Studies have shown that taking folic acid can reduce the risk of congenital neural tube defects. Valproate in elderly people ... Contraindications include: Pre-existing acute or chronic liver dysfunction or family history of severe liver inflammation ( ... Valproate causes birth defects; exposure during pregnancy is associated with about three times as many major abnormalities as ... Scott, D.F. (1993). The history of epileptic therapy : an account of how medication was developed (1. publ. ed.). Carnforth u.a ...

... low numbers or odd patterns correlate with neural tube defect risk and increased risks of trisomy 18 or trisomy 21 Ultrasound ... for women over 35 or who reach 35 by mid pregnancy or who are at increased risk by family history or prior birth history. [ ... www.mnwelldir.org/docs/history/biographies/marion_sims.htm McGrew, Roderick E. Encyclopedia of Medical History. New York: ... Encyclopedia of Medical History. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1985. 122. Hufnagel, Glenda Lewin. A History of Women's ...

"Neural tube defects". JAMA. 259 (4): 558-62. doi:10.1001/jama.259.4.558. PMID 3275817. Cotton P (1993). "Finding neural tube ' ... Certain mutations in the gene VANGL1 have been linked with spina bifida in some families with a history of the condition. Open ... a common screening tool used to detect neural tube defects in utero. This is because, unlike most of the other neural tube ... However, if something interferes and the tube fails to close properly, a neural tube defect will occur. Medications such as ...

It causes facial abnormalities, skeletal malformation and occasionally neural tube defects; the skeletal disfigurements resolve ... These cases occur when there is no history of the disorder in the family. The COL11A2 gene is responsible for providing ... Weissenbacher-Zweymüller syndrome is diagnosed upon a thorough clinical evaluation, detailed patient history, identification of ...

Increased risk for neural tube defects and elevated homocysteine levels have been associated with the MTHFR C677T polymorphism ... Genomics and understanding of disease susceptibility can help validate family history tool for use by practitioners and the ... IOM is validating the family history tool for six common chronic diseases (breast, ovarian, colorectal cancer, diabetes, heart ... found that family clusters in Indonesia in 2005 resulted in mild, severe and fatal cases among family members. The findings ...

In the case of neural tube defects, a detailed ultrasound can non-invasively provide a definitive diagnosis. At early ... or epilepsy Women who have family histories or ethnic backgrounds prone to genetic disorders, or whose partners have these ... Screening can detect problems such as neural tube defects, chromosome abnormalities, and gene mutations that would lead to ... of neural tube defects such as spina bifida[citation needed]. Ultrasound results may also show "soft signs," such as an ...

These defects are caused by failure of the neural tube to close completely during fetal development. Encephaloceles cause a ... The condition can occur in families with a family history of spina bifida. The Facemakers: Operation Smile is a documentary co- ... Encephalocele, sometimes known as cranium bifidum, is a neural tube defect characterized by sac-like protrusions of the brain ... Although the exact cause is unknown, encephaloceles are caused by failure of the neural tube to close completely during fetal ...

... such as increasing folic acid intake to reduce the risk of neural tube defects and counseling on smoking cessation, alcohol ... When family history risks and pregnancy risks are considered together, it may point to potential problems for that particular ... and family history information. It begins with basic information and becomes more in-depth, especially if the woman has had ... Most women do not know how their own medical history could pose risks to a developing fetus. Likewise, they may not understand ...

Associated defects recorded in cases of sirenomelia include neural tube defects (rachischisis, anencephaly, and spina bifida), ... History[edit]. Sirenomelia was first reported in 1542. In 1927, Otto Kampmeier discovered the association between sirenomelia ... Shiloh and her family were debating surgery because of the risks involved, even though it would improve her quality of life. ... a teratogen exposure affecting the neural tube during neurulation, and a defect in the twinning process that either stops the ...

Dermoid sinus is a congenital neural-tube defect that is known to affect this breed. The dermoid is often likened to a thin " ... Throughout its history, the Rhodesian ridgeback has been a breed of dog that has somewhat defied the strict interpretation of ... They are protective of their owners and families. If trained well, they can be excellent guard dogs. Like any dog, they can ... These pure breeds were typically developed by pioneering people who needed a dog that was highly protective of the family and ...

Unless there is a family history consistent with sex-linked inheritance, the condition is often misdiagnosed as cerebral palsy ... Patients have an alert face, a limited IQ, patients may never talk/walk, 50% need feeding tube, patients have a normal life ... This genetic defect was known as Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (since 1944) without knowing its actual cause. Some of the signs ... to conduct Phase I clinical trials in PMD to assess the safety of transplanting human neural stem cells as a potential ...

... a vitamin which can prevent neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly if mothers have enough of it in their body ... as well as supplying information and support to families in the NICU who are affected by prematurity, birth defects, or other ... In what is thought to be the first walkathon in March of Dimes history, Finger walked 32 miles - round trip from High Point to ... The March of Dimes published its Global Report on Birth Defects in 2006, which estimated birth defects' global burden. In 2009 ...

For congenital heart defects that arise without a family history (de novo), the recurrence risk in offspring is 3-5%. This risk ... The tubes fuse when cells between then undergo programmed death and cells from the first heart field migrate to the tube, and ... After this happens, cells which have migrated from the neural crest begin to divide the bulbus cordis, the main outflow tract ... Congenital heart defects are divided into two main groups: cyanotic heart defects and non-cyanotic heart defects, depending on ...

Congenital heart defects. *Neural tube defects. *Pyloric stenosis. *Talipes. Adult onset diseases ... Family-pedigree based mapping[edit]. Family based QTL mapping, or Family-pedigree based mapping (Linkage and association ... History[edit]. Mendelian inheritance was rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century. As Mendel's ideas spread, ... involves multiple families instead of a single family. Family based QTL mapping has been the only way for mapping of genes ...

... like other older anticonvulsants also increases the risk of neural tube defects, and like other enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants ... Following this, her 15-year-old nephew, the niece's brother, was started because of family history. The second case report, ... Additionally, a coagulation defect resembling Vitamin K deficiency has been observed in newborns of mothers taking primidone. ... Five years earlier, folic acid deficiency was linked to birth defects in rats. Primidone was seen by some as too valuable to ...

Itoh N, Ornitz DM (Jan 2008). "Functional evolutionary history of the mouse Fgf gene family". Developmental Dynamics. 237 (1): ... neural induction and neural development,[16] and in mature tissues/systems angiogenesis, keratinocyte organization, and wound ... "Birth Defects Research. Part C, Embryo Today. 69 (4): 286-304. doi:10.1002/bdrc.10025. PMID 14745970.. ... FGF1 and FGF2 is the promotion of endothelial cell proliferation and the physical organization of endothelial cells into tube- ...

... neural tube, tail, and lower spine as well as normal hearing. Hereditary mutations in the FGFR1 gene are associated with ... FGFR1 is a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family, which in addition to FGFR1, includes FGFR2, FGFR3, ... Other inherited defects associated with 'FGFR1 mutations likewise involve musculoskeletal malformatios: these include the ... FGFR1 amplification was highly correlated with a history of tobacco smoking and proved to be the single largest prognostic ...

Folic acid helps prevent neural tube defects and anaemia, which affect young mothers, especially in developing countries. A ... All through history, the availability of salt has been pivotal to civilization. The Natron Valley was a key region that ... Burgess, Wilella Daniels; Mason, April C. "What Are All Those Chemicals in My Food?". School of Consumer and Family Sciences, ... "A brief history of salt". Time Magazine. 15 March 1982. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2013. ...

For congenital heart defects that arise without a family history (de novo), the recurrence risk in offspring is 3-5%.[39] This ... The tubes fuse when cells between then undergo programmed death and cells from the first heart field migrate to the tube, and ... After this happens, cells which have migrated from the neural crest begin to divide the bulbus cordis, the main outflow tract ... L - Limb defects. Ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrial septal defects, and tetralogy of Fallot are the most common ...

Neural Tube Defects, Spinal Cord Injury and research, Tourette's Syndrome, Traumatic Brain Injury, Eye issues: Eye Injury ... John the Evangelist Catholic Church in North Dakota, sought a way to support farm families and came up with the idea of a green ... "Quake Green Ribbon Campaign History". Web.archive.org. 2002-08-02. Archived from the original on August 2, 2002. Retrieved 2014 ... began receiving emergency calls from farm families in stress and saw that the situation was getting worse across the country. ...

Itoh N, Ornitz DM (Jan 2008). "Functional evolutionary history of the mouse Fgf gene family". Developmental Dynamics. 237 (1): ... neural induction and neural development, and in mature tissues/systems angiogenesis, keratinocyte organization, and wound ... Coumoul X, Deng CX (Nov 2003). "Roles of FGF receptors in mammalian development and congenital diseases". Birth Defects ... FGF1 and FGF2 is the promotion of endothelial cell proliferation and the physical organization of endothelial cells into tube- ...

It slightly increases the risk of neural tube defects.[138] Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and maternal smoking during ... It built a survival curve from family history records kept at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. This ... Wang M, Wang ZP, Gong R, Zhao ZT (January 2014). "Maternal smoking during pregnancy and neural tube defects in offspring: a ... History[edit]. Pre-cigarette[edit]. Concern about health effects of tobacco has a long history. The coughing, throat irritation ...

Substantial muscular and/or neural defects may be treated with neosphincter initially. FI is thought to be very common, but ... It has been termed "the silent affliction" since many do not discuss the problem with their close family, employers or ... Proctosigmoidoscopy involves the insertion of an endoscope (a long, thin, flexible tube with a camera) into the anal canal, ... Identification of the exact causes usually begins with a thorough medical history, including detailed questioning about ...

... can occur due to birth defects or be acquired later in life. Associated birth defects include neural tube defects ... A CT scan may or may not show any change in ventricle size, particularly if the patient has a history of slit-like ventricles. ... in diagnosing overdrainage can make treatment of this complication particularly frustrating for patients and their families. ... Other causes of congenital hydrocephalus include neural tube defects, arachnoid cysts, Dandy-Walker syndrome, and Arnold-Chiari ...

... intake has been shown to decrease the risk of fetal neural tube defects, such as spina bifida.[85] The neural tube develops ... "Canadian Family Physician. 56 (4): 341-343. PMC 2860824. PMID 20393091.. *^ Tarlow MJ (August 1994). "Epidemiology of neonatal ... "Reproductive History and Cancer Risk". National Cancer Institute. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2019.. ... "Decline in prevalence of neural tube defects in a high-risk region of the United States". Pediatrics. 106 (4): 677-683. doi: ...

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a group of birth defects in which an opening in the spinal cord or brain remains from early in human development. In the 3rd week of pregnancy called gastrulation, specialized cells on the dorsal side of the embryo begin to change shape and form the neural tube. When the neural tube does not close completely, an NTD develops. Specific types include: spina bifida which affects the spine, anencephaly which results in little to no brain, encephalocele which affects the skull, and iniencephaly which results in severe neck problems. NTDs are one of the most common birth defects, affecting over 300,000 births each year worldwide. For example, spina bifida affects approximately 1,500 births annually in the USA, or about 3.5 in every 10,000 (0.035% of US births), which has decreased ...

Nutrition during pregnancy is important to ensure healthy growth of the fetus.[75] Nutrition during pregnancy is different from the non-pregnant state.[75] There are increased energy requirements and specific micronutrient requirements.[75] Women benefit from education to encourage a balanced energy and protein intake during pregnancy.[76] Some women may need professional medical advice if their diet is affected by medical conditions, food allergies, or specific religious/ ethical beliefs.[77]. Adequate periconceptional (time before and right after conception) folic acid (also called folate or Vitamin B9) intake has been shown to decrease the risk of fetal neural tube defects, such as spina bifida.[78] The neural tube develops during the first 28 days of pregnancy, a urine pregnancy test is not usually positive until 14 days post-conception, explaining the necessity to guarantee adequate ...

... is a type of cephalic disorder caused by holoprosencephaly. Ethmocephaly is the least common facial anomaly. It consists of a proboscis separating narrow-set eyes with an absent nose and microphthalmia (abnormal smallness of one or both eyes). Cebocephaly, another facial anomaly, is characterized by a small, flattened nose with a single nostril situated below incomplete or underdeveloped closely set eyes. The least severe in the spectrum of facial anomalies is the median cleft lip, also called premaxillary agenesis. Although the causes of most cases of holoprosencephaly remain unknown, some may be due to dominant or chromosome causes. Such chromosomal anomalies as trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 have been found in association with holoprosencephaly, or other neural tube defects. Genetic counseling and genetic testing, such as amniocentesis, is usually offered during a pregnancy if holoprosencephaly is detected. The recurrence risk depends on ...

The MOMS Trial was a clinical trial that studied treatment of a birth defect called myelomeningocele, which is the most severe form of spina bifida. The study looked at prenatal (before birth) and postnatal (after birth) surgery to repair this defect. The first major phase concluded that prenatal surgery had strong, long-term benefits and some risks. The name of the trial stands for Management of Myelomeningocele Study. It was funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and was done by The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, the University of California, San Francisco, Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville and the George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Spina bifida, or myelomeningocele, is a type of open neural tube defect that can occur with problems with the early development of a fetus. Most researchers believe that both genetic and environmental factors (such as diet) play a ...

The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). This page contains ICD-10 Chapter XVII: Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities. (Q00) Anencephaly and similar malformations (Q00.0) Anencephaly Acephaly Acrania Amyelencephaly Hemianencephaly Hemicephaly (Q00.1) Craniorachischisis (Q00.2) Iniencephaly (Q01) Encephalocele (Q02) Microcephaly (Q03) Congenital hydrocephalus (Q03.0) Malformations of aqueduct of Sylvius (Q03.1) Atresia of foramina of Magendie and Luschka Dandy-Walker syndrome (Q03.8) Other congenital hydrocephalus (Q03.9) Congenital hydrocephalus, unspecified (Q04) Other congenital malformations of brain (Q04.0) Congenital malformations of corpus callosum (Q04.1) Arhinencephaly (Q04.2) Holoprosencephaly ...

A deficiency of folate can occur when the body's need for folate is increased, when dietary intake or absorption of folate is inadequate, or when the body excretes (or loses) more folate than usual. Medications that interfere with the body's ability to use folate may also increase the need for this vitamin.[5][6][7][8][9][10] Some research indicates that exposure to ultraviolet light, including the use of tanning beds, can lead to a folate deficiency.[11][12] The deficiency is more common in pregnant women, infants, children, and adolescents. It may also be due to poor diet or a consequence of alcoholism.[13] Additionally, a defect in homocysteine methyltransferase or a deficiency of Vitamin B12 may lead to a so-called "methyl-trap" of tetrahydrofolate (THF), in which THF is converted to a reservoir of methyl-THF which thereafter has no way of being metabolized, and serves as a sink of THF that causes a subsequent deficiency in folate.[14] Thus, a deficiency in B-12 can generate a large pool of ...

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency is the most common genetic cause of elevated serum levels of homocysteine (hyperhomocysteinemia). It is caused by genetic defects in MTHFR, which is an important enzyme in the methyl cycle. Common variants of MTHFR deficiency are asymptomatic and have only minor effects on disease risk. Severe variants (from nonsense mutations) are vanishingly rare. The common MTHFR deficiencies are usually asymptomatic, although the 677T variant can cause a mildly increased risk of some diseases. For individuals homozygous in the 677T variant, there is a mildly elevated risk of thromboembolism (odds ratio 1.2), and stroke (odds ratio 1.26). There is also an elevated risk of neural tube defects among children of individuals with the C677T polymorphism (odds ratio 1.38). For cardiovascular risk, common MTHFR deficiencies were once thought to be associated but meta-analyses indicate that ...

The neural groove is a shallow median groove of the neural plate between the neural folds of an embryo. The neural plate is a thick sheet of ectoderm surrounded on either side by the neural folds, two longitudinal ridges in front of the primitive streak of the developing embryo. The groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or canal, the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. After the coalescence of the neural folds over the anterior end of the primitive streak, the blastopore no longer opens on the surface but into the closed canal of the ...

腦炎症狀由腦部的防禦機制所造成激活擺脫傳染（腦部膨脹、微量出血和細胞死亡）。神經學的檢驗通常顯露由於腦膜（meninges）被干擾而產生的頸部僵硬。腦脊髓液體的檢驗顯露在正常葡萄糖水平中蛋白質和白細胞的數量增加。CT掃瞄檢驗顯露腦部膨脹、腦部膿腫或靈菌的可能的複雜程度。腰部刺做法通常在透過CT掃瞄檢驗排除突出的腦部膨脹的可能性之後才會執行。 ...

Although a formal definition of what constitutes a "Great Wall" has not been agreed upon, making the full course of the Great Wall difficult to describe in its entirety,[49] the course of the main Great Wall line following Ming constructions can be charted.. The Jiayu Pass, located in Gansu province, is the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall. Although Han fortifications such as Yumen Pass and the Yang Pass exist further west, the extant walls leading to those passes are difficult to trace. From Jiayu Pass the wall travels discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor and into the deserts of Ningxia, where it enters the western edge of the Yellow River loop at Yinchuan. Here the first major walls erected during the Ming dynasty cuts through the Ordos Desert to the eastern edge of the Yellow River loop. There at Piantou Pass (t 偏頭關, s 偏头关, Piāntóuguān) in Xinzhou, Shanxi province, the Great Wall splits in two with the "Outer Great Wall" (t 外長城, s 外长城, Wài Chǎngchéng) ...

Although a formal definition of what constitutes a "Great Wall" has not been agreed upon, making the full course of the Great Wall difficult to describe in its entirety,[49] the course of the main Great Wall line following Ming constructions can be charted.. The Jiayu Pass, located in Gansu province, is the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall. Although Han fortifications such as Yumen Pass and the Yang Pass exist further west, the extant walls leading to those passes are difficult to trace. From Jiayu Pass the wall travels discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor and into the deserts of Ningxia, where it enters the western edge of the Yellow River loop at Yinchuan. Here the first major walls erected during the Ming dynasty cuts through the Ordos Desert to the eastern edge of the Yellow River loop. There at Piantou Pass (t 偏頭關, s 偏头关, Piāntóuguān) in Xinzhou, Shanxi province, the Great Wall splits in two with the "Outer Great Wall" (t 外長城, s 外长城, Wài Chǎngchéng) ...

Although a formal definition of what constitutes a "Great Wall" has not been agreed upon, making the full course of the Great Wall difficult to describe in its entirety,[51] the course of the main Great Wall line following Ming constructions can be charted. The Jiayu Pass, located in Gansu province, is the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall. Although Han fortifications such as Yumen Pass and the Yang Pass exist further west, the extant walls leading to those passes are difficult to trace. From Jiayu Pass the wall travels discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor and into the deserts of Ningxia, where it enters the western edge of the Yellow River loop at Yinchuan. Here the first major walls erected during the Ming dynasty cuts through the Ordos Desert to the eastern edge of the Yellow River loop. There at Piantou Pass (t 偏頭關, s 偏头关, Piāntóuguān) in Xinzhou, Shanxi province, the Great Wall splits in two with the "Outer Great Wall" (t 外長城, s 外长城, Wài Chǎngchéng) ...

The United States Permanent Representative to NATO (commonly called the U.S. Ambassador to NATO) is the official representative of the United States to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The Representative has the rank of full ambassador and is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The full official title of the Representative is United States Permanent Representative on the Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, with the rank and status of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. The current U.S. Ambassador to NATO is Kay Bailey Hutchison, a former U.S. Senator from Texas. The first Representative was appointed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953. ...