Intermediate nerve

Pterygopalatine ganglion

Parasympathetic nervous system

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Salivary gland

Index of anatomy articles

Salivary gland

Pterygopalatine ganglion3

• The pterygopalatine ganglion (Meckel's ganglion, nasal ganglion or sphenopalatine ganglion) is a parasympathetic ganglion found in the pterygopalatine fossa. (wikipedia.org)
• The pterygopalatine ganglion (of Meckel), the largest of the parasympathetic ganglia associated with the branches of the maxillary nerve, is deeply placed in the pterygopalatine fossa, close to the sphenopalatine foramen. (wikipedia.org)
• In the pterygopalatine ganglion, the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the greater petrosal branch of the facial nerve synapse with neurons whose postganglionic axons, vasodilator, and secretory fibers are distributed with the deep branches of the trigeminal nerve to the mucous membrane of the nose, soft palate, tonsils, uvula, roof of the mouth, upper lip and gums, and upper part of the pharynx. (wikipedia.org)

Preganglionic1

• The deep petrosal nerve (carrying postganglionic sympathetics) joins with the greater petrosal nerve (carrying preganglionic parasympathetics) to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal, which passes through the pterygoid canal before entering the ganglion. (wikipedia.org)

Greater petro2

• Its parasympathetic root is derived from the nervus intermedius (a part of the facial nerve) through the greater petrosal nerve. (wikipedia.org)
• The nasal glands are innervated with secretomotor from the greater petrosal nerve. (wikipedia.org)

Lacrimal gland1

• It also sends postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal nerve (a branch of the Ophthalmic nerve, also part of the trigeminal nerve) via the zygomatic nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve (from the trigeminal nerve), which then arrives at the lacrimal gland. (wikipedia.org)

Otic ganglion1

• It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck, the others being the submandibular ganglion, otic ganglion, and ciliary ganglion. (wikipedia.org)

Efferent1

• The ganglion also consists of sympathetic efferent (postganglionic) fibers from the superior cervical ganglion. (wikipedia.org)

Sympathetic1

• It receives a sensory, a parasympathetic, and a sympathetic root. (wikipedia.org)

Fossa1

• It is triangular or heart-shaped, of a reddish-gray color, and is situated just below the maxillary nerve as it crosses the fossa. (wikipedia.org)

Innervates1

• The pharyngeal nerve innervates pharyngeal glands. (wikipedia.org)

Deep petro1

• These fibers, from the superior cervical ganglion, travel through the carotid plexus, and then through the deep petrosal nerve. (wikipedia.org)

Medial1

• Nasopalatine nerve Greater palatine nerve Lesser palatine nerve Medial and Lateral Posterior Superior and Posterior Inferior Nasal Branches Pharyngeal branch of maxillary nerve Plan of the facial and intermediate nerves and their communication with other nerves. (wikipedia.org)

Glands1

• Likewise, the palatine glands are innervated by the nasopalatine, greater palatine nerve and lesser palatine nerves. (wikipedia.org)

Intermediate1

• Plan of the facial and intermediate nerves and their communication with other nerves. (wikipedia.org)

Ganglion88

• Upon reaching the facial canal, it joins with the motor root of the facial nerve at the geniculate ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
• These fibers reach the geniculate ganglion but do not synapse. (wikipedia.org)
• Some of these preganglionic parasympathetic fibers persist within the greater petrosal nerve as they exit the geniculate ganglion and subsequently synapse with neurons in the pterygopalatine ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
• This nerve exits the skull through the Petrotympanic fissure and merges with the lingual nerve, after which it synapses with neurons in the submandibular ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
• ciliary ganglion a parasympathetic ganglion in the posterior part of the orbit. (thefreedictionary.com)
• false ganglion an enlargement of a nerve that does not have a true ganglionic structure. (thefreedictionary.com)
• geniculate ganglion the sensory ganglion of the facial nerve, on the geniculum of the facial nerve. (thefreedictionary.com)
• otic ganglion a parasympathetic ganglion next to the medial surface of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, just inferior to the foramen ovale. (thefreedictionary.com)
• pterygopalatine ganglion a parasympathetic ganglion in a fossa in the sphenoid bone, formed by postganglionic cell bodies that synapse with preganglionic fibers from the fascial nerve via the nerve of the pterygopalatine canal. (thefreedictionary.com)
• The pterygopalatine ganglion (Meckel's ganglion, nasal ganglion or sphenopalatine ganglion) is a parasympathetic ganglion found in the pterygopalatine fossa. (wikipedia.org)
• In the pterygopalatine ganglion, the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the greater petrosal branch of the facial nerve synapse with neurons whose postganglionic axons, vasodilator, and secretory fibers are distributed with the deep branches of the trigeminal nerve to the mucous membrane of the nose, soft palate, tonsils, uvula, roof of the mouth, upper lip and gums, and upper part of the pharynx. (wikipedia.org)
• The ganglion also consists of sympathetic efferent (postganglionic) fibers from the superior cervical ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
• These fibers, from the superior cervical ganglion, travel through the carotid plexus, and then through the deep petrosal nerve. (wikipedia.org)
• The deep petrosal nerve (carrying postganglionic sympathetics) joins with the greater petrosal nerve (carrying preganglionic parasympathetics) to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal, which passes through the pterygoid canal before entering the ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
• The Vidian nerve carries parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers to the pterygopalatine ganglion, which is in the pterygopalatine fossa. (statpearls.com)
• Greater petrosal nerve (GPN) arises from the geniculate ganglion then passes vertically to the floor of the middle cranial fossa via the hiatus of greater petrosal nerve. (statpearls.com)
• Then ascend to the cervical sympathetic trunk, which eventually lays on the superior cervical ganglion to synapse with postganglionic neurons. (statpearls.com)
• Anatomy: Because the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) has diffuse and extensive anatomical connections within the trigemino-autonomic (parasympathetic) reflex, it is of great interest to clinicians who treat pain conditions . (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
• The SPG is a large (THE LARGEST PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLION OF THE HEAD) extra cranial parasympathetic ganglion with multiple neural roots, including autonomic, sensory, and motor [2, (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
• The SPG is a five-mm triangular shaped parasympathetic ganglion, located superficially and anterior to the pterygoid canal in the pterygopalatine fossa at the level of the middle nasal turbinate bilaterally. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
• It is the largest peripheral parasympathetic ganglion with manifold connections to general sensory fibers and the internal carotid plexus [5- (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
• They then traverse the cervical sympathetic nerves and enter the superior cervical ganglion and synapse. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
• The GVE component is formed by fibers that reach the ciliary ganglion located on the ventral branch. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• The soma of these neurons is located in the trigeminal ganglion. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• The sensory neurons have their bodies located in the trigeminal ganglion (also called Gasser's ganglion or semilunar ganglion). (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• It carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the pterogopalatine ganglion to the lacrimal gland. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• The sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) is a large extracranial structure that has rich sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic innervations, which explains the autonomic features associated with cluster headache. (mhmedical.com)
• The efferent fibers of the SSN travel in the nervus intermedius and divide at the geniculate ganglion to become the greater petrosal nerve and chorda tympani nerve. (mhmedical.com)
• At the genu of the facial nerve, the greater petrosal nerve branches to reach the sphenopalatine (pterygopalatine) ganglion, where postganglionic parasympathetic neurons innervate the lacrimal glands and nasal mucosa. (doctorabel.us)
• The chorda tympani then joins the lingual nerve (a branch of the trigeminal nerve) to reach the submandibular ganglion, where post-ganglionic parasympathetic pathways arise to supply the submandibular and submaxillary salivary glands. (doctorabel.us)
• 2. The first neuron is called preganglionic and postganglionic leaving the ganglion. (wikbio.com)
• 1. Either of two types of groups of nerve cells (sympathetic ganglion, parasympathetic ganglion) in the autonomic nervous system. (tabers.com)
• A ganglion of postganglionic autonomic neurons in the peripheral nervous system that are surrounded by a capsule of loose connective tissue. (tabers.com)
• Dendrites of the neurons can be limited to the neuropil inside the ganglion, or they can pierce the capsule and extend into the surrounding regions. (tabers.com)
• A small autonomic ganglion lying on the outside of the optic nerve in the rear portion of the orbit. (tabers.com)
• This ganglion receives preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the midbrain via the oculomotor nerve (CN III). (tabers.com)
• A roughly spherical ganglion of unipolar neuronal cell bodies in the posterior roots of each spinal nerve near the intervertebral foramina. (tabers.com)
• This ganglion is enclosed in a capsule that is a continuation of the epineurium of the spinal nerve. (tabers.com)
• Microscopically, the peripheral processes of dorsal root ganglion neurons look identical to axons. (tabers.com)
• An enlargement on a nerve that does not contain neuronal cell bodies and is therefore not a true ganglion. (tabers.com)
• The ganglion is located just below the maxillary nerve as the maxillary nerve crosses the fossa. (practicalpainmanagement.com)
• The sphenopalatine ganglion receives three nerve roots: the sensory root from the sphenopalatine branches of the maxillary nerve, the motor root derived from the nervus intermedius which is a part of the facial nerve through the greater petrosal nerve, and the sympathetic root, which consists of sympathetic postganglionic (efferent) fibers from the superior cervical ganglion (see Figure 1). (practicalpainmanagement.com)
• The ganglion also has preganglionic parasympathetic fibers which synapse with neurons whose postganglionic axons, vasodilator and secretory fibers are distributed with the deep branches of the trigeminal nerve to the mucous membrane of the nose, soft palate, tonsils, uvula, roof of the mouth, upper lip and gums, possibly teeth, and to the upper part of the pharynx (see Figure 2). (practicalpainmanagement.com)
• Each of the twelve thoracic and first two lumbar nerves is in contact with a paravertebral ganglion via a white and gray ramus. (neurosurgery.tv)
• The superior cervical ganglion sends to the first four cervical nerves, the smaller middle cervical ganglion supplies the next two, and the large inferior cervical ganglion projects a gray ramus to the seventh and eighth cervical nerves. (neurosurgery.tv)
• 5. Postganglionic cell bodies a. 30 or more in each autonomic ganglion b. (docplayer.net)
• The celiac ganglion receives input from the greater splanchnic nerve, the aorticorenal from the lesser and least splanchnic nerves, and the superior and inferior mesenteric from the least and lumbar splanchnic nerves. (statpearls.com)
• The components of the eighth cranial nerve (CN VIII) carrying axons that convey information regarding sound and balance between the spiral ganglion in the inner ear and the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. (tabers.com)
• The auricular branch of the vagus nerve is a sensory nerve emerging from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve, joined by branches from the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and facial nerves, and innervating the lower part of the tympanic membrane and the floor of the external auditory canal. (tabers.com)
• Pregnaglionic neurons exit via ventral root → into white ramus communicans → synapse with postganglionic axon in peripheral ganglion at same level or another level. (freelan3er.info)
• Adrenal medulla is a modified postganglionic sympathetic ganglion that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (80%/20%) when stimulated. (freelan3er.info)
• White ramus communicans: All sympathetic preganglionic neurons enter the paravertebral ganglion chain via the white ramus communicans. (freelan3er.info)
• Enter the paravertebral ganglion at same level via white ramus communicans and synapse there. (freelan3er.info)
• Enter paravertebral ganglion and either ascend or descend to another level to synapse at that level. (freelan3er.info)
• Pass through the paravertebral ganglion via the white ramus communicans and synapse in a prevertebral ganglion. (freelan3er.info)
• 5. Autonomic Ganglion - Cell body of the postganglionic neuron is located here outside the CNS. (freelan3er.info)
• 6 Parasympathetic innervation of the LG and conjunctival goblet cells is mediated through the pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG). (arvojournals.org)
• The parasympathetic pathway originates from the superior salivatory nucleus and passes through the geniculate ganglion without synapsing, and the fibers emerge as the greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSPN), which then joins the deep petrosal nerve to form the vidian nerve. (arvojournals.org)
• The output of these ganglion cells, the postganglionic axons, provide the parasympathetic secretory drive to the LG and conjunctiva, including the goblet cells. (arvojournals.org)
• The ophthalmic nerve arising from the trigeminal ganglion in the middle cranial fossa passes forwards along the lateral dural wall of the cavernous sinus below the trochlear nerve (CN IV). (anatomynext.com)
• This communicating branch carries some of the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion to the lacrimal gland inhibiting its glandular secretion. (anatomynext.com)
• In the case of the oculomotor nerve, it is located at the level of the trigeminal ganglion. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• Synapse with postganglionic fibers at the ciliary ganglion to innervate the ciliary muscle & sphincter pupillae. (tripod.com)
• In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the CNS to the ganglion are known as preganglionic fibers. (lumenlearning.com)
• The nerve fibers that supply a ganglion. (lumenlearning.com)
• The otic ganglion is a small parasympathetic ganglion that is functionally associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve, it is located immediately below the foramen ovale in the infratemporal fossa. (freezingblue.com)
• Pain in fractured condylar neck, capsule and disc and even secretory fibers from the otic ganglion that go to the parotid all come from the auriculotemporal nerve. (freezingblue.com)
• Its axon, the preganglionic fiber makes the synapse with the cell body of second neuron which lies within sympathetic chain ganglion (collection of neuronal cell bodies). (slideplayer.com)
• The axon of the second neuron, the post ganglionic fiber arises from the ganglion and innervates the Effector organ. (slideplayer.com)
• Preganglionic fibers synapse with sympathetic ganglion chain also called Sympathetic trunk which is located on either sides of spinal cord. (slideplayer.com)
• Post ganglionic fibers are large and originate in the ganglion chain and go to the Effector organ. (slideplayer.com)
• 16  NOTE Some preganglionic fiber pass through the ganglion chain without synapsing. (slideplayer.com)
• Instead they synapse with sympathetic collateral ganglion and post ganglionic fiber arises from collateral ganglion and innervates the Effector organ. (slideplayer.com)
• A sphenopalatine ganglion block is a short, minimally-invasive procedure that is effective at treating some acute and chronic facial and head pain. (arizonapain.com)
• The sphenopalatine ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion that is superficially-located, triangularly-shaped, and no more than 5mm in size. (arizonapain.com)
• The sphenopalatine ganglion sends nerve fibers to the lacrimal gland, glands of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, palate, and upper pharynx. (arizonapain.com)
• It "is classified as a parasympathetic ganglion because only pre-ganglionic parasympathetic axons are believed to synapse within the ganglion. (arizonapain.com)
• Post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons as well as somatic sensory afferent branches of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve also pass through the ganglion, though they do not terminate there. (arizonapain.com)
• Subsequent neuroanatomical and neurochemical studies revealed that most sensory fibres from the intracranial and the extracranial tissues originate in the fifth cranial nerve (CN V) ganglion, also called trigeminal ganglion (TG). (biomedcentral.com)
• The GVA pathway then diverges from the sympathetic efferent pathway, which follows the ventral root into the spinal column, by following the dorsal root into the dorsal root ganglion , where the cell body of the visceral afferent nerve is located. (omicsgroup.org)
• [ 4 ] Finally, the signal continues along the dorsal root from the dorsal root ganglion to a region of gray matter in the dorsal horn of the spinal column where it is transmitted via a synapse to a neuron in the central nervous system . (omicsgroup.org)
• A spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system was used to measure the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thicknesses. (bvsalud.org)
• In this study, we examined the lumbar sympathetic ganglion responses to two rat pain models: ligation of the L5 spinal nerve, and local inflammation of the L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG), which does not involve axotomy. (bvsalud.org)
• infraorbital nerve, zygomatic nerve and ganglionic branches to pterygopalatine ganglion. (tdmuv.com)
• Zygomatic nerve carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibres from pterygopalatine ganglion and gives off them to lacrimal nerve. (tdmuv.com)
• The ganglionic branches start from maxillary nerve and pass to pterygopalatine ganglion. (tdmuv.com)
• Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular nerves, and the submandibular ganglion. (tdmuv.com)
• Postganglionic parasympathetic fibres from pterygopalatine ganglion are in composition of these nerves. (tdmuv.com)

Somatic28

• Postganglionic parasympathetic, sympathetic neurons, and the somatic sensory afferents can all be blocked by an SPG block. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
• A small branch of the facial nerve provides general somatic sensation near the external auditory meatus, and the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) and vagus nerve (X) also innervate this region. (doctorabel.us)
• Consists of efferent neurons that conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles (somatic effectors). (docplayer.net)
• C. Neuron Pathways: Outline the somatic neuron pathway and the autonomic neuron pathway. (docplayer.net)
• Somatic neuron pathways usually have a single neuron between the CNS and the somatic effector. (docplayer.net)
• A somatic motor nerve originating in the abducens nucleus in the pons. (tabers.com)
• General sensory Somatic sensory (GSA) Visceral sensory (GVA) Special sensory (SSA, SVA) Somatic motor (GSE) Branchial motor (SVE) to skeletal muscles derived from branchial arches Somatic motor (GSE) to skeletal muscles derived from other sources Visceral motor (GVE) to smooth muscle and glands General somatic afferent Functional components of nerves. (slideplayer.com)
• On the somatic motor side, motor to skeletal muscle, that's all I'm expecting that you know, but realize that that is subdivided into branchial motor, specifically has to do with the fibers of neurons innervating muscles derived from branchial arches. (slideplayer.com)
• From arch 2, muscles of facial expression, those would be branchial motor, SVE, special visceral efferent, but somatic motor is good enough, neurons innervating skeletal muscle. (slideplayer.com)
• Special sensory Somatic motor Visceral motor Martini et al Cranial nerves all come off of the brain as opposed to spinal nerve, similar in many ways. (slideplayer.com)
• Three functional components, general sensory, somatic motor and visceral motor for spinal nerves, the additional one with cranial nerves is that some carry special senses, only carried in cranial nerves. (slideplayer.com)
• Somatic lower motor neuron is in ventral horn of gray matter and neurotransmitter at skeletal muscle is Ach. (freelan3er.info)
• 7. Acetylcholine (ACh) - All somatic motor neurons release this at their synapses with skeletal muscle fibers. (freelan3er.info)
• The ophthalmic nerve is a sensory nerve mostly carrying general somatic afferent fibers that transmit sensory information to the CNS from structures of the eyeball, the skin of the upper face and anterior scalp, the lining of the upper part of the nasal cavity and air cells, and the meninges of the anterior cranial fossa. (anatomynext.com)
• The ANS, similar to the somatic nervous system, is organized on the basis of a reflex arc and consists of afferent nerves that relay impulses from the viscera to the central nervous system, where they are inte-grated at various levels. (brainkart.com)
• The autonomic nerves are slightly different in structure than the somatic nerves. (brainkart.com)
• The somatic mo-tor nerves reach the effector-the skeletal muscle di-rectly form the central nervous system-nerves be-longing to the ANS always synapse and communicate with another neuron that lies outside the CNS before they reach the effectors (see Figure 5.50). (brainkart.com)
• The trigeminal nerve is a mixed nerve that carries the general somatic senses from the head, similar to those coming through spinal nerves from the rest of the body. (philschatz.com)
• Nociception of the thoracic and abdominal organs reaches the spinal cord through visceral afferent fibers that synapse on neurons of the somatic pathways. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• For pelvic viscera, nociceptive impulses are transmitted by fibers attached to the sacral parasympathetic nerves, with the exception of the vagina that projects all the afferent pathways alongside the pudendal nerve (somatic). (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• Of these nerves, some have special sensory functions, some have somatic sensory functions, some have autonomic functions, some have somatic motor functions, and some have a combination of the aforementioned functions. (kenhub.com)
• The trigeminal nerve (all three branches: the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular) and the glossopharyngeal nerve play roles in somatic sensory functions. (kenhub.com)
• It descends through the upper part of the neck along with the internal jugular vein and internal carotid artery, to reach the posterior border of the stylopharyngeus muscle (to which it supplies motor somatic fibers to). (freezingblue.com)
• Nonetheless, both the postganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons and the somatic sensory afferents can be all inhibited by performing a sphenopalatine block. (arizonapain.com)
• acetylcholine (ACh) (ua-setl-kol=en) An acetic acid ester of choline-a substance that functions as a neurotransmitter in somatic motor nerve and parasympathetic nerve fibers. (euvolution.com)
• a- is distributed along somatic nerves. (ahlamontada.net)
• The somatic division, which includes the cranial (with the exception of cranial II) and the spinal nerves, innervates the skin, the muscles, and the joints, while the autonomic division innervates the glands and the smooth muscle of the viscera and the blood vessels. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
• GVA create referred pain by activating general somatic afferent nerves where the two meet in the posterior horn of the spinal cord (dorsal horn). (omicsgroup.org)

Spinal nerves14

• Because of its location, the parasympathetic system is commonly referred to as having craniosacral outflow whereas the sympathetic system is referred to as thoracolumbar outflow (T1-L2 spinal nerves). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• In the sacral region of the body, the PSN is derived from spinal nerves S2, S3, and S4, commonly referred to as the pelvic splanchnics. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• 9. In the case of the sympathetic, there communicating rami of spinal nerves emerging from the spinal cord, and through which the fibers are distributed around the body and into the chain of nodes. (wikbio.com)
• In either case the nerve fibers of the ANS are motor only, and represent the general visceral efferent (GVE) fibers of the cranial and spinal nerves. (neurosurgery.tv)
• These three send gray rami to all eight cervical spinal nerves. (neurosurgery.tv)
• Consequently, all 31 pairs of spinal nerves are in contact with the sympathetic chain and carry fibers of the sympathetic system. (neurosurgery.tv)
• This is an important feature, enabling those effector organs which are innervated only by spinal nerves (cutaneous and skeletal muscle blood vessels, sweat glands, and pilomotor smooth muscle) to receive sympathetic input. (neurosurgery.tv)
• C. It includes peripheral nerve fibers within cranial and spinal nerves that lead to visceral organs. (docplayer.net)
• Preganglionic fibers leave spinal cord with ventral roots of spinal nerves in thoracic and lumbar regions. (docplayer.net)
• The presynaptic fibers exit the spinal cord through anterior roots and enter the anterior rami of T1-L2 spinal nerves and onto the sympathetic trunks via white rami communicantes. (statpearls.com)
• The cell bodies of neurons belonging to the sympa-thetic division arise from the region of the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord and leave the spinal cord with the first thoracic to the third or fourth lumbar spinal nerves. (brainkart.com)
• Some of these nerves rejoin the spinal nerves and travel with them to target organs located in the area supplied by the spinal nerves. (brainkart.com)
• Peripheral Nervous System - cranial nerves and spinal nerves (relays info to/from the CNS) - Autonomic Nervous System Nerve Tissue - neurons (nerve fibers) and specialized cells (Schwann, neuroglia) 1. (freelan3er.info)
• The central nervous system communicates with the body by means of nerves that exit the CNS from the brain (cranial nerves) and spinal cord (spinal nerves). (ormedmedical.us)

Trigeminal nerve22

• It also sends postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal nerve (a branch of the Ophthalmic nerve, also part of the trigeminal nerve) via the zygomatic nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve (from the trigeminal nerve), which then arrives at the lacrimal gland. (wikipedia.org)
• Outside of the skull, it is located between the oculomotor nerve and the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• The trigeminal nerve leaves the brain stem at the caudal level of the pons, rostral to the trapezoid body. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• There is an exception in the case of the proprioceptive neurons of the mandibular nerve, whose fibers form the mesencephalic tract of the trigeminal nerve inside the brain stem. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• The soma of these neurons is located in the nucleus of the mesencephalic tract of the trigeminal nerve, lateral to the periaqueductal gray matter of the mesencephalon. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• nervus ophthalmicus ) is the first branch of the trigeminal nerve. (anatomynext.com)
• Finally, the oculomotor nerve, the trochlear nerve, the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (V3), the abducens nerve, the facial nerve, the glossopharyngeal nerve, the vagus nerve, the spinal accessory nerve, and the hypoglossal nerve are responsible for motor functions . (kenhub.com)
• Trigeminal nerve exits the infratemporal pons as a sensory and motor root. (freezingblue.com)
• Trigeminal nerve (CN V): want to learn more about it? (kenhub.com)
• The principal regulator of the sensory modalities of the head is the trigeminal nerve . (kenhub.com)
• While the trigeminal nerve (CN V) is largely a sensory nerve, it also mingles in the realm of motor supply. (kenhub.com)
• Unlike the other cranial nerves, the trigeminal nerve is quite large. (kenhub.com)
• The goal of this article will be to discuss the anatomy, pathway, and distribution of the trigeminal nerve. (kenhub.com)
• Further discussion surrounding clinical examination to assess the integrity of the trigeminal nerve will also be included. (kenhub.com)
• As the name suggests, the trigeminal nerve is a tripartite entity made up of distinct terminal divisions. (kenhub.com)
• The acronym MOM can be used to recall the three branches of the trigeminal nerve. (kenhub.com)
• The ophthalmic branch is the first division of the trigeminal nerve. (kenhub.com)
• The branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve are summarized below. (kenhub.com)
• Like the ophthalmic branch, the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2) is a purely sensory entity that carries impulses from the midface. (kenhub.com)
• Additionally, the zygomatic , pterygopalatine , and the posterior superior alveolar nerves unite at the opening of the foramen rotundum to form the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve. (kenhub.com)
• We hope that this overview can elucidate the complex field of headache pathologies, and their link to the trigeminal nerve, to a broader field of young scientists. (biomedcentral.com)
• In this review we explore the trigeminal nerve, its related pain conditions and current treatments to emphasize its importance to headache pathophysiology. (biomedcentral.com)

Axon13

• The body of the first neuron is in the CNS and its axon extends to reach a node. (wikbio.com)
• There occurs synapses and the axon of the second neuron will go to the effector organ. (wikbio.com)
• This second neuron has an axon without myelin. (wikbio.com)
• Each preganglionic autonomic axon usually synapses on the dendrites of many ganglionic neurons. (tabers.com)
• Preganglionic neuron 1) Cell body in brain or spinal cord (in CNS) 2) Preganglionic fiber (axon) a) Myelinated b. (docplayer.net)
• It consists of two neuron chains, but differs from the sympathetic nervous system in that the first neuron has a long axon and synapses with the second neuron near or in the organ innervated. (thefreedictionary.com)
• 5. An axon is a neuron process which transmits information from the cell body to the next unit. (guwsmedical.info)
• It is formed of medullated nerve fibres or myelinated axon of motor and sensory neurons, which appear white due to presence of medullary sheath. (studyadda.com)
• action potential An all-or-none electrical event in an axon or muscle fiber in which the polarity of the membrane potential is rapidly reversed and reestablished. (euvolution.com)
• The axon cylinder, in which there is a bidirectional flow of axoplasm, conducts information and nutrition to the nerve cells and the tissues that the nerve innervates. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
• The axon terminal is the transmission site for action potentials, the messengers of the nerve cell. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
• GABAergic and glycinergic synapses might therefore depolarize motoneurons disconnected from their targets and contribute to augment motoneuron activity known to promote motor axon regeneration. (eneuro.org)
• These postganglionic fibers shift from multiple axon innervation of their targets to less profound multiple axon innervation or single axon innervation as the SCG neurons mature during postnatal development. (gutenberg.org)

Innervate20

• The parasympathetic postganglionic fibers form the short ciliary nerves, that join the optic nerve to enter the eye, to innervate the ciliary muscle and the sphincter pupillary muscle. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• Postganglionic sympathetic fibers pass through the SPG without synapsing and innervate mainly the blood vessels. (mhmedical.com)
• Autonomic nerve fibers innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. (neurosurgery.tv)
• Nerves that will innervate the abdominal and pelvic viscera pass through the paravertebral without synapsing, becoming abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves. (statpearls.com)
• the inferior alveolar nerves innervate the lower teeth and gingivae. (tabers.com)
• The anterior superior alveolar nerves, branches of the infraorbital nerve (from CN V2), run in canals in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus and innervate the upper incisors, canines, premolars, and often part of the first molar. (tabers.com)
• The posterior superior alveolar nerves (also from CN V2) innervate the rest of the upper molars. (tabers.com)
• Before entering the sinus the ophthalmic nerve gives off a tentorial branch to innervate the dura mater. (anatomynext.com)
• The frontal nerve runs by the roof of the orbit and while in orbit divides into two nerves - the supratrochlear and supraorbital nerve, which arise on the face and together innervate the skin of the forehead. (anatomynext.com)
• After appearing in the tissue of the forehead the supraorbital nerve ascends and ends in two branches, the medial and the lateral branch of the supraorbital nerve, which innervate the scalp, as well as supplying small branches to pericranium. (anatomynext.com)
• First situated beneath the frontalis muscle the lateral branch of the supraorbital nerve perforates the galea aponeurotica to innervate the skin of the forehead and scalp. (anatomynext.com)
• The motor fibers originate from the rostral nucleus ambiguus and innervate the stylopharyngeus muscle (a pharyngeal elevator) and (with the vagus nerve) the constrictor muscles of the pharynx . (neupsykey.com)
• Serotonergic neurons, originating in the dorsal Raphe nucleus (DRN), innervate both the amygdala and the PAG. (amazoniabr.org)
• Deep temporal nerves (anterior, middle and posterior) innervate the temporalis and carry a few fibers to the anterior portion of the TMJ. (freezingblue.com)
• The only GVA nerves in the abdomen that do not follow the above pathway are those that innervate structures in the distal half of the sigmoid colon and the rectum. (omicsgroup.org)
• There are inferior palpebral, external nasal and superior labial nerves that innervate skin from medial eye corner to mouth corner. (tdmuv.com)
• The posterior nasal (medial and lateral) nerves pass through the sphenopalatine foramen pass into nasal cavity, where innervate mucous membrane of the nasal cavity. (tdmuv.com)
• sample-driven download Psychische gezondheidszorg op maat: Op weg naar een precieze en persoonlijke psychiatrie tips innervate: fellowship-trained telescope and acid number, opportunity levels, and Goodreads of levels. (pandgs.com)
• These preganglionic neurons then enter the SCG and synapse with the postganglionic neurons that leave the rostral end of the SCG and innervate target organs of the head. (gutenberg.org)
• High threshold, NPY-positive neurons are vasoconstrictor neurons, which innervate the iris and pineal gland. (gutenberg.org)

Vagus nerve16

• where in the skull does the vagus nerve exit and what is its CN number? (cram.com)
• Louis Forgione Printed in China Last digit is the print number: Vagus nerve 4. (lesforgesdessalles.info)
• It exits the brainstem out from the sides of the upper medulla , just rostral (closer to the nose) to the vagus nerve . (wikipedia.org)
• On the inferior side, the glossopharyngeal nerve is lateral and anterior to the vagus nerve and accessory nerve . (wikipedia.org)
• Note: The glossopharyngeal nerve contributes in the formation of the pharyngeal plexus along with the vagus nerve. (wikipedia.org)
• It has been shown experimentally that if the action of the vagus nerve (parasympathetic input) is removed with only the sympathetics acting, the heart rate increases to about 150-180 beats/minute. (brainkart.com)
• The nerve emerges from the posterior lateral sulcus of the medulla oblongata dorsal to the inferior olive in close relation with cranial nerve X (the vagus nerve) and the bulbar fibers of cranial nerve XI (the spinal accessory nerve) ( Fig. 12.1 ) [ 6 , 31 ]. (neupsykey.com)
• The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) has autonomic functions in the thoracic and superior abdominal cavities. (philschatz.com)
• Otherwise, the existence of referred pain in the dermatomes of the trunk would not be possible since if the nociceptive signals traveled through the fibers of the vagus nerve, they would reach the solitary tract in the brain stem unrelated to the dermatomes. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• However, it is possible that nociceptive impulses from the thoracic and abdominal viscera may also be transmitted by fibers attached to the vagus nerve, but without representation of a specific trunk area. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• So the vagus nerve can induce other types of signals in the brain. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• The oculomotor nerve, the facial nerve, the glossopharyngeal nerve, and the vagus nerve have important autonomic functions. (kenhub.com)
• Another example of electrical stimulation for treatment of medical conditions is vagus nerve stimulation (VNS, also known as vagal nerve stimulation). (justia.com)
• The left vagus nerve is ordinarily stimulated at a location within the neck by first surgically implanting an electrode there and then connecting the electrode to an electrical stimulator [U.S. Pat. (justia.com)
• 11 The CAN maintains integral relationships with visceral sensory neurons via afferent input from the vagus nerve and relays transmission through the nucleus tractus solitarius to the hypothalamus, amygdala, and forebrain. (aappublications.org)
• The cranial nerves that contain GVA fibers include the facial nerve , the glossopharyngeal nerve and the vagus nerve . (omicsgroup.org)

Post-ganglionic6

• In the lacerum, Post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers ascend along with the internal carotid artery known as deep petrosal nerve connect to the greater petrosal nerve gives the Vidian nerve or nerve to the pterygoid canal. (statpearls.com)
• The two nerves that pass from the foramen lacerum are the greater petrosal nerve, which represents the pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers, and the deep petrosal nerve which, representing the post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers. (statpearls.com)
• Post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers ascend along with the internal carotid artery. (statpearls.com)
• The sympathetic chain, whichhas a beaded appearance, is located on either side of the vertebra and consists of the cell bodies of the post-ganglionic fibers and the nerve ending of pregan-glionic fibers. (brainkart.com)
• Pre- and post-ganglionic fibers and targets are depicted. (lumenlearning.com)
• 14 In Sympathetic ANS - Preganglionic fibers are short and post ganglionic fibers are long. (slideplayer.com)

Visceral14

• The parasympathetic nerves (PSN) are visceral, autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• Consists of efferent neurons that convey impulses from the CNS to visceral effectors (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands) 2. (docplayer.net)
• 2. The autonomic neuron pathways involve two neurons between the CNS and visceral effector. (docplayer.net)
• Visceral motor comes from cranial nerves or intermediolateral gray horn, involves 2 neurons and the neurotransmitter is either Ach or NE at either cardiac muscle, smooth muscle or glands. (freelan3er.info)
• Efferent nerves from the cen-tral nervous system carry impulses to the visceral ef-fectors, such as smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands, inhibiting or stimulating them. (brainkart.com)
• The postganglionic fibers leave the sympathetic chain and reach the visceral effectors. (brainkart.com)
• In the peripheral nervous system, visceral afferent fibers can be myelinic (from mechanical receptors) or amyelinic (from chemoreceptors). (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• These bipolar sensory receptor neurons each give off single dendrites at one end that terminate as olfactory knobs in the olfactory mucosa, and single unmyelinated special visceral afferent axonal fibers which transmit olfactory information to the brain for interpretation at the other end. (kenhub.com)
• These cell bodies are GVE (general visceral efferent ) neurons and are the preganglionic neurons. (lumenlearning.com)
• The ANS is a visceral and largely involuntary motor/effector system that is traditionally divided into sympathetic (thoracolumbar) and parasympathetic (craniosacral) divisions, each with a central and a peripheral component. (aappublications.org)
• 2 - Visceral - supplies & receives fibers to & from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. (eku.edu)
• The visceral motor fibers (those supplying smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, & glands) make up the Autonomic Nervous System. (eku.edu)
• The general visceral afferent fibers ( GVA ) conduct sensory impulses (usually pain or reflex sensations) from the viscera , glands, and blood vessels to the central nervous system. (omicsgroup.org)
• In the abdomen, general visceral afferent fibers usually accompany sympathetic efferent fibers. (omicsgroup.org)

Afferent9

• The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) contain both afferent and efferent fibers that provide sensory input and motor output, respectively, to the central nervous system (CNS). (statpearls.com)
• These convey afferent and efferent fibers between the CNS and the viscera. (statpearls.com)
• The glossopharyngeal nerve , known as the ninth cranial nerve ( CN IX ), is a mixed nerve that carries afferent sensory and efferent motor information. (wikipedia.org)
• Overview CNS Brain and Spinal Cord Information processing/Interneurons PNS Nerves Sensory/Afferent Motor/Efferent Examples of each Recall that we have anatomically, PNS, CNS is specifically brain and spinal cord. (slideplayer.com)
• On the sensory side, receptors, these fibers are all called afferent, going towards the central nervous system, can divide sensations into two main categories, special sensories are defined as vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste and smell, those are the special senses. (slideplayer.com)
• The afferent arcs of these reflexes probably involve the glossopharyngeal nerve, whereas the efferent arcs involve both the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. (neupsykey.com)
• It is a purely sensory nerve that carries afferent stimuli of pain , light touch , and temperature from the upper eyelids and supraorbital region of the face, up to the vertex of the head. (kenhub.com)
• Parasympathetic afferent. (omicsgroup.org)
• However, unlike the efferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system, the afferent fibers are not classified as either sympathetic or parasympathetic . (omicsgroup.org)

Nervous48

• in anatomic nomenclature, a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system. (thefreedictionary.com)
• The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division . (philschatz.com)
• In 1919, Nováes, studying the peripheral nervous system, detected parasitized cells around the cutaneous nerves, near on even inside the perineurium (11). (fac.org.ar)
• He (14-19) along with Alcántara (20), suggested that Chagas' disease is a neuropathy resulting from denervation caused by widespread destruction of parasympathetic neurons and nervous fibers in different areas - a theory that explained the occurrence of cardiopathy and megaviscera. (fac.org.ar)
• Systematic counting of ganglionic cells in the intrinsic nervous system of all the organs studied (the bronchi, cerebellum, spinal cord, esophagus, colon, stomach, heart, etc.) showed unequivocal signs of parasympathetic denervation or neuron loss (16,18). (fac.org.ar)
• The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) , also known as the parasympathetic division and the craniosacral division (in humans), is that part of the autonomic nervous system that originates in the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord (brain stem and lower part of spinal cord) and generally has a complementary but opposing physiological effect versus the sympathetic nervous system . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• In contrast, the parasympathetic nervous system typically functions in actions that do not require an immediate response and is central during rest, sleeping, and digesting food, lowering metabolic rate, slowing activity, synthesizing glycogen , and restoring blood pressure and resting heartbeat, and so forth. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• The main actions of the parasympathetic nervous system are summarized by the phrase "rest and repose" or "rest and digest," in contrast to the "fight-or-flight" of the sympathetic nervous system. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• For the body to be in balance, and to be able to respond to appropriate conditions, both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are needed to provide their opposing effects. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• The parasympathetic nervous system uses only acetylcholine (ACh) as its neurotransmitter . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• The parasympathetic nervous system is a main subsystem of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• The autonomic nervous system is that part of the peripheral nervous system that largely acts independent of conscious control (involuntarily) and consists of nerves in cardiac muscle , smooth muscle, and exocrine and endocrine glands. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• In addition to the parasympathetic nervous system, the other main subdivision of the autonomic nervous system is the sympathetic nervous system. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• In sending fibers to three tissues- cardiac muscle , smooth muscle, or glandular tissue -the autonomic nervous system provides stimulation, sympathetic or parasympathetic, to control smooth muscle contraction, regulate cardiac muscle, or stimulate or inhibit glandular secretion. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• While sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic divisions typically function in opposition to each other, this opposition is better understood as complementary in nature rather than antagonistic. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• A rarely used (but useful) acronym used to summarize the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system in human beings is SLUDD ( salivation , lacrimation, urination, digestion, and defecation). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• which part of the nervous system are the cranial nerves? (cram.com)
• The preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic system are in the superior salivatory nucleus of the pons and pass through the nervous intermedius of the facial nerve and enter the SPG as a branch of the greater petrosal nerve. (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
• However, a smaller branch of the facial nerve, the nervus intermedium, carries fibers for the para-sympathetic nervous system (tears and salivation), taste, and general somatosensory functions. (doctorabel.us)
• The autonomic nervous system , consisting of the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity regulates smooth muscle, cardiac and certain glands. (wikbio.com)
• their central processes follow the dorsal roots into the central nervous system and synapse in sensory areas. (tabers.com)
• Anatomically and functionally, the autonomic nervous system is made up of two subdivisions: the sympathetic system with long-lasting and diffuse effects, and the parasympathetic system with more transient and specific effects. (neurosurgery.tv)
• The centers of the parasympathetic nervous system are found in the mesencephalon and medulla oblongata and in the sacral part of the spinal cord. (thefreedictionary.com)
• The fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system proceed to the viscera as part of the third (oculomotor), seventh (facial), ninth (glossopharyngeal), and especially the tenth (vagus) cranial nerves and as part of the pelvic nerve. (thefreedictionary.com)
• In many cases, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are directly opposed to one another in their effect on organs. (thefreedictionary.com)
• Efferent neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system are typically situated in the innervated organ proper and not in the separate trunk, as is the case in the sympathetic nervous system. (thefreedictionary.com)
• Four nerves make up the cranial component of the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for pupillary constriction, salivation, and the regulation of the organs of the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities. (philschatz.com)
• The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is also known as the vegetative nervous system composed of nerve cells located in the central and the peripheral nervous systems. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• In the peripheral nervous system, the ANS is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• The cranial nerves (CN) are twelve pairs of nerves that, with the exception of the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI), originate in the brain and contribute to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) , supplying the head and neck . (kenhub.com)
• All preganglionic fibers, whether they are in the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) or in the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS), are cholinergic-that is, these fibers use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter-and are myelinated. (lumenlearning.com)
• In counterbalance, the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) serves a predominant cardioinhibitory function associated with attenuation of HR and ventricular contraction, reduced arterial stiffness, and increased venous capacitance. (onlinejacc.org)
• The neurotransmitter between the pre- and postneurons throughout the autonomic nervous system, sympathetic and parasympathetic, is acetylcholine as reiterated further on. (srmvision.com)
• The parasympathetic craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. (srmvision.com)
• Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System We will discuss each one. (slideplayer.com)
• 1. Two types of nervous tissues are neurons (nerve cells) and gjia ( neuroglia ). (guwsmedical.info)
• The neuron is the basic structural unit of the nervous system. (guwsmedical.info)
• Appreciation of the breadth of autonomic disorders has increased since Langley 1 originally proposed the generic term "autonomic nervous system" (ANS) and designated its division into the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems. (aappublications.org)
• From the finding that removal of the sympathetic nerves did not affect blood pressure much, Cannon inferred that the sympathetic nervous system did not contribute to blood pressure in intact, undisturbed organism. (blogspot.com)
• 3-Cranial part of parasympathetic nervous system is present in………cranial nerve. (ahlamontada.net)
• These nerves, together with aggregations of cell bodies located outside the CNS, constitute the peripheral nervous system . (ormedmedical.us)
• The nervous system is composed of only two principal types of cells-neurons and supporting cells. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
• The neuron, which is classified according to structure or function, serves to store and process information, and is the functional unit of the nervous system. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
• Nerve Tissue & the Nervous System. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
• List the types of nerve fibers found in the mammalian nervous system. (slideshare.net)
• Autonomic thermoregulation is a neural process related to the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. (oxfordre.com)
• Autonomic and behavioral divisions are neural processes-with autonomic being related to the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and behavioral being related to cortical memory and decisions, as well as aversions. (oxfordre.com)
• When this is completed, the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and all the nerves) might be examined in detail. (b-ok.xyz)

Acetylcholine6

• 3. Autonomic motor neurons release acetylcholine or noradrenaline as neurotransmitters. (wikbio.com)
• Presynaptic neurons of both the SNS and PNS utilize acetylcholine (ACh) as their neurotransmitter. (statpearls.com)
• Both neurons, preganglionic and postganglionic, communicate using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• The postganglionic neuron acts on the target organ by releasing neurotransmitters (norepinephrine in the case of sympathetic neurons, and acetylcholine in parasympathetic neurons). (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• All preganglionic fibers of the ANS are cholinergic -meaning they have acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter, and are myelinated for faster transmission. (lumenlearning.com)
• Chemical Transmitters Chemical transmitter at - preganglionic sympathetic nerve ending is acetylcholine - postganglionic sympathetic nerve ending is nor- epinephrine. (slideplayer.com)

Sacral8

• The regions of the body associated with the parasympathetic division of the ANS are in the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• 3. In the case of the parasympathetic system, the preganglionic are located in the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X) in the brainstem and the lateral horns the gray matter of the second to fourth sacral segments of the spinal cord. (wikbio.com)
• In the sacral pelvic splanchnic nerves are: supplying colon, ureters, bladder and reproductive organs. (wikbio.com)
• o 2nd and 4th sacral nerves. (tripod.com)
• The parasympathetic division (craniosacral outflow) consists of cell bodies from one of two locations: the brainstem (cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X) or the sacral spinal cord (S2, S3, S4). (lumenlearning.com)
• The parasympathetic division has craniosacral outflow, meaning that the neurons begin at the cranial nerves (CN3, CN7, CN9, CN10) and sacral (S2-S4) spinal cord. (lumenlearning.com)
• In or near the wall of an organ innervated by the vagus (CN X) or sacral nerves (S2, S3, S4). (lumenlearning.com)
• Another application of electrical stimulation of nerves is the treatment of radiating pain in the lower extremities by stimulating the sacral nerve roots at the bottom of the spinal cord [Paul F. WHITE, Shitong Li and Jen W. Chiu. (justia.com)

Thoracic5

• The preganglionic sympathetic neurons leave the spinal gray matter at the level of the first and second thoracic vertebrae (T1- T2). (sphenopalatineganglionblocks.com)
• 2. In the sympathetic system, the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are located in the lateral horns of gray matter of the 12 thoracic segments and the 2 or 3 lumbar spinal cord. (wikbio.com)
• The nerve fibers which comprise the sympathetic system originate in the intermediolateral horn (lamina VII) of the gray matter in all twelve thoracic and the first two lumbar segments of the spinal cord. (neurosurgery.tv)
• Cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves carry the postsynaptic fibers destined for the thoracic cavity. (statpearls.com)
• The sympathetic division has thoracolumbar outflow, meaning that the neurons begin at the thoracic and lumbar (T1-L2) portions of the spinal cord. (lumenlearning.com)

Sympathetic system3

• The sympathetic system is associated with the fight-or-flight response , and parasympathetic activity is referred to by the epithet of rest and digest . (philschatz.com)
• 1. In the case of sympathetic system, the preganglionic and postganglionic is short is long. (wikbio.com)
• The neck has intricately connected neural structures, including cervical and brachial plexi, the sympathetic system, lower cranial nerves, and their branches. (bvsalud.org)

Dorsal5

• do cranial nerves have ventral or dorsal roots? (cram.com)
• Where do the dorsal columns end, to synapse with the CNS and go to #2afferent? (studystack.com)
• Serotonergic neurons projecting from the dorsal Raphe nucleus are proposed to activate the amygdala ( ) thereby promoting the response to conditioned aversive stimuli (anxiety). (amazoniabr.org)
• 5. Dorsal nasal artery supplies the external nose and anastomoses with the terminal branch of the facial artery. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
• We hypothesized that the mechanism inducing KCC2 downregulation in spinal motoneurons following peripheral axotomy might be mediated by microglia or motoneuron release of BDNF and TrkB activation as has been reported on spinal cord dorsal horn neurons after nerve injury, motoneurons after spinal cord injury (SCI), and in many other central neurons throughout development or a variety of pathologies. (eneuro.org)

Neurotransmitter2

• A nerve that uses a catecholamine as its main neurotransmitter. (tabers.com)
• Deep brain stimulation, vagal nerve stimulation and transcranial stimulation: An overview of stimulation parameters and neurotransmitter release. (justia.com)

Efferent fibers1

• [ 5 ] GVA fibers from structures above the pain line follow the course of the sympathetic efferent fibers, and GVA fibers from structures below the pain line follow the course of the parasympathetic efferents. (omicsgroup.org)

Originate5

• Pre-ganglionic para-sympathetic fibers originate from the superior salivatory nucleus in the pons. (statpearls.com)
• Pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers originate from the intermediate horn of the spinal gray matter of the spinal cord of T1. (statpearls.com)
• In the cranium, the PSN originate from cranial nerves CN III (oculomotor nerve), CN VII (facial nerve), CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve), and CN X (vagus n. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• The parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies projecting to the SPG originate in the superior salivatory nucleus (SSN) of the facial nerve in the pons. (mhmedical.com)
• Origin Sympathetic nerve fiber originate in the spinal cord from lateral horn cell from thoraco lumber region. (slideplayer.com)

Pathways6

• Generally, the SNS and PNS motor pathways consist of a two-neuron series: a preganglionic neuron with a cell body in the CNS and a postganglionic neuron with a cell body in the periphery that innervates target tissues. (statpearls.com)
• These areas are connected to the motor neurons of the brain stem and spinal cord by descending and ascending pathways in the reticular formation. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• However, the terms sympathetic and parasympathetic refer only to the efferent pathways. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• The invention involves the use of an energy source comprising magnetic and/or electrical energy that is transmitted non-invasively to, or in close proximity to, a selected nerve to temporarily stimulate, block and/or modulate the signals in the selected nerve such that neural pathways are activated to release inhibitory neurotransmitters in the patient's brain. (justia.com)
• This occurs as sprouting of sympa- thetic fibers, creating aberrant communication pathways from the new sympathetic terminals to sensory neurons (35). (blogspot.com)
• Scheme showing pathways of a typical spinal nerve. (omicsgroup.org)

Motor neuron2

• 4. Postganglionic Neuron - Second motor neuron. (freelan3er.info)
• 11. A neuromuscular junction is a 'connection' between the terminal of a motor neuron and a muscular fiber. (guwsmedical.info)

Cervical5

• It then passes through the parotid gland and divides into five major branchial motor branches to control the muscles of facial expression: the temporal, zygo-matic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical branches (see Fig. 8-5). (doctorabel.us)
• The facial nerves from the brow to the throat under the chin include: the temporal nerve, the zygomatic nerve, the buccal nerve, the facial nerve, the posterior auricular nerve, mandibular nerve, and the cervical nerve. (hapiland.net)
• Sometimes a branch from the second cervical nerve can be seen joining the spinal accessory nerve before its entrance into the sternocleidomastoid muscle. (ormedmedical.us)
• The cervical plexus is formed from a unification of the anterior divisions of the upper four cervical nerves. (gutenberg.org)
• These nerves enter the SCG through the cervical sympathetic nerve. (gutenberg.org)

Outflow3

• Cluster headache involves activation of the parasympathetic outflow from the superior salivary nucleus of the facial nerve, predominantly through the SPG. (mhmedical.com)
• The preganglionic, or first neuron will begin at the outflow and will cross a synapse at the postganglionic, or second neuron's cell body. (lumenlearning.com)
• Sympathetic outflow from the spinal cord and the course and distribution of sympathetic fibers. (srmvision.com)

Branches25

• These are all branches of maxillary nerve. (wikipedia.org)
• Nasopalatine nerve Greater palatine nerve Lesser palatine nerve Medial and Lateral Posterior Superior and Posterior Inferior Nasal Branches Pharyngeal branch of maxillary nerve Plan of the facial and intermediate nerves and their communication with other nerves. (wikipedia.org)
• The nasociliary nerve branches off the ethmoidal and infratrochlear nerves. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers then run with branches of the maxillary nerve (V 2 ) to reach their targets. (mhmedical.com)
• The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve arise from the superior salivatory nucleus and travel in two small branches off the main trunk of the facial nerve. (doctorabel.us)
• The most famous is the 'solar plexus' which consists of the fibers that surround the celiac artery and its branches. (docplayer.net)
• The inferior alveolar nerve (from CN V3) runs in the mandibular canal, giving off branches to the lower teeth and gingivae as it passes. (tabers.com)
• Depending on if at beginning of nerve different answer than out at branches. (slideplayer.com)
• Some of ophthalmic nerve branches also convey parasympathetic fibers. (anatomynext.com)
• The supraorbital nerve is the largest of the two terminal branches of the frontal nerve that innervates the mucosa of the frontal sinus, the conjunctiva and skin of the upper eyelid, and the skin of the forehead and the scalp. (anatomynext.com)
• The lateral branch is one of the two terminal branches of the supraorbital nerve. (anatomynext.com)
• The main areas supplied by this sensory nerve and its branches are the mucosa of the nasal cavity, skin of the nasal root, as well as the skin and conjunctiva of the medial corner of the eye. (anatomynext.com)
• Their sensory branches are associated with taste receptors on the front two-thirds of the tongue, and some of the motor fibers send impulses to muscles for facial expressions. (hapiland.net)
• what are the branches of the facial nerve that are external to the skull? (hapiland.net)
• which branches of the facial nerve are within the facial canal? (hapiland.net)
• They are clinically relevant in dissections of facial nerve branches while exposing the different lobes, since any iatrogenic lesion will result in either loss of action or strength of muscles involved in facial expression . (wikipedia.org)
• Branches of the ophthalmic artery accompany all branches of nasociliary, frontal and lacrimal nerves. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
• The superior ophthalmic vein in the medial part of upper eyelid, crosses above the optic nerve in company with the ophthalmic artery and receives tributaries that correspond with the branches of the accompaying artery. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
• It has four nuclei that send fibers to form its tracts and is associated with three separate branches. (kenhub.com)
• Additional sympathetic branches from the cavernous sinus also join the ophthalmic nerve as well. (kenhub.com)
• All nerve branches must be preserved to obtain the best shoulder function. (ormedmedical.us)
• The last gives off the superior dental nerves and superior gingival branches of the upper jaw. (tdmuv.com)
• Postganglionic branches include greater palatine nerve and lesser palatine nerve that pass through the greater palatine canal and lesser palatine foramens, innervating mucous membrane of the hard and soft palatine. (tdmuv.com)
• Nasopalatine nerve (Scarp ) start from the nasal branches and reach the mucous membrane of the hard palatine through the incisive canal. (tdmuv.com)
• 131 At its termination , the nerve lies beneath the Quadratus labii superioris , and divides into a leash of branches which spread out upon the side of the nose, the lower eyelid, and the upper lip, joining with filaments of the facial nerve. (tdmuv.com)

Oculomotor nerve2

• what hole does the oculomotor nerve come out of and what CN number is it? (cram.com)
• The nasociliary nerve enters the orbit through the common tendinous ring, lying between the two divisions of the oculomotor nerve (CN III), crosses the optic nerve (CN II) and the ophthalmic artery, and runs obliquely below the superior rectus and superior oblique muscles. (anatomynext.com)

Organs6

• The idea of parasympathetic neuron destruction came from anatomopathological studies that had demonstrated the existence of extensive areas of intrinsic denervation in various organs that presented alterations typical of Chagas' disease (16). (fac.org.ar)
• 4. Many organs receive motor fibers from sympathetic and parasympathetic. (wikbio.com)
• Gray ramus communicans carry unmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic nerves to peripheral organs. (freelan3er.info)
• c- two synapses between the CNS and effector organs. (ahlamontada.net)
• The course of GVA fibers from organs in the pelvis, in general, depends on the organ's position relative to the pelvic pain line . (omicsgroup.org)
• This includes the vasculature, the nerves, the bones, the muscles, and all other structures and organs located in the region of the body defined as the thorax. (b-ok.xyz)

Second neuron2

• The synaptic cleft is the space between the terminal bulb of the first neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the second neuron. (guwsmedical.info)
• The postsynaptic membrane is that portion of the membrane of the second neuron which lies near the terminal bulb of the first neuron. (guwsmedical.info)

Nuclei3

• It consists of bipolar cells that send fibers peripherally to the organ of Corti and centrally to the cochlear nuclei of the brainstem. (thefreedictionary.com)
• The somatosensory fibers for trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves all synapse in the trigeminal nuclei. (doctorabel.us)
• a- neuron cell bodies in the nuclei of cranial nerves. (ahlamontada.net)

Bodies of neurons1

• The outer cortex is composed of gray matter, which is the cell bodies of neurons. (guwsmedical.info)

Mandibular3

• It passes through the trigeminal canal (located on the medial aspect of the petrosal bone) and divides into three nerves: ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• The three nerves have a sensory component (GSA) but only the mandibular has a motor component (SVE). (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• Auriculotemporal nerve arises from the posterior division of the mandibular nerve (V-3). (freezingblue.com)

Medulla5

• The motor division of the glossopharyngeal nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic medulla oblongata , while the sensory division originates from the cranial neural crest . (wikipedia.org)
• These fibers terminate at the medulla oblongata . (wikipedia.org)
• Fibers leaving the nucleus ambiguus travel anteriorly and laterally to exit the medulla, along with the other components of CN IX, between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle . (wikipedia.org)
• This is a mixed nerve (motor and sensory), that originates from the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata . (freezingblue.com)
• Derived from embryonic postganglionic sympathetic neurons, the adrenal medulla secretes catecholamine hormones-epinephrine and (to a lesser degree) norepinephrine. (euvolution.com)

Impulses7

• A sympathetic nerve to the heart that carries impulses that speed the heart rate. (tabers.com)
• A nerve that conducts impulses toward the brain or spinal cord. (tabers.com)
• So, the heart rate can be in-creased by reducing the parasympathetic impulses or increasing the sympathetic impulses. (brainkart.com)
• These synapses between pre- and postganglionic cholinergic nerves are not blocked by atropine nicotinic whereas the postganglionic impulses are blocked by atropine muscarinic. (srmvision.com)
• Thus, there is no electrical transmission of impulses from one neuron to the next. (guwsmedical.info)
• ii) Optimum physiological fluid environment for neural functions e.g. conduction of nerve impulses, transport of aminoacids, sugars, etc. (studyadda.com)
• Each component of the nerve is responsible for a specific region of the face , and transmits specific impulses. (kenhub.com)

Blood vessels3

• The existence of multiple foramina in the base of the skull permits the passing of crucial vital tissues, most importantly, blood vessels and nerves which pass from the head to the body and vice versa. (statpearls.com)
• Based on this close relationship between differentiating sympathetic neurons and blood vessels, it has long been postulated that a biological cue originating from blood vessels regulates motility and growth cone guidance of these cells. (biologists.org)
• High threshold, NPY-negative neurons are pilomotor neurons, innervating blood vessels. (gutenberg.org)

Lacrimal nerve5

• The lacrimal nerve is sensory to the upper eyelid, conjunctiva and lacrimal gland. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers also go to the lacrimal gland via a branch of the maxillary nerve which then connects with a branch of the ophthalmic nerve (lacrimal nerve) arriving at the lacrimal gland. (practicalpainmanagement.com)
• The lacrimal nerve enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure, outside the common tendinous ring and lateral to the frontal and trochlear nerves. (anatomynext.com)
• The lacrimal nerve goes forward along the lateral wall of the orbit and passes through the lacrimal gland and orbital septum. (anatomynext.com)
• The communicating branch with zygomatic nerve refers to the anastomosis which serves as the link between the zygomaticotemporal branch of the zygomatic nerve (from maxillary nerve, CN V2) and the lacrimal nerve (from ophthalmic nerve , CN V1 ). (anatomynext.com)

Preganglionic neuron2

• 2. Preganglionic Neuron - First neuron that resides in the brain or spinal cord. (freelan3er.info)
• the preganglionic neuron must first cross a synapse onto a postganglionic neuron before innervating the target organ. (lumenlearning.com)

Zygomatic1

• The nerve has a communicating branch with the zygomatic nerve. (anatomynext.com)

Posterior5

• The integrity of taste sensation may be tested over the posterior third of the tongue and is lost ipsilaterally with nerve lesions. (neupsykey.com)
• The lateral-posterior hypothalamus is part of the supranuclear mechanism for the regulation of parasympathetic activities. (srmvision.com)
• 2. Posterior ciliary arteries, consist of two sets, long and short, both of which pierce the sclera around the optic nerve. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
• For example, the posterior cranial fossa, is mainly innervated by the occipital nerves. (biomedcentral.com)
• Superior alveolar nerves (posterior, middle and inferior) start from infraorbital nerve in maxilla. (tdmuv.com)

Glossopharyngeal nerve7

• what's the glossopharyngeal nerve CN number and where in the skull does it come out? (cram.com)
• The glossopharyngeal nerve as noted above is a mixed nerve consisting of both sensory and motor nerve fibers. (wikipedia.org)
• The glossopharyngeal nerve contains motor, sensory, and parasympathetic fibers. (neupsykey.com)
• By way of the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve ( Jacobson's nerve ) , sensation is supplied to the tympanic membrane, eustachian tube, and the mastoid region. (neupsykey.com)
• The glossopharyngeal nerve also carries chemoreceptive and baroreceptive afferents from the carotid body (chemoreceptors) and carotid sinus (baroreceptors), respectively, by way of the carotid sinus nerve ( nerve of Hering ). (neupsykey.com)
• Motor paresis may be negligible with glossopharyngeal nerve lesions, although mild dysphagia may occur and the palatal arch may be somewhat lower at rest on the side of glossopharyngeal injury. (neupsykey.com)
• Unilateral absence of these reflexes is seen with glossopharyngeal nerve lesions. (neupsykey.com)

Lateral8

• After the chiasm, the optic nerve fibers (decussated and non-decussated) form the optic tract that reaches the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• Sympathetic neurons have cell bodies located in the intermediolateral columns, or lateral horns, of the spinal cord. (statpearls.com)
• The cell body of first neuron is located in the CNS (spinal cord at lateral horn cell). (slideplayer.com)
• The artery enters the orbit through the optic canal infero-lateral to the optic nerve, both lying in a common sheath of Dura mater. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
• In the orbit it pierces the Dura, winds round the lateral side of optic nerve and passes forward and medially above the optic nerve between the superior ophthalmic vein in front and the nasociliary nerve behind. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
• CN V1 travels in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus below CN IV (trochlear nerve) and above CN V2 . (kenhub.com)
• b- neuron cell bodies in the lateral gray matter of the spinal cord (S2-S4). (ahlamontada.net)
• The bodies of these preganglionic sympathetic neurons are specifically located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord. (gutenberg.org)

Muscles14

• What nerve is responsible for innervating chewing muscles? (brainscape.com)
• where do the motor fibers from those nerves that supply muscles come from? (cram.com)
• Proprioceptive fibers from the extra-ocular muscles travel in the III, IV and VI cranial nerves. (neuroanatomyofthedog.com)
• A major portion of this muscle is derived from the buccinator and blends with other facial muscles around the oral cavity. (lesforgesdessalles.info)
• Fibers of this muscle blend with other muscles around the mouth. (lesforgesdessalles.info)
• The facial nerve controls the muscles of facial expression. (doctorabel.us)
• About 20 muscles of facial expression are known. (doctorabel.us)
• Thus when practitioners treat facial conditions such as sinusitis or Bell's palsy, the affected muscles in each case should be carefully detected. (doctorabel.us)
• Because all neuromuscular attachments of the muscles of facial expression can become sensitized if the muscles are affected, these points can be used for needling therapy. (doctorabel.us)
• The nerve winds around the lower border of the stylopharyngeus muscle (which it supplies) and then penetrates the pharyngeal constrictor muscles to reach the base of the tongue. (neupsykey.com)
• Three nerves are connected to the extraocular muscles resulting in the control of gaze. (philschatz.com)
• Finally, one nerve controls the muscles of the neck, assisting with spinal control of the movement of the head and neck. (philschatz.com)
• It fills up the interval between the optic nerve and the cone of four recti muscles. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
• A Greasemonkey download Psychische gezondheidszorg op maat: Op weg naar een precieze en persoonlijke psychiatrie that de-mystifies Flickriver muscles to Astronomical Flickr lapse programmes - structure options, properties, weigh-in specimen, becoming to However scan the foreign Flickriver construction. (pandgs.com)