12 during DNA vaccination against feline infectious peritonitis virus. (3/47)

Cell-mediated immunity is thought to play a decisive role in protecting cats against feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a progressive and lethal coronavirus disease. In view of the potential of DNA vaccines to induce cell-mediated responses, their efficacy to induce protective immunity in cats was evaluated. The membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins were chosen as antigens, because antibodies to the spike (S) protein of FIP virus (FIPV) are known to precipitate pathogenesis. However, vaccination by repeated injections of plasmids encoding these proteins did not protect kittens against challenge infection with FIPV. Also, a prime-boost protocol failed to afford protection, with priming using plasmid DNA and boosting using recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the same coronavirus proteins. Because of the role of IL-12 in initiating cell-mediated immunity, the effects of co-delivery of plasmids encoding the feline cytokine were studied. Again, IL-12 did not meet expectations - on the contrary, it enhanced susceptibility to FIPV challenge. This study shows that DNA vaccination failed to protect cats against FIP and that IL-12 may yield adverse effects when used as a cytokine adjuvant.  (+info)

Switching species tropism: an effective way to manipulate the feline coronavirus genome. (4/47)

Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), a coronavirus, is the causative agent of an invariably lethal infection in cats. Like other coronaviruses, FIPV contains an extremely large positive-strand RNA genome of ca. 30 kb. We describe here the development and use of a reverse genetics strategy for FIPV based on targeted RNA recombination that is analogous to what has been described for the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) (L. Kuo et al., J. Virol. 74:1393-1406, 2000). In this two-step process, we first constructed by targeted recombination a mutant of FIPV, designated mFIPV, in which the ectodomain of the spike glycoprotein was replaced by that of MHV. This switch allowed for the selection of the recombinant virus in murine cells: mFIPV grows to high titers in these cells but has lost the ability to grow in feline cells. In a second, reverse process, mFIPV was used as the recipient, and the reintroduction of the FIPV spike now allowed for selection of candidate recombinants by their regained ability to grow in feline cells. In this fashion, we reconstructed a wild-type recombinant virus (r-wtFIPV) and generated a directed mutant FIPV in which the initiation codon of the nonstructural gene 7b had been disrupted (FIPV Delta 7b). The r-wtFIPV was indistinguishable from its parental virus FIPV 79-1146 not only for its growth characteristics in tissue culture but also in cats, exhibiting a highly lethal phenotype. FIPV Delta 7b had lost the expression of its 7b gene but grew unimpaired in cell culture, confirming that the 7b glycoprotein is not required in vitro. We establish the second targeted RNA recombination system for coronaviruses and provide a powerful tool for the genetic engineering of the FIPV genome.  (+info)

Monoclonal antibodies to the spike protein of feline infectious peritonitis virus mediate antibody-dependent enhancement of infection of feline macrophages. (5/47)

Antibody-dependent enhancement of virus infection is a process whereby virus-antibody complexes initiate infection of cells via Fc receptor-mediated endocytosis. We sought to investigate antibody-dependent enhancement of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection of primary feline peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Enhancement of infection was assessed, after indirect immunofluorescent-antibody labelling of infected cells, by determining the ratio between the number of cells infected in the presence and absence of virus-specific antibody. Infection enhancement was initially demonstrated by using heat-inactivated, virus-specific feline antiserum. Functional compatibility between murine immunoglobulin molecules and feline Fc receptors was demonstrated by using murine anti-sheep erythrocyte serum and an antibody-coated sheep erythrocyte phagocytosis assay. Thirty-seven murine monoclonal antibodies specific for the nucleocapsid, membrane, or spike proteins of feline infectious peritonitis virus or transmissible gastroenteritis virus were assayed for their ability to enhance the infectivity of feline infectious peritonitis virus. Infection enhancement was mediated by a subset of spike protein-specific monoclonal antibodies. A distinct correlation was seen between the ability of a monoclonal antibody to cause virus neutralization in a routine cell culture neutralization assay and its ability to mediate infection enhancement of macrophages. Infection enhancement was shown to be Fc receptor mediated by blockade of antibody-Fc receptor interaction using staphylococcal protein A. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that antibody-dependent enhancement of feline infectious peritonitis virus infectivity is mediated by antibody directed against specific sites on the spike protein.  (+info)

Live, attenuated coronavirus vaccines through the directed deletion of group-specific genes provide protection against feline infectious peritonitis. (6/47)

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal immunity-mediated disease caused by mutants of a ubiquitous coronavirus. Since previous attempts to protect cats under laboratory and field conditions have been largely unsuccessful, we used our recently developed system of reverse genetics (B. J. Haijema, H. Volders, and P. J. M. Rottier, J. Virol. 77:4528-4538, 2003) for the development of a modified live FIP vaccine. With this objective, we deleted the group-specific gene cluster open reading frame 3abc or 7ab and obtained deletion mutant viruses that not only multiplied well in cell culture but also showed an attenuated phenotype in the cat. At doses at which the wild-type virus would be fatal, the mutants with gene deletions did not cause any clinical symptoms. They still induced an immune response, however, as judged from the high levels of virus-neutralizing antibodies. The FIP virus (FIPV) mutant lacking the 3abc cluster and, to a lesser extent, the mutant missing the 7ab cluster, protected cats against a lethal homologous challenge; no protection was obtained with the mutant devoid of both gene clusters. Our studies show that the deletion of group-specific genes from the coronavirus genome results in live attenuated candidate vaccines against FIPV. More generally, our approach may allow the development of vaccines against infections with other pathogenic coronaviruses, including that causing severe acute respiratory syndrome in humans.  (+info)

Natural history of a recurrent feline coronavirus infection and the role of cellular immunity in survival and disease. (7/47)

We describe the natural history, viral dynamics, and immunobiology of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a highly lethal coronavirus infection. A severe recurrent infection developed, typified by viral persistence and acute lymphopenia, with waves of enhanced viral replication coinciding with fever, weight loss, and depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Our combined observations suggest a model for FIP pathogenesis in which virus-induced T-cell depletion and the antiviral T-cell response are opposing forces and in which the efficacy of early T-cell responses critically determines the outcome of the infection. Rising amounts of viral RNA in the blood, consistently seen in animals with end-stage FIP, indicate that progression to fatal disease is the direct consequence of a loss of immune control, resulting in unchecked viral replication. The pathogenic phenomena described here likely bear relevance to other severe coronavirus infections, in particular severe acute respiratory syndrome, for which multiphasic disease progression and acute T-cell lymphopenia have also been reported. Experimental FIP presents a relevant, safe, and well-defined model to study coronavirus-mediated immunosuppression and should provide an attractive and convenient system for in vivo testing of anticoronaviral drugs.  (+info)

Morphologic features and development of granulomatous vasculitis in feline infectious peritonitis. (8/47)

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal, coronavirus (CoV)-induced systemic disease in cats, characterized by granulomas in organs and granulomatous vasculitis. This study describes the morphologic features of granulomatous vasculitis in FIP as well as its development in the course of monocyte-associated feline CoV (FCoV) viremia in five naturally infected Domestic Shorthair cats with FIP. Monocyte-associated FCoV viremia was demonstrated by immunohistology, RNA in situ hybridization, and electron micropscopy. Granulomatous phlebitis at different stages of development was observed. Vasculitic processes ranged from attachment and emigration of FCoV-infected monocytes to vascular/perivascular granulomatous infiltrates with destruction of the vascular basal lamina. Monocytes as well as perivascular macrophages were activated because they were strongly positive for CD18 and expressed cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta) and matrix metalloproteinase-9. In addition, general activation of endothelial cells, represented by major histocompatibility complex II upregulation, was observed in all cases. These results confirm FIP as a monocyte-triggered systemic disease and demonstrate the central role of activated monocytes in FIP vasculitis.  (+info)

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a viral disease in cats caused by certain strains of the feline coronavirus. It is not to be confused with the common feline enteric coronavirus, which usually only causes mild diarrhea or is asymptomatic. FIP is a severe and often fatal disease, particularly in young cats.

The virus that causes FIP is spread through fecal-oral contact, often through mutual grooming or sharing of litter boxes. Once ingested, the virus typically infects the intestinal cells, but in some cases, it can mutate into a form that enters the bloodstream and spreads to other organs, such as the liver, lungs, and brain. This is when the disease becomes systemic and causes the severe symptoms associated with FIP.

There are two forms of FIP: wet (effusive) and dry (noneffusive). The wet form is characterized by an accumulation of fluid in the abdominal or chest cavity, while the dry form is characterized by granulomatous lesions in various organs. Both forms can cause a variety of symptoms, including fever, weight loss, lethargy, jaundice, vomiting, diarrhea, and neurological signs.

Currently, there is no reliable cure for FIP, and treatment is generally supportive and aimed at managing the symptoms. However, recent advances in antiviral therapy have shown promise in treating some cases of FIP, particularly those caused by the wet form of the disease.

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a type of virus that primarily infects cats. It is part of the Coronaviridae family and has a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. There are two types of feline coronavirus: feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV).

FECV is a relatively harmless virus that primarily causes mild to no symptoms in infected cats, and it is spread through fecal-oral transmission. FECV mainly affects the intestines and can cause diarrhea in some cases.

FIPV, on the other hand, is a mutated form of FECV that can cause a severe and often fatal disease called feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FIP is an immune-mediated disease characterized by inflammation and accumulation of fluid in the abdomen or chest. It can also affect other organs, such as the eyes, brain, and liver.

It's important to note that not all cats infected with FECV will develop FIP. The development of FIP depends on various factors, including the cat's age, immune system, and the specific strain of the virus. There is no cure for FIP, but supportive care can help manage the symptoms and improve the cat's quality of life.

Peritonitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the peritoneum, which is the serous membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. The peritoneum has an important role in protecting the abdominal organs and providing a smooth surface for them to move against each other.

Peritonitis can occur as a result of bacterial or fungal infection, chemical irritation, or trauma to the abdomen. The most common cause of peritonitis is a rupture or perforation of an organ in the abdominal cavity, such as the appendix, stomach, or intestines, which allows bacteria from the gut to enter the peritoneal cavity.

Symptoms of peritonitis may include abdominal pain and tenderness, fever, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, and decreased bowel movements. In severe cases, peritonitis can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening condition characterized by widespread inflammation throughout the body.

Treatment for peritonitis typically involves antibiotics to treat the infection, as well as surgical intervention to repair any damage to the abdominal organs and remove any infected fluid or tissue from the peritoneal cavity. In some cases, a temporary or permanent drain may be placed in the abdomen to help remove excess fluid and promote healing.

Coronaviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. They are named for the crown-like (corona) appearance of their surface proteins. Coronaviruses infect a wide range of animals, including mammals and birds, and can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological diseases. Some coronaviruses, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), can cause severe and potentially fatal illness in humans. The most recent example is SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19.

"Cat" is a common name that refers to various species of small carnivorous mammals that belong to the family Felidae. The domestic cat, also known as Felis catus or Felis silvestris catus, is a popular pet and companion animal. It is a subspecies of the wildcat, which is found in Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Domestic cats are often kept as pets because of their companionship, playful behavior, and ability to hunt vermin. They are also valued for their ability to provide emotional support and therapy to people. Cats are obligate carnivores, which means that they require a diet that consists mainly of meat to meet their nutritional needs.

Cats are known for their agility, sharp senses, and predatory instincts. They have retractable claws, which they use for hunting and self-defense. Cats also have a keen sense of smell, hearing, and vision, which allow them to detect prey and navigate their environment.

In medical terms, cats can be hosts to various parasites and diseases that can affect humans and other animals. Some common feline diseases include rabies, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and toxoplasmosis. It is important for cat owners to keep their pets healthy and up-to-date on vaccinations and preventative treatments to protect both the cats and their human companions.

Coronaviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-sense RNA viruses that cause various diseases in animals and humans. Human coronavirus infections most commonly result in mild to moderate upper respiratory tract illnesses, such as the common cold. However, two highly pathogenic coronaviruses have emerged in the past two decades: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). These viruses can cause severe and potentially fatal respiratory illnesses.

In general, coronaviruses are transmitted through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. In some cases, people may become infected by touching a surface contaminated with the virus and then touching their mouth, nose, or eyes. Preventive measures include frequent handwashing, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and practicing good respiratory etiquette (e.g., covering coughs and sneezes).

Treatment for coronavirus infections is primarily supportive, focusing on relieving symptoms and managing complications. For severe cases of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections, antiviral medications and supportive care in an intensive care unit may be necessary. Vaccines have been developed to protect against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and are being distributed globally.

There are many diseases that can affect cats, and the specific medical definitions for these conditions can be quite detailed and complex. However, here are some common categories of feline diseases and examples of each:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Examples include:
* Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), also known as feline parvovirus, which can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms and death in kittens.
* Feline calicivirus (FCV), which can cause upper respiratory symptoms such as sneezing and nasal discharge.
* Feline leukemia virus (FeLV), which can suppress the immune system and lead to a variety of secondary infections and diseases.
* Bacterial infections, such as those caused by Pasteurella multocida or Bartonella henselae, which can cause abscesses or other symptoms.
2. Neoplastic diseases: These are cancerous conditions that can affect various organs and tissues in cats. Examples include:
* Lymphoma, which is a common type of cancer in cats that can affect the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other organs.
* Fibrosarcoma, which is a type of soft tissue cancer that can arise from fibrous connective tissue.
* Squamous cell carcinoma, which is a type of skin cancer that can be caused by exposure to sunlight or tobacco smoke.
3. Degenerative diseases: These are conditions that result from the normal wear and tear of aging or other factors. Examples include:
* Osteoarthritis, which is a degenerative joint disease that can cause pain and stiffness in older cats.
* Dental disease, which is a common condition in cats that can lead to tooth loss, gum inflammation, and other problems.
* Heart disease, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which is a thickening of the heart muscle that can lead to congestive heart failure.
4. Hereditary diseases: These are conditions that are inherited from a cat's parents and are present at birth or develop early in life. Examples include:
* Polycystic kidney disease (PKD), which is a genetic disorder that causes cysts to form in the kidneys and can lead to kidney failure.
* Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in some cats.
* Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), which is a group of genetic disorders that cause degeneration of the retina and can lead to blindness.

Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is a species of coronavirus that infects dogs. It is related to the coronaviruses that cause respiratory illness in humans, such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but it is not known to infect people. CCoV primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract and can cause symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea. It is usually spread through contact with infected feces. There are two main types of CCoV, called Type I and Type II, which are classified based on their genetic makeup. Both types can cause illness in dogs, but Type II is more likely to cause severe disease. Vaccines are available to help protect dogs against CCoV infection.

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a porcine coronavirus that primarily affects the pig's intestinal tract, causing severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. The infection is highly contagious and can lead to significant mortality in young piglets. TGEV is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and can also be spread by contaminated fomites or aerosols. It primarily infects enterocytes in the small intestine, leading to villous atrophy and malabsorption of nutrients. There are no specific antiviral treatments for TGEV infection, and control measures typically focus on biosecurity, vaccination, and preventing the spread of the virus between herds.

Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) is a phenomenon in which the presence of antibodies against a particular virus actually enhances the ability of the virus to infect and replicate within host cells, leading to increased severity of infection. This occurs when the antibodies bind to the virus but do not neutralize it, instead facilitating uptake of the virus into immune cells expressing Fc receptors, such as macrophages. The virus can then use these cells as a site for replication and evasion of the host's immune response. ADE has been observed in various viral infections, including dengue fever and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. It is a concern in the development of vaccines against these viruses, as non-neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccination could potentially enhance subsequent infection with a heterologous strain of the virus.

A coronavirus is a type of virus that causes respiratory illnesses, such as the common cold, and more severe diseases including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). These viruses are typically spread through close contact with an infected person when they cough or sneeze. They can also spread by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching your own mouth, nose, or eyes.

Coronaviruses are named for the crown-like spikes on their surface. They are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted between animals and people. Common signs of infection include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure, and even death.

One of the most recently discovered coronaviruses is SARS-CoV-2, which causes the disease COVID-19. This virus was first identified in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and has since spread to become a global pandemic.

A spike glycoprotein in coronaviruses is a type of protein that extends from the surface of the virus and gives it its characteristic crown-like appearance (hence the name "corona," which is Latin for "crown"). This protein plays a crucial role in the infection process of the virus. It allows the virus to attach to and enter specific cells in the host organism, typically through binding to a receptor on the cell surface. In the case of SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, the spike protein binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor found on cells in various tissues, including the lungs, heart, and gastrointestinal tract.

The spike protein is composed of two subunits: S1 and S2. The S1 subunit contains the receptor-binding domain (RBD), which recognizes and binds to the host cell receptor. After binding, the S2 subunit mediates the fusion of the viral membrane with the host cell membrane, allowing the viral genome to enter the host cell and initiate infection.

The spike protein is also a primary target for neutralizing antibodies generated by the host immune system during infection or following vaccination. Neutralizing antibodies bind to specific regions of the spike protein, preventing it from interacting with host cell receptors and thus inhibiting viral entry into cells.

In summary, a spike glycoprotein in coronaviruses is a crucial structural and functional component that facilitates viral attachment, fusion, and entry into host cells. Its importance in the infection process makes it an essential target for vaccine development and therapeutic interventions.

Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) is a species of coronavirus that causes respiratory infections in humans. It is one of the several coronaviruses known to cause the common cold. HCoV-229E was first identified in the 1960s and is named after the number assigned to it in the laboratory where it was discovered.

HCoV-229E infects the human body through the respiratory tract, and it primarily affects the upper respiratory system, causing symptoms such as runny nose, sore throat, cough, and fever. In some cases, HCoV-229E can also cause lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions.

HCoV-229E is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Coronaviridae and the genus Alphacoronavirus. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. The virus can also survive on surfaces for several hours, making it possible to contract the infection by touching contaminated objects.

There is no specific treatment for HCoV-229E infections, and most people recover within a week or two with rest and symptomatic relief. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation. Preventive measures, such as hand hygiene, wearing masks, and avoiding close contact with infected individuals, can help reduce the transmission of HCoV-229E and other respiratory viruses.

CD13, also known as aminopeptidase N, is a type of protein found on the surface of some cells in the human body. It is a type of antigen, which is a molecule that can trigger an immune response when recognized by the immune system. CD13 is found on the surface of various cell types, including certain white blood cells and cells that line the blood vessels. It plays a role in several biological processes, such as breaking down proteins and regulating inflammation.

CD13 is also a target for some cancer therapies because it is overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells. For example, CD13-targeted therapies have been developed to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a type of blood cancer that affects the bone marrow. These therapies work by binding to CD13 on the surface of AML cells and triggering an immune response that helps to destroy the cancer cells.

It's important to note that while CD13 is an antigen, it is not typically associated with infectious diseases or foreign invaders, as other antigens might be. Instead, it is a normal component of human cells that can play a role in various physiological processes and disease states.

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as pneumonia. The name "coronavirus" comes from the Latin word "corona," which means crown or halo, reflecting the distinctive appearance of the virus particles under electron microscopy, which have a crown-like structure due to the presence of spike proteins on their surface.

Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted between animals and humans. Some coronaviruses are endemic in certain animal populations and occasionally jump to humans, causing outbreaks of new diseases. This is what happened with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2002-2003, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012, and the most recent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2.

Coronavirus infections typically cause respiratory symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, and fever. In severe cases, they can lead to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and even death, especially in older adults or people with underlying medical conditions. Other symptoms may include fatigue, muscle aches, headache, sore throat, and gastrointestinal issues such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Preventive measures for coronavirus infections include frequent hand washing, wearing face masks, practicing social distancing, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. There are currently vaccines available to prevent COVID-19, which have been shown to be highly effective in preventing severe illness, hospitalization, and death from the disease.

"Specific Pathogen-Free (SPF)" is a term used to describe animals or organisms that are raised and maintained in a controlled environment, free from specific pathogens (disease-causing agents) that could interfere with research outcomes or pose a risk to human or animal health. The "specific" part of the term refers to the fact that the exclusion of pathogens is targeted to those that are relevant to the particular organism or research being conducted.

To maintain an SPF status, animals are typically housed in specialized facilities with strict biosecurity measures, such as air filtration systems, quarantine procedures, and rigorous sanitation protocols. They are usually bred and raised in isolation from other animals, and their health status is closely monitored to ensure that they remain free from specific pathogens.

It's important to note that SPF does not necessarily mean "germ-free" or "sterile," as some microorganisms may still be present in the environment or on the animals themselves, even in an SPF facility. Instead, it means that the animals are free from specific pathogens that have been identified and targeted for exclusion.

In summary, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms refer to animals or organisms that are raised and maintained in a controlled environment, free from specific disease-causing agents that are relevant to the research being conducted or human/animal health.

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus that primarily infects cats, causing a variety of diseases and disorders. It is the causative agent of feline leukemia, a name given to a syndrome characterized by a variety of symptoms such as lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system), anemia, immunosuppression, and reproductive disorders. FeLV is typically transmitted through close contact with infected cats, such as through saliva, nasal secretions, urine, and milk. It can also be spread through shared litter boxes and feeding dishes.

FeLV infects cells of the immune system, leading to a weakened immune response and making the cat more susceptible to other infections. The virus can also integrate its genetic material into the host's DNA, potentially causing cancerous changes in infected cells. FeLV is a significant health concern for cats, particularly those that are exposed to outdoor environments or come into contact with other cats. Vaccination and regular veterinary care can help protect cats from this virus.

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that primarily affects felines, including domestic cats and wild cats. It is the feline equivalent of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The virus attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4+ T-cells, leading to a decline in the immune function over time.

This makes the infected cat more susceptible to various secondary infections and diseases. It is usually transmitted through bite wounds from infected cats during fighting or mating. Mother to offspring transmission can also occur, either in utero, during birth, or through nursing.

There is no cure for FIV, but antiretroviral therapy can help manage the disease and improve the quality of life for infected cats. It's important to note that while FIV-positive cats can live normal lives for many years, they should be kept indoors to prevent transmission to other cats and to protect them from opportunistic infections.

Viral envelope proteins are structural proteins found in the envelope that surrounds many types of viruses. These proteins play a crucial role in the virus's life cycle, including attachment to host cells, fusion with the cell membrane, and entry into the host cell. They are typically made up of glycoproteins and are often responsible for eliciting an immune response in the host organism. The exact structure and function of viral envelope proteins vary between different types of viruses.

An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. Viral antigens are antigens that are found on or produced by viruses. They can be proteins, glycoproteins, or carbohydrates present on the surface or inside the viral particle.

Viral antigens play a crucial role in the immune system's recognition and response to viral infections. When a virus infects a host cell, it may display its antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This allows the immune system to recognize and target the infected cells for destruction, thereby limiting the spread of the virus.

Viral antigens are also important targets for vaccines. Vaccines typically work by introducing a harmless form of a viral antigen to the body, which then stimulates the production of antibodies and memory T-cells that can recognize and respond quickly and effectively to future infections with the actual virus.

It's worth noting that different types of viruses have different antigens, and these antigens can vary between strains of the same virus. This is why there are often different vaccines available for different viral diseases, and why flu vaccines need to be updated every year to account for changes in the circulating influenza virus strains.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (FAIDS) is a progressive immune disorder in cats caused by infection with the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). The virus attacks and weakens the cat's immune system, making it difficult for the animal to fight off other infections and diseases.

The initial infection with FIV may cause symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, and loss of appetite. However, many cats do not show any signs of illness for years after the initial infection. As the immune system becomes weaker over time, the cat becomes more susceptible to various secondary infections, cancers, and other diseases. Common symptoms in advanced stages of FAIDS include weight loss, chronic or recurring infections (such as respiratory, skin, or gastrointestinal infections), dental disease, anemia, and neurological disorders.

FAIDS is most commonly spread through bite wounds from infected cats, as the virus is present in their saliva. It can also be transmitted through sexual contact or from mother to kitten during pregnancy or nursing. There is no cure for FAIDS, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) can help manage the infection and slow down its progression. Supportive care, such as proper nutrition, regular veterinary check-ups, and monitoring for secondary infections, is essential for maintaining the cat's quality of life.

It is important to note that FIV is species-specific and cannot be transmitted from cats to humans or other animals, except non-human primates.

Virulence, in the context of medicine and microbiology, refers to the degree or severity of damage or harm that a pathogen (like a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can cause to its host. It is often associated with the ability of the pathogen to invade and damage host tissues, evade or suppress the host's immune response, replicate within the host, and spread between hosts.

Virulence factors are the specific components or mechanisms that contribute to a pathogen's virulence, such as toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and capsules. These factors enable the pathogen to establish an infection, cause tissue damage, and facilitate its transmission between hosts. The overall virulence of a pathogen can be influenced by various factors, including host susceptibility, environmental conditions, and the specific strain or species of the pathogen.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Tuberculous peritonitis is a specific type of peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs) that is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. This form of peritonitis is less common than peritonitis caused by other types of bacteria, but it can occur in people with weakened immune systems or those who have been in close contact with individuals with active TB.

The symptoms of tuberculous peritonitis may include abdominal pain and distension, fever, weight loss, decreased appetite, and ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity). Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests, such as cultures or nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) to detect the presence of M. tuberculosis in the peritoneal fluid or tissue. Treatment usually involves a prolonged course of multiple antibiotics that are active against M. tuberculosis, along with supportive care to manage any complications or symptoms.

Peritoneal dialysis, continuous ambulatory (CAPD), is a type of renal replacement therapy used to treat patients with end-stage kidney disease. It is a form of peritoneal dialysis that is performed continuously, without the need for machines or hospitalization. CAPD uses the patient's own peritoneum, a thin membrane that lines the abdominal cavity, as a natural filter to remove waste products and excess fluids from the bloodstream.

In CAPD, a sterile dialysis solution is introduced into the peritoneal cavity through a permanent catheter implanted in the patient's abdomen. The solution remains in the peritoneal cavity for a dwell time of several hours, during which diffusion occurs across the peritoneal membrane, allowing waste products and excess fluids to move from the bloodstream into the dialysis solution.

After the dwell time, the used dialysis solution is drained from the peritoneal cavity and discarded, and a fresh batch of dialysis solution is introduced. This process is typically repeated four to five times a day, with each exchange taking about 30 minutes to complete. Patients can perform CAPD exchanges while going about their daily activities, making it a convenient and flexible treatment option for many patients with end-stage kidney disease.

Overall, CAPD is a highly effective form of dialysis that offers several advantages over other types of renal replacement therapy, including improved quality of life, better preservation of residual kidney function, and lower costs. However, it does require careful attention to sterile technique and regular monitoring to ensure proper functioning of the peritoneal membrane and adequate clearance of waste products and fluids.

Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the family Caliciviridae. It is a common pathogen in cats and can cause a variety of clinical signs, including upper respiratory disease, oral ulcers, pneumonia, and limping syndrome. FCV is highly contagious and can be spread through direct contact with infected cats or contaminated objects.

FCV infection typically causes mild to moderate symptoms, such as sneezing, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, and ulcers in the mouth. However, some strains of the virus can cause more severe disease, including virulent systemic disease (VSD), which is characterized by severe pneumonia, jaundice, and multi-organ failure. VSD is a rare but often fatal complication of FCV infection.

There are several vaccines available to protect cats against FCV infection. However, because there are many different strains of the virus, vaccination may not prevent infection altogether, but it can reduce the severity of clinical signs and the risk of complications. It is important to note that some vaccinated cats can still become infected with FCV and shed the virus, so it is still possible for them to transmit the virus to other cats.

In addition to vaccination, good hygiene practices, such as regular cleaning and disinfection of surfaces and cages, can help prevent the spread of FCV in multi-cat environments. It is also important to isolate sick cats from healthy ones to reduce the risk of transmission.

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:

1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.

The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Peritoneal dialysis is a type of renal replacement therapy used to treat patients with severe kidney dysfunction or end-stage renal disease. It is a process that utilizes the peritoneum, a membranous sac lining the abdominal cavity, as a natural semipermeable membrane for filtering waste products, excess fluids, and electrolytes from the bloodstream.

In peritoneal dialysis, a sterile dialysate solution is infused into the peritoneal cavity via a permanently implanted catheter. The dialysate contains various substances such as glucose or other osmotic agents, electrolytes, and buffer solutions that facilitate the diffusion of waste products and fluids from the blood vessels surrounding the peritoneum into the dialysate.

There are two primary types of peritoneal dialysis: continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and automated peritoneal dialysis (APD). CAPD is performed manually, several times a day, while APD is carried out using a cycler machine overnight.

Peritoneal dialysis offers certain advantages over hemodialysis, such as better preservation of residual renal function, fewer dietary restrictions, and greater flexibility in scheduling treatments. However, it also has potential complications, including peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum), catheter-related infections, fluid imbalances, and membrane failure over time.

... and Coronavirus Website Feline Infectious Peritonitis from vetinfo.com Research on Feline ... "Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Transmission - Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)". HealthCommunities. Retrieved 2 ... Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is the name given to a common and aberrant immune response to infection with feline ... "Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)". icatcare.org. International Cat Care. Retrieved 15 October 2023. "Nu ook in Nederland ...
... that causes the disease feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Feline coronavirus is typically shed in feces by healthy cats and ... Some cats never heal, and the excretory phase remains permanently. The virus becomes feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV ... FIPV causes a lethal, incurable disease: feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). In their pre-domestication natural state, cats ... feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) that infects the intestines and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) ...
Cat World - Cat Health, Cat Care & Cat Advice". Retrieved 2019-03-02. "Feline infectious peritonitis". 16 October 2017. Skelly ... These include (but are not limited to): Ataxia: vestibular or sensory feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) lysosomal storage ... Hartmann, Katrin (January 2005). "Feline infectious peritonitis". The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal ... American Association of Feline Practitioners. Retrieved 2019-03-03. "Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat - 4th Edition". www ...
"Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)". icatcare.org. International Cat Care. Retrieved 2023-10-15. "Nu ook in Nederland ... "Veterinary advancements in managing Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) in cats". Australian Veterinary Association Ltd. 19 ... "Current status on treatment options for feline infectious peritonitis and SARS-CoV-2 positive cats". The Veterinary Quarterly. ... "Successful Feline Infectious Peritonitis Treatment with Remdesivir at the RVC". www.rvc.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-10-15. "FIP ...
Wolfe, L. G.; Griesemer, R. A. (1966). "Feline infectious peritonitis". Pathologia Veterinaria. 3 (3): 255-270. doi:10.1177/ ... Emerging Infectious Diseases. 26 (7): 1542-1547. doi:10.3201/eid2607.200092. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 7323513. PMID 32315281. (CS1 ...
... and was named as Feline infectious peritonitis virus by ICTV in 1991. It was again renamed Feline coronavirus in 1999. In 1974 ... "ICTV Taxonomy history: Feline infectious peritonitis virus". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved ... Wolfe, L.G.; Griesemer, R.A. (1966). "Feline infectious peritonitis". Pathologia Veterinaria. 3 (3): 255-270. doi:10.1177/ ... Hohdatsu, T.; Okada, S.; Koyama, H. (1991). "Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against feline infectious peritonitis ...
It is also useful in cats to differentiate between effusions due to feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and effusions caused by ... Hartmann et al., 2003 "FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS (FIP) (A SUMMARY)". Archived from the original on 2009-04-25. Retrieved ... http://abcd-vets.org/guidelines/feline_infectious_peritonitis/chapter-5.asp (CS1 Italian-language sources (it), Medical tests) ... Positive Rivalta's test results can occur in cats with bacterial peritonitis or lymphoma. Berti-Bock G, Vial F, Premuda L, ...
Marty died in 2012 from feline infectious peritonitis. Tom Cat of the Hanna-Barbera cartoon-produced for MGM Tom and Jerry is ... Cat breeds, Natural cat breeds, Cat breeds originating in Russia). ... "The Cat Show". The Times of London. London, UK. 16 May 1872. Weir, Harrison (1895). Our Cats and All About Them. Houghton. p. ... The thicker coat may also trap more of the allergens closer to the cat's skin. Glycoprotein is one source of cat allergies, but ...
... for the treatment of feline coronavirus or feline infectious peritonitis but has been available since 2019, through websites ... In 2019, GS-441524 was shown to have promise for treating feline infectious peritonitis caused by a coronavirus. It has not ... Pedersen NC (18 June 2019). "Black market production and sale of GS-441524 and GC376" (PDF). Feline Infectious Peritonitis ... and safety of the nucleoside analog GS-441524 for treatment of cats with naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis". ...
... cats are also at risk of developing feline infectious peritonitis; a disease that alters the renal function (creatinine ... The Birman, also called the "Sacred Cat of Burma", is a domestic cat breed. The Birman is a long-haired, colour-pointed cat ... "Feline Audiogenic Reflex Seizures (FARS) , International Cat Care". icatcare.org. Retrieved 27 February 2021. Association, Cat ... The most severe threat is feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), the most common heart disease seen in cats. In Birman cats ...
April 2018). "Efficacy of a 3C-like protease inhibitor in treating various forms of acquired feline infectious peritonitis". ... research has been multiple in vivo studies in cats treating a coronavirus which causes deadly feline infectious peritonitis. ... "Anivive licenses antiviral drug for fatal cat disease". www.k-state.edu. September 20, 2018. Retrieved 2020-05-14. Brent ... Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 20 (4): 378-392. doi:10.1177/1098612X17729626. PMC 5871025. PMID 28901812. Ye G, Wang X ...
... lethal cat coronavirus disease, feline infectious peritonitis, caused by feline coronavirus. Nirmatrelvir and GC373 are both ... April 2018). "Efficacy of a 3C-like protease inhibitor in treating various forms of acquired feline infectious peritonitis". ... August 2020). "Feline coronavirus drug inhibits the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 and blocks virus replication". Nature ... Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 20 (4): 378-392. doi:10.1177/1098612X17729626. PMC 5871025. PMID 28901812. Halford B (7 ...
Canine coronavirus and Feline infectious peritonitis virus. TGEV belongs to the family Coronaviridae, genus Alphacoronavirus, ... Other coronaviruses that belong to the species Alphacoronavirus 1 are Feline coronavirus, ...
Common diseases of cheetahs include feline herpesvirus, feline infectious peritonitis, gastroenteritis, glomerulosclerosis, ... higher than that recorded for previous epizootics of feline infectious peritonitis in any felid. The remarkable homogeneity in ... the final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11): 30- ... In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy and recognised these four ...
The most common inflammatory or infectious diseases which cause seizures in cats include, feline infectious peritonitis, ... Cats can have reactive, primary (idiopathic) or secondary seizures. Idiopathic seizures are not as common in cats as in dogs ... Common vascular diseases in cats include, feline ischemic encephalopathy, polycythemia and hypertension. Any inflammatory or ... especially in older cats. Some of the common metabolic causes of seizures in felines include, hepatic encephalopathy, renal ...
... including feline infectious peritonitis and hyperthyroidism. Angell Memorial Animal Hospital built a veterinary intensive care ... ISBN 978-1-00-015467-2. "Dr Jean Holzworth, pioneer in feline medicine". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 9 (4): 264. ... Jean Holzworth, a leading expert on feline medicine, practised at Angell from 1950 to 1986. Together with Angell colleagues, ... MSPCA-Angell Declawing Cats [9] MSPCA-Angell Devocalization of Animals [10] MSPCA-Angell Euthanasia of Shelter Animals [11] ...
"Characterization of determinants involved in the feline infectious peritonitis virus receptor function of feline aminopeptidase ... It is a receptor for human coronavirus 229E, feline coronavirus serotype II (FCoV-II), TGEV, PEDV, canine coronavirus genotype ... 2020). "A tale of two viruses: the distinct spike glycoproteins of feline coronaviruses". Viruses. 12 (1): 83. doi:10.3390/ ...
... was based on a real cat: Torres' pet cat Marty, who died in November 2012 from feline infectious peritonitis. The ... Non-Stop Nyan Cat! The original nyan.cat, archived by the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 19 January 2014. nyan.cat Archived 2011-05 ... "Watch The Nyan Cat Song In Hatsune Miku Project Diva f". Siliconera. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2020. Nyan Cat hit 10M ... "Nyan Cat on the Nokia Cell Phone". Pdadevice.com. 2011-07-02. Retrieved 2011-09-22. "Nyan Cat: Lost In Space". Retrieved April ...
He then obtained his PhD degree at the same university in 1978 with a dissertation entitled Feline infectious peritonitis: ...
... in cats, feline infectious peritonitis. After that time, other randomly occurring hairless cats were also called (New) Mexican ... Cat breeds, Cat breeds originating in the United States, Hairless cat breeds, Extinct cat breeds). ... The Mexican Hairless cat, Aztec cat or New Mexican Hairless was a purported breed of cat first documented in 1902 by Mr. E. J. ... The Chicago Cat Club valued them at 1,000 dollars each. They were very anxious for me to come on with them for their cat shows ...
... including feline infectious peritonitis and hyperthyroidism, and was editor of the well-regarded 1987 book Diseases of the Cat ... 94 In 1963 she was the first to describe feline infectious peritonitis, a condition later recognized as caused by feline ... "A review of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection: 1963-2008". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 11 (4): 225-258 ... doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.1987.tb01735.x. "'Mother of feline medicine' leaves bequest to Feline Health Center". Cornell Feline ...
... but spontaneous mutation of this virus can result in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a disease with high mortality. There ... Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a type of coronavirus, causes avian infectious bronchitis. The virus is of concern to the ... Coronaviruses infect domestic pets such as cats, dogs, and ferrets. There are two forms of feline coronavirus which are both ... Infectious bronchitis virus is one of a number of strains of the species Avian coronavirus. Another strain of avian coronavirus ...
A wine grape grower with refractometer Density evaluation of abdominal fluid of a cat with feline infectious peritonitis by a ...
Another cat coronavirus, feline enteric coronavirus, was reported in 1981 as closely related to feline infectious peritonitis ... In 1966, it was shown to cause inflammation of the abdomen in cats and was referred to as feline infectious peritonitis. Its ... "Feline infectious peritonitis viruses arise by mutation from endemic feline enteric coronaviruses". Virology. 243 (1): 150-157 ... it was shown that feline infectious peritonitis virus arises from feline enteric virus by spontaneous mutation. A common name, ...
... a character in the webcomic VG Cats Aeris (film), a film about a kitten with feline infectious peritonitis Aries ( ...
... feline leukemia, Feline infectious peritonitis, and some cancers. Diagnosis requires tests that target the liver to make an ... Feline hepatic lipidosis, also known as feline fatty liver syndrome, is one of the most common forms of liver disease of cats. ... Feline Hepatic Lipidosis-Fatty Liver Disease in Cats "Feline Hepatic Lipidosis - Digestive System". Sarah Wootten DVM, " Why Is ... Cats can have a feeding tube inserted by a veterinarian so that the owner can feed the cat a liquid diet several times a day. ...
... feline infectious peritonitis MeSH C22.180.460 - feline panleukopenia MeSH C22.180.500 - leukemia, feline MeSH C22.196.090 - ... infectious canine MeSH C22.467.435.812 - rift valley fever MeSH C22.488.088 - african horse sickness MeSH C22.488.304 - equine ... infectious canine MeSH C22.268.485 - hip dysplasia, canine MeSH C22.331.693 - swine erysipelas MeSH C22.362.224 - furunculosis ... infectious bovine rhinotracheitis MeSH C22.196.497 - lumpy skin disease MeSH C22.196.540 - malignant catarrh MeSH C22.196.581 ...
... feline infectious peritonitis MeSH C02.782.600.550.200.400 - gastroenteritis, transmissible, of swine MeSH C02.782.600.550. ... equine infectious anemia MeSH C02.782.815.616.350 - feline acquired immunodeficiency syndrome MeSH C02.782.815.616.400 - hiv ... infectious canine MeSH C02.256.430.400 - hepatitis b MeSH C02.256.430.400.100 - hepatitis b, chronic MeSH C02.256.466.087 - ... infectious bovine rhinotracheitis MeSH C02.256.466.606 - malignant catarrh MeSH C02.256.466.650 - marek disease MeSH C02.256. ...
... see National Pipe Thread Feline Infectious Peritonitis, a fatal disease that occurs in cats Financial Intelligence & Processing ...
... feline calicivirus QI06AA06 Feline infectious peritonitis virus QI06AA07 Feline calicivirus QI06AA08 Feline rhinotracheitis ... feline calicivirus + feline infectious leukaemia virus + chlamydia QI06AL02 Feline panleucopenia virus/parvovirus + feline ... feline rhinotracheitis virus + feline calicivirus QI06AA04 Feline rhinotracheitis virus + feline calicivirus + feline ... Bordetella vaccine QI06AD01 Feline panleucopenia virus/parvovirus QI06AD02 Feline infectious peritonitis virus QI06AD03 Feline ...
Feline Infectious Peritonitis and Coronavirus Website Feline Infectious Peritonitis from vetinfo.com Research on Feline ... "Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Transmission - Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)". HealthCommunities. Retrieved 2 ... Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is the name given to a common and aberrant immune response to infection with feline ... "Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)". icatcare.org. International Cat Care. Retrieved 15 October 2023. "Nu ook in Nederland ...
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP), which is one of the most difficult diseases in the feline community today ... Feline Infectious Peritonitis Cats FAQ. The purpose of this FAQ is to answer frequently asked questions about Feline Infectious ... Is my cat at high risk?. cat fip: 005. Is my cat at high risk?. 006. How is it transmitted?. cat fip: 006. How is it ... cat fip: 009. So are these the only test results?. 010. What is a seropositive cat?. cat fip: 010. What is a seropositive cat? ...
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is an immune-mediated disease that develops after a cat becomes infected with a mutant of ... Outcomes of treatment of cats with feline infectious peritonitis using parenterally administered remdesivir ... The immunopathogenesis of systemic feline infectious peritonitis and prospects for intervention Investigators: Janet E. Foley, ... Foley, J. and C. Leutenegger (2001). A review of coronavirus infection in the central nervous system of cats and mice. J Vet ...
... An article has been published recently in the June 2023 ... which notified colleagues worldwide of an alarming outbreak of Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in Cyprus. Local ... "Concerning feline infectious peritonitis outbreak in Cyprus". Veterinary RecordVolume 192, Issue 11 p. 449-450. https://doi.org ... The cases reported by the local veterinarians concerned both stray cat populations and indoor cats. The number of FIP PCR- ...
Risk factors for feline infectious peritonitis among cats in multiple-cat environments with endemic feline enteric coronavirus. ... Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is an uncommon, fatal, progressive, and immune-augmented disease of cats caused by feline ... A comparison of lymphatic tissues from cats with spontaneous feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), cats with FIP virus infection ... Two related strains of feline infectious peritonitis virus isolated from immunocompromised cats infected with a feline enteric ...
One of the diseases that easily attacks cats is Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP). This cat disease is an infectious disease ... Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus that Affects Cats - Playing with cats is fun for lovers of these cute four-legged animals. ... Feline Infectious Peritonitis usually affects macrophage and monocytes infections. This disease makes the cat does not last ... This virus consists of Feline Enteric Coronavirus and Feline Infectious Peritonitis which have the same genetic basis but can ...
Things Many Cat Lovers Missed from Feline Infectious Peritonitis. draddiecm October 3, 2018 ... If you are a cat lover, you surely have known that Feline Infectious Peritonitis is one dangerous disease that will kill your ... Unfortunately, in the past decade, there is a kind of disease in a cat called Feline Infectious Peritonitis. This one kind of ... Feline Infectious Peritonitis with Zero Chance of Survival. draddiecm September 30, 2018 ...
Board member as well as Director on the Board of the EveryCat Health Foundation explains that feline infectious peritonitis ( ... Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) can now be cured by: CaSera (Cash) Heining ... Board member as well as Director on the Board of the EveryCat Health Foundation explains that feline infectious peritonitis ( ... Holub explains how treatment for this cat disease is actually today helping humans with a drug called Remdesivir. ...
The risk of feline infectious peritonitis in cats naturally infected with feline coronavirus. Am. J. Vet. Res. 56: (4) 429-434. ... Feline coronavirus in the intestinal contents of cats with feline infectious peritonitis. The Veterinary Record. 139: 522-523. ... Feline Infectious Peritonitis and Coronavirus - an ebook written for cat guardians or purchase the physical version from ... Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is an unusual, but often fatal, consequence of coronavirus infection of the cat. The ...
Feline Infectious Peritonitis *Lifestyle Understanding FIP in Cats: Treatment, FIP Fighter Stories and Medication Tracking. ... Dealing with Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) can be a heart-wrenching experience for any cat owner. In this blog post, ... and provide a medication tracking template to assist those navigating their felines FIP journey. What is FIP?Feline Infectious ... Understanding FIP in Cats: Treatment, FIP Fighter Stories and Medication Tracking 23/08/2023 ...
The cat coronavirus is a virus responsible for two distinct diseases: often mild digestive symptoms and feline infectious ...
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  • Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is the name given to a common and aberrant immune response to infection with feline coronavirus (FCoV). (wikipedia.org)
  • A study on 59 FIP infected cats found that, unlike FCoV, feces from FIP infected cats were not infectious to laboratory cats via oronasal route. (wikipedia.org)
  • FCoV is common in places where large groups of cats are housed together indoors (such as breeding catteries, animal shelters, etc. (wikipedia.org)
  • History: the cat experienced stress such as recent neutering or vaccination History: the cat had an opportunity to become infected with FCoV, such as originating in a breeding or rescue cattery, or the recent introduction of a purebred kitten or cat into the household. (wikipedia.org)
  • Serology: the cat has a high antibody titre to FCoV: this parameter should be used with caution, because of the high prevalence of FCoV in breeding and rescue catteries. (wikipedia.org)
  • The article suggests that to avoid the potential spread of the feline coronavirus (FCoV)-strain outside Cyprus, all cats must be tested serologically negative for FCoV prior to traveling. (fecava.org)
  • Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is endemic in feral cat populations and cat colonies, frequently preceding outbreaks of fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). (cdc.gov)
  • FCoV exhibits 2 biotypes: the pathogenic disease and a benign infection with feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). (cdc.gov)
  • Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is an uncommon, fatal, progressive, and immune-augmented disease of cats caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection. (cdc.gov)
  • 10% of FCoV seropositive cats ( 1 - 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The clinical manifestations of FCoV infection can be either a pathogenic disease, FIP (cases infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus [FIPV]) and, more commonly, a benign, or mild enteric infection (feline enteric coronavirus [FECV] asymptomatic) ( 6 , 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, circulating FCoVs found in different tissues of FCoV-infected asymptomatic cats were indistinguishable ( 17 , 18 ). (cdc.gov)
  • This cat disease is an infectious disease caused by a virus known as the Feline Coronavirus (FcoV). (dr-addie.com)
  • However, if you are thinking of buying a pedigree (purebred) kitten - INSIST that he or she is feline coronavirus (FCoV) free - otherwise you may be buying heartache. (catvirus.com)
  • In the news section below you'll see the announcement of kittens born in the households of two UK FCoV-free cat breeders: provided these kittens don't become infected with feline coronavirus in their new homes, they will not develop FIP. (catvirus.com)
  • Preventing FCoV infection (or early treatment of feline coronavirus) prevents FIP: we have now proven that scientifically (Addie et al, 2023) . (catvirus.com)
  • 1. To provide accurate and up to date information about feline coronavirus (FCoV), the cause of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats. (catvirus.com)
  • 2. To provide a register of FCoV tested studs and queens so that enlightened cat breeders who know their cat s FCoV status can contact each other. (catvirus.com)
  • FCoV yayılması hakkındaki animasyonu buradan izleyebilirsiniz http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkqUjeQNEQs FIP patogenezi hakkındaki animasyonu buradan izleyebilirsiniz http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6RyI2LI9R9Q&feature=related Özetle, feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), feline coronavirus (FCoV) bulaÅŸmasının aşırı inflamatuvar bir sonucudur. (adaveteriner.com)
  • FCoV is shed through feces, so cats who share a litter box or groom one another are exposed to the benign form of the virus. (fiptreatment.com)
  • It is caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV) and can lead to severe systemic illness and death. (uniquepaperhelp.com)
  • This webpage will alert you to danger signs of early feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection and the early stages of FIP, when you go to buy a pedigree kitten and towards the end of the page there are resources for you to help increase FIP awareness and stamp out FIP if you would like to help with my campaign to eradicate FIP. (catvirus.com)
  • Best of all: ask to see a certificate saying that the kitten you are to buy is negative for feline coronavirus (FCoV) antibodies: FCoV is the virus which causes FIP. (catvirus.com)
  • Cat breeders who sell kittens which are FCoV infected and develop FIP risk being prosecuted or sued. (catvirus.com)
  • Be sure that you choose your kitten from a GOOD cat breeder: one who is FCoV-aware and taking steps to breed FCoV-free (and so FIP-free) kittens. (catvirus.com)
  • When the virus which causes FIP, feline coronavirus (FCoV), first infects kittens at around 5-7 weeks, they often experience diarrhoea. (catvirus.com)
  • Although cat flu has a number of different causes, another sign which was significantly associated with getting infected by FCoV was sneezing and mild signs of upper respiratory disease. (catvirus.com)
  • Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a common dis-ease in cats, fatal if untreated, and no effective treatment is currently legally available. (fipdoctor.com)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy and toxicity of the multi-component drug Xraphconn® in vitro and as oral treatment in cats with spontaneous FIP by examining survival rate, development of clinical and laboratory parameters, viral loads, anti-FCoV antibodies, and adverse effects. (fipdoctor.com)
  • FIP is a viral disease that can affect any organ in the body and is caused by a feline coronavirus (FCoV). (eurekalert.org)
  • The virus is triggered by another type of virus which weakens the immune system called a feline coronavirus (FCoV) . (cat-health-guide.org)
  • An article has been published recently in the June 2023 edition of the Veterinary Record [1] journal, which notified colleagues worldwide of an alarming outbreak of Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in Cyprus. (fecava.org)
  • Cytokine profiles were evaluated in three groups of cats: those that died of neurological FIP, those that died from other neurological diseases, and those that died of diseases not affecting the brain. (vin.com)
  • One of the diseases that easily attacks cats is Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP). (dr-addie.com)
  • I also seek to provide access for veterinary surgeons to information which is not readily available elsewhere: on the subjects of feline blood groups, feline chronic gingivostomatitis and with a directory of genetic and inherited diseases which have been reported in cats so that vets can check for any breed predispositions when presented with an unusual case. (catvirus.com)
  • The cat coronavirus is a virus responsible for two distinct diseases: often mild digestive symptoms and feline infectious peritonitis called "FIP," which is usually. (health-talks.net)
  • FeLV-associated diseases occur predominantly in the small group of cats with persistent infection. (treatfip.org)
  • Cats with persistent FeLV infection will ultimately develop several primary and secondary diseases that are usually fatal. (treatfip.org)
  • First recognized over 50 years ago, feline infectious peritonitis has been one of the most important infectious diseases and causes of death in cats, especially affecting young cats less than two years old," said Vicki Thayer, DVM, DABVP (Feline), Task Force Co-chair. (eurekalert.org)
  • I also have interests in newly emerging infectious or potentially zoonotic diseases in cats, and the role of cats as sentinels of infection. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Research expertise: Feline veterinary medicine, Feline infectious diseases, Mycobacterial infections including TB, Feline dementia and gerentology. (ed.ac.uk)
  • The American Association of Feline Practitioners focused its 2017 conference, Oct. 19-22 in Denver, on feline infectious diseases and pediatrics, starting with FIP. (avma.org)
  • She is currently a member of the UK Veterinary Vaccinology Network, The International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases and recently completed her second term on the British Veterinary Association Policy Committee. (gla.ac.uk)
  • She has been a member of the European Advisory Board for Cat Diseases (ABCD) since 2005 and was elected as President of the newly established Association, ABCD Europe, in 2019. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Emerging Infectious Diseases , 29(6), pp. 1223-1227. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Our results demonstrate the efficacy of our screening strategy, which can lead to the rapid discovery of drug leads with clinical potential in response to new infectious diseases for which no specific drugs or vaccines are available. (nature.com)
  • Infectious diseases are those caused by some sort of organism like a virus , bacteria , parasite , etc. (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • Other big, bad infectious diseases include FIP , feline heartworm and feline distemper . (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • This virus forms the basis of regular feline vaccination, and represents one of the most classical diseases in feline practice. (marvistavet.com)
  • Renal diseases in cats are mainly suspected when renal failure occurs. (vin.com)
  • In cats toxic renal diseases are more numerous than those diagnosed. (vin.com)
  • METHODS: CHIT1 activity was measured in serum samples from clinically healthy cats (n = 17), cats with FIP (n = 19) and cats with diseases potentially characterized by macrophage activation (n = 20), after a preliminary assessment of the imprecision and linearity of the method. (bvsalud.org)
  • CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES AND INJURIES I. INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC DISEASES (001-139) Includes: diseases generally recognized as communicable or transmissible as well as a few diseases of unknown but possibly infectious origin Excludes: acute respiratory infections (460-466) influenza (487. (cdc.gov)
  • certain localized infections Note: Categories for "late effects" of infectious and parasitic diseases are to be found at 137. (cdc.gov)
  • Emerging Infectious Diseases , 29 (11), 2189-2197. (cdc.gov)
  • Emerging Infectious Diseases , 29 (11), 2198-2202. (cdc.gov)
  • The 2000 Report of the American Association of Feline Practitioners and Academy of Feline Medicine Advisory Panel on Feline Vaccines states that "at this time, there is no evidence that the vaccine induces clinically relevant protection, and its use is not recommended. (fiptreatment.com)
  • The American Association of Feline Practitioners recommends that, "All cats should be tested at appropriate intervals based on risk assessment," and has published guidelines for retrovirus testing and management. (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • All kittens should be tested and vaccinated against FeLV, as recommended by the American Association of Feline Practitioners. (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • Therefore, what we know about the pathogenesis of FeLV infection in feral cats initially came from studies done in the 1970's and 1980's on groups of household cats and laboratory infections (reviewed Pedersen, 1998, 1991). (treatfip.org)
  • The various pathological aspects and pathogenesis of hyphema in dogs and cats are described and discussed. (scielo.br)
  • 4)Studies in the pathogenesis and treatment of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). (ed.ac.uk)
  • She conducts research in infectious disease pathogenesis, diagnostics and vaccine development, with a focus on feline viruses. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Macrophages are involved in the pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). (bvsalud.org)
  • If your cat is infected with this disease, you can provide some treatments such as antiviral administration, but until now unfortunately there has been no effective treatment in treating cats from Feline Infectious Peritonitis. (dr-addie.com)
  • Interferon is another medication thought to have antiviral activity against feline coronavirus. (pangopets.com)
  • The goal of this study was to formally evaluate the administration of unlicensed, crowd-sourced antiviral GS-441524-like therapy for cats suspected to have feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). (mdpi.com)
  • He has participated in trials on two antiviral drugs that have led to remission in some cats with FIP. (avma.org)
  • Symptoms commonly found in cats suffering from this disease include lethargy, weight loss that dropped dramatically, anorexia, fever with rising and falling temperatures, jaundice and abnormal growth in kittens. (dr-addie.com)
  • Feline Infectious Peritonitis usually shows symptoms such as fluid retention in the abdominal cavity and others so that the organs in the cat do not function and develop as they should. (dr-addie.com)
  • Some of the symptoms that show cats with this disease are from the eyes such as changes in pupillary shape, changes in iris color and others. (dr-addie.com)
  • Most cats see significant improvement of physical symptoms within the first 1-3 days, but require the full course of treatment to fully eradicate the virus. (fiptreatment.com)
  • Cats who have a healthy immune system will pass the coronavirus with little to no issue other than a bout of diarrhea and/or cold-like symptoms. (fiptreatment.com)
  • The symptoms of FIP in cats, including the keyword 'FIP in cats,' can be challenging to recognize, and diagnosis is not straightforward. (dailypets.net)
  • If a cat exhibits suspicious symptoms, it should be taken to a veterinarian for a proper examination and diagnosis. (dailypets.net)
  • Examination of clinical signs and symptoms in the cat. (dailypets.net)
  • What are the Causes of and Symptoms of Cat Infectious Peritonitis? (prettylitter.com)
  • A cat who is suffering from cat Infectious Peritonitis may exhibit a fever that does not respond to antibiotics, along with weight loss and fatigue symptoms. (prettylitter.com)
  • For cats who exhibit the dry from of cat infectious peritonitis, symptoms can include inflamed cells in organs. (prettylitter.com)
  • In fact, most veterinarians are only able to treat the symptoms of the virus to keep your cat comfortable. (prettylitter.com)
  • If you notice a color change in your PrettyLitter, it is important to take your cat to a veterinarian right away with a list of any symptoms you may have noticed. (prettylitter.com)
  • Cats with coronavirus usually do not have any symptoms. (cat-health-guide.org)
  • The immune system is weak enough to allow the disease to exist in your cat, but the symptoms are kept in check. (cat-health-guide.org)
  • Cats who contract a coronavirus usually show no symptoms. (cat-health-guide.org)
  • If your cat has the more advanced 'wet' form of FIP then symptoms include the stomach looking like a 'pot belly' due to fluid that builds up in the abdomen. (cat-health-guide.org)
  • Most cats exhibit gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, constipation and lack of appetite. (vetinfo.com)
  • Lymphoma can seriously affect cats, with some commonly exhibiting symptoms such as swollen lymph nodes and loss of appetite. (mymoggy.com)
  • Some of the most common heart disease symptoms in Bengal cats include coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. (mymoggy.com)
  • If you see any of these symptoms in your cat, you must take them to the veterinarian for a diagnosis and treatment. (mymoggy.com)
  • Feline Upper Respiratory Infections can be caused by any of several infections: Feline Pneumonitis (Chlamydophila), Rhinotracheitis (Herpesvirus), Calicivirus, and a few others causes symptoms similar to those of a head cold. (marvistavet.com)
  • Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease of cats caused by feline coronavirus. (mdpi.com)
  • In the 1970s, Abysinnian cat breeders began testing for FeLV and eliminated it from their breed, other cat clubs followed suite. (catvirus.com)
  • Now, at least in the UK, it is extremely rare for a pedigree kitten to be sold with FeLV, thanks to the dedicated testing of cat breeders. (catvirus.com)
  • Background - Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus related to murine leukemia virus that has existed among feral cats for tens of thousands of years before its discovery in 1964 (Jarrett, et al. (treatfip.org)
  • 1964). FeLV infection occurs mainly among cats under 3-8 years of age (reviewed Pedersen, 1998, 1991). (treatfip.org)
  • 1977). FeLV infection in nature usually occurs after cats are old enough to socialize and the primary phase of infection is either inapparent or transient and ends with a long-lasting immune response in 95% or greater of cats. (treatfip.org)
  • FeLV disease in feral cats raised no alarms prior to its discovery and any associated mortality went unappreciated among the spectrum of maladies befalling feral cats. (treatfip.org)
  • Epizootiology - FeLV appears to have entered unknowingly into owned cat populations from nature prior to the 1960's and rapidly increased in incidence. (treatfip.org)
  • FeLV was identified as a major cause of disease in owned cats, retrospectively in the 1960s and prospectively in the 1970's and 1980's. (treatfip.org)
  • What caused the panzootic of FeLV infection and disease among owned cats? (treatfip.org)
  • The end of the FeLV panzootic came with the widespread "testing and removal" of viremic cats as documented by Weijer and colleagues (1986). (treatfip.org)
  • It is noteworthy, that FeLV infection is no longer a major disease problem in managed multi-cat situations and household pets. (treatfip.org)
  • Since infection in nature occurs mainly in younger cats, and most die within 3 years, few FeLV infections in nature are seen in cats older than 5-8 years. (treatfip.org)
  • Other viruses such as FeLV ( Feline Leukemia Virus ) can weaken the immune system which also makes cats vulnerable to catch the virus. (cat-health-guide.org)
  • Bengal cats are particularly vulnerable to lymphoma as they possess high levels of feline leukemia virus (FeLV), which increases their risk of developing the disease. (mymoggy.com)
  • Why should you have your cat tested for FIV and FeLV? (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery , 20 (3), pp. 228-243. (rcvsknowledge.org)
  • Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 11 (8), 624-626. (pangopets.com)
  • Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery,20(4), 378-392. (pangopets.com)
  • These landmark Guidelines are published in the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery and will provide veterinarians with the essential information necessary to provide a FIP diagnosis in cats. (eurekalert.org)
  • The virus is a mutation of feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). (wikipedia.org)
  • Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is an immune-mediated disease that develops after a cat becomes infected with a mutant of the common feline enteric coronavirus. (vin.com)
  • This virus consists of Feline Enteric Coronavirus and Feline Infectious Peritonitis which have the same genetic basis but can cause different effects in cats that have been infected with this virus. (dr-addie.com)
  • The basic virus is feline enteric coronavirus, an RNA virus that is ubiquitous throughout the world and spread via the fecal-oral route. (avma.org)
  • Also, the common blood test for feline coronavirus antibodies cannot separate infection with the much more common, intestinal "enteric" form (FECV). (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • Dr. Brian Holub, chief medical officer at VetCor and Scientific Advisory Board member as well as Director on the Board of the EveryCat Health Foundation explains that feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) can now be cured. (wgnradio.com)
  • Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is an unusual, but often fatal, consequence of coronavirus infection of the cat. (catvirus.com)
  • Common coronavirus infection of cats caused by the feline infectious peritonitis virus (CORONAVIRUS, FELINE). (bvsalud.org)
  • Idiopathic: In some cases, the cause of feline chylothorax is unknown. (petcarerx.com)
  • While not yet approved by the FDA, thousands of cats around the world have used GS441 from China and have been clinically cured of feline infectious peritonitis. (fiptreatment.com)
  • Thousands of cats have used GS441 from China and have been clinically cured of feline infectious peritonitis. (fiptreatment.com)
  • RESULTS: The highest CHIT1 activity was found in cats with FIP, followed by sick cats and clinically healthy cats. (bvsalud.org)
  • Based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, CHIT1 may differentiate sick from clinically healthy cats and, to a lesser extent, cats with FIP from cats without FIP. (bvsalud.org)
  • As a dog and cat veterinarian since 2000, Dr. TB Thompson enjoys teaching people to care for their pets in a sustainable, gentle way. (pangopets.com)
  • Some of the most stressful events for cats include changes in the home including the introduction of new pets and people, boarding, grooming, and even trips to the veterinarian. (pangopets.com)
  • A veterinarian, she completed her Ph.D. studies on feline immunodeficiency virus in 1991 and subsequently she has pursued an academic research and teaching career in Glasgow, collaborating with colleagues in Europe, US, Australia and Japan. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Your veterinarian may suggest testing periodically (yearly) as long as your cat is exposed to potentially infected cats. (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • This FAQ is divided into two parts, the first is general information about the disease, and the second is about management of FIP in a multi-cat and cattery environment. (stason.org)
  • Also keep in mind that this disease is one of the most controversial subjects in feline health care. (stason.org)
  • Cats are also vulnerable to disease attacks that endanger the cat and the owner. (dr-addie.com)
  • This disease makes the cat does not last long in the digestive system, resulting in the scarcity of discovery in their feces. (dr-addie.com)
  • There is a small risk of transmitting the disease to other cats so isolation is not necessary to cats infected with this virus. (dr-addie.com)
  • Of the various cases in cats infected with this disease, cats with an age range between 3 months to 3 years are susceptible to this disease. (dr-addie.com)
  • There are also many cat breeds that are susceptible to this disease such as Abyssinian, Birman, Ragdoll Rex, Himalayan and Bengal. (dr-addie.com)
  • What triggers this disease to infect cats are several factors such as stress, genetic and viral Feline Leukemia Virus and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. (dr-addie.com)
  • To keep your cat from getting this disease, you need to immediately bring your pet cat to the vet to immediately give a thorough diagnosis to your pet cat. (dr-addie.com)
  • If you are a cat lover, you surely have known that Feline Infectious Peritonitis is one dangerous disease that will kill your lovely cat within less than three months. (dr-addie.com)
  • That is why this kind of disease is considered as one of those most dangerous disease in cat. (dr-addie.com)
  • Unfortunately, in the past decade, there is a kind of disease in a cat called Feline Infectious Peritonitis. (dr-addie.com)
  • Dr. Holub explains how treatment for this cat disease is actually today helping humans with a drug called Remdesivir. (wgnradio.com)
  • Diane D. Addie is former senior lecturer and Head of Diagnostic Virology at the University of Glasgow Veterinary School, member of the European Advisory Board of Cat Disease and author of the website www.catvirus.com and book "Feline Infectious Peritonitis and Coronavirus. (biogal.com)
  • Introduction: Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a viral disease that primarily affects young cats. (uniquepaperhelp.com)
  • Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a dangerous disease that often leads to death in cats. (dailypets.net)
  • Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is an infectious disease caused by the coronavirus virus in cats. (dailypets.net)
  • However, the disease can also affect cats of any age. (dailypets.net)
  • The signs of FIP in cats can be diverse and challenging to recognize due to the complexity of the disease. (dailypets.net)
  • According to WebMD, cat infectious peritonitis is a viral disease that can be found all over the world. (prettylitter.com)
  • On the other hand, a negative test typically means your cat probably does not have the disease. (prettylitter.com)
  • FIP is known as a deadly disease for decades and no cat could ever escape from the fate of dying of this virus. (fipwarriors.eu)
  • What is FIP Disease in Cats? (fipwarriors.eu)
  • There is no cure for this disease with treatment focused on keeping your cat comfortable. (cat-health-guide.org)
  • Most cats that get the disease are between 6 months and 2 years. (cat-health-guide.org)
  • Hyphema was secondary to systemic disease (15/20) or occurred as a primary ocular lesion (5/20) in four dogs and one cat. (scielo.br)
  • Dental disease can indeed be a severe issue for Bengal cats, as well as for cats of all breeds. (mymoggy.com)
  • There are factors that can contribute to dental disease in cats, including genetics, diet, and oral hygiene. (mymoggy.com)
  • Kidney disease is the most common health problem in Bengal cats and can affect any organ in the body, but it is typically found in the kidneys. (mymoggy.com)
  • In Bengal cats, kidney disease is often progressive and often leads to weight loss, increased thirst and appetite, and decreased activity. (mymoggy.com)
  • Heart disease is the number one enemy of cats, and it is a disease that you can avoid with regular preventive care. (mymoggy.com)
  • Bengal cats are particularly at risk of developing heart disease due to their genetic makeup and lifestyle choices. (mymoggy.com)
  • Cat health insurance will sometimes cover heart disease treatment costs as part of its coverage for cat health care. (mymoggy.com)
  • Feline infectious peritonitis is a heartbreaking disease. (avma.org)
  • In October 2015, Morris made a three-year, $1.2 million commitment to fund research that will advance understanding of feline infectious peritonitis and to dedicate resources to stop the disease. (avma.org)
  • This occurs in a small percentage of cats but is a fatal disease. (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • There are many infectious agents contributing to what is now called "Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex" and they can cause disease in combination or alone. (marvistavet.com)
  • Although the exact etiology of chylothorax in cats is often unknown, it has been linked to trauma, cancer, heart disease, and other underlying illnesses. (petcarerx.com)
  • Other medical conditions: Kidney disease, liver disease, and inflammatory bowel disease can also contribute to the development of chylothorax in cats. (petcarerx.com)
  • 1. When should a renal disease be suspected in a cat? (vin.com)
  • It has been described in cats as a family-related disease of the renal medullary due to the deposition of an amorphous substance which gradually invades the extra-cellular spaces. (vin.com)
  • Polycystic kidney disease in cats is a disorder characterized by the displacement of differentiated normal structures of renal parenchyma by multiple cysts. (vin.com)
  • It has been demonstrated as early as 1990 that polycystic kidney disease is hereditary in cats. (vin.com)
  • Persian cats and long-haired breeds are the most often affected by polycystic kidney disease. (vin.com)
  • However, FIP was not associated with ulcers in the mouth - that is usually caused by feline calicivirus. (catvirus.com)
  • The number of FIP PCR-confirmed cases in samples from cavity fluids, abdominal lymph nodes, or tissue biopsies from feline patients with a FIP compatible clinical appearance has increased more than 20 times compared to the previous year (2022), as the article states. (fecava.org)
  • However, clinical studies have failed to show a positive effect on survival times in cats medicated with interferon. (pangopets.com)
  • Cats with documented dry FIP may participate in ongoing clinical research. (pangopets.com)
  • All cats recovered with dramatic improvement of clinical and laboratory parameters and massive reduction in viral loads within the first few days of treatment without serious adverse effects. (fipdoctor.com)
  • The 2022 AAFP/EveryCat Feline Infectious Peritonitis Diagnosis Guidelines were developed by a Task Force of experts in feline clinical medicine. (eurekalert.org)
  • Researchers will analyze owner-reported dementia behaviors in senior cats and look for correlating clinical signs of brain degeneration. (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
  • However, I have interests and welcome discussion into the possibility of working (including postgraduate qualifications) on the following areas: 1)All aspects of mycobacterial infections in cats and dogs including, aetiopathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnostics, therapeutic protocols and prognostic indicators. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Diagnosing FIP in a sick cat is a challenge due to the varied clinical signs and complex testing. (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS: CHIT1 activity may identify sick cats and, within the appropriate clinical context, cats with FIP, although larger and more standardized studies, coupled with additional information on analytical performances of the method, are required to fully explore the diagnostic or prognostic potential of this test for FIP. (bvsalud.org)
  • I think as a group, the feline Corona Viruses are actually unlikely to cause a problem and it's a rarer cat that actually DOES blow up. (johnsonvet.com)
  • According to Cornell University , "Recent estimates indicate that two percent to four percent of the 83 million or so cats in the U.S. harbor one or both of these two viruses. (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • Feline Infectious Peritonitis usually affects macrophage and monocytes infections. (dr-addie.com)
  • I maintain the national data-base for cases of feline tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in cats (in collaboration with AHVLA, Drs J Hope, X Donadeu and A Philbey, RDSVS and the Roslin Institute). (ed.ac.uk)
  • One study found that mutation occurs in about 20 percent of infections, but the incidence of FIP is 0.3 to 1.3 percent among all cats in studies done in North America and Europe. (avma.org)
  • Her most significant scientific contributions have included the identification of determinants of virulence amongst feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) isolates, the development of methods to confirm FIV and feline leukaemia virus infections in diagnostic samples, the identification of vaccine-induced enhancement of FIV infection and elucidation of the mechanism of protection induced by whole inactivated FIV vaccines. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Researchers will develop and assess the efficacy of a novel vaccine to help combat overpopulation of free-roaming, community cats. (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
  • Researchers will explore first steps toward the development of an mRNA vaccine for feline infectious peritonitis, a deadly coronavirus in cats. (morrisanimalfoundation.org)
  • The incidence of both conditions dropped after release of a vaccine against feline leukemia virus, but now the incidence of FIP is rising. (avma.org)
  • This article will explore FIP in cats, signs for identification, diagnostic methods, and available treatment approaches. (dailypets.net)
  • The statements made on this website about antibody testing are ONLY relevant to the immunofluorescent antibody test used in the University of Glasgow Veterinary School Veterinary Diagnostic Services and the recommended laboratories and test kits listed on the Feline Coronavirus Antibody page . (catvirus.com)
  • Audience members asked about controlling FIP in a kitten rescue, managing a pair of young cats in a home, and interpreting diagnostic test results. (avma.org)
  • The virus is shed in feces, and cats become infected by ingesting or inhaling the virus, usually by sharing cat litter trays, or by the use of contaminated litter scoops or brushes transmitting infected microscopic cat litter particles to uninfected kittens and cats. (wikipedia.org)
  • The virus is easily spread through direct contact between cats. (wikipedia.org)
  • Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus that Affects Cats - Playing with cats is fun for lovers of these cute four-legged animals. (dr-addie.com)
  • One FIP cat successfully treated with GS-441524 injections still shed virus in his faeces at least two years post-treatment ( Addie et al, 2022 ). (catvirus.com)
  • Cats who have a weakened or not fully developed immune system may not be able to pass the coronavirus, and the virus mutates into FIP. (fiptreatment.com)
  • However, not all cats infected with the coronavirus virus develop FIP. (dailypets.net)
  • We know how hard it can be to suddenly discover your beloved cat has a virus you may not have even heard of, especially one that can be fatal. (prettylitter.com)
  • This means that the cat can be a carrier of the virus and shed it through their feces, which in turn can infect other cats. (prettylitter.com)
  • Unfortunately, for cats suffering from this virus, not much is available to cure the virus. (prettylitter.com)
  • If your cat likes to spend time outdoors, chances are he could pick up the virus through infected feces. (prettylitter.com)
  • The first inklings that a virus might be involved with this introduction was in 1964 with the identification of intracellular particles resembling murine leukemia virus in a household of cats with multiple cases of lymphosarcoma (Jarrett, et al. (treatfip.org)
  • Prevent the virus from spreading from cat to cat is equally important. (fipwarriors.eu)
  • While we know that the virus for FIP is not likely to be transmittable between cats, the FeCV (the original form of FIP virus) is transmittable from cats to cats and so to prevent FIP, we have to take measures to prevent FeCV from spreading from your infected cat to your healthy cats. (fipwarriors.eu)
  • Most cats are infected with this virus but never get very sick from it. (pangopets.com)
  • The nucleoside analog GS-441524 strongly inhibits feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus in tissue culture and experimental cat infection studies. (pangopets.com)
  • Feline aminopeptidase N (fAPN) is a major cell surface receptor for feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), human coronavirus 229E (HCV 229E) and canine coronavirus (CCV). (elsevierpure.com)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Characterization of determinants involved in the feline infectious peritonitis virus receptor function of feline aminopeptidase N'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Up to 60 percent of cats in multicat environments shed the virus at any given time. (avma.org)
  • The FIP, or feline infectious peritonitis, virus is a member of the coronavirus family. (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • Accurate diagnosis is part of the strategy to prevent other cats from becoming infected from virus that is passed in the stool . (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • Fortunately, there is a relatively new test called FIP Virus RealPCRâ„¢ that can be used to help differentiate the two viral forms and confirm the diagnosis of FIP in cats. (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • The availability of this new test for the detection of mutated FIP virus can help veterinarians reach a diagnosis so that cat guardians can make informed decisions about treatment. (pethealthnetwork.com)
  • Feline Leukemia Virus is a deadly virus of usually young cats and kittens. (marvistavet.com)
  • Infección común de gatos producida por coronavirus y causada por el virus de la peritonitis infecciosa de felinos (CORONAVIRUS FELINO). (bvsalud.org)
  • Natural cat health can effectively treat FIP, or feline infectious peritonitis. (naturalcathealth.com)
  • As of February 2019, there is significant hope for cats with any form of FIP. (fiptreatment.com)
  • As of July 2019, over 2000 cats all over the world have been completely cured using the GS441 from China. (fiptreatment.com)
  • Felten, S. and Hartmann, K. (2019) Diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis: a review of the current literature. (rcvsknowledge.org)
  • The 2022 AAFP/EveryCat Feline Infectious Peritonitis Diagnosis Guidelines serve as a critical resource for veterinary practitioners diagnosing FIP in their cat patients. (eurekalert.org)
  • Vasculitis due to feline infectious peritonitis accounted for half of the cases (n=3) of systemic hyphema in cats. (scielo.br)
  • Non-effusive FIP diagnosis should be considered when the following criteria are met: History: the cat is young (under 2 years old) and purebred: over 70% of cases of FIP are in pedigree kittens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Typically a cat with dry FIP will show ocular or neurological signs. (wikipedia.org)
  • The neurological form occurs in about one-third of cats with FIP. (vin.com)
  • Feline distemper (also called "feline panleukopenia") is a generally lethal infection in kittens and young adult cats. (marvistavet.com)
  • This website exists to promote knowledge amongst veterinary surgeons, cat lovers, breeders and rescuers, to give the latest news on FIP treatment and prevention and to raise funds for much needed research. (catvirus.com)
  • Such mutant coronaviruses are most likely to appear when injectable antivirals are used for FIP treatment because we know that injected GS-441524 does not adequately reach the intestine, which is the major site of feline coronavirus replication. (catvirus.com)
  • The Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Research fund provides support to improve the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of FIP in cats at the Center for Companion Animal Health (CCAH). (ucdavis.edu)
  • Currently, there is no specific treatment for FIP in cats. (dailypets.net)
  • Our Kitten was Diagnosed with Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP): Whats the Latest FIP Treatment? (pangopets.com)
  • The third cat survived 14 months after 4.5 months of treatment (1). (pangopets.com)
  • Treatment also focuses on making your cat comfortable. (cat-health-guide.org)
  • Cats treated with antacids for CRF will require additional treatment for accompanying conditions such as calcium imbalance and anemia. (vetinfo.com)
  • Although several antacids formulated for human use are administered to cats, it's best to discuss treatment options with the vet to prevent toxicity and overdose. (vetinfo.com)
  • If your cat shows signs of lymphoma, it's essential to seek immediate veterinary treatment. (mymoggy.com)
  • Start treatment immediately to prevent further complications if you think your cat shows signs of kidney failure. (mymoggy.com)
  • But if you cannot afford treatment on your own, some organizations provide financial assistance to cat owners with vet bills. (mymoggy.com)
  • With prompt and proper treatment, many cats can recover from chylothorax and go on to live healthy, happy lives. (petcarerx.com)
  • By using chimeric molecules assembled from porcine, human and feline APN we have analysed the determinants involved in the coronavirus receptor function of fAPN. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Lymphoma is the most common cat cancer, with roughly 90% of cat cancers being either lymphoma or leukemia. (mymoggy.com)
  • Back then, FIP went hand in hand with feline leukemia. (avma.org)
  • and large epidemiological studies looking at the prevalence and development of cognitive dysfunction syndrome in cats, with Dr Sarah Caney and Vicky Halls. (ed.ac.uk)
  • The researchers evaluated the immune status of cats with FIP by monitoring components of the immune system called cytokines. (vin.com)
  • The best protection you can give other cats in the household is to support their immune system. (fiptreatment.com)
  • Healthy cats with a strong immune system will pass and clear the coronavirus. (fiptreatment.com)
  • Also see FAQ: how can I protect my other cats from FIP if one has it, above, for recommended immune boosters. (fiptreatment.com)
  • The dry form is typically seen in cats with weak immune systems, while the wet form tends to affect cats with strong immune systems. (dailypets.net)
  • Cats with FIP are immune-compromised, so it's important to treat any concurrent illness aggressively . (pangopets.com)
  • Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a viral infection that is contracted due to a weakened immune system. (cat-health-guide.org)
  • The question is why some cats fail to mount an effective immune response. (avma.org)
  • Drugs to reduce fluid buildup in cats , suppress the cat's immune system , and manage pain may be prescribed. (petcarerx.com)
  • These Guidelines were written with the intent of providing the most current knowledge available in one comprehensive format combined with extensive supplemental resources all in one location," adds Susan Gogolski, DVM, DABVP (Canine/Feline), Task Force Co-chair. (eurekalert.org)
  • Feline peritonitis or feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a viral infection. (cat-health-guide.org)
  • Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP): This viral infection can be fatal in cats. (mymoggy.com)
  • There is a lack of evidence FIP is transmissible from cat to cat although it may explain rare mini-outbreaks of FIP. (wikipedia.org)
  • It's a syndrome caused by a mutation of the common feline coronavirus . (pangopets.com)
  • Most cats that undergo this mutation in their body have the ability to immunologically respond to it. (avma.org)
  • FIP can occur at any time, but it is seems to be more common in a young cat especially the very slim, more Oriental breeds. (naturalcathealth.com)
  • Twenty cases, 14 dogs and six cats of several ages and breeds and of both sexes were included in the study. (scielo.br)
  • It is most common in Bengal cats but can be found in other cat breeds. (mymoggy.com)
  • Ragdolls are one of the largest domestic cat breeds. (purina.com)
  • She is also a member of the panel that is responsible for updating the AAFP: Feline Retrovirus Management Guidelines. (gla.ac.uk)
  • This can be achieved through FIP vaccination and maintaining a clean environment that minimizes cat viral exposure. (dailypets.net)
  • Purebred (pedigree) kittens and young pedigree cats account for 70% of all deaths to FIP. (catvirus.com)
  • According to the Morris Animal Foundation, FIP is a leading cause of death in kittens and young cats and is most common in indoor, multicat environments such as shelters and catteries. (avma.org)
  • Some cats may be more prone to dental issues than others due to genetics. (mymoggy.com)
  • If a cat in your household has the coronavirus or FIP, litter boxes should be sterilized with a mix of bleach and hot water, or replaced with new. (fiptreatment.com)
  • The best way to keep your cat safe is to keep him indoors where he can use a cat litter box. (prettylitter.com)
  • However, if your cat loves to frolic in the outdoors, it's important to use a cat litter than let's you know if your cat's health has changed. (prettylitter.com)
  • PrettyLitter is the world's best cat litter because it makes it easy to know if your cat has experienced a change in health by changing color. (prettylitter.com)
  • Ready to stop hating your cat litter? (prettylitter.com)