A mechanism of communication within a system in that the input signal generates an output response which returns to influence the continued activity or productivity of that system.
A mechanism of information stimulus and response that may control subsequent behavior, cognition, perception, or performance. (From APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)
A mechanism of communicating one's own sensory system information about a task, movement or skill.
A principle that learning is facilitated when the learner receives immediate evaluation of learning performance. The concept also hypothesizes that learning is facilitated when the learner is promptly informed whether a response is correct, and, if incorrect, of the direction of error.
The therapy technique of providing the status of one's own AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM function (e.g., skin temperature, heartbeats, brain waves) as visual or auditory feedback in order to self-control related conditions (e.g., hypertension, migraine headaches).
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.
A technique to self-regulate brain activities provided as a feedback in order to better control or enhance one's own performance, control or function. This is done by trying to bring brain activities into a range associated with a desired brain function or status.
The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.
The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.
Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Sensory functions that transduce stimuli received by proprioceptive receptors in joints, tendons, muscles, and the INNER EAR into neural impulses to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Proprioception provides sense of stationary positions and movements of one's body parts, and is important in maintaining KINESTHESIA and POSTURAL BALANCE.
The physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological, and behavioral phenomena.
The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, and feeding.
The educational process of instructing.
Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
The capability to perform acceptably those duties directly related to patient care.
The sounds produced by humans by the passage of air through the LARYNX and over the VOCAL CORDS, and then modified by the resonance organs, the NASOPHARYNX, and the MOUTH.
The assessing of academic or educational achievement. It includes all aspects of testing and test construction.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain-containing proteins that contain intrinsic HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE activity and play important roles in CIRCADIAN RHYTHM regulation. Clock proteins combine with Arntl proteins to form heterodimeric transcription factors that are specific for E-BOX ELEMENTS and stimulate the transcription of several E-box genes that are involved in cyclical regulation. This transcriptional activation also sets into motion a time-dependent feedback loop which in turn down-regulates the expression of clock proteins.
A self-learning technique, usually online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials.
The assessment of the functioning of an employee in relation to work.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.
A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.
The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.
The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The application of electronic, computerized control systems to mechanical devices designed to perform human functions. Formerly restricted to industry, but nowadays applied to artificial organs controlled by bionic (bioelectronic) devices, like automated insulin pumps and other prostheses.
Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
NEURONS in the inner nuclear layer of the RETINA that synapse with both the RETINAL PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS and the RETINAL BIPOLAR CELLS, as well as other horizontal cells. The horizontal cells modulate the sensory signal.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.
A POSTURE in which an ideal body mass distribution is achieved. Postural balance provides the body carriage stability and conditions for normal functions in stationary position or in movement, such as sitting, standing, or walking.
The portion of an interactive computer program that issues messages to and receives commands from a user.
The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable.
Circadian rhythm signaling proteins that influence circadian clock by interacting with other circadian regulatory proteins and transporting them into the CELL NUCLEUS.
The acoustic aspects of speech in terms of frequency, intensity, and time.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
The distal part of the arm beyond the wrist in humans and primates, that includes the palm, fingers, and thumb.
The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
The superior part of the upper extremity between the SHOULDER and the ELBOW.
The detailed examination of observable activity or behavior associated with the execution or completion of a required function or unit of work.
A dimension of auditory sensation varying with cycles per second of the sound stimulus.
Sensation of making physical contact with objects, animate or inanimate. Tactile stimuli are detected by MECHANORECEPTORS in the skin and mucous membranes.
A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.
A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.
The measurement of frequency or oscillation changes.
A collection of NEURONS, tracts of NERVE FIBERS, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation provides the mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) regulation of pituitary function and the release of various PITUITARY HORMONES into the systemic circulation to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.
Biological mechanism that controls CIRCADIAN RHYTHM. Circadian clocks exist in the simplest form in cyanobacteria and as more complex systems in fungi, plants, and animals. In humans the system includes photoresponsive RETINAL GANGLION CELLS and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS that acts as the central oscillator.
The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The process by which the nature and meaning of tactile stimuli are recognized and interpreted by the brain, such as realizing the characteristics or name of an object being touched.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.
Sense of movement of a part of the body, such as movement of fingers, elbows, knees, limbs, or weights.
The study of systems which respond disproportionately (nonlinearly) to initial conditions or perturbing stimuli. Nonlinear systems may exhibit "chaos" which is classically characterized as sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Chaotic systems, while distinguished from more ordered periodic systems, are not random. When their behavior over time is appropriately displayed (in "phase space"), constraints are evident which are described by "strange attractors". Phase space representations of chaotic systems, or strange attractors, usually reveal fractal (FRACTALS) self-similarity across time scales. Natural, including biological, systems often display nonlinear dynamics and chaos.
A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.
Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.
Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.
A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Communication through a system of conventional vocal symbols.
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
Computer systems utilized as adjuncts in the treatment of disease.
Sounds used in animal communication.
DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain-containing proteins that play important roles in CIRCADIAN RHYTHM regulation. They combine with CLOCK PROTEINS to form heterodimeric transcription factors that are specific for E-BOX ELEMENTS and stimulate the transcription of several E-box genes that are involved in cyclical regulation.
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.
The position or attitude of the body.
Individuals enrolled in a school of medicine or a formal educational program in medicine.
Flavoproteins that function as circadian rhythm signaling proteins in ANIMALS and as blue-light photoreceptors in PLANTS. They are structurally-related to DNA PHOTOLYASES and it is believed that both classes of proteins may have originated from an earlier protein that played a role in protecting primitive organisms from the cyclical exposure to UV LIGHT.
Performance of complex motor acts.

A rapid sound-action association effect in human insular cortex. (1/395)

BACKGROUND: Learning to play a musical piece is a prime example of complex sensorimotor learning in humans. Recent studies using electroencephalography (EEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) indicate that passive listening to melodies previously rehearsed by subjects on a musical instrument evokes differential brain activation as compared with unrehearsed melodies. These changes were already evident after 20-30 minutes of training. The exact brain regions involved in these differential brain responses have not yet been delineated. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING: Using functional mri (fmri), we investigated subjects who passively listened to simple piano melodies from two conditions: in the 'actively learned melodies' condition subjects learned to play a piece on the piano during a short training session of a maximum of 30 minutes before the fMRI experiment, and in the 'passively learned melodies' condition subjects listened passively to and were thus familiarized with the piece. We found increased fMRI responses to actively compared with passively learned melodies in the left anterior insula, extending to the left fronto-opercular cortex. The area of significant activation overlapped the insular sensorimotor hand area as determined by our meta-analysis of previous functional imaging studies. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results provide evidence for differential brain responses to action-related sounds after short periods of learning in the human insular cortex. As the hand sensorimotor area of the insular cortex appears to be involved in these responses, re-activation of movement representations stored in the insular sensorimotor cortex may have contributed to the observed effect. The insular cortex may therefore play a role in the initial learning phase of action-perception associations.  (+info)

A Bayesian perceptual model replicates the cutaneous rabbit and other tactile spatiotemporal illusions. (2/395)

BACKGROUND: When brief stimuli contact the skin in rapid succession at two or more locations, perception strikingly shrinks the intervening distance, and expands the elapsed time, between consecutive events. The origins of these perceptual space-time distortions are unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here I show that these illusory effects, which I term perceptual length contraction and time dilation, are emergent properties of a Bayesian observer model that incorporates prior expectation for speed. Rapidly moving stimuli violate expectation, provoking perceptual length contraction and time dilation. The Bayesian observer replicates the cutaneous rabbit illusion, the tau effect, the kappa effect, and other spatiotemporal illusions. Additionally, it shows realistic tactile temporal order judgment and spatial attention effects. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The remarkable explanatory power of this simple model supports the hypothesis, first proposed by Helmholtz, that the brain biases perception in favor of expectation. Specifically, the results suggest that the brain automatically incorporates prior expectation for speed in order to overcome spatial and temporal imprecision inherent in the sensorineural signal.  (+info)

Modulation of emotional appraisal by false physiological feedback during fMRI. (3/395)

BACKGROUND: James and Lange proposed that emotions are the perception of physiological reactions. Two-level theories of emotion extend this model to suggest that cognitive interpretations of physiological changes shape self-reported emotions. Correspondingly false physiological feedback of evoked or tonic bodily responses can alter emotional attributions. Moreover, anxiety states are proposed to arise from detection of mismatch between actual and anticipated states of physiological arousal. However, the neural underpinnings of these phenomena previously have not been examined. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We undertook a functional brain imaging (fMRI) experiment to investigate how both primary and second-order levels of physiological (viscerosensory) representation impact on the processing of external emotional cues. 12 participants were scanned while judging face stimuli during both exercise and non-exercise conditions in the context of true and false auditory feedback of tonic heart rate. We observed that the perceived emotional intensity/salience of neutral faces was enhanced by false feedback of increased heart rate. Regional changes in neural activity corresponding to this behavioural interaction were observed within included right anterior insula, bilateral mid insula, and amygdala. In addition, right anterior insula activity was enhanced during by asynchronous relative to synchronous cardiac feedback even with no change in perceived or actual heart rate suggesting this region serves as a comparator to detect physiological mismatches. Finally, BOLD activity within right anterior insula and amygdala predicted the corresponding changes in perceived intensity ratings at both a group and an individual level. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings identify the neural substrates supporting behavioural effects of false physiological feedback, and highlight mechanisms that underlie subjective anxiety states, including the importance of the right anterior insula in guiding second-order "cognitive" representations of bodily arousal state.  (+info)

Suturing training in Augmented Reality: gaining proficiency in suturing skills faster. (4/395)

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Functional overlap between regions involved in speech perception and in monitoring one's own voice during speech production. (5/395)

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Neural basis of postural instability identified by VTC and EEG. (6/395)

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Visual cues signaling object grasp reduce interference in motor learning. (7/395)

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Asymmetric control of cycle period by the spinal locomotor rhythm generator in the adult cat. (8/395)

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In a medical context, feedback refers to the information or data about the results of a process, procedure, or treatment that is used to evaluate and improve its effectiveness. This can include both quantitative data (such as vital signs or laboratory test results) and qualitative data (such as patient-reported symptoms or satisfaction). Feedback can come from various sources, including patients, healthcare providers, medical equipment, and electronic health records. It is an essential component of quality improvement efforts, allowing healthcare professionals to make informed decisions about changes to care processes and treatments to improve patient outcomes.

Psychological feedback refers to the process of providing information about an individual's performance or behavior to help them understand and improve their skills, abilities, or actions. It is a critical component of learning, growth, and development in various settings, including education, therapy, coaching, and management.

In psychological feedback, the provider communicates their observations, assessments, or evaluations to the recipient in a constructive and supportive manner. The feedback may include both positive reinforcement for strengths and areas of success, as well as suggestions for improvement and strategies for overcoming challenges.

Effective psychological feedback is specific, objective, and focused on behaviors that can be changed or improved. It should also be timely, regular, and delivered in a way that promotes self-reflection, motivation, and goal-setting. The recipient should have an opportunity to ask questions, seek clarification, and engage in a dialogue about the feedback to ensure mutual understanding and agreement on next steps.

Overall, psychological feedback is a valuable tool for promoting personal and professional development, building self-awareness, and enhancing interpersonal relationships.

Sensory feedback refers to the information that our senses (such as sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell) provide to our nervous system about our body's interaction with its environment. This information is used by our brain and muscles to make adjustments in movement, posture, and other functions to maintain balance, coordination, and stability.

For example, when we walk, our sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints provide feedback to our brain about the position and movement of our limbs. This information is used to adjust our muscle contractions and make small corrections in our gait to maintain balance and avoid falling. Similarly, when we touch a hot object, sensory receptors in our skin send signals to our brain that activate the withdrawal reflex, causing us to quickly pull away our hand.

In summary, sensory feedback is an essential component of our nervous system's ability to monitor and control our body's movements and responses to the environment.

Biofeedback is a psychological and physiological intervention that involves the use of electronic devices to measure and provide real-time feedback to individuals about their bodily functions, such as heart rate, muscle tension, skin conductance, and brain activity. The goal of biofeedback is to help individuals gain awareness and control over these functions, with the aim of improving physical and mental health outcomes.

In psychology, biofeedback is often used as a treatment for a variety of conditions, including anxiety, stress, headaches, chronic pain, and mood disorders. By learning to regulate their physiological responses through biofeedback training, individuals can reduce symptoms and improve their overall well-being. The process typically involves working with a trained healthcare provider who guides the individual in practicing various relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or progressive muscle relaxation, while monitoring their physiological responses using biofeedback equipment. Over time, the individual learns to associate these techniques with positive changes in their body and can use them to manage symptoms on their own.

Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.

Examples of biological models include:

1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.

Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.

The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.

Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

In the context of medicine and healthcare, learning is often discussed in relation to learning abilities or disabilities that may impact an individual's capacity to acquire, process, retain, and apply new information or skills. Learning can be defined as the process of acquiring knowledge, understanding, behaviors, and skills through experience, instruction, or observation.

Learning disorders, also known as learning disabilities, are a type of neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to learn and process information in one or more areas, such as reading, writing, mathematics, or reasoning. These disorders are not related to intelligence or motivation but rather result from differences in the way the brain processes information.

It is important to note that learning can also be influenced by various factors, including age, cognitive abilities, physical and mental health status, cultural background, and educational experiences. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of an individual's learning abilities and needs should take into account these various factors to provide appropriate support and interventions.

Neurofeedback, also known as neurobiofeedback or EEG biofeedback, is a type of biofeedback that involves measuring brain waves and providing that information to the individual in real-time so that they can learn to modify their brain wave activity. It typically involves the use of sensors placed on the scalp that measure electrical activity in the brain, which is displayed to the person in the form of visual or auditory feedback. Through this process, individuals can learn to voluntarily regulate their brain wave activity, with potential applications in the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), epilepsy, migraines, anxiety disorders, and insomnia.

Psychomotor performance refers to the integration and coordination of mental processes (cognitive functions) with physical movements. It involves the ability to perform complex tasks that require both cognitive skills, such as thinking, remembering, and perceiving, and motor skills, such as gross and fine motor movements. Examples of psychomotor performances include driving a car, playing a musical instrument, or performing surgical procedures.

In a medical context, psychomotor performance is often used to assess an individual's ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), such as bathing, dressing, cooking, cleaning, and managing medications. Deficits in psychomotor performance can be a sign of neurological or psychiatric disorders, such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, or depression.

Assessment of psychomotor performance may involve tests that measure reaction time, coordination, speed, precision, and accuracy of movements, as well as cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. These assessments can help healthcare professionals develop appropriate treatment plans and monitor the progression of diseases or the effectiveness of interventions.

In the context of medicine and healthcare, "movement" refers to the act or process of changing physical location or position. It involves the contraction and relaxation of muscles, which allows for the joints to move and the body to be in motion. Movement can also refer to the ability of a patient to move a specific body part or limb, which is assessed during physical examinations. Additionally, "movement" can describe the progression or spread of a disease within the body.

A computer simulation is a process that involves creating a model of a real-world system or phenomenon on a computer and then using that model to run experiments and make predictions about how the system will behave under different conditions. In the medical field, computer simulations are used for a variety of purposes, including:

1. Training and education: Computer simulations can be used to create realistic virtual environments where medical students and professionals can practice their skills and learn new procedures without risk to actual patients. For example, surgeons may use simulation software to practice complex surgical techniques before performing them on real patients.
2. Research and development: Computer simulations can help medical researchers study the behavior of biological systems at a level of detail that would be difficult or impossible to achieve through experimental methods alone. By creating detailed models of cells, tissues, organs, or even entire organisms, researchers can use simulation software to explore how these systems function and how they respond to different stimuli.
3. Drug discovery and development: Computer simulations are an essential tool in modern drug discovery and development. By modeling the behavior of drugs at a molecular level, researchers can predict how they will interact with their targets in the body and identify potential side effects or toxicities. This information can help guide the design of new drugs and reduce the need for expensive and time-consuming clinical trials.
4. Personalized medicine: Computer simulations can be used to create personalized models of individual patients based on their unique genetic, physiological, and environmental characteristics. These models can then be used to predict how a patient will respond to different treatments and identify the most effective therapy for their specific condition.

Overall, computer simulations are a powerful tool in modern medicine, enabling researchers and clinicians to study complex systems and make predictions about how they will behave under a wide range of conditions. By providing insights into the behavior of biological systems at a level of detail that would be difficult or impossible to achieve through experimental methods alone, computer simulations are helping to advance our understanding of human health and disease.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Proprioception is the unconscious perception of movement and spatial orientation arising from stimuli within the body itself. It is sometimes described as the "sixth sense" and it's all about knowing where your body parts are, how they are moving, and the effort being used to move them. This information is crucial for motor control, balance, and coordination.

The proprioceptive system includes sensory receptors called proprioreceptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints that send messages to the brain through nerves regarding body position and movement. These messages are then integrated with information from other senses, such as vision and vestibular sense (related to balance), to create a complete understanding of the body's position and motion in space.

Deficits in proprioception can lead to problems with coordination, balance, and fine motor skills.

"Biological clocks" refer to the internal time-keeping systems in living organisms that regulate the timing of various physiological processes and behaviors according to a daily (circadian) rhythm. These rhythms are driven by genetic mechanisms and can be influenced by environmental factors such as light and temperature.

In humans, biological clocks help regulate functions such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone release, body temperature, and metabolism. Disruptions to these internal timekeeping systems have been linked to various health problems, including sleep disorders, mood disorders, and cognitive impairment.

A circadian rhythm is a roughly 24-hour biological cycle that regulates various physiological and behavioral processes in living organisms. It is driven by the body's internal clock, which is primarily located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus in the brain.

The circadian rhythm controls many aspects of human physiology, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone secretion, body temperature, and metabolism. It helps to synchronize these processes with the external environment, particularly the day-night cycle caused by the rotation of the Earth.

Disruptions to the circadian rhythm can have negative effects on health, leading to conditions such as insomnia, sleep disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, and even increased risk of chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Factors that can disrupt the circadian rhythm include shift work, jet lag, irregular sleep schedules, and exposure to artificial light at night.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "teaching" is a general term that refers to the act of imparting knowledge or skills to others and is not a medical term. However, in the context of medical education, teaching refers to the instruction and training of medical students, residents, fellows, and other healthcare professionals to develop their knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary for providing high-quality patient care. This can take place in various settings such as classrooms, clinical wards, simulation centers, or online platforms, and can involve a range of teaching methods including lectures, small group discussions, bedside teaching, case-based learning, and hands-on training.

Photic stimulation is a medical term that refers to the exposure of the eyes to light, specifically repetitive pulses of light, which is used as a method in various research and clinical settings. In neuroscience, it's often used in studies related to vision, circadian rhythms, and brain function.

In a clinical context, photic stimulation is sometimes used in the diagnosis of certain medical conditions such as seizure disorders (like epilepsy). By observing the response of the brain to this light stimulus, doctors can gain valuable insights into the functioning of the brain and the presence of any neurological disorders.

However, it's important to note that photic stimulation should be conducted under the supervision of a trained healthcare professional, as improper use can potentially trigger seizures in individuals who are susceptible to them.

Neurological models are simplified representations or simulations of various aspects of the nervous system, including its structure, function, and processes. These models can be theoretical, computational, or physical and are used to understand, explain, and predict neurological phenomena. They may focus on specific neurological diseases, disorders, or functions, such as memory, learning, or movement. The goal of these models is to provide insights into the complex workings of the nervous system that cannot be easily observed or understood through direct examination alone.

Clinical competence is the ability of a healthcare professional to provide safe and effective patient care, demonstrating the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for the job. It involves the integration of theoretical knowledge with practical skills, judgment, and decision-making abilities in real-world clinical situations. Clinical competence is typically evaluated through various methods such as direct observation, case studies, simulations, and feedback from peers and supervisors.

A clinically competent healthcare professional should be able to:

1. Demonstrate a solid understanding of the relevant medical knowledge and its application in clinical practice.
2. Perform essential clinical skills proficiently and safely.
3. Communicate effectively with patients, families, and other healthcare professionals.
4. Make informed decisions based on critical thinking and problem-solving abilities.
5. Exhibit professionalism, ethical behavior, and cultural sensitivity in patient care.
6. Continuously evaluate and improve their performance through self-reflection and ongoing learning.

Maintaining clinical competence is essential for healthcare professionals to ensure the best possible outcomes for their patients and stay current with advances in medical science and technology.

In medical terms, the term "voice" refers to the sound produced by vibration of the vocal cords caused by air passing out from the lungs during speech, singing, or breathing. It is a complex process that involves coordination between respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory systems. Any damage or disorder in these systems can affect the quality, pitch, loudness, and flexibility of the voice.

The medical field dealing with voice disorders is called Phoniatrics or Voice Medicine. Voice disorders can present as hoarseness, breathiness, roughness, strain, weakness, or a complete loss of voice, which can significantly impact communication, social interaction, and quality of life.

Educational measurement is a field of study concerned with the development, administration, and interpretation of tests, questionnaires, and other assessments for the purpose of measuring learning outcomes, abilities, knowledge, skills, and attitudes in an educational context. The goal of educational measurement is to provide valid, reliable, and fair measures of student achievement and growth that can inform instructional decisions, guide curriculum development, and support accountability efforts.

Educational measurement involves a variety of statistical and psychometric methods for analyzing assessment data, including classical test theory, item response theory, and generalizability theory. These methods are used to establish the reliability and validity of assessments, as well as to score and interpret student performance. Additionally, educational measurement is concerned with issues related to test fairness, accessibility, and bias, and seeks to ensure that assessments are equitable and inclusive for all students.

Overall, educational measurement plays a critical role in ensuring the quality and effectiveness of educational programs and policies, and helps to promote student learning and achievement.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.

Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:

1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.

Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.

CLOCK proteins are a pair of transcription factors, CIRCADIAN LOComotor OUTPUT Cycles Kaput (CLOCK) and BMAL1 (brain and muscle ARNT-like 1), that play a critical role in the regulation of circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms are biological processes that follow an approximately 24-hour cycle, driven by molecular mechanisms within cells.

The CLOCK and BMAL1 proteins form a heterodimer, which binds to E-box elements in the promoter regions of target genes. This binding activates the transcription of these genes, leading to the production of proteins that are involved in various cellular processes. After being transcribed and translated, some of these proteins feed back to inhibit the activity of the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer, forming a negative feedback loop that is essential for the oscillation of circadian rhythms.

The regulation of circadian rhythms by CLOCK proteins has implications in many physiological processes, including sleep-wake cycles, metabolism, hormone secretion, and cellular proliferation. Dysregulation of these rhythms has been linked to various diseases, such as sleep disorders, metabolic disorders, and cancer.

Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) is a type of educational technology that involves the use of computers to deliver, support, and enhance learning experiences. In a medical context, CAI can be used to teach a variety of topics, including anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and clinical skills.

CAI typically involves interactive multimedia presentations, simulations, quizzes, and other activities that engage learners and provide feedback on their performance. It may also include adaptive learning systems that adjust the content and pace of instruction based on the learner's abilities and progress.

CAI has been shown to be effective in improving knowledge retention, critical thinking skills, and learner satisfaction in medical education. It can be used as a standalone teaching method or in combination with traditional classroom instruction or clinical experiences.

An "Employee Performance Appraisal" is a systematic and periodic process in which an organization evaluates the job performance of its employees. The purpose of this process is to provide feedback to employees about their strengths and areas for improvement, as well as to set goals and development plans for their future growth and performance enhancement.

The appraisal typically involves a review of the employee's job responsibilities, objectives, and achievements during a specific period, along with an assessment of their skills, behaviors, and competencies. The evaluation may be based on various factors such as job knowledge, productivity, quality of work, communication skills, teamwork, leadership, and attendance.

The performance appraisal is usually conducted by the employee's supervisor or manager, but it can also involve self-evaluation, peer review, or 360-degree feedback from multiple sources. The results of the appraisal are used to inform decisions about promotions, salary increases, training and development opportunities, and corrective actions when necessary.

Overall, the employee performance appraisal is a critical tool for organizations to manage their workforce effectively, improve productivity, and promote a culture of continuous learning and development.

'Gene expression regulation' refers to the processes that control whether, when, and where a particular gene is expressed, meaning the production of a specific protein or functional RNA encoded by that gene. This complex mechanism can be influenced by various factors such as transcription factors, chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and post-transcriptional modifications, among others. Proper regulation of gene expression is crucial for normal cellular function, development, and maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. Dysregulation of gene expression can lead to various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a glycoprotein hormone, which is primarily produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland. In women, a surge of LH triggers ovulation, the release of an egg from the ovaries during the menstrual cycle. During pregnancy, LH stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone. In men, LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. It plays a crucial role in sexual development, reproduction, and maintaining the reproductive system.

Physiological adaptation refers to the changes or modifications that occur in an organism's biological functions or structures as a result of environmental pressures or changes. These adaptations enable the organism to survive and reproduce more successfully in its environment. They can be short-term, such as the constriction of blood vessels in response to cold temperatures, or long-term, such as the evolution of longer limbs in animals that live in open environments.

In the context of human physiology, examples of physiological adaptation include:

1. Acclimatization: The process by which the body adjusts to changes in environmental conditions, such as altitude or temperature. For example, when a person moves to a high-altitude location, their body may produce more red blood cells to compensate for the lower oxygen levels, leading to improved oxygen delivery to tissues.

2. Exercise adaptation: Regular physical activity can lead to various physiological adaptations, such as increased muscle strength and endurance, enhanced cardiovascular function, and improved insulin sensitivity.

3. Hormonal adaptation: The body can adjust hormone levels in response to changes in the environment or internal conditions. For instance, during prolonged fasting, the body releases stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline to help maintain energy levels and prevent muscle wasting.

4. Sensory adaptation: Our senses can adapt to different stimuli over time. For example, when we enter a dark room after being in bright sunlight, it takes some time for our eyes to adjust to the new light level. This process is known as dark adaptation.

5. Aging-related adaptations: As we age, various physiological changes occur that help us adapt to the changing environment and maintain homeostasis. These include changes in body composition, immune function, and cognitive abilities.

Visual perception refers to the ability to interpret and organize information that comes from our eyes to recognize and understand what we are seeing. It involves several cognitive processes such as pattern recognition, size estimation, movement detection, and depth perception. Visual perception allows us to identify objects, navigate through space, and interact with our environment. Deficits in visual perception can lead to learning difficulties and disabilities.

Reaction time, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the time period between the presentation of a stimulus and the subsequent initiation of a response. This complex process involves the central nervous system, particularly the brain, which perceives the stimulus, processes it, and then sends signals to the appropriate muscles or glands to react.

There are different types of reaction times, including simple reaction time (responding to a single, expected stimulus) and choice reaction time (choosing an appropriate response from multiple possibilities). These measures can be used in clinical settings to assess various aspects of neurological function, such as cognitive processing speed, motor control, and alertness.

However, it is important to note that reaction times can be influenced by several factors, including age, fatigue, attention, and the use of certain medications or substances.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Robotics, in the medical context, refers to the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots in medical fields. These machines are capable of performing a variety of tasks that can aid or replicate human actions, often with high precision and accuracy. They can be used for various medical applications such as surgery, rehabilitation, prosthetics, patient care, and diagnostics. Surgical robotics, for example, allows surgeons to perform complex procedures with increased dexterity, control, and reduced fatigue, while minimizing invasiveness and improving patient outcomes.

Transcription factors are proteins that play a crucial role in regulating gene expression by controlling the transcription of DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA). They function by binding to specific DNA sequences, known as response elements, located in the promoter region or enhancer regions of target genes. This binding can either activate or repress the initiation of transcription, depending on the properties and interactions of the particular transcription factor. Transcription factors often act as part of a complex network of regulatory proteins that determine the precise spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development, differentiation, and homeostasis in an organism.

Genetic transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is used to create a complementary RNA molecule. This process is the first step in gene expression, where the genetic code in DNA is converted into a form that can be used to produce proteins or functional RNAs.

During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to the DNA template strand and reads the sequence of nucleotide bases. As it moves along the template, it adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing RNA chain, creating a single-stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to the DNA template strand. Once transcription is complete, the RNA molecule may undergo further processing before it can be translated into protein or perform its functional role in the cell.

Transcription can be either "constitutive" or "regulated." Constitutive transcription occurs at a relatively constant rate and produces essential proteins that are required for basic cellular functions. Regulated transcription, on the other hand, is subject to control by various intracellular and extracellular signals, allowing cells to respond to changing environmental conditions or developmental cues.

Retinal horizontal cells are a type of neuron located in the outer retina of the eye, specifically in the inner nuclear layer. These cells receive input from photoreceptors (rods and cones) and provide feedback to them through their extensive lateral connections, forming a neural network that helps in processing visual information.

Horizontal cells have dendrites that branch out and connect with multiple photoreceptor cells. They respond to light by hyperpolarizing, which means they become less excitable when exposed to light. This response is the opposite of photoreceptors, which depolarize (become more excitable) in response to light.

The primary function of retinal horizontal cells is to mediate lateral inhibition, a process that helps sharpen the contrast between adjacent areas of the visual scene. By comparing the signals from neighboring photoreceptors, horizontal cells can enhance the differences in light intensity and help create a more detailed and precise image. This information is then sent to bipolar cells, which relay it further to ganglion cells and ultimately to the brain for visual perception.

The term "Theoretical Models" is used in various scientific fields, including medicine, to describe a representation of a complex system or phenomenon. It is a simplified framework that explains how different components of the system interact with each other and how they contribute to the overall behavior of the system. Theoretical models are often used in medical research to understand and predict the outcomes of diseases, treatments, or public health interventions.

A theoretical model can take many forms, such as mathematical equations, computer simulations, or conceptual diagrams. It is based on a set of assumptions and hypotheses about the underlying mechanisms that drive the system. By manipulating these variables and observing the effects on the model's output, researchers can test their assumptions and generate new insights into the system's behavior.

Theoretical models are useful for medical research because they allow scientists to explore complex systems in a controlled and systematic way. They can help identify key drivers of disease or treatment outcomes, inform the design of clinical trials, and guide the development of new interventions. However, it is important to recognize that theoretical models are simplifications of reality and may not capture all the nuances and complexities of real-world systems. Therefore, they should be used in conjunction with other forms of evidence, such as experimental data and observational studies, to inform medical decision-making.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

Electromyography (EMG) is a medical diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity of skeletal muscles during contraction and at rest. It involves inserting a thin needle electrode into the muscle to record the electrical signals generated by the muscle fibers. These signals are then displayed on an oscilloscope and may be heard through a speaker.

EMG can help diagnose various neuromuscular disorders, such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, and can distinguish between muscle and nerve disorders. It is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests, such as nerve conduction studies, to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the nervous system.

EMG is typically performed by a neurologist or a physiatrist, and the procedure may cause some discomfort or pain, although this is usually minimal. The results of an EMG can help guide treatment decisions and monitor the progression of neuromuscular conditions over time.

Postural balance is the ability to maintain, achieve, or restore a state of equilibrium during any posture or activity. It involves the integration of sensory information (visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive) to control and adjust body position in space, thereby maintaining the center of gravity within the base of support. This is crucial for performing daily activities and preventing falls, especially in older adults and individuals with neurological or orthopedic conditions.

A User-Computer Interface (also known as Human-Computer Interaction) refers to the point at which a person (user) interacts with a computer system. This can include both hardware and software components, such as keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and graphical user interfaces (GUIs). The design of the user-computer interface is crucial in determining the usability and accessibility of a computer system for the user. A well-designed interface should be intuitive, efficient, and easy to use, minimizing the cognitive load on the user and allowing them to effectively accomplish their tasks.

Homeostasis is a fundamental concept in the field of medicine and physiology, referring to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment, despite changes in external conditions. It is the process by which biological systems regulate their internal environment to remain in a state of dynamic equilibrium. This is achieved through various feedback mechanisms that involve sensors, control centers, and effectors, working together to detect, interpret, and respond to disturbances in the system.

For example, the body maintains homeostasis through mechanisms such as temperature regulation (through sweating or shivering), fluid balance (through kidney function and thirst), and blood glucose levels (through insulin and glucagon secretion). When homeostasis is disrupted, it can lead to disease or dysfunction in the body.

In summary, homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within biological systems, through various regulatory mechanisms that respond to changes in external conditions.

Period (PER) circadian proteins are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in the regulation of circadian rhythms, which are physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a daily cycle. They are named after the PERIOD gene, whose protein product is one of the key components of the molecular circadian clock mechanism.

The molecular clock is a self-sustaining oscillator present in most organisms, from cyanobacteria to humans. In mammals, the molecular clock consists of two interlocking transcriptional-translational feedback loops that generate rhythmic expression of clock genes and their protein products with a period of approximately 24 hours.

The primary loop involves the positive regulators CLOCK and BMAL1, which heterodimerize and bind to E-box elements in the promoter regions of target genes, including PERIOD (PER) and CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) genes. Upon transcription and translation, PER and CRY proteins form a complex that translocates back into the nucleus, where it inhibits CLOCK-BMAL1-mediated transcription, thereby suppressing its own expression. After a certain period, the repressive complex dissociates, allowing for another cycle of transcription and translation to occur.

The second loop involves the regulation of additional clock genes such as REV-ERBα and RORα, which compete for binding to ROR response elements (ROREs) in the BMAL1 promoter, thereby modulating its expression level. REV-ERBα also represses PER and CRY transcription by recruiting histone deacetylases (HDACs) and nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1).

Overall, Period circadian proteins are essential for the proper functioning of the molecular clock and the regulation of various physiological processes, including sleep-wake cycles, metabolism, hormone secretion, and cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of these proteins has been implicated in several diseases, such as sleep disorders, metabolic syndromes, and cancer.

Speech acoustics is a subfield of acoustic phonetics that deals with the physical properties of speech sounds, such as frequency, amplitude, and duration. It involves the study of how these properties are produced by the vocal tract and perceived by the human ear. Speech acousticians use various techniques to analyze and measure the acoustic signals produced during speech, including spectral analysis, formant tracking, and pitch extraction. This information is used in a variety of applications, such as speech recognition, speaker identification, and hearing aid design.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.

ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.

ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.

In medical terms, a hand is the part of the human body that is attached to the forearm and consists of the carpus (wrist), metacarpus, and phalanges. It is made up of 27 bones, along with muscles, tendons, ligaments, and other soft tissues. The hand is a highly specialized organ that is capable of performing a wide range of complex movements and functions, including grasping, holding, manipulating objects, and communicating through gestures. It is also richly innervated with sensory receptors that provide information about touch, temperature, pain, and proprioception (the sense of the position and movement of body parts).

In the context of medicine, "periodicity" refers to the occurrence of events or phenomena at regular intervals or cycles. This term is often used in reference to recurring symptoms or diseases that have a pattern of appearing and disappearing over time. For example, some medical conditions like menstrual cycles, sleep-wake disorders, and certain infectious diseases exhibit periodicity. It's important to note that the duration and frequency of these cycles can vary depending on the specific condition or individual.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

In medical terms, the arm refers to the upper limb of the human body, extending from the shoulder to the wrist. It is composed of three major bones: the humerus in the upper arm, and the radius and ulna in the lower arm. The arm contains several joints, including the shoulder joint, elbow joint, and wrist joint, which allow for a wide range of motion. The arm also contains muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and other soft tissues that are essential for normal function.

'Task Performance and Analysis' is not a commonly used medical term, but it can be found in the field of rehabilitation medicine and ergonomics. It refers to the process of evaluating and understanding how a specific task is performed, in order to identify any physical or cognitive demands placed on an individual during the performance of that task. This information can then be used to inform the design of interventions, such as workplace modifications or rehabilitation programs, aimed at improving task performance or reducing the risk of injury.

In a medical context, task performance and analysis may be used in the assessment and treatment of individuals with disabilities or injuries, to help them return to work or other activities of daily living. The analysis involves breaking down the task into its component parts, observing and measuring the physical and cognitive demands of each part, and evaluating the individual's ability to perform those demands. Based on this analysis, recommendations may be made for modifications to the task or the environment, training or education, or assistive devices that can help the individual perform the task more safely and efficiently.

Overall, task performance and analysis is a valuable tool in promoting safe and effective task performance, reducing the risk of injury, and improving functional outcomes for individuals with disabilities or injuries.

Pitch perception is the ability to identify and discriminate different frequencies or musical notes. It is the way our auditory system interprets and organizes sounds based on their highness or lowness, which is determined by the frequency of the sound waves. A higher pitch corresponds to a higher frequency, while a lower pitch corresponds to a lower frequency. Pitch perception is an important aspect of hearing and is crucial for understanding speech, enjoying music, and localizing sounds in our environment. It involves complex processing in the inner ear and auditory nervous system.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "touch" is not a term that has a specific medical definition in the context you've provided. In a general sense, touch refers to the ability to perceive things through physically contacting them, which is a function of our nervous system. However, it's not a term used to describe a specific medical condition, diagnosis, treatment, or procedure. If you have any more specific context or question in mind, I'd be happy to try and help further!

An algorithm is not a medical term, but rather a concept from computer science and mathematics. In the context of medicine, algorithms are often used to describe step-by-step procedures for diagnosing or managing medical conditions. These procedures typically involve a series of rules or decision points that help healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care.

For example, an algorithm for diagnosing a particular type of heart disease might involve taking a patient's medical history, performing a physical exam, ordering certain diagnostic tests, and interpreting the results in a specific way. By following this algorithm, healthcare professionals can ensure that they are using a consistent and evidence-based approach to making a diagnosis.

Algorithms can also be used to guide treatment decisions. For instance, an algorithm for managing diabetes might involve setting target blood sugar levels, recommending certain medications or lifestyle changes based on the patient's individual needs, and monitoring the patient's response to treatment over time.

Overall, algorithms are valuable tools in medicine because they help standardize clinical decision-making and ensure that patients receive high-quality care based on the latest scientific evidence.

A nerve net, also known as a neural net or neuronal network, is not a medical term per se, but rather a concept in neuroscience and artificial intelligence (AI). It refers to a complex network of interconnected neurons that process and transmit information. In the context of the human body, the nervous system can be thought of as a type of nerve net, with the brain and spinal cord serving as the central processing unit and peripheral nerves carrying signals to and from various parts of the body.

In the field of AI, artificial neural networks are computational models inspired by the structure and function of biological nerve nets. These models consist of interconnected nodes or "neurons" that process information and learn patterns through a process of training and adaptation. They have been used in a variety of applications, including image recognition, natural language processing, and machine learning.

Oscillometry is a non-invasive method to measure various mechanical properties of the respiratory system, including lung volumes and airway resistance. It involves applying small pressure oscillations to the airways and measuring the resulting flow or volume changes. The technique can be used to assess lung function in patients with obstructive or restrictive lung diseases, as well as in healthy individuals. Oscillometry is often performed during tidal breathing, making it a comfortable method for both children and adults who may have difficulty performing traditional spirometry maneuvers.

The Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal system, also known as the hypothalamic-pituitary system, is a crucial part of the endocrine system that regulates many bodily functions. It consists of two main components: the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

The hypothalamus is a region in the brain that receives information from various parts of the body and integrates them to regulate vital functions such as body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and emotional behavior. It also produces and releases neurohormones that control the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.

The pituitary gland is a small gland located at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus. It consists of two parts: the anterior pituitary (also called adenohypophysis) and the posterior pituitary (also called neurohypophysis). The anterior pituitary produces and releases several hormones that regulate various bodily functions such as growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress response. The posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus, including antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal system works together to maintain homeostasis in the body by regulating various physiological processes through hormonal signaling. Dysfunction of this system can lead to several endocrine disorders, such as diabetes insipidus, pituitary tumors, and hypothalamic-pituitary axis disorders.

Circadian clocks are biological systems found in living organisms that regulate the daily rhythmic activities and functions with a period of approximately 24 hours. These internal timekeeping mechanisms control various physiological processes, such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone secretion, body temperature, and metabolism, aligning them with the external environment's light-dark cycle.

The circadian clock consists of two major components: the central or master clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus in mammals, and peripheral clocks present in nearly every cell throughout the body. The molecular mechanisms underlying these clocks involve interconnected transcriptional-translational feedback loops of several clock genes and their protein products. These genetic components generate rhythmic oscillations that drive the expression of clock-controlled genes (CCGs), which in turn regulate numerous downstream targets responsible for coordinating daily physiological and behavioral rhythms.

Circadian clocks can be synchronized or entrained to external environmental cues, mainly by light exposure. This allows organisms to adapt their internal timekeeping to the changing day-night cycles and maintain proper synchronization with the environment. Desynchronization between the internal circadian system and external environmental factors can lead to various health issues, including sleep disorders, mood disturbances, cognitive impairment, metabolic dysregulation, and increased susceptibility to diseases.

Phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate group (a molecule consisting of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms) to a protein or other organic molecule, which is usually done by enzymes called kinases. This post-translational modification can change the function, localization, or activity of the target molecule, playing a crucial role in various cellular processes such as signal transduction, metabolism, and regulation of gene expression. Phosphorylation is reversible, and the removal of the phosphate group is facilitated by enzymes called phosphatases.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Touch perception, also known as tactile perception, refers to the ability to perceive and interpret sensations resulting from mechanical stimulation of the skin and other tissues. This sense is mediated by various receptors in the skin, such as Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel's disks, and Ruffini endings, which detect different types of stimuli like pressure, vibration, and texture.

The information gathered by these receptors is transmitted to the brain through sensory neurons, where it is processed and integrated with other sensory information to create a coherent perception of the environment. Touch perception plays a crucial role in many aspects of daily life, including object manipulation, social interaction, and the appreciation of various forms of sensory pleasure.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

Acoustic stimulation refers to the use of sound waves or vibrations to elicit a response in an individual, typically for the purpose of assessing or treating hearing, balance, or neurological disorders. In a medical context, acoustic stimulation may involve presenting pure tones, speech sounds, or other types of auditory signals through headphones, speakers, or specialized devices such as bone conduction transducers.

The response to acoustic stimulation can be measured using various techniques, including electrophysiological tests like auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) or otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), behavioral observations, or functional imaging methods like fMRI. Acoustic stimulation is also used in therapeutic settings, such as auditory training programs for hearing impairment or vestibular rehabilitation for balance disorders.

It's important to note that acoustic stimulation should be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional to ensure safety and effectiveness.

Kinesthesia, also known as proprioception, refers to the perception or awareness of the position and movement of the body parts in space. It is a type of sensory information that comes from receptors located in muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints, which detect changes in tension, length, and pressure of these tissues during movement. This information is then sent to the brain, where it is integrated with visual and vestibular (inner ear) inputs to create a sense of body position and movement.

Kinesthesia allows us to perform complex movements and maintain balance without having to consciously think about each movement. It helps us to coordinate our movements, adjust our posture, and navigate through our environment with ease. Deficits in kinesthetic perception can lead to difficulties with motor coordination, balance, and mobility.

"Nonlinear dynamics is a branch of mathematics and physics that deals with the study of systems that exhibit nonlinear behavior, where the output is not directly proportional to the input. In the context of medicine, nonlinear dynamics can be used to model complex biological systems such as the human cardiovascular system or the brain, where the interactions between different components can lead to emergent properties and behaviors that are difficult to predict using traditional linear methods. Nonlinear dynamic models can help to understand the underlying mechanisms of these systems, make predictions about their behavior, and develop interventions to improve health outcomes."

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH), also known as Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH), is a hormonal peptide consisting of 10 amino acids. It is produced and released by the hypothalamus, an area in the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

GnRH plays a crucial role in regulating reproduction and sexual development through its control of two gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These gonadotropins, in turn, stimulate the gonads (ovaries or testes) to produce sex steroids and eggs or sperm.

GnRH acts on the anterior pituitary gland by binding to its specific receptors, leading to the release of FSH and LH. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is under negative feedback control, meaning that when sex steroid levels are high, they inhibit the release of GnRH, which subsequently decreases FSH and LH secretion.

GnRH agonists and antagonists have clinical applications in various medical conditions, such as infertility treatments, precocious puberty, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, prostate cancer, and hormone-responsive breast cancer.

Afferent pathways, also known as sensory pathways, refer to the neural connections that transmit sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system (CNS), specifically to the brain and spinal cord. These pathways are responsible for carrying various types of sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, pressure, vibration, hearing, vision, and taste, to the CNS for processing and interpretation.

The afferent pathways begin with sensory receptors located throughout the body, which detect changes in the environment and convert them into electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted via afferent neurons, also known as sensory neurons, to the spinal cord or brainstem. Within the CNS, the information is further processed and integrated with other neural inputs before being relayed to higher cognitive centers for conscious awareness and response.

Understanding the anatomy and physiology of afferent pathways is essential for diagnosing and treating various neurological conditions that affect sensory function, such as neuropathies, spinal cord injuries, and brain disorders.

Neural pathways, also known as nerve tracts or fasciculi, refer to the highly organized and specialized routes through which nerve impulses travel within the nervous system. These pathways are formed by groups of neurons (nerve cells) that are connected in a series, creating a continuous communication network for electrical signals to transmit information between different regions of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

Neural pathways can be classified into two main types: sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent). Sensory neural pathways carry sensory information from various receptors in the body (such as those for touch, temperature, pain, and vision) to the brain for processing. Motor neural pathways, on the other hand, transmit signals from the brain to the muscles and glands, controlling movements and other effector functions.

The formation of these neural pathways is crucial for normal nervous system function, as it enables efficient communication between different parts of the body and allows for complex behaviors, cognitive processes, and adaptive responses to internal and external stimuli.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Internet" is a term that pertains to the global network of interconnected computers and servers that enable the transmission and reception of data via the internet protocol (IP). It is not a medical term and does not have a specific medical definition. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer them for you!

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Speech is the vocalized form of communication using sounds and words to express thoughts, ideas, and feelings. It involves the articulation of sounds through the movement of muscles in the mouth, tongue, and throat, which are controlled by nerves. Speech also requires respiratory support, phonation (vocal cord vibration), and prosody (rhythm, stress, and intonation).

Speech is a complex process that develops over time in children, typically beginning with cooing and babbling sounds in infancy and progressing to the use of words and sentences by around 18-24 months. Speech disorders can affect any aspect of this process, including articulation, fluency, voice, and language.

In a medical context, speech is often evaluated and treated by speech-language pathologists who specialize in diagnosing and managing communication disorders.

An action potential is a brief electrical signal that travels along the membrane of a nerve cell (neuron) or muscle cell. It is initiated by a rapid, localized change in the permeability of the cell membrane to specific ions, such as sodium and potassium, resulting in a rapid influx of sodium ions and a subsequent efflux of potassium ions. This ion movement causes a brief reversal of the electrical potential across the membrane, which is known as depolarization. The action potential then propagates along the cell membrane as a wave, allowing the electrical signal to be transmitted over long distances within the body. Action potentials play a crucial role in the communication and functioning of the nervous system and muscle tissue.

Computer-assisted therapy, also known as computerized cognitive behavioral therapy (CCBT), refers to the use of computer programs or digital platforms to deliver therapeutic interventions that are typically guided by a trained professional. This approach often involves interactive activities and exercises designed to help individuals develop skills and strategies for managing various psychological, emotional, or behavioral issues.

The goal of computer-assisted therapy is to increase accessibility, affordability, and convenience of mental health services while maintaining the effectiveness of traditional face-to-face therapy. It can be used as a standalone treatment or as an adjunct to traditional therapy, depending on the individual's needs and preferences. Common applications of computer-assisted therapy include treating anxiety disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), insomnia, and substance use disorders.

Animal vocalization refers to the production of sound by animals through the use of the vocal organs, such as the larynx in mammals or the syrinx in birds. These sounds can serve various purposes, including communication, expressing emotions, attracting mates, warning others of danger, and establishing territory. The complexity and diversity of animal vocalizations are vast, with some species capable of producing intricate songs or using specific calls to convey different messages. In a broader sense, animal vocalizations can also include sounds produced through other means, such as stridulation in insects.

Promoter regions in genetics refer to specific DNA sequences located near the transcription start site of a gene. They serve as binding sites for RNA polymerase and various transcription factors that regulate the initiation of gene transcription. These regulatory elements help control the rate of transcription and, therefore, the level of gene expression. Promoter regions can be composed of different types of sequences, such as the TATA box and CAAT box, and their organization and composition can vary between different genes and species.

ARNTL (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like) transcription factors, also known as BMAL1 (brain and muscle ARNT-like 1), are proteins that bind to DNA and promote the expression of specific genes. They play a critical role in regulating circadian rhythms, which are the physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a daily cycle.

ARNTL transcription factors form heterodimers with another set of transcription factors called CLOCK (circadian locomotor output cycles kaput) proteins. Together, these complexes bind to specific DNA sequences known as E-boxes in the promoter regions of target genes. This binding leads to the recruitment of other cofactors and the activation of gene transcription.

ARNTL transcription factors are part of a larger negative feedback loop that regulates circadian rhythms. After activating gene transcription, ARNTL-CLOCK complexes eventually lead to the production of proteins that inhibit their own activity, creating a cycle that repeats approximately every 24 hours.

Disruptions in the function of ARNTL transcription factors have been linked to various circadian rhythm disorders and other health conditions, including sleep disorders, mood disorders, and cancer.

Electric stimulation, also known as electrical nerve stimulation or neuromuscular electrical stimulation, is a therapeutic treatment that uses low-voltage electrical currents to stimulate nerves and muscles. It is often used to help manage pain, promote healing, and improve muscle strength and mobility. The electrical impulses can be delivered through electrodes placed on the skin or directly implanted into the body.

In a medical context, electric stimulation may be used for various purposes such as:

1. Pain management: Electric stimulation can help to block pain signals from reaching the brain and promote the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body.
2. Muscle rehabilitation: Electric stimulation can help to strengthen muscles that have become weak due to injury, illness, or surgery. It can also help to prevent muscle atrophy and improve range of motion.
3. Wound healing: Electric stimulation can promote tissue growth and help to speed up the healing process in wounds, ulcers, and other types of injuries.
4. Urinary incontinence: Electric stimulation can be used to strengthen the muscles that control urination and reduce symptoms of urinary incontinence.
5. Migraine prevention: Electric stimulation can be used as a preventive treatment for migraines by applying electrical impulses to specific nerves in the head and neck.

It is important to note that electric stimulation should only be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as improper use can cause harm or discomfort.

Skeletal muscle, also known as striated or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is attached to bones by tendons or aponeuroses and functions to produce movements and support the posture of the body. It is composed of long, multinucleated fibers that are arranged in parallel bundles and are characterized by alternating light and dark bands, giving them a striped appearance under a microscope. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated through signals from the nervous system. It is responsible for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and lifting objects.

Estradiol is a type of estrogen, which is a female sex hormone. It is the most potent and dominant form of estrogen in humans. Estradiol plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics in women, such as breast development and regulation of the menstrual cycle. It also helps maintain bone density, protect the lining of the uterus, and is involved in cognition and mood regulation.

Estradiol is produced primarily by the ovaries, but it can also be synthesized in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands and fat cells. In men, estradiol is produced from testosterone through a process called aromatization. Abnormal levels of estradiol can contribute to various health issues, such as hormonal imbalances, infertility, osteoporosis, and certain types of cancer.

Posture is the position or alignment of body parts supported by the muscles, especially the spine and head in relation to the vertebral column. It can be described as static (related to a stationary position) or dynamic (related to movement). Good posture involves training your body to stand, walk, sit, and lie in positions where the least strain is placed on supporting muscles and ligaments during movement or weight-bearing activities. Poor posture can lead to various health issues such as back pain, neck pain, headaches, and respiratory problems.

I'm assuming you are asking for a definition of "medical students." Here it is:

Medical students are individuals who are enrolled in a program of study to become medical doctors. They typically complete four years of undergraduate education before entering a medical school, where they spend another four years studying basic sciences and clinical medicine. After completing medical school, they become physicians (M.D.) and continue their training through residency programs in their chosen specialties. Some medical students may choose to pursue a research career and complete a Ph.D. during or after medical school.

Cryptochromes are a type of photoreceptor protein found in plants and animals, including humans. They play a crucial role in regulating various biological processes such as circadian rhythms (the internal "body clock" that regulates sleep-wake cycles), DNA repair, and magnetoreception (the ability to perceive magnetic fields).

In humans, cryptochromes are primarily expressed in the retina of the eye and in various tissues throughout the body. They contain a light-sensitive cofactor called flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that allows them to absorb blue light and convert it into chemical signals. These signals then interact with other proteins and signaling pathways to regulate gene expression and cellular responses.

In plants, cryptochromes are involved in the regulation of growth and development, including seed germination, stem elongation, and flowering time. They also play a role in the plant's ability to sense and respond to changes in light quality and duration, which is important for optimizing photosynthesis and survival.

Overall, cryptochromes are an essential component of many biological processes and have been the subject of extensive research in recent years due to their potential roles in human health and disease.

Motor skills are defined as the abilities required to plan, control and execute physical movements. They involve a complex interplay between the brain, nerves, muscles, and the environment. Motor skills can be broadly categorized into two types: fine motor skills, which involve small, precise movements (such as writing or picking up small objects), and gross motor skills, which involve larger movements using the arms, legs, and torso (such as crawling, walking, or running).

Motor skills development is an essential aspect of child growth and development, and it continues to evolve throughout adulthood. Difficulties with motor skills can impact a person's ability to perform daily activities and can be associated with various neurological and musculoskeletal conditions.

Smith, Karl U (1962). Delayed sensory feedback and behavior. Philadelphia ; London : W.B. Saunders Co. Smith, Karl U; Smith, ... New York: Wiley (1995) 5(1): 29-51 Smith, K.U.: Physiological and Sensory Feedback of the Motor System: Neural-Metabolic ... Smith, K.U.: Physiological and Sensory Feedback of the Motor System: Neural-Metabolic Integration for Energy Regulation in ... Gould, J. and Smith, K. U.: Angular displacement of visual feedback in motion and learning. In: Perceptual and Motor Skills ( ...
ISBN 978-0-471-04455-0. Marmarelis, P.Z. (1991). "Wiener Analysis of Nonlinear Feedback". Sensory Systems Annals of Biomedical ...
The difference between the expected sensory state and sensory feedback can be used to correct errors in movement and the model ... The estimated sensory feedback can be used to alter an animal's perception related to self-generated motion. ... Advantages: The estimated future state can be used to coordinate movement before sensory feedback is returned. The output of a ... Sensory-motor coupling is the coupling or integration of the sensory system and motor system. Sensorimotor integration is not a ...
A full feedback loop is subsequently established: Environmental Stimulus > Sensory Transduction > Interneuron Firing > Motor ... sensory inputs and motor outputs. Inputs employed 16-bit A/D converters attached to operational amplifier simulated neurons and ... Neuron Firing > Motor Output > Environmental Change > Sensory Transduction. There are two main technical challenges here: ...
Then they evolved into dialogues, with customers providing feedback. Now they're becoming multidimensional conversations, with ... "What is Sensory Marketing?." Sensory Marketing. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. 1-23. Cassidy, Anne (2014-10-27). "Sensory ... The human sensory experience is not achieved by a single sensory input but by a "combination of perceptual systems overlapping ... Hultén, Bertil (2011), "Sensory marketing: the multi-sensory brand-experience concept", European Business Review, 23 (3): 256- ...
This type of motor control is called feedback control, as it relies on sensory feedback to control movements. Feedback control ... Because feedback control relies on sensory information, it is as slow as sensory processing. These movements are subject to a ... Furthermore, as a theoretical concept, CPGs have been useful to frame the possible role of sensory feedback in motor control. ... Pearson KG (2004). "Generating the walking gait: role of sensory feedback". Progress in Brain Research. Brain Mechanisms for ...
Sensory feedback mechanism is involved in interlimb coordination. The sensory receptors including muscle spindles, golgi tendon ... There are two types of sensory feedback, intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Intrinsic feedback will be received only from the ... Such coordination involves various parts of the nervous system and requires a sensory feedback mechanism for the neural control ... then generate sensory feedbacks and send information to the nervous system through the afferent pathways. After receiving the ...
Some tactile feedback methods of restoring a perception of touch to amputees would be direct or micro stimulation of the ... Sensory substitution is a change of the characteristics of one sensory modality into stimuli of another sensory modality. A ... Auditory sensory substitution systems like the tactile sensory substitution systems aim to use one sensory modality to ... Tongue display for sensory substitution The vOICe auditory display for sensory substitution. Artificial Retinas Sensory ...
Insects use sensory feedback to maintain and control flight. Research has demonstrated the role of sensory structures such as ...
... much like sensory feedback from mammalian Golgi tendon organs. Feedback from leg campaniform sensilla is also important for the ... Their sensory feedback is thought to reinforce muscle activity during the stance phase and to contribute to inter-leg ... Sensory feedback from campaniform sensilla is integrated in the control of posture and locomotion. Each campaniform sensillum ... Pearson KG (January 2008). "Role of sensory feedback in the control of stance duration in walking cats". Brain Research Reviews ...
Motor system remapping, as compared to sensory system remapping, receives more limited feedback that can be difficult to ... as well as a sensory input increase to an area of the brain. Motor system remapping receives more limited feedback that can be ... "Sensory feedback prosthesis reduces phantom limb pain: Proof of a principle". Neuroscience Letters. 507 (2): 97-100. doi: ... portion was able to promptly relay enhanced sensory signals to the motor cortex, which resulted in the remapping of sensory ...
Matthew O'Mara; Matt Hartley (2013-06-03). "Canadians launch Kickstarter campaign to create sensory feedback video game suit". ...
The limb returned sensory feedback from the arm to the wearer's brain. In 2023, APL announced that researchers have developed ...
The remote controllers' lack of sensory feedback from helicopter compounded the situation. During high speed testing to ... Lockheed had studied ways to prevent unstable feedback from the gyro. The solution was to relocate the gyro from the top of the ...
Massimino, Michael J. (1992). Sensory Substitution for Force Feedback in Space Teleoperation (Ph.D. Thesis) (Thesis). ... where he taught feedback control of mechanical systems. In September 1995, Massimino joined the faculty of the Georgia ...
At HAT, a C-Hand was developed, which is a bionic prosthesis with sensory feedback and gesture control, and is a bionic arm ... In 1997, a sensory feedback system for prostheses was presented at France's World Congress on Biomedical Engineering. Ríos's ... He has performed research on myoelectric prostheses, sensory feedback, and bionic vision technologies. He began his studies at ... Poveda, AER (2001). Microcontrolled system for the development of myoelectric prostheses with sensory feedback (Doctoral ...
In addition, sensory feedback from the environment may contribute to resultant phase lag. Lamprey The lamprey moves using ... Sensory feedback may be important for appropriately responding to perturbations, but seems to be less important for the ... Each segmental oscillator is capable of producing a rhythmic motor output in the absence of sensory feedback. One such example ... In addition, the phase relations can be established by asymmetries in the couplings between oscillators or by sensory feedback ...
The Servo level deals with actuator dynamics and reacts to sensory feedback from actuator sensors. The Primitive level map has ... Commands flow down the hierarchy, and status feedback and sensory information flows up. Large amounts of communication may ... On the left is a sensory processing hierarchy that extracts information from the sensory data stream that is needed to keep the ... Sensory processing is a hierarchy based on the grouping of signals and pixels into entities and events. In 4D/RCS, the ...
Desired sensory feedback may then be used to inform a motor control signal. This is thought to be analogous to how a baby ... the robot with resulting visual and/or auditory feedback such that the robot may begin to expect a pattern of sensory feedback ... The idea is to extend these architectures to handle real-world sensory input as that input continuously unfolds through time. ... These algorithms generally involve breaking sensory input into a finite number of categories and assigning some sort of ...
O'Hara, D. H. (2-4 February 1988). Multiprocessor Robot Control for Assembly: A Demonstration with Tactile Feedback for ... 7th International conference on Robot Vision and Sensory Controls. Zurich, Switzerland. Gentleman, W.; MacKay, S.; Stewart, D ... "Realtime Feedback Control Using a Laser Range Finder and Harmony". Proceedings of the 7th Canadian CAD/CAM and Robotics ...
In 2011 O'Doherty and colleagues showed a BCI with sensory feedback with rhesus monkeys. The monkey was brain controlling the ... But the monkeys could not see the arm moving and did not receive any feedback, a so-called open-loop BCI. Later experiments by ... A further parameter is the method of feedback used and this is shown in studies of P300 signals. Patterns of P300 waves are ... These sensory BCI devices enable real-time, behaviorally-relevant decisions based upon closed-loop neural stimulation. The ...
Even during the time when the left foot is down and the sensory feedback is inactive, action is taken to prolong the right leg ... This effect could be due to widespread and long-lasting effects of the sensory feedback on the CPG or due to short-term effects ... One theory that reconciles the role of sensory feedback during rhythmic locomotion is to redefine CPGs as "state estimators" as ... This study proved that neck proprioceptors and vestibular receptors contribute sensory feedback that alters the gait of the ...
Much work is still to be done to translocate the sensory feedback from the reinnervated target muscle to the actual prosthesis ... By means of nerve transfer, targeted reinnervation can also provide sensory feedback, which has not been achieved by any other ... With this discovery, the team set out to perform nerve transfer surgery specifically aimed to reinnervate sensory feedback. A ... This technique has been dubbed "transfer sensation", and it has the potential of providing useful sensory feedback, such as ...
The Ib sensory feedback generates stretch reflexes and supraspinal responses which control muscle contraction. Ib afferents ... It provides the sensory component of the Golgi tendon reflex. The Golgi tendon organ is one of several eponymous terms named ... Each capsule is about 1 mm long, has a diameter of about 0.1 mm, and is perforated by one or more afferent type Ib sensory ... The switch to autogenic excitation is a form of positive feedback. The ascending or afferent pathways to the cerebellum are the ...
... they received sensory feedback (through vision and proprioception) that the limb did not move. This feedback hardwired itself ... A feedback mechanism from different cortical areas results in the awareness of touch. Even with complete sensory deprivation, ... Tactile sensory input is produced and conducted through the spinal cord and thalamus and it is received at the primary ... It is caused by the faulty integration of the tactile sensory neural signals generated in the spinal cord and the thalamus and ...
Afferent nerve fibers responsible for sensory stimulus detection and feedback are especially sensitive to stimulation. This ... Piezo2 is expressed in sensory neurons of the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia indicating that it may play a role in touch ... Honore, E., Patel, A. A., Kohl, P., Franz, M. R. & Sachs, F. in Cardiac Mechano-Electric Feedback and Arrhythmias: From Pipette ... The TRP superfamily of channels are found in sensory receptor cells that are involved in heat sensation, taste, smell, touch, ...
This region is thought to be a comparator region, comparing actual with predicted sensory feedback. This experiment suggests ... Any movement of the body is detected by the vestibular sensory neurons, and the sensory motor replies by counteracting the ... that the hypoactivity might represent a failure to match the actual and predicted sensory feedback, resulting in an inhibition ... Thus, the reticulospinal tracts are involved in many aspects of motor control, including the integration of sensory input to ...
2) provide sensory feedback for the control of antennal movement and are thought to play an important role in active sensing, ... Hair-plates located at the leg joints provide sensory feedback for the control of walking. In stick insects and cockroaches, ... Thus, the sensory input from hair-plates is integrated with the information from other sensory modalities to control behaviors ... Hair-plates typically consist of a cluster of individual sensory hairs, in which each hair is innervated by a single sensory ...
This reference frame relies heavily on somatosensory information, or feedback from the body's sensory system. Muscle vibrations ... Sensory information from the vestibular system allows the head to move back into position when disturbed as the rest of the ... The hair cells are covered in tiny sensory hairs called stereocilia, which are sensitive to displacement forces as the body is ... Both are made of the same sensory tissue containing hair cells, which is covered by a gelatinous layer and the otolithic ...
This is called feedback bias. These may include Top-down feedback (for example, one stimulus may hold more situational ... It primarily relies on sensory information and incoming sensory information is the starting point for all Bottom-up processing ... A Top-down process is characterized by a high level of direction of sensory processing by more cognition; Top-down processing ... These experiments provide evidence for the idea of feedback biasing as described in Desimone's five central tenets. Bottom-up ...
... in conjunction with traditional sensory testing panels, to reveal objective responses to food. ... Brain wave: How DuPont is pushing the boundaries of sensory testing for better consumer feedback. By Oliver Morrison 12-Feb- ... Related tags Brain Sensory panel Meat alternatives How are we going to make food taste better if we cannot rely on what people ... Repetitive buying is very much relying on a good quality in terms of sensory experiences such as taste and texture."​ ...
The HandiThings Leg Sleeve Weight is designed to increase sensory feedback of the lower leg, allows maximum mobility. ... For those who experience diminished sensory feedback during fine motor tasks, the HandiThings Leg Sleeve Weight is designed to ... Ideal for those who have diminished sensory feedback during fine motor tasks, the wrap adds weight and compression for ... increase sensory feedback. This tubular weighted stretch sleeve distributes the weight evenly along the full length of the ...
Feedback. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. ... and sensory quality are unknown. In this study, particle sizes, protein profiles, colour, and preliminary sensory profile of ... Sensory analysis was carried out on selected samples, and it showed that betaine addition did not intensify the bitter taste. ... Textural, Color and Sensory Features of Spelt Wholegrain Snack Enriched with Betaine by Jovana Kojić ...
SUBMIT FEEDBACK. Click Below to:. File a Rant or Rave about this story ... Sensational! OneAZ Community Foundation $30K gift to PUSD praised as catalyst for multi-sensory programs ... Mile High Middle School special education teacher Mikaela Ball sits in the enclosed hammock chair in the multi-sensory room at ...
... revealing that context-dependent engagement of distinct intracellular signaling pathways within a single sensory neuron type is ... We want your feedback. Do these Subject Areas make sense for this article? Click the target next to the incorrect Subject Area ... Sensory neurons Is the Subject Area "Sensory neurons" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ... this response is mediated by integration of sensory inputs from multiple sensory neurons including AWC in a food-dependent ...
Kelmar, L. and Lumia, R. (1990), World Modeling for Sensory Interactive Trajectory Generation, Proceedings of the IEEE Third ...
Attention and Sensory Signals in Human Visual Cortex ... VideoCast Send Live Feedback. ×. Attention and Sensory Signals ... Attention and sensory signals in human visual cortex / David Heeger. Author: Heeger, David. National Institutes of Health (U.S ...
New research has revealed the extent of sensory loss among people suffering from long COVID, with around 30 percent reporting a ... Have Feedback?. Tell us what you think of ScienceDaily -- we welcome both positive and negative comments. Have any problems ... "Significant risk of sensory loss in long COVID, study finds." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com. /. releases. /. 2022. /. 09. ... Significant risk of sensory loss in long COVID, study finds. New research reveals loss of smell or taste particularly prevalent ...
Feedback is sought from students in a variety of ways including on-going engagement with staff, the use of online discussion ... Potential errors in sensory evaluation. Week 2. Overview of sensory evaluation principles and techniques (continued). Classes ... of the sensory evaluation of food and be able to recommend, justify and. critique commonly used methods of sensory analysis.. ... The role of sensory evaluation in marketing of food and beverages, physiological and psychological factors affecting sensory ...
My five year old son has Autism and with that, a host of sensory processing issues. He has not worn socks since he was two. I ... Customer Feedback "My five year old son has Autism and with that, a host of sensory processing issues. He has not worn socks ... Sensory Smart Sensory Smart Ltd., Unit E, Concorde House,. Union Drive,. Sutton Coldfield,. West Midlands, B73 5TN ... "We have a 6 year old boy who has mild autism & sensory issues. He does not like wearing socks or shoes. We recently tried your ...
... Subscriber Sign In Feedback Select Language Share Search for a symptom, ... Send us your feedback. E-mail. Message. This field is required Send Feedback. Oops! There was an issue during submission. ... G60.0 - Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. SNOMEDCT:. 128205005 - Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy ... Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies Print Images (7) Contributors: William Farmer MD, Keith Morley MD, Susan Burgin ...
A Soft Computing Approach to a Surveillance System based on Audio and Video sensory agents cooperating with a Mobile Robot. ... HomePublicationsA Soft Computing Approach to a Surveillance System based on Audio and Video sensory agents cooperating with a ... "A Soft Computing Approach to a Surveillance System based on Audio and Video sensory agents cooperating with a Mobile Robot", in ... Feedback Top ...
TRPM3: A regulator of airway sensory nerves and respiratory reflexes. Sara Bonvini, Maham Arshad, Michael A. Wortley, John J. ... TRPM3: A regulator of airway sensory nerves and respiratory reflexes. Sara Bonvini, Maham Arshad, Michael A. Wortley, John J. ... TRPM3: A regulator of airway sensory nerves and respiratory reflexes. Sara Bonvini, Maham Arshad, Michael A. Wortley, John J. ... Ion channels on sensory afferents can activate these reflexes and as such are attractive therapeutic targets. The ion channel ...
... and sensory loss due to an inherited peripheral neuropathy was described independently in 1886 by Charcot and Marie in France ... Charcot-Marie-Tooth and Other Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies * Sections Charcot-Marie-Tooth and Other Hereditary ... Genetic aspects of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (types I and II). J Med Genet. 1980 Oct. 17(5):329-36. [QxMD MEDLINE ... The clinical features of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy types I and II. Brain. 1980 Jun. 103(2):259-80. [QxMD MEDLINE ...
2015) Trajectories of Sensory Over-Responsivity from Early to Middle Childhood: Birth … ... Trajectories of Sensory Over-Responsivity from Early to Middle Childhood: Birth and Temperament Risk Factors. Van Hulle C, ... Website feedback, questions or accessibility issues: [email protected].. Learn more about accessibility at UW-Madison. ... Goldsmith, PhD, H. H. Trajectories of Sensory Over-Responsivity from Early to Middle Childhood: Birth and Temperament Risk ...
Sensory music classes for babies and toddlers in Newlands, Netherlee, Rutherglen, Thornliebank, East Kilbride, Newton Mearns ... Some of the lovely feedback weve received from Music Bugs parents. We have loved our Music Bugs classes with Kate! Each class ... Sensory music classes for your baby, toddler or pre-schooler in Glasgow South. Netherlee, Newlands, Rutherglen, Eaglesham and ...
Provides tactile stimulation, fine motor skills, and auditory feedback. ... Our Pop Tubes Sensory Fidget Toy provides hours of fun for kids of all ages. Snappable tubes make a popping sound as they are ... Auditory feedback. What You Get - Your set of Fidget Pop tubes will contain six multi-color tubes that are non-toxic, BPA, tin ... Our Pop Tubes Sensory Fidget Toy provides hours of fun for kids of all ages. Snappable tubes make a popping sound as they are ...
Feedback on "This special sensory event is for children who thought theyd never see a panto". ... CINDERELLA IRISH AUTISM ACTION LOVE HATE MARY MURRAY PANTO PANTOMIME PERFORMANCES SENSORY SPECIAL NEEDS THEATRE ... This special sensory event is for children who thought theyd never see a panto Its being held at the Helix Theatre in Dublin ... What does sensory friendly mean?. Tighe outlined how the show is different: "We keep the lights up - they dont go dark the ...
Please fill in the feedback form below.. *. What where you looking for?. ... The prognostic importance of detecting mild sensory impairment in leprosy: a randomized controlled trial (TRIPOD 2). ... This study was designed to investigate whether leprosy patients diagnosed with mild sensory impairment have a better prognosis ...
The artificial skin provides robots with tactile feedback. (Image: Astrid Eckert/TUM). ... Biologically Inspired Artificial Skin Improves Sensory Ability of Robots. The synthetic skin enables robots to sense their own ...
For this to happen, bionic hands will need to provide advanced sensory feedback. ... will provide sensory feedback for contact, pressure, and temperature. We have not yet confirmed how this feedback will be ... Sensory Feedback for Bionic Hands. Published March 29, 2021. , Updated August 6, 2021. , by Wayne Williams in Category: Bionic ... Sensory feedback is only one aspect of a deeper connection between a bionic limb and its user. To get the whole picture, see ...
Feedback projections may therefore enable neurons to use context to estimate information that is missing from the ffRF and to ... Feedback inputs from higher visual areas have scattered receptive fields relative to their putative targets in the primary ... Feedback projections onto neurons of the mouse primary visual cortex generate a second excitatory receptive field that is ... Neurons with fbRFs are located in cortical layers that receive strong feedback projections and are absent in the main input ...
Constructively supports and challenges other R&D team members; provides productive feedback ... Leads and executes sensory research projects. *Constructs research plans and designs sensory experiments to fit overall project ... The successful candidate will be a sensory professional, capable of merging sensory knowledge with strong coordination and ... Provides recommendations and executes external sensory and consumer testing. *Provides sensory input and product guidance ...
Subtle Sensory Feedback Through Food The Double Contrast Glass, Jug, Hob Guard, Plate B, Mug, Cutlery and Chopping Board with ...
A teleoperated, master-slave, sensory feedback control system was developed to increase the telepresence a user experiences ... and the sensory feedback stimuli aided the operator when determining the appropriate levels of torque for the gripping ... Haptic, or tactile, feedback is provided to the user through torque limitation and stop motion control; whereas, auditory ... and auditory feedback stimuli. Visual information was transmitted to the operator via a board camera, mounted onboard the ...
Thermal sensory feedback system Non-invasive system that improves restoration of natural thermal sensation in amputees ... Thermal sensory feedback system Non-invasive system that improves restoration of natural thermal sensation in amputees ... A force-feedback surface that creates a distinctive profile and stiffness to interact with the user in contact ... A force-feedback surface that creates a distinctive profile and stiffness to interact with the user in contact ...
Q: In what ways do you measure the success of the sensory-friendly showings? Are there specific metrics or feedback mechanisms ... We have very good feedback that were responsive to customer service emails and front of house staff, and weve gotten feedback ... Q: Who is the target audience for these sensory-friendly showings? Are they primarily designed for individuals with sensory ... including those with sensory sensitivities. Through their innovative sensory-friendly showings, PFS has carved out a space ...
Afferent sensory neurons signal sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system. Identifying specific ... Provide feedback to your librarian. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to reach out to our customer success team ... Afferent sensory neurons signal sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system. Identifying specific ... Journal / Neuroscience / Identification of Specific Sensory Neuron Populations for Study of Expressed Ion Channels… ...
Provide feedback to your librarian. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to reach out to our customer success team ... "The Sensory System: More than Just a Window to the External World." Communicative & Integrative Biology 8, no. 2 (April 29, ... "Signaling by Sensory Receptors." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 4, no. 1 (January 2012). [Source] ...
Article Do language-specific word meanings shape sensory and motor brain systems? The relevance of semantic typology to ... Linguistically modulated perception and cognition: The label-feedback hypothesis. Frontiers in Psychology 3, Article 54.10.3389 ... Kemmerer D. Do language-specific word meanings shape sensory and motor brain systems? The relevance of semantic typology to ... Reading salt activates gustatory brain regions: fMRI evidence for semantic grounding in a novel sensory modality. Cerebral ...
  • Although mechanisms operating at the level of single sensory neuron types or sensilla in the periphery have also been implicated in this process [ 14 - 21 ], the contributions of sensory neurons to mediating odorant discrimination and olfactory behavioral plasticity are not fully understood. (plos.org)
  • Caenorhabditis elegans senses and navigates its complex chemical environment using a small subset of sensory neurons [ 22 - 24 ]. (plos.org)
  • The valence of individual chemicals is largely determined by the responding sensory neuron type, such that distinct subsets of chemosensory neurons drive either attraction or avoidance to different chemicals [ 25 , 26 ]. (plos.org)
  • These data suggest that TRPM3 is expressed in airway sensory neurons and that activators of TRPM3 cause functionally relevant activation of airway nerves. (ersjournals.com)
  • Here we show that feedback projections onto excitatory neurons in the mouse primary visual cortex generate a second receptive field that is driven by stimuli outside the ffRF. (nature.com)
  • Neurons with fbRFs are located in cortical layers that receive strong feedback projections and are absent in the main input layer, which is consistent with a laminar processing hierarchy. (nature.com)
  • Feedback projections may therefore enable neurons to use context to estimate information that is missing from the ffRF and to report differences in stimulus features across visual space, regardless of whether excitation occurs inside or outside the ffRF. (nature.com)
  • Afferent sensory neurons signal sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system. (jove.com)
  • This study was designed to investigate whether leprosy patients diagnosed with mild sensory impairment have a better prognosis when treated with steroids than similarly impaired patients treated with placebo. (kit.nl)
  • [ 11 , 12 ] Fayers et al have found a decrease in corneal sensitivity in patients with blepharospasm, implying an impairment in cortical processing of sensory input, with a resultant loss of blink reflex inhibition. (medscape.com)
  • Sensory impairment in older US workers. (cdc.gov)
  • One of these is also intended for people with hearing loss, hearing impairments and dual sensory impairment, and enables users' more independent lives, reduce their isolation, connect them to one another and give them a sense of greater inclusion. (who.int)
  • Telepresence, the notion of feeling present in the surroundings of a remote object, is aided by the development of visual, tactile, and auditory feedback stimuli. (unr.edu)
  • Furthermore, the developed robotic arm successfully manipulated nine out of ten buttons, switches, and plugs that were created in a similar configuration to pictures from the 2010 Mars URC.Ultimately, the developed master-slave system was more intuitive than the 2009 Mars URC robotic arm controlling scheme, and the sensory feedback stimuli aided the operator when determining the appropriate levels of torque for the gripping mechanism. (unr.edu)
  • The primary sensory areas receive somesthetic, auditory, visual, and gustatory stimuli from the thalamus, which receives stimuli from specialized sensory organs and peripheral receptors. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sensory stimuli are further processed in association areas that relate to one or more senses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Provides tactile stimulation, fine motor skills, and auditory feedback. (sensoryedge.com)
  • The artificial skin provides robots with tactile feedback. (techbriefs.com)
  • Kids use our six tactile play mats for sensory input and tactile exploration. (funandfunction.com)
  • The haptic feedback gave me a tactile feeling when I got hit by an enemy. (venturebeat.com)
  • HSAN type 1, also known as hereditary sensory radicular neuropathy, is divided into 6 subtypes based on the gene of inheritance. (logicalimages.com)
  • In 1975, Dyck expanded the classification system of what was now known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) to include forms with additional features. (medscape.com)
  • Even though recent developments in prosthetics have shown that sensory feedback restoration positively influences cognitive aspects (as embodiment of the device and cognitive load), the potential benefits on prosthesis heaviness perception have never been investigated. (nccr-robotics.ch)
  • We hypothesized that providing neural feedback would affect the integration of the prosthesis in the amputee's body schema, hence influencing the prosthesis weight perception. (nccr-robotics.ch)
  • The results indicate that, after performing an over-ground walking task, the sensory feedback allowed a 23% decrease in prosthesis heaviness perception compared to the no feedback condition. (nccr-robotics.ch)
  • Changes in sensory quantification (electrical perception threshold) of up to five levels below the site of spinal injury were observed," reported Gulliem Cuatrecasas, MD, PhD, an endocrinologist from Hospital Quiron-Teknon, Barcelona, Spain, who presented the work here at the European Congress of Endocrinology (ECE) 2017 . (medscape.com)
  • Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSANs) are inherited peripheral neuropathies with variable expressivity often presenting in childhood and early adulthood. (logicalimages.com)
  • They are caused by the loss of large myelinated and unmyelinated fibers leading to self-mutilation, peripheral sensory loss, and autonomic dysfunction. (logicalimages.com)
  • Slowly progressive distal weakness, muscle atrophy, and sensory loss due to an inherited peripheral neuropathy was described independently in 1886 by Charcot and Marie in France and by Tooth in England. (medscape.com)
  • Motor disturbances and coordination disorders take a predominant place among the causes of restriction of patients' vital activity chronic peripheral polyneuropathies, including sensory predominant chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (SP-CIDP). (scirp.org)
  • New York: Wiley (1995) 5(1): 29-51 Smith, K.U.: Physiological and Sensory Feedback of the Motor System: Neural-Metabolic Integration for Energy Regulation in Behavior. (wikipedia.org)
  • Feedback inputs from higher visual areas have scattered receptive fields relative to their putative targets in the primary visual cortex, which enables the generation of the fbRF. (nature.com)
  • Maintenance of human upright stance requires the acquisition and integration of sensory inputs. (cdc.gov)
  • Techniques to help individuals process and integrate sensory information effectively, promoting better coordination and balance. (ipsnews.net)
  • Heteromodal association areas in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes integrate sensory data, motor feedback, and other information with instinctual and acquired memories. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The current study tested whether the estimated pitch of one's articulation (termed pitch awareness) is affected by manipulated auditory feedback. (lu.se)
  • In four experiments, 56 participants produced isolated vowels while being exposed to pitch-shifted auditory feedback. (lu.se)
  • After exposure to a block of high-pitched auditory feedback (+500 cents pitch shift), participants were more likely to label subsequent auditory feedback as "lower than my actual production," suggesting that prolonged exposure to high-pitched auditory feedback led to a drift in participants' pitch awareness. (lu.se)
  • We propose that this drift in pitch awareness could be indicative of a sense of agency over the pitch-shifted auditory feedback in the exposure block. (lu.se)
  • 2012. Reading salt activates gustatory brain regions: fMRI evidence for semantic grounding in a novel sensory modality. (degruyter.com)
  • In many nonhuman species, neural computations of navigational information such as position and orientation are not tied to a specific sensory modality [1, 2]. (nih.gov)
  • According to the hypothesis, such regions should be recruited for spatial computation of 3D geometric configuration, independent of a specific sensory modality. (nih.gov)
  • Mile High Middle School special education teacher Mikaela Ball sits in the enclosed hammock chair in the multi-sensory room at her school. (dcourier.com)
  • Heteromodal association areas are not restricted to any single motor or sensory function but receive convergent information from multiple sensory and motor areas of the brain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Our results indicate that context-dependent recruitment of alternative intracellular signaling pathways within a single sensory neuron type conveys opposite hedonic valences, thereby providing a robust mechanism for odorant encoding and discrimination at the periphery. (plos.org)
  • Animals sense the environment through pathways that link sensory organs to the brain. (nature.com)
  • Representations of olfactory scenes in feedforward and feedback pathways to the olfactory bulb. (uwyo.edu)
  • My five year old son has Autism and with that, a host of sensory processing issues. (sensorysmart.co.uk)
  • We have a 6 year old boy who has mild autism & sensory issues. (sensorysmart.co.uk)
  • Tracy teaches nationally and internationally on sensory integration, autism, and Fragile X. Tracy is a member of the National Fragile X Foundation Clinical Research Consortium , the Scientific & Clinical Advisory Committee, and the NFXF Advisory Council. (fragilex.org)
  • Children with autism spectrum disorder , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) , and other developmental disabilities often have sensory processing disorder. (alberta.ca)
  • Experts recommend that children who show signs of a sensory problem be checked for other conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder or an anxiety disorder. (alberta.ca)
  • Attention and sensory signals in human visual cortex / David Heeger. (nih.gov)
  • The stimulation of this feedback receptive field (fbRF) elicits responses that are slower and are delayed in comparison with those resulting from the stimulation of the ffRF. (nature.com)
  • Children with sensory processing disorder cannot properly process sensory stimulation from the outside world. (alberta.ca)
  • An algorithm in the controller encodes the feedback into neural signals and delivers that to a small implant in the patient's tibial nerve, at the back of the thigh. (engadget.com)
  • The brain can then interpret those signals as feedback from the knee and foot. (engadget.com)
  • Although it has not been widely studied, many therapists have found that sensory integration therapy improves problem behaviours. (alberta.ca)
  • The successful candidate will be a sensory professional, capable of merging sensory knowledge with strong coordination and tactical execution to lead projects, design and execute sensory experiments, analyze results, and develop recommendations. (workopolis.com)
  • Leg weight for those with reduced feedback during fine motor tasks. (caregiverproducts.com)
  • For those who experience diminished sensory feedback during fine motor tasks, the HandiThings Leg Sleeve Weight is designed to increase sensory feedback. (caregiverproducts.com)
  • Ideal for those who have diminished sensory feedback during fine motor tasks, the wrap adds weight and compression for individuals. (caregiverproducts.com)
  • Do language-specific word meanings shape sensory and motor brain systems? (degruyter.com)
  • This circuit forms a blepharospasm vicious cycle, which has a sensory limb, a central control center located in the midbrain, and a motor limb. (medscape.com)
  • Ikaros Control System The Ikaros framework (www.ikaros-project.org) provides the robot with features such as real-time sensory processing and motor control, threading, web based monitor interface, and a selection of over 200 modules for various processing and control functions (Balkenius, et al. (lu.se)
  • A subsequent dual task (i.e., walking while spelling backward) showed that the sensory feedback abolished the reduction of walking speed and accuracy observed during the no-feedback condition and normally seen with increased mental workload, suggesting a cognitive integration of the system. (nccr-robotics.ch)
  • Sensory integration therapy, usually conducted by an occupational therapist or physiotherapist, is often recommended for children who have sensory processing disorder. (alberta.ca)
  • In chronic lung diseases, activation of airway sensory nerves initiate respiratory reflexes including cough for which there is currently no safe and effective treatment. (ersjournals.com)
  • Research aim: To estimate expressiveness of sensory ataxia in patients with sensory predominant chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy in two regions of the Russian Federation: Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and Krasnoyarsk region. (scirp.org)
  • How They Teach - Use the tubes to calm down sensory seekers, push or pull them to different lengths, lightly swing them in circles, and create sound. (sensoryedge.com)
  • HSAN type 2, also known as congenital sensory neuropathy (CSN), is autosomal recessively inherited and has 4 subtypes. (logicalimages.com)
  • Sensory neuropathy in hands and feet. (cdc.gov)
  • A sensory diet is an occupational therapy intervention strategy devised to attain and maintain appropriate arousal states throughout each day. (fragilex.org)
  • Lead author Dr Mike Trott, Visiting Fellow at ARU, said: ''Knowing the prevalence of changes in sensory symptoms post-Covid is essential to aiding our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease, especially as our understanding of long Covid is in its infancy. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Sensory feedback expands dynamic complexity and aids in robustness against noise. (bvsalud.org)
  • Schedule your 30 minute introduction meeting for SIMS Sensory Evaluation Software as a Cloud Service. (sims2000.com)
  • As part of this adaptation horses have coarse, sensory hairs mainly located around their muzzle and eyes to help with environmental awareness. (bhs.org.uk)
  • This suggests that pitch awareness is not solely based on a prearticulatory representation of intended speech or on a sensory prediction, but also on sensory feedback. (lu.se)
  • Each unimodal association area is adjacent to its corresponding primary sensory area and processes information from that area at a higher level than the primary sensory area. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Not all of the feedback available to bionic hand users matches the traditional definition of sensory input. (bionicsforeveryone.com)
  • It focuses on activities that challenge the child with sensory input. (alberta.ca)
  • Are there specific metrics or feedback mechanisms that you rely on? (drexel.edu)
  • American Journal of Physical Medicine (1967) 46(1):379-467 Smith, K. U. and Smith, T. J. (1970) Feedback mechanisms of athletic skill and learning. (wikipedia.org)
  • Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-Madison (1975) Smith, T. J. and Smith, K. U.: Feedback-control mechanisms of human behavior. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ability to explain the benefits and limitations (scientific and ethical) of the sensory evaluation of food and be able to recommend, justify and critique commonly used methods of sensory analysis. (edu.au)
  • New research has revealed the extent of sensory loss among people suffering from long COVID, with around 30 percent reporting a decreased sense of smell, and a similar number finding their sense of taste continuing to be affected 12 weeks or more after the initial infection. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A new Sensory grade sits at the top of the revised QX80 line up," says a release from Infiniti. (centraljersey.com)
  • Ability to use terminology, appropriate to the field of sensory analysis, correctly and contextually. (edu.au)
  • Q: What advice would you give to other organizations or groups looking to implement similar sensory-friendly initiatives in their communities? (drexel.edu)
  • DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences is grappling with this challenge by embracing brain testing techniques, in conjunction with traditional sensory testing panels, to reveal objective responses to food. (foodnavigator.com)
  • One reason, according to ingredients supplier DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, is because consumer feedback obtained from traditional testing panels very often doesn't, to use a culinary term, cut the mustard. (foodnavigator.com)
  • Effects of the two sensory modalities and age were distinct in the antero-posterior and medio-lateral directions, and a reorganization of spectral content was evident with increasing task difficulty (eyes open vs. closed and hard vs. compliant surface) and among older adults. (cdc.gov)
  • Our hypothesis was confirmed by a significant increase in the embodiment of the prosthesis (by 60.5%) and confidence (by 36%) while walking with the sensory feedback. (nccr-robotics.ch)
  • P. Surekha and Sumathi, S., "A Soft Computing Approach to a Surveillance System based on Audio and Video sensory agents cooperating with a Mobile Robot", in National Conference on Advanced Computing at MIT, Chennai , 2006. (amrita.edu)
  • A teleoperated, master-slave, sensory feedback control system was developed to increase the telepresence a user experiences throughout manipulating a five degree of freedom robotic actuator in the Mars University Rover Challenge (Mars URC), as well as to replace another five degree of freedom manipulator from the 2009 Mars URC. (unr.edu)
  • What is a Sensory System? (jove.com)
  • The main parts of the builder robot are the sensory systems, locomotor systems, arm with gripper and the on-board computer running the Ikaros system (Balkenius, et al. (lu.se)
  • Each servo system provides feedback about the current position of each joint. (lu.se)
  • Q: Can you share any upcoming events or developments related to the sensory-friendly showings that readers should be aware of? (drexel.edu)
  • Lightening the Perceived Prosthesis Weight with Neural Embodiment Promoted by Sensory Feedback. (nccr-robotics.ch)
  • But consumers are particularly fickle with their feedback in this sector owing to the 'halo effect' associated with these foods (interestingly, this could also explain why plant-based foods are being mostly eaten out of home). (foodnavigator.com)
  • In order 'to cut through the noise' and get more accurate responses from people to the foods and beverages they are testing, Andersen has been digging deeper into sensory analysis and exploring Electroencephalography, or EEG. (foodnavigator.com)
  • Capacity to formulate foods that meet specified sensory requirements and which are intended to contribute to reducing community health concerns. (edu.au)
  • However, all that being said, there is still room for the new Sensory model QX 80 if you are considering a full sized luxury SUV. (centraljersey.com)
  • A desire not to offend is just one 'unconscious bias' people have preventing them from 'shutting out the noise' to give truly honest feedback on food and beverages, she elaborated. (foodnavigator.com)
  • This is the fastest growing food category at present, according to DuPont, with manufacturers desperate for quick feedback on products in the hope of gaining the biggest possible slice of the growing plant-based pie. (foodnavigator.com)
  • Demonstrated ability to identify solutions to problems related to the sensory analysis of food and to apply and expand upon the theoretical concepts presented in lectures. (edu.au)
  • Demonstrated familiarity and competence with the practical skills and techniques used to analyse the sensory properties of food. (edu.au)
  • This role will be responsible for providing guidance to key innovation, renovation, product and process improvement, and value engineering projects, running our internal sensory program, and advancing sensory knowledge across the organization. (workopolis.com)
  • We aimed to characterise the role of TRPM3 in airway sensory nerve activation and the cough reflex. (ersjournals.com)
  • When it comes to using our hands, sensory feedback plays a crucial role in guiding our movements. (bionicsforeveryone.com)
  • The family events will take place on December 22 at 2pm, and January 4 at 5pm, with a sensory-friendly school show January 8 at 11am. (thejournal.ie)