Movement
Eye
Saccades
Pursuit, Smooth
Fixation, Ocular
Sleep, REM
Electrooculography
Photic Stimulation
Head Movements
Ocular Motility Disorders
Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular
Mandibular Condyle
Sleep Stages
Oculomotor Muscles
Psychomotor Performance
Wakefulness
Macaca mulatta
Nystagmus, Pathologic
Nystagmus, Physiologic
Visual Perception
Sleep
Abducens Nerve
Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing
Oculomotor Nerve
Visual Fields
Attention
Electroencephalography
Rotation
Electromyography
Psychophysics
Pons
Polysomnography
Dreams
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Sleep Deprivation
Vision Disparity
Superior Colliculi
Pattern Recognition, Visual
Movement Disorders
Vision, Ocular
Visual Pathways
Ocular Physiological Phenomena
Head
Retina
Video Recording
Vestibule, Labyrinth
Eye Injuries
Reticular Formation
Cues
Functional Laterality
Electronystagmography
Fetal Movement
Neurons
Narcolepsy
Blinking
Analysis of Variance
Macaca
Dry Eye Syndromes
Models, Neurological
Parietal Lobe
Strabismus
Plant Viral Movement Proteins
Arousal
Visual Cortex
Hand
Biomechanical Phenomena
Cataplexy
Nystagmus, Congenital
Brain Mapping
Memory
Visual Acuity
Otolithic Membrane
Vestibular Nuclei
Cerebellar Diseases
Cell Movement
Cats
Action Potentials
Cerebellum
Adaptation, Physiological
Brain Stem
Proprioception
Adaptation, Ocular
Behcet Syndrome
Task Performance and Analysis
Motion
Perceptual Distortion
Macaca fascicularis
Frontal Lobe
Eye Enucleation
Color Perception
Learning
Semicircular Canals
Ophthalmoplegia
Field Dependence-Independence
Electrodes, Implanted
Feedback
Muscimol
Models, Biological
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Distance Perception
Motor Cortex
Contrast Sensitivity
Clone Cells
Haplorhini
Brain
Feedback, Sensory
Vision Disorders
Vestibular Nerve
Vestibular Function Tests
Scotoma
Vestibular Diseases
Hemianopsia
Evoked Potentials, Visual
Figural Aftereffect
Chamaemelum
Hawks
Parkinson Disease
Reflex
Psycholinguistics
Sleep Disorders
Lighting
Comprehension
Gravitation
Latency Period (Psychology)
GABA Agonists
Efferent Pathways
Face
Exotropia
Kinesthesis
Cerebellar Nuclei
Occipital Lobe
Duane Retraction Syndrome
Ophthalmology
Analog-Digital Conversion
Electrophysiology
Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
Anticipation, Psychological
Circadian Rhythm
Esotropia
Ibotenic Acid
Glaucoma
Cerebral Cortex
Compound Eye, Arthropod
Respiration
Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological
Eye Protective Devices
Sleep Arousal Disorders
Theta Rhythm
Cebus
Perceptual Disorders
Microinjections
Data Interpretation, Statistical
Parasomnias
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Periodicity
Computer Simulation
Metabolic Diseases
Microelectrodes
Recognition (Psychology)
Cerebellar Purkinje cell simple spike discharge encodes movement velocity in primates during visuomotor arm tracking. (1/3218)
Pathophysiological, lesion, and electrophysiological studies suggest that the cerebellar cortex is important for controlling the direction and speed of movement. The relationship of cerebellar Purkinje cell discharge to the control of arm movement parameters, however, remains unclear. The goal of this study was to examine how movement direction and speed and their interaction-velocity-modulate Purkinje cell simple spike discharge in an arm movement task in which direction and speed were independently controlled. The simple spike discharge of 154 Purkinje cells was recorded in two monkeys during the performance of two visuomotor tasks that required the animals to track targets that moved in one of eight directions and at one of four speeds. Single-parameter regression analyses revealed that a large proportion of cells had discharge modulation related to movement direction and speed. Most cells with significant directional tuning, however, were modulated at one speed, and most cells with speed-related discharge were modulated along one direction; this suggested that the patterns of simple spike discharge were not adequately described by single-parameter models. Therefore, a regression surface was fitted to the data, which showed that the discharge could be tuned to specific direction-speed combinations (preferred velocities). The overall variability in simple spike discharge was well described by the surface model, and the velocities corresponding to maximal and minimal discharge rates were distributed uniformly throughout the workspace. Simple spike discharge therefore appears to integrate information about both the direction and speed of arm movements, thereby encoding movement velocity. (+info)Eye movement deficits following ibotenic acid lesions of the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi in monkeys II. Pursuit, vestibular, and optokinetic responses. (2/3218)
The eyes are moved by a combination of neural commands that code eye velocity and eye position. The eye position signal is supposed to be derived from velocity-coded command signals by mathematical integration via a single oculomotor neural integrator. For horizontal eye movements, the neural integrator is thought to reside in the rostral nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (nph) and project directly to the abducens nuclei. In a previous study, permanent, serial ibotenic acid lesions of the nph in three rhesus macaques compromised the neural integrator for fixation but saccades were not affected. In the present study, to determine further whether the nph is the neural substrate for a single oculomotor neural integrator, the effects of those lesions on smooth pursuit, the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), vestibular nystagmus (VN), and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) are documented. The lesions were correlated with long-lasting deficits in eye movements, indicated most clearly by the animals' inability to maintain steady gaze in the dark. However, smooth pursuit and sinusoidal VOR in the dark, like the saccades in the previous study, were affected minimally. The gain of horizontal smooth pursuit (eye movement/target movement) decreased slightly (<25%) and phase lead increased slightly for all frequencies (0.3-1.0 Hz, +/-10 degrees target tracking), most noticeably for higher frequencies (0.8-0.7 and approximately 20 degrees for 1.0-Hz tracking). Vertical smooth pursuit was not affected significantly. Surprisingly, horizontal sinusoidal VOR gain and phase also were not affected significantly. Lesions had complex effects on both VN and OKN. The plateau of per- and postrotatory VN was shortened substantially ( approximately 50%), whereas the initial response and the time constant of decay decreased slightly. The initial OKN response also decreased slightly, and the charging phase was prolonged transiently then recovered to below normal levels like the VN time constant. Maximum steady-state, slow eye velocity of OKN decreased progressively by approximately 30% over the course of the lesions. These results support the previous conclusion that the oculomotor neural integrator is not a single neural entity and that the mathematical integrative function for different oculomotor subsystems is most likely distributed among a number of nuclei. They also show that the nph apparently is not involved in integrating smooth pursuit signals and that lesions of the nph can fractionate the VOR and nystagmic responses to adequate stimuli. (+info)Optimality of position commands to horizontal eye muscles: A test of the minimum-norm rule. (3/3218)
Six muscles control the position of the eye, which has three degrees of freedom. Daunicht proposed an optimization rule for solving this redundancy problem, whereby small changes in eye position are maintained by the minimum possible change in motor commands to the eye (the minimum-norm rule). The present study sought to test this proposal for the simplified one-dimensional case of small changes in conjugate eye position in the horizontal plane. Assuming such changes involve only the horizontal recti, Daunicht's hypothesis predicts reciprocal innervation with the size of the change in command matched to the strength of the recipient muscle at every starting position of the eye. If the motor command to a muscle is interpreted as the summed firing rate of its oculomotor neuron (OMN) pool, the minimum-norm prediction can be tested by comparing OMN firing rates with forces in the horizontal recti. The comparison showed 1) for the OMN firing rates given by Van Gisbergen and Van Opstal and the muscle forces given by Robinson, there was good agreement between the minimum-norm prediction and experimental observation over about a +/-30 degrees range of eye positions. This fit was robust with respect to variations in muscle stiffness and in methods of calculating muscle innervation. 2) Other data sets gave different estimates for the range of eye-positions within which the minimum-norm prediction held. The main sources of variation appeared to be disagreement about the proportion of OMNs with very low firing-rate thresholds (i.e., less than approximately 35 degrees in the OFF direction) and uncertainty about eye-muscle behavior for extreme (>30 degrees ) positions of the eye. 3) For all data sets, the range of eye positions over which the minimum-norm rule applied was determined by the pattern of motor-unit recruitment inferred for those data. It corresponded to the range of eye positions over which the size principle of recruitment was obeyed by both agonist and antagonist muscles. It is argued that the current best estimate of the oculomotor range over which minimum-norm control could be used for conjugate horizontal eye position is approximately +/-30 degrees. The uncertainty associated with this estimate would be reduced by obtaining unbiased samples of OMN firing rates. Minimum-norm control may result from reduction of the image movement produced by noise in OMN firing rates. (+info)Visuomotor processing as reflected in the directional discharge of premotor and primary motor cortex neurons. (4/3218)
Premotor and primary motor cortical neuronal firing was studied in two monkeys during an instructed delay, pursuit tracking task. The task included a premovement "cue period," during which the target was presented at the periphery of the workspace and moved to the center of the workspace along one of eight directions at one of four constant speeds. The "track period" consisted of a visually guided, error-constrained arm movement during which the animal tracked the target as it moved from the central start box along a line to the opposite periphery of the workspace. Behaviorally, the animals tracked the required directions and speeds with highly constrained trajectories. The eye movements consisted of saccades to the target at the onset of the cue period, followed by smooth pursuit intermingled with saccades throughout the cue and track periods. Initially, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for direction and period effects in the firing. Subsequently, a linear regression analysis was used to fit the average firing from the cue and track periods to a cosine model. Directional tuning as determined by a significant fit to the cosine model was a prominent feature of the discharge during both the cue and track periods. However, the directional tuning of the firing of a single cell was not always constant across the cue and track periods. Approximately one-half of the neurons had differences in their preferred directions (PDs) of >45 degrees between cue and track periods. The PD in the cue or track period was not dependent on the target speed. A second linear regression analysis based on calculation of the preferred direction in 20-ms bins (i.e., the PD trajectory) was used to examine on a finer time scale the temporal evolution of this change in directional tuning. The PD trajectories in the cue period were not straight but instead rotated over the workspace to align with the track period PD. Both clockwise and counterclockwise rotations occurred. The PD trajectories were relatively straight during most of the track period. The rotation and eventual convergence of the PD trajectories in the cue period to the preferred direction of the track period may reflect the transformation of visual information into motor commands. The widely dispersed PD trajectories in the cue period would allow targets to be detected over a wide spatial aperture. The convergence of the PD trajectories occurring at the cue-track transition may serve as a "Go" signal to move that was not explicitly supplied by the paradigm. Furthermore, the rotation and convergence of the PD trajectories may provide a mechanism for nonstandard mapping. Standard mapping refers to a sensorimotor transformation in which the stimulus is the object of the reach. Nonstandard mapping is the mapping of an arbitrary stimulus into an arbitrary movement. The shifts in the PD may allow relevant visual information from any direction to be transformed into an appropriate movement direction, providing a neural substrate for nonstandard stimulus-response mappings. (+info)Short-latency vergence eye movements induced by radial optic flow in humans: dependence on ambient vergence level. (5/3218)
Radial patterns of optic flow, such as those experienced by moving observers who look in the direction of heading, evoke vergence eye movements at short latency. We have investigated the dependence of these responses on the ambient vergence level. Human subjects faced a large tangent screen onto which two identical random-dot patterns were back-projected. A system of crossed polarizers ensured that each eye saw only one of the patterns, with mirror galvanometers to control the horizontal positions of the images and hence the vergence angle between the two eyes. After converging the subject's eyes at one of several distances ranging from 16.7 cm to infinity, both patterns were replaced with new ones (using a system of shutters and two additional projectors) so as to simulate the radial flow associated with a sudden 4% change in viewing distance with the focus of expansion/contraction imaged in or very near both foveas. Radial-flow steps induced transient vergence at latencies of 80-100 ms, expansions causing increases in convergence and contractions the converse. Based on the change in vergence 90-140 ms after the onset of the steps, responses were proportional to the preexisting vergence angle (and hence would be expected to be inversely proportional to viewing distance under normal conditions). We suggest that this property assists the observer who wants to fixate ahead while passing through a visually cluttered area (e.g., a forest) and so wants to avoid making vergence responses to the optic flow created by the nearby objects in the periphery. (+info)Common 3 and 10 Hz oscillations modulate human eye and finger movements while they simultaneously track a visual target. (6/3218)
1. A 10 Hz range centrally originating oscillation has been found to modulate slow finger movements and anticipatory smooth eye movements. To determine if an interaction or linkage occurs between these two central oscillations during combined visuo-manual tracking, frequency and coherence analysis were performed on finger and eye movements while they simultaneously tracked a visual target moving in intermittently visible sinusoidal patterns. 2. Two different frequencies of common or linked oscillation were found. The first, at 2-3 Hz, was dependent on visual feedback of target and finger tracking positions. The second, at around 10 Hz, still occurred when both target and finger positions were largely obscured, indicating that this common oscillation was generated internally by the motor system independent of visual feedback. Both 3 and 10 Hz oscillation frequencies were also shared by the right and left fingers if subjects used these together to track a visual target. 3. The linking of the 10 Hz range oscillations between the eyes and finger was task specific; it never occurred when eye and finger movements were made simultaneously and independently, but only when they moved simultaneously and followed the target together. However, although specific for tracking by the eyes and fingers together, the linking behaviour did not appear to be a prerequisite for such tracking, since significant coherence in the 10 Hz range was only present in a proportion of trials where these combined movements were made. 4. The experiments show that common oscillations may modulate anatomically very distinct structures, indicating that single central oscillations may have a widespread distribution in the central nervous system. The task-specific manifestation of the common oscillation in the eye and finger suggests that such mechanisms may have a functional role in hand-eye co-ordination. (+info)Projections and firing properties of down eye-movement neurons in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal in the cat. (7/3218)
To clarify the role of the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) in the control of vertical eye movements, projections of burst-tonic and tonic neurons in and around the INC were studied. This paper describes neurons with downward ON directions. We examined, by antidromic activation, whether these down INC (d-INC) neurons contribute to two pathways: a commissural pathway to the contralateral (c-) INC and a descending pathway to the ipsilateral vestibular nucleus (i-VN). Stimulation of the two pathways showed that as many as 74% of neurons were activated antidromically from one of the pathways. Of 113 d-INC neurons tested, 44 were activated from the commissural pathway and 40 from the descending pathway. No neurons were activated from both pathways. We concluded that commissural and descending pathways from the INC originate from two separate groups of neurons. Tracking of antidromic microstimulation in the two nuclei revealed multiple low-threshold sites and varied latencies; this was interpreted as a sign of existence of axonal arborization. Neurons with commissural projections tended to be located more dorsally than those with descending projections. Neurons with descending projections had significantly greater eye-position sensitivity and smaller saccadic sensitivity than neurons with commissural projections. The two groups of INC neurons increased their firing rate in nose-up head rotations and responded best to the rotation in the plane of contralateral posterior/ipsilateral anterior canal pair. Neurons with commissural projections showed a larger phase lag of response to sinusoidal rotation (54.6 +/- 7.6 degrees ) than neurons with descending projections (45.0 +/- 5.5 degrees ). Most neurons with descending projections received disynaptic excitation from the contralateral vestibular nerve. Neurons with commissural projections rarely received such disynaptic input. We suggest that downward-position-vestibular (DPV) neurons in the VN and VN-projecting d-INC neurons form a loop, together with possible commissural loops linking the bilateral VNs and the bilateral INCs. By comparing the quantitative measures of d-INC neurons with those of DPV neurons, we further suggest that integration of head velocity signals proceeds from DPV neurons to d-INC neurons with descending projections and then to d-INC neurons with commissural projections, whereas saccadic velocity signals are processed in the reverse order. (+info)Optic flow selectivity in the anterior superior temporal polysensory area, STPa, of the behaving monkey. (8/3218)
Earlier studies of neurons in the anterior region of the superior temporal polysensory area (STPa) have demonstrated selectivity for visual motion using stimuli contaminated by nonmotion cues, including texture, luminance, and form. The present experiments investigated the motion selectivity of neurons in STPa in the absence of form cues using random dot optic flow displays. The responses of neurons were tested with translation, rotation, radial, and spiral optic flow displays designed to mimic the types of motion that occur during locomotion. Over half of the neurons tested responded significantly to at least one of these displays. On a cell by cell basis, 60% of the neurons tested responded selectively to rotation, radial, and spiral motion, whereas 20% responded selectively to translation motion. The majority of neurons responded maximally to single-component optic flow displays but was also significantly activated by the spiral displays that contained their preferred component. Moreover, there was a bias in the selectivity of the neurons for radial expansion motion. These results suggest that neurons within STPa are contributing to the analysis of optic flow. Furthermore, the preponderance of cells selective for radial expansion provides evidence that this area may be specifically involved in the processing of forward locomotion and/or looming stimuli. Finally, these results provide carefully controlled physiological evidence for an extension and specialization of the motion-processing pathway into the anterior temporal lobe. (+info)1. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A condition in which the eyes do not align properly and point in different directions.
2. Esotropia (crossed eyes): A condition in which one or both eyes turn inward.
3. Exotropia (wide-eyed): A condition in which one or both eyes turn outward.
4. Hypertropia (upward-pointing eyes): A condition in which one or both eyes elevate excessively.
5. Hypotropia (downward-pointing eyes): A condition in which one or both eyes lower excessively.
6. Diplopia (double vision): A condition in which two images of the same object are seen due to improper alignment of the eyes.
7. Nystagmus (involuntary eye movements): A condition characterized by rapid, involuntary movements of the eyes.
8. Ocular flutter: A condition characterized by small, rapid movements of the eyes.
9. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): A rare degenerative disorder that affects movement and causes difficulty with eye movements.
10. Parkinson's disease: A neurodegenerative disorder that can cause eye movements to be slow, stiff, or irregular.
These disorders can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, affecting their ability to perform daily tasks, read, drive, and participate in social activities. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and may include glasses or contact lenses, prism lenses, eye exercises, and surgery. In some cases, medications such as anticholinergic drugs or botulinum toxin injections may be used to help improve eye movements.
Pathological nystagmus can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination, including a visual acuity test, refraction test, cover test, and eyer movements assessment. Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans may also be ordered to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms.
Treatment for pathological nystagmus depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, treatment may involve correcting refractive errors or addressing any underlying brain disorders through medication, physical therapy, or surgery. Other treatments may include eye exercises, prisms, or specialized glasses to help improve eye movement and reduce the symptoms of nystagmus.
In summary, pathological nystagmus is an abnormal and involuntary movement of the eyeballs that can be caused by various neurological disorders. Diagnosis is through a comprehensive eye examination and imaging studies, and treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition.
There are many different types of eye diseases, including:
1. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause blurry vision and blindness.
2. Glaucoma: A group of diseases that damage the optic nerve and can lead to vision loss and blindness.
3. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A condition that causes vision loss in older adults due to damage to the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision.
4. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that can cause damage to the blood vessels in the retina and lead to vision loss.
5. Detached retina: A condition where the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, leading to vision loss.
6. Macular hole: A small hole in the macula that can cause vision loss.
7. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye is weaker than the other and has reduced vision.
8. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A condition where the eyes are not aligned properly and point in different directions.
9. Conjunctivitis: An inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids.
10. Dry eye syndrome: A condition where the eyes do not produce enough tears, leading to dryness, itchiness, and irritation.
Eye diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, age, environmental factors, and certain medical conditions. Some eye diseases are inherited, while others are acquired through lifestyle choices or medical conditions.
Symptoms of eye diseases can include blurry vision, double vision, eye pain, sensitivity to light, and redness or inflammation in the eye. Treatment options for eye diseases depend on the specific condition and can range from medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes.
Regular eye exams are important for detecting and managing eye diseases, as many conditions can be treated more effectively if caught early. If you experience any symptoms of eye disease or have concerns about your vision, it is important to see an eye doctor as soon as possible.
RBD can be diagnosed based on a combination of clinical features, including:
1. Abnormal behavior during REM sleep: This is the primary feature of RBD and is characterized by abrupt awakenings, aggressive or violent behaviors, and/or talking in a loud, angry tone.
2. Sleep quality issues: Individuals with RBD may experience poor sleep quality, difficulty falling asleep, or difficulty staying asleep.
3. Daytime symptoms: RBD can also cause daytime symptoms such as fatigue, irritability, and difficulty concentrating.
4. Polysomnography (PSG): This is a sleep study that records various physiological activities during sleep, such as brain waves, muscle activity, and heart rate. PSG can help identify the presence of RBD and rule out other sleep disorders.
5. Actigraphy: This is a non-invasive sleep monitoring device that records movement and can be used to diagnose RBD.
6. Clinical evaluation: A thorough clinical evaluation, including a review of the individual's medical history and a physical examination, can help identify other potential causes of the symptoms.
Treatment for RBD typically involves a combination of medications and behavioral interventions, such as:
1. Clonazepam: This is a benzodiazepine that can help reduce the frequency and intensity of abnormal behaviors during REM sleep.
2. Melatonin: This is a hormone that can help regulate sleep-wake cycles and improve sleep quality.
3. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): This type of therapy can help individuals with RBD manage their symptoms and improve their overall quality of life.
4. Sleep schedule modification: Changing the individual's sleep schedule to avoid napping during the day and promoting good sleep hygiene can help reduce the frequency and intensity of abnormal behaviors.
5. Relaxation techniques: Teaching individuals with RBD relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing and progressive muscle relaxation, can help them manage their symptoms and improve their overall quality of life.
6. Environmental modifications: Making changes to the individual's sleep environment, such as removing any sharp objects or dangerous substances from the bedroom, can help reduce the risk of injury or harm during abnormal behaviors.
It is important to note that treatment for RBD should be tailored to the individual and may take time to find the most effective approach. It is also important to work with a healthcare provider who has experience in treating sleep disorders.
The effects of sleep deprivation can be severe and long-lasting, including:
1. Impaired cognitive function: Sleep deprivation can affect attention, memory, and decision-making skills, making it more difficult to perform daily tasks and make sound judgments.
2. Emotional distress: Lack of sleep can lead to irritability, anxiety, and depression, which can negatively impact relationships and overall well-being.
3. Physical health problems: Chronic sleep deprivation has been linked to an increased risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and immune system dysfunction.
4. Impaired motor function: Sleep deprivation can cause coordination problems, clumsiness, and a higher risk of accidents, particularly in activities that require attention and quick reflexes (e.g., driving).
5. Premature aging: Chronic sleep deprivation can accelerate the aging process and reduce the body's ability to repair and regenerate cells.
6. Reduced productivity and performance: Sleep deprivation can lead to decreased productivity, poor work quality, and increased absenteeism, which can negatively impact career advancement and financial stability.
7. Increased risk of accidents and injuries: Drowsy driving and workplace accidents are common consequences of sleep deprivation, which can result in fatalities and long-term disabilities.
8. Weakened immune system: Sleep deprivation can weaken the immune system, making it more difficult to fight off infections and diseases.
9. Negative impact on relationships: Sleep deprivation can lead to mood swings, irritability, and difficulty interacting with others, which can strain personal and professional relationships.
10. Increased risk of mental health disorders: Chronic sleep deprivation has been linked to an increased risk of developing anxiety, depression, and other mental health disorders.
To avoid these negative consequences, it's essential to prioritize sleep and make it a critical component of your daily routine. Establishing a consistent sleep schedule, creating a sleep-conducive environment, and practicing relaxation techniques can help improve sleep quality and duration. Additionally, avoiding stimulating activities before bedtime, limiting exposure to electronic screens, and seeking professional help if sleep problems persist can contribute to better overall health and well-being.
Some common types of movement disorders include:
1. Parkinson's disease: A degenerative disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability.
2. Dystonia: A movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions that cause abnormal postures or movements.
3. Huntington's disease: An inherited disorder that causes progressive damage to the brain, leading to involuntary movements, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms.
4. Tourette syndrome: A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations (tics).
5. Restless leg syndrome: A condition characterized by an uncomfortable sensation in the legs, often described as a creeping or crawling feeling, which is relieved by movement.
6. Chorea: A movement disorder characterized by rapid, jerky movements that can be triggered by emotional stress or other factors.
7. Ballism: Excessive, large, and often circular movements of the limbs, often seen in conditions such as Huntington's disease or drug-induced movements.
8. Athetosis: A slow, writhing movement that can be seen in conditions such as cerebral palsy or tardive dyskinesia.
9. Myoclonus: Sudden, brief muscle jerks or twitches that can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic disorders, infections, and certain medications.
10. Hyperkinesis: An excessive amount of movement, often seen in conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or hyperthyroidism.
Movement disorders can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, and treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and its underlying cause. Some movement disorders may be managed with medication, while others may require surgery or other interventions.
Types of Eye Injuries:
1. Corneal abrasion: A scratch on the cornea, the clear outer layer of the eye.
2. Conjunctival bleeding: Bleeding in the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye.
3. Hyphema: Blood in the space between the iris and the cornea.
4. Hemorrhage: Bleeding in the eyelid or under the retina.
5. Retinal detachment: Separation of the retina from the underlying tissue, which can cause vision loss if not treated promptly.
6. Optic nerve damage: Damage to the nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the brain, which can cause vision loss or blindness.
7. Orbital injury: Injury to the bones and tissues surrounding the eye, which can cause double vision, swelling, or vision loss.
Symptoms of Eye Injuries:
1. Pain in the eye or around the eye
2. Redness and swelling of the eye or eyelid
3. Difficulty seeing or blurred vision
4. Sensitivity to light
5. Double vision or loss of vision
6. Discharge or crusting around the eye
7. Swelling of the eyelids or face
Treatment of Eye Injuries:
1. Depending on the severity and nature of the injury, treatment may include antibiotics, pain relief medication, or surgery.
2. In some cases, a tube may be inserted into the eye to help drain fluid or prevent pressure from building up.
3. In severe cases, vision may not return completely, but there are many options for corrective glasses and contact lenses to improve remaining vision.
4. It is essential to seek medical attention immediately if there is a foreign object in the eye, as this can cause further damage if left untreated.
5. In cases of penetrating trauma, such as a blow to the eye, it is important to seek medical attention right away, even if there are no immediate signs of injury.
6. Follow-up appointments with an ophthalmologist are essential to monitor healing and address any complications that may arise.
There are several types of narcolepsy, including:
* Type 1 narcolepsy: This is the most common form of the disorder, and it is characterized by the presence of cataplexy and low levels of hypocretin-1, a neurotransmitter that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
* Type 2 narcolepsy: This form of narcolepsy is similar to type 1, but it does not involve cataplexy. Instead, people with type 2 narcolepsy may experience other symptoms such as memory loss, anxiety, and depression.
* Narcolepsy with cataplexy: This is a subtype of type 1 narcolepsy that is characterized by the presence of both cataplexy and low levels of hypocretin-1.
* Narcolepsy without cataplexy: This is a subtype of type 2 narcolepsy that is characterized by the absence of cataplexy and low levels of hypocretin-1.
There is no cure for narcolepsy, but medications such as stimulants, modafinil, and sodium oxybate can help manage symptoms. Behavioral interventions such as scheduled napping and exercise can also be helpful in managing the disorder.
Some common examples of critical illnesses include:
1. Sepsis: a systemic inflammatory response to an infection that can lead to organ failure and death.
2. Cardiogenic shock: a condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, leading to serious complications such as heart failure and death.
3. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): a condition where the lungs are severely inflamed and unable to provide sufficient oxygen to the body.
4. Multi-system organ failure: a condition where multiple organs in the body fail simultaneously, leading to serious complications and death.
5. Trauma: severe physical injuries sustained in an accident or other traumatic event.
6. Stroke: a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain that can lead to permanent brain damage and death.
7. Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a blockage of coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart, leading to damage or death of heart muscle cells.
8. Pulmonary embolism: a blockage of the pulmonary artery, which can lead to respiratory failure and death.
9. Pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreas that can lead to severe abdominal pain, bleeding, and organ failure.
10. Hypovolemic shock: a condition where there is a severe loss of blood or fluid from the body, leading to hypotension, organ failure, and death.
The diagnosis and treatment of critical illnesses require specialized knowledge and skills, and are typically handled by intensive care unit (ICU) teams consisting of critical care physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals. The goal of critical care is to provide life-sustaining interventions and support to patients who are critically ill until they recover or until their condition stabilizes.
There are several types of dry eye syndromes, including:
1. Dry eye disease (DED): This is the most common type of dry eye syndrome and is characterized by a deficiency in the tear film that covers the surface of the eye. It can be caused by a variety of factors such as aging, hormonal changes, medications, and environmental conditions.
2. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD): This type of dry eye syndrome is caused by problems with the meibomian glands, which are located in the eyelids and produce the fatty layer of the tear film. MGD can be caused by inflammation, blockages, or other issues that prevent the glands from functioning properly.
3. Aqueous deficient dry eye (ADDE): This type of dry eye syndrome is caused by a lack of the aqueous layer of the tear film, which is produced by the lacrimal gland. It can be caused by surgical removal of the lacrimal gland, injury to the gland, or other conditions that affect its function.
4. Evaporative dry eye (EDE): This type of dry eye syndrome is caused by a problem with the meibomian glands and the lipid layer of the tear film. It can be caused by inflammation, blockages, or other issues that prevent the glands from functioning properly.
5. Contact lens-related dry eye (CLDE): This type of dry eye syndrome is caused by wearing contact lenses, which can disrupt the natural tear film and cause dryness and irritation.
6. Sjögren's syndrome: This is an autoimmune disorder that affects the glands that produce tears and saliva, leading to dry eye syndrome and other symptoms.
7. Medications: Certain medications, such as antihistamines, decongestants, and blood pressure medications, can reduce tear production and lead to dry eye syndrome.
8. Hormonal changes: Changes in hormone levels, such as during menopause or pregnancy, can lead to dry eye syndrome.
9. Environmental factors: Dry air, smoke, wind, and dry climates can all contribute to dry eye syndrome.
10. Nutritional deficiencies: A lack of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet has been linked to an increased risk of dry eye syndrome.
It is important to note that dry eye syndrome can be a complex condition and may involve multiple factors. A comprehensive diagnosis from an eye doctor or other healthcare professional is necessary to determine the underlying cause and develop an effective treatment plan.
There are several types of strabismus, including:
* Esotropia: where one eye turns inward toward the nose
* Exotropia: where one eye turns outward away from the face
* Hypertropia: where one eye turns upward
* Hypotropia: where one eye turns downward
* Duane's syndrome: a rare type of strabismus that affects only one eye and is caused by nerve damage.
Strabismus can have both visual and social consequences, including:
* Difficulty with depth perception and binocular vision
* Blurred or double vision
* Difficulty with eye teaming and tracking
* Poor eye-hand coordination
* Social and emotional effects such as low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression.
Treatment options for strabismus include:
* Glasses or contact lenses to correct refractive errors
* Prism lenses to align the eyes
* Eye exercises to strengthen the muscles and improve eye teaming
* Surgery to adjust the position of the muscles that control eye movement.
It is important for individuals with strabismus to receive timely and appropriate treatment to address the underlying cause of the condition and prevent long-term vision loss and social difficulties.
Types of torsion abnormalities include:
1. Ovarian torsion: This is a condition where the ovary twists around its own axis, cutting off blood supply to the ovary. It can cause severe pain and is a medical emergency.
2. Testicular torsion: Similar to ovarian torsion, this is a condition where the testicle twists, cutting off blood supply to the testicle. It can also cause severe pain and is an emergency situation.
3. Intestinal torsion: This is a condition where the intestine twists, leading to bowel obstruction and potentially life-threatening complications.
4. Twisting of the spleen or liver: These are rare conditions where the spleen or liver twists, causing various symptoms such as pain and difficulty breathing.
Symptoms of torsion abnormalities can include:
1. Severe pain in the affected area
2. Swelling and redness
3. Difficulty breathing (in severe cases)
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Abdominal tenderness
Treatment of torsion abnormalities usually involves surgery to release or repair the twisted structure and restore blood flow. In some cases, emergency surgery may be necessary to prevent serious complications such as loss of the affected organ or tissue. Prompt medical attention is essential to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes.
Cataplexy is often associated with narcolepsy, a neurological disorder that affects the brain's ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles. However, it can also occur in people without narcolepsy. In these cases, cataplexy may be a symptom of another condition or a side effect of certain medications.
The exact cause of cataplexy is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to an imbalance in the brain chemicals that regulate muscle tone and emotion. Treatment for cataplexy typically involves addressing any underlying conditions or adjusting medications that may be contributing to the condition. In some cases, botulinum toxin injections may be recommended to reduce muscle stiffness and spasms.
Examples of 'Cataplexy' in a sentence:
1. The patient experienced cataplexy during laughing attacks, causing temporary paralysis of their limbs.
2. The doctor diagnosed the patient with cataplexy, a symptom of their narcolepsy.
3. The medication side effect was causing cataplexy, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis.
There are several different types of congenital nystagmus, including:
1. Infantile nystagmus: This is the most common type and is present in approximately 10% of infants. It is often associated with other conditions such as hypertrophy of the retina or abnormalities of the optic nerve.
2. Accommodative nystagmus: This type is caused by a problem with the eye's ability to focus and can be treated with glasses or contact lenses.
3. Ocular motor nystagmus: This type is caused by a problem with the eye muscles and can be associated with conditions such as cerebral palsy or down syndrome.
4. Optokinetic nystagmus: This type is caused by a problem with the visual pathway and can be associated with conditions such as stroke or traumatic brain injury.
Congenital nystagmus can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which may include a visual acuity test, refraction test, and an assessment of eye movements using a technique called electronystagmography (ENG). Treatment for congenital nystagmus depends on the underlying cause and may include glasses or contact lenses, prism lenses, or in some cases, surgery.
It is important to note that congenital nystagmus can have a significant impact on an individual's vision and quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
Some common types of cerebellar diseases include:
1. Cerebellar atrophy: This is a condition where the cerebellum shrinks or degenerates, leading to symptoms such as tremors, muscle weakness, and difficulty with movement.
2. Cerebellar degeneration: This is a condition where the cerebellum deteriorates over time, leading to symptoms such as loss of coordination, balance problems, and difficulties with speech and language.
3. Cerebellar tumors: These are abnormal growths that develop in the cerebellum, which can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their size and location.
4. Cerebellar stroke: This is a condition where blood flow to the cerebellum is interrupted, leading to damage to the brain tissue and symptoms such as weakness or paralysis of certain muscle groups.
5. Cerebellar vasculature disorders: These are conditions that affect the blood vessels in the cerebellum, leading to symptoms such as transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or strokes.
6. Inflammatory diseases: These are conditions that cause inflammation in the cerebellum, leading to symptoms such as tremors, ataxia, and weakness.
7. Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can affect the cerebellum and cause a range of symptoms.
8. Trauma: Head injuries or other forms of trauma can damage the cerebellum and lead to symptoms such as loss of coordination, balance problems, and memory loss.
9. Genetic disorders: Certain genetic mutations can affect the development and function of the cerebellum, leading to a range of symptoms.
10. Degenerative diseases: Conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease can cause degeneration of the cerebellum and lead to symptoms such as tremors, ataxia, and weakness.
It's important to note that this is not an exhaustive list, and there may be other causes of cerebellar symptoms not included here. A healthcare professional can help determine the underlying cause of your symptoms based on a thorough medical history and examination.
Some common types of eye abnormalities include:
1. Refractive errors: These are errors in the way the eye focuses light, causing blurry vision. Examples include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).
2. Amblyopia: This is a condition where the brain favors one eye over the other, causing poor vision in the weaker eye.
3. Cataracts: A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause blurry vision and increase the risk of glaucoma.
4. Glaucoma: This is a group of eye conditions that can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss.
5. Macular degeneration: This is a condition where the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision, deteriorates, leading to vision loss.
6. Diabetic retinopathy: This is a complication of diabetes that can damage the blood vessels in the retina and lead to vision loss.
7. Retinal detachment: This is a condition where the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, leading to vision loss.
8. Corneal abnormalities: These are irregularities in the shape or structure of the cornea, such as keratoconus, that can cause blurry vision.
9. Optic nerve disorders: These are conditions that affect the optic nerve, such as optic neuritis, that can cause vision loss.
10. Traumatic eye injuries: These are injuries to the eye or surrounding tissue that can cause vision loss or other eye abnormalities.
Eye abnormalities can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which may include visual acuity tests, refraction tests, and imaging tests such as retinal photography or optical coherence tomography (OCT). Treatment for eye abnormalities depends on the specific condition and may include glasses or contact lenses, medication, surgery, or other therapies.
There are several types of eye burns, including:
1. Chemical burns: These occur when the eye comes into contact with a corrosive substance, such as bleach or drain cleaner.
2. Thermal burns: These occur when the eye is exposed to heat or flames, such as from a fire or a hot surface.
3. Ultraviolet (UV) burns: These occur when the eye is exposed to UV radiation, such as from the sun or a tanning bed.
4. Radiation burns: These occur when the eye is exposed to ionizing radiation, such as from a nuclear accident or cancer treatment.
Symptoms of eye burns can include:
* Pain and redness in the eye
* Discharge or crusting around the eye
* Blurred vision or sensitivity to light
* Swelling of the eyelids or the surface of the eye
* Increased tearing or dryness
Treatment for eye burns depends on the cause and severity of the injury. Mild cases may require only topical medications, such as antibiotic ointments or anti-inflammatory drops. More severe cases may require more aggressive treatment, such as oral medications, patching, or even surgery. In some cases, eye burns can lead to long-term vision problems or scarring, so it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
The symptoms of Behcet syndrome can vary widely, but may include:
* Skin lesions, such as ulcers or rashes
* Eye inflammation (uveitis)
* Joint pain and swelling
* Digestive problems such as diarrhea and abdominal pain
* Nervous system problems such as seizures and headaches
* Inflammation of the blood vessels, which can lead to aneurysms or blood clots
The exact cause of Behcet syndrome is not known, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is no cure for the disease, but various treatments are available to manage the symptoms and prevent complications. These may include medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and antibiotics, as well as lifestyle modifications such as avoiding triggers like spicy foods or stress.
Behcet syndrome is rare in the United States, but it is more common in certain parts of the world, including Turkey, Japan, and other countries with high prevalence of autoimmune disorders. It affects both men and women equally, and typically begins during adulthood, although it can sometimes begin in childhood or adolescence.
Overall, Behcet syndrome is a complex and multifaceted disease that requires careful management by a healthcare team to prevent complications and improve quality of life for patients.
There are several types of ophthalmoplegia, including:
1. External ophthalmoplegia: This type affects the muscles that control lateral and vertical movements of the eyes.
2. Internal ophthalmoplegia: This type affects the muscles that control rotational movements of the eyes.
3. Superior oblique paresis: This type affects the superior oblique muscle, which controls downward and outward movements of the eye.
4. Inferior oblique paresis: This type affects the inferior oblique muscle, which controls upward and outward movements of the eye.
Symptoms of ophthalmoplegia may include difficulty moving the eyes, double vision, droopy eyelids, and blurred vision. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause of the condition and may include physical therapy, prism lenses, or surgery.
Some common types of vision disorders include:
1. Myopia (nearsightedness): A condition where close objects are seen clearly, but distant objects appear blurry.
2. Hyperopia (farsightedness): A condition where distant objects are seen clearly, but close objects appear blurry.
3. Astigmatism: A condition where the cornea or lens of the eye is irregularly shaped, causing blurred vision at all distances.
4. Presbyopia: A condition that occurs as people age, where the lens of the eye loses flexibility and makes it difficult to focus on close objects.
5. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye has reduced vision due to abnormal development or injury.
6. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A condition where the eyes are misaligned and point in different directions.
7. Color blindness: A condition where people have difficulty perceiving certain colors, usually red and green.
8. Retinal disorders: Conditions that affect the retina, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, or retinal detachment.
9. Glaucoma: A group of conditions that damage the optic nerve, often due to increased pressure in the eye.
10. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause blurred vision and sensitivity to light.
Vision disorders can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, refraction test, and dilated eye exam. Treatment options for vision disorders depend on the specific condition and may include glasses or contact lenses, medication, surgery, or a combination of these.
Scotoma is a term that was first used in the early 19th century to describe blind spots in the visual field caused by defects in the retina or optic nerve. Over time, the term has been broadened to include any type of blind spot or defect in the visual field, regardless of its cause.
There are several different types of scotomas, including:
1. Homonymous hemianopsia: A condition in which there is a blind spot in one side of both eyes, causing difficulty with recognizing objects and people on that side.
2. Hemianopia: A condition in which there is a blind spot in one half of both eyes, often caused by a stroke or brain injury.
3. Quadrantanopia: A condition in which there is a blind spot in one quarter of both eyes, often caused by a stroke or brain injury.
4. Scanning vision: A condition in which the visual field appears to be scanned or sectioned off, often caused by a brain disorder such as multiple sclerosis.
5. Blind spot scotoma: A condition in which there is a small blind spot in the central part of the visual field, often caused by a lesion in the retina or optic nerve.
Scotomas can have a significant impact on daily life, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks such as driving, reading, and recognizing faces. Treatment options for scotomas depend on the underlying cause and may include prism glasses, vision therapy, or surgery. In some cases, scotomas may be a sign of a more serious condition that requires medical attention.
Some common examples of vestibular diseases include:
1. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV): A condition that causes brief episodes of vertigo triggered by changes in head position.
2. Labyrinthitis: An inner ear infection that causes vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears).
3. Vestibular migraine: A type of migraine that causes vertigo, along with headaches and other symptoms.
4. Meniere's disease: A disorder of the inner ear that causes vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness in the affected ear.
5. Acoustic neuroma: A benign tumor that grows on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain, causing symptoms such as vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
6. Superior canal dehiscence syndrome: A condition in which the bony covering of the superior canal in the inner ear is thin or absent, leading to symptoms such as vertigo, hearing loss, and sound sensitivity.
7. Perilymph fistula: A tear or defect in the membrane that separates the middle ear from the inner ear, causing symptoms such as vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
8. Ototoxicity: Damage to the inner ear caused by exposure to certain medications or chemicals, leading to symptoms such as vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
Diagnosis of vestibular diseases typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and specialized tests such as the Electronystagmography (ENG) or Vestibular Function Tests (VFT). Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause of the symptoms, but may include medications, vestibular rehabilitation therapy, or surgery.
There are several causes of hemianopsia, including:
1. Stroke or cerebral vasculitis: These conditions can damage the occipital lobe and result in hemianopsia.
2. Brain tumors: Tumors in the occipital lobe can cause hemianopsia by compressing or damaging the visual pathways.
3. Traumatic brain injury: A head injury can cause damage to the occipital lobe and result in hemianopsia.
4. Cerebral palsy: This condition can cause brain damage that leads to hemianopsia.
5. Multiple sclerosis: This autoimmune disease can cause damage to the visual pathways and result in hemianopsia.
Symptoms of hemianopsia may include:
1. Blindness or impaired vision in one side of both eyes.
2. Difficulty recognizing objects or people on one side of the visual field.
3. Inability to see objects that are peripheral to the affected side.
4. Difficulty with depth perception and spatial awareness.
5. Eye movements that are abnormal or restricted.
Diagnosis of hemianopsia typically involves a comprehensive eye exam, including visual acuity testing, visual field testing, and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans to evaluate the brain. Treatment options for hemianopsia depend on the underlying cause and may include:
1. Glasses or contact lenses to correct refractive errors.
2. Prism lenses to realign the visual image.
3. Visual therapy to improve remaining vision.
4. Medications to treat underlying conditions such as multiple sclerosis or brain tumors.
5. Surgery to repair damaged blood vessels or relieve pressure on the brain.
It is important to note that hemianopsia can significantly impact daily life and may affect an individual's ability to perform certain tasks, such as driving or reading. However, with proper diagnosis and treatment, many people with hemianopsia are able to adapt and lead fulfilling lives.
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, affecting approximately 1% of the population over the age of 60. It is more common in men than women and has a higher incidence in Caucasians than in other ethnic groups.
The primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease are:
* Tremors or trembling, typically starting on one side of the body
* Rigidity or stiffness, causing difficulty with movement
* Bradykinesia or slowness of movement, including a decrease in spontaneous movements such as blinking or smiling
* Postural instability, leading to falls or difficulty with balance
As the disease progresses, symptoms can include:
* Difficulty with walking, gait changes, and freezing episodes
* Dry mouth, constipation, and other non-motor symptoms
* Cognitive changes, such as dementia, memory loss, and confusion
* Sleep disturbances, including REM sleep behavior disorder
* Depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric symptoms
The exact cause of Parkinson's disease is not known, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The disease is associated with the degradation of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to a deficiency of dopamine in the brain. This deficiency disrupts the normal functioning of the basal ganglia, a group of structures involved in movement control, leading to the characteristic symptoms of the disease.
There is no cure for Parkinson's disease, but various treatments are available to manage its symptoms. These include:
* Medications such as dopaminergic agents (e.g., levodopa) and dopamine agonists to replace lost dopamine and improve motor function
* Deep brain stimulation, a surgical procedure that involves implanting an electrode in the brain to deliver electrical impulses to specific areas of the brain
* Physical therapy to improve mobility and balance
* Speech therapy to improve communication and swallowing difficulties
* Occupational therapy to improve daily functioning
It is important for individuals with Parkinson's disease to work closely with their healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and improves their quality of life. With appropriate treatment and support, many people with Parkinson's disease are able to manage their symptoms and maintain a good level of independence for several years after diagnosis.
1. Insomnia: difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
2. Sleep apnea: pauses in breathing during sleep
3. Narcolepsy: excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden attacks of sleep
4. Restless leg syndrome: uncomfortable sensations in the legs during sleep
5. Periodic limb movement disorder: involuntary movements of the legs or arms during sleep
6. Sleepwalking: walking or performing other activities during sleep
7. Sleep terrors: intense fear or anxiety during sleep
8. Sleep paralysis: temporary inability to move or speak during sleep
9. REM sleep behavior disorder: acting out dreams during sleep
10. Circadian rhythm disorders: disruptions to the body's internal clock, leading to irregular sleep patterns.
Sleep disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, such as stress, anxiety, certain medications, sleep deprivation, and underlying medical conditions like chronic pain or sleep apnea. Treatment for sleep disorders may include lifestyle changes (such as establishing a regular sleep schedule, avoiding caffeine and alcohol before bedtime, and creating a relaxing sleep environment), medications, and behavioral therapies (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia). In some cases, surgery or other medical interventions may be necessary.
It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect that you or someone you know may have a sleep disorder, as untreated sleep disorders can lead to serious health problems, such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, and depression. A healthcare professional can help diagnose the specific sleep disorder and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
Exotropia is a type of strabismus, or misalignment of the eyes, where one eye turns outward away from the nose. It is also known as divergent strabismus. In exotropia, the affected eye has a tendency to deviate away from the fixed gaze and may turn inward or outward. This can cause double vision and affect the development of depth perception.
Exotropia can be classified into several types based on the age of onset, the severity of the misalignment, and other factors. The most common type of exotropia is intermittent exotropia, where the misalignment is only present sometimes. Other types include constant exotropia, where the misalignment is always present, and vertical exotropia, where the eye turns up or down.
Treatment for exotropia typically involves glasses or prisms to correct any refractive errors, as well as exercises to strengthen the muscles that control eye movement. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign the eyes. Early diagnosis and treatment can help improve the chances of successful management and prevent long-term complications such as amblyopia (lazy eye).
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Some common types of eye neoplasms include:
1. Uveal melanoma: This is a malignant tumor that develops in the uvea, the middle layer of the eye. It is the most common primary intraocular cancer in adults and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
2. Retinoblastoma: This is a rare type of cancer that affects children and develops in the retina. It is usually diagnosed before the age of 5 and is highly treatable with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
3. Conjunctival melanoma: This is a malignant tumor that develops in the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye. It is more common in older adults and can be treated with surgery and/or radiation therapy.
4. Ocular sarcomas: These are rare types of cancer that develop in the eye tissues, including the retina, optic nerve, and uvea. They can be benign or malignant and may require surgical removal or radiation therapy.
5. Secondary intraocular tumors: These are tumors that metastasize (spread) to the eye from other parts of the body, such as breast cancer or lung cancer.
The symptoms of eye neoplasms can vary depending on their location and type, but may include:
* Blurred vision
* Eye pain or discomfort
* Redness or inflammation in the eye
* Sensitivity to light
* Floaters (specks or cobwebs in vision)
* Flashes of light
* Abnormal pupil size or shape
Early detection and treatment of eye neoplasms are important to preserve vision and prevent complications. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI, and biopsy (removing a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope). Treatment options may include:
* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells
* Chemotherapy to destroy cancer cells with medication
* Observation and monitoring if the tumor is slow-growing or benign
It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual symptoms in your eye, as early detection and treatment can improve outcomes.
Duane's retraction syndrome is caused by an abnormality in the nerves that control eyelid movement. The condition may be treated with surgery to correct any underlying abnormalities or to improve the functioning of the affected eye(s).
Esotropia is often diagnosed in children, and it can affect one or both eyes. Treatment for esotropia usually involves glasses or contact lenses to correct vision problems, as well as exercises to strengthen the muscles that control eye movement. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign the eyes.
Esotropia can also be associated with other conditions, such as craniosynostosis (a condition where the bones of the skull fuse together too early), or Down syndrome. It is important for parents and caregivers to be aware of the signs of esotropia, such as crossing or turning of the eyes, and to seek medical attention if they suspect that their child may have this condition. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent long-term vision problems and improve the overall quality of life for children with esotropia.
There are several different types of glaucoma, including:
* Open-angle glaucoma: This is the most common form of glaucoma, and is caused by slowed drainage of fluid from the eye.
* Closed-angle glaucoma: This type of glaucoma is caused by a blockage in the drainage channels of the eye, leading to a sudden increase in pressure.
* Normal-tension glaucoma: This type of glaucoma is caused by damage to the optic nerve even though the pressure in the eye is within the normal range.
* Congenital glaucoma: This is a rare type of glaucoma that is present at birth, and is caused by a developmental defect in the eye's drainage system.
Symptoms of glaucoma can include:
* Blurred vision
* Loss of peripheral vision
* Eye pain or pressure
* Redness of the eye
* Seeing halos around lights
Glaucoma is typically diagnosed with a combination of visual acuity tests, dilated eye exams, and imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Treatment for glaucoma usually involves medication to reduce pressure in the eye, but may also include surgery to improve drainage or laser therapy to prevent further damage to the optic nerve.
Early detection and treatment of glaucoma is important to prevent vision loss, so it is important to have regular eye exams, especially if you are at risk for the condition. Risk factors for glaucoma include:
* Age (over 60)
* Family history of glaucoma
* Diabetes
* High blood pressure
* African or Hispanic ancestry
Overall, glaucoma is a serious eye condition that can cause vision loss if left untreated. Early detection and treatment are key to preventing vision loss and maintaining good eye health.
There are several types of sleep arousal disorders, including:
1. Insomnia: Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, often accompanied by difficulty relaxing and quieting the mind.
2. Sleep state misperception: A condition in which a person feels that they are not sleeping when in fact they are, or vice versa.
3. Sleep-wake transition disorder: Difficulty transitioning from a wakeful state to a sleeping state.
4. Sleep terrors (night terrors): Intense fear, screaming, and thrashing during sleep, often accompanied by physical signs such as increased heart rate and breathing.
5. Sleepwalking (somnambulism): Getting up and walking around during sleep, often without remembering it in the morning.
6. Sleep driving: Driving while asleep or getting into a car to drive while still asleep.
7. Sleep eating (nocturnal sleep-related eating disorder): Eating during sleep, often due to underlying stress or anxiety.
8. Sleep sex (sleep sexual behavior): Engaging in sexual activities during sleep, often without memory of it in the morning.
These disorders can cause significant distress and impairment in daily functioning, and may be treated with a combination of medication and behavioral interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) or relaxation techniques. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
Some common types of perceptual disorders include:
1. Visual perceptual disorders: These disorders affect an individual's ability to interpret and make sense of visual information from the environment. They can result in difficulties with recognizing objects, perceiving depth and distance, and tracking movement.
2. Auditory perceptual disorders: These disorders affect an individual's ability to interpret and make sense of sound. They can result in difficulties with hearing and understanding speech, as well as distinguishing between different sounds.
3. Tactile perceptual disorders: These disorders affect an individual's ability to interpret and make sense of touch. They can result in difficulties with recognizing objects through touch, as well as interpreting tactile sensations such as pain, temperature, and texture.
4. Olfactory perceptual disorders: These disorders affect an individual's ability to interpret and make sense of smells. They can result in difficulties with identifying different odors and distinguishing between them.
5. Gustatory perceptual disorders: These disorders affect an individual's ability to interpret and make sense of tastes. They can result in difficulties with identifying different flavors and distinguishing between them.
6. Balance and equilibrium disorders: These disorders affect an individual's ability to maintain balance and equilibrium. They can result in difficulties with standing, walking, and maintaining posture.
Perceptual disorders can have a significant impact on an individual's daily life, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks and activities. Treatment for perceptual disorders often involves a combination of sensory therapy, behavioral therapy, and assistive technologies. The goal of treatment is to help the individual compensate for any impairments in sensory processing and improve their ability to function in daily life.
Some common types of parasomnias include:
1. Sleepwalking (somnambulism): Getting out of bed and walking around while asleep.
2. Sleep talking (talking in one's sleep).
3. Sleep eating (eating while asleep).
4. Sleep driving (driving while asleep).
5. Sexsomnia (engaging in sexual activities while asleep).
6. Night terrors (intense fear or anxiety while asleep).
7. Sleep paralysis (temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up).
8. REM sleep behavior disorder (acting out dreams while asleep).
Parasomnias can be dangerous, as they can lead to injuries or accidents, and can also cause sleep disruption and daytime fatigue. Treatment options for parasomnias include medication, behavioral therapy, and lifestyle changes, such as establishing a regular sleep schedule and avoiding alcohol and sedatives before bedtime.
1. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): This is the most common type of sleep apnea, caused by a physical blockage in the throat, such as excess tissue or a large tongue.
2. Central Sleep Apnea (CSA): This type of sleep apnea is caused by a problem in the brain's breathing control center.
3. Mixed Sleep Apnea: This type of sleep apnea is a combination of OSA and CSA.
The symptoms of sleep apnea syndromes can include:
* Loud snoring
* Pauses in breathing during sleep
* Waking up with a dry mouth or sore throat
* Morning headaches
* Difficulty concentrating or feeling tired during the day
If left untreated, sleep apnea syndromes can lead to serious health problems, such as:
* High blood pressure
* Heart disease
* Stroke
* Diabetes
* Depression
Treatment options for sleep apnea syndromes include:
* Lifestyle changes, such as losing weight or quitting smoking
* Oral appliances, such as a mouthpiece to help keep the airway open
* Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, which involves wearing a mask over the nose and/or mouth while sleeping to deliver a constant flow of air
* Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) therapy, which is similar to CPAP but delivers two different levels of air pressure
* Surgery, such as a tonsillectomy or a procedure to remove excess tissue in the throat.
It's important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have sleep apnea syndromes, as treatment can help improve your quality of life and reduce the risk of serious health problems.
These diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms such as fatigue, weight changes, and poor wound healing. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition but may include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery.
Damage or dysfunction of the oculomotor nerve can result in a range of symptoms, including double vision (diplopia), drooping eyelids (ptosis), difficulty moving the eyes (ophthalmoplegia), and vision loss. The specific symptoms depend on the location and extent of the damage to the nerve.
Some common causes of oculomotor nerve diseases include:
1. Trauma or injury to the head or neck
2. Tumors or cysts in the brain or skull
3. Inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis or sarcoidosis
4. Vasculitis or other blood vessel disorders
5. Certain medications, such as anticonvulsants or chemotherapy drugs
6. Nutritional deficiencies, such as vitamin B12 deficiency
7. Infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis
8. Genetic disorders, such as hereditary oculopharyngeal dystrophy
9. Ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes
10. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
The diagnosis of oculomotor nerve diseases typically involves a comprehensive eye exam, neurological evaluation, and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or other interventions to address the underlying condition and relieve symptoms. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair or replace damaged portions of the nerve.
Causes:
* Genetic mutations or deletions
* Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis
* Stroke or bleeding in the brain
* Traumatic head injury
* Multiple sclerosis or other demyelinating diseases
* Brain tumors
* Cerebellar degeneration due to aging
Symptoms:
* Coordination difficulties, such as stumbling or poor balance
* Tremors or shaky movements
* Slurred speech and difficulty with fine motor skills
* Nystagmus (involuntary eye movements)
* Difficulty with gait and walking
* Fatigue, weakness, and muscle wasting
Diagnosis:
* Physical examination and medical history
* Neurological examination to test coordination, balance, and reflexes
* Imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans to rule out other conditions
* Genetic testing to identify inherited forms of cerebellar ataxia
* Electromyography (EMG) to test muscle activity and nerve function
Treatment:
* Physical therapy to improve balance, coordination, and gait
* Occupational therapy to help with daily activities and fine motor skills
* Speech therapy to address slurred speech and communication difficulties
* Medications to manage symptoms such as tremors or spasticity
* Assistive devices such as canes or walkers to improve mobility
Prognosis:
* The prognosis for cerebellar ataxia varies depending on the underlying cause. In some cases, the condition may be slowly progressive and lead to significant disability over time. In other cases, the condition may remain stable or even improve with treatment.
Living with cerebellar ataxia can be challenging, but there are many resources available to help individuals with the condition manage their symptoms and maintain their quality of life. These resources may include:
* Physical therapy to improve balance and coordination
* Occupational therapy to assist with daily activities
* Speech therapy to address communication difficulties
* Assistive devices such as canes or walkers to improve mobility
* Medications to manage symptoms such as tremors or spasticity
* Support groups for individuals with cerebellar ataxia and their families
Overall, the key to managing cerebellar ataxia is early diagnosis and aggressive treatment. With proper management, individuals with this condition can lead active and fulfilling lives despite the challenges they face.
The symptoms of dyslexia can vary from person to person, but may include:
* Difficulty with phonological awareness (the ability to identify and manipulate the sounds within words)
* Trouble with decoding (reading) and encoding (spelling)
* Slow reading speed
* Difficulty with comprehension of text
* Difficulty with writing skills, including grammar, punctuation, and spelling
* Trouble with organization and time management
Dyslexia can be diagnosed by a trained professional, such as a psychologist or learning specialist, through a series of tests and assessments. These may include:
* Reading and spelling tests
* Tests of phonological awareness
* Tests of comprehension and vocabulary
* Behavioral observations
There is no cure for dyslexia, but there are a variety of strategies and interventions that can help individuals with dyslexia to improve their reading and writing skills. These may include:
* Multisensory instruction (using sight, sound, and touch to learn)
* Orton-Gillingham approach (a specific type of multisensory instruction)
* Assistive technology (such as text-to-speech software)
* Accommodations (such as extra time to complete assignments)
* Tutoring and mentoring
It is important to note that dyslexia is not a result of poor intelligence or inadequate instruction, but rather a neurological difference that affects the way an individual processes information. With appropriate support and accommodations, individuals with dyslexia can be successful in school and beyond.
There are different types of blindness, including:
1. Congenital blindness: Blindness that is present at birth, often due to genetic mutations or abnormalities in the development of the eye and brain.
2. Acquired blindness: Blindness that develops later in life due to injury, disease, or other factors.
3. Amblyopia: A condition where one eye has reduced vision due to misalignment or other causes.
4. Glaucoma: A group of eye conditions that can damage the optic nerve and lead to blindness if left untreated.
5. Retinitis pigmentosa: A degenerative disease that affects the retina and can cause blindness.
6. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens in the eye that can impair vision and eventually cause blindness if left untreated.
7. Macular degeneration: A condition where the macula, a part of the retina responsible for central vision, deteriorates and causes blindness.
There are various treatments and therapies for blindness, depending on the underlying cause. These may include medications, surgery, low vision aids, and assistive technology such as braille and audio books, screen readers, and voice-controlled software. Rehabilitation programs can also help individuals adapt to blindness and lead fulfilling lives.
There are several types of penetrating eye injuries, including:
1. Perforating injuries: These occur when an object punctures the globe of the eye, creating a hole in the retina or the sclera. These injuries can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.
2. Non-perforating injuries: These occur when an object does not penetrate the globe of the eye but still causes damage to the surrounding tissues. These injuries are typically less severe than perforating injuries but can still cause significant vision loss.
3. Hyphemas: These occur when blood collects in the space between the cornea and the iris, often due to a blow to the eye.
4. Retinal detachments: These occur when the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, often due to a traumatic injury.
Symptoms of penetrating eye injuries can include:
* Severe pain in the eye
* Redness and swelling of the affected eye
* Difficulty seeing or blindness
* Floaters or flashes of light
* A feeling of something in the eye
Treatment of penetrating eye injuries depends on the severity of the injury and can include:
1. Immediate medical attention to assess the extent of the injury and provide appropriate treatment.
2. Surgery to repair any damage to the eye, such as removing a foreign object or repairing a retinal detachment.
3. Antibiotics to prevent infection.
4. Pain management with medication.
5. Monitoring for complications, such as glaucoma or cataracts.
Preventive measures for penetrating eye injuries include:
1. Wearing protective eyewear when performing activities that could potentially cause eye injury, such as playing sports or working with power tools.
2. Avoiding touching the eyes or face to prevent the spread of infection.
3. Keeping the environment clean and free of hazards to reduce the risk of injury.
4. Properly storing and disposing of sharp objects to prevent accidents.
5. Seeking medical attention immediately if an eye injury occurs.
It is important to seek immediate medical attention if you experience any symptoms of a penetrating eye injury, as timely treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.
The amblyopic eye may have reduced visual sharpness and/or abnormal ocular alignment (strabismus). The other eye is generally normal or has better vision. Amblyopia is often present at birth but may not be noticed until the child is a few years old. It can also result from various conditions, such as strabismus, cataracts, or differences in the refractive error of the two eyes (anisometropic amblyopia).
The most common form of amblyopia is anisometropic amblyopia, which occurs when there is a significant difference in the refractive power between the two eyes. This can cause the brain to favor one eye over the other, leading to reduced vision in the amblyopic eye. Amblyopia can be treated with glasses or contact lenses, patching the better eye to force the weaker eye to work harder, or surgery to correct strabismus or anisometropia.
Early detection and treatment are important to prevent long-term visual impairment. However, amblyopia can sometimes persist even after treatment, and it is a leading cause of monocular vision in adults.
The inner ear, brain, and sensory nerves are all involved in the development of motion sickness. The inner ear contains the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and equilibrium. The brain processes visual, proprioceptive (position and movement), and vestibular information to determine the body's position and movement. When these signals are not in harmony, the brain can become confused and motion sickness can occur.
There are several factors that can contribute to the development of motion sickness, including:
1. Conflicting sensory input: This can occur when the visual, proprioceptive, and vestibular systems provide conflicting information about the body's position and movement. For example, if the body is moving but the eyes do not see any movement, this can confuse the brain and lead to motion sickness.
2. Movement of the body: Motion sickness can occur when the body is in motion, such as on a boat or airplane, or during a car ride. This can be particularly problematic for people who are prone to motion sickness.
3. Reading or looking at screens: Reading or looking at screens can exacerbate motion sickness, as it can provide conflicting visual and vestibular information.
4. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as inner ear problems or migraines, can increase the risk of developing motion sickness.
5. Medications: Some medications, such as antidepressants and antihistamines, can increase the risk of developing motion sickness.
There are several ways to prevent and treat motion sickness, including:
1. Avoiding heavy meals before traveling: Eating a light meal before traveling can help reduce the risk of motion sickness.
2. Choosing a seat with less motion: In vehicles, choosing a seat with less motion can help reduce the risk of motion sickness.
3. Keeping the eyes on the horizon: Looking at the horizon can help reduce the conflict between visual and vestibular information.
4. Taking medication: There are several over-the-counter and prescription medications available to prevent and treat motion sickness, such as dramamine and scopolamine patches.
5. Using wristbands: Sea bands or wristbands that apply pressure to a specific point on the wrist have been shown to be effective in preventing motion sickness.
6. Avoiding alcohol and caffeine: Consuming these substances can exacerbate motion sickness, so it is best to avoid them before and during travel.
7. Staying hydrated: Drinking plenty of water and other fluids can help reduce the symptoms of motion sickness.
8. Getting fresh air: Fresh air can help reduce the symptoms of motion sickness, so it is best to sit near an open window or take breaks outside.
Types of Eye Foreign Bodies:
There are several types of eye foreign bodies, including:
1. Dust and small particles: These are the most common type of eye foreign body and can enter the eye through contact with the environment or by rubbing the eyes.
2. Large objects: These can include splinters, pen tips, or other small objects that become lodged in the eye.
3. Chemical irritants: Chemicals like household cleaners or pesticides can irritate the eyes and cause foreign body sensation.
4. Microorganisms: Bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms can enter the eye and cause inflammation, which can lead to a foreign body sensation.
Symptoms of Eye Foreign Bodies:
The symptoms of an eye foreign body can vary depending on the size and location of the object, but common signs include:
1. Redness and irritation
2. Itching or burning sensation in the eye
3. Discharge or tearing
4. Blurred vision or sensitivity to light
5. Pain or discomfort in the eye
Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Foreign Bodies:
If you suspect that you have an eye foreign body, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional will perform a thorough examination of the eye to locate the foreign body and determine the best course of treatment.
Treatment for eye foreign bodies may include:
1. Flushing the eye with water or saline solution to try to dislodge the object
2. Using antibiotic drops or ointments to prevent infection
3. Removing the object with a special instrument, such as a cotton swab or forceps
4. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the foreign body.
Prevention of Eye Foreign Bodies:
To prevent eye foreign bodies, it is important to take the following precautions:
1. Avoid touching or rubbing your eyes, as this can introduce bacteria and other contaminants into the eye.
2. Keep your hands and face clean, especially after handling chemicals or other potentially harmful substances.
3. Wear protective eyewear, such as goggles or safety glasses, when working with power tools or other equipment that can generate debris.
4. Avoid wearing contact lenses while swimming or in other wet environments.
5. Keep your home and work environment clean and free of clutter to reduce the risk of objects becoming lodged in the eye.
Conclusion:
Eye foreign bodies can cause a range of symptoms, from mild discomfort to serious vision loss. If you suspect that you have an object stuck in your eye, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. With prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment, most eye foreign bodies can be successfully removed and the risk of complications minimized. By taking precautions to prevent eye injuries and seeking immediate medical care if you experience any symptoms, you can help protect your vision and maintain good eye health.
Causes:
1. Refractive errors: Diplopia can be caused by refractive errors such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, or presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).
2. Eye alignment problems: Disorders such as strabismus (crossed eyes) or esotropia (eyes turned inward) can cause diplopia.
3. Cataracts: A cataract can cause diplopia due to the clouding of the lens in one or both eyes.
4. Glaucoma: Diplopia can be a symptom of glaucoma, a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve.
5. Retinal detachment: A retinal detachment can cause diplopia due to the separation of the retina from the underlying tissue.
6. Brain injuries or disorders: Diplopia can be a result of brain injuries or disorders such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, or multiple sclerosis.
7. Medications: Certain medications such as antidepressants, anti-seizure drugs, and chemotherapy drugs can cause diplopia as a side effect.
Diagnosis:
To diagnose diplopia, an eye examination is necessary. The doctor may perform a cover test to determine the type of diplopia and rule out other conditions. Imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI may also be ordered to examine the eye and surrounding tissues.
Treatment:
The treatment of diplopia depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, glasses or contact lenses can correct refractive errors and alleviate symptoms. Surgery may be necessary for eye alignment problems such as strabismus or cataracts. In cases where the condition is caused by a brain disorder or injury, treatment of the underlying condition can resolve diplopia.
Prognosis:
The prognosis for diplopia varies depending on the underlying cause. In some cases, the condition may resolve on its own or with simple correction such as glasses or contact lenses. In other cases, surgery or treatment of an underlying condition may be necessary to resolve diplopia. In rare cases, the condition can lead to complications such as amblyopia (lazy eye) or vision loss if left untreated.
Prevention:
Preventing diplopia is not always possible, but early detection and treatment of underlying conditions can help prevent complications and improve outcomes. Regular eye exams and monitoring of vision can also help detect diplopia early on. In some cases, prism lenses or glasses with a specific prescription may be recommended to alleviate symptoms and prevent progression of the condition.
In conclusion, diplopia is a common condition that can have various causes and underlying mechanisms. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications and improve outcomes. Regular eye exams and monitoring of vision can help detect diplopia early on, and in some cases, simple correction such as glasses or contact lenses may be sufficient to resolve the condition. In other cases, surgery or treatment of an underlying condition may be necessary. With appropriate management, most people with diplopia can achieve good visual acuity and quality of life.
The exact cause of vestibular neuronitis is not known, but it is believed to be due to a viral infection that affects the inner ear. The condition typically develops suddenly and can resolve on its own within a few days or weeks. However, some cases may persist for longer periods of time, and treatment may be necessary to manage the symptoms.
Treatment for vestibular neuronitis usually involves medications that help to reduce dizziness and nausea, such as anticholinergics, antihistamines, and benzodiazepines. In severe cases, physical therapy and balance training may be recommended to help improve balance and reduce the risk of falls.
In conclusion, vestibular neuronitis is an inner ear disorder that can cause vertigo, nausea, and imbalance. While the exact cause is not known, it is believed to be due to a viral infection, and treatment typically involves medication and balance training. The condition may resolve on its own within a few days or weeks, but some cases may persist for longer periods of time and require continued treatment.
The term "schizophrenia" was first used by the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1908 to describe the splitting of mental functions, which he believed was a key feature of the disorder. The word is derived from the Greek words "schizein," meaning "to split," and "phrenos," meaning "mind."
There are several subtypes of schizophrenia, including:
1. Paranoid Schizophrenia: Characterized by delusions of persecution and suspicion, and a tendency to be hostile and defensive.
2. Hallucinatory Schizophrenia: Characterized by hearing voices or seeing things that are not there.
3. Disorganized Schizophrenia: Characterized by disorganized thinking and behavior, and a lack of motivation or interest in activities.
4. Catatonic Schizophrenia: Characterized by immobility, mutism, and other unusual movements or postures.
5. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia: Characterized by a combination of symptoms from the above subtypes.
The exact cause of schizophrenia is still not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. It is important to note that schizophrenia is not caused by poor parenting or a person's upbringing.
There are several risk factors for developing schizophrenia, including:
1. Genetics: A person with a family history of schizophrenia is more likely to develop the disorder.
2. Brain chemistry: Imbalances in neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin have been linked to schizophrenia.
3. Prenatal factors: Factors such as maternal malnutrition or exposure to certain viruses during pregnancy may increase the risk of schizophrenia in offspring.
4. Childhood trauma: Traumatic events during childhood, such as abuse or neglect, have been linked to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia.
5. Substance use: Substance use has been linked to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia, particularly cannabis and other psychotic substances.
There is no cure for schizophrenia, but treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Treatment options include:
1. Medications: Antipsychotic medications are the primary treatment for schizophrenia. They can help reduce positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, and negative symptoms such as a lack of motivation or interest in activities.
2. Therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of talk therapy can help individuals with schizophrenia manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.
3. Social support: Support from family, friends, and support groups can be an important part of the treatment plan for individuals with schizophrenia.
4. Self-care: Engaging in activities that bring pleasure and fulfillment, such as hobbies or exercise, can help individuals with schizophrenia improve their overall well-being.
It is important to note that schizophrenia is a complex condition, and treatment should be tailored to the individual's specific needs and circumstances. With appropriate treatment and support, many people with schizophrenia are able to lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals.
The symptoms of bilateral hearing loss may include difficulty hearing speech, especially in noisy environments, difficulty understanding conversations when there is background noise, listening to loud music or watching television at a low volume, and experiencing ringing or buzzing sounds in the ears (tinnitus).
Bilateral hearing loss can be diagnosed with a thorough medical examination, including a physical examination of the ears, an audiometric test, and imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans.
Treatment options for bilateral hearing loss depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Some possible treatment options include:
Hearing aids: These devices can amplify sounds and improve hearing ability.
Cochlear implants: These are electronic devices that are surgically implanted in the inner ear and can bypass damaged hair cells to directly stimulate the auditory nerve.
Assistive listening devices: These include devices such as FM systems, infrared systems, and alerting devices that can help individuals with hearing loss communicate more effectively.
Speech therapy: This can help improve communication skills and address any difficulties with language development.
Medications: Certain medications may be prescribed to treat underlying conditions that are contributing to the hearing loss, such as infections or excessive earwax.
Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove excessive earwax or to repair any damage to the middle ear bones.
Some common types of eye infections include:
1. Conjunctivitis - a highly contagious infection of the conjunctiva, which is the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids. It can be caused by bacteria or virus and is commonly known as pink eye.
2. Keratitis - an inflammation of the cornea, which is the clear dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. It can be caused by bacteria, virus or fungi.
3. Uveitis - an inflammation of the uvea, which is the layer of tissue between the sclera and retina. It can cause pain, sensitivity to light and blurred vision.
4. Endophthalmitis - a severe infection inside the eye that can cause damage to the lens, retina and other structures. It is usually caused by bacteria or fungi and can be a complication of cataract surgery or other eye procedures.
5. Dacryocystitis - an inflammation of the tear ducts and sac that can cause pain, redness and swelling in the eyelid. It is usually caused by bacteria.
Eye infections can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which may include a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, tonometry and imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment depends on the type of infection and severity of the condition, and may involve antibiotic or antiviral medication, anti-inflammatory medication or surgery. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated eye infections can lead to complications such as vision loss, corneal scarring and even blindness.
Myopia can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
1. Genetics: Myopia can run in families, and people with a family history of myopia are more likely to develop the condition.
2. Near work: Spending too much time doing close-up activities such as reading or using digital devices can increase the risk of developing myopia.
3. Poor posture: Slouching or leaning forward can cause the eye to focus incorrectly, leading to myopia.
4. Nutritional deficiencies: A diet lacking in essential nutrients such as vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids may contribute to the development of myopia.
5. Eye stress: Prolonged eye strain due to excessive near work or other activities can lead to myopia.
Symptoms of myopia include:
1. Difficulty seeing distant objects clearly
2. Headaches or eye strain from trying to focus on distant objects
3. Squinting or rubbing the eyes to try to see distant objects more clearly
4. Difficulty seeing in low light conditions
5. Blurry vision at a distance, with close objects appearing clear.
Myopia can be diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, refraction test, and retinoscopy. Treatment options for myopia include:
1. Glasses or contact lenses: These corrective lenses refract light properly onto the retina, allowing clear vision of both close and distant objects.
2. Laser eye surgery: Procedures such as LASIK can reshape the cornea to improve its curvature and reduce myopia.
3. Orthokeratology (ORTHO-K): A non-surgical procedure that uses a specialized contact lens to reshape the cornea while you sleep.
4. Myopia control: This involves using certain treatments or techniques to slow down the progression of myopia in children and young adults.
5. Multifocal lenses: These lenses have multiple focal points, allowing for clear vision of both near and distant objects without the need for glasses or contact lenses.
In conclusion, myopia is a common vision condition that can be caused by a variety of factors and symptoms can include difficulty seeing distant objects clearly, headaches, and eye strain. Treatment options include glasses or contact lenses, laser eye surgery, ORTHO-K, myopia control, and multifocal lenses. It is important to consult an eye doctor for a comprehensive evaluation and to determine the best course of treatment for your specific case of myopia.
Vertigo can cause a range of symptoms, including:
* A feeling of spinning or swaying
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Blurred vision
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abnormal eye movements
* Unsteadiness or loss of balance
To diagnose vertigo, a healthcare professional will typically conduct a physical examination and ask questions about the patient's symptoms and medical history. They may also perform tests such as the head impulse test or the electronystagmography (ENG) test to assess the function of the inner ear and balance systems.
Treatment for vertigo depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications such as anticholinergics, antihistamines, or benzodiazepines, as well as vestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT) to help the body adapt to the balance problems. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause of vertigo.
In summary, vertigo is a symptom characterized by a false sense of spinning or movement of the surroundings, and can be caused by various conditions affecting the inner ear, brain, or nervous system. Diagnosis and treatment depend on the underlying cause, but may include medications, VRT, and in some cases, surgery.
Eye movement
Conjugate eye movement
Rapid eye movement
Eye movement in reading
Rapid eye movement sleep
Rapid Eye Movement (album)
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
Eye movement in music reading
Eye movement in scene viewing
Non-rapid eye movement sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder and Parkinson's disease
Microsaccade
Alfred L. Yarbus
Human eye
Stabilized images
Hypnerotomachia Poliphili
Peripheral drift illusion
Bell's phenomenon
Hypothesis Theory
Hering's law of equal innervation
Aging movement control
Michael F. Land
Banner blindness
Edward Llewellyn-Thomas
Remember versus know judgements
Amobarbital
Eye tracking
Saccadic masking
Visual search
Chen Houei-kuen
Hong Khaou
Typhoon Dot (1964)
Anton Chekhov
Jaap Schreurs
2017 Minneapolis mayoral election
Classical Anatolia
Malawian hip hop
My Pilot, Whale
Hemoencephalography
Anarchism in Israel
List of The Smiling, Proud Wanderer characters
Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge
Assyria
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales
Battle of Sio
Nuyorican movement
Execution by elephant
Hurricane Inez
Corneille Guillaume Beverloo
El Monte Thai Garment Slavery Case
Multimethodology
John Kenneth Turner
Irene (play)
2000 Sri Lanka cyclone
Biliblanket
Nonviolent video game
Sonnet 141
Issoufou Assoumane
Pretendian
Re: Rapid eye movement exercises Alexs | Psycho-Babble
Arctic Animal Movement Archive - Eye on the Arctic
Eye Movement Disorders | Nystagmus | Strabismus | MedlinePlus
Children's and Adolescents' Processing of Temporary Syntactic Ambiguity: An Eye Movement Study
DISTANCE LEARNING CONTINUING EDUCATION - EMDR Institute - EYE MOVEMENT DESENSITIZATION AND REPROCESSING THERAPY
repetitive eye movement - Tourette Syndrome and Tics - ACN Latitudes Forums
Eye Movements to Natural Images as a Function of Sex and Personality | PLOS ONE
Visit EMDR: Theory & Techniques of Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing - Part I
Mechanical: - Seeking X-Y Servo-Controlled Eye Movement | Halloween Forum
Couples Counseling Professionals in Texas, United States Specializing in Eye Movement Desensitization And Reprocessing Therapy
Applying eye-movement tracking for the study of map perception and map design</em>...
1111 series | Prints | Rabbit Eye Movement Shop
Bournemouth University Research Online [BURO] - Sentence context modulates the neighborhood frequency effect in Chinese...
Older web users' eye movements: experience counts<...
Fixation Movements of the Eyes
Phase-Synchronization Decay of Fixational Eye Movements
Tracking eye movements may improve ADHD assessment - Newsfolo
IFL eye movements - The brain is sooooo cool!
Google: Piracy Accusations Will Lower Search Rankings - Scientific American
me too movement - From Brown Eyes
Eye movements and scan patterns in mental rotation tasks
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing | D2 Counseling
Entorhinal grid-like codes and time-locked network dynamics track others navigating through space | Nature Communications
Difficulty With Eye Movements Following A Brain Injury | | Neuro-Optometry in Ankeney
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) - Mindful Path Counselling
Hemispatial neglect, balance and eye-movement control. - Oxford Neuroscience
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) - Counselling for You
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder - Sleep Disorders Resource
Saccades4
- The saccades occur so rapidly that nomore than 10 per cent of the total time is spent in moving the eyes, with 90 per cent of the time being allocated to the fixation sites. (brainkart.com)
- Also, the brain sup-presses the visual image during saccades, so that the person is not conscious of the movements from point to point. (brainkart.com)
- In this case, the visual scene is not moving past the eyes, but the eyes are trained to move by means of several succes-sive saccades across the visual scene to extract the important information. (brainkart.com)
- Emerging evidence shows that small involuntary eye movements (saccades and microsaccades) are a promising new tool for shedding light on the hidden workings of mental processes like attention and anticipation, cognitive processes that are often impaired in individuals with ADHD. (newsfolo.com)
Involuntary5
- The website says "Nystagmus refers to rapid involuntary movements of the eyes that may be from side to side (horizontal nystagmus), up and down (vertical nystagmus) or rotary. (latitudes.org)
- The involuntary eye movements of nystagmus are caused by abnormal function in the areas of the brain that control eye movements. (latitudes.org)
- To summarize, posterior "involuntary" occipital cor-tical eye fields automatically "lock" the eyes on a given spot of the visual field and thereby prevent movement of the image across the retinas. (brainkart.com)
- The eyes normally have three types of continuous but almost imperceptible movements: (1) a continuoustremor at a rate of 30 to 80 cycles per second causedby successive contractions of the motor units in the ocular muscles, (2) a slow drift of the eyeballs in one direction or another, and (3) sudden flicking move-ments that are controlled by the involuntary fixationmechanism. (brainkart.com)
- Dystonia is a disorder characterized by involuntary sustained muscle contractions resulting in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. (medscape.com)
Patterns3
- The researchers found that those without a diagnosis of ADHD tended to have different patterns of eye movements compared with individuals who had an ADHD diagnosis. (newsfolo.com)
- This study aimed to investigate eye movement patterns of adults normal readers, while reading texts with two different degrees of difficulty, and with three distinct texts everyday situations, textbooks and newspapers. (bvsalud.org)
- The objective of present study was to analyze eye movements patterns during reading words in Brazilian Portuguese. (bvsalud.org)
Rabbit Eye Movement1
- Rabbit Eye Movement, established in 2005, is a homage to all those who are active in the urban sphere. (rabbiteyemovement.shop)
Nystagmus2
- There is no cure for some kinds of eye movement disorders, such as most kinds of nystagmus. (medlineplus.gov)
- The term "dancing eyes" has been used in regional dialect to describe nystagmus. (latitudes.org)
Back and f3
- My dad has always rolled his eyes and my moms eyes go back and forth. (latitudes.org)
- When a spot of light has become fixed on the foveal region of the retina, the tremulous movements cause the spot to move back and forth at a rapid rate across the cones, and the drifting movements cause the spot to drift slowly across the cones. (brainkart.com)
- Some forms of stimulating the brain bilaterally include eye tracking of hand movements, tapping knees, using a light bar to move eyes back and forth, listening to sounds alternately with each ear or holding a buzzer in each hand. (drsonjabenson.com)
THERAPY1
- The EPRTH™ is a natural method, using, from other means, eyes movements therapy , following a strict and unique process linked to this very method. (eprth.com)
Adults2
- In this paper, however, across three different tasks based on computer and internet use (free-viewing, visual search, and browser interaction), we show that among older adults (n=18, age range: 70-93) computer experience appears to be a highly important factor in eye-movement behavior. (dundee.ac.uk)
- Eye movements during the words reading were recorded from 13 students from Education for Young and for Adults (EYA) (people project with the mean age of 48,33 years, with 7 females, 7 of grade level 3 and 6 of grade level 4. (bvsalud.org)
EMDR1
- EMDR, or Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing, was created by a psychologist named Francine Shapiro in the 1980s. (drsonjabenson.com)
Bilaterally2
- The voluntary fixation movements are controlled by a cortical field located bilaterally in the premotor cor-tical regions of the frontal lobes, as shown in Figure 51-8. (brainkart.com)
- When this fixation area is destroyed bilaterally in an animal, the animal has difficulty keeping its eyes directed toward a given fixation point or may become totally unable to do so. (brainkart.com)
Retina1
- However, a diffuse white pallor is noted on the retina in the right eye. (medscape.com)
Rapid1
- During each full sleep cycle (usually 7-8 hours), people experience two types of sleep: REM (rapid eye movement) and NREM (non rapid eye movement). (cdc.gov)
Occur2
- The eye is restless and eye movements occur constantly, even when observers try to avoid them. (newsfolo.com)
- These movements, exemplified by tracking a bird as it flies across the sky with eyes only (i.e. while keeping the head steady) are supposed to only occur when a target is followed. (thebrainissocool.com)
Moves3
- It comes with code already installed that moves the eyes in random directions. (halloweenforum.com)
- Each time the spot drifts as far as the edge of the fovea, a sudden reflex reaction occurs, producing a flicking movement that moves the spot away from this edge back toward the center of the fovea.Thus, an automatic response moves the image back toward the central point of vision. (brainkart.com)
- This means that the left eye moves rightward and the right eye moves leftward, converging at a spot in the center. (thebrainissocool.com)
Usability1
- Eye-tracking is a valuable tool for usability research. (dundee.ac.uk)
Continuous1
- Our study shows that this continuous stream of eye movements is temporarily paused before an anticipated visual event," said senior author on the study Shlomit Yuval-Greenberg, Assistant Professor at Tel Aviv University in Israel. (newsfolo.com)
Horizontal1
- This highlights the essentially conjugate nature of all eye movements except horizontal ones. (thebrainissocool.com)
Constantly1
- Students are constantly telling me to quit moving my eyes. (latitudes.org)
Disorders2
- There are many kinds of eye movement disorders. (medlineplus.gov)
- Some eye movement disorders are present at birth. (medlineplus.gov)
Objective1
- The findings indicate that careful analysis of eye movements may offer an objective measure to complement other tools used for diagnosis and assessing treatment efficacy. (newsfolo.com)
Results3
- This results in "crossed eyes" or "walleye. (medlineplus.gov)
- As more evidence that maybe (just maybe, tongue in cheek) unilateral eye movements are not the most natural of abilities, doing these eye movements results in a headache. (thebrainissocool.com)
- It was used the equipament for eyes movements register TOBII ® Results showed that intelligence score range from normal to low. (bvsalud.org)
Study5
- This study examined the eye movements of 24 children and adolescents as they read sentences containing temporary syntactic ambiguities. (hindawi.com)
- Brodersen, L, Andersen, HHK & Weber, S 2002, Applying eye-movement tracking for the study of map perception and map design . (dtu.dk)
- In the current study, we conducted two eye-tracking reading experiments to explore whether sentence context can influence neighbor effects in word recognition during Chinese reading. (bournemouth.ac.uk)
- A technique that measures tiny movements of the eyes may help scientists better understand and perhaps eventually improve assessment of ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), says a study. (newsfolo.com)
- The new study published in the journal Psychological Science suggests that carefully tracking eye movements offers a new method for empirically monitoring temporal expectation in people with ADHD. (newsfolo.com)
Exterior2
- This is a condition that creates the internal part of the brain to perceive head movements as exterior stimulations. (grupocpd.com)
- Under a magnification of 2917X, this scanning electron microscopic (SEM) image depicted a view of the exterior surface of a Western honeybee's, Apis mellifera , compound eye. (cdc.gov)
Fixation5
- Fixation movements are controlled by two neuronal mechanisms. (brainkart.com)
- Bilateral dysfunction or destruction of these areas makes it difficult or almost impossible for a person to "unlock" the eyes from one point of fixation and move them to another point. (brainkart.com)
- Conversely, the fixation mechanism that causes the eyes to "lock" on the object of attention once it is found is controlled by secondary visual areas in theoccipital cortex, located mainly anterior to the primaryvisual cortex. (brainkart.com)
- To unlock this visual fixation, voluntary signals must be transmitted from cortical "voluntary" eye fields located in the frontal cortices. (brainkart.com)
- Saccadic Movement of the Eyes-A Mechanism of Successive Fixation Points. (brainkart.com)
Participants1
- Twenty-four participants read texts aloud while monocular eye movements were recorded and answered questions related to text comprehension . (bvsalud.org)
Move4
- When you look at an object, you're using several muscles to move both eyes to focus on it. (medlineplus.gov)
- I also just purchased this kit on Etsy which gets you 2 eyes that move right/left and up/down AND has eyelids. (halloweenforum.com)
- Virtually all eye movements are conjugate, meaning that the eyes both move and that they move in the same direction. (thebrainissocool.com)
- It is worth mentioning that I know at least two other people who can make one eye move while the other remains adducted. (thebrainissocool.com)
Blink1
- It is usually neces-sary to blink the eyes or put a hand over the eyes for a short time, which then allows the eyes to be moved. (brainkart.com)
Gaze5
- There is so much more to eye movements than may at first meet our gaze. (thebrainissocool.com)
- My interpretation is that after normal vergence (adducting both eyes), a gaze shift to the side (let's say left) is initiated. (thebrainissocool.com)
- Now from a leftward gaze position, a vergence movement will result in the unilateral adduction of the left eye - because the right eye is already in the correct position for vergence. (thebrainissocool.com)
- The long-term goal is to create a strong interdisciplinary research community linking these fields together and to establish the workshop as the premier forum for research on automatic annotation of gaze videos and use of eye tracking in natural environment studies. (eyemovementresearch.com)
- Several researchers will present their works on solutions for the (semi-) automatic annotation of gaze videos and on eye movement studies in natural environments as a trailblazer for gaze analysis in natural environments, mobile eye-based interaction and eye-based context-awareness. (eyemovementresearch.com)
Perception1
- Visual acuity tests are 20/20 in the left eye and only the perception of hand motion and light in the right eye. (medscape.com)
Research1
- This collection of information about eye movement research depends heavily on your input! (eyemovementresearch.com)
Living my l1
- In 2015 I opened my eyes to the realization that I was living my life in a state of habit and I needed to shake things up. (frombrowneyes.com)
Control3
- It's really neat, but I suspect the C++ programming skills required to assume control of the eye movements are well above mine. (halloweenforum.com)
- A Picotalk will control 2 or 3 movements with LED support. (halloweenforum.com)
- It is noteworthy that achieving such a degree of unilateral eye control took a great deal of dedicated practice on Leslie's part. (thebrainissocool.com)
Evidence1
- Sentence context modulates the neighborhood frequency effect in Chinese reading: evidence from eye movements. (bournemouth.ac.uk)
Reading2
- Saccadic Movements During Reading. (brainkart.com)
- During theprocess of reading, a person usually makes several sac-cadic movements of the eyes for each line. (brainkart.com)
Tool1
- Your medical professional might advise that you put on a vestibular support tool, prevent abrupt movements, or change your workout regimens. (grupocpd.com)
Left3
- Well to change from vergence to looking left, the only movement needed is left eye abduction. (thebrainissocool.com)
- So off goes the left eye. (thebrainissocool.com)
- No papilledema, retinal nicking, cotton-wool spots, or other abnormalities are detected in the left eye. (medscape.com)
Visual2
- When a visual scene is moving contin-ually before the eyes, such as when a person is riding in a car, the eyes fix on one highlight after another in the visual field, jumping from one to the next at a rate of two to three jumps per second. (brainkart.com)
- The bilateral anatomical placement of the insect's eyes provides it with a very wide range of visual sensitivity. (cdc.gov)
People3
- The prop I'm making uses a Panasonic Grid-EYE thermopile IR sensor array device in conjunction with an Arduino to cause the prop's eye's to track people walking by. (halloweenforum.com)
- I'd like to be justly able to take credit for this idea, but after I started working on the project I soon found two other people who've already done this using Adafruit's video eye products. (halloweenforum.com)
- He and his colleagues studied eye contact between dogs and people. (thebrainissocool.com)
Effect1
- Due to what is referred to as the flicker effect, the compound eye is made very sensitive to movement, with each of the ommatidia turning on and off, as objects pass across its field of view. (cdc.gov)
Tracking5
- 10 ] investigated children's processing of plausible and implausible sentences using eye tracking. (hindawi.com)
- We argue that as a consequence of the experimental environment used in modern eye-tracking studies, characteristics such as familiarity and experience with computers should be taken into account before conclusions are drawn about the raw effects of age. (dundee.ac.uk)
- Do you want to analyse mobile eye tracking data? (eyemovementresearch.com)
- We are providing a forum for researchers from human-computer interaction, context-aware computing, robotics, computer vision and image processing, psychology, sport science, eye tracking and industry to discuss techniques and applications that go beyond classical eye tracking and stationary eye-based interaction. (eyemovementresearch.com)
- An eye-tracking computerized system was used to track eye movements during scene visualization. (bvsalud.org)
Found1
- We found that individuals with ADHD tended to not attenuate their eye movements before a predictable event, which suggests that they were not able to predict the event and/or to act upon predictions," Yuval-Greenberg explained. (newsfolo.com)
Type2
- Also, this is the only type of strange movement I have ever had. (latitudes.org)
- But no one can intentionally make any other type of unilateral eye movement. (thebrainissocool.com)
Time2
- At another time, I will share a video of a student who appears to be able to make voluntary smooth pursuit movements. (thebrainissocool.com)
- It was during this time that I created From Brown Eyes. (frombrowneyes.com)
Object1
- The exception is vergence , a movement that we make when we want to fixate on a near object. (thebrainissocool.com)
Side2
- Every since I can remember I have had a quick eye movement from side to side and even rolling my eyes. (latitudes.org)
- But, the side to side quick movements? (latitudes.org)
Line1
- Strabismus - a disorder in which the two eyes don't line up in the same direction. (medlineplus.gov)