Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR.Facial Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation.Facial Nerve Injuries: Traumatic injuries to the facial nerve. This may result in FACIAL PARALYSIS, decreased lacrimation and salivation, and loss of taste sensation in the anterior tongue. The nerve may regenerate and reform its original pattern of innervation, or regenerate aberrantly, resulting in inappropriate lacrimation in response to gustatory stimuli (e.g., "crocodile tears") and other syndromes.Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers.Cranial Nerve Diseases: Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.Facial Paralysis: Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. FACIAL NERVE DISEASES generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISEASES and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause facial paralysis or paresis.Cranial Nerve Neoplasms: Benign and malignant neoplasms that arise from one or more of the twelve cranial nerves.Cranial Nerve Injuries: Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.Face: The anterior portion of the head that includes the skin, muscles, and structures of the forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, and jaw.Facial Muscles: Muscles of facial expression or mimetic muscles that include the numerous muscles supplied by the facial nerve that are attached to and move the skin of the face. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Sciatic Nerve: A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.Neuroma, Acoustic: A benign SCHWANNOMA of the eighth cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE), mostly arising from the vestibular branch (VESTIBULAR NERVE) during the fifth or sixth decade of life. Clinical manifestations include HEARING LOSS; HEADACHE; VERTIGO; TINNITUS; and FACIAL PAIN. Bilateral acoustic neuromas are associated with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p673)Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.Facial Expression: Observable changes of expression in the face in response to emotional stimuli.Abducens Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the sixth cranial (abducens) nerve or its nucleus in the pons. The nerve may be injured along its course in the pons, intracranially as it travels along the base of the brain, in the cavernous sinus, or at the level of superior orbital fissure or orbit. Dysfunction of the nerve causes lateral rectus muscle weakness, resulting in horizontal diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is abducted and ESOTROPIA. Common conditions associated with nerve injury include INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ISCHEMIA; and INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS.Temporal Bone: Either of a pair of compound bones forming the lateral (left and right) surfaces and base of the skull which contains the organs of hearing. It is a large bone formed by the fusion of parts: the squamous (the flattened anterior-superior part), the tympanic (the curved anterior-inferior part), the mastoid (the irregular posterior portion), and the petrous (the part at the base of the skull).Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Nerve Regeneration: Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.Mastoid: The posterior part of the temporal bone. It is a projection of the petrous bone.Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Trigeminal Nerve: The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION and project to the TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication.Hemifacial Spasm: Recurrent clonic contraction of facial muscles, restricted to one side. It may occur as a manifestation of compressive lesions involving the seventh cranial nerve (FACIAL NERVE DISEASES), during recovery from BELL PALSY, or in association with other disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1378)Bell Palsy: A syndrome characterized by the acute onset of unilateral FACIAL PARALYSIS which progresses over a 2-5 day period. Weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscle and resulting incomplete eye closure may be associated with corneal injury. Pain behind the ear often precedes the onset of paralysis. This condition may be associated with HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN infection of the facial nerve. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1376)Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and CHEMORECEPTOR CELLS of the carotid sinus.Nerve Compression Syndromes: Mechanical compression of nerves or nerve roots from internal or external causes. These may result in a conduction block to nerve impulses (due to MYELIN SHEATH dysfunction) or axonal loss. The nerve and nerve sheath injuries may be caused by ISCHEMIA; INFLAMMATION; or a direct mechanical effect.Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (COCHLEAR NERVE) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (VESTIBULAR NERVE) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI.Cerebellopontine Angle: Junction between the cerebellum and the pons.Oculomotor Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the oculomotor nerve or nucleus that result in weakness or paralysis of the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, or levator palpebrae muscles, or impaired parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. With a complete oculomotor palsy, the eyelid will be paralyzed, the eye will be in an abducted and inferior position, and the pupil will be markedly dilated. Commonly associated conditions include neoplasms, CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, ischemia (especially in association with DIABETES MELLITUS), and aneurysmal compression. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p270)Mobius Syndrome: A syndrome of congenital facial paralysis, frequently associated with abducens palsy and other congenital abnormalities including lingual palsy, clubfeet, brachial disorders, cognitive deficits, and pectoral muscle defects. Pathologic findings are variable and include brain stem nuclear aplasia, facial nerve aplasia, and facial muscle aplasia, consistent with a multifactorial etiology. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1020)Neurilemmoma: A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)Hypoglossal Nerve Injuries: Traumatic injuries to the HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE.Otologic Surgical Procedures: Surgery performed on the external, middle, or internal ear.Oculomotor Nerve: The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain.Accessory Nerve: The 11th cranial nerve which originates from NEURONS in the MEDULLA and in the CERVICAL SPINAL CORD. It has a cranial root, which joins the VAGUS NERVE (10th cranial) and sends motor fibers to the muscles of the LARYNX, and a spinal root, which sends motor fibers to the TRAPEZIUS and the sternocleidomastoid muscles.Parotid Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.Abducens Nerve: The 6th cranial nerve which originates in the ABDUCENS NUCLEUS of the PONS and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the EYE. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control.Nerve Block: Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.Nerve Endings: Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.Sural Nerve: A branch of the tibial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to parts of the lower leg and foot.Facial Bones: The facial skeleton, consisting of bones situated between the cranial base and the mandibular region. While some consider the facial bones to comprise the hyoid (HYOID BONE), palatine (HARD PALATE), and zygomatic (ZYGOMA) bones, MANDIBLE, and MAXILLA, others include also the lacrimal and nasal bones, inferior nasal concha, and vomer but exclude the hyoid bone. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p113)Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand.Nerve Crush: Treatment of muscles and nerves under pressure as a result of crush injuries.Peripheral Nerve Injuries: Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.Facial Injuries: General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot.Facial Asymmetry: Congenital or acquired asymmetry of the face.Mandibular Nerve: A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura.Ulnar Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C7 to T1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm.Trigeminal Neuralgia: A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)Hypoglossal Nerve: The 12th cranial nerve. The hypoglossal nerve originates in the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla and supplies motor innervation to all of the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus (which is supplied by the vagus). This nerve also contains proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles.Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.Axotomy: Transection or severing of an axon. This type of denervation is used often in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival, toward an understanding of nervous system disease.Femoral Nerve: A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.Laryngeal Nerve Injuries: Traumatic injuries to the LARYNGEAL NERVE.Herpes Zoster Oticus: A syndrome characterized by facial palsy in association with a herpetic eruption of the external auditory meatus. This may occasionally be associated with tinnitus, vertigo, deafness, severe otalgia, and inflammation of the pinna. The condition is caused by reactivation of a latent HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN infection which causes inflammation of the facial and vestibular nerves, and may occasionally involve additional cranial nerves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p757)Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.Trigeminal Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the trigeminal nerve or its nuclei, which are located in the pons and medulla. The nerve is composed of three divisions: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular, which provide sensory innervation to structures of the face, sinuses, and portions of the cranial vault. The mandibular nerve also innervates muscles of mastication. Clinical features include loss of facial and intra-oral sensation and weakness of jaw closure. Common conditions affecting the nerve include brain stem ischemia, INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS, and TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA.Cranial Fossa, Posterior: The infratentorial compartment that contains the CEREBELLUM and BRAIN STEM. It is formed by the posterior third of the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid (SPHENOID BONE), by the occipital, the petrous, and mastoid portions of the TEMPORAL BONE, and the posterior inferior angle of the PARIETAL BONE.Eyelids: Each of the upper and lower folds of SKIN which cover the EYE when closed.Glomus Jugulare Tumor: A paraganglioma involving the glomus jugulare, a microscopic collection of chemoreceptor tissue in the adventitia of the bulb of the jugular vein. It may cause paralysis of the vocal cords, attacks of dizziness, blackouts, and nystagmus. It is not resectable but radiation therapy is effective. It regresses slowly, but permanent control is regularly achieved. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1603-4)Petrous Bone: The dense rock-like part of temporal bone that contains the INNER EAR. Petrous bone is located at the base of the skull. Sometimes it is combined with the MASTOID PROCESS and called petromastoid part of temporal bone.Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Pathological processes of the VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE, including the branches of COCHLEAR NERVE and VESTIBULAR NERVE. Common examples are VESTIBULAR NEURITIS, cochlear neuritis, and ACOUSTIC NEUROMA. Clinical signs are varying degree of HEARING LOSS; VERTIGO; and TINNITUS.Neural Conduction: The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.Ophthalmoplegia: Paralysis of one or more of the ocular muscles due to disorders of the eye muscles, neuromuscular junction, supporting soft tissue, tendons, or innervation to the muscles.Paralysis: A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)Nerve Growth Factor: NERVE GROWTH FACTOR is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity.Nerve Growth Factors: Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.Facial DermatosesNerve Transfer: Surgical reinnervation of a denervated peripheral target using a healthy donor nerve and/or its proximal stump. The direct connection is usually made to a healthy postlesional distal portion of a non-functioning nerve or implanted directly into denervated muscle or insensitive skin. Nerve sprouts will grow from the transferred nerve into the denervated elements and establish contact between them and the neurons that formerly controlled another area.Phrenic Nerve: The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.Radial Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans the fibers of the radial nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C5 to T1), travel via the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, and supply motor innervation to extensor muscles of the arm and cutaneous sensory fibers to extensor regions of the arm and hand.Parotid Gland: The largest of the three pairs of SALIVARY GLANDS. They lie on the sides of the FACE immediately below and in front of the EAR.Cochlear Nerve: The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS) of the BRAIN STEM. They mediate the sense of hearing.Spinal Nerve Roots: Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.Skull Fractures: Fractures of the skull which may result from penetrating or nonpenetrating head injuries or rarely BONE DISEASES (see also FRACTURES, SPONTANEOUS). Skull fractures may be classified by location (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, BASILAR), radiographic appearance (e.g., linear), or based upon cranial integrity (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, DEPRESSED).Lingual Nerve: A sensory branch of the MANDIBULAR NERVE, which is part of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The lingual nerve carries general afferent fibers from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, and the mandibular gingivae.Skull Base Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the base of the skull specifically, differentiated from neoplasms of unspecified sites or bones of the skull (SKULL NEOPLASMS).Ophthalmic Nerve: A sensory branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The ophthalmic nerve carries general afferents from the superficial division of the face including the eyeball, conjunctiva, upper eyelid, upper nose, nasal mucosa, and scalp.Trochlear Nerve: The 4th cranial nerve. The trochlear nerve carries the motor innervation of the superior oblique muscles of the eye.Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.Nerve Tissue: Differentiated tissue of the central nervous system composed of NERVE CELLS, fibers, DENDRITES, and specialized supporting cells.Ear, Middle: The space and structures directly internal to the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE and external to the inner ear (LABYRINTH). Its major components include the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE that connects the cavity of middle ear (tympanic cavity) to the upper part of the throat.Skull Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the bony part of the skull.Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.Trochlear Nerve Injuries: Traumatic injuries to the TROCHLEAR NERVE.Facial NeoplasmsGeniculate Ganglion: The sensory ganglion of the facial (7th cranial) nerve. The geniculate ganglion cells send central processes to the brain stem and peripheral processes to the taste buds in the anterior tongue, the soft palate, and the skin of the external auditory meatus and the mastoid process.Skull Base: The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface.Neurosurgical Procedures: Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.Facial Pain: Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve: Branches of the vagus (tenth cranial) nerve. The recurrent laryngeal nerves originate more caudally than the superior laryngeal nerves and follow different paths on the right and left sides. They carry efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid and carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.Blinking: Brief closing of the eyelids by involuntary normal periodic closing, as a protective measure, or by voluntary action.Cavernous Sinus: An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone.Nerve Degeneration: Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.Decompression, Surgical: A surgical operation for the relief of pressure in a body compartment or on a body part. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Tomography, X-Ray Computed: Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.Microsurgery: The performance of surgical procedures with the aid of a microscope.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Splanchnic Nerves: The major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen. The greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses. The lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia.Diplopia: A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.Parotid DiseasesEar Canal: The narrow passage way that conducts the sound collected by the EAR AURICLE to the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the ninth cranial (glossopharyngeal) nerve or its nuclei in the medulla. The nerve may be injured by diseases affecting the lower brain stem, floor of the posterior fossa, jugular foramen, or the nerve's extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include loss of sensation from the pharynx, decreased salivation, and syncope. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia refers to a condition that features recurrent unilateral sharp pain in the tongue, angle of the jaw, external auditory meatus and throat that may be associated with SYNCOPE. Episodes may be triggered by cough, sneeze, swallowing, or pressure on the tragus of the ear. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1390)Olfactory Nerve: The 1st cranial nerve. The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB.Oculomotor Muscles: The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.Chorda Tympani Nerve: A branch of the facial (7th cranial) nerve which passes through the middle ear and continues through the petrotympanic fissure. The chorda tympani nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and conveys parasympathetic efferents to the salivary glands.Meningioma: A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.Optic Nerve Injuries: Injuries to the optic nerve induced by a trauma to the face or head. These may occur with closed or penetrating injuries. Relatively minor compression of the superior aspect of orbit may also result in trauma to the optic nerve. Clinical manifestations may include visual loss, PAPILLEDEMA, and an afferent pupillary defect.Ankylosis: Fixation and immobility of a joint.Optic Nerve Diseases: Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.Denervation: The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)Nerve Fibers, Myelinated: A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.Thoracic Nerves: The twelve spinal nerves on each side of the thorax. They include eleven INTERCOSTAL NERVES and one subcostal nerve. Both sensory and motor, they supply the muscles and skin of the thoracic and abdominal walls.Pons: The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.Craniotomy: Any operation on the cranium or incision into the cranium. (Dorland, 28th ed)Meningeal Neoplasms: Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.Glossopharyngeal Nerve Injuries: Traumatic injuries to the GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE.Blepharospasm: Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.Neuroradiography: Radiography of the central nervous system.Hypoglossal Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the twelfth cranial (hypoglossal) nerve or nuclei. The nuclei and fascicles of the nerve are located in the medulla, and the nerve exits the skull via the hypoglossal foramen and innervates the muscles of the tongue. Lower brain stem diseases, including ischemia and MOTOR NEURON DISEASES may affect the nuclei or nerve fascicles. The nerve may also be injured by diseases of the posterior fossa or skull base. Clinical manifestations include unilateral weakness of tongue musculature and lingual dysarthria, with deviation of the tongue towards the side of weakness upon attempted protrusion.Retrograde Degeneration: Pathologic changes that occur in the axon and cell body of a neuron proximal to an axonal lesion. The process is characterized by central chromatolysis which features flattening and displacement of the nucleus, loss of Nissl bodies, and cellular edema. Central chromatolysis primarily occurs in lower motor neurons.Nerve Tissue ProteinsVibrissae: Stiff hairs projecting from the face around the nose of most mammals, acting as touch receptors.Parasympathectomy: The removal or interruption of some part of the parasympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes.Postoperative Complications: Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.Temporal Muscle: A masticatory muscle whose action is closing the jaws; its posterior portion retracts the mandible.Mandibular Injuries: Injuries to the lower jaw bone.Neurons, Afferent: Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Maxillary Nerve: The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura.Carotid Body Tumor: Benign paraganglioma at the bifurcation of the COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES. It can encroach on the parapharyngeal space and produce dysphagia, pain, and cranial nerve palsies.Vagus Nerve Injuries: Traumatic injuries to the VAGUS NERVE. Because the vagus nerve innervates multiple organs, injuries in the nerve fibers may result in any gastrointestinal organ dysfunction downstream of the injury site.Duane Retraction Syndrome: A syndrome characterized by marked limitation of abduction of the eye, variable limitation of adduction and retraction of the globe, and narrowing of the palpebral fissure on attempted adduction. The condition is caused by aberrant innervation of the lateral rectus by fibers of the OCULOMOTOR NERVE.Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Salivary Ducts: Any of the ducts which transport saliva. Salivary ducts include the parotid duct, the major and minor sublingual ducts, and the submandibular duct.Tympanoplasty: Surgical reconstruction of the hearing mechanism of the middle ear, with restoration of the drum membrane to protect the round window from sound pressure, and establishment of ossicular continuity between the tympanic membrane and the oval window. (Dorland, 28th ed.)Tinnitus: A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.Oval Window, Ear: Fenestra or oval opening on the lateral wall of the vestibular labyrinth adjacent to the MIDDLE EAR. It is located above the cochlear round window and normally covered by the base of the STAPES.Tongue: A muscular organ in the mouth that is covered with pink tissue called mucosa, tiny bumps called papillae, and thousands of taste buds. The tongue is anchored to the mouth and is vital for chewing, swallowing, and for speech.Pattern Recognition, Visual: Mental process to visually perceive a critical number of facts (the pattern), such as characters, shapes, displays, or designs.Hyperostosis: Increase in the mass of bone per unit volume.Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat.Beauty: Characteristics or attributes of persons or things which elicit pleasurable feelings.Meningeal Carcinomatosis: Primary or secondary neoplasm in the ARACHNOID or SUBARACHNOID SPACE. It appears as a diffuse fibrotic thickening of the MENINGES associated with variable degrees of inflammation.Imaging, Three-Dimensional: The process of generating three-dimensional images by electronic, photographic, or other methods. For example, three-dimensional images can be generated by assembling multiple tomographic images with the aid of a computer, while photographic 3-D images (HOLOGRAPHY) can be made by exposing film to the interference pattern created when two laser light sources shine on an object.Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.Rhombencephalon: The posterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of an embryonic brain. It consists of myelencephalon, metencephalon, and isthmus rhombencephali from which develop the major BRAIN STEM components, such as MEDULLA OBLONGATA from the myelencephalon, CEREBELLUM and PONS from the metencephalon, with the expanded cavity forming the FOURTH VENTRICLE.Nerve Sheath Neoplasms: Neoplasms which arise from nerve sheaths formed by SCHWANN CELLS in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM or by OLIGODENDROCYTES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, NEUROFIBROMA, and NEURILEMMOMA are relatively common tumors in this category.Electrodiagnosis: Diagnosis of disease states by recording the spontaneous electrical activity of tissues or organs or by the response to stimulation of electrically excitable tissue.Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor: Cell surface receptors that bind NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; (NGF) and a NGF-related family of neurotrophic factors that includes neurotrophins, BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR and CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR.Occipital Bone: Part of the back and base of the CRANIUM that encloses the FORAMEN MAGNUM.Emotions: Those affective states which can be experienced and have arousing and motivational properties.Meningitis, Aseptic: A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the FACE constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth.Monitoring, Intraoperative: The constant checking on the state or condition of a patient during the course of a surgical operation (e.g., checking of vital signs).Dissection: The separation and isolation of tissues for surgical purposes, or for the analysis or study of their structures.Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.Abducens Nerve Injury: Traumatic injury to the abducens, or sixth, cranial nerve. Injury to this nerve results in lateral rectus muscle weakness or paralysis. The nerve may be damaged by closed or penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA or by facial trauma involving the orbit.
Lower motor neuron
Glomus jugulare tumor | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder.gov
Cranial Nerves of the Face and Mouth: Motion and Sensation Functionality - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com
How Is Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring Performed?
The Trigeminal (V) and Facial (VII) Cranial Nerves: Head and Face Sensation and Movement - Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience...
Free Nursing Flashcards about Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerves | SEER Training
Bell palsy: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaBell's Palsy (Facial Nerve Problems): Symptoms, Treatment & Contagious
Head pain at base of skull - Things You Didn't Know
Neurologic Lyme Disease | Lyme Disease | CDC
Causes of Facial Numbness | Livestrong.com
John Kiernan's web site - Cranial nerves summary
Bell's Palsy | Johns Hopkins Medicine
Facial dermatitis | definition of facial dermatitis by Medical dictionary
Patent US7813804 - Methods and systems for treating a nerve compression syndrome - Google Patents
Bell's Palsy: How Serious a Condition?
Nerve Compression Syndromes in the Posterior Cranial Fossa (25.01.2019)
Cranial nerve neuropathy in cats | Vetlexicon Felis from Vetstream | Definitive Veterinary Intelligence
Cranial Nerve Function, Testing and Disease Symptoms | Healthhype.com
What is the Trigeminal Nucleus? (with pictures)
Facts about Meningiomas - Brigham and Women's Hospital
Facial Anatomy in Cutaneous Surgery: Skin Tension Lines, Cosmetic Units and Subunits, Muscles of Facial Expression
Zygomatic Complex Facial Fractures: Background, Epidemiology, Anatomy
Acoustic neuromaParalysisOlfactoryNucleiWeaknessVagus NervePosterior CraniTumorsInflammationPair of cranial nervesSensationIndividual cranial nervesAnatomyInnervateDisordersGlossopharyngeal NerveExpressionsMiddle craniEighth craniFunctions of the CraniaVestibulocochlear nervePatient'sMultiple cranialOccurMandibular nerveNeurologicalAbducens nerveTrochlear nerveMotor fibersBranches of the trigeminal nerveLesionsTrigeminal and facialSpinal cordAbnormalitiesOptic nerveNeckEyelidsTwelveCervical spineLeading to facial numbnessOphthalmicVestibular nerveNumbnessSensory innervationSensationsPairs of nervesOculomotor nerveInvolvementImpulsesMovementHypoglossal NerveEyelid
Paralysis72
- The most common cause of this cranial nerve damage is Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial palsy) which is a paralysis of the facial nerve. (wikipedia.org)
- Eyes Oculomotor nerve palsy - Oculomotor nerve (III) Fourth nerve palsy - Trochlear nerve (IV) Sixth nerve palsy - Abducens nerve (VI) Other Trigeminal neuralgia - Trigeminal nerve (V) Facial nerve paralysis, Bell's palsy, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, Central seven - Facial nerve (VII) (More on facial nerve palsy below) Accessory nerve disorder - Accessory nerve (XI) Pavlou, E., Gkampeta, A., & Arampatzi, M. (2011). (wikipedia.org)
- Damage to this nerve causes weakness or paralysis of these muscles. (medlineplus.gov)
- Facial nerve problems may result in facial muscle paralysis , weakness , or twitching of the face. (medicinenet.com)
- Symptoms may range from mild twitching to full paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face. (medicinenet.com)
- Neurological complications most often occur in early disseminated Lyme disease, with numbness, pain, weakness, facial palsy/droop (paralysis of the facial muscles), visual disturbances, and meningitis symptoms such as fever, stiff neck, and severe headache. (cdc.gov)
- Bell palsy, for example, primarily affects the facial nerve causing temporary paralysis on one side of the face. (livestrong.com)
- Bell's palsy is an unexplained episode of facial muscle weakness or paralysis. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Irritation of the facial nerve can produce a paralysis known as bell's palsy , which usually involves only one side of the face with a resulting distortion of facial expression such as inability to close the eye or part of the mouth on the affected side. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Facial paralysis in a horse. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The actress had developed a condition called Bell's palsy, which results in facial paralysis. (healthline.com)
- Bell's palsy is a form of facial paralysis that results from trauma or damaged facial nerves. (healthline.com)
- It was named after the Scottish surgeon Sir Charles Bell, who figured out what the facial nerve did and how it was connected to facial paralysis. (healthline.com)
- Physical therapy can also be done to try and minimize the duration of the facial paralysis. (healthline.com)
- Polio is a viral disease that can affect nerves and can lead to partial or full paralysis. (limamemorial.org)
- Facial palsy or paralysis arises as a result of injury to the seventh cranial nerve, which is called the facial nerve. (news-medical.net)
- Children who present with facial palsy at birth are said to have congenital facial paralysis (CFP), which is rare. (news-medical.net)
- CFP is responsible for up to 14% of cases of facial paralysis in the pediatric population. (news-medical.net)
- In contrast to CFP, acquired facial paralysis (AFP) is not present at birth and may appear at any time during life. (news-medical.net)
- Patients may experience paralysis on one side of the face and have difficulty closing their eyes, increased dryness, or excessive tears. (news-medical.net)
- Tumors anywhere along the path of the facial nerve may also cause the symptoms of facial nerve paralysis. (news-medical.net)
- Inadvertent injury to the facial nerve may occur during the removal of tumors, resulting in facial paralysis. (news-medical.net)
- Bell's palsy is due to a sudden loss of facial nerve function, which leads to acute paralysis of half of the face and possibly other symptoms as well. (verywellhealth.com)
- This fact is important in making a diagnosis of Bell's palsy because whereas a lesion of the nerve will usually affect both the top and bottom half of the face, a disease of the brain like a stroke will normally lead to paralysis of only the lower face. (verywellhealth.com)
- Bell's palsy is a form of temporary facial paralysis resulting from damage or trauma to the 7th cranial nerve, one of the facial nerves. (nih.gov)
- It is the most common cause of facial paralysis. (nih.gov)
- Bell's palsy can range in severity from mild weakness to total paralysis, and can cause significant facial distortion. (nih.gov)
- Several other conditions can cause facial paralysis that might be diagnosed as Bell's palsy. (nih.gov)
- However, sometimes MRI's or CT scan's are conducted to make sure the facial paralysis is not from something else. (smore.com)
- Congenital facial paralysis is used to describe facial palsy that is present in children at birth. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
- It is a rare form of facial paralysis that only affects a small number of children. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
- Congenital facial paralysis, also known as developmental paralysis, makes it difficult for children to express emotion, close their eyes, nurse, and can be coupled with other disorders or deformities. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
- If left untreated, congenital facial paralysis can have an adverse effect on a child's speech development and ability to express emotions. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
- At the Facial Paralysis Institute in Beverly Hills, expert facial plastic surgeon Dr. Azizzadeh is committed to providing the highest level of care and treatment to children with congenital facial paralysis. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
- Moebius syndrome is a form of congenital facial paralysis that affects a child's ability to express facial emotions and control movement with their eyes. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
- Children born with Moebius syndrome have paralysis of the 6th and 7th cranial nerves. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
- Dr. Azizzadeh encourages parents to seek treatment options for their child's congenital facial paralysis and Moebius syndrome before they reach schooling age. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
- What is the Best Treatment for Congenital Facial Paralysis? (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
- At the Facial Paralysis Institute in Beverly Hills, renowned facial reconstructive surgeon Dr. Azizzadeh uses only the most advanced surgical treatments to ensure that children with congenital facial paralysis will regain control of their facial movements. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
- Children with one-sided facial paralysis can undergo gracilis muscle transfer connected to the normal side of the facial nerve. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
- Even though Moebius patients have bilateral congenital facial paralysis, they may still undergo a gracilis muscle transplant . (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
- Who Should Perform Congenital Facial Paralysis Surgery? (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
- It is important that surgery to correct congenital facial paralysis is only performed by a board-certified surgeon who is highly trained and experienced with facial paralysis patients. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
- Facial paralysis surgery is an intricate and delicate procedure that should only be performed by a surgeon with specialized training in the area of facial paralysis. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
- Dr. Azizzadeh not only meets all of these criteria, but is also considered a pioneer in the field of facial paralysis treatment. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
- Schedule a Congenital Facial Paralysis Consultation in Beverly Hills Today! (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
- If your child is suffering from the devastating effects of congenital facial paralysis, contact our office today to schedule a consultation with renowned facial reconstructive surgeon Dr. Azizzadeh. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
- Call (310) 657-2203 and speak with the facial paralysis experts today! (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
- In this disease complete paralysis or numbness is experienced in the facial region. (planetayurveda.com)
- This has been a very common type of facial paralysis and neurologic disorder involving the cranial nerve all throughout the globe. (planetayurveda.com)
- The doctor will carefully see all the symptoms and causes that are leading to such facial paralysis. (planetayurveda.com)
- Bell's Palsy is usually a type of temporary sudden paralysis that causes weakness of the muscles of the face on one side. (medindia.net)
- It is one of the most common problems that affects the cranial nerves and is also the most common cause of facial paralysis all over the world. (medindia.net)
- The cause of facial paralysis remains unknown. (medindia.net)
- It causes progressive bulbar paralysis due to involvement of motor neurons of the cranial nerve nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
- The most frequent symptoms at onset of progressive bulbar paralysis of childhood has been a unilateral facial paralysis. (wikipedia.org)
- Issues with these nerves can show up as facial asymmetry, drooling out one side of mouth, difficulty drinking/eating, or partial paralysis of the tongue. (holistichorse.com)
- It is a type of facial paralysis that happens when there is some type of damage or trauma to the facial nerves. (hubpages.com)
- Bell's palsy disrupts the messages sent from the brain to the facial nerves causing paralysis and facial weakness. (hubpages.com)
- Bell's palsy, also known as idiopathic facial paralysis, is a common condition, which may have permanent sequelae. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
- Complete paralysis and Bell's palsy differ from each other, as the former cause's neuronal impairment of one side of the body, while the later causes neuronal impairment of only the face. (manipalhospitals.com)
- Therapeutic Management of Bilateral Partial Facial Nerve Paralysis due to Otitis Media in a Bullock. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Bilateral and partial facial nerve paralysis in a bullock was diagnosed with clinical signs of ptosis of upper eyelids, ear drooping and feed accumulation between cheeks and teeth. (thefreelibrary.com)
- It was concluded that partial bilateral paralysis of facial nerve due to otitis media could be treated successfully with corticosteroidal therapy. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Facial nerve paralysis in cattle is one of the unusual conditions reported. (thefreelibrary.com)
- As silage feeding is not a common practice in certain parts of India like Andhra Pradesh, incidence of facial nerve paralysis due to listerial infection is rare. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Hence, in the present paper, unusual case of facial nerve paralysis due to otitis media is presented. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Based on the above clinical signs, it was diagnosed as facial nerve paralysis due to otitis media and was treated on medical grounds. (thefreelibrary.com)
- 2009) observed eyelid ptosis, keratoconjunctivitis and different degrees of ataxia with morbidity and mortality rates ranging from 1.1 to 50% associated with paralysis of facial and vestibulo cochlear nerves due to intracranial space occupying lesions in feedlot cattle. (thefreelibrary.com)
- In cattle, facial nerve paralysis has been reported due to meningo-encephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes (Campero et al. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Bell's palsy is a common disorder of the facial nerve, which causes paralysis on one side of the face and possibly loss of taste sensation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- She told me that it was a common, temporary paralysis brought on by the inflammation of the seventh cranial nerve, which activates the facial muscles. (newyorker.com)
Olfactory10
- The olfactory nerve carries impulses for the sense of smell. (cancer.gov)
- The terminal nerve (cranial nerve zero) connects with the preoptic area rather than with olfactory parts of the forebrain. (uwo.ca)
- Olfactory groove meningiomas grow along the nerves that run between the brain and the nose. (brighamandwomens.org)
- If they grow large enough, olfactory groove meningiomas can also compress the nerves to the eyes, causing visual symptoms. (brighamandwomens.org)
- Point 197 · nerve nº1 Olfactory -sense of smell. (multireflex.com)
- CN I is the Olfactory Nerve and is responsible for the horse's sense of smell. (holistichorse.com)
- The olfactory nerve transmits information to the brain regarding a person's sense of smell. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- When a person inhales fragrant molecules, olfactory receptors within the nasal passage send the impulses to the cranial cavity, which then travel to the olfactory bulb. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Specialized olfactory neurons and nerve fibers meet with other nerves, which pass into the olfactory tract. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- CN I, the olfactory nerve, carries information regarding smell from the nose to the brain. (healthguideinfo.com)
Nuclei10
- Lower motor neurons (LMNs) are motor neurons located in either the anterior grey column, anterior nerve roots (spinal lower motor neurons) or the cranial nerve nuclei of the brainstem and cranial nerves with motor function (cranial nerve lower motor neurons). (wikipedia.org)
- Central causes are rarer, but disease involving these cranial nerve nuclei may result in dysphagia or pain when swallowing. (vetstream.com)
- Other cranial nerves that mediate feeling in any part of the face also send fibers to these nuclei. (wisegeek.com)
- The central processes of these neurons are part of tegmentum of pons and terminate in the sensory nuclei of trigeminal nerve: nucleus tractus n. trigemini (pain, temperatura), the zone which applies to cervical segments of the spinal cord, and nucleus sensorius superior (tactile sensitivity). (scribd.com)
- Several structures of the facial nerve-described as nuclei, segments, and branches-produce the four components of facial nerve function. (verywellhealth.com)
- The brainstem nuclei of the facial nerve are part of the central nervous system, while the facial nerve itself is a peripheral nerve . (verywellhealth.com)
- The facial nerve nuclei in the brainstem are called the motor nerve nucleus, the superior salivary nucleus, and the nucleus of the tractus solitarius. (verywellhealth.com)
- Post mortem examination of cases have found depletion of nerve cells in the nuclei of cranial nerves. (wikipedia.org)
- All cranial nerves originate from nuclei in the brain . (kenhub.com)
- The somatosensory fibers for trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves all synapse in the trigeminal nuclei. (doctorabel.us)
Weakness17
- When the peripheral nerves are affected, patients can develop radiculoneuropathy which can cause numbness, tingling, "shooting" pain, or weakness in the arms or legs. (cdc.gov)
- Acoustic neuroma, a noncancerous tumor of the nerve that carries signals betweeen the inner ear and brain, can cause facial numbness and weakness along with hearing loss, ringing in the affected ear and a spinning sensation. (livestrong.com)
- Many people may think they're having a stroke when they develop the facial droopiness, but a stroke will also lead to weakness on the side where the face is drooping. (healthline.com)
- Progressive facial weakness usually only with very large tumours. (netdoctor.co.uk)
- Can nerve entrapment cause weight loss, muscle wasting and muscle weakness. (healthtap.com)
- Motor nerve entrapment can definitely cause muscle wasting & weakness - but only of a particular muscle or muscle group innervated by that nerve. (healthtap.com)
- What nerve causes facial muscle weakness? (healthtap.com)
- Muscle weakness or sensory losses can occur with peripheral nerve involvement. (stlukes-stl.com)
- It is an impairment of the function of the facial nerve that causes weakness of one side of the face. (verywellhealth.com)
- It does, however, manifest with symptoms similar to those of more serious medical problems, such as a stroke and multiple sclerosis , so be sure to seek urgent medical attention if you develop facial weakness. (verywellhealth.com)
- Symptoms vary among individuals and include sudden weakness on one side of the face, drooping eyelid or corner of the mouth, drooling, inability to close the eye or mouth, altered taste, and excessive tearing in the eye. (nih.gov)
- In humans, axonal degeneration of peripheral nerves in the lower limbs would cause muscle weakness and sensory deficits of lower extremities. (bmj.com)
- Degenerated axons in the trigeminal and facial cranial nerves would produce impaired sensation over the face and weakness of facial muscles, respectively. (bmj.com)
- The Facial muscles weakness on one side of the face develops suddenly over a few hours. (medindia.net)
- The weakness gets worse over few days and the effects of the weakness vary, depending on whether the nerve is partially or fully affected. (medindia.net)
- FLD produces rapidly progressive weakness of tongue, face and pharyngeal muscles in a clinical pattern similar to myasthenia . (wikipedia.org)
- It is followed in frequency by dysarthria due to facial weakness or by dysphagia . (wikipedia.org)
Vagus Nerve7
- The vagus nerve enervates the gut (gastrointestinal tract), heart and larynx. (cancer.gov)
- Vagus nerve - feedback on aortic blood pressure. (healthhype.com)
- The Vagus nerve (X) is the only Cranial nerve that extends beyond the head and neck of the horse. (holistichorse.com)
- The vagus nerve (X) controls all of our homeostatic functions such as respiratory and heart rate, and hunger and sleep cycles. (pediastaff.com)
- Mixed (both): trigeminal nerve (CN V), facial nerve (CN VII), glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X). (kenhub.com)
- A small branch of the facial nerve provides general somatic sensation near the external auditory meatus, and the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) and vagus nerve (X) also innervate this region. (doctorabel.us)
- In addition, Merck Manuals Online Medical Library reports the vagus nerve controls muscles in your internal organs, such as your heart. (healthguideinfo.com)
Posterior Crani4
- Nerve compression syndromes in the posterior cranial fossa can severely impair patients quality of life. (aerzteblatt.de)
- Nerve compression syndromes in the posterior cranial fossa can generally be treated nonsurgically at first. (aerzteblatt.de)
- The sitting position for posterior cranial fossa and posterior cervical spine surgery facilitates surgical access. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
- It passes laterally in the posterior cranial fossa and leaves the skull through the jugular foramen , to supply sensation to the pharynx and the posterior 3rd of the tongue. (freezingblue.com)
Tumors8
- Nerve sheath tumors may arise within the trigeminal nerve. (vetstream.com)
- Further, since all of the cranial nerves arise from the brain stem, tumors or injuries in this region will often impinge on the functions of more than one nucleus. (wisegeek.com)
- These nerves allow you to smell, and so often tumors growing here cause loss of smell. (brighamandwomens.org)
- These tumors can cause visual problems, loss of sensation in the face, or facial numbness. (brighamandwomens.org)
- Petroclival tumors can compress the trigeminal nerve, resulting in sharp pain in the face (trigeminal neuralgia) or spasms of the facial muscles. (brighamandwomens.org)
- The most common study ordered would be a magnetic resonance image (MRI) to evaluate for evidence of malignancy (cerebellopontine angle tumors, facial nerve schwannoma, etc.), evidence of infarction and infection. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
- Al-Mefty O, Ayoubi S, Gaber E (2002) Trigeminal schwannomas: removal of dumbbell-shaped tumors through the expanded Meckel cave and outcomes of cranial nerve function. (springer.com)
- In: Sekhar LN, Janecka IP (eds) Surgery of cranial base tumors. (springer.com)
Inflammation10
- It is thought that it may be due to inflammation that is directed by the body's immune system against the nerve controlling movement of the face. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Currently, doctors believe viral infections can kick-start inflammation and cause the nerve to swell and become damaged. (healthline.com)
- Cranial nerve inflammation is more unusual, but tends to affect the nerves of the face, affecting facial movements. (virtua.org)
- Inflammation of or pressure on the trigeminal nerve can cause intense pain, sometimes requiring surgery. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Most people believe that it results from a viral infection that leads to inflammation of the nerve. (verywellhealth.com)
- Steroids such as prednisone are used to reduce inflammation and swelling in order to allow impulses to resume regularly to the facial muscles. (smore.com)
- The primary cause of this disorder is the herpes virus, which causes inflammation of this nerve. (planetayurveda.com)
- It is also said that viral infections may be a cause for the inflammation of the nerve that control the muscles of the face. (manipalhospitals.com)
- The aetiology was attributed to chronic otitis media and extension of inflammation to facial nerve through eustachean tube. (thefreelibrary.com)
- The inflammation had disturbed the eighth cranial nerve, which regulates the inner ear. (newyorker.com)
Pair of cranial nerves3
- Each pair of cranial nerves is numbered from one to twelve Roman numerals) and designated as CN. (healthhype.com)
- V pair of cranial nerves, trigeminal nerve, n. (scribd.com)
- VII pair of cranial nerves, facial nerve, n. facialis Brief anatomical and physiological data. (scribd.com)
Sensation23
- Sensation on the face is innervated by the trigeminal nerves (V) as are the muscles of mastication, but the muscles of facial expression are innervated mainly by the facial nerve (VII) as is the sensation of taste. (innovationscns.com)
- Connoisseurs and wine experts intuit that there are interactions between somato-sensation (cranial nerve V) on the tongue and "taste" itself (cranial nerve VII). (innovationscns.com)
- For example, electrophysiological studies reveal that the trigeminal nerve (V), which innervates somato-sensation on the tongue, modulates the gustatory (taste) neurons arising from cranial nerve VII at the level of the solitary nucleus (medulla and lower pons) of cranial nerve VII. (innovationscns.com)
- The trigeminal nerve -- also known as cranial nerve V or CN V -- carries sensation signals from the face and front of the scalp to the brain, where they are interpretted. (livestrong.com)
- Between these episodes, the affected side of the face typically exhibits decreased sensation. (livestrong.com)
- The nerve controls sensation and helps move tiny muscles in the face. (healthline.com)
- Vestibulocochlear nerve - sensation of hearing. (healthhype.com)
- The trigeminal nerve is also called cranial nerve V. It carries sensation from nerve fibers in the face to the brain for processing. (wisegeek.com)
- The Fifth cranial nerve, which supplies sensation to the face , may be affected leading to facial numbness. (netdoctor.co.uk)
- Glossopharyngeal nerves transmit sensation from. (brainscape.com)
- To learn more about this neurological subject, review the accompanying lesson called Cranial Nerves of the Face and Mouth: Motion and Sensation Functionality. (study.com)
- The trigeminal nerve provides sensation and control of the face. (emedicinehealth.com)
- and sensation in the face, head, and neck. (healthcommunities.com)
- Sensation depends on impulses that occur as a result of stimulation of receptors located in the skin, muscles, tendons, and so on, and are sent along nerve fibers to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). (healthcommunities.com)
- A neurologist carried out nerve conduction tests of the sural and the peroneal nerves, a standardised neurological examination, and vibration sensation testing. (bmj.com)
- Differences between the high and the no/low triallate groups were minimal for all but one of the six nerve conduction tests, for the prevalence of neurological abnormalities, and for vibration sensation perception. (bmj.com)
- Point 64 · nerve nº9 Glossopharyngeal -controls movement and sensation of the pharynx, part of the tongue and the secretion of saliva. (multireflex.com)
- This nerve is both responsible for sensation to the head and face, but also motor function to the chewing muscles. (holistichorse.com)
- He told me that the previous Thursday evening is when he started noticing that his face felt strange not unlike the sensation or feeling you would have after having freezing at the dentist. (hubpages.com)
- The maxillary part gives sensation to the middle third of the face, side of the nose, upper teeth, and lower eyelid. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The mandibular part gives sensation to the lower third of the face, the tongue, mucosa in the mouth, and lower teeth. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- CN V, or trigeminal, controls facial sensation and the ability to chew. (healthguideinfo.com)
- Damage to CN V can cause a loss of sensation to your face or the ability to open and close your jaws. (healthguideinfo.com)
Individual cranial nerves2
- A neurological examination can test the functioning of individual cranial nerves, and detect specific impairments. (wikipedia.org)
- Neurovascular compression syndromes are clinically characterized by functional disturbances of individual cranial nerves. (aerzteblatt.de)
Anatomy9
- This article briefly reviews the anatomy of these cranial nerves, disorders of these nerves that are of particular importance to psychiatry, and some considerations for differential diagnosis. (innovationscns.com)
- The facial nerve has a complex anatomy. (verywellhealth.com)
- Pre-operative planning involves imaging, typically with contrast dye, to identify the anatomy of the nerve and detect variations ahead of time. (verywellhealth.com)
- All the classic texts of Human Anatomy describe with detail the origin, branching patterns and anatomical variants of both trigeminal (CNV) and facial (CNVII) nerves, and it can be think that little new can be say of these nerves. (intechopen.com)
- We know that cranial nerves have always been a challenging subject among anatomy students. (kenhub.com)
- Cranial nerves anatomy is essential for almost any medical specialty since they control so many body functions, such as rolling your eyes when you're annoyed by something. (kenhub.com)
- Rhoton AL (2002) The supratentorial cranial space: microsurgical anatomy and surgical approaches. (springer.com)
- Cranial work involves the use of highly refined palpation skills with a good knowledge of the anatomy and physiology and in particular the relationship between structure and function. (positivehealth.com)
- The book is divided into logical sections including dentistry, facial anatomy, cranial nerves, eyes, cheeks and nose, with due attention being paid to the importance of key areas such as the TMJ (jaw). (positivehealth.com)
Innervate7
- The branches of the trigeminal nerve innervate fronto-parietal part of the head and face (sensitive innervations of skin of the back of the head is provided by upper cervical spinal nerve roots), mucosal membrane of the mouth, nose and sinuses, the front 2/3 of tongue, teeth and partially meninges. (scribd.com)
- The motor portion of the trigeminal n. exit with mandibular nerve and innervate m. masseter and some other muscles. (scribd.com)
- 1. Sensory function (This nerve innervate the anterior 2/3 of the tongue). (nursingcrib.com)
- The trigeminal (V), facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves innervate the face and mouth. (pediastaff.com)
- A set of 12 peripheral nerves emerging from the brain that innervate the structures of the head, neck, thorax and abdomen. (kenhub.com)
- At the genu of the facial nerve, the greater petrosal nerve branches to reach the sphenopalatine (pterygopalatine) ganglion, where postganglionic parasympathetic neurons innervate the lacrimal glands and nasal mucosa. (doctorabel.us)
- Deep temporal nerves (anterior, middle and posterior) innervate the temporalis and carry a few fibers to the anterior portion of the TMJ. (freezingblue.com)
Disorders10
- Facial nerve disorders affect the muscles of the face. (medicinenet.com)
- There are many causes of facial nerve disorders. (medicinenet.com)
- Facial numbness can accompany certain cranial nerve disorders. (livestrong.com)
- Several disorders of the central nervous system -- the brain and spinal cord -- can potentially cause facial numbness. (livestrong.com)
- Neuromuscular disorders involve the muscles and the nerves that control them. (limamemorial.org)
- See also Overview of Neuro-ophthalmologic and Cranial Nerve Disorders . (merckmanuals.com)
- The condition is the most frequently occurring of all the nerve pain disorders. (emedicinehealth.com)
- Châu already used bqc·point 34· to treat ocular problems, as well as disorders located on the foot (the Penfield diagram) and the trapezium muscle (diagram of the extremities on the face). (multireflex.com)
- Not all ocular disorders are related to cranial nerve II, but it is very useful to check it, as it unblocks and stimulates the process of self regulation, obtaining surprisingly good results. (multireflex.com)
- Other cranial nerve disorders are usually apparent, as is hemiparesis. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve6
- The glossopharyngeal nerve enervates muscles involved in swallowing and taste. (cancer.gov)
- Less well-known nerve compression syndromes affect the glossopharyngeal nerve, the nervus intermedius and the vestibulocochlear nerve. (aerzteblatt.de)
- Glossopharyngeal nerve - muscles that assist with swallowing. (healthhype.com)
- These are the Facial nerve (VII), Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), and the Hypoglossal nerve (XII). (holistichorse.com)
- The Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) is responsible for swallowing and some motor tongue movement. (holistichorse.com)
- The otic ganglion is a small parasympathetic ganglion that is functionally associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve, it is located immediately below the foramen ovale in the infratemporal fossa. (freezingblue.com)
Expressions9
- In addition, the way you relay your satisfaction with the food to others through facial expressions and words has to do with these four nerves as well. (study.com)
- its motor fibers supply the muscles of facial expression, a complex group of cutaneous muscles that move the eyebrows, skin of the forehead, corners of the mouth, and other parts of the face concerned with frowning, smiling, or any of the many other expressions of emotion. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Facial nerve - muscles that control facial expressions, scalp and stapedius muscle of middle ear. (healthhype.com)
- Facial expressions have complex functions in communication i. (coursehero.com)
- Facial expressions are mediated by muscles, cranial nerves, and the CNS pathways i. (coursehero.com)
- You can check your understanding of which nerves work facial expressions, taste sensations and tongue movement using this quiz and worksheet. (study.com)
- These children are unable to control eye movement or produce facial expressions. (news-medical.net)
- The nerve is responsible for the expressions of the face like - smiling and frowning. (medindia.net)
- The nerves these control include: facial expressions, also eye-blinking, as well as the closing and opening of eyelids. (hubpages.com)
Middle crani3
- The subtemporal approach is historically known as the standard approach for the treatment of tumoral, vascular and inflammatory lesions of the middle cranial fossa, the tentorium, the anterior and middle tentorial incisura, the upper-third of the clivus and the petroclival region. (springer.com)
- Case 16: facial nerve schwannoma with middle cranial fossa involvement. (springer.com)
- The larger sensory root enters the trigeminal ganglion (gasserian) in the middle cranial fossa, the smaller motor root passes under the ganglion and joins the mandibular division exiting the foramen ovale. (freezingblue.com)
Eighth crani3
- The facial nerve travels with the hearing nerve (the eighth cranial nerve) as it travels in and around the structures of the middle ear. (medicinenet.com)
- The eighth cranial nerve , the 'vestibulocochlear' nerve, is concerned with hearing and balance . (netdoctor.co.uk)
- The eighth cranial nerve didn't heal, but with effort the eyes can be trained to take over the work of the inner ear, providing information about balance to the brain. (newyorker.com)
Functions of the Crania2
- So it shouldn't only be students of medicine who study the functions of the Cranial nerves, it is something that every therapist will benefit from. (multireflex.com)
- This article will explore the functions of the cranial nerves and provide a diagram. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Vestibulocochlear nerve3
- The vestibulocochlear nerve is responsible for the sense of hearing and balance (body position sense). (cancer.gov)
- The vestibulocochlear nerve is involved with a person's hearing and balance. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The vestibulocochlear nerve, CN VIII, controls hearing and balance. (healthguideinfo.com)
Patient's1
- He further goes on to explain some cranial-sacral methods he has developed to interrogate the patient's mechanism. (positivehealth.com)
Multiple cranial1
- If several different cranial nerves are affected, it is called multiple cranial neuropathies (MCN) . (lifebridgehealth.org)
Occur6
- It is possible for a disorder of more than one cranial nerve to occur at the same time, if a trauma occurs at a location where many cranial nerves run together, such as the jugular fossa. (wikipedia.org)
- Pain and discomfort usually occur on one side of the face or head. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Trigeminal nerve abnormalities can occur with infiltrating neoplasia (lymphosarcoma, leukemias) that involve a branch or the entire nerve. (vetstream.com)
- Facial numbness and tingling may occur if the tumour is large enough to press on the fifth cranial nerve. (netdoctor.co.uk)
- Knowing the mechanism of injury is important in anticipating what other injuries may also occur with facial fractures. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
- Brain injuries are typically caused by high velocity trauma and occur most frequently in patients with severe midfacial fractures, complex facial fractures and with zygomatic orbital fractures. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
Mandibular nerve4
- The mandibular nerve controls the mentalis muscle. (verywellhealth.com)
- Next most commonly affected is the mandibular nerve, affecting your lower cheek, lower lip, and jaw. (emedicinehealth.com)
- A) foramen ovale B) mandibular nerve 8. (coursehero.com)
- Auriculotemporal nerve arises from the posterior division of the mandibular nerve (V-3). (freezingblue.com)
Neurological3
- To evaluate the relation between an indicator of cumulative exposure to triallate and selected measures of neurological function, including nerve conduction, the prevalence of certain neurological deficits as determined by a medical examination, and vibration perception threshold testing in workers at a pesticide manufacturing plant. (bmj.com)
- Severe intracranial hemorrhage was diagnosed by CT scan in 3% of facial fracture patients who have Glasgow Coma Scale of 15 and present without neurological abnormalities. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
- A thorough neurological exam follows looking for evidence of other cranial nerve involvement or clues to alternate diagnoses. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
Abducens nerve5
- Very rarely, the oculomotor nerve or the abducens nerve is involved. (aerzteblatt.de)
- Abducens nerve - moves eyeball to the outer side (laterally). (healthhype.com)
- Motor: Oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), abducens nerve (CN VI), accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). (kenhub.com)
- CN VI, or abducens nerve, controls outward eye movement. (healthguideinfo.com)
- An interruption to the abducens nerve can cause double vision. (healthguideinfo.com)
Trochlear nerve6
- The trochlear nerve controls an extraocular muscle. (cancer.gov)
- Trochlear nerve - outer and downward (inferolateral) eyeball movement. (healthhype.com)
- The Oculomotor nerve (III), the Trochlear nerve (IV), and the Abducent nerve (VI) are a motor nerve and responsible for eye movement, pupil size, and focusing the lenses. (holistichorse.com)
- The trochlear nerve is also involved in eye movement. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The trochlear nerve, like the oculomotor nerve, originates in the midbrain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- CN IV is the trochlear nerve, which controls inward and downward eye movement. (healthguideinfo.com)
Motor fibers3
- its motor fibers supply the muscles of facial expression. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Some of these nerves are sensory or motor only while others are mixed containing a combination of sensory and motor fibers. (healthhype.com)
- Its main part consists of motor fibers (actual facial nerve) innervating mimetic muscles of the face: the frontal (i.e. frontalis), the circular muscle of the eye (i.e. orbicularis oculi), buccal (i.e. buccalis), circular muscle of the mouth (i.e. orbicularis oris) and some other muscles of the head and neck. (scribd.com)
Branches of the trigeminal nerve3
- The pain comes from one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve-the major carrier of sensory information from the face to the brain. (emedicinehealth.com)
- There are 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve: the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. (emedicinehealth.com)
- At the basis of these functional characteristics are the multiple communications between the facial and the trigeminal nerves, and neuroanatomical studies have demonstrated that facial proprioceptive impulses are conveyed via branches of the trigeminal nerve to the central nervous system. (intechopen.com)
Lesions3
- Lesions of the ninth nerve result in difficulty swallowing and disturbance of taste. (cancer.gov)
- Cranial nerve deficits may be indicative of peripheral involvement of individual nerves or of central lesions. (vetstream.com)
- As a result, both central and peripheral lesions tend to paralyze the lower face. (merckmanuals.com)
Trigeminal and facial1
- Schlieve T, Miloro M, Kolokythas A. Diagnosis and management of trigeminal and facial nerve injuries. (medlineplus.gov)
Spinal cord7
- Motor evoked potentials monitoring is performed eliciting responses from the lower spinal cord and peripheral nerves by electrical or magnetic stimulation of the spinal cord or the motor cortex region of the brain. (medicinenet.com)
- Most of these nerves emerge pass through the spinal cord and are known as the spinal nerves. (healthhype.com)
- Starting in the top of the spinal cord, groups of neurons are arranged according to the part of the face in which they process feeling. (wisegeek.com)
- Most nerves in the body are connected first to the spinal cord and then to the brain. (netdoctor.co.uk)
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, is a disease of the nerve cells in the brain, brain stem and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle movemen. (limamemorial.org)
- The motor system includes the brain and spinal cord motor pathways, and all the motor nerves and muscles throughout the body. (healthcommunities.com)
- Most of these major nerves branch off of the spinal cord before making their way out into the body where they help send signals to and from the brain. (holistichorse.com)
Abnormalities3
- Features seen commonly in CHARGE, rarely in other conditions: Coloboma, Cranial nerve abnormalities, Choanal atresia, typical CHARGE Ear. (rarediseases.org)
- This can result in a keyhole-shaped pupil (iris coloboma) and/or abnormalities in the retina, macula or optic nerve. (rarediseases.org)
- Sensorineural (nerve) hearing loss in CHARGE is due to abnormalities in cranial nerve VIII. (rarediseases.org)
Optic nerve10
- The optic nerve carries impulses for the sense of sight. (cancer.gov)
- Similarly, meningiomas growing on the optic nerve can cause visual problems, including loss of patches within your field of vision, or even blindness. (brighamandwomens.org)
- Colobomas of the retina or optic nerve may result in significant vision loss, including blind spots, problems with depth perception or legal blindness. (rarediseases.org)
- Initially he thought that the results were because point 34· is close to the eye, but thanks to his new diagram of the brain on the face, he verified that he had in fact discovered another reflection path: The Optic nerve. (multireflex.com)
- The Optic Nerve, CN II, is responsible for vision and completely a sensory nerve. (holistichorse.com)
- The optic nerve transmits information to the brain regarding a person's vision. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- These photoreceptors carry signal impulses along nerve cells to form the optic nerve. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Most of the fibers of the optic nerve cross into a structure called the optic chiasm. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- CN II, the optic nerve, carries visual information to the brain for processing. (healthguideinfo.com)
- Loss of vision or perception may indicate damage to the optic nerve. (healthguideinfo.com)
Neck6
- Head and neck, facial skin cancers, and cancers that spread from elsewhere in the body can cause facial numbness if they compress or invade a branch of CN V. (livestrong.com)
- The cranial nerves are a set of 12 nerves that relay messages between the brain and the head and neck and control motor and sensory functions, including vision, smell, and movement of the tongue and vocal cords. (healthcommunities.com)
- Points 511 · & 156 · nerve nº11 Accessory -controls the movement of the neck and shoulder muscles. (multireflex.com)
- Pain in fractured condylar neck, capsule and disc and even secretory fibers from the otic ganglion that go to the parotid all come from the auriculotemporal nerve. (freezingblue.com)
- But the nerve that once connected to my left zygomaticus major, the muscle that traverses the cheek and pulls it up for a smile, had attached itself to my left platysma, the muscle that extends into the neck and pulls down the mouth and chin. (newyorker.com)
- Neck turning and shoulder movement are controlled by CN XI, or the accessory nerve. (healthguideinfo.com)
Eyelids1
- These are a complex group of cutaneous muscles that move the eyebrows, eyelids, ears, corners of the mouth, and other parts of the face. (thefreedictionary.com)
Twelve1
- Cranial nerve disease is an impaired functioning of one of the twelve cranial nerves. (wikipedia.org)
Cervical spine1
- Cervical spine injuries should be suspected in every patient with facial fractures. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
Leading to facial numbness1
- For reasons that are incompletely understood, the trigeminal nerve can also be involved leading to facial numbness on the affected side. (livestrong.com)
Ophthalmic2
- The three branches of this nerve are the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular portions. (holistichorse.com)
- In this condition, cranial nerves III, IV, ophthalmic division of V and VI are compressed or injured. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
Vestibular nerve4
- A literature search was carried out in PubMed with the following search terms: neurovascular compression syndrome, cranial neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, glossopharyngeal neuralgia, vestibular nerve compression, vestibular paroxysmia, intermedius neuralgia and microvascular decompression. (aerzteblatt.de)
- A similar, poorly defined idiopathic neuropathy involving the vestibular nerve has been described. (vetstream.com)
- An acoustic neuroma/vestibular schwannoma is a benign (non-cancerous) growth that arises from the nerve sheath which covers the vestibular nerve. (netdoctor.co.uk)
- The Vestibular nerve (VIII) is responsible for hearing and the horse's balance. (holistichorse.com)
Numbness9
- Facial numbness is a distressing symptom most commonly limited to one side of the face, although both sides are sometimes affected. (livestrong.com)
- Facial numbness occurs with a wide range of medical conditions, some much more serious than others. (livestrong.com)
- Stroke and a transient ischemic attack -- commonly known as a TIA or mini stroke -- are important considerations with sudden facial numbness. (livestrong.com)
- Multiple sclerosis can also cause facial numbness, although this is uncommon. (livestrong.com)
- The extensive list of possible causes of facial numbness are too numerous to cover exhaustively in a brief article. (livestrong.com)
- See your doctor as soon as possible if you experience isolated facial numbness that develops gradually. (livestrong.com)
- The author reports a case of right facial numbness and right cheek pain after a whiplash injury. (jaoa.org)
- In the present report, I describe a case of whiplash injury with an unusual manifestation of right facial numbness and right cheek pain. (jaoa.org)
- A woman presented to the walk-in clinic with a complaint of right facial numbness and right cheek pain 24 hours after a motor vehicle collision. (jaoa.org)
Sensory innervation2
- The facial and trigeminal nerves are cranial nerves (CN) responsible for the motor and sensory innervation of the craniocephalic muscles and skin of the face, respectively. (intechopen.com)
- What nerve provides major sensory innervation to the TMJ? (freezingblue.com)
Sensations1
- Point 61 · nerve nº5 Trigeminal -sensations of the face and movement of the jaw. (multireflex.com)
Pairs of nerves1
- Some pairs of nerves serve both sensory and motor functions. (holistichorse.com)
Oculomotor nerve2
- Tanriover N, Kemerdere R, Kafadar AM et al (2007) Oculomotor nerve schwannoma located in the oculomotor cistern. (springer.com)
- The oculomotor nerve provides movement to most of the muscles that move the eyeball and upper eyelid, known as extraocular muscles. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Involvement1
- Ocular discharges were normal with moderate saliva drooling indicating non involvement of parasympathetic portion of facial nerve. (thefreelibrary.com)
Impulses1
- The test is performed to diagnose the nerve impulses of the face produced by the skeletal muscles and the nerves. (manipalhospitals.com)
Movement12
- This nerve controls movement of the muscles of the face. (medlineplus.gov)
- Facial expression and movement are controlled by several of the cranial nerves (cn). (healthtap.com)
- Six of the facial nerve branches control facial movement. (verywellhealth.com)
- The result is called synkinesis, when attempting to move one part of the face, such as the mouth, results in movement of another part of the face as well, such as the eyelid. (verywell.com)
- The gracilis muscle is then attached to the masseteric nerve that controls the muscle for chewing, which allows the patient to control facial movement voluntarily. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
- Patients suffering from this disorder show helplessness towards controlling movement of their facial muscles. (planetayurveda.com)
- Point 184 · nerve nº3 Oculomotor -innervates most eye muscles movement. (multireflex.com)
- Point 113 · nerve nº10 Vagus -controls the movement of the veil of the palate, the heart, the veins of the larynx, lungs and alimentary canal. (multireflex.com)
- Other nerves are used for motor function to help control muscle movement. (holistichorse.com)
- Exactly how your body and your movement are affected depends on where in the body the damaged nerves are located. (lifebridgehealth.org)
- This nerve helps manage a muscle that controls eye movement. (lifebridgehealth.org)
- It affects the sixth cranial nerve, which also helps control eye movement. (lifebridgehealth.org)
Hypoglossal Nerve1
- In the Gomez review facial nerve was affected in all cases while hypoglossal nerve was involved in all except one case. (wikipedia.org)
Eyelid3
- The occulomotor nerve is responsible for motor enervation of upper eyelid muscle, extraocular muscle and pupillary muscle. (cancer.gov)
- Eyebrow lift by cn3, eyelid closing by cn7, muscles of chewing by cn5 and the rest of the face by cn7. (healthtap.com)
- Corneal reflex is explored by touching the cornea with a soft strip of paper or cotton wool, which normally causes closing of eyelid (facial nerve consists of its efferent part of the reflex). (scribd.com)
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