Fatty Alcohols
Waxes
Alcohol Drinking
Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome
Marinobacter
Alcohols
Glyceryl Ethers
Fatty Acids
Esters
Plasmalogens
Alcohol Oxidoreductases
Meibomian Glands
Candida tropicalis
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Industrial Microbiology
Alcoholism
Ethanol
Alkanes
Palmitic Acid
Acyl Coenzyme A
Acyltransferases
Ichthyosis
Chromatography, Gas
Fatty Liver
Biosynthetic Pathways
Fatty Acids, Nonesterified
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Lipids
Substrate Specificity
Fatty Acid Synthases
Microbodies
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Alcoholic Intoxication
Benzyl Alcohols
Seeds
Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins
Fatty Acids, Essential
Effective method for activity assay of lipase from Chromobacterium viscosum. (1/502)
A method was devised for activity assay of the lipase [triacylglycerol acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3] excreted from Chromobacterium viscosum into the culture medium; olive oil emulsified with the aid of Adekatol 45-S-8 (a non-ionic detergent, the ethoxylate of linear sec-alcohols having chain lengths of 10--16 carbon atoms) was used as the substrate. This method was specifically effective for Chromobacterium lipase acitvity assay, and was approximately twice as sensitive as the conventional method, in which polyvinyl alcohol is used for the emulsification of the substrate. (+info)Effects of short chain alkanols on the inducible nitric oxide synthase in a glial cell line. (2/502)
1. Ethanol inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in C6 glioma cells by an unknown mechanism. Because relatively high concentrations are needed for inhibition in drug-naive cells (IC50 approximately = to 150 mM), suppression due to cytotoxicity is one possible mechanism that has not been ruled out. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of ethanol and other alkanols on C6 glioma cell viability and iNOS activity to better understand the mechanism for inhibition. 2. iNOS expression was induced in cell culture with lipopolysaccharide and phorbol ester treatment. Nitrite accumulation in culture medium, the in vitro conversion of [3H]-L-arginine to [3H]-L-citrulline, and immunoblotting were used to quantify iNOS induction and activity. Trypan blue exclusion, extracellular release of lactate dehydrogenase, and quantity of total cell protein were used as measures of viability. 3. Short chain alkanols, methanol through 1-heptanol, concentration-dependently inhibited nitrite accumulation. Longer chain alkanols, 1-octanol and 1-decanol, did not except at cytotoxic concentrations. Experiments indicated short chain alkanol inhibition was not due to direct actions on iNOS catalytic activity, but that it transpires during iNOS induction. Immunoblots showed reduced iNOS protein levels. 4. Correlation analysis ruled out iNOS inhibition as being due to decreased cell number, total cell protein, or cell viability. In contrast, there was significant correlation with physical measures of lipophilicity. 5. In conclusion, inhibition of iNOS expression by ethanol and other short chain alkanols is not due to cytotoxicity. Instead, the strong correlation with lipophilicity suggests the inhibition derives from an interaction with unknown hydrophobic cellular sites. (+info)Plaunotol prevents indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats by inhibiting neutrophil activation. (3/502)
BACKGROUND: Activated neutrophils play a critical role in indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury. AIM: To investigate the effect of plaunotol, an anti-ulcer agent, on neutrophil activation in vitro and its effect on gastric mucosal injury and gastric accumulation of neutrophils in rats given indomethacin. METHODS: Human monocytes and neutrophils were isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy volunteers. We examined the effect of plaunotol on neutrophil elastase release, production of O2-, intracellular calcium concentration and expression of adhesion molecules CD11b and CD18 in activated neutrophils in vitro. The effect of plaunotol on TNF-alpha production by monocytes stimulated with endotoxin also was investigated in vitro. The effect of plaunotol (100 mg/kg, p.o.) on gastric mucosal injury and neutrophil accumulation was investigated in male Wistar rats given indomethacin (30 mg/kg, p.o.). RESULTS: Plaunotol inhibited the fMLP-induced release of neutrophil elastase from activated neutrophils, as well as the opsonized zymosan-induced production of O2- by neutrophils. Plaunotol significantly inhibited increased levels of intracellular calcium, a second messenger of neutrophil activation, in vitro. The fMLP-induced increases in CD11b and CD18 expression were also inhibited by plaunotol in vitro. Plaunotol inhibited monocytic production of TNF-alpha, a potent activator of neutrophils. Both gastric mucosal injury and gastric neutrophil infiltration in rats given indomethacin were significantly inhibited by the oral administration of plaunotol. CONCLUSIONS: Plaunotol inhibits indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury, at least in part by inhibiting neutrophil activation. (+info)Interactions of 6-gingerol and ellagic acid with the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. (4/502)
The inotropic/lusitropic effects of beta-adrenergic agonists on the heart are mediated largely by protein kinase A (PKA)-catalyzed phosphorylation of phospholamban, the natural protein regulator of the Ca2+ pump present in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes. Gingerol, a plant derivative, is known to produce similar effects when tested in isolated cardiac muscle. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of gingerol and another plant derivative, ellagic acid, on the kinetics of the SR Ca2+ pump with those of PKA-catalyzed phospholamban phosphorylation to elucidate their mechanisms of Ca2+ pump regulation. As previously demonstrated for PKA, 50 microM gingerol or ellagic acid increased Vmax(Ca) of Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+-ATPase activity assayed at millimolar ATP concentrations in light cardiac SR vesicles. Unlike PKA, which decreases Km(Ca), neither compound had a significant effect on Km(Ca) in unphosphorylated vesicles. However, gingerol increased Km(Ca) in phosphorylated vesicles, in which Ca2+ uptake was significantly increased further at saturating Ca2+ and remained unchanged at subsaturating Ca2+. An inhibition of Ca2+ uptake by gingerol at micromolar MgATP concentrations was overcome with increasing MgATP concentrations. The stimulation of Ca2+ uptake attributable to gingerol in unphosphorylated microsomes at saturating Ca2+ was 30% to 40% when assayed at 0.05 to 2 mM MgATP and only about 12% in phosphorylated microsomes as well as in rabbit fast skeletal muscle light SR. The present results support the view that an ATP-dependent increase in Vmax(Ca) of the SR Ca2+ pump plays an important role in mediating cardiac contractile responses to gingerol and phospholamban-dependent beta-adrenergic stimulation. (+info)Steric hindrance is not required for n-alkanol cutoff in soluble proteins. (5/502)
A loss of potency as one ascends a homologous series of compounds (cutoff effect) is often used to map the dimensions of binding sites on a protein target. The implicit assumption of steric hindrance is rarely confirmed with direct binding measurements, yet other mechanisms for cutoff exist. We studied the binding and effect of a series of n-alkanols up to hexadecanol (C16) on two model proteins, BSA and myoglobin (MGB), using hydrogen-tritium exchange and light scattering. BSA binds the n-alkanols specifically and, at 1 mM total concentration, is stabilized with increasing potency up to decanol (C10), where a loss in stabilizing potency occurs. Cutoff in stabilizing potency is concentration-dependent and occurs at progressively longer n-alkanols at progressively lower total n-alkanol concentrations. Light scattering measurements of n-alkanol/BSA solutions show a smooth decline in binding stoichiometry with increasing chain length until C14-16, where it levels off at approximately 2:1 (alkanol:BSA). MGB does not bind the n-alkanols specifically and is destabilized by them with increasing potency until C10, where a loss in destabilizing potency occurs. Like BSA, MGB demonstrates a concentration-dependent cutoff point for the n-alkanols. Derivation of the number of methylenes bound at K(D) and the free energy contribution per bound methylene showed that no discontinuity existed to explain cutoff, rendering steric hindrance unlikely. The data also allow an energetic explanation for the variance of the cutoff point in various reductionist systems. Finally, these results render cutoff an untenable approach for mapping binding site sterics in the absence of complementary binding measurements, and a poor discriminator of target relevance to general anesthesia. (+info)Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, a "two-hit" ischemia/reperfusion injury: evidence from an analysis of oxidative products. (6/502)
PURPOSE: Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (RAAA) remains a lethal condition despite improvements in perioperative care. The consequences of RAAA are hypothesized to result from a combination of two ischemia/reperfusion events: hemorrhagic shock and lower torso ischemia. Ischemia/reperfusion results in tissue injury by diverse mechanisms, which include oxygen free radical-mediated injury produced from activated neutrophils, xanthine oxidase, and mitochondria. Oxygen-free radicals attack membrane lipids, resulting in membrane and subsequently cellular dysfunction that contributes to postoperative organ injury/failure. The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the oxidative injury that occurs as a result of the ischemia/reperfusion events in RAAAs and elective AAAs. METHODS: Blood samples were taken from 22 patients for elective AAA repair and from 14 patients for RAAA repair during the perioperative period. Plasma F(2)-isoprostanes were extracted, purified, and measured with an enzyme immunoassay. Aldehydes and acyloins were purified and quantified. Neutrophil oxidative burst was measured in response to a receptor independent stimulus (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) with luminol-based chemiluminescence. RESULTS: Plasma from patients with RAAAs showed significantly elevated F(2)-isoprostane levels on arrival at hospital and were significantly elevated as compared with the levels of patients for elective repair throughout the perioperative period (two-way analysis of variance, P <.0001). Multiple regression showed a significant relationship between the phagocyte oxidative activity and F(2)-isoprostane levels (P <.013). Total acyloin levels were significantly higher in patients with RAAAs as compared with the levels in elective cases. CONCLUSION: The F(2)-isoprostane levels, specific markers of lipid peroxidation, showed that patients with RAAAs had two phases of oxidative injury: before arrival at hospital and after surgery. The significant relationship between the postoperative increases in F(2)-isoprostane levels and the neutrophil oxidant production implicates neutrophils in the oxidative injury that occurs after RAAA. New therapeutic interventions that attenuate neutrophil-mediated oxidant injury during reperfusion may decrease organ failure and ultimately mortality in patients with RAAAs. (+info)Effects of a lipoxygenase inhibitor, panaxynol, on vascular contraction induced by angiotensin II. (7/502)
We investigated whether a lipoxygenase inhibitor, panaxynol, affected the vascular contraction induced by angiotensin (Ang) II and the mean arterial pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Panaxynol suppressed dose-dependently the contractile responses induced by 30 nM Ang II in isolated intact and endothelial cell-denuded aorta in the hamster. IC50 values in the intact and endothelial cell-denuded aorta were 23 and 20 microM, respectively. In SHR, the mean arterial pressure after injection of 30 and 60 mg/kg panaxynol was reduced, and the maximum hypotensive values were 23 and 48 mmHg, respectively. Thus, lipoxygenase products may affect the renin-angiotensin system. (+info)Effect of policosanol on cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils. (8/502)
Policosanol is a mixture of higher aliphatic primary alcohols isolated from sugar cane wax, whose main component is octacosanol. An inhibitory effect of policosanol on platelet aggregation and cerebral ischemia in animal models has been reported. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of policosanol on cerebral ischemia induced by unilateral carotid ligation and bilateral clamping and recirculation in Mongolian gerbils. Policosanol (200 mg/kg) administered immediately after unilateral carotid ligation and at 12- or 24-h intervals for 48 h significantly inhibited mortality and clinical symptoms when compared with controls, whereas lower doses (100 mg/kg) were not effective. Control animals showed swelling (tissue vacuolization) and necrosis of neurons in all areas of the brain studied (frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum and olfactory tubercle), showing a similar injury profile. In the group treated with 200 mg/kg policosanol swelling and necrosis were significantly reduced when compared with the control group. In another experimental model, comparison between groups showed that the brain water content of control gerbils (N = 15) was significantly higher after 15 min of clamping and 4 h of recirculation than in sham-operated animals (N = 13), whereas policosanol (200 mg/kg) (N = 19) significantly reduced the edema compared with the control group, with a cerebral water content identical to that of the sham-operated animals. cAMP levels in the brain of control-ligated Mongolian gerbils (N = 8) were significantly lower than those of sham-operated animals (N = 10). The policosanol-treated group (N = 10) showed significantly higher cAMP levels (2.68 pmol/g of tissue) than the positive control (1.91 pmol/g of tissue) and similar to those of non-ligated gerbils (2.97 pmol/g of tissue). In conclusion, our results show an anti-ischemic effect of policosanol administered after induction of cerebral ischemia, in two different experimental models in Mongolian gerbils, suggesting a possible therapeutic effect in cerebral vascular disorders. (+info)Fatty alcohols, also known as long-chain alcohols or long-chain fatty alcohols, are a type of fatty compound that contains a hydroxyl group (-OH) and a long alkyl chain. They are typically derived from natural sources such as plant and animal fats and oils, and can also be synthetically produced.
Fatty alcohols can vary in chain length, typically containing between 8 and 30 carbon atoms. They are commonly used in a variety of industrial and consumer products, including detergents, emulsifiers, lubricants, and personal care products. In the medical field, fatty alcohols may be used as ingredients in certain medications or topical treatments.
I believe you may be asking for a medical explanation or examples of substances that are referred to as "waxes." Waxes are not a specific medical term, but they can refer to various natural or synthetic esters that are insoluble in water and have a soft, waxy consistency. In a medical context, the term "waxes" might refer to:
1. Cerumen (Earwax): A yellowish waxy substance produced by glands in the ear canal. Cerumen helps protect the ear by trapping dirt, dust, and other particles and preventing them from entering the inner ear.
2. Sebaceous Waxes: These are esters found in sebum, an oily substance produced by sebaceous glands in the skin. Sebum helps keep the skin and hair moisturized and protected.
3. Cutaneous Waxes: These are lipid-rich substances secreted by specialized sweat glands called eccrine glands. They help to waterproof and protect the skin.
4. Histological Waxes: Paraffin or other waxes used in histology for tissue processing, embedding, and microtomy to prepare thin sections of tissues for examination under a microscope.
These are some examples of substances that can be referred to as "waxes" in a medical context.
'Alcohol drinking' refers to the consumption of alcoholic beverages, which contain ethanol (ethyl alcohol) as the active ingredient. Ethanol is a central nervous system depressant that can cause euphoria, disinhibition, and sedation when consumed in small to moderate amounts. However, excessive drinking can lead to alcohol intoxication, with symptoms ranging from slurred speech and impaired coordination to coma and death.
Alcohol is metabolized in the liver by enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). The breakdown of ethanol produces acetaldehyde, a toxic compound that can cause damage to various organs in the body. Chronic alcohol drinking can lead to a range of health problems, including liver disease, pancreatitis, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, and increased risk of cancer.
Moderate drinking is generally defined as up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men, where a standard drink contains about 14 grams (0.6 ounces) of pure alcohol. However, it's important to note that there are no safe levels of alcohol consumption, and any level of drinking carries some risk to health.
Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome is a rare inherited metabolic neurocutaneous disorder characterized by the triad of ichthyosis (scaly, dry skin), mental retardation, and spasticity (stiff and awkward movements due to rigidity of muscles). It is caused by a deficiency of fatty alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme, which leads to an accumulation of fatty alcohols in the body. This disorder is typically noticed in early infancy with the development of yellowish, scaly skin lesions. Neurological symptoms such as spasticity, speech and motor delay become apparent around 18-24 months of age. Other features may include ocular (eye) involvement like decreased vision, photophobia (sensitivity to light), and strabismus (crossed eyes). Seizures can also occur in some cases. The condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent, to develop the disease.
Aldehyde oxidoreductases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids using NAD+ or FAD as cofactors. They play a crucial role in the detoxification of aldehydes generated from various metabolic processes, such as lipid peroxidation and alcohol metabolism. These enzymes are widely distributed in nature and have been identified in bacteria, yeast, plants, and animals.
The oxidation reaction catalyzed by aldehyde oxidoreductases involves the transfer of electrons from the aldehyde substrate to the cofactor, resulting in the formation of a carboxylic acid and reduced NAD+ or FAD. The enzymes are classified into several families based on their sequence similarity and cofactor specificity.
One of the most well-known members of this family is alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which catalyzes the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones as part of the alcohol metabolism pathway. Another important member is aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which further oxidizes the aldehydes generated by ADH to carboxylic acids, thereby preventing the accumulation of toxic aldehydes in the body.
Deficiencies in ALDH enzymes have been linked to several human diseases, including alcoholism and certain types of cancer. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of aldehyde oxidoreductases is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies to treat these conditions.
"Marinobacter" is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in marine environments. These bacteria are capable of metabolizing various organic compounds and are resistant to high salt concentrations, making them well-adapted to life in the ocean. They have been isolated from a variety of sources, including seawater, sediments, and oil-contaminated sites. Some species of Marinobacter are capable of producing biosurfactants, which have potential applications in bioremediation and other industrial processes. However, it is important to note that "Marinobacter" is a taxonomic category, and individual species within the genus may have different characteristics and properties.
In chemistry, an alcohol is a broad term that refers to any organic compound characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a carbon atom. This means that alcohols are essentially hydrocarbons with a hydroxyl group. The simplest alcohol is methanol (CH3OH), and ethanol (C2H5OH), also known as ethyl alcohol, is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.
In the context of medical definitions, alcohol primarily refers to ethanol, which has significant effects on the human body when consumed. Ethanol can act as a central nervous system depressant, leading to various physiological and psychological changes depending on the dose and frequency of consumption. Excessive or prolonged use of ethanol can result in various health issues, including addiction, liver disease, neurological damage, and increased risk of injuries due to impaired judgment and motor skills.
It is important to note that there are other types of alcohols (e.g., methanol, isopropyl alcohol) with different chemical structures and properties, but they are not typically consumed by humans and can be toxic or even lethal in high concentrations.
Glyceryl ethers, also known as glycerol ethers or alkyl glycosides, are a class of compounds formed by the reaction between glycerol and alcohols. In the context of medical definitions, glyceryl ethers may refer to a group of naturally occurring compounds found in some organisms, including humans.
These compounds are characterized by an ether linkage between the glycerol molecule and one or more alkyl chains, which can vary in length. Glyceryl ethers have been identified as components of various biological tissues, such as lipid fractions of human blood and lung surfactant.
In some cases, glyceryl ethers may also be used as pharmaceutical excipients or drug delivery systems due to their unique physicochemical properties. For example, they can enhance the solubility and bioavailability of certain drugs, making them useful in formulation development. However, it is important to note that specific medical applications and uses of glyceryl ethers may vary depending on the particular compound and its properties.
Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a long aliphatic chain, which are important components of lipids and are widely distributed in living organisms. They can be classified based on the length of their carbon chain, saturation level (presence or absence of double bonds), and other structural features.
The two main types of fatty acids are:
1. Saturated fatty acids: These have no double bonds in their carbon chain and are typically solid at room temperature. Examples include palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0).
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: These contain one or more double bonds in their carbon chain and can be further classified into monounsaturated (one double bond) and polyunsaturated (two or more double bonds) fatty acids. Examples of unsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid (C18:1, monounsaturated), linoleic acid (C18:2, polyunsaturated), and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3, polyunsaturated).
Fatty acids play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as energy storage, membrane structure, and cell signaling. Some essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through dietary sources.
Esters are organic compounds that are formed by the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. They are widely found in nature and are used in various industries, including the production of perfumes, flavors, and pharmaceuticals. In the context of medical definitions, esters may be mentioned in relation to their use as excipients in medications or in discussions of organic chemistry and biochemistry. Esters can also be found in various natural substances such as fats and oils, which are triesters of glycerol and fatty acids.
Plasmalogens are a type of complex lipid called glycerophospholipids, which are essential components of cell membranes. They are characterized by having a unique chemical structure that includes a vinyl ether bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone and an ester bond at the sn-2 position, with the majority of them containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. The headgroup attached to the sn-3 position is typically choline or ethanolamine.
Plasmalogens are abundant in certain tissues, such as the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle. They have been suggested to play important roles in cellular functions, including membrane fluidity, signal transduction, and protection against oxidative stress. Reduced levels of plasmalogens have been associated with various diseases, including neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and aging-related conditions.
Alcohol oxidoreductases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones, while reducing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to NADH. These enzymes play an important role in the metabolism of alcohols and other organic compounds in living organisms.
The most well-known example of an alcohol oxidoreductase is alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which is responsible for the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde in the liver during the metabolism of alcoholic beverages. Other examples include aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH).
These enzymes are important targets for the development of drugs used to treat alcohol use disorder, as inhibiting their activity can help to reduce the rate of ethanol metabolism and the severity of its effects on the body.
Meibomian glands are sebaceous glands located in the eyelids, specifically at the rim of the eyelid near the lashes. They produce an oily substance called meibum that forms the outermost layer of the tear film, helping to prevent evaporation and keep the eye surface lubricated. The Meibomian glands play a crucial role in maintaining the health and comfort of the eyes by providing stability to the tear film and protecting the eye from irritants and dryness.
Aldehydes are a class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of a functional group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and a double bonded oxygen atom, also known as a formyl or aldehyde group. The general chemical structure of an aldehyde is R-CHO, where R represents a hydrocarbon chain.
Aldehydes are important in biochemistry and medicine as they are involved in various metabolic processes and are found in many biological molecules. For example, glucose is converted to pyruvate through a series of reactions that involve aldehyde intermediates. Additionally, some aldehydes have been identified as toxicants or environmental pollutants, such as formaldehyde, which is a known carcinogen and respiratory irritant.
Formaldehyde is also commonly used in medical and laboratory settings for its disinfectant properties and as a fixative for tissue samples. However, exposure to high levels of formaldehyde can be harmful to human health, causing symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Therefore, appropriate safety measures must be taken when handling aldehydes in medical and laboratory settings.
'Candida tropicalis' is a species of yeast that can be found normally in certain environments, including the human body (such as the skin, mouth, and digestive system). However, it can also cause infections in people with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions. These infections can occur in various parts of the body, including the bloodstream, urinary tract, and skin.
Like other Candida species, C. tropicalis is a type of fungus that reproduces by budding, forming oval-shaped cells. It is often resistant to certain antifungal medications, which can make infections more difficult to treat. Proper diagnosis and treatment, usually with antifungal drugs, are essential for managing C. tropicalis infections.
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is a group of enzymes responsible for catalyzing the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones, and reducing equivalents such as NAD+ to NADH. In humans, ADH plays a crucial role in the metabolism of ethanol, converting it into acetaldehyde, which is then further metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) into acetate. This process helps to detoxify and eliminate ethanol from the body. Additionally, ADH enzymes are also involved in the metabolism of other alcohols, such as methanol and ethylene glycol, which can be toxic if allowed to accumulate in the body.
Industrial microbiology is not strictly a medical definition, but it is a branch of microbiology that deals with the use of microorganisms for the production of various industrial and commercial products. In a broader sense, it can include the study of microorganisms that are involved in diseases of animals, humans, and plants, as well as those that are beneficial in industrial processes.
In the context of medical microbiology, industrial microbiology may involve the use of microorganisms to produce drugs, vaccines, or other therapeutic agents. For example, certain bacteria and yeasts are used to ferment sugars and produce antibiotics, while other microorganisms are used to create vaccines through a process called attenuation.
Industrial microbiology may also involve the study of microorganisms that can cause contamination in medical settings, such as hospitals or pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities. These microorganisms can cause infections and pose a risk to patients or workers, so it is important to understand their behavior and develop strategies for controlling their growth and spread.
Overall, industrial microbiology plays an important role in the development of new medical technologies and therapies, as well as in ensuring the safety and quality of medical products and environments.
Alcoholism is a chronic and often relapsing brain disorder characterized by the excessive and compulsive consumption of alcohol despite negative consequences to one's health, relationships, and daily life. It is also commonly referred to as alcohol use disorder (AUD) or alcohol dependence.
The diagnostic criteria for AUD include a pattern of alcohol use that includes problems controlling intake, continued use despite problems resulting from drinking, development of a tolerance, drinking that leads to risky behaviors or situations, and withdrawal symptoms when not drinking.
Alcoholism can cause a wide range of physical and psychological health problems, including liver disease, heart disease, neurological damage, mental health disorders, and increased risk of accidents and injuries. Treatment for alcoholism typically involves a combination of behavioral therapies, medications, and support groups to help individuals achieve and maintain sobriety.
Ethanol is the medical term for pure alcohol, which is a colorless, clear, volatile, flammable liquid with a characteristic odor and burning taste. It is the type of alcohol that is found in alcoholic beverages and is produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts.
In the medical field, ethanol is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant, and it is also used as a solvent for various medicinal preparations. It has central nervous system depressant properties and is sometimes used as a sedative or to induce sleep. However, excessive consumption of ethanol can lead to alcohol intoxication, which can cause a range of negative health effects, including impaired judgment, coordination, and memory, as well as an increased risk of accidents, injuries, and chronic diseases such as liver disease and addiction.
Alkanes are a group of saturated hydrocarbons, which are characterized by the presence of single bonds between carbon atoms in their molecular structure. The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2, where n represents the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
The simplest and shortest alkane is methane (CH4), which contains one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. As the number of carbon atoms increases, the length and complexity of the alkane chain also increase. For example, ethane (C2H6) contains two carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms, while propane (C3H8) contains three carbon atoms and eight hydrogen atoms.
Alkanes are important components of fossil fuels such as natural gas, crude oil, and coal. They are also used as starting materials in the production of various chemicals and materials, including plastics, fertilizers, and pharmaceuticals. In the medical field, alkanes may be used as anesthetics or as solvents for various medical applications.
Palmitic acid is a type of saturated fatty acid, which is a common component in many foods and also produced naturally by the human body. Its chemical formula is C16H32O2. It's named after palm trees because it was first isolated from palm oil, although it can also be found in other vegetable oils, animal fats, and dairy products.
In the human body, palmitic acid plays a role in energy production and storage. However, consuming large amounts of this fatty acid has been linked to an increased risk of heart disease due to its association with elevated levels of bad cholesterol (LDL). The World Health Organization recommends limiting the consumption of saturated fats, including palmitic acid, to less than 10% of total energy intake.
Acyl Coenzyme A (often abbreviated as Acetyl-CoA or Acyl-CoA) is a crucial molecule in metabolism, particularly in the breakdown and oxidation of fats and carbohydrates to produce energy. It is a thioester compound that consists of a fatty acid or an acetate group linked to coenzyme A through a sulfur atom.
Acyl CoA plays a central role in several metabolic pathways, including:
1. The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle): In the mitochondria, Acyl-CoA is formed from the oxidation of fatty acids or the breakdown of certain amino acids. This Acyl-CoA then enters the citric acid cycle to produce high-energy electrons, which are used in the electron transport chain to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main energy currency of the cell.
2. Beta-oxidation: The breakdown of fatty acids occurs in the mitochondria through a process called beta-oxidation, where Acyl-CoA is sequentially broken down into smaller units, releasing acetyl-CoA, which then enters the citric acid cycle.
3. Ketogenesis: In times of low carbohydrate availability or during prolonged fasting, the liver can produce ketone bodies from acetyl-CoA to supply energy to other organs, such as the brain and heart.
4. Protein synthesis: Acyl-CoA is also involved in the modification of proteins by attaching fatty acid chains to them (a process called acetylation), which can influence protein function and stability.
In summary, Acyl Coenzyme A is a vital molecule in metabolism that connects various pathways related to energy production, fatty acid breakdown, and protein modification.
Acyltransferases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of an acyl group (a functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydrogen atom) from one molecule to another. This transfer involves the formation of an ester bond between the acyl group donor and the acyl group acceptor.
Acyltransferases play important roles in various biological processes, including the biosynthesis of lipids, fatty acids, and other metabolites. They are also involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics (foreign substances) by catalyzing the addition of an acyl group to these compounds, making them more water-soluble and easier to excrete from the body.
Examples of acyltransferases include serine palmitoyltransferase, which is involved in the biosynthesis of sphingolipids, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), which facilitates the transfer of cholesteryl esters between lipoproteins.
Acyltransferases are classified based on the type of acyl group they transfer and the nature of the acyl group donor and acceptor molecules. They can be further categorized into subclasses based on their sequence similarities, three-dimensional structures, and evolutionary relationships.
Ichthyosis is a group of skin disorders that are characterized by dry, thickened, scaly skin. The name "ichthyosis" comes from the Greek word "ichthys," which means fish, as the skin can have a fish-like scale appearance. These conditions can be inherited or acquired and vary in severity.
The medical definition of ichthyosis is a heterogeneous group of genetic keratinization disorders that result in dry, thickened, and scaly skin. The condition may affect any part of the body, but it most commonly appears on the extremities, scalp, and trunk. Ichthyosis can also have associated symptoms such as redness, itching, and blistering.
The severity of ichthyosis can range from mild to severe, and some forms of the condition may be life-threatening in infancy. The exact symptoms and their severity depend on the specific type of ichthyosis a person has. Treatment for ichthyosis typically involves moisturizing the skin, avoiding irritants, and using medications to help control scaling and inflammation.
Palmitic acid is a type of saturated fatty acid, which is a common component in many foods and also produced by the body. Its chemical formula is C16:0, indicating that it contains 16 carbon atoms and no double bonds. Palmitic acid is found in high concentrations in animal fats, such as butter, lard, and beef tallow, as well as in some vegetable oils, like palm kernel oil and coconut oil.
In the human body, palmitic acid can be synthesized from other substances or absorbed through the diet. It plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including energy storage, membrane structure formation, and signaling pathways regulation. However, high intake of palmitic acid has been linked to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases due to its potential to raise low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in the blood.
It is essential to maintain a balanced diet and consume palmitic acid-rich foods in moderation, along with regular exercise and a healthy lifestyle, to reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
Chromatography, gas (GC) is a type of chromatographic technique used to separate, identify, and analyze volatile compounds or vapors. In this method, the sample mixture is vaporized and carried through a column packed with a stationary phase by an inert gas (carrier gas). The components of the mixture get separated based on their partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases due to differences in their adsorption/desorption rates or solubility.
The separated components elute at different times, depending on their interaction with the stationary phase, which can be detected and quantified by various detection systems like flame ionization detector (FID), thermal conductivity detector (TCD), electron capture detector (ECD), or mass spectrometer (MS). Gas chromatography is widely used in fields such as chemistry, biochemistry, environmental science, forensics, and food analysis.
Fatty liver, also known as hepatic steatosis, is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver. The liver's primary function is to process nutrients, filter blood, and fight infections, among other tasks. When excess fat builds up in the liver cells, it can impair liver function and lead to inflammation, scarring, and even liver failure if left untreated.
Fatty liver can be caused by various factors, including alcohol consumption, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), viral hepatitis, and certain medications or medical conditions. NAFLD is the most common cause of fatty liver in the United States and other developed countries, affecting up to 25% of the population.
Symptoms of fatty liver may include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain or discomfort, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). However, many people with fatty liver do not experience any symptoms, making it essential to diagnose and manage the condition through regular check-ups and blood tests.
Treatment for fatty liver depends on the underlying cause. Lifestyle changes such as weight loss, exercise, and dietary modifications are often recommended for people with NAFLD or alcohol-related fatty liver disease. Medications may also be prescribed to manage related conditions such as diabetes, high cholesterol, or metabolic syndrome. In severe cases of liver damage, a liver transplant may be necessary.
Biosynthetic pathways refer to the series of biochemical reactions that occur within cells and living organisms, leading to the production (synthesis) of complex molecules from simpler precursors. These pathways involve a sequence of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, where each reaction builds upon the product of the previous one, ultimately resulting in the formation of a specific biomolecule.
Examples of biosynthetic pathways include:
1. The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) - an essential metabolic pathway that generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
2. Glycolysis - a process that breaks down glucose into pyruvate to generate ATP and NADH.
3. Gluconeogenesis - the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and certain amino acids.
4. Fatty acid synthesis - a process that produces fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA through a series of reduction reactions.
5. Amino acid synthesis - the production of various amino acids from simpler precursors, often involving intermediates in central metabolic pathways like the Krebs cycle or glycolysis.
6. Steroid biosynthesis - the formation of steroids from simple precursors such as cholesterol and its derivatives.
7. Terpenoid biosynthesis - the production of terpenes, terpenoids, and sterols from isoprene units (isopentenyl pyrophosphate).
8. Nucleotide synthesis - the generation of nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA, through complex biochemical pathways involving various precursors and cofactors.
Understanding biosynthetic pathways is crucial for comprehending cellular metabolism, developing drugs that target specific metabolic processes, and engineering organisms with desired traits in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering applications.
Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), also known as free fatty acids (FFA), refer to fatty acid molecules that are not bound to glycerol in the form of triglycerides or other esters. In the bloodstream, NEFAs are transported while bound to albumin and can serve as a source of energy for peripheral tissues. Under normal physiological conditions, NEFA levels are tightly regulated by the body; however, elevated NEFA levels have been associated with various metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is a powerful analytical technique that combines the separating power of gas chromatography with the identification capabilities of mass spectrometry. This method is used to separate, identify, and quantify different components in complex mixtures.
In GC-MS, the mixture is first vaporized and carried through a long, narrow column by an inert gas (carrier gas). The various components in the mixture interact differently with the stationary phase inside the column, leading to their separation based on their partition coefficients between the mobile and stationary phases. As each component elutes from the column, it is then introduced into the mass spectrometer for analysis.
The mass spectrometer ionizes the sample, breaks it down into smaller fragments, and measures the mass-to-charge ratio of these fragments. This information is used to generate a mass spectrum, which serves as a unique "fingerprint" for each compound. By comparing the generated mass spectra with reference libraries or known standards, analysts can identify and quantify the components present in the original mixture.
GC-MS has wide applications in various fields such as forensics, environmental analysis, drug testing, and research laboratories due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and ability to analyze volatile and semi-volatile compounds.
Coenzyme A (CoA) ligases, also known as CoA synthetases, are a class of enzymes that activate acyl groups, such as fatty acids and amino acids, by forming a thioester bond with coenzyme A. This activation is an essential step in various metabolic pathways, including fatty acid oxidation, amino acid catabolism, and the synthesis of several important compounds like steroids and acetylcholine.
CoA ligases catalyze the following reaction:
acyl group + ATP + CoA ↔ acyl-CoA + AMP + PP~i~
In this reaction, an acyl group (R-) from a carboxylic acid is linked to the thiol (-SH) group of coenzyme A through a high-energy thioester bond. The energy required for this activation is provided by the hydrolysis of ATP to AMP and inorganic pyrophosphate (PP~i~).
CoA ligases are classified into three main types based on the nature of the acyl group they activate:
1. Acyl-CoA synthetases (or long-chain fatty acid CoA ligases) activate long-chain fatty acids, typically containing 12 or more carbon atoms.
2. Aminoacyl-CoA synthetases activate amino acids to form aminoacyl-CoAs, which are essential intermediates in the catabolism of certain amino acids.
3. Short-chain specific CoA ligases activate short-chain fatty acids (up to 6 carbon atoms) and other acyl groups like acetate or propionate.
These enzymes play a crucial role in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis, metabolism, and the synthesis of various essential biomolecules.
Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. They include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, and phospholipids. Lipids serve many important functions in the body, including energy storage, acting as structural components of cell membranes, and serving as signaling molecules. High levels of certain lipids, particularly cholesterol and triglycerides, in the blood are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Substrate specificity in the context of medical biochemistry and enzymology refers to the ability of an enzyme to selectively bind and catalyze a chemical reaction with a particular substrate (or a group of similar substrates) while discriminating against other molecules that are not substrates. This specificity arises from the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme, which has evolved to match the shape, charge distribution, and functional groups of its physiological substrate(s).
Substrate specificity is a fundamental property of enzymes that enables them to carry out highly selective chemical transformations in the complex cellular environment. The active site of an enzyme, where the catalysis takes place, has a unique conformation that complements the shape and charge distribution of its substrate(s). This ensures efficient recognition, binding, and conversion of the substrate into the desired product while minimizing unwanted side reactions with other molecules.
Substrate specificity can be categorized as:
1. Absolute specificity: An enzyme that can only act on a single substrate or a very narrow group of structurally related substrates, showing no activity towards any other molecule.
2. Group specificity: An enzyme that prefers to act on a particular functional group or class of compounds but can still accommodate minor structural variations within the substrate.
3. Broad or promiscuous specificity: An enzyme that can act on a wide range of structurally diverse substrates, albeit with varying catalytic efficiencies.
Understanding substrate specificity is crucial for elucidating enzymatic mechanisms, designing drugs that target specific enzymes or pathways, and developing biotechnological applications that rely on the controlled manipulation of enzyme activities.
Fatty acid synthases (FAS) are a group of enzymes that are responsible for the synthesis of fatty acids in the body. They catalyze a series of reactions that convert acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA into longer chain fatty acids, which are then used for various purposes such as energy storage or membrane formation.
The human genome encodes two types of FAS: type I and type II. Type I FAS is a large multifunctional enzyme complex found in the cytoplasm of cells, while type II FAS consists of individual enzymes located in the mitochondria. Both types of FAS play important roles in lipid metabolism, but their regulation and expression differ depending on the tissue and physiological conditions.
Inhibition of FAS has been explored as a potential therapeutic strategy for various diseases, including cancer, obesity, and metabolic disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand the complex mechanisms regulating FAS activity and its role in human health and disease.
Microbodies are small, membrane-bound organelles found in the cells of eukaryotic organisms. They typically measure between 0.2 to 0.5 micrometers in diameter and play a crucial role in various metabolic processes, particularly in the detoxification of harmful substances and the synthesis of lipids.
There are several types of microbodies, including:
1. Peroxisomes: These are the most common type of microbody. They contain enzymes that help break down fatty acids and amino acids, producing hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct. Another set of enzymes within peroxisomes then converts the harmful hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, thus detoxifying the cell.
2. Glyoxysomes: These microbodies are primarily found in plants and some fungi. They contain enzymes involved in the glyoxylate cycle, a metabolic pathway that helps convert stored fats into carbohydrates during germination.
3. Microbody-like particles (MLPs): These are smaller organelles found in certain protists and algae. Their functions are not well understood but are believed to be involved in lipid metabolism.
It is important to note that microbodies do not have a uniform structure or function across all eukaryotic cells, and their specific roles can vary depending on the organism and cell type.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) is a term used to describe a range of effects that can occur in an individual whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. These effects may include physical, mental, and behavioral abnormalities, and can vary in severity and combination from one individual to another.
The four diagnostic categories within FASD are:
1. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): This is the most severe form of FASD and is characterized by a specific pattern of facial features, growth deficiencies, and central nervous system dysfunction.
2. Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (pFAS): This category includes individuals who have some, but not all, of the features of FAS.
3. Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND): This category includes individuals who have functional or cognitive impairments due to prenatal alcohol exposure, but do not meet the criteria for FAS or pFAS.
4. Alcohol-Related Birth Defects (ARBD): This category includes individuals who have physical birth defects due to prenatal alcohol exposure.
It is important to note that FASD is a completely preventable condition, and there is no known safe amount or safe time to drink alcohol during pregnancy.
Alcoholic beverages are drinks that contain ethanol (ethyl alcohol), which is produced by the fermentation of yeast, sugars, and starches. The amount of alcohol in a drink is measured in terms of "alcohol content" or "alcohol by volume" (ABV). Different types of alcoholic beverages include:
1. Beer: A fermented beverage made from grains, such as barley, wheat, or rye. The alcohol content of beer typically ranges from 3-6% ABV.
2. Wine: A fermented beverage made from grapes or other fruits. The alcohol content of wine usually falls between 10-15% ABV.
3. Spirits (or liquors): Distilled beverages with higher alcohol content, typically ranging from 40-50% ABV. Examples include vodka, whiskey, rum, gin, and tequila.
4. Fortified wines: Wines that have had a distilled spirit added to them, increasing their alcohol content. Examples include port, sherry, and madeira, which typically contain 17-20% ABV.
5. Malt beverages: Fermented beverages made from malted barley or other grains, with additional flavorings or sweeteners. These can range in alcohol content from around 4-8% ABV.
It is important to note that excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages can lead to various health issues, including addiction, liver disease, and an increased risk of accidents and injuries. Moderate drinking is generally defined as up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men, although individual tolerance and sensitivity to alcohol may vary.
Alcoholic intoxication, also known as alcohol poisoning, is a condition that occurs when a person consumes a large amount of alcohol in a short period of time. This can lead to an increase in the concentration of alcohol in the blood, which can affect the normal functioning of the body's organs and systems.
The symptoms of alcoholic intoxication can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but they may include:
* Confusion or disorientation
* Slurred speech
* Poor coordination
* Staggering or difficulty walking
* Vomiting
* Seizures
* Slow or irregular breathing
* Low body temperature (hypothermia)
* Pale or blue-tinged skin
* Unconsciousness or coma
Alcoholic intoxication can be a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment. If you suspect that someone has alcohol poisoning, it is important to seek medical help right away. Treatment may include supportive care, such as providing fluids and oxygen, and monitoring the person's vital signs. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.
It is important to note that alcoholic intoxication can occur even at relatively low levels of alcohol consumption, especially in people who are not used to drinking or who have certain medical conditions. It is always best to drink in moderation and to be aware of the potential risks associated with alcohol consumption.
Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol with the chemical formula C6H5CH2OH. It is a colorless liquid with a mild, pleasant odor and is used as a solvent and preservative in cosmetics, medications, and other products. Benzyl alcohol can also be found as a natural component of some essential oils, fruits, and teas.
Benzyl alcohol is not typically considered a "drug" or a medication, but it may have various pharmacological effects when used in certain medical contexts. For example, it has antimicrobial properties and is sometimes used as a preservative in injectable medications to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi. It can also be used as a local anesthetic or analgesic in some topical creams and ointments.
It's important to note that benzyl alcohol can be harmful or fatal to infants and young children, especially when it is used in high concentrations or when it is introduced into the body through intravenous (IV) routes. Therefore, it should be used with caution in these populations and only under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
In medical terms, "seeds" are often referred to as a small amount of a substance, such as a radioactive material or drug, that is inserted into a tissue or placed inside a capsule for the purpose of treating a medical condition. This can include procedures like brachytherapy, where seeds containing radioactive materials are used in the treatment of cancer to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Similarly, in some forms of drug delivery, seeds containing medication can be used to gradually release the drug into the body over an extended period of time.
It's important to note that "seeds" have different meanings and applications depending on the medical context. In other cases, "seeds" may simply refer to small particles or structures found in the body, such as those present in the eye's retina.
Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are a group of small intracellular proteins that play a crucial role in the transport and metabolism of fatty acids within cells. They are responsible for binding long-chain fatty acids, which are hydrophobic molecules, and facilitating their movement across the cell while protecting the cells from lipotoxicity.
FABPs are expressed in various tissues, including the heart, liver, muscle, and brain, with different isoforms found in specific organs. These proteins have a high affinity for long-chain fatty acids and can regulate their intracellular concentration by controlling the uptake, storage, and metabolism of these molecules.
FABPs also play a role in modulating cell signaling pathways that are involved in various physiological processes such as inflammation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of FABP expression and function has been implicated in several diseases, including diabetes, obesity, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.
In summary, fatty acid-binding proteins are essential intracellular proteins that facilitate the transport and metabolism of long-chain fatty acids while regulating cell signaling pathways.
Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are a type of fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through diet. There are two main types of essential fatty acids: linoleic acid (omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3).
Linoleic acid is found in foods such as vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds, while alpha-linolenic acid is found in foods such as flaxseeds, walnuts, and fatty fish. These essential fatty acids play important roles in the body, including maintaining the fluidity and function of cell membranes, producing eicosanoids (hormone-like substances that regulate various bodily functions), and supporting the development and function of the brain and nervous system.
Deficiency in essential fatty acids can lead to a variety of health problems, including skin disorders, poor growth and development, and increased risk of heart disease. It is important to maintain a balanced intake of both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, as excessive consumption of omega-6 relative to omega-3 has been linked to inflammation and chronic diseases.
Fatty acid desaturases are enzymes that introduce double bonds into fatty acid molecules, thereby reducing their saturation level. These enzymes play a crucial role in the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, which are essential components of cell membranes and precursors for various signaling molecules.
The position of the introduced double bond is specified by the type of desaturase enzyme. For example, Δ-9 desaturases introduce a double bond at the ninth carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid chain. This enzyme is responsible for converting saturated fatty acids like stearic acid (18:0) to monounsaturated fatty acids like oleic acid (18:1n-9).
In humans, there are several fatty acid desaturases, including Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturases, which introduce double bonds at the fifth and sixth carbon atoms from the methyl end, respectively. These enzymes are essential for the synthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3).
Disorders in fatty acid desaturase activity or expression have been linked to various diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and metabolic disorders. Therefore, understanding the regulation and function of these enzymes is crucial for developing strategies to modulate fatty acid composition in cells and tissues, which may have therapeutic potential.
Fatty alcohol
Long-chain-alcohol O-fatty-acyltransferase
Alcohol-forming fatty acyl-CoA reductase
Oleyl alcohol
Linoleyl alcohol
1,8-Octanediol
Guerbet reaction
Ziegler process
Microbial oil
Biosignature
Dodecanol
Cleaning agent
Borzești Petrochemical Plant
Photoheterotroph
Hair conditioner
1-Octanol
Long-chain-alcohol dehydrogenase
Defoamer
Ester
Simple lipid
2-Octanol
Sugarcane wax
1-Tetradecanol
Alcohol (chemistry)
1-Decanol
Azerbaijan-Brazil relations
Panaxytriol
List of unsaturated fatty acids
Organic residue analysis
Evaporation suppressing monolayers
Fatty acid
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Acids23
- As with fatty acids, they are often referred to generically by the number of carbon atoms in the molecule, such as "a C12 alcohol", that is an alcohol having 12 carbons, for example dodecanol. (wikipedia.org)
- Most fatty alcohols in nature are found as waxes, which are esters of fatty acids and fatty alcohols. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Wax esters are hydrolyzed by a bile salt-dependent pancreatic esterase, releasing long-chain alcohols and fatty acids that are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. (wikipedia.org)
- Studies of fatty alcohol metabolism in fibroblasts suggest that very long-chain fatty alcohols, fatty aldehydes, and fatty acids are reversibly inter-converted in a fatty alcohol cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- The International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) has developed a technology for producing 'long chain fatty acids', which have wide application in the chemical industry and transportation. (rndnewsindia.com)
- This involves reacting palmitic acid (a fatty acids) with alcohol. (faithful-to-nature.co.za)
- The conversion of ethoxylated fatty alcohols to the corresponding carboxylic acids through dehydrogenation/ oxidation using noble-metal catalysts has been studied. (csic.es)
- Ethoxylated primary aliphatic alcohols, ethoxylated random secondary aliphatic alcohols and ethoxylated alkylphenols have been converted to the corresponding acids in the presence of a base. (csic.es)
- Oxidation of primary alcohols with air on carbonsupported platinum catalysts for the synthesis of aldehydes or acids, Catal. (csic.es)
- Zlatanos S, Laskaridis K, Sagredos A. Oxidation of ethoxylated fatty alcohols to alkylpolyglycol carboxylic acids using noble metals as catalysts. (csic.es)
- There is only limited data available for the aquatic toxicity of the target substance Fatty acids, C16, C18 and C18-unsaturated, C12-15 alcohol (linear and branched), esters. (europa.eu)
- The target substanceFatty acids, C16, C18 and C18-unsaturated, C12-15 alcohol (linear and branched), estersis a UVCB substance consisting of four main constituents which are long-chain aliphatic esters with fatty acid chain lengths ranging from 16 to 18 (unsaturated and branched) and C12 - C15 alcohol components. (europa.eu)
- Coverage includes vegetable fatty acids for China, Southeast Asia and tallow and vegetable fatty acids pricing for North America, plus up-to-date trade flow coverage. (argusmedia.com)
- For the Americas it covers tall oil fatty acid (TOFA), crude tall oil (CTO), C18:1 oleic acids, Brazil pine oleoresin, gum rosin and gum turpentine. (argusmedia.com)
- This membrane is made up of dense rows of fatty acids. (vitanetonline.com)
- A higher concentration of 3-GP results in enhanced esterification of fatty acids. (medscape.com)
- An increase in free fatty acids has also been incriminated in the pathogenesis. (medscape.com)
- In addition, chronic ethanol ingestion inhibits oxidation of fatty acids in the liver and the release of VLDL into the blood. (medscape.com)
- The Committee also assessed the dietary exposure for one group of food additives (sucrose esters of fatty acids and sucrose oligoesters). (who.int)
- Specifications for the following food additives were revised: magnesium stearate, polyvinyl alcohol and sorbitan esters of fatty acids. (who.int)
- In Pill or Food Form, Healthy Fatty Acids Reduce Liver Fat More evidence supports the benefits of polyunsaturated/monosaturated fatty acids for improving nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. (medscape.com)
- National Child Nutrition Policy and Action Plan for the control of children in marketing of foods (high in saturated fats, trans-fatty acids, sugars and salt and non- alcoholic beverages) approved and implemented by 2018. (who.int)
- [ 12 ] Furthermore, patients with this disorder have low levels of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma, which can contribute to the cutaneous and neurologic disease in Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. (medscape.com)
Aldehydes4
- Long-chain aldehydes are produced by catabolism of several lipids including fatty alcohols, sphingolipids, ether glycerolipids, isoprenoid alcohols and certain aliphatic lipids that undergo α- or ω-oxidation. (nebraska.edu)
- Genetic deficiency of FALDH/FAO in patients with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) results in accumulation of fatty aldehydes, fatty alcohols and related lipids (ether glycerolipids, wax esters) in cultured keratinocytes. (nebraska.edu)
- [ 8 ] FALDH is involved in the oxidation of fatty aldehydes produced by catabolism of ether glycerolipids (plasmalogens), which are prominent phospholipids in myelin. (medscape.com)
- Accumulation of fatty aldehydes, which are highly reactive molecules, can form covalent Schiff-base derivatives with phosphatidylethanolamine, which may influence myelin membrane properties and alter the function of membrane-bound proteins. (medscape.com)
Acid23
- In the 1930s catalytic hydrogenation was commercialized, which allowed the conversion of fatty acid esters, typically tallow, to the alcohols. (wikipedia.org)
- The alcohols are obtained from the triglycerides (fatty acid triesters), which form the bulk of the oil. (wikipedia.org)
- FAO is a complex enzyme which consists of two separate proteins that sequentially catalyze the oxidation of fatty alcohol to fatty aldehyde and fatty acid. (jci.org)
- Intact SLS fibroblasts oxidized octadecanol to fatty acid at less than 10% of the normal rate, but oxidized free octadecanal normally, suggesting that the FALDH affected in SLS is chiefly involved in the oxidation of fatty alcohol to fatty acid. (jci.org)
- The fatty aldehyde generated by these pathways is chiefly metabolized to fatty acid by fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH, alternately known as ALDH3A2), which also functions to oxidize fatty alcohols as a component of the fatty alcohol:NAD oxidoreductase (FAO) enzyme complex. (nebraska.edu)
- Cetyl alcohol is made using palmitic acid (most commonly from palm oil, but coconut oil may also be used) and alcohol. (faithful-to-nature.co.za)
- The present study evaluated modifications of fatty acid concentrations both in brain and striated skeletal muscles of rats genetically selected for voluntary high ethanol intake. (unicam.it)
- At the end of the period, the animals were sacrificed and their brain hippocampus and striated skeletal muscles were removed and fatty acid content of these tissues was determined. (unicam.it)
- Long-chain fatty acid content increased in the hippocampus while it decreased in the striated skeletal muscles. (unicam.it)
- The data show that brain and striated skeletal muscles differently modulate fatty acid content perhaps because these areas utilize different cell membrane functionality regulation systems. (unicam.it)
- Hepatic peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation was suppressed by ethanol in associated with inhibition of acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1. (cancerhugs.com)
- Rosiglitazone elevated plasma adiponectin level and normalized peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation rate. (cancerhugs.com)
- The rate of nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide-positive (NAD+) reduction is directly related to the fatty acid oxidation rate. (cancerhugs.com)
- Hepatic lipotoxicity and the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: the central role of nontriglyceride fatty acid metabolites. (biomedcentral.com)
- The source substance is a UVCB substance and is characterized by similar fatty acid chain lengths (C18:1) and alcohol components (C12) as the target substance. (europa.eu)
- The amount of fatty acid in the liver depends on the balance between the processes of delivery and removal. (medscape.com)
- Advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of alcoholic steatosis have provided some useful insights, including the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, which is crucial for the regulation of hepatic fatty acid metabolism. (medscape.com)
- Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is due to deficient activity of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH), an enzyme required to oxidize fatty alcohol to fatty acid. (medscape.com)
- Involvement of microsomal fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase in the alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid. (medscape.com)
- Identification of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase in the breakdown of phytol to phytanic acid. (medscape.com)
- Reduction strategies and actions implemented to reduce the impact on children re: marketing of foods and non- alcohol beverages high in saturated fats, trans-fatty acid, sugars and salt by 2019. (who.int)
- The genetic defect in Sjögren-Larsson syndrome results in deficient activity of FALDH, which catalyzes the oxidation of fatty aldehyde to fatty acid. (medscape.com)
- [ 8 ] FALDH is a component of the fatty alcohol:NAD oxidoreductase enzyme complex that catalyzes the sequential oxidation of fatty alcohol to aldehyde and fatty acid. (medscape.com)
Esters2
- The process involves the transesterification of the triglycerides to give methyl esters which are then hydrogenated to produce the fatty alcohols. (wikipedia.org)
- [ 13 ] In cultured skin keratinocytes, elevated fatty alcohol is diverted into the synthesis of wax esters and alkyldiacylglycerol lipids. (medscape.com)
Long-chain fatty4
- Very long-chain fatty alcohols (VLCFA), obtained from plant waxes and beeswax have been reported to lower plasma cholesterol in humans. (wikipedia.org)
- long chain fatty alcohol, present in e.g. the waxy cover of eucalyptus leaves. (rndnewsindia.com)
- Long chain fatty alcohols are oleochemicals widely used in making plasticizers, lubricants, detergents, personal care products, emulsifiers and antioxidants. (rndnewsindia.com)
- The process relates to the method of production of long chain fatty alcohol with high yield using an engineered strain of the bacteria for improved alcohol production of at least 2 g/L in a bioreactor. (rndnewsindia.com)
Cetyl Alcohol14
- Is Cetyl Alcohol Faithful to Nature? (faithful-to-nature.co.za)
- Cetyl alcohol is a naturally derived ingredient which can be made using sustainable, renewable raw materials which have been ethically sourced. (faithful-to-nature.co.za)
- Why is Cetyl Alcohol Used? (faithful-to-nature.co.za)
- Cetyl Alcohol is a skin conditioner leaving it feeling softer and smoother. (faithful-to-nature.co.za)
- Cetyl Alcohol offers great 'slip', helping to detangle hair. (faithful-to-nature.co.za)
- Cetyl Alcohol boosts the foaming ability of facial and body cleansers. (faithful-to-nature.co.za)
- Which Products Use Cetyl Alcohol? (faithful-to-nature.co.za)
- Cetyl Alcohol is used in a wide range of cosmetic and skincare products. (faithful-to-nature.co.za)
- How is Cetyl Alcohol Made? (faithful-to-nature.co.za)
- Cetyl alcohol is made through a process called chemical reduction. (faithful-to-nature.co.za)
- Skincare products labelled as 'alcohol-free' may still contain cetyl alcohol but that's not a bad thing since cetearyl alcohol doesn't dry skin out or cause irritation like ethyl alcohol (better known as ethanol), denatured alcohol, or isopropyl alcohol. (faithful-to-nature.co.za)
- As a fatty alcohol, cetyl alcohol is chemically distinct from the common understanding of alcohol. (faithful-to-nature.co.za)
- Cetyl Alcohol is a fatty alcohol used as an emulsion stabilizer and opacifier, adding body and viscosity to creams and lotions, and improving texture and feel with its characteristic velvety texture. (leonardi.com.au)
- Our Cetyl Alcohol is derived from vegetable oils, not petroleum. (leonardi.com.au)
Aldehyde and fatty alcohol2
- Rizzo, WB 2014, ' Fatty aldehyde and fatty alcohol metabolism: Review and importance for epidermal structure and function ', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids , vol. 1841, no. 3, pp. 377-389. (nebraska.edu)
- Therefore, patients with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome have deficient activity of FALDH and fatty alcohol:NAD oxidoreductase, which results in defective metabolism of both fatty aldehyde and fatty alcohol. (medscape.com)
Oxidoreductase5
- Deficient activity of the fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase component of fatty alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase in cultured fibroblasts. (jci.org)
- Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is an inherited disorder associated with impaired fatty alcohol oxidation due to deficient activity of fatty alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase (FAO). (jci.org)
- Impaired fatty alcohol oxidation in cultured fibroblasts due to deficient fatty alcohol:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidoreductase activity. (medscape.com)
- Two decades later, Sjögren-Larsson syndrome was shown to be an inborn error of lipid metabolism caused by deficient activity of fatty alcohol:NAD oxidoreductase. (medscape.com)
- [ 3 ] Subsequent studies identified a defect in fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH), a component of the fatty alcohol:NAD oxidoreductase enzyme complex. (medscape.com)
Oxidation of fatty1
- These results show that the primary enzymatic defect in SLS is the FALDH component of the FAO complex, which leads to deficient oxidation of fatty aldehyde derived from fatty alcohol. (jci.org)
Deficient2
- To determine which enzymatic component of FAO was deficient in SLS, we assayed fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) and fatty alcohol dehydrogenase in cultured fibroblasts from seven unrelated SLS patients. (jci.org)
- All SLS cells were selectively deficient in the FALDH component of FAO, and had normal activity of fatty alcohol dehydrogenase. (jci.org)
Polyoxyethylene ether3
- The chemical constituents of the fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether series and the AEO series are fatty alcohols and ethylene oxide.They are typical nonionic surfactants. (horizonadmixtures.com)
- Since the number of ethoxylates of the molecules in the fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether can be artificially adjusted, it can be developed into nonionic surfactants with different properties and uses, so that it has a good run. (horizonadmixtures.com)
- Fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether Other names: Primary Alcobol Ethoxylate Formula: C12H25O. (horizonadmixtures.com)
Cirrhosis6
- For cirrhosis to develop, men usually must drink more than about 3 ounces of alcohol a day for more than 10 years. (disruptedphysician.com)
- About half the men who drink more than 8 ounces of alcohol a day for 20 years develop cirrhosis. (disruptedphysician.com)
- Fatty liver disease has a spectrum of severity, ranging from simple fatty liver to the most severe form, known as cirrhosis . (healthline.com)
- [ 1 ] Tripodi et al reported that in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a procoagulant imbalance progresses from steatosis to metabolic cirrhosis, which may be caused by an increase in factor VIII and a reduction of protein C. (medscape.com)
- Sometimes fatty liver causes advanced liver disease such as fibrosis and cirrhosis. (msdmanuals.com)
- A recent study found that most Australian adults associated alcohol use with Globally, alcohol consumption is one of the leading liver cirrhosis and cancer, but only a small proportion risk factors for death and disability ( 1 ). (who.int)
Hepatic5
- Validation of fatty liver index as a predictor of hepatic steatosis in Asian populations: Impact of alcohol consumption and sex. (bvsalud.org)
- This study was undertaken to investigate the utility of the fatty liver index (FLI) as a noninvasive tool for predicting hepatic steatosis based on alcohol consumption and sex in a large Asian population . (bvsalud.org)
- Our study suggests that the FLI is a useful noninvasive marker for predicting hepatic steatosis in a large Asian population , irrespective of alcohol consumption and sex . (bvsalud.org)
- Histological observations using Oil Red O staining found that DA-5513 delayed the development of alcoholic fatty liver by reversing hepatic fat accumulation. (biomedcentral.com)
- In some patients, fatty liver may be accompanied by hepatic inflammation and liver cell death (steatohepatitis). (medscape.com)
Stearyl1
- Some commercially important fatty alcohols are lauryl, stearyl, and oleyl alcohols. (wikipedia.org)
Aliphatic alcohols1
- In Sjögren-Larsson syndrome , FALDH deficiency impairs fatty alcohol oxidation and leads to accumulation of 16- and 18-carbon-long aliphatic alcohols. (medscape.com)
Primary alcohols1
- Fatty alcohols (or long-chain alcohols) are usually high-molecular-weight, straight-chain primary alcohols, but can also range from as few as 4-6 carbons to as many as 22-26, derived from natural fats and oils. (wikipedia.org)
NAFLD11
- The importance of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing and many NAFLD patients suffer from cardiovascular disease. (eurekamag.com)
- The aim of this study was to investigate whether low alcohol intake, consistent with the diagnosis of NAFLD, is associated with fibrosis progression in established NAFLD. (eurekamag.com)
- Moderate alcohol consumption, consistent with the diagnosis of NAFLD to be set, is associated with fibrosis progression in NAFLD. (eurekamag.com)
- Patients with NAFLD are generally recommended not to consume any alcohol for the fear of worsening their underlying liver disease. (disruptedphysician.com)
- Summary: Researchers at UC San Diego School of Medicine are challenging conventional thinking with a study showing that modest wine consumption, defined as one glass a day, may not only be safe for the liver, but may actually decrease the prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). (disruptedphysician.com)
- People who drank up to one glass of wine a day saw the risk of liver disease due to Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) cut in half, report researchers at California university's San Diego School of Medicine, who carried out a study of nearly 12,000 individuals. (disruptedphysician.com)
- In fact, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is typically a sign of an underlying disorder, such as diabetes , which may be the primary cause of death. (healthline.com)
- There are two primary types of fatty liver disease: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcohol-related fatty liver disease . (healthline.com)
- NAFLD is a fatty liver disease that's not caused by heavy alcohol consumption. (healthline.com)
- NAFLD, ALD Prevalent Among Teens, Young Adults A substantial proportion of adolescents and young adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol-associated fatty liver disease have significant fibrosis, a nationwide study suggests. (medscape.com)
- Fatty liver (with or without fibrosis) due to any condition except consumption of large amounts of alcohol is called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). (msdmanuals.com)
Catalyzes the oxidation1
- Microsomal fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation of aliphatic aldehyde derived from ether glycerolipid catabolism: implications for Sjogren-Larsson syndrome. (medscape.com)
Metabolism6
- Normal fatty aldehyde and alcohol metabolism is essential for epidermal differentiation and function. (nebraska.edu)
- Although lamellar bodies appear to be the pathogenic target for abnormal fatty aldehyde/alcohol metabolism in SLS, the precise biochemical mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. (nebraska.edu)
- Nevertheless, studies in SLS highlight the critical importance of FALDH and normal fatty aldehyde/alcohol metabolism for epidermal function. (nebraska.edu)
- Ethanol publicity activated lipolysis but decreased fatty acidity uptake capacity in association with dysregulation of lipid metabolism genes. (cancerhugs.com)
- Addolorato G, Capristo E, Greco AV, Stefanini GF, Gasbarrini G. Influence of chronic alcohol abuse on body weight and energy metabolism: is excess ethanol consumption a risk factor for obesity or malnutrition? (biomedcentral.com)
- Centrilobular localization of steatosis results from decreased energy stores caused by relative hypoxia and a shift in lipid metabolism, along with a shift in the redox reaction as a result of preferential oxidation of alcohol in the central zone. (medscape.com)
Accumulation of fatty2
- An accumulation of fatty alcohols (hexadecanol and octadecanol) occurs in plasma. (medscape.com)
- [ 14 ] Accumulation of fatty alcohol and related lipid products disrupts formation of the intercellular membranes in the stratum corneum, which is critical for epidermal water barrier. (medscape.com)
Early stages of fatty liver2
- You can prevent the early stages of fatty liver disease and even reverse it with lifestyle changes, such as avoiding alcohol or losing weight. (healthline.com)
- Data from animal studies and clinical studies support the role of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in the early stages of fatty liver, as well as in alcoholic steatohepatitis. (medscape.com)
Development of alcoholic fatty2
- Its blockade, in animal models, along with ethanol consumption, contributes to the development of alcoholic fatty liver. (medscape.com)
- In addition, induction of adiponectin, a hormone secreted by adipocytes, has been implicated in the protective effect of saturated fat against the development of alcoholic fatty liver in mice. (medscape.com)
Polyoxypropylene ether1
- The Fatty Alcohol Polyoxypropylene Ether: Fatty alcohol polyoxypropylene is a colorless liquid to light yellow in transparency, which can be dissolved into a clear solution in acetone or ethanol. (iberocruceros.com)
Nonionic surfactants1
- Due to their amphipathic nature, fatty alcohols behave as nonionic surfactants. (wikipedia.org)
Acyl reductase2
- However, here we report that a purified fatty acyl reductase from Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8, evolutionarily related to the fatty acyl reductases in eukaryotes, catalysed both reduction steps. (slu.se)
- The Marinobacter fatty acyl reductase studied has a wide substrate range in comparison to what can be found among enzymes so far studied in eukaryotes. (slu.se)
Consumption18
- Moderate alcohol consumption has been reported to be inversely associated with cardiovascular disease and total mortality. (eurekamag.com)
- In these patients, moderate alcohol consumption could be beneficial. (eurekamag.com)
- A validated questionnaire combined with an oral interview was used to assess weekly alcohol consumption and the frequency of episodic drinking. (eurekamag.com)
- The proportion of patients reporting heavy episodic drinking at least once a month was higher among those with significant fibrosis progression (p=0.003) and a trend towards higher weekly alcohol consumption was also seen (p=0.061). (eurekamag.com)
- Introduction Both fatty liver disease (FLD) and alcohol consumption have been reported to affect incident type 2 diabetes mellitus. (bmj.com)
- The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of FLD and alcohol consumption on incident type 2 diabetes. (bmj.com)
- Research design and methods In this historical cohort study involving 9948 men, we investigated the influence of the presence of FLD and the grades of alcohol consumption on incident type 2 diabetes using Cox proportional hazards models. (bmj.com)
- Conclusions To prevent incident type 2 diabetes, we should acknowledge that the impact of alcohol consumption may vary in the presence of FLD. (bmj.com)
- Alcohol is the cause of type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease (FLD), and there is a U-shaped correlation between alcohol consumption and diabetes risk. (bmj.com)
- For the prevention of incident type 2 diabetes, clinicians have to focus on the presence of FLD and the patient's alcohol consumption. (bmj.com)
- Heavy alcohol consumption causes alcohol-related fatty liver disease. (healthline.com)
- Alcoholic fatty liver is an early and reversible consequence of excessive alcohol consumption. (medscape.com)
- ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM DATA APPARENT PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION (PCCONSU) Apparent Total Alcohol Consumption for States and U.S., 1987 (Volume and ethanol in thousands of gallons) Beer Wine Spirits Total State -------------- -------------- ---------------- ----- Vol. Eth. (cdc.gov)
- Other alcoholic beverages, such as cider, sake, fruit wines, British wines, and wine coolers, were included in the calculation of the total alcohol consumption above, if consumption figures were known for them. (cdc.gov)
- Entered: 9/87) Apparent Total Alcohol Consumption for States and U.S., 1986 (Volume and ethanol in thousands of gallons) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Beer Wine Spirits State -------------- -------------- ---------------- Vol. Eth. (cdc.gov)
- Doctors focus on controlling or eliminating the cause of fatty liver, such as metabolic syndrome or consumption of large amounts of alcohol. (msdmanuals.com)
- 5% relative reduction of harmful use of alcohol (+15) Alcohol Per Capita Consumption by 2025. (who.int)
- Studies linking awareness of risk with and alcohol dependence ( 2 ) - are likely to be maintained corresponding alcohol consumption have been limited, in adulthood ( 3 ). (who.int)
Fibrosis2
- According to a 2018 study , modest alcohol intake - particularly wine - is linked with lower liver fibrosis in people with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (disruptedphysician.com)
- Alcoholic fatty liver: its pathogenesis and mechanism of progression to inflammation and fibrosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Alcoholic fatty liver d2
- Alcoholic fatty liver disease is common in heavy drinkers. (disruptedphysician.com)
- If you are experiencing loss of appetite, it could be due to alcoholic fatty liver disease. (indiatimes.com)
Steatosis1
- Fatty liver disease , or steatosis, occurs when too much fat accumulates, reaching about 5% to 10% of your liver's weight. (healthline.com)
Advanced fatty liver disease1
- However, some studies show higher levels of activation of Hedgehog pathways in patients with the most advanced fatty liver disease. (medscape.com)
Ethoxylate1
- How can we support you with Fatty Alcohol Ethoxylate? (imcdgroup.com)
Ethanol5
- These results exhibited that activation of PPAR-γ by rosiglitazone reverses ethanol-induced adipose dysfunction and lipid dyshomeostasis at the WAT-liver axis thereby abrogating alcoholic fatty liver. (cancerhugs.com)
- Many mechanisms of ethanol-induced fatty liver have been proposed. (medscape.com)
- The role of the early growth response-1 (EGr-1) transcription factor is thought to be essential for ethanol-induced fatty liver injury in mice. (medscape.com)
- Hepatocyte death by apoptosis occurs in alcoholic fatty liver and has been demonstrated in rats and mice after ethanol feeding. (medscape.com)
- Alcohol Use Alcohol (ethanol) is a depressant (it slows down brain and nervous system functioning). (msdmanuals.com)
Triglycerides2
- Fatty liver is the accumulation of triglycerides and other fats in the liver cells. (medscape.com)
- Fatty liver is an abnormal accumulation of certain fats (triglycerides) inside liver cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Synthesis1
- New developments in catalytic alcohol oxidations for fine chemicals synthesis. (csic.es)
Pathogenesis1
- Sjogren-Larsson syndrome: molecular genetics and biochemical pathogenesis of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. (medscape.com)
Detergents2
- Fatty alcohols are mainly used in the production of detergents and surfactants. (wikipedia.org)
- High Demand for Soaps & Detergents to Spur GrowthThe rising demand for surfactants, such as detergents and soaps is set to boost the fatty alcohol market growth in the coming years. (anoservices.co.uk)
Enzyme1
- In prokaryotes this reaction is thought to be performed by separate enzymes for each reduction step while in eukaryotes these reactions are performed by a single enzyme without the release of the intermediate fatty aldehyde. (slu.se)
Octadecanol1
- Fatty alcohols are relatively benign materials, with LD50 (oral, rat) ranging from 3.1-4 g/kg for hexanol to 6-8 g/kg for octadecanol. (wikipedia.org)
Substrates1
- Thus, there are at least two pathways existing among prokaryotes for the reduction of activated acyl substrates to fatty alcohol. (slu.se)
Chemical1
- Alcohols' are a large and diverse family of chemical compounds, with a wide variety of effects on the skin. (faithful-to-nature.co.za)
Deficiency1
- Sjogren-Larsson syndrome: fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. (medscape.com)
Oleyl alcohol1
- 3. It can also be used as oil-soluble spreading agent to prepare transparent gel with mineral oil, isopropanol ester, refined oleyl alcohol and water. (bayan-chem.com)
Occurs1
- The reduction of acyl-CoA or acyl-ACP to fatty alcohol occurs via a fatty aldehyde intermediate. (slu.se)
Disease29
- Non-alcohol-related fatty liver disease is one of the most common liver diseases. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Similar to fatty liver disease, acute fatty liver of pregnancy causes a fat buildup in the liver during pregnancy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Alcohol is a common cause of liver disease. (disruptedphysician.com)
- Fatty liver is reversible at an early stage, but it sometimes progresses to advanced liver disease. (disruptedphysician.com)
- In addition, consistently excessive alcohol intake is considered as a major reason causes liver disease. (biomedcentral.com)
- Rehm J, Mathers C, Popova S, Thavorncharoensap M, Teerawattananon Y, Patra J. Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
- Alcohol-related fatty liver disease (ARLD) can be caused by binge drinking, which means consuming a large volume of alcohol in a short amount of time. (indiatimes.com)
- This disease can also develop when a person drinks more than 14 units of alcohol per week, over many years. (indiatimes.com)
- Signs of alcohol-related fatty liver disease do not show up usually, until the liver is severely damaged. (indiatimes.com)
- Due to the presence of excess fat in the liver caused by alcohol-related fatty liver disease, there can be inflammation in your liver. (indiatimes.com)
- Alcohol-related fatty liver disease can also disturb your bowel movements. (indiatimes.com)
- Fatty Liver Disease and Sudden Death: Can It Happen? (healthline.com)
- Can Fatty Liver Disease Cause Sudden Death? (healthline.com)
- Fatty liver disease by itself is unlikely to cause sudden death. (healthline.com)
- But some people with fatty liver disease may die from other underlying conditions. (healthline.com)
- Can you die suddenly from fatty liver disease? (healthline.com)
- Let's take a deeper look into how fatty liver disease can affect you. (healthline.com)
- For most people, fatty liver disease is highly unlikely to cause sudden death. (healthline.com)
- Overall, there's some evidence suggesting there are potential mechanisms for sudden death in people with fatty liver disease. (healthline.com)
- What is fatty liver disease? (healthline.com)
- Is fatty liver disease always fatal? (healthline.com)
- No. Most people with fatty liver disease are unaffected by it. (healthline.com)
- However, for some people with the condition, fatty liver disease worsens over time. (healthline.com)
- What are the end stages of fatty liver disease? (healthline.com)
- When people die from early stage fatty liver disease, it's often due to an underlying condition, such as cardiovascular disease . (healthline.com)
- There's no medication specifically for fatty liver disease. (healthline.com)
- The early stages of the disease are typically managed or reversed by avoiding alcohol, eating a nutrient-dense diet, and exercising. (healthline.com)
- The condition most commonly associated with fatty liver disease is metabolic syndrome. (medscape.com)
- Fatty alcohol and aldehyde may likewise alter the normal integrity of myelin membranes in the brain, leading to white-matter disease and spasticity. (medscape.com)
Lipolysis1
- Large amounts of alcohol enhance lipolysis through direct stimulation of the adrenal-pituitary axis. (medscape.com)
Symptoms3
- Hangover is characterized by a number of unpleasant physical and mental symptoms that occur after heavy alcohol drinking. (biomedcentral.com)
- Wiese J, McPherson S, Odden MC, Shlipak MG. Effect of Opuntia ficus indica on symptoms of the alcohol hangover. (biomedcentral.com)
- People with fatty liver may feel tired or have mild abdominal discomfort but otherwise have no symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
Fats1
- Consuming too much alcohol can inhibit the breakdown of fats in the liver, causing fat accumulation. (disruptedphysician.com)
20191
- The report further states that the fatty alcohol market size was USD 5.08 billion in 2019 and is projected to reach USD 7.40 billion by 2027, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.2% during the forecast period. (anoservices.co.uk)
Inflammation1
- Inflammation of the liver due to fatty liver is called steatohepatitis. (msdmanuals.com)
Intake2
- The subjects were categorized into nondrinkers and light drinkers (0-19 g/day) and moderate drinkers (20-59 g/day) based on their self -reported alcohol intake . (bvsalud.org)
- Unhealthy nutritional habits, which are the leading cause of hypertension, e.g. high intake of salt, fatty foods or alcohol or low intake of vegetables and fruits. (who.int)