Feedback
Feedback, Psychological
Feedback, Sensory
Knowledge of Results (Psychology)
Biofeedback, Psychology
Models, Biological
Signal Transduction
Learning
Neurofeedback
Psychomotor Performance
Movement
Computer Simulation
Proprioception
Biological Clocks
Circadian Rhythm
Photic Stimulation
Models, Neurological
Clinical Competence
Voice
Educational Measurement
Biomechanical Phenomena
CLOCK Proteins
Computer-Assisted Instruction
Gene Expression Regulation
Luteinizing Hormone
Adaptation, Physiological
Visual Perception
Neurons
Robotics
Transcription Factors
Transcription, Genetic
Retinal Horizontal Cells
Models, Theoretical
Mutation
Electromyography
Postural Balance
User-Computer Interface
Homeostasis
Period Circadian Proteins
Analysis of Variance
Hand
Periodicity
RNA, Messenger
Task Performance and Analysis
Pitch Perception
Touch
Algorithms
Nerve Net
Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System
Circadian Clocks
Phosphorylation
Molecular Sequence Data
Touch Perception
Cells, Cultured
Kinesthesis
Nonlinear Dynamics
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
Afferent Pathways
Internet
Action Potentials
Promoter Regions, Genetic
ARNTL Transcription Factors
Muscle, Skeletal
Estradiol
Students, Medical
Cryptochromes
Post-ingestive feedbacks and associative learning regulate the intake of unsuitable sterols in a generalist grasshopper. (1/3981)
Behavioural studies of the grasshopper Schistocerca americana were undertaken to identify the mechanisms that regulate the intake of dietary sterols. In the first experiment, grasshoppers were allowed to feed on spinach, a plant containing only unsuitable sterols; immediately after this first meal, a suitable or unsuitable sterol was injected into the haemolymph. Grasshoppers injected with unsuitable sterols had second meals on spinach that were significantly shorter than those of grasshoppers injected with suitable sterols, indicating that unsuitable dietary sterols are detected post-ingestively. In the second experiment, grasshoppers were fed food containing only unsuitable sterols and were then presented with glass-fibre discs containing different concentrations of a suitable sterol or sucrose only (the control). The results suggest that grasshoppers do not use a direct feedback operating on mouthpart chemoreceptors to regulate their intake of suitable sterols. In the third experiment, grasshoppers were presented with artificial diets containing different sterols and flavours, and feeding was observed over a sequence of meals. The results from both the first and last experiments suggest a role for associative learning in regulating the intake of unsuitable sterols. (+info)Association of snRNA genes with coiled bodies is mediated by nascent snRNA transcripts. (2/3981)
BACKGROUND: Coiled bodies are nuclear organelles that are highly enriched in small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and certain basal transcription factors. Surprisingly, coiled bodies not only contain mature U snRNPs but also associate with specific chromosomal loci, including gene clusters that encode U snRNAs and histone messenger RNAs. The mechanism(s) by which coiled bodies associate with these genes is completely unknown. RESULTS: Using stable cell lines, we show that artificial tandem arrays of human U1 and U2 snRNA genes colocalize with coiled bodies and that the frequency of the colocalization depends directly on the transcriptional activity of the array. Association of the genes with coiled bodies was abolished when the artificial U2 arrays contained promoter mutations that prevent transcription or when RNA polymerase II transcription was globally inhibited by alpha-amanitin. Remarkably, the association was also abolished when the U2 snRNA coding regions were replaced by heterologous sequences. CONCLUSIONS: The requirement for the U2 snRNA coding region indicates that association of snRNA genes with coiled bodies is mediated by the nascent U2 RNA itself, not by DNA or DNA-bound proteins. Our data provide the first evidence that association of genes with a nuclear organelle can be directed by an RNA and suggest an autogenous feedback regulation model. (+info)Bcl-2 regulates amplification of caspase activation by cytochrome c. (3/3981)
Caspases, a family of specific proteases, have central roles in apoptosis [1]. Caspase activation in response to diverse apoptotic stimuli involves the relocalisation of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytoplasm where it stimulates the proteolytic processing of caspase precursors. Cytochrome c release is controlled by members of the Bcl-2 family of apoptosis regulators [2] [3]. The anti-apoptotic members Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL may also control caspase activation independently of cytochrome c relocalisation or may inhibit a positive feedback mechanism [4] [5] [6] [7]. Here, we investigate the role of Bcl-2 family proteins in the regulation of caspase activation using a model cell-free system. We found that Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL set a threshold in the amount of cytochrome c required to activate caspases, even in soluble extracts lacking mitochondria. Addition of dATP (which stimulates the procaspase-processing factor Apaf-1 [8] [9]) overcame inhibition of caspase activation by Bcl-2, but did not prevent the control of cytochrome c release from mitochondria by Bcl-2. Cytochrome c release was accelerated by active caspase-3 and this positive feedback was negatively regulated by Bcl-2. These results provide evidence for a mechanism to amplify caspase activation that is suppressed at several distinct steps by Bcl-2, even after cytochrome c is released from mitochondria. (+info)A strategy for enhancing the transcriptional activity of weak cell type-specific promoters. (4/3981)
Cell type- and tissue-specific promoters play an important role in the development of site-selective vectors for gene therapy. A large number of highly specific promoters has been described, but their applicability is often hampered by their inefficient transcriptional activity. In this study, we describe a new strategy for enhancing the activity of weak promoters without loss of specificity. The basic principle of this strategy is to establish a positive feedback loop which is initiated by transcription from a cell type-specific promoter. This was achieved by using a cell type-specific promoter to drive the simultaneous expression of the desired effector/reporter gene product and a strong artificial transcriptional activator which stimulates transcription through appropriate binding sites in the promoter. Using a VP16-LexA chimeric transcription factor, we show that this approach leads to a 14- to > 100-fold enhancement of both the endothelial cell-specific von Willebrand factor promoter and the gastrointestinal-specific sucrase-isomaltase promoter while maintaining approximately 30- to > 100-fold cell type specificity. (+info)Differential regulation of p21waf-1/cip-1 and Mdm2 by etoposide: etoposide inhibits the p53-Mdm2 autoregulatory feedback loop. (5/3981)
The Mdm2 protein is frequently overexpressed in human non-seminomatous germ cell tumours and transitional carcinoma of the bladder where it may contribute to tolerance of wtp53. Mdm2 forms an autoregulatory feedback loop with p53; the Mdm2 gene is responsive to transactivation by p53 and once synthesized the Mdm2 protein terminates the p53 response. We show here that the topoisomerase poison etoposide, like ultra violet irradiation, inhibits Mdm2 synthesis. Cytotoxic concentrations of etoposide (IC90 for > 3 h) result in inhibition of Mdm2 induction at both the RNA and protein level. Rapid apoptosis ensues. Global transcription is not inhibited: p21waf-1/cip1 and GADD45 expression increase in a dose dependent manner. Inhibition of Mdm2 synthesis depends on the continuous presence of etoposide, suggesting the DNA damage may prevent transcription. Downregulation of Mdm2 transcript occurs in cells expressing HPV16-E6 suggesting that inhibition of Mdm2 transcription is p53-independent. When cells are -treated with a pulse (1 h) of etoposide and reincubated in drug free medium, Mdm2 synthesis commences immediately after damage is repaired (3 h) and the p53 response is attenuated. Induction of apoptosis and loss of clonogenicity are 3-5-fold lower under pulse treatment conditions. This is the first observation of inhibition of Mdm2 transcription following treatment with topoisomerase (topo II) poisons, a feature that may be useful in tumour types where p53 is tolerated by overexpression of Mdm2. (+info)Reciprocal control of T helper cell and dendritic cell differentiation. (6/3981)
It is not known whether subsets of dendritic cells provide different cytokine microenvironments that determine the differentiation of either type-1 T helper (TH1) or TH2 cells. Human monocyte (pDC1)-derived dendritic cells (DC1) were found to induce TH1 differentiation, whereas dendritic cells (DC2) derived from CD4+CD3-CD11c- plasmacytoid cells (pDC2) induced TH2 differentiation by use of a mechanism unaffected by interleukin-4 (IL-4) or IL-12. The TH2 cytokine IL-4 enhanced DC1 maturation and killed pDC2, an effect potentiated by IL-10 but blocked by CD40 ligand and interferon-gamma. Thus, a negative feedback loop from the mature T helper cells may selectively inhibit prolonged TH1 or TH2 responses by regulating survival of the appropriate dendritic cell subset. (+info)Randomised controlled trial of effect of feedback on general practitioners' prescribing in Australia. (7/3981)
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect on general practitioners' prescribing of feedback on their levels of prescribing. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial. SETTING: General practice in rural Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 2440 full time recognised general practitioners practising in non-urban areas. INTERVENTION: Two sets of graphical displays (6 months apart) of their prescribing rates for 2 years, relative to those of their peers, were posted to participants. Data were provided for five main drug groups and were accompanied by educational newsletters. The control group received no information on their prescribing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prescribing rates in the intervention and control groups for the five main drug groups, total prescribing and potential substitute prescribing and ordering before and after the interventions. RESULTS: The intervention and control groups had similar baseline characteristics (age, sex, patient mix, practices). Median prescribing rates for the two groups were almost identical before and after the interventions. Any changes in prescribing observed in the intervention group were also seen in the control group. There was no evidence that feedback reduced the variability in prescribing nor did it differentially affect the very high or very low prescribers. CONCLUSIONS: The form of feedback evaluated here-mailed, unsolicited, centralised, government sponsored, and based on aggregate data-had no impact on the prescribing levels of general practitioners. (+info)Inhibition of cellular growth by increased guanine nucleotide pools. Characterization of an Escherichia coli mutant with a guanosine kinase that is insensitive to feedback inhibition by GTP. (8/3981)
In Escherichia coli the enzyme guanosine kinase phosphorylates guanosine to GMP, which is further phosphorylated to GDP and GTP by other enzymes. Here I report that guanosine kinase is subject to efficient feedback inhibition by the end product of the pathway, GTP, and that this regulation is abolished by a previously described mutation, gsk-3, in the structural gene for guanosine kinase (Hove-Jensen, B., and Nygaard, P. (1989) J. Gen. Microbiol. 135, 1263-1273). Consequently, the gsk-3 mutant strain was extremely sensitive to guanosine, which caused the guanine nucleotide pools to increase dramatically, thereby initiating a cascade of metabolic changes that eventually led to growth arrest. By isolation and characterization of guanosine-resistant derivatives of the gsk-3 mutant, some of the crucial steps in this deleterious cascade of events were found to include the following: first, conversion of GMP to adenine nucleotides via GMP reductase, encoded by the guaC gene; second, inhibition of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase by an adenine nucleotide, presumably ADP, causing starvation for histidine, tryptophan, and pyrimidines, all of which require PRPP for their synthesis; third, accumulation of the regulatory nucleotide guanosine 5',3'-bispyrophosphate (ppGpp), a general transcriptional inhibitor synthesized by the relA gene product in response to amino acid starvation. (+info)In a medical context, feedback refers to the information or data about the results of a process, procedure, or treatment that is used to evaluate and improve its effectiveness. This can include both quantitative data (such as vital signs or laboratory test results) and qualitative data (such as patient-reported symptoms or satisfaction). Feedback can come from various sources, including patients, healthcare providers, medical equipment, and electronic health records. It is an essential component of quality improvement efforts, allowing healthcare professionals to make informed decisions about changes to care processes and treatments to improve patient outcomes.
Psychological feedback refers to the process of providing information about an individual's performance or behavior to help them understand and improve their skills, abilities, or actions. It is a critical component of learning, growth, and development in various settings, including education, therapy, coaching, and management.
In psychological feedback, the provider communicates their observations, assessments, or evaluations to the recipient in a constructive and supportive manner. The feedback may include both positive reinforcement for strengths and areas of success, as well as suggestions for improvement and strategies for overcoming challenges.
Effective psychological feedback is specific, objective, and focused on behaviors that can be changed or improved. It should also be timely, regular, and delivered in a way that promotes self-reflection, motivation, and goal-setting. The recipient should have an opportunity to ask questions, seek clarification, and engage in a dialogue about the feedback to ensure mutual understanding and agreement on next steps.
Overall, psychological feedback is a valuable tool for promoting personal and professional development, building self-awareness, and enhancing interpersonal relationships.
Sensory feedback refers to the information that our senses (such as sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell) provide to our nervous system about our body's interaction with its environment. This information is used by our brain and muscles to make adjustments in movement, posture, and other functions to maintain balance, coordination, and stability.
For example, when we walk, our sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints provide feedback to our brain about the position and movement of our limbs. This information is used to adjust our muscle contractions and make small corrections in our gait to maintain balance and avoid falling. Similarly, when we touch a hot object, sensory receptors in our skin send signals to our brain that activate the withdrawal reflex, causing us to quickly pull away our hand.
In summary, sensory feedback is an essential component of our nervous system's ability to monitor and control our body's movements and responses to the environment.
Biofeedback is a psychological and physiological intervention that involves the use of electronic devices to measure and provide real-time feedback to individuals about their bodily functions, such as heart rate, muscle tension, skin conductance, and brain activity. The goal of biofeedback is to help individuals gain awareness and control over these functions, with the aim of improving physical and mental health outcomes.
In psychology, biofeedback is often used as a treatment for a variety of conditions, including anxiety, stress, headaches, chronic pain, and mood disorders. By learning to regulate their physiological responses through biofeedback training, individuals can reduce symptoms and improve their overall well-being. The process typically involves working with a trained healthcare provider who guides the individual in practicing various relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or progressive muscle relaxation, while monitoring their physiological responses using biofeedback equipment. Over time, the individual learns to associate these techniques with positive changes in their body and can use them to manage symptoms on their own.
Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.
Examples of biological models include:
1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.
Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.
Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.
The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.
Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.
In the context of medicine and healthcare, learning is often discussed in relation to learning abilities or disabilities that may impact an individual's capacity to acquire, process, retain, and apply new information or skills. Learning can be defined as the process of acquiring knowledge, understanding, behaviors, and skills through experience, instruction, or observation.
Learning disorders, also known as learning disabilities, are a type of neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to learn and process information in one or more areas, such as reading, writing, mathematics, or reasoning. These disorders are not related to intelligence or motivation but rather result from differences in the way the brain processes information.
It is important to note that learning can also be influenced by various factors, including age, cognitive abilities, physical and mental health status, cultural background, and educational experiences. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of an individual's learning abilities and needs should take into account these various factors to provide appropriate support and interventions.
Neurofeedback, also known as neurobiofeedback or EEG biofeedback, is a type of biofeedback that involves measuring brain waves and providing that information to the individual in real-time so that they can learn to modify their brain wave activity. It typically involves the use of sensors placed on the scalp that measure electrical activity in the brain, which is displayed to the person in the form of visual or auditory feedback. Through this process, individuals can learn to voluntarily regulate their brain wave activity, with potential applications in the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), epilepsy, migraines, anxiety disorders, and insomnia.
Psychomotor performance refers to the integration and coordination of mental processes (cognitive functions) with physical movements. It involves the ability to perform complex tasks that require both cognitive skills, such as thinking, remembering, and perceiving, and motor skills, such as gross and fine motor movements. Examples of psychomotor performances include driving a car, playing a musical instrument, or performing surgical procedures.
In a medical context, psychomotor performance is often used to assess an individual's ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), such as bathing, dressing, cooking, cleaning, and managing medications. Deficits in psychomotor performance can be a sign of neurological or psychiatric disorders, such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, or depression.
Assessment of psychomotor performance may involve tests that measure reaction time, coordination, speed, precision, and accuracy of movements, as well as cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. These assessments can help healthcare professionals develop appropriate treatment plans and monitor the progression of diseases or the effectiveness of interventions.
In the context of medicine and healthcare, "movement" refers to the act or process of changing physical location or position. It involves the contraction and relaxation of muscles, which allows for the joints to move and the body to be in motion. Movement can also refer to the ability of a patient to move a specific body part or limb, which is assessed during physical examinations. Additionally, "movement" can describe the progression or spread of a disease within the body.
A computer simulation is a process that involves creating a model of a real-world system or phenomenon on a computer and then using that model to run experiments and make predictions about how the system will behave under different conditions. In the medical field, computer simulations are used for a variety of purposes, including:
1. Training and education: Computer simulations can be used to create realistic virtual environments where medical students and professionals can practice their skills and learn new procedures without risk to actual patients. For example, surgeons may use simulation software to practice complex surgical techniques before performing them on real patients.
2. Research and development: Computer simulations can help medical researchers study the behavior of biological systems at a level of detail that would be difficult or impossible to achieve through experimental methods alone. By creating detailed models of cells, tissues, organs, or even entire organisms, researchers can use simulation software to explore how these systems function and how they respond to different stimuli.
3. Drug discovery and development: Computer simulations are an essential tool in modern drug discovery and development. By modeling the behavior of drugs at a molecular level, researchers can predict how they will interact with their targets in the body and identify potential side effects or toxicities. This information can help guide the design of new drugs and reduce the need for expensive and time-consuming clinical trials.
4. Personalized medicine: Computer simulations can be used to create personalized models of individual patients based on their unique genetic, physiological, and environmental characteristics. These models can then be used to predict how a patient will respond to different treatments and identify the most effective therapy for their specific condition.
Overall, computer simulations are a powerful tool in modern medicine, enabling researchers and clinicians to study complex systems and make predictions about how they will behave under a wide range of conditions. By providing insights into the behavior of biological systems at a level of detail that would be difficult or impossible to achieve through experimental methods alone, computer simulations are helping to advance our understanding of human health and disease.
In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.
For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.
Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.
Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.
Proprioception is the unconscious perception of movement and spatial orientation arising from stimuli within the body itself. It is sometimes described as the "sixth sense" and it's all about knowing where your body parts are, how they are moving, and the effort being used to move them. This information is crucial for motor control, balance, and coordination.
The proprioceptive system includes sensory receptors called proprioreceptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints that send messages to the brain through nerves regarding body position and movement. These messages are then integrated with information from other senses, such as vision and vestibular sense (related to balance), to create a complete understanding of the body's position and motion in space.
Deficits in proprioception can lead to problems with coordination, balance, and fine motor skills.
"Biological clocks" refer to the internal time-keeping systems in living organisms that regulate the timing of various physiological processes and behaviors according to a daily (circadian) rhythm. These rhythms are driven by genetic mechanisms and can be influenced by environmental factors such as light and temperature.
In humans, biological clocks help regulate functions such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone release, body temperature, and metabolism. Disruptions to these internal timekeeping systems have been linked to various health problems, including sleep disorders, mood disorders, and cognitive impairment.
A circadian rhythm is a roughly 24-hour biological cycle that regulates various physiological and behavioral processes in living organisms. It is driven by the body's internal clock, which is primarily located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus in the brain.
The circadian rhythm controls many aspects of human physiology, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone secretion, body temperature, and metabolism. It helps to synchronize these processes with the external environment, particularly the day-night cycle caused by the rotation of the Earth.
Disruptions to the circadian rhythm can have negative effects on health, leading to conditions such as insomnia, sleep disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, and even increased risk of chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Factors that can disrupt the circadian rhythm include shift work, jet lag, irregular sleep schedules, and exposure to artificial light at night.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "teaching" is a general term that refers to the act of imparting knowledge or skills to others and is not a medical term. However, in the context of medical education, teaching refers to the instruction and training of medical students, residents, fellows, and other healthcare professionals to develop their knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary for providing high-quality patient care. This can take place in various settings such as classrooms, clinical wards, simulation centers, or online platforms, and can involve a range of teaching methods including lectures, small group discussions, bedside teaching, case-based learning, and hands-on training.
Photic stimulation is a medical term that refers to the exposure of the eyes to light, specifically repetitive pulses of light, which is used as a method in various research and clinical settings. In neuroscience, it's often used in studies related to vision, circadian rhythms, and brain function.
In a clinical context, photic stimulation is sometimes used in the diagnosis of certain medical conditions such as seizure disorders (like epilepsy). By observing the response of the brain to this light stimulus, doctors can gain valuable insights into the functioning of the brain and the presence of any neurological disorders.
However, it's important to note that photic stimulation should be conducted under the supervision of a trained healthcare professional, as improper use can potentially trigger seizures in individuals who are susceptible to them.
Neurological models are simplified representations or simulations of various aspects of the nervous system, including its structure, function, and processes. These models can be theoretical, computational, or physical and are used to understand, explain, and predict neurological phenomena. They may focus on specific neurological diseases, disorders, or functions, such as memory, learning, or movement. The goal of these models is to provide insights into the complex workings of the nervous system that cannot be easily observed or understood through direct examination alone.
Clinical competence is the ability of a healthcare professional to provide safe and effective patient care, demonstrating the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for the job. It involves the integration of theoretical knowledge with practical skills, judgment, and decision-making abilities in real-world clinical situations. Clinical competence is typically evaluated through various methods such as direct observation, case studies, simulations, and feedback from peers and supervisors.
A clinically competent healthcare professional should be able to:
1. Demonstrate a solid understanding of the relevant medical knowledge and its application in clinical practice.
2. Perform essential clinical skills proficiently and safely.
3. Communicate effectively with patients, families, and other healthcare professionals.
4. Make informed decisions based on critical thinking and problem-solving abilities.
5. Exhibit professionalism, ethical behavior, and cultural sensitivity in patient care.
6. Continuously evaluate and improve their performance through self-reflection and ongoing learning.
Maintaining clinical competence is essential for healthcare professionals to ensure the best possible outcomes for their patients and stay current with advances in medical science and technology.
In medical terms, the term "voice" refers to the sound produced by vibration of the vocal cords caused by air passing out from the lungs during speech, singing, or breathing. It is a complex process that involves coordination between respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory systems. Any damage or disorder in these systems can affect the quality, pitch, loudness, and flexibility of the voice.
The medical field dealing with voice disorders is called Phoniatrics or Voice Medicine. Voice disorders can present as hoarseness, breathiness, roughness, strain, weakness, or a complete loss of voice, which can significantly impact communication, social interaction, and quality of life.
Educational measurement is a field of study concerned with the development, administration, and interpretation of tests, questionnaires, and other assessments for the purpose of measuring learning outcomes, abilities, knowledge, skills, and attitudes in an educational context. The goal of educational measurement is to provide valid, reliable, and fair measures of student achievement and growth that can inform instructional decisions, guide curriculum development, and support accountability efforts.
Educational measurement involves a variety of statistical and psychometric methods for analyzing assessment data, including classical test theory, item response theory, and generalizability theory. These methods are used to establish the reliability and validity of assessments, as well as to score and interpret student performance. Additionally, educational measurement is concerned with issues related to test fairness, accessibility, and bias, and seeks to ensure that assessments are equitable and inclusive for all students.
Overall, educational measurement plays a critical role in ensuring the quality and effectiveness of educational programs and policies, and helps to promote student learning and achievement.
Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.
Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:
1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.
Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.
CLOCK proteins are a pair of transcription factors, CIRCADIAN LOComotor OUTPUT Cycles Kaput (CLOCK) and BMAL1 (brain and muscle ARNT-like 1), that play a critical role in the regulation of circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms are biological processes that follow an approximately 24-hour cycle, driven by molecular mechanisms within cells.
The CLOCK and BMAL1 proteins form a heterodimer, which binds to E-box elements in the promoter regions of target genes. This binding activates the transcription of these genes, leading to the production of proteins that are involved in various cellular processes. After being transcribed and translated, some of these proteins feed back to inhibit the activity of the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer, forming a negative feedback loop that is essential for the oscillation of circadian rhythms.
The regulation of circadian rhythms by CLOCK proteins has implications in many physiological processes, including sleep-wake cycles, metabolism, hormone secretion, and cellular proliferation. Dysregulation of these rhythms has been linked to various diseases, such as sleep disorders, metabolic disorders, and cancer.
Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) is a type of educational technology that involves the use of computers to deliver, support, and enhance learning experiences. In a medical context, CAI can be used to teach a variety of topics, including anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and clinical skills.
CAI typically involves interactive multimedia presentations, simulations, quizzes, and other activities that engage learners and provide feedback on their performance. It may also include adaptive learning systems that adjust the content and pace of instruction based on the learner's abilities and progress.
CAI has been shown to be effective in improving knowledge retention, critical thinking skills, and learner satisfaction in medical education. It can be used as a standalone teaching method or in combination with traditional classroom instruction or clinical experiences.
An "Employee Performance Appraisal" is a systematic and periodic process in which an organization evaluates the job performance of its employees. The purpose of this process is to provide feedback to employees about their strengths and areas for improvement, as well as to set goals and development plans for their future growth and performance enhancement.
The appraisal typically involves a review of the employee's job responsibilities, objectives, and achievements during a specific period, along with an assessment of their skills, behaviors, and competencies. The evaluation may be based on various factors such as job knowledge, productivity, quality of work, communication skills, teamwork, leadership, and attendance.
The performance appraisal is usually conducted by the employee's supervisor or manager, but it can also involve self-evaluation, peer review, or 360-degree feedback from multiple sources. The results of the appraisal are used to inform decisions about promotions, salary increases, training and development opportunities, and corrective actions when necessary.
Overall, the employee performance appraisal is a critical tool for organizations to manage their workforce effectively, improve productivity, and promote a culture of continuous learning and development.
'Gene expression regulation' refers to the processes that control whether, when, and where a particular gene is expressed, meaning the production of a specific protein or functional RNA encoded by that gene. This complex mechanism can be influenced by various factors such as transcription factors, chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and post-transcriptional modifications, among others. Proper regulation of gene expression is crucial for normal cellular function, development, and maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. Dysregulation of gene expression can lead to various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a glycoprotein hormone, which is primarily produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland. In women, a surge of LH triggers ovulation, the release of an egg from the ovaries during the menstrual cycle. During pregnancy, LH stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone. In men, LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. It plays a crucial role in sexual development, reproduction, and maintaining the reproductive system.
Physiological adaptation refers to the changes or modifications that occur in an organism's biological functions or structures as a result of environmental pressures or changes. These adaptations enable the organism to survive and reproduce more successfully in its environment. They can be short-term, such as the constriction of blood vessels in response to cold temperatures, or long-term, such as the evolution of longer limbs in animals that live in open environments.
In the context of human physiology, examples of physiological adaptation include:
1. Acclimatization: The process by which the body adjusts to changes in environmental conditions, such as altitude or temperature. For example, when a person moves to a high-altitude location, their body may produce more red blood cells to compensate for the lower oxygen levels, leading to improved oxygen delivery to tissues.
2. Exercise adaptation: Regular physical activity can lead to various physiological adaptations, such as increased muscle strength and endurance, enhanced cardiovascular function, and improved insulin sensitivity.
3. Hormonal adaptation: The body can adjust hormone levels in response to changes in the environment or internal conditions. For instance, during prolonged fasting, the body releases stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline to help maintain energy levels and prevent muscle wasting.
4. Sensory adaptation: Our senses can adapt to different stimuli over time. For example, when we enter a dark room after being in bright sunlight, it takes some time for our eyes to adjust to the new light level. This process is known as dark adaptation.
5. Aging-related adaptations: As we age, various physiological changes occur that help us adapt to the changing environment and maintain homeostasis. These include changes in body composition, immune function, and cognitive abilities.
Visual perception refers to the ability to interpret and organize information that comes from our eyes to recognize and understand what we are seeing. It involves several cognitive processes such as pattern recognition, size estimation, movement detection, and depth perception. Visual perception allows us to identify objects, navigate through space, and interact with our environment. Deficits in visual perception can lead to learning difficulties and disabilities.
Reaction time, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the time period between the presentation of a stimulus and the subsequent initiation of a response. This complex process involves the central nervous system, particularly the brain, which perceives the stimulus, processes it, and then sends signals to the appropriate muscles or glands to react.
There are different types of reaction times, including simple reaction time (responding to a single, expected stimulus) and choice reaction time (choosing an appropriate response from multiple possibilities). These measures can be used in clinical settings to assess various aspects of neurological function, such as cognitive processing speed, motor control, and alertness.
However, it is important to note that reaction times can be influenced by several factors, including age, fatigue, attention, and the use of certain medications or substances.
Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.
Robotics, in the medical context, refers to the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots in medical fields. These machines are capable of performing a variety of tasks that can aid or replicate human actions, often with high precision and accuracy. They can be used for various medical applications such as surgery, rehabilitation, prosthetics, patient care, and diagnostics. Surgical robotics, for example, allows surgeons to perform complex procedures with increased dexterity, control, and reduced fatigue, while minimizing invasiveness and improving patient outcomes.
Transcription factors are proteins that play a crucial role in regulating gene expression by controlling the transcription of DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA). They function by binding to specific DNA sequences, known as response elements, located in the promoter region or enhancer regions of target genes. This binding can either activate or repress the initiation of transcription, depending on the properties and interactions of the particular transcription factor. Transcription factors often act as part of a complex network of regulatory proteins that determine the precise spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development, differentiation, and homeostasis in an organism.
Genetic transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is used to create a complementary RNA molecule. This process is the first step in gene expression, where the genetic code in DNA is converted into a form that can be used to produce proteins or functional RNAs.
During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to the DNA template strand and reads the sequence of nucleotide bases. As it moves along the template, it adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing RNA chain, creating a single-stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to the DNA template strand. Once transcription is complete, the RNA molecule may undergo further processing before it can be translated into protein or perform its functional role in the cell.
Transcription can be either "constitutive" or "regulated." Constitutive transcription occurs at a relatively constant rate and produces essential proteins that are required for basic cellular functions. Regulated transcription, on the other hand, is subject to control by various intracellular and extracellular signals, allowing cells to respond to changing environmental conditions or developmental cues.
Retinal horizontal cells are a type of neuron located in the outer retina of the eye, specifically in the inner nuclear layer. These cells receive input from photoreceptors (rods and cones) and provide feedback to them through their extensive lateral connections, forming a neural network that helps in processing visual information.
Horizontal cells have dendrites that branch out and connect with multiple photoreceptor cells. They respond to light by hyperpolarizing, which means they become less excitable when exposed to light. This response is the opposite of photoreceptors, which depolarize (become more excitable) in response to light.
The primary function of retinal horizontal cells is to mediate lateral inhibition, a process that helps sharpen the contrast between adjacent areas of the visual scene. By comparing the signals from neighboring photoreceptors, horizontal cells can enhance the differences in light intensity and help create a more detailed and precise image. This information is then sent to bipolar cells, which relay it further to ganglion cells and ultimately to the brain for visual perception.
The term "Theoretical Models" is used in various scientific fields, including medicine, to describe a representation of a complex system or phenomenon. It is a simplified framework that explains how different components of the system interact with each other and how they contribute to the overall behavior of the system. Theoretical models are often used in medical research to understand and predict the outcomes of diseases, treatments, or public health interventions.
A theoretical model can take many forms, such as mathematical equations, computer simulations, or conceptual diagrams. It is based on a set of assumptions and hypotheses about the underlying mechanisms that drive the system. By manipulating these variables and observing the effects on the model's output, researchers can test their assumptions and generate new insights into the system's behavior.
Theoretical models are useful for medical research because they allow scientists to explore complex systems in a controlled and systematic way. They can help identify key drivers of disease or treatment outcomes, inform the design of clinical trials, and guide the development of new interventions. However, it is important to recognize that theoretical models are simplifications of reality and may not capture all the nuances and complexities of real-world systems. Therefore, they should be used in conjunction with other forms of evidence, such as experimental data and observational studies, to inform medical decision-making.
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.
Electromyography (EMG) is a medical diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity of skeletal muscles during contraction and at rest. It involves inserting a thin needle electrode into the muscle to record the electrical signals generated by the muscle fibers. These signals are then displayed on an oscilloscope and may be heard through a speaker.
EMG can help diagnose various neuromuscular disorders, such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, and can distinguish between muscle and nerve disorders. It is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests, such as nerve conduction studies, to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the nervous system.
EMG is typically performed by a neurologist or a physiatrist, and the procedure may cause some discomfort or pain, although this is usually minimal. The results of an EMG can help guide treatment decisions and monitor the progression of neuromuscular conditions over time.
Postural balance is the ability to maintain, achieve, or restore a state of equilibrium during any posture or activity. It involves the integration of sensory information (visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive) to control and adjust body position in space, thereby maintaining the center of gravity within the base of support. This is crucial for performing daily activities and preventing falls, especially in older adults and individuals with neurological or orthopedic conditions.
A User-Computer Interface (also known as Human-Computer Interaction) refers to the point at which a person (user) interacts with a computer system. This can include both hardware and software components, such as keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and graphical user interfaces (GUIs). The design of the user-computer interface is crucial in determining the usability and accessibility of a computer system for the user. A well-designed interface should be intuitive, efficient, and easy to use, minimizing the cognitive load on the user and allowing them to effectively accomplish their tasks.
Homeostasis is a fundamental concept in the field of medicine and physiology, referring to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment, despite changes in external conditions. It is the process by which biological systems regulate their internal environment to remain in a state of dynamic equilibrium. This is achieved through various feedback mechanisms that involve sensors, control centers, and effectors, working together to detect, interpret, and respond to disturbances in the system.
For example, the body maintains homeostasis through mechanisms such as temperature regulation (through sweating or shivering), fluid balance (through kidney function and thirst), and blood glucose levels (through insulin and glucagon secretion). When homeostasis is disrupted, it can lead to disease or dysfunction in the body.
In summary, homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within biological systems, through various regulatory mechanisms that respond to changes in external conditions.
Period (PER) circadian proteins are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in the regulation of circadian rhythms, which are physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a daily cycle. They are named after the PERIOD gene, whose protein product is one of the key components of the molecular circadian clock mechanism.
The molecular clock is a self-sustaining oscillator present in most organisms, from cyanobacteria to humans. In mammals, the molecular clock consists of two interlocking transcriptional-translational feedback loops that generate rhythmic expression of clock genes and their protein products with a period of approximately 24 hours.
The primary loop involves the positive regulators CLOCK and BMAL1, which heterodimerize and bind to E-box elements in the promoter regions of target genes, including PERIOD (PER) and CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) genes. Upon transcription and translation, PER and CRY proteins form a complex that translocates back into the nucleus, where it inhibits CLOCK-BMAL1-mediated transcription, thereby suppressing its own expression. After a certain period, the repressive complex dissociates, allowing for another cycle of transcription and translation to occur.
The second loop involves the regulation of additional clock genes such as REV-ERBα and RORα, which compete for binding to ROR response elements (ROREs) in the BMAL1 promoter, thereby modulating its expression level. REV-ERBα also represses PER and CRY transcription by recruiting histone deacetylases (HDACs) and nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1).
Overall, Period circadian proteins are essential for the proper functioning of the molecular clock and the regulation of various physiological processes, including sleep-wake cycles, metabolism, hormone secretion, and cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of these proteins has been implicated in several diseases, such as sleep disorders, metabolic syndromes, and cancer.
Speech acoustics is a subfield of acoustic phonetics that deals with the physical properties of speech sounds, such as frequency, amplitude, and duration. It involves the study of how these properties are produced by the vocal tract and perceived by the human ear. Speech acousticians use various techniques to analyze and measure the acoustic signals produced during speech, including spectral analysis, formant tracking, and pitch extraction. This information is used in a variety of applications, such as speech recognition, speaker identification, and hearing aid design.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.
ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.
ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.
In medical terms, a hand is the part of the human body that is attached to the forearm and consists of the carpus (wrist), metacarpus, and phalanges. It is made up of 27 bones, along with muscles, tendons, ligaments, and other soft tissues. The hand is a highly specialized organ that is capable of performing a wide range of complex movements and functions, including grasping, holding, manipulating objects, and communicating through gestures. It is also richly innervated with sensory receptors that provide information about touch, temperature, pain, and proprioception (the sense of the position and movement of body parts).
In the context of medicine, "periodicity" refers to the occurrence of events or phenomena at regular intervals or cycles. This term is often used in reference to recurring symptoms or diseases that have a pattern of appearing and disappearing over time. For example, some medical conditions like menstrual cycles, sleep-wake disorders, and certain infectious diseases exhibit periodicity. It's important to note that the duration and frequency of these cycles can vary depending on the specific condition or individual.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.
In medical terms, the arm refers to the upper limb of the human body, extending from the shoulder to the wrist. It is composed of three major bones: the humerus in the upper arm, and the radius and ulna in the lower arm. The arm contains several joints, including the shoulder joint, elbow joint, and wrist joint, which allow for a wide range of motion. The arm also contains muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and other soft tissues that are essential for normal function.
'Task Performance and Analysis' is not a commonly used medical term, but it can be found in the field of rehabilitation medicine and ergonomics. It refers to the process of evaluating and understanding how a specific task is performed, in order to identify any physical or cognitive demands placed on an individual during the performance of that task. This information can then be used to inform the design of interventions, such as workplace modifications or rehabilitation programs, aimed at improving task performance or reducing the risk of injury.
In a medical context, task performance and analysis may be used in the assessment and treatment of individuals with disabilities or injuries, to help them return to work or other activities of daily living. The analysis involves breaking down the task into its component parts, observing and measuring the physical and cognitive demands of each part, and evaluating the individual's ability to perform those demands. Based on this analysis, recommendations may be made for modifications to the task or the environment, training or education, or assistive devices that can help the individual perform the task more safely and efficiently.
Overall, task performance and analysis is a valuable tool in promoting safe and effective task performance, reducing the risk of injury, and improving functional outcomes for individuals with disabilities or injuries.
Pitch perception is the ability to identify and discriminate different frequencies or musical notes. It is the way our auditory system interprets and organizes sounds based on their highness or lowness, which is determined by the frequency of the sound waves. A higher pitch corresponds to a higher frequency, while a lower pitch corresponds to a lower frequency. Pitch perception is an important aspect of hearing and is crucial for understanding speech, enjoying music, and localizing sounds in our environment. It involves complex processing in the inner ear and auditory nervous system.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "touch" is not a term that has a specific medical definition in the context you've provided. In a general sense, touch refers to the ability to perceive things through physically contacting them, which is a function of our nervous system. However, it's not a term used to describe a specific medical condition, diagnosis, treatment, or procedure. If you have any more specific context or question in mind, I'd be happy to try and help further!
An algorithm is not a medical term, but rather a concept from computer science and mathematics. In the context of medicine, algorithms are often used to describe step-by-step procedures for diagnosing or managing medical conditions. These procedures typically involve a series of rules or decision points that help healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care.
For example, an algorithm for diagnosing a particular type of heart disease might involve taking a patient's medical history, performing a physical exam, ordering certain diagnostic tests, and interpreting the results in a specific way. By following this algorithm, healthcare professionals can ensure that they are using a consistent and evidence-based approach to making a diagnosis.
Algorithms can also be used to guide treatment decisions. For instance, an algorithm for managing diabetes might involve setting target blood sugar levels, recommending certain medications or lifestyle changes based on the patient's individual needs, and monitoring the patient's response to treatment over time.
Overall, algorithms are valuable tools in medicine because they help standardize clinical decision-making and ensure that patients receive high-quality care based on the latest scientific evidence.
A nerve net, also known as a neural net or neuronal network, is not a medical term per se, but rather a concept in neuroscience and artificial intelligence (AI). It refers to a complex network of interconnected neurons that process and transmit information. In the context of the human body, the nervous system can be thought of as a type of nerve net, with the brain and spinal cord serving as the central processing unit and peripheral nerves carrying signals to and from various parts of the body.
In the field of AI, artificial neural networks are computational models inspired by the structure and function of biological nerve nets. These models consist of interconnected nodes or "neurons" that process information and learn patterns through a process of training and adaptation. They have been used in a variety of applications, including image recognition, natural language processing, and machine learning.
Oscillometry is a non-invasive method to measure various mechanical properties of the respiratory system, including lung volumes and airway resistance. It involves applying small pressure oscillations to the airways and measuring the resulting flow or volume changes. The technique can be used to assess lung function in patients with obstructive or restrictive lung diseases, as well as in healthy individuals. Oscillometry is often performed during tidal breathing, making it a comfortable method for both children and adults who may have difficulty performing traditional spirometry maneuvers.
The Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal system, also known as the hypothalamic-pituitary system, is a crucial part of the endocrine system that regulates many bodily functions. It consists of two main components: the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
The hypothalamus is a region in the brain that receives information from various parts of the body and integrates them to regulate vital functions such as body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and emotional behavior. It also produces and releases neurohormones that control the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.
The pituitary gland is a small gland located at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus. It consists of two parts: the anterior pituitary (also called adenohypophysis) and the posterior pituitary (also called neurohypophysis). The anterior pituitary produces and releases several hormones that regulate various bodily functions such as growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress response. The posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus, including antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.
The hypothalamo-hypophyseal system works together to maintain homeostasis in the body by regulating various physiological processes through hormonal signaling. Dysfunction of this system can lead to several endocrine disorders, such as diabetes insipidus, pituitary tumors, and hypothalamic-pituitary axis disorders.
Circadian clocks are biological systems found in living organisms that regulate the daily rhythmic activities and functions with a period of approximately 24 hours. These internal timekeeping mechanisms control various physiological processes, such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone secretion, body temperature, and metabolism, aligning them with the external environment's light-dark cycle.
The circadian clock consists of two major components: the central or master clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus in mammals, and peripheral clocks present in nearly every cell throughout the body. The molecular mechanisms underlying these clocks involve interconnected transcriptional-translational feedback loops of several clock genes and their protein products. These genetic components generate rhythmic oscillations that drive the expression of clock-controlled genes (CCGs), which in turn regulate numerous downstream targets responsible for coordinating daily physiological and behavioral rhythms.
Circadian clocks can be synchronized or entrained to external environmental cues, mainly by light exposure. This allows organisms to adapt their internal timekeeping to the changing day-night cycles and maintain proper synchronization with the environment. Desynchronization between the internal circadian system and external environmental factors can lead to various health issues, including sleep disorders, mood disturbances, cognitive impairment, metabolic dysregulation, and increased susceptibility to diseases.
Phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate group (a molecule consisting of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms) to a protein or other organic molecule, which is usually done by enzymes called kinases. This post-translational modification can change the function, localization, or activity of the target molecule, playing a crucial role in various cellular processes such as signal transduction, metabolism, and regulation of gene expression. Phosphorylation is reversible, and the removal of the phosphate group is facilitated by enzymes called phosphatases.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Touch perception, also known as tactile perception, refers to the ability to perceive and interpret sensations resulting from mechanical stimulation of the skin and other tissues. This sense is mediated by various receptors in the skin, such as Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel's disks, and Ruffini endings, which detect different types of stimuli like pressure, vibration, and texture.
The information gathered by these receptors is transmitted to the brain through sensory neurons, where it is processed and integrated with other sensory information to create a coherent perception of the environment. Touch perception plays a crucial role in many aspects of daily life, including object manipulation, social interaction, and the appreciation of various forms of sensory pleasure.
"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.
Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.
It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.
Acoustic stimulation refers to the use of sound waves or vibrations to elicit a response in an individual, typically for the purpose of assessing or treating hearing, balance, or neurological disorders. In a medical context, acoustic stimulation may involve presenting pure tones, speech sounds, or other types of auditory signals through headphones, speakers, or specialized devices such as bone conduction transducers.
The response to acoustic stimulation can be measured using various techniques, including electrophysiological tests like auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) or otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), behavioral observations, or functional imaging methods like fMRI. Acoustic stimulation is also used in therapeutic settings, such as auditory training programs for hearing impairment or vestibular rehabilitation for balance disorders.
It's important to note that acoustic stimulation should be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional to ensure safety and effectiveness.
Kinesthesia, also known as proprioception, refers to the perception or awareness of the position and movement of the body parts in space. It is a type of sensory information that comes from receptors located in muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints, which detect changes in tension, length, and pressure of these tissues during movement. This information is then sent to the brain, where it is integrated with visual and vestibular (inner ear) inputs to create a sense of body position and movement.
Kinesthesia allows us to perform complex movements and maintain balance without having to consciously think about each movement. It helps us to coordinate our movements, adjust our posture, and navigate through our environment with ease. Deficits in kinesthetic perception can lead to difficulties with motor coordination, balance, and mobility.
"Nonlinear dynamics is a branch of mathematics and physics that deals with the study of systems that exhibit nonlinear behavior, where the output is not directly proportional to the input. In the context of medicine, nonlinear dynamics can be used to model complex biological systems such as the human cardiovascular system or the brain, where the interactions between different components can lead to emergent properties and behaviors that are difficult to predict using traditional linear methods. Nonlinear dynamic models can help to understand the underlying mechanisms of these systems, make predictions about their behavior, and develop interventions to improve health outcomes."
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH), also known as Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH), is a hormonal peptide consisting of 10 amino acids. It is produced and released by the hypothalamus, an area in the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
GnRH plays a crucial role in regulating reproduction and sexual development through its control of two gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These gonadotropins, in turn, stimulate the gonads (ovaries or testes) to produce sex steroids and eggs or sperm.
GnRH acts on the anterior pituitary gland by binding to its specific receptors, leading to the release of FSH and LH. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is under negative feedback control, meaning that when sex steroid levels are high, they inhibit the release of GnRH, which subsequently decreases FSH and LH secretion.
GnRH agonists and antagonists have clinical applications in various medical conditions, such as infertility treatments, precocious puberty, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, prostate cancer, and hormone-responsive breast cancer.
Afferent pathways, also known as sensory pathways, refer to the neural connections that transmit sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system (CNS), specifically to the brain and spinal cord. These pathways are responsible for carrying various types of sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, pressure, vibration, hearing, vision, and taste, to the CNS for processing and interpretation.
The afferent pathways begin with sensory receptors located throughout the body, which detect changes in the environment and convert them into electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted via afferent neurons, also known as sensory neurons, to the spinal cord or brainstem. Within the CNS, the information is further processed and integrated with other neural inputs before being relayed to higher cognitive centers for conscious awareness and response.
Understanding the anatomy and physiology of afferent pathways is essential for diagnosing and treating various neurological conditions that affect sensory function, such as neuropathies, spinal cord injuries, and brain disorders.
Neural pathways, also known as nerve tracts or fasciculi, refer to the highly organized and specialized routes through which nerve impulses travel within the nervous system. These pathways are formed by groups of neurons (nerve cells) that are connected in a series, creating a continuous communication network for electrical signals to transmit information between different regions of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
Neural pathways can be classified into two main types: sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent). Sensory neural pathways carry sensory information from various receptors in the body (such as those for touch, temperature, pain, and vision) to the brain for processing. Motor neural pathways, on the other hand, transmit signals from the brain to the muscles and glands, controlling movements and other effector functions.
The formation of these neural pathways is crucial for normal nervous system function, as it enables efficient communication between different parts of the body and allows for complex behaviors, cognitive processes, and adaptive responses to internal and external stimuli.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Internet" is a term that pertains to the global network of interconnected computers and servers that enable the transmission and reception of data via the internet protocol (IP). It is not a medical term and does not have a specific medical definition. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer them for you!
In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."
1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.
2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.
3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.
4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).
Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.
Speech is the vocalized form of communication using sounds and words to express thoughts, ideas, and feelings. It involves the articulation of sounds through the movement of muscles in the mouth, tongue, and throat, which are controlled by nerves. Speech also requires respiratory support, phonation (vocal cord vibration), and prosody (rhythm, stress, and intonation).
Speech is a complex process that develops over time in children, typically beginning with cooing and babbling sounds in infancy and progressing to the use of words and sentences by around 18-24 months. Speech disorders can affect any aspect of this process, including articulation, fluency, voice, and language.
In a medical context, speech is often evaluated and treated by speech-language pathologists who specialize in diagnosing and managing communication disorders.
An action potential is a brief electrical signal that travels along the membrane of a nerve cell (neuron) or muscle cell. It is initiated by a rapid, localized change in the permeability of the cell membrane to specific ions, such as sodium and potassium, resulting in a rapid influx of sodium ions and a subsequent efflux of potassium ions. This ion movement causes a brief reversal of the electrical potential across the membrane, which is known as depolarization. The action potential then propagates along the cell membrane as a wave, allowing the electrical signal to be transmitted over long distances within the body. Action potentials play a crucial role in the communication and functioning of the nervous system and muscle tissue.
Computer-assisted therapy, also known as computerized cognitive behavioral therapy (CCBT), refers to the use of computer programs or digital platforms to deliver therapeutic interventions that are typically guided by a trained professional. This approach often involves interactive activities and exercises designed to help individuals develop skills and strategies for managing various psychological, emotional, or behavioral issues.
The goal of computer-assisted therapy is to increase accessibility, affordability, and convenience of mental health services while maintaining the effectiveness of traditional face-to-face therapy. It can be used as a standalone treatment or as an adjunct to traditional therapy, depending on the individual's needs and preferences. Common applications of computer-assisted therapy include treating anxiety disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), insomnia, and substance use disorders.
Animal vocalization refers to the production of sound by animals through the use of the vocal organs, such as the larynx in mammals or the syrinx in birds. These sounds can serve various purposes, including communication, expressing emotions, attracting mates, warning others of danger, and establishing territory. The complexity and diversity of animal vocalizations are vast, with some species capable of producing intricate songs or using specific calls to convey different messages. In a broader sense, animal vocalizations can also include sounds produced through other means, such as stridulation in insects.
Promoter regions in genetics refer to specific DNA sequences located near the transcription start site of a gene. They serve as binding sites for RNA polymerase and various transcription factors that regulate the initiation of gene transcription. These regulatory elements help control the rate of transcription and, therefore, the level of gene expression. Promoter regions can be composed of different types of sequences, such as the TATA box and CAAT box, and their organization and composition can vary between different genes and species.
ARNTL (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like) transcription factors, also known as BMAL1 (brain and muscle ARNT-like 1), are proteins that bind to DNA and promote the expression of specific genes. They play a critical role in regulating circadian rhythms, which are the physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a daily cycle.
ARNTL transcription factors form heterodimers with another set of transcription factors called CLOCK (circadian locomotor output cycles kaput) proteins. Together, these complexes bind to specific DNA sequences known as E-boxes in the promoter regions of target genes. This binding leads to the recruitment of other cofactors and the activation of gene transcription.
ARNTL transcription factors are part of a larger negative feedback loop that regulates circadian rhythms. After activating gene transcription, ARNTL-CLOCK complexes eventually lead to the production of proteins that inhibit their own activity, creating a cycle that repeats approximately every 24 hours.
Disruptions in the function of ARNTL transcription factors have been linked to various circadian rhythm disorders and other health conditions, including sleep disorders, mood disorders, and cancer.
Electric stimulation, also known as electrical nerve stimulation or neuromuscular electrical stimulation, is a therapeutic treatment that uses low-voltage electrical currents to stimulate nerves and muscles. It is often used to help manage pain, promote healing, and improve muscle strength and mobility. The electrical impulses can be delivered through electrodes placed on the skin or directly implanted into the body.
In a medical context, electric stimulation may be used for various purposes such as:
1. Pain management: Electric stimulation can help to block pain signals from reaching the brain and promote the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body.
2. Muscle rehabilitation: Electric stimulation can help to strengthen muscles that have become weak due to injury, illness, or surgery. It can also help to prevent muscle atrophy and improve range of motion.
3. Wound healing: Electric stimulation can promote tissue growth and help to speed up the healing process in wounds, ulcers, and other types of injuries.
4. Urinary incontinence: Electric stimulation can be used to strengthen the muscles that control urination and reduce symptoms of urinary incontinence.
5. Migraine prevention: Electric stimulation can be used as a preventive treatment for migraines by applying electrical impulses to specific nerves in the head and neck.
It is important to note that electric stimulation should only be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as improper use can cause harm or discomfort.
Skeletal muscle, also known as striated or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is attached to bones by tendons or aponeuroses and functions to produce movements and support the posture of the body. It is composed of long, multinucleated fibers that are arranged in parallel bundles and are characterized by alternating light and dark bands, giving them a striped appearance under a microscope. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated through signals from the nervous system. It is responsible for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and lifting objects.
Estradiol is a type of estrogen, which is a female sex hormone. It is the most potent and dominant form of estrogen in humans. Estradiol plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics in women, such as breast development and regulation of the menstrual cycle. It also helps maintain bone density, protect the lining of the uterus, and is involved in cognition and mood regulation.
Estradiol is produced primarily by the ovaries, but it can also be synthesized in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands and fat cells. In men, estradiol is produced from testosterone through a process called aromatization. Abnormal levels of estradiol can contribute to various health issues, such as hormonal imbalances, infertility, osteoporosis, and certain types of cancer.
Posture is the position or alignment of body parts supported by the muscles, especially the spine and head in relation to the vertebral column. It can be described as static (related to a stationary position) or dynamic (related to movement). Good posture involves training your body to stand, walk, sit, and lie in positions where the least strain is placed on supporting muscles and ligaments during movement or weight-bearing activities. Poor posture can lead to various health issues such as back pain, neck pain, headaches, and respiratory problems.
I'm assuming you are asking for a definition of "medical students." Here it is:
Medical students are individuals who are enrolled in a program of study to become medical doctors. They typically complete four years of undergraduate education before entering a medical school, where they spend another four years studying basic sciences and clinical medicine. After completing medical school, they become physicians (M.D.) and continue their training through residency programs in their chosen specialties. Some medical students may choose to pursue a research career and complete a Ph.D. during or after medical school.
Cryptochromes are a type of photoreceptor protein found in plants and animals, including humans. They play a crucial role in regulating various biological processes such as circadian rhythms (the internal "body clock" that regulates sleep-wake cycles), DNA repair, and magnetoreception (the ability to perceive magnetic fields).
In humans, cryptochromes are primarily expressed in the retina of the eye and in various tissues throughout the body. They contain a light-sensitive cofactor called flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that allows them to absorb blue light and convert it into chemical signals. These signals then interact with other proteins and signaling pathways to regulate gene expression and cellular responses.
In plants, cryptochromes are involved in the regulation of growth and development, including seed germination, stem elongation, and flowering time. They also play a role in the plant's ability to sense and respond to changes in light quality and duration, which is important for optimizing photosynthesis and survival.
Overall, cryptochromes are an essential component of many biological processes and have been the subject of extensive research in recent years due to their potential roles in human health and disease.
Motor skills are defined as the abilities required to plan, control and execute physical movements. They involve a complex interplay between the brain, nerves, muscles, and the environment. Motor skills can be broadly categorized into two types: fine motor skills, which involve small, precise movements (such as writing or picking up small objects), and gross motor skills, which involve larger movements using the arms, legs, and torso (such as crawling, walking, or running).
Motor skills development is an essential aspect of child growth and development, and it continues to evolve throughout adulthood. Difficulties with motor skills can impact a person's ability to perform daily activities and can be associated with various neurological and musculoskeletal conditions.
Feedback
Epistemic feedback
Feedback linearization
Decoded Feedback
Feedback terminal
Feedback (disambiguation)
Positive feedback
Audio feedback
Auditory feedback
Feedback 86
Feedback (EP)
Video feedback
Complete Feedback
Corrective feedback
Electrothermal feedback
Relevance feedback
Feedback File
Peer feedback
Temporal feedback
Feedback Hub
Quantum feedback
Climate Feedback
Feedback suppressor
Cloud feedback
Motional Feedback
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Negative feedback
Feedback (band)
Country Feedback
Feedback arc set
Course Feedback
Pipeline feedback
Feedback | New Scientist
Product Feedback Survey
Product Feedback Survey
Feedback | New Scientist
Course Feedback
Send feedback - Books Help
Feedback arc set - Wikipedia
Feedback - Voice Memos - Apple
Feedback
Accessibility Feedback | CBC Accessibility
NIST.Gov Feedback | NIST
Feedback: Digital Photography Review
Send feedback in Kaizala - Microsoft Support
Three Steps For Creating A Feedback Culture
Feedback
Feedback
Negative feedback Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
Feedback and other contact forms | Lufthansa
Zain Business Etiquettes feedback 2016 | PDF
Website feedback | Human Resources - McGill University
IELTS | The power of student feedback
Feedback and other contact forms | Lufthansa
Farrell: Carbery given feedback about omission
Feedback for the OASIS security TC
20231
- Obviously there's some feedback that has gone Joey's way," Farrell said at the launch of the 2023 Guinness Six Nations. (rte.ie)
Formative feedback4
- Give students formative feedback with Turnitin Draft Coach, now available for Microsoft Word & Google Docs. (turnitin.com)
- Formative feedback is the kind of feedback you receive on your ongoing work and that is intended to help you improve your text before it is graded. (lu.se)
- Formative feedback is intended to help you improve your work in progress, whereas summative feedback is intended to help you in future writing assignments by indicating strong and weak points in your final (graded) text. (lu.se)
- If you have received formative feedback, make sure you understand what your teacher expects you to do. (lu.se)
Constructive feedback2
- The last two weeks are set to be an excellent opportunity to learn how to give and receive constructive feedback. (forbes.com)
- Over time, for every piece of critical or constructive feedback you offer, aim to deliver five messages of positive feedback or affirmations. (shrm.org)
Welcomes2
- Creating a workplace environment that welcomes feedback paves the way to building a growth-minded culture - and a growth-minded culture yields higher productivity and the retention of employees who feel truly valued. (forbes.com)
- OASIS welcomes feedback from potential users, developers, and others to better assure the interoperability and quality of OASIS work. (oasis-open.org)
Provide16
- Results provide students with information to help steer their academic choices, while faculty use feedback to improve their teaching practices and curriculum design. (nyu.edu)
- Please fill out the form below to provide feedback or receive accessibility support. (cbc.ca)
- In this post, I explain why student feedback matters, provide three key considerations, and suggestions for different types of questions. (ielts.org)
- Below I provide different types of feedback you might want to elicit. (ielts.org)
- It gives postgraduate taught students the opportunity to provide feedback on their time at NTU. (ntu.ac.uk)
- Drag-and-drop QuickMarks, text and voice comments, and automatic grammar checking provide personalized and actionable feedback to students. (turnitin.com)
- To provide feedback on Fedora software or other system elements, please refer to Bugs And Feature Requests . (fedoraproject.org)
- If you feel these release notes could be improved in any way, you can provide your feedback directly to the beat writers. (fedoraproject.org)
- To comment or provide feedback on the online OIICS Coding Trees or the downloadable OIICS application send an e-mail to Suzanne Marsh . (cdc.gov)
- A group of 20 older adults from diverse backgrounds make up the Seniors Roundtable, who meet quarterly with City staff to provide feedback on the implementation of the OAP and inform us on emerging needs and issues important to older adults. (who.int)
- Use this form to provide feedback to the ESPEN team. (who.int)
- Provide your feedback in the space below. (cdc.gov)
- If you are a member, please provide any additional information that may help us in identifying you and responding to your feedback, such as your assigned Clinical Center of Excellence (CCE). (cdc.gov)
- PQS actively encourages product users to provide feedback on product performance or any defects, as well as evolving operational needs. (who.int)
- MedlinePlus invites patient support and advocacy groups to provide feedback on genetics-related content on the website to help ensure that it is up-to-date and relevant for the patient community. (medlineplus.gov)
- This feedback helps us provide high-quality information about genetics to patients, their families, and the general public. (medlineplus.gov)
Search1
- If your teacher has provided feedback that you do not understand, search for information that will help you resolve the problem before you ask your teacher for help. (lu.se)
Actionable1
- Offers strategies for offering students "specific, actionable, timely, and respectful" feedback that improves learning. (wabash.edu)
Content3
- We value your feedback on these materials, including what you find most helpful and on where we can expand our content to meet your needs. (carleton.edu)
- There are three important considerations when eliciting student feedback: timing, content, and response. (ielts.org)
- 2. As you consider the content of your feedback, ask yourself: how might this feedback be shaped by my own cultural, background or style preferences? (shrm.org)
Ultimately3
- Ultimately, when a manager offers feedback to an employee, it can be uncomfortable. (forbes.com)
- But ultimately, the onslaught of negative feedback forced the lingerie monopoly to remove the item from its inventory. (dictionary.com)
- Ultimately, is bungled feedback better than no feedback? (shrm.org)
Auditory5
- We describe a study on how auditory and visual feedback affects eye typing. (yorku.ca)
- The current study tested whether the estimated pitch of one's articulation (termed pitch awareness) is affected by manipulated auditory feedback. (lu.se)
- In four experiments, 56 participants produced isolated vowels while being exposed to pitch-shifted auditory feedback. (lu.se)
- After exposure to a block of high-pitched auditory feedback (+500 cents pitch shift), participants were more likely to label subsequent auditory feedback as "lower than my actual production," suggesting that prolonged exposure to high-pitched auditory feedback led to a drift in participants' pitch awareness. (lu.se)
- We propose that this drift in pitch awareness could be indicative of a sense of agency over the pitch-shifted auditory feedback in the exposure block. (lu.se)
Integrations2
- See Pipeline Feedback Integrations to learn how to integrate it with your CI/CD pipeline. (ibm.com)
- Feedback Studio is designed to complement existing workflows through integrations with your Learning Management System, single sign-on partners, and collaboration tools. (turnitin.com)
Form7
- Before you submit a course feedback form, you can return during the open period to edit your responses. (nyu.edu)
- However, once you have submitted a form and/or the course feedback period has closed, you will be unable to make any changes. (nyu.edu)
- Also, when you return to your Course Feedback page the status for that form will say Complete. (nyu.edu)
- In primatology and more generally in ethology , dominance hierarchies are often determined by searching for an ordering with the fewest reversals in observed dominance behavior, another form of the minimum feedback arc set problem. (wikipedia.org)
- Please use the form below to share your feedback and help us make this website as good as it can be. (mcgill.ca)
- Please use this form below to send formal feedback or complaints to the WTC Health Program directly. (cdc.gov)
- It is worth remembering that teachers target central aspects of the assignment in their feedback, and that they often comment only on issues that form part of the assessment. (lu.se)
Developmental3
- Ask one person for a developmental piece of feedback on a specific situation. (forbes.com)
- Ask several people for a developmental piece of feedback on the same situation. (forbes.com)
- However, it is important to recognize the bias that often creeps into feedback-for example, one study found that when women received developmental feedback, it tended to be overly focused on personality and communication style, with 76% of 'too aggressive' references appearing in reviews of women. (shrm.org)
Teachers5
- A TED talk by Bill Gates on how to create feedback for teachers that helps them improve. (wabash.edu)
- He argues for feedback grounded in self-video observations and student surveys of teachers that capture complexity of life in the classroom. (wabash.edu)
- Teachers see the Feedback settings tabs as well as an Analysis tab and Show responses tab. (moodle.org)
- Teachers' comments refer to a text, not to the writer as a person, but sometimes, students take feedback on their writing personally. (lu.se)
- Although teachers will be happy to discuss their feedback, always reflect on comments you have received before you approach your teacher. (lu.se)
Instructors3
- Some of the best instructors I ever met incorporated feedback as often as every week. (ielts.org)
- Empower instructors with commenting and grading tools that make the feedback process faster, easier, and more consistent. (turnitin.com)
- Pre-defined or custom rubrics help instructors consistently evaluate student work and easily connect grading criteria to in-line feedback. (turnitin.com)
Mathematical2
- Feedback arc sets have applications in circuit analysis, chemical engineering , deadlock resolution, ranked voting , ranking competitors in sporting events, mathematical psychology , ethology , and graph drawing . (wikipedia.org)
- The trajectory analysis showed an indirect association between the effort attribution feedback and mathematical skill, and realistic and conventional interests, being the relation mediated by the respective perceptions of skills. (bvsalud.org)
Mechanisms6
- Negative feedback is used in natural and artificial regulatory mechanisms, as well as in the design of oscillators. (dictionary.com)
- Certain mechanisms in the human body-such as those that regulate temperature of blood glucose levels-are great examples of negative feedback loops. (cdc.gov)
- In the context of TiS skills, we can think about feedback loops as the mechanisms of action that connect stocks to the operation of flows. (cdc.gov)
- Karl Johan Åström and Richard M.Murray, Feedback Systems: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers Self-regulating mechanisms have existed since antiquity, and the idea of feedback had started to enter economic theory in Britain by the 18th century, but it was not at that time recognized as a universal abstraction and so did not have a name. (wikipedia.org)
- The development of cybernetics from the 1940s onwards was centred around the study of circular causal feedback mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
- According to cybernetician Ashby (1956), mathematicians and theorists interested in the principles of feedback mechanisms prefer the definition of "circularity of action", which keeps the theory simple and consistent. (wikipedia.org)
Page3
- During the feedback period, response rate information is updated in real time every time the page is opened or refreshed. (nyu.edu)
- In order to support this step, there is a user feedback link on the PQS Catalogue page. (who.int)
- On this page, we first focus on teacher (or publisher/editor) feedback. (lu.se)
Receive8
- We read all of the feedback that we receive through this tool but can't respond to all of it. (google.com)
- One way to make sure the employee knows that you value their needs and voice is to create a "How I Like to Receive Feedback" worksheet for them to fill out. (forbes.com)
- Although all feedback we receive is read and reviewed, we only publish one or two submissions per week, due to the high volume of emails received from around the world. (creation.com)
- Research shows that women of color receive less feedback, guidance and mentoring than white colleagues. (shrm.org)
- The feedback you receive on your writing will be either formative or summative . (lu.se)
- Summative feedback, on the other hand, consists of the grade and any comments you receive at the end of the writing process. (lu.se)
- Students unaccustomed to receiving the types of feedback they are likely to receive at university may feel comments are harsh and negative. (lu.se)
- When you receive teacher feedback, go through all comments carefully. (lu.se)
Occurs2
- Feedback occurs when a condition in a system causes activity that then impacts that initial condition. (cdc.gov)
- Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause-and-effect that forms a circuit or loop. (wikipedia.org)
Outcomes4
- The minimum feedback arc set in a tournament graph provides a ranking that disagrees with as few pairwise outcomes as possible. (wikipedia.org)
- By utilizing insights from neuroscience, cross-cultural knowledge and inclusive best practices, managers and colleagues can take action to deliver feedback more effectively, avoid these pitfalls and drive the business and individual growth outcomes they seek. (shrm.org)
- Looking for feedback offers the potential to understand and manage a richer set of outcomes from decisions. (cdc.gov)
- We assessed the impact of an audit and feedback antimicrobial stewardship intervention on antimicrobial use, antimicrobial costs, clinical outcomes and microbiologic outcomes in two ICUs with different patient populations. (medscape.com)
Illustrates1
- The green arrow illustrates negative feedback. (cdc.gov)
Students9
- Kindly indicate if you do not object to us sharing your comments/feedback with prospective students. (google.com)
- If the only time you elicit feedback from your students is on course evaluations at the end of the term, you are doing it wrong. (ielts.org)
- Student feedback is more than just an appraisal of your teaching, it is one way to build trust and strengthen your relationship with your students. (ielts.org)
- Depending on how often you meet with your students, you may want to get feedback as early as the first week or after a few classes. (ielts.org)
- Create a brief survey and ask your students for feedback. (ielts.org)
- The NSS is now open for final year undergraduate students to give feedback on their courses. (ntu.ac.uk)
- Feedback Studio is used by 34 million students and 15,000 institutions worldwide, including 80 of the top 100 universities globally. (turnitin.com)
- This analysis tracked the average similarity scores of thousands of students across the first five papers they submitted to Turnitin Feedback Studio, and focused on those whose first paper revealed a similarity score of 51% or higher. (turnitin.com)
- Students click on the Feedback icon in the course to access the activity and then must click the button Answer the questions. (moodle.org)
Share3
- You can share feedback about the Partner Centre through Google Feedback. (google.com)
- If you have a question about your account, a moderation issue or any enquiry you do not wish to share in the public forum, you can write us a private feedback message . (dpreview.com)
- You can contact the Kaizala team and share feedback. (microsoft.com)
Comments3
- Kindly indicate if you do not object to us contacting you in future, to follow up on any of your comments/feedback in more detail. (google.com)
- Google Feedback is a tool that lets you send comments and screenshots directly from the Partner Centre. (google.com)
- In some cases, the volume and/or nature of comments and Committee resources do not allow for personal responses to all feedback. (oasis-open.org)
Responses1
- Note, your responses will not be counted if you do not return during the course feedback period and click the "Submit" button . (nyu.edu)
Participants4
- The order of administering the feedback modes was randomized across blocks and participants to minimize asymmetric learning effects. (yorku.ca)
- The total number of phrases was 1040 (13 participants x 4 feedback modes x 4 blocks x 5 sentences). (yorku.ca)
- Neuroscience research has found that feedback conversations, as they commonly exist today, activate a social threat response in the brain, interfering with the ability to think clearly and raising participants' heart rates by as much as 50 percent. (shrm.org)
- After every vocalization, participants indicated whether they thought the feedback was higher or lower than their actual production. (lu.se)
Send1
- We will also send a confirmation to this email when your feedback is submitted. (cdc.gov)
Time5
- FEEDBACK is hopefully not alone in having spent too much time at school becoming rather good at working out where soccer, rugby or other balls were heading, precisely in order to be somewhere where a high-velocity animal bladder covered in freezing mud was not. (newscientist.com)
- In polynomial time , the minimum feedback arc set can be approximated to within a polylogarithmic approximation ratio , and maximum acyclic subgraphs can be approximated to within a constant factor. (wikipedia.org)
- For tournament graphs , the minimum feedback arc set can be approximated more accurately, and for planar graphs both problems can be solved exactly in polynomial time. (wikipedia.org)
- People want feedback in real time. (forbes.com)
- At the same time, whilst Joey goes ahead and works hard on that and tries hard to get back in the room there's another guy there in Ross [Byrne] that's had plenty of feedback over the last couple of years. (rte.ie)
Positive feedback8
- The first two weeks begin with receiving positive feedback, which allows for comfortable and encouraging dialogue and ensures that as many employees as possible participate. (forbes.com)
- Sustaining a positive feedback culture can happen when employees see real movement within the organization with what they've shared. (forbes.com)
- Positive feedback, also known as positive loops, act to reinforce change. (cdc.gov)
- A simple example of positive feedback is compounding interest in a bank account. (cdc.gov)
- It's important to note that a positive feedback doesn't necessarily mean growth in the system. (cdc.gov)
- In this system depicting an infectious disease, the blue arrow is showing positive feedback. (cdc.gov)
- Positive feedback: If the signal feedback from output is in phase with the input signal, the feedback is called positive feedback. (wikipedia.org)
- Positive feedback is also welcomed. (who.int)
Describes1
- Which of these best describes your feedback? (who.int)
Give6
- Find out about the different ways you can feedback as a student and learn what changes the University makes using the information you give us. (ntu.ac.uk)
- The Postgraduate Research Experience Survey (PRES) is now open for postgraduate researchers to give feedback on their courses. (ntu.ac.uk)
- I'd rather someone strive and give me feedback, even if not in the most ideal way, than not try at all. (shrm.org)
- Bias that shapes to whom you give feedback and on what. (shrm.org)
- Looking for feedback in a system helps give you a better understanding of how actions shape the environment and how the ever-changing environment then shapes activity. (cdc.gov)
- This app has been made in public interest to give information and capture feedback on any treatment undergone by individuals. (who.int)
Collect1
- The Feedback activity allows you to create and conduct surveys to collect feedback. (moodle.org)
Depending1
- Depending on what kind of feedback you have received, there are different approaches you can take to improve your text and your writing. (lu.se)
Minimize1
- In order to verify your consent to the Feedback License terms and to minimize spam in the list archive, you must subscribe to the list before posting. (oasis-open.org)
Select1
- Select feedback type. (apple.com)
Work9
- This invaluable feedback is not only meant to improve future classes, but also communicates your desire for the work they do to be meaningful. (ielts.org)
- You may get feedback that says, I wish you would just teach us instead of us having to work in groups. (ielts.org)
- Feedback on OASIS work is collected through electronic mail and is publicly archived. (oasis-open.org)
- Feedback on the work of a TC which is no longer active (a "Completed" TC) will be sent to the Comment List subscribers (if any) and posted in the public archives. (oasis-open.org)
- Feedback received may be used as reference should the TC's technical work be revisited in the future. (oasis-open.org)
- 1st ~ Our team appreciates feedback about their work. (jotform.com)
- We'll look at your account and pass on feedback to the Google Ads team so they can work to improve the product. (google.com)
- Negative feedback, also known as negative loops, work to negate change and drive stability in systems. (cdc.gov)
- Although feedback looks different in different courses and although demands differ, you will find general advice on how to work with feedback provided on your writing below. (lu.se)
Opens2
- Course feedback usually opens two weeks before the end of a course and remains open through the last week of classes and reading days. (nyu.edu)
- This device illustrated the principle of feedback: a low water level opens the valve, the rising water then provides feedback into the system, closing the valve when the required level is reached. (wikipedia.org)
Sustainable1
- With weekly polls going out, campaign challenges happening quarterly and feedback being shared in the office regularly, the next big step to ensure that the feedback culture is sustainable is to actually listen. (forbes.com)
Suggestions2
- Suggestions or feedback? (mit.edu)
- Suggestions, concerns, or questions on the process of providing feedback to this or any OASIS Committee should be directed to [email protected] . (oasis-open.org)
Process6
- Easily create releases as part of your deployment process, by using either our Web REST API or our Instana pipeline feedback integration for Jenkins. (ibm.com)
- The Course Feedback process takes place at the end of each semester. (nyu.edu)
- however, the OASIS TC Process does not require Committees to respond to all feedback received. (oasis-open.org)
- Looking for feedback is an important concept when thinking about systems and is also important in the Policy Analysis domain of the CDC Policy Process. (cdc.gov)
- Audience feedback is a critical part of the communication process. (cdc.gov)
- As provided by Webster, feedback in business is the transmission of evaluative or corrective information about an action, event, or process to the original or controlling source. (wikipedia.org)
Continuous3
- Many organizations are moving to an explicit culture and system of continuous feedback. (shrm.org)
- Often, when people hear the term 'culture of continuous feedback' in workplaces, their minds envision an experience where everyone is getting critical feedback at every turn-'here's what you could have done better. (shrm.org)
- More recently, the general availability of the Internet permits feedback to many users, who can have continuous, simultaneous, and even interactive access to information. (cdc.gov)
Artificial1
- The first ever known artificial feedback device was a float valve, for maintaining water at a constant level, invented in 270 BC in Alexandria, Egypt. (wikipedia.org)
Read2
- We read all feedback carefully, but we are unable to respond to each submission individually. (apple.com)
- All feedback is read and if necessary acted upon, but we do not have the resources to answer every message personally. (dpreview.com)
Learn1
- The WCMM Research School was a great opportunity for me to extend my local network at BMC, learn new state-of-the-art techniques/methods used in regenerative medicine, and get valuable feedback on my professional development from PIs currently in the phase of establishing their own labs. (lu.se)
Email3
- Can we follow up with you by email to get further feedback? (carleton.edu)
- For any business inquiry or feedback, you can always email the Kaizala team at [email protected] . (microsoft.com)
- All email must be submitted to the security-services-comment list under the terms of the OASIS Feedback License , which assures potential implementers and OASIS that your contribution may be used safely by the Committee in a way that is consistent with its charter and the licensing terms set by its IPR Mode and the OASIS IPR Policy . (oasis-open.org)
System6
- The trouble with the Ditmars-Horst reactor was that it lacked any automatic negative-feedback system. (dictionary.com)
- In this stock and flow diagram, two arrows have been added to demonstrate feedback in the system. (cdc.gov)
- The notion of cause-and-effect has to be handled carefully when applied to feedback systems: Simple causal reasoning about a feedback system is difficult because the first system influences the second and second system influences the first, leading to a circular argument. (wikipedia.org)
- As an example of negative feedback, the diagram might represent a cruise control system in a car that matches a target speed such as the speed limit. (wikipedia.org)
- Thanks for sharing your feedback about the DSpace system. (who.int)
- The system is updated daily with Web-based feedback. (cdc.gov)
Student5
- Why does student feedback matter? (ielts.org)
- You want to reach out early and often to elicit student feedback. (ielts.org)
- Student feedback forms do not need to be lengthy. (ielts.org)
- There is no point eliciting student feedback if you don't respond to it. (ielts.org)
- This feedback enables module teams to make improvements to the student experience. (ntu.ac.uk)
Make1
- Our goal was to study how feedback could facilitate the tedious [1] eye typing task and make gaze-based computer-aided communication more practical for those who need it. (yorku.ca)
Definition1
- Over the years there has been some dispute as to the best definition of feedback. (wikipedia.org)
Context1
- For example, if someone has a more indirect style, infuse diplomacy and context into your feedback, while retaining clarity and concreteness. (shrm.org)
Influences1
- Results show that the feedback method influences both text entry speed and error rate. (yorku.ca)
Mathematics1
- This was a landmark paper on control theory and the mathematics of feedback. (wikipedia.org)
Note1
- Note that the arrows in the illustrations demonstrating feedback are not additional flows but instead represent the relationships between stock and flows). (cdc.gov)
Teacher3
- The Feedback activity is ideal for course or teacher evaluations. (moodle.org)
- From a socio-cognitive perspective, the study analyzes the role of teacher feedback perceptions in perceived skills and interests in childhood. (bvsalud.org)
- In this study took part 228 fourth grade children, who responded to the Children Activities Inventory - Revised (CAI-R) and the Teacher Feedback Scale (TFS). (bvsalud.org)
Questions1
- If you would like to contact us about your travel experience on a past flight, if you have questions and further information about an existing feedback report, or if you wish to offer praise, you are very welcome to do so here. (lufthansa.com)
Consistent2
- It's important to set up a consistent feedback routine. (forbes.com)
- A great option for a consistent dialogue is to ask for regular feedback about company events, decisions and communications. (forbes.com)
Negative feedback7
- He says he has yet to experience any negative feedback from the galaxy of Whovians. (dictionary.com)
- I believe that many depressed people are constantly afflicted by the crushing negative feedback of a negative personal narrative. (dictionary.com)
- I got some negative feedback for my unenthralled response to Chris Christie's convention speech. (dictionary.com)
- Studies have found that a ratio of 5:1 (positive: negative) feedback may be the ideal balance. (shrm.org)
- Again, negative feedback doesn't mean a negative outcome, as it can stabilize systems. (cdc.gov)
- Take the example of regulating body temperature and break it down to see how negative feedback works. (cdc.gov)
- Negative feedback: If the signal feedback is out of phase by 180° with respect to the input signal, the feedback is called negative feedback. (wikipedia.org)
Response1
- You can monitor the response rates for your courses in NYU Course Feedback . (nyu.edu)