Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.
The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.
The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.
An abrupt voluntary shift in ocular fixation from one point to another, as occurs in reading.
Methods and procedures for recording EYE MOVEMENTS.
Eye movements that are slow, continuous, and conjugate and occur when a fixed object is moved slowly.
The positioning and accommodation of eyes that allows the image to be brought into place on the FOVEA CENTRALIS of each eye.
A stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the eye and low voltage fast pattern EEG. It is usually associated with dreaming.
Recording of the average amplitude of the resting potential arising between the cornea and the retina in light and dark adaptation as the eyes turn a standard distance to the right and the left. The increase in potential with light adaptation is used to evaluate the condition of the retinal pigment epithelium.
Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.
Voluntary or involuntary motion of head that may be relative to or independent of body; includes animals and humans.
Disorders that feature impairment of eye movements as a primary manifestation of disease. These conditions may be divided into infranuclear, nuclear, and supranuclear disorders. Diseases of the eye muscles or oculomotor cranial nerves (III, IV, and VI) are considered infranuclear. Nuclear disorders are caused by disease of the oculomotor, trochlear, or abducens nuclei in the BRAIN STEM. Supranuclear disorders are produced by dysfunction of higher order sensory and motor systems that control eye movements, including neural networks in the CEREBRAL CORTEX; BASAL GANGLIA; CEREBELLUM; and BRAIN STEM. Ocular torticollis refers to a head tilt that is caused by an ocular misalignment. Opsoclonus refers to rapid, conjugate oscillations of the eyes in multiple directions, which may occur as a parainfectious or paraneoplastic condition (e.g., OPSOCLONUS-MYOCLONUS SYNDROME). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p240)
A reflex wherein impulses are conveyed from the cupulas of the SEMICIRCULAR CANALS and from the OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE of the SACCULE AND UTRICLE via the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM and the median longitudinal fasciculus to the OCULOMOTOR NERVE nuclei. It functions to maintain a stable retinal image during head rotation by generating appropriate compensatory EYE MOVEMENTS.
The posterior process on the ramus of the mandible composed of two parts: a superior part, the articular portion, and an inferior part, the condylar neck.
Periods of sleep manifested by changes in EEG activity and certain behavioral correlates; includes Stage 1: sleep onset, drowsy sleep; Stage 2: light sleep; Stages 3 and 4: delta sleep, light sleep, deep sleep, telencephalic sleep.
The real or apparent movement of objects through the visual field.
The turning inward of the lines of sight toward each other.
The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.
The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.
The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.
A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli.
A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.
Involuntary movements of the eye that are divided into two types, jerk and pendular. Jerk nystagmus has a slow phase in one direction followed by a corrective fast phase in the opposite direction, and is usually caused by central or peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Pendular nystagmus features oscillations that are of equal velocity in both directions and this condition is often associated with visual loss early in life. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p272)
Involuntary rhythmical movements of the eyes in the normal person. These can be naturally occurring as in end-position (end-point, end-stage, or deviational) nystagmus or induced by the optokinetic drum (NYSTAGMUS, OPTOKINETIC), caloric test, or a rotating chair.
The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.
A readily reversible suspension of sensorimotor interaction with the environment, usually associated with recumbency and immobility.
The blending of separate images seen by each eye into one composite image.
Diseases affecting the eye.
The 6th cranial nerve which originates in the ABDUCENS NUCLEUS of the PONS and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the EYE. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control.
A technique that induces the processing of disturbing memories and experiences, by stimulating neural mechanisms that are similar to those activated during REM sleep. The technique consists of eye movements following side-to-side movements of the index and middle fingers, or the alternate tapping of the hands on the knees. This procedure triggers the processing of information, thus facilitating the connection of neural networks.
The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain.
The total area or space visible in a person's peripheral vision with the eye looking straightforward.
Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.
Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.
Motion of an object in which either one or more points on a line are fixed. It is also the motion of a particle about a fixed point. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Awareness of oneself in relation to time, place and person.
The awareness of the spatial properties of objects; includes physical space.
Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.
The science dealing with the correlation of the physical characteristics of a stimulus, e.g., frequency or intensity, with the response to the stimulus, in order to assess the psychologic factors involved in the relationship.
The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.
Simultaneous and continuous monitoring of several parameters during sleep to study normal and abnormal sleep. The study includes monitoring of brain waves, to assess sleep stages, and other physiological variables such as breathing, eye movements, and blood oxygen levels which exhibit a disrupted pattern with sleep disturbances.
A series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep which are dissociated from the usual stream of consciousness of the waking state.
A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during REM sleep (SLEEP, REM). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder.
The difference between two images on the retina when looking at a visual stimulus. This occurs since the two retinas do not have the same view of the stimulus because of the location of our eyes. Thus the left eye does not get exactly the same view as the right eye.
The anterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies which coordinate the general behavioral orienting responses to visual stimuli, such as whole-body turning, and reaching.
Mental process to visually perceive a critical number of facts (the pattern), such as characters, shapes, displays, or designs.
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.
The process in which light signals are transformed by the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS into electrical signals which can then be transmitted to the brain.
Set of cell bodies and nerve fibers conducting impulses from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. It includes the RETINA; OPTIC NERVE; optic tract; and geniculocalcarine tract.
Processes and properties of the EYE as a whole or of any of its parts.
The upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs.
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (VIDEODISC RECORDING).
An oval, bony chamber of the inner ear, part of the bony labyrinth. It is continuous with bony COCHLEA anteriorly, and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS posteriorly. The vestibule contains two communicating sacs (utricle and saccule) of the balancing apparatus. The oval window on its lateral wall is occupied by the base of the STAPES of the MIDDLE EAR.
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.
A region extending from the PONS & MEDULLA OBLONGATA through the MESENCEPHALON, characterized by a diversity of neurons of various sizes and shapes, arranged in different aggregations and enmeshed in a complicated fiber network.
Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond.
Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.
Recording of nystagmus based on changes in the electrical field surrounding the eye produced by the difference in potential between the cornea and the retina.
Physical activity of the FETUS in utero. Gross or fine fetal body movement can be monitored by the mother, PALPATION, or ULTRASONOGRAPHY.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)
Images seen by one eye.
Brief closing of the eyelids by involuntary normal periodic closing, as a protective measure, or by voluntary action.
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of 16 species inhabiting forests of Africa, Asia, and the islands of Borneo, Philippines, and Celebes.
Perception of three-dimensionality.
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. It is located posterior to central sulcus, anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE, and superior to the TEMPORAL LOBES.
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)
Viral proteins that facilitate the movement of viruses between plant cells by means of PLASMODESMATA, channels that traverse the plant cell walls.
An abnormal twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis.
Cortical vigilance or readiness of tone, presumed to be in response to sensory stimulation via the reticular activating system.
Area of the OCCIPITAL LOBE concerned with the processing of visual information relayed via VISUAL PATHWAYS.
The distal part of the arm beyond the wrist in humans and primates, that includes the palm, fingers, and thumb.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
A condition characterized by transient weakness or paralysis of somatic musculature triggered by an emotional stimulus or physical exertion. Cataplexy is frequently associated with NARCOLEPSY. During a cataplectic attack, there is a marked reduction in muscle tone similar to the normal physiologic hypotonia that accompanies rapid eye movement sleep (SLEEP, REM). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p396)
An increase in the rate of speed.
Nystagmus present at birth or caused by lesions sustained in utero or at the time of birth. It is usually pendular, and is associated with ALBINISM and conditions characterized by early loss of central vision. Inheritance patterns may be X-linked, autosomal dominant, or recessive. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p275)
Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.
Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
Each of the upper and lower folds of SKIN which cover the EYE when closed.
A gelatinous membrane overlying the acoustic maculae of SACCULE AND UTRICLE. It contains minute crystalline particles (otoliths) of CALCIUM CARBONATE and protein on its outer surface. In response to head movement, the otoliths shift causing distortion of the vestibular hair cells which transduce nerve signals to the BRAIN for interpretation of equilibrium.
The four cellular masses in the floor of the fourth ventricle giving rise to a widely dispersed special sensory system. Included is the superior, medial, inferior, and LATERAL VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.
Differential response to different stimuli.
The superior part of the upper extremity between the SHOULDER and the ELBOW.
The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.
The absence of light.
The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.
A plant genus of the family VITACEAE. Members contain momordin and SITOSTEROLS.
Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.
Voluntary activity without external compulsion.
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
Sensory functions that transduce stimuli received by proprioceptive receptors in joints, tendons, muscles, and the INNER EAR into neural impulses to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Proprioception provides sense of stationary positions and movements of one's body parts, and is important in maintaining KINESTHESIA and POSTURAL BALANCE.
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
The adjustment of the eye to variations in the intensity of light. Light adaptation is the adjustment of the eye when the light threshold is increased; DARK ADAPTATION when the light is greatly reduced. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
The position or attitude of the body.
An illusion of vision usually affecting spatial relations.
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.
The detailed examination of observable activity or behavior associated with the execution or completion of a required function or unit of work.
Physical motion, i.e., a change in position of a body or subject as a result of an external force. It is distinguished from MOVEMENT, a process resulting from biological activity.
Lack of correspondence between the way a stimulus is commonly perceived and the way an individual perceives it under given conditions.
A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.
The surgical removal of the eyeball leaving the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact.
Mental processing of chromatic signals (COLOR VISION) from the eye by the VISUAL CORTEX where they are converted into symbolic representations. Color perception involves numerous neurons, and is influenced not only by the distribution of wavelengths from the viewed object, but also by its background color and brightness contrast at its boundary.
Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.
The sensory discrimination of a pattern shape or outline.
Color of the iris.
Three long canals (anterior, posterior, and lateral) of the bony labyrinth. They are set at right angles to each other and are situated posterosuperior to the vestibule of the bony labyrinth (VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH). The semicircular canals have five openings into the vestibule with one shared by the anterior and the posterior canals. Within the canals are the SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS.
Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.
Paralysis of one or more of the ocular muscles due to disorders of the eye muscles, neuromuscular junction, supporting soft tissue, tendons, or innervation to the muscles.
The ability to respond to segments of the perceptual experience rather than to the whole.
Surgically placed electric conductors through which ELECTRIC STIMULATION is delivered to or electrical activity is recorded from a specific point inside the body.
A mechanism of communication within a system in that the input signal generates an output response which returns to influence the continued activity or productivity of that system.
A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The act of knowing or the recognition of a distance by recollective thought, or by means of a sensory process which is under the influence of set and of prior experience.
Area of the FRONTAL LOBE concerned with primary motor control located in the dorsal PRECENTRAL GYRUS immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It is comprised of three areas: the primary motor cortex located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain; the premotor cortex located anterior to the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex.
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease.
A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
A suborder of PRIMATES consisting of six families: CEBIDAE (some New World monkeys), ATELIDAE (some New World monkeys), CERCOPITHECIDAE (Old World monkeys), HYLOBATIDAE (gibbons and siamangs), CALLITRICHINAE (marmosets and tamarins), and HOMINIDAE (humans and great apes).
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.
The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response.
A mechanism of communicating one's own sensory system information about a task, movement or skill.
Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).
The vestibular part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The vestibular nerve fibers arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project peripherally to vestibular hair cells and centrally to the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM. These fibers mediate the sense of balance and head position.
A number of tests used to determine if the brain or balance portion of the inner ear are causing dizziness.
A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.
Partial or complete loss of vision in one half of the visual field(s) of one or both eyes. Subtypes include altitudinal hemianopsia, characterized by a visual defect above or below the horizontal meridian of the visual field. Homonymous hemianopsia refers to a visual defect that affects both eyes equally, and occurs either to the left or right of the midline of the visual field. Binasal hemianopsia consists of loss of vision in the nasal hemifields of both eyes. Bitemporal hemianopsia is the bilateral loss of vision in the temporal fields. Quadrantanopsia refers to loss of vision in one quarter of the visual field in one or both eyes.
The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by visual stimulation or stimulation of the visual pathways.
Four or five slender jointed digits in humans and primates, attached to each HAND.
A perceptual phenomenon used by Gestalt psychologists to demonstrate that events in one part of the perceptual field may affect perception in another part.
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE that is used in folk medicine as CHAMOMILE. Other plants with similar common names include MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM and ANTHEMIS.
Common name for many members of the FALCONIFORMES order, family Accipitridae, generally smaller than EAGLES, and containing short, rounded wings and a long tail.
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)
An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.
A discipline concerned with relations between messages and the characteristics of individuals who select and interpret them; it deals directly with the processes of encoding (phonetics) and decoding (psychoacoustics) as they relate states of messages to states of communicators.
Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. Sleep disorders may be divided into three major categories: DYSSOMNIAS (i.e. disorders characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia), PARASOMNIAS (abnormal sleep behaviors), and sleep disorders secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)
The illumination of an environment and the arrangement of lights to achieve an effect or optimal visibility. Its application is in domestic or in public settings and in medical and non-medical environments.
The act or fact of grasping the meaning, nature, or importance of; understanding. (American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed) Includes understanding by a patient or research subject of information disclosed orally or in writing.
Acceleration produced by the mutual attraction of two masses, and of magnitude inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two centers of mass. It is also the force imparted by the earth, moon, or a planet to an object near its surface. (From NASA Thesaurus, 1988)
The period from about 5 to 7 years to adolescence when there is an apparent cessation of psychosexual development.
Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA).
Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site. Such impulses are conducted via efferent neurons (NEURONS, EFFERENT), such as MOTOR NEURONS, autonomic neurons, and hypophyseal neurons.
The anterior portion of the head that includes the skin, muscles, and structures of the forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, and jaw.
Performance of complex motor acts.
A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction.
Sense of movement of a part of the body, such as movement of fingers, elbows, knees, limbs, or weights.
Four clusters of neurons located deep within the WHITE MATTER of the CEREBELLUM, which are the nucleus dentatus, nucleus emboliformis, nucleus globosus, and nucleus fastigii.
Posterior portion of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES responsible for processing visual sensory information. It is located posterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus and extends to the preoccipital notch.
Tumors or cancer of the EYE.
A syndrome characterized by marked limitation of abduction of the eye, variable limitation of adduction and retraction of the globe, and narrowing of the palpebral fissure on attempted adduction. The condition is caused by aberrant innervation of the lateral rectus by fibers of the OCULOMOTOR NERVE.
A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases.
The process of converting analog data such as continually measured voltage to discrete, digital form.
The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.
Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.
Computer-assisted processing of electric, ultrasonic, or electronic signals to interpret function and activity.
The ability to foresee what is likely to happen on the basis of past experience. It is largely a frontal lobe function.
The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, and feeding.
A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze.
A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.
Light sensory organ in ARTHROPODS consisting of a large number of ommatidia, each functioning as an independent photoreceptor unit.
The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye or of vision disorders.
Personal devices for protection of the eyes from impact, flying objects, glare, liquids, or injurious radiation.
Sleep disorders characterized by impaired arousal from the deeper stages of sleep (generally stage III or IV sleep).
Brain waves characterized by a frequency of 4-7 Hz, usually observed in the temporal lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed and sleepy.
A genus of the family CEBIDAE, subfamily CEBINAE, consisting of four species which are divided into two groups, the tufted and untufted. C. apella has tufts of hair over the eyes and sides of the head. The remaining species are without tufts - C. capucinus, C. nigrivultatus, and C. albifrons. Cebus inhabits the forests of Central and South America.
Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.
The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.
Application of statistical procedures to analyze specific observed or assumed facts from a particular study.
Movements or behaviors associated with sleep, sleep stages, or partial arousals from sleep that may impair sleep maintenance. Parasomnias are generally divided into four groups: arousal disorders, sleep-wake transition disorders, parasomnias of REM sleep, and nonspecific parasomnias. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p191)
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.
Wave-like oscillations of electric potential between parts of the brain recorded by EEG.
A series of tests used to assess various functions of the eyes.
The output neurons of the cerebellar cortex.
The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).
Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)
Electrodes with an extremely small tip, used in a voltage clamp or other apparatus to stimulate or record bioelectric potentials of single cells intracellularly or extracellularly. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The knowledge or perception that someone or something present has been previously encountered.
A plant genus of the family CAPRIFOLIACEAE. Members contain iridoid glucosides.

Cerebellar Purkinje cell simple spike discharge encodes movement velocity in primates during visuomotor arm tracking. (1/3218)

Pathophysiological, lesion, and electrophysiological studies suggest that the cerebellar cortex is important for controlling the direction and speed of movement. The relationship of cerebellar Purkinje cell discharge to the control of arm movement parameters, however, remains unclear. The goal of this study was to examine how movement direction and speed and their interaction-velocity-modulate Purkinje cell simple spike discharge in an arm movement task in which direction and speed were independently controlled. The simple spike discharge of 154 Purkinje cells was recorded in two monkeys during the performance of two visuomotor tasks that required the animals to track targets that moved in one of eight directions and at one of four speeds. Single-parameter regression analyses revealed that a large proportion of cells had discharge modulation related to movement direction and speed. Most cells with significant directional tuning, however, were modulated at one speed, and most cells with speed-related discharge were modulated along one direction; this suggested that the patterns of simple spike discharge were not adequately described by single-parameter models. Therefore, a regression surface was fitted to the data, which showed that the discharge could be tuned to specific direction-speed combinations (preferred velocities). The overall variability in simple spike discharge was well described by the surface model, and the velocities corresponding to maximal and minimal discharge rates were distributed uniformly throughout the workspace. Simple spike discharge therefore appears to integrate information about both the direction and speed of arm movements, thereby encoding movement velocity.  (+info)

Eye movement deficits following ibotenic acid lesions of the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi in monkeys II. Pursuit, vestibular, and optokinetic responses. (2/3218)

The eyes are moved by a combination of neural commands that code eye velocity and eye position. The eye position signal is supposed to be derived from velocity-coded command signals by mathematical integration via a single oculomotor neural integrator. For horizontal eye movements, the neural integrator is thought to reside in the rostral nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (nph) and project directly to the abducens nuclei. In a previous study, permanent, serial ibotenic acid lesions of the nph in three rhesus macaques compromised the neural integrator for fixation but saccades were not affected. In the present study, to determine further whether the nph is the neural substrate for a single oculomotor neural integrator, the effects of those lesions on smooth pursuit, the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), vestibular nystagmus (VN), and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) are documented. The lesions were correlated with long-lasting deficits in eye movements, indicated most clearly by the animals' inability to maintain steady gaze in the dark. However, smooth pursuit and sinusoidal VOR in the dark, like the saccades in the previous study, were affected minimally. The gain of horizontal smooth pursuit (eye movement/target movement) decreased slightly (<25%) and phase lead increased slightly for all frequencies (0.3-1.0 Hz, +/-10 degrees target tracking), most noticeably for higher frequencies (0.8-0.7 and approximately 20 degrees for 1.0-Hz tracking). Vertical smooth pursuit was not affected significantly. Surprisingly, horizontal sinusoidal VOR gain and phase also were not affected significantly. Lesions had complex effects on both VN and OKN. The plateau of per- and postrotatory VN was shortened substantially ( approximately 50%), whereas the initial response and the time constant of decay decreased slightly. The initial OKN response also decreased slightly, and the charging phase was prolonged transiently then recovered to below normal levels like the VN time constant. Maximum steady-state, slow eye velocity of OKN decreased progressively by approximately 30% over the course of the lesions. These results support the previous conclusion that the oculomotor neural integrator is not a single neural entity and that the mathematical integrative function for different oculomotor subsystems is most likely distributed among a number of nuclei. They also show that the nph apparently is not involved in integrating smooth pursuit signals and that lesions of the nph can fractionate the VOR and nystagmic responses to adequate stimuli.  (+info)

Optimality of position commands to horizontal eye muscles: A test of the minimum-norm rule. (3/3218)

Six muscles control the position of the eye, which has three degrees of freedom. Daunicht proposed an optimization rule for solving this redundancy problem, whereby small changes in eye position are maintained by the minimum possible change in motor commands to the eye (the minimum-norm rule). The present study sought to test this proposal for the simplified one-dimensional case of small changes in conjugate eye position in the horizontal plane. Assuming such changes involve only the horizontal recti, Daunicht's hypothesis predicts reciprocal innervation with the size of the change in command matched to the strength of the recipient muscle at every starting position of the eye. If the motor command to a muscle is interpreted as the summed firing rate of its oculomotor neuron (OMN) pool, the minimum-norm prediction can be tested by comparing OMN firing rates with forces in the horizontal recti. The comparison showed 1) for the OMN firing rates given by Van Gisbergen and Van Opstal and the muscle forces given by Robinson, there was good agreement between the minimum-norm prediction and experimental observation over about a +/-30 degrees range of eye positions. This fit was robust with respect to variations in muscle stiffness and in methods of calculating muscle innervation. 2) Other data sets gave different estimates for the range of eye-positions within which the minimum-norm prediction held. The main sources of variation appeared to be disagreement about the proportion of OMNs with very low firing-rate thresholds (i.e., less than approximately 35 degrees in the OFF direction) and uncertainty about eye-muscle behavior for extreme (>30 degrees ) positions of the eye. 3) For all data sets, the range of eye positions over which the minimum-norm rule applied was determined by the pattern of motor-unit recruitment inferred for those data. It corresponded to the range of eye positions over which the size principle of recruitment was obeyed by both agonist and antagonist muscles. It is argued that the current best estimate of the oculomotor range over which minimum-norm control could be used for conjugate horizontal eye position is approximately +/-30 degrees. The uncertainty associated with this estimate would be reduced by obtaining unbiased samples of OMN firing rates. Minimum-norm control may result from reduction of the image movement produced by noise in OMN firing rates.  (+info)

Visuomotor processing as reflected in the directional discharge of premotor and primary motor cortex neurons. (4/3218)

Premotor and primary motor cortical neuronal firing was studied in two monkeys during an instructed delay, pursuit tracking task. The task included a premovement "cue period," during which the target was presented at the periphery of the workspace and moved to the center of the workspace along one of eight directions at one of four constant speeds. The "track period" consisted of a visually guided, error-constrained arm movement during which the animal tracked the target as it moved from the central start box along a line to the opposite periphery of the workspace. Behaviorally, the animals tracked the required directions and speeds with highly constrained trajectories. The eye movements consisted of saccades to the target at the onset of the cue period, followed by smooth pursuit intermingled with saccades throughout the cue and track periods. Initially, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for direction and period effects in the firing. Subsequently, a linear regression analysis was used to fit the average firing from the cue and track periods to a cosine model. Directional tuning as determined by a significant fit to the cosine model was a prominent feature of the discharge during both the cue and track periods. However, the directional tuning of the firing of a single cell was not always constant across the cue and track periods. Approximately one-half of the neurons had differences in their preferred directions (PDs) of >45 degrees between cue and track periods. The PD in the cue or track period was not dependent on the target speed. A second linear regression analysis based on calculation of the preferred direction in 20-ms bins (i.e., the PD trajectory) was used to examine on a finer time scale the temporal evolution of this change in directional tuning. The PD trajectories in the cue period were not straight but instead rotated over the workspace to align with the track period PD. Both clockwise and counterclockwise rotations occurred. The PD trajectories were relatively straight during most of the track period. The rotation and eventual convergence of the PD trajectories in the cue period to the preferred direction of the track period may reflect the transformation of visual information into motor commands. The widely dispersed PD trajectories in the cue period would allow targets to be detected over a wide spatial aperture. The convergence of the PD trajectories occurring at the cue-track transition may serve as a "Go" signal to move that was not explicitly supplied by the paradigm. Furthermore, the rotation and convergence of the PD trajectories may provide a mechanism for nonstandard mapping. Standard mapping refers to a sensorimotor transformation in which the stimulus is the object of the reach. Nonstandard mapping is the mapping of an arbitrary stimulus into an arbitrary movement. The shifts in the PD may allow relevant visual information from any direction to be transformed into an appropriate movement direction, providing a neural substrate for nonstandard stimulus-response mappings.  (+info)

Short-latency vergence eye movements induced by radial optic flow in humans: dependence on ambient vergence level. (5/3218)

Radial patterns of optic flow, such as those experienced by moving observers who look in the direction of heading, evoke vergence eye movements at short latency. We have investigated the dependence of these responses on the ambient vergence level. Human subjects faced a large tangent screen onto which two identical random-dot patterns were back-projected. A system of crossed polarizers ensured that each eye saw only one of the patterns, with mirror galvanometers to control the horizontal positions of the images and hence the vergence angle between the two eyes. After converging the subject's eyes at one of several distances ranging from 16.7 cm to infinity, both patterns were replaced with new ones (using a system of shutters and two additional projectors) so as to simulate the radial flow associated with a sudden 4% change in viewing distance with the focus of expansion/contraction imaged in or very near both foveas. Radial-flow steps induced transient vergence at latencies of 80-100 ms, expansions causing increases in convergence and contractions the converse. Based on the change in vergence 90-140 ms after the onset of the steps, responses were proportional to the preexisting vergence angle (and hence would be expected to be inversely proportional to viewing distance under normal conditions). We suggest that this property assists the observer who wants to fixate ahead while passing through a visually cluttered area (e.g., a forest) and so wants to avoid making vergence responses to the optic flow created by the nearby objects in the periphery.  (+info)

Common 3 and 10 Hz oscillations modulate human eye and finger movements while they simultaneously track a visual target. (6/3218)

1. A 10 Hz range centrally originating oscillation has been found to modulate slow finger movements and anticipatory smooth eye movements. To determine if an interaction or linkage occurs between these two central oscillations during combined visuo-manual tracking, frequency and coherence analysis were performed on finger and eye movements while they simultaneously tracked a visual target moving in intermittently visible sinusoidal patterns. 2. Two different frequencies of common or linked oscillation were found. The first, at 2-3 Hz, was dependent on visual feedback of target and finger tracking positions. The second, at around 10 Hz, still occurred when both target and finger positions were largely obscured, indicating that this common oscillation was generated internally by the motor system independent of visual feedback. Both 3 and 10 Hz oscillation frequencies were also shared by the right and left fingers if subjects used these together to track a visual target. 3. The linking of the 10 Hz range oscillations between the eyes and finger was task specific; it never occurred when eye and finger movements were made simultaneously and independently, but only when they moved simultaneously and followed the target together. However, although specific for tracking by the eyes and fingers together, the linking behaviour did not appear to be a prerequisite for such tracking, since significant coherence in the 10 Hz range was only present in a proportion of trials where these combined movements were made. 4. The experiments show that common oscillations may modulate anatomically very distinct structures, indicating that single central oscillations may have a widespread distribution in the central nervous system. The task-specific manifestation of the common oscillation in the eye and finger suggests that such mechanisms may have a functional role in hand-eye co-ordination.  (+info)

Projections and firing properties of down eye-movement neurons in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal in the cat. (7/3218)

To clarify the role of the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) in the control of vertical eye movements, projections of burst-tonic and tonic neurons in and around the INC were studied. This paper describes neurons with downward ON directions. We examined, by antidromic activation, whether these down INC (d-INC) neurons contribute to two pathways: a commissural pathway to the contralateral (c-) INC and a descending pathway to the ipsilateral vestibular nucleus (i-VN). Stimulation of the two pathways showed that as many as 74% of neurons were activated antidromically from one of the pathways. Of 113 d-INC neurons tested, 44 were activated from the commissural pathway and 40 from the descending pathway. No neurons were activated from both pathways. We concluded that commissural and descending pathways from the INC originate from two separate groups of neurons. Tracking of antidromic microstimulation in the two nuclei revealed multiple low-threshold sites and varied latencies; this was interpreted as a sign of existence of axonal arborization. Neurons with commissural projections tended to be located more dorsally than those with descending projections. Neurons with descending projections had significantly greater eye-position sensitivity and smaller saccadic sensitivity than neurons with commissural projections. The two groups of INC neurons increased their firing rate in nose-up head rotations and responded best to the rotation in the plane of contralateral posterior/ipsilateral anterior canal pair. Neurons with commissural projections showed a larger phase lag of response to sinusoidal rotation (54.6 +/- 7.6 degrees ) than neurons with descending projections (45.0 +/- 5.5 degrees ). Most neurons with descending projections received disynaptic excitation from the contralateral vestibular nerve. Neurons with commissural projections rarely received such disynaptic input. We suggest that downward-position-vestibular (DPV) neurons in the VN and VN-projecting d-INC neurons form a loop, together with possible commissural loops linking the bilateral VNs and the bilateral INCs. By comparing the quantitative measures of d-INC neurons with those of DPV neurons, we further suggest that integration of head velocity signals proceeds from DPV neurons to d-INC neurons with descending projections and then to d-INC neurons with commissural projections, whereas saccadic velocity signals are processed in the reverse order.  (+info)

Optic flow selectivity in the anterior superior temporal polysensory area, STPa, of the behaving monkey. (8/3218)

Earlier studies of neurons in the anterior region of the superior temporal polysensory area (STPa) have demonstrated selectivity for visual motion using stimuli contaminated by nonmotion cues, including texture, luminance, and form. The present experiments investigated the motion selectivity of neurons in STPa in the absence of form cues using random dot optic flow displays. The responses of neurons were tested with translation, rotation, radial, and spiral optic flow displays designed to mimic the types of motion that occur during locomotion. Over half of the neurons tested responded significantly to at least one of these displays. On a cell by cell basis, 60% of the neurons tested responded selectively to rotation, radial, and spiral motion, whereas 20% responded selectively to translation motion. The majority of neurons responded maximally to single-component optic flow displays but was also significantly activated by the spiral displays that contained their preferred component. Moreover, there was a bias in the selectivity of the neurons for radial expansion motion. These results suggest that neurons within STPa are contributing to the analysis of optic flow. Furthermore, the preponderance of cells selective for radial expansion provides evidence that this area may be specifically involved in the processing of forward locomotion and/or looming stimuli. Finally, these results provide carefully controlled physiological evidence for an extension and specialization of the motion-processing pathway into the anterior temporal lobe.  (+info)

1. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A condition in which the eyes do not align properly and point in different directions.
2. Esotropia (crossed eyes): A condition in which one or both eyes turn inward.
3. Exotropia (wide-eyed): A condition in which one or both eyes turn outward.
4. Hypertropia (upward-pointing eyes): A condition in which one or both eyes elevate excessively.
5. Hypotropia (downward-pointing eyes): A condition in which one or both eyes lower excessively.
6. Diplopia (double vision): A condition in which two images of the same object are seen due to improper alignment of the eyes.
7. Nystagmus (involuntary eye movements): A condition characterized by rapid, involuntary movements of the eyes.
8. Ocular flutter: A condition characterized by small, rapid movements of the eyes.
9. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): A rare degenerative disorder that affects movement and causes difficulty with eye movements.
10. Parkinson's disease: A neurodegenerative disorder that can cause eye movements to be slow, stiff, or irregular.

These disorders can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, affecting their ability to perform daily tasks, read, drive, and participate in social activities. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and may include glasses or contact lenses, prism lenses, eye exercises, and surgery. In some cases, medications such as anticholinergic drugs or botulinum toxin injections may be used to help improve eye movements.

Pathological nystagmus can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination, including a visual acuity test, refraction test, cover test, and eyer movements assessment. Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans may also be ordered to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms.

Treatment for pathological nystagmus depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, treatment may involve correcting refractive errors or addressing any underlying brain disorders through medication, physical therapy, or surgery. Other treatments may include eye exercises, prisms, or specialized glasses to help improve eye movement and reduce the symptoms of nystagmus.

In summary, pathological nystagmus is an abnormal and involuntary movement of the eyeballs that can be caused by various neurological disorders. Diagnosis is through a comprehensive eye examination and imaging studies, and treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition.

There are many different types of eye diseases, including:

1. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause blurry vision and blindness.
2. Glaucoma: A group of diseases that damage the optic nerve and can lead to vision loss and blindness.
3. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A condition that causes vision loss in older adults due to damage to the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision.
4. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that can cause damage to the blood vessels in the retina and lead to vision loss.
5. Detached retina: A condition where the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, leading to vision loss.
6. Macular hole: A small hole in the macula that can cause vision loss.
7. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye is weaker than the other and has reduced vision.
8. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A condition where the eyes are not aligned properly and point in different directions.
9. Conjunctivitis: An inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids.
10. Dry eye syndrome: A condition where the eyes do not produce enough tears, leading to dryness, itchiness, and irritation.

Eye diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, age, environmental factors, and certain medical conditions. Some eye diseases are inherited, while others are acquired through lifestyle choices or medical conditions.

Symptoms of eye diseases can include blurry vision, double vision, eye pain, sensitivity to light, and redness or inflammation in the eye. Treatment options for eye diseases depend on the specific condition and can range from medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Regular eye exams are important for detecting and managing eye diseases, as many conditions can be treated more effectively if caught early. If you experience any symptoms of eye disease or have concerns about your vision, it is important to see an eye doctor as soon as possible.

RBD can be diagnosed based on a combination of clinical features, including:

1. Abnormal behavior during REM sleep: This is the primary feature of RBD and is characterized by abrupt awakenings, aggressive or violent behaviors, and/or talking in a loud, angry tone.
2. Sleep quality issues: Individuals with RBD may experience poor sleep quality, difficulty falling asleep, or difficulty staying asleep.
3. Daytime symptoms: RBD can also cause daytime symptoms such as fatigue, irritability, and difficulty concentrating.
4. Polysomnography (PSG): This is a sleep study that records various physiological activities during sleep, such as brain waves, muscle activity, and heart rate. PSG can help identify the presence of RBD and rule out other sleep disorders.
5. Actigraphy: This is a non-invasive sleep monitoring device that records movement and can be used to diagnose RBD.
6. Clinical evaluation: A thorough clinical evaluation, including a review of the individual's medical history and a physical examination, can help identify other potential causes of the symptoms.

Treatment for RBD typically involves a combination of medications and behavioral interventions, such as:

1. Clonazepam: This is a benzodiazepine that can help reduce the frequency and intensity of abnormal behaviors during REM sleep.
2. Melatonin: This is a hormone that can help regulate sleep-wake cycles and improve sleep quality.
3. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): This type of therapy can help individuals with RBD manage their symptoms and improve their overall quality of life.
4. Sleep schedule modification: Changing the individual's sleep schedule to avoid napping during the day and promoting good sleep hygiene can help reduce the frequency and intensity of abnormal behaviors.
5. Relaxation techniques: Teaching individuals with RBD relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing and progressive muscle relaxation, can help them manage their symptoms and improve their overall quality of life.
6. Environmental modifications: Making changes to the individual's sleep environment, such as removing any sharp objects or dangerous substances from the bedroom, can help reduce the risk of injury or harm during abnormal behaviors.

It is important to note that treatment for RBD should be tailored to the individual and may take time to find the most effective approach. It is also important to work with a healthcare provider who has experience in treating sleep disorders.

The effects of sleep deprivation can be severe and long-lasting, including:

1. Impaired cognitive function: Sleep deprivation can affect attention, memory, and decision-making skills, making it more difficult to perform daily tasks and make sound judgments.
2. Emotional distress: Lack of sleep can lead to irritability, anxiety, and depression, which can negatively impact relationships and overall well-being.
3. Physical health problems: Chronic sleep deprivation has been linked to an increased risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and immune system dysfunction.
4. Impaired motor function: Sleep deprivation can cause coordination problems, clumsiness, and a higher risk of accidents, particularly in activities that require attention and quick reflexes (e.g., driving).
5. Premature aging: Chronic sleep deprivation can accelerate the aging process and reduce the body's ability to repair and regenerate cells.
6. Reduced productivity and performance: Sleep deprivation can lead to decreased productivity, poor work quality, and increased absenteeism, which can negatively impact career advancement and financial stability.
7. Increased risk of accidents and injuries: Drowsy driving and workplace accidents are common consequences of sleep deprivation, which can result in fatalities and long-term disabilities.
8. Weakened immune system: Sleep deprivation can weaken the immune system, making it more difficult to fight off infections and diseases.
9. Negative impact on relationships: Sleep deprivation can lead to mood swings, irritability, and difficulty interacting with others, which can strain personal and professional relationships.
10. Increased risk of mental health disorders: Chronic sleep deprivation has been linked to an increased risk of developing anxiety, depression, and other mental health disorders.

To avoid these negative consequences, it's essential to prioritize sleep and make it a critical component of your daily routine. Establishing a consistent sleep schedule, creating a sleep-conducive environment, and practicing relaxation techniques can help improve sleep quality and duration. Additionally, avoiding stimulating activities before bedtime, limiting exposure to electronic screens, and seeking professional help if sleep problems persist can contribute to better overall health and well-being.

Some common types of movement disorders include:

1. Parkinson's disease: A degenerative disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability.
2. Dystonia: A movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions that cause abnormal postures or movements.
3. Huntington's disease: An inherited disorder that causes progressive damage to the brain, leading to involuntary movements, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms.
4. Tourette syndrome: A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations (tics).
5. Restless leg syndrome: A condition characterized by an uncomfortable sensation in the legs, often described as a creeping or crawling feeling, which is relieved by movement.
6. Chorea: A movement disorder characterized by rapid, jerky movements that can be triggered by emotional stress or other factors.
7. Ballism: Excessive, large, and often circular movements of the limbs, often seen in conditions such as Huntington's disease or drug-induced movements.
8. Athetosis: A slow, writhing movement that can be seen in conditions such as cerebral palsy or tardive dyskinesia.
9. Myoclonus: Sudden, brief muscle jerks or twitches that can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic disorders, infections, and certain medications.
10. Hyperkinesis: An excessive amount of movement, often seen in conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or hyperthyroidism.

Movement disorders can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, and treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and its underlying cause. Some movement disorders may be managed with medication, while others may require surgery or other interventions.

Types of Eye Injuries:

1. Corneal abrasion: A scratch on the cornea, the clear outer layer of the eye.
2. Conjunctival bleeding: Bleeding in the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye.
3. Hyphema: Blood in the space between the iris and the cornea.
4. Hemorrhage: Bleeding in the eyelid or under the retina.
5. Retinal detachment: Separation of the retina from the underlying tissue, which can cause vision loss if not treated promptly.
6. Optic nerve damage: Damage to the nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the brain, which can cause vision loss or blindness.
7. Orbital injury: Injury to the bones and tissues surrounding the eye, which can cause double vision, swelling, or vision loss.

Symptoms of Eye Injuries:

1. Pain in the eye or around the eye
2. Redness and swelling of the eye or eyelid
3. Difficulty seeing or blurred vision
4. Sensitivity to light
5. Double vision or loss of vision
6. Discharge or crusting around the eye
7. Swelling of the eyelids or face

Treatment of Eye Injuries:

1. Depending on the severity and nature of the injury, treatment may include antibiotics, pain relief medication, or surgery.
2. In some cases, a tube may be inserted into the eye to help drain fluid or prevent pressure from building up.
3. In severe cases, vision may not return completely, but there are many options for corrective glasses and contact lenses to improve remaining vision.
4. It is essential to seek medical attention immediately if there is a foreign object in the eye, as this can cause further damage if left untreated.
5. In cases of penetrating trauma, such as a blow to the eye, it is important to seek medical attention right away, even if there are no immediate signs of injury.
6. Follow-up appointments with an ophthalmologist are essential to monitor healing and address any complications that may arise.

There are several types of narcolepsy, including:

* Type 1 narcolepsy: This is the most common form of the disorder, and it is characterized by the presence of cataplexy and low levels of hypocretin-1, a neurotransmitter that helps regulate sleep and wakefulness.
* Type 2 narcolepsy: This form of narcolepsy is similar to type 1, but it does not involve cataplexy. Instead, people with type 2 narcolepsy may experience other symptoms such as memory loss, anxiety, and depression.
* Narcolepsy with cataplexy: This is a subtype of type 1 narcolepsy that is characterized by the presence of both cataplexy and low levels of hypocretin-1.
* Narcolepsy without cataplexy: This is a subtype of type 2 narcolepsy that is characterized by the absence of cataplexy and low levels of hypocretin-1.

There is no cure for narcolepsy, but medications such as stimulants, modafinil, and sodium oxybate can help manage symptoms. Behavioral interventions such as scheduled napping and exercise can also be helpful in managing the disorder.

Some common examples of critical illnesses include:

1. Sepsis: a systemic inflammatory response to an infection that can lead to organ failure and death.
2. Cardiogenic shock: a condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, leading to serious complications such as heart failure and death.
3. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): a condition where the lungs are severely inflamed and unable to provide sufficient oxygen to the body.
4. Multi-system organ failure: a condition where multiple organs in the body fail simultaneously, leading to serious complications and death.
5. Trauma: severe physical injuries sustained in an accident or other traumatic event.
6. Stroke: a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain that can lead to permanent brain damage and death.
7. Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a blockage of coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart, leading to damage or death of heart muscle cells.
8. Pulmonary embolism: a blockage of the pulmonary artery, which can lead to respiratory failure and death.
9. Pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreas that can lead to severe abdominal pain, bleeding, and organ failure.
10. Hypovolemic shock: a condition where there is a severe loss of blood or fluid from the body, leading to hypotension, organ failure, and death.

The diagnosis and treatment of critical illnesses require specialized knowledge and skills, and are typically handled by intensive care unit (ICU) teams consisting of critical care physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals. The goal of critical care is to provide life-sustaining interventions and support to patients who are critically ill until they recover or until their condition stabilizes.

There are several types of dry eye syndromes, including:

1. Dry eye disease (DED): This is the most common type of dry eye syndrome and is characterized by a deficiency in the tear film that covers the surface of the eye. It can be caused by a variety of factors such as aging, hormonal changes, medications, and environmental conditions.
2. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD): This type of dry eye syndrome is caused by problems with the meibomian glands, which are located in the eyelids and produce the fatty layer of the tear film. MGD can be caused by inflammation, blockages, or other issues that prevent the glands from functioning properly.
3. Aqueous deficient dry eye (ADDE): This type of dry eye syndrome is caused by a lack of the aqueous layer of the tear film, which is produced by the lacrimal gland. It can be caused by surgical removal of the lacrimal gland, injury to the gland, or other conditions that affect its function.
4. Evaporative dry eye (EDE): This type of dry eye syndrome is caused by a problem with the meibomian glands and the lipid layer of the tear film. It can be caused by inflammation, blockages, or other issues that prevent the glands from functioning properly.
5. Contact lens-related dry eye (CLDE): This type of dry eye syndrome is caused by wearing contact lenses, which can disrupt the natural tear film and cause dryness and irritation.
6. Sjögren's syndrome: This is an autoimmune disorder that affects the glands that produce tears and saliva, leading to dry eye syndrome and other symptoms.
7. Medications: Certain medications, such as antihistamines, decongestants, and blood pressure medications, can reduce tear production and lead to dry eye syndrome.
8. Hormonal changes: Changes in hormone levels, such as during menopause or pregnancy, can lead to dry eye syndrome.
9. Environmental factors: Dry air, smoke, wind, and dry climates can all contribute to dry eye syndrome.
10. Nutritional deficiencies: A lack of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet has been linked to an increased risk of dry eye syndrome.

It is important to note that dry eye syndrome can be a complex condition and may involve multiple factors. A comprehensive diagnosis from an eye doctor or other healthcare professional is necessary to determine the underlying cause and develop an effective treatment plan.

There are several types of strabismus, including:

* Esotropia: where one eye turns inward toward the nose
* Exotropia: where one eye turns outward away from the face
* Hypertropia: where one eye turns upward
* Hypotropia: where one eye turns downward
* Duane's syndrome: a rare type of strabismus that affects only one eye and is caused by nerve damage.

Strabismus can have both visual and social consequences, including:

* Difficulty with depth perception and binocular vision
* Blurred or double vision
* Difficulty with eye teaming and tracking
* Poor eye-hand coordination
* Social and emotional effects such as low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression.

Treatment options for strabismus include:

* Glasses or contact lenses to correct refractive errors
* Prism lenses to align the eyes
* Eye exercises to strengthen the muscles and improve eye teaming
* Surgery to adjust the position of the muscles that control eye movement.

It is important for individuals with strabismus to receive timely and appropriate treatment to address the underlying cause of the condition and prevent long-term vision loss and social difficulties.

Types of torsion abnormalities include:

1. Ovarian torsion: This is a condition where the ovary twists around its own axis, cutting off blood supply to the ovary. It can cause severe pain and is a medical emergency.
2. Testicular torsion: Similar to ovarian torsion, this is a condition where the testicle twists, cutting off blood supply to the testicle. It can also cause severe pain and is an emergency situation.
3. Intestinal torsion: This is a condition where the intestine twists, leading to bowel obstruction and potentially life-threatening complications.
4. Twisting of the spleen or liver: These are rare conditions where the spleen or liver twists, causing various symptoms such as pain and difficulty breathing.

Symptoms of torsion abnormalities can include:

1. Severe pain in the affected area
2. Swelling and redness
3. Difficulty breathing (in severe cases)
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Abdominal tenderness

Treatment of torsion abnormalities usually involves surgery to release or repair the twisted structure and restore blood flow. In some cases, emergency surgery may be necessary to prevent serious complications such as loss of the affected organ or tissue. Prompt medical attention is essential to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes.

Cataplexy is often associated with narcolepsy, a neurological disorder that affects the brain's ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles. However, it can also occur in people without narcolepsy. In these cases, cataplexy may be a symptom of another condition or a side effect of certain medications.

The exact cause of cataplexy is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to an imbalance in the brain chemicals that regulate muscle tone and emotion. Treatment for cataplexy typically involves addressing any underlying conditions or adjusting medications that may be contributing to the condition. In some cases, botulinum toxin injections may be recommended to reduce muscle stiffness and spasms.

Examples of 'Cataplexy' in a sentence:

1. The patient experienced cataplexy during laughing attacks, causing temporary paralysis of their limbs.
2. The doctor diagnosed the patient with cataplexy, a symptom of their narcolepsy.
3. The medication side effect was causing cataplexy, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis.

There are several different types of congenital nystagmus, including:

1. Infantile nystagmus: This is the most common type and is present in approximately 10% of infants. It is often associated with other conditions such as hypertrophy of the retina or abnormalities of the optic nerve.
2. Accommodative nystagmus: This type is caused by a problem with the eye's ability to focus and can be treated with glasses or contact lenses.
3. Ocular motor nystagmus: This type is caused by a problem with the eye muscles and can be associated with conditions such as cerebral palsy or down syndrome.
4. Optokinetic nystagmus: This type is caused by a problem with the visual pathway and can be associated with conditions such as stroke or traumatic brain injury.

Congenital nystagmus can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which may include a visual acuity test, refraction test, and an assessment of eye movements using a technique called electronystagmography (ENG). Treatment for congenital nystagmus depends on the underlying cause and may include glasses or contact lenses, prism lenses, or in some cases, surgery.

It is important to note that congenital nystagmus can have a significant impact on an individual's vision and quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Some common types of cerebellar diseases include:

1. Cerebellar atrophy: This is a condition where the cerebellum shrinks or degenerates, leading to symptoms such as tremors, muscle weakness, and difficulty with movement.
2. Cerebellar degeneration: This is a condition where the cerebellum deteriorates over time, leading to symptoms such as loss of coordination, balance problems, and difficulties with speech and language.
3. Cerebellar tumors: These are abnormal growths that develop in the cerebellum, which can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their size and location.
4. Cerebellar stroke: This is a condition where blood flow to the cerebellum is interrupted, leading to damage to the brain tissue and symptoms such as weakness or paralysis of certain muscle groups.
5. Cerebellar vasculature disorders: These are conditions that affect the blood vessels in the cerebellum, leading to symptoms such as transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or strokes.
6. Inflammatory diseases: These are conditions that cause inflammation in the cerebellum, leading to symptoms such as tremors, ataxia, and weakness.
7. Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can affect the cerebellum and cause a range of symptoms.
8. Trauma: Head injuries or other forms of trauma can damage the cerebellum and lead to symptoms such as loss of coordination, balance problems, and memory loss.
9. Genetic disorders: Certain genetic mutations can affect the development and function of the cerebellum, leading to a range of symptoms.
10. Degenerative diseases: Conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease can cause degeneration of the cerebellum and lead to symptoms such as tremors, ataxia, and weakness.

It's important to note that this is not an exhaustive list, and there may be other causes of cerebellar symptoms not included here. A healthcare professional can help determine the underlying cause of your symptoms based on a thorough medical history and examination.

Some common types of eye abnormalities include:

1. Refractive errors: These are errors in the way the eye focuses light, causing blurry vision. Examples include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).
2. Amblyopia: This is a condition where the brain favors one eye over the other, causing poor vision in the weaker eye.
3. Cataracts: A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause blurry vision and increase the risk of glaucoma.
4. Glaucoma: This is a group of eye conditions that can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss.
5. Macular degeneration: This is a condition where the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision, deteriorates, leading to vision loss.
6. Diabetic retinopathy: This is a complication of diabetes that can damage the blood vessels in the retina and lead to vision loss.
7. Retinal detachment: This is a condition where the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, leading to vision loss.
8. Corneal abnormalities: These are irregularities in the shape or structure of the cornea, such as keratoconus, that can cause blurry vision.
9. Optic nerve disorders: These are conditions that affect the optic nerve, such as optic neuritis, that can cause vision loss.
10. Traumatic eye injuries: These are injuries to the eye or surrounding tissue that can cause vision loss or other eye abnormalities.

Eye abnormalities can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which may include visual acuity tests, refraction tests, and imaging tests such as retinal photography or optical coherence tomography (OCT). Treatment for eye abnormalities depends on the specific condition and may include glasses or contact lenses, medication, surgery, or other therapies.

There are several types of eye burns, including:

1. Chemical burns: These occur when the eye comes into contact with a corrosive substance, such as bleach or drain cleaner.
2. Thermal burns: These occur when the eye is exposed to heat or flames, such as from a fire or a hot surface.
3. Ultraviolet (UV) burns: These occur when the eye is exposed to UV radiation, such as from the sun or a tanning bed.
4. Radiation burns: These occur when the eye is exposed to ionizing radiation, such as from a nuclear accident or cancer treatment.

Symptoms of eye burns can include:

* Pain and redness in the eye
* Discharge or crusting around the eye
* Blurred vision or sensitivity to light
* Swelling of the eyelids or the surface of the eye
* Increased tearing or dryness

Treatment for eye burns depends on the cause and severity of the injury. Mild cases may require only topical medications, such as antibiotic ointments or anti-inflammatory drops. More severe cases may require more aggressive treatment, such as oral medications, patching, or even surgery. In some cases, eye burns can lead to long-term vision problems or scarring, so it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The symptoms of Behcet syndrome can vary widely, but may include:

* Skin lesions, such as ulcers or rashes
* Eye inflammation (uveitis)
* Joint pain and swelling
* Digestive problems such as diarrhea and abdominal pain
* Nervous system problems such as seizures and headaches
* Inflammation of the blood vessels, which can lead to aneurysms or blood clots

The exact cause of Behcet syndrome is not known, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is no cure for the disease, but various treatments are available to manage the symptoms and prevent complications. These may include medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and antibiotics, as well as lifestyle modifications such as avoiding triggers like spicy foods or stress.

Behcet syndrome is rare in the United States, but it is more common in certain parts of the world, including Turkey, Japan, and other countries with high prevalence of autoimmune disorders. It affects both men and women equally, and typically begins during adulthood, although it can sometimes begin in childhood or adolescence.

Overall, Behcet syndrome is a complex and multifaceted disease that requires careful management by a healthcare team to prevent complications and improve quality of life for patients.

There are several types of ophthalmoplegia, including:

1. External ophthalmoplegia: This type affects the muscles that control lateral and vertical movements of the eyes.
2. Internal ophthalmoplegia: This type affects the muscles that control rotational movements of the eyes.
3. Superior oblique paresis: This type affects the superior oblique muscle, which controls downward and outward movements of the eye.
4. Inferior oblique paresis: This type affects the inferior oblique muscle, which controls upward and outward movements of the eye.

Symptoms of ophthalmoplegia may include difficulty moving the eyes, double vision, droopy eyelids, and blurred vision. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause of the condition and may include physical therapy, prism lenses, or surgery.

Some common types of vision disorders include:

1. Myopia (nearsightedness): A condition where close objects are seen clearly, but distant objects appear blurry.
2. Hyperopia (farsightedness): A condition where distant objects are seen clearly, but close objects appear blurry.
3. Astigmatism: A condition where the cornea or lens of the eye is irregularly shaped, causing blurred vision at all distances.
4. Presbyopia: A condition that occurs as people age, where the lens of the eye loses flexibility and makes it difficult to focus on close objects.
5. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye has reduced vision due to abnormal development or injury.
6. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A condition where the eyes are misaligned and point in different directions.
7. Color blindness: A condition where people have difficulty perceiving certain colors, usually red and green.
8. Retinal disorders: Conditions that affect the retina, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, or retinal detachment.
9. Glaucoma: A group of conditions that damage the optic nerve, often due to increased pressure in the eye.
10. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause blurred vision and sensitivity to light.

Vision disorders can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, refraction test, and dilated eye exam. Treatment options for vision disorders depend on the specific condition and may include glasses or contact lenses, medication, surgery, or a combination of these.

Scotoma is a term that was first used in the early 19th century to describe blind spots in the visual field caused by defects in the retina or optic nerve. Over time, the term has been broadened to include any type of blind spot or defect in the visual field, regardless of its cause.

There are several different types of scotomas, including:

1. Homonymous hemianopsia: A condition in which there is a blind spot in one side of both eyes, causing difficulty with recognizing objects and people on that side.
2. Hemianopia: A condition in which there is a blind spot in one half of both eyes, often caused by a stroke or brain injury.
3. Quadrantanopia: A condition in which there is a blind spot in one quarter of both eyes, often caused by a stroke or brain injury.
4. Scanning vision: A condition in which the visual field appears to be scanned or sectioned off, often caused by a brain disorder such as multiple sclerosis.
5. Blind spot scotoma: A condition in which there is a small blind spot in the central part of the visual field, often caused by a lesion in the retina or optic nerve.

Scotomas can have a significant impact on daily life, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks such as driving, reading, and recognizing faces. Treatment options for scotomas depend on the underlying cause and may include prism glasses, vision therapy, or surgery. In some cases, scotomas may be a sign of a more serious condition that requires medical attention.

Some common examples of vestibular diseases include:

1. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV): A condition that causes brief episodes of vertigo triggered by changes in head position.
2. Labyrinthitis: An inner ear infection that causes vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears).
3. Vestibular migraine: A type of migraine that causes vertigo, along with headaches and other symptoms.
4. Meniere's disease: A disorder of the inner ear that causes vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness in the affected ear.
5. Acoustic neuroma: A benign tumor that grows on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain, causing symptoms such as vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
6. Superior canal dehiscence syndrome: A condition in which the bony covering of the superior canal in the inner ear is thin or absent, leading to symptoms such as vertigo, hearing loss, and sound sensitivity.
7. Perilymph fistula: A tear or defect in the membrane that separates the middle ear from the inner ear, causing symptoms such as vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
8. Ototoxicity: Damage to the inner ear caused by exposure to certain medications or chemicals, leading to symptoms such as vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.

Diagnosis of vestibular diseases typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and specialized tests such as the Electronystagmography (ENG) or Vestibular Function Tests (VFT). Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause of the symptoms, but may include medications, vestibular rehabilitation therapy, or surgery.

There are several causes of hemianopsia, including:

1. Stroke or cerebral vasculitis: These conditions can damage the occipital lobe and result in hemianopsia.
2. Brain tumors: Tumors in the occipital lobe can cause hemianopsia by compressing or damaging the visual pathways.
3. Traumatic brain injury: A head injury can cause damage to the occipital lobe and result in hemianopsia.
4. Cerebral palsy: This condition can cause brain damage that leads to hemianopsia.
5. Multiple sclerosis: This autoimmune disease can cause damage to the visual pathways and result in hemianopsia.

Symptoms of hemianopsia may include:

1. Blindness or impaired vision in one side of both eyes.
2. Difficulty recognizing objects or people on one side of the visual field.
3. Inability to see objects that are peripheral to the affected side.
4. Difficulty with depth perception and spatial awareness.
5. Eye movements that are abnormal or restricted.

Diagnosis of hemianopsia typically involves a comprehensive eye exam, including visual acuity testing, visual field testing, and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans to evaluate the brain. Treatment options for hemianopsia depend on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Glasses or contact lenses to correct refractive errors.
2. Prism lenses to realign the visual image.
3. Visual therapy to improve remaining vision.
4. Medications to treat underlying conditions such as multiple sclerosis or brain tumors.
5. Surgery to repair damaged blood vessels or relieve pressure on the brain.

It is important to note that hemianopsia can significantly impact daily life and may affect an individual's ability to perform certain tasks, such as driving or reading. However, with proper diagnosis and treatment, many people with hemianopsia are able to adapt and lead fulfilling lives.

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, affecting approximately 1% of the population over the age of 60. It is more common in men than women and has a higher incidence in Caucasians than in other ethnic groups.

The primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease are:

* Tremors or trembling, typically starting on one side of the body
* Rigidity or stiffness, causing difficulty with movement
* Bradykinesia or slowness of movement, including a decrease in spontaneous movements such as blinking or smiling
* Postural instability, leading to falls or difficulty with balance

As the disease progresses, symptoms can include:

* Difficulty with walking, gait changes, and freezing episodes
* Dry mouth, constipation, and other non-motor symptoms
* Cognitive changes, such as dementia, memory loss, and confusion
* Sleep disturbances, including REM sleep behavior disorder
* Depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric symptoms

The exact cause of Parkinson's disease is not known, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The disease is associated with the degradation of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to a deficiency of dopamine in the brain. This deficiency disrupts the normal functioning of the basal ganglia, a group of structures involved in movement control, leading to the characteristic symptoms of the disease.

There is no cure for Parkinson's disease, but various treatments are available to manage its symptoms. These include:

* Medications such as dopaminergic agents (e.g., levodopa) and dopamine agonists to replace lost dopamine and improve motor function
* Deep brain stimulation, a surgical procedure that involves implanting an electrode in the brain to deliver electrical impulses to specific areas of the brain
* Physical therapy to improve mobility and balance
* Speech therapy to improve communication and swallowing difficulties
* Occupational therapy to improve daily functioning

It is important for individuals with Parkinson's disease to work closely with their healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and improves their quality of life. With appropriate treatment and support, many people with Parkinson's disease are able to manage their symptoms and maintain a good level of independence for several years after diagnosis.

1. Insomnia: difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
2. Sleep apnea: pauses in breathing during sleep
3. Narcolepsy: excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden attacks of sleep
4. Restless leg syndrome: uncomfortable sensations in the legs during sleep
5. Periodic limb movement disorder: involuntary movements of the legs or arms during sleep
6. Sleepwalking: walking or performing other activities during sleep
7. Sleep terrors: intense fear or anxiety during sleep
8. Sleep paralysis: temporary inability to move or speak during sleep
9. REM sleep behavior disorder: acting out dreams during sleep
10. Circadian rhythm disorders: disruptions to the body's internal clock, leading to irregular sleep patterns.

Sleep disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, such as stress, anxiety, certain medications, sleep deprivation, and underlying medical conditions like chronic pain or sleep apnea. Treatment for sleep disorders may include lifestyle changes (such as establishing a regular sleep schedule, avoiding caffeine and alcohol before bedtime, and creating a relaxing sleep environment), medications, and behavioral therapies (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia). In some cases, surgery or other medical interventions may be necessary.

It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect that you or someone you know may have a sleep disorder, as untreated sleep disorders can lead to serious health problems, such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, and depression. A healthcare professional can help diagnose the specific sleep disorder and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Exotropia is a type of strabismus, or misalignment of the eyes, where one eye turns outward away from the nose. It is also known as divergent strabismus. In exotropia, the affected eye has a tendency to deviate away from the fixed gaze and may turn inward or outward. This can cause double vision and affect the development of depth perception.

Exotropia can be classified into several types based on the age of onset, the severity of the misalignment, and other factors. The most common type of exotropia is intermittent exotropia, where the misalignment is only present sometimes. Other types include constant exotropia, where the misalignment is always present, and vertical exotropia, where the eye turns up or down.

Treatment for exotropia typically involves glasses or prisms to correct any refractive errors, as well as exercises to strengthen the muscles that control eye movement. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign the eyes. Early diagnosis and treatment can help improve the chances of successful management and prevent long-term complications such as amblyopia (lazy eye).

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Some common types of eye neoplasms include:

1. Uveal melanoma: This is a malignant tumor that develops in the uvea, the middle layer of the eye. It is the most common primary intraocular cancer in adults and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
2. Retinoblastoma: This is a rare type of cancer that affects children and develops in the retina. It is usually diagnosed before the age of 5 and is highly treatable with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
3. Conjunctival melanoma: This is a malignant tumor that develops in the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye. It is more common in older adults and can be treated with surgery and/or radiation therapy.
4. Ocular sarcomas: These are rare types of cancer that develop in the eye tissues, including the retina, optic nerve, and uvea. They can be benign or malignant and may require surgical removal or radiation therapy.
5. Secondary intraocular tumors: These are tumors that metastasize (spread) to the eye from other parts of the body, such as breast cancer or lung cancer.

The symptoms of eye neoplasms can vary depending on their location and type, but may include:

* Blurred vision
* Eye pain or discomfort
* Redness or inflammation in the eye
* Sensitivity to light
* Floaters (specks or cobwebs in vision)
* Flashes of light
* Abnormal pupil size or shape

Early detection and treatment of eye neoplasms are important to preserve vision and prevent complications. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI, and biopsy (removing a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope). Treatment options may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells
* Chemotherapy to destroy cancer cells with medication
* Observation and monitoring if the tumor is slow-growing or benign

It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual symptoms in your eye, as early detection and treatment can improve outcomes.

Duane's retraction syndrome is caused by an abnormality in the nerves that control eyelid movement. The condition may be treated with surgery to correct any underlying abnormalities or to improve the functioning of the affected eye(s).

Esotropia is often diagnosed in children, and it can affect one or both eyes. Treatment for esotropia usually involves glasses or contact lenses to correct vision problems, as well as exercises to strengthen the muscles that control eye movement. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign the eyes.

Esotropia can also be associated with other conditions, such as craniosynostosis (a condition where the bones of the skull fuse together too early), or Down syndrome. It is important for parents and caregivers to be aware of the signs of esotropia, such as crossing or turning of the eyes, and to seek medical attention if they suspect that their child may have this condition. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent long-term vision problems and improve the overall quality of life for children with esotropia.

There are several different types of glaucoma, including:

* Open-angle glaucoma: This is the most common form of glaucoma, and is caused by slowed drainage of fluid from the eye.
* Closed-angle glaucoma: This type of glaucoma is caused by a blockage in the drainage channels of the eye, leading to a sudden increase in pressure.
* Normal-tension glaucoma: This type of glaucoma is caused by damage to the optic nerve even though the pressure in the eye is within the normal range.
* Congenital glaucoma: This is a rare type of glaucoma that is present at birth, and is caused by a developmental defect in the eye's drainage system.

Symptoms of glaucoma can include:

* Blurred vision
* Loss of peripheral vision
* Eye pain or pressure
* Redness of the eye
* Seeing halos around lights

Glaucoma is typically diagnosed with a combination of visual acuity tests, dilated eye exams, and imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Treatment for glaucoma usually involves medication to reduce pressure in the eye, but may also include surgery to improve drainage or laser therapy to prevent further damage to the optic nerve.

Early detection and treatment of glaucoma is important to prevent vision loss, so it is important to have regular eye exams, especially if you are at risk for the condition. Risk factors for glaucoma include:

* Age (over 60)
* Family history of glaucoma
* Diabetes
* High blood pressure
* African or Hispanic ancestry

Overall, glaucoma is a serious eye condition that can cause vision loss if left untreated. Early detection and treatment are key to preventing vision loss and maintaining good eye health.

There are several types of sleep arousal disorders, including:

1. Insomnia: Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, often accompanied by difficulty relaxing and quieting the mind.
2. Sleep state misperception: A condition in which a person feels that they are not sleeping when in fact they are, or vice versa.
3. Sleep-wake transition disorder: Difficulty transitioning from a wakeful state to a sleeping state.
4. Sleep terrors (night terrors): Intense fear, screaming, and thrashing during sleep, often accompanied by physical signs such as increased heart rate and breathing.
5. Sleepwalking (somnambulism): Getting up and walking around during sleep, often without remembering it in the morning.
6. Sleep driving: Driving while asleep or getting into a car to drive while still asleep.
7. Sleep eating (nocturnal sleep-related eating disorder): Eating during sleep, often due to underlying stress or anxiety.
8. Sleep sex (sleep sexual behavior): Engaging in sexual activities during sleep, often without memory of it in the morning.

These disorders can cause significant distress and impairment in daily functioning, and may be treated with a combination of medication and behavioral interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) or relaxation techniques. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Some common types of perceptual disorders include:

1. Visual perceptual disorders: These disorders affect an individual's ability to interpret and make sense of visual information from the environment. They can result in difficulties with recognizing objects, perceiving depth and distance, and tracking movement.
2. Auditory perceptual disorders: These disorders affect an individual's ability to interpret and make sense of sound. They can result in difficulties with hearing and understanding speech, as well as distinguishing between different sounds.
3. Tactile perceptual disorders: These disorders affect an individual's ability to interpret and make sense of touch. They can result in difficulties with recognizing objects through touch, as well as interpreting tactile sensations such as pain, temperature, and texture.
4. Olfactory perceptual disorders: These disorders affect an individual's ability to interpret and make sense of smells. They can result in difficulties with identifying different odors and distinguishing between them.
5. Gustatory perceptual disorders: These disorders affect an individual's ability to interpret and make sense of tastes. They can result in difficulties with identifying different flavors and distinguishing between them.
6. Balance and equilibrium disorders: These disorders affect an individual's ability to maintain balance and equilibrium. They can result in difficulties with standing, walking, and maintaining posture.

Perceptual disorders can have a significant impact on an individual's daily life, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks and activities. Treatment for perceptual disorders often involves a combination of sensory therapy, behavioral therapy, and assistive technologies. The goal of treatment is to help the individual compensate for any impairments in sensory processing and improve their ability to function in daily life.

Some common types of parasomnias include:

1. Sleepwalking (somnambulism): Getting out of bed and walking around while asleep.
2. Sleep talking (talking in one's sleep).
3. Sleep eating (eating while asleep).
4. Sleep driving (driving while asleep).
5. Sexsomnia (engaging in sexual activities while asleep).
6. Night terrors (intense fear or anxiety while asleep).
7. Sleep paralysis (temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up).
8. REM sleep behavior disorder (acting out dreams while asleep).

Parasomnias can be dangerous, as they can lead to injuries or accidents, and can also cause sleep disruption and daytime fatigue. Treatment options for parasomnias include medication, behavioral therapy, and lifestyle changes, such as establishing a regular sleep schedule and avoiding alcohol and sedatives before bedtime.

1. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): This is the most common type of sleep apnea, caused by a physical blockage in the throat, such as excess tissue or a large tongue.
2. Central Sleep Apnea (CSA): This type of sleep apnea is caused by a problem in the brain's breathing control center.
3. Mixed Sleep Apnea: This type of sleep apnea is a combination of OSA and CSA.

The symptoms of sleep apnea syndromes can include:

* Loud snoring
* Pauses in breathing during sleep
* Waking up with a dry mouth or sore throat
* Morning headaches
* Difficulty concentrating or feeling tired during the day

If left untreated, sleep apnea syndromes can lead to serious health problems, such as:

* High blood pressure
* Heart disease
* Stroke
* Diabetes
* Depression

Treatment options for sleep apnea syndromes include:

* Lifestyle changes, such as losing weight or quitting smoking
* Oral appliances, such as a mouthpiece to help keep the airway open
* Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, which involves wearing a mask over the nose and/or mouth while sleeping to deliver a constant flow of air
* Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) therapy, which is similar to CPAP but delivers two different levels of air pressure
* Surgery, such as a tonsillectomy or a procedure to remove excess tissue in the throat.

It's important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have sleep apnea syndromes, as treatment can help improve your quality of life and reduce the risk of serious health problems.

These diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms such as fatigue, weight changes, and poor wound healing. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition but may include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery.

Damage or dysfunction of the oculomotor nerve can result in a range of symptoms, including double vision (diplopia), drooping eyelids (ptosis), difficulty moving the eyes (ophthalmoplegia), and vision loss. The specific symptoms depend on the location and extent of the damage to the nerve.

Some common causes of oculomotor nerve diseases include:

1. Trauma or injury to the head or neck
2. Tumors or cysts in the brain or skull
3. Inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis or sarcoidosis
4. Vasculitis or other blood vessel disorders
5. Certain medications, such as anticonvulsants or chemotherapy drugs
6. Nutritional deficiencies, such as vitamin B12 deficiency
7. Infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis
8. Genetic disorders, such as hereditary oculopharyngeal dystrophy
9. Ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes
10. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

The diagnosis of oculomotor nerve diseases typically involves a comprehensive eye exam, neurological evaluation, and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or other interventions to address the underlying condition and relieve symptoms. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair or replace damaged portions of the nerve.

Causes:

* Genetic mutations or deletions
* Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis
* Stroke or bleeding in the brain
* Traumatic head injury
* Multiple sclerosis or other demyelinating diseases
* Brain tumors
* Cerebellar degeneration due to aging

Symptoms:

* Coordination difficulties, such as stumbling or poor balance
* Tremors or shaky movements
* Slurred speech and difficulty with fine motor skills
* Nystagmus (involuntary eye movements)
* Difficulty with gait and walking
* Fatigue, weakness, and muscle wasting

Diagnosis:

* Physical examination and medical history
* Neurological examination to test coordination, balance, and reflexes
* Imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans to rule out other conditions
* Genetic testing to identify inherited forms of cerebellar ataxia
* Electromyography (EMG) to test muscle activity and nerve function

Treatment:

* Physical therapy to improve balance, coordination, and gait
* Occupational therapy to help with daily activities and fine motor skills
* Speech therapy to address slurred speech and communication difficulties
* Medications to manage symptoms such as tremors or spasticity
* Assistive devices such as canes or walkers to improve mobility

Prognosis:

* The prognosis for cerebellar ataxia varies depending on the underlying cause. In some cases, the condition may be slowly progressive and lead to significant disability over time. In other cases, the condition may remain stable or even improve with treatment.

Living with cerebellar ataxia can be challenging, but there are many resources available to help individuals with the condition manage their symptoms and maintain their quality of life. These resources may include:

* Physical therapy to improve balance and coordination
* Occupational therapy to assist with daily activities
* Speech therapy to address communication difficulties
* Assistive devices such as canes or walkers to improve mobility
* Medications to manage symptoms such as tremors or spasticity
* Support groups for individuals with cerebellar ataxia and their families

Overall, the key to managing cerebellar ataxia is early diagnosis and aggressive treatment. With proper management, individuals with this condition can lead active and fulfilling lives despite the challenges they face.

The symptoms of dyslexia can vary from person to person, but may include:

* Difficulty with phonological awareness (the ability to identify and manipulate the sounds within words)
* Trouble with decoding (reading) and encoding (spelling)
* Slow reading speed
* Difficulty with comprehension of text
* Difficulty with writing skills, including grammar, punctuation, and spelling
* Trouble with organization and time management

Dyslexia can be diagnosed by a trained professional, such as a psychologist or learning specialist, through a series of tests and assessments. These may include:

* Reading and spelling tests
* Tests of phonological awareness
* Tests of comprehension and vocabulary
* Behavioral observations

There is no cure for dyslexia, but there are a variety of strategies and interventions that can help individuals with dyslexia to improve their reading and writing skills. These may include:

* Multisensory instruction (using sight, sound, and touch to learn)
* Orton-Gillingham approach (a specific type of multisensory instruction)
* Assistive technology (such as text-to-speech software)
* Accommodations (such as extra time to complete assignments)
* Tutoring and mentoring

It is important to note that dyslexia is not a result of poor intelligence or inadequate instruction, but rather a neurological difference that affects the way an individual processes information. With appropriate support and accommodations, individuals with dyslexia can be successful in school and beyond.

There are different types of blindness, including:

1. Congenital blindness: Blindness that is present at birth, often due to genetic mutations or abnormalities in the development of the eye and brain.
2. Acquired blindness: Blindness that develops later in life due to injury, disease, or other factors.
3. Amblyopia: A condition where one eye has reduced vision due to misalignment or other causes.
4. Glaucoma: A group of eye conditions that can damage the optic nerve and lead to blindness if left untreated.
5. Retinitis pigmentosa: A degenerative disease that affects the retina and can cause blindness.
6. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens in the eye that can impair vision and eventually cause blindness if left untreated.
7. Macular degeneration: A condition where the macula, a part of the retina responsible for central vision, deteriorates and causes blindness.

There are various treatments and therapies for blindness, depending on the underlying cause. These may include medications, surgery, low vision aids, and assistive technology such as braille and audio books, screen readers, and voice-controlled software. Rehabilitation programs can also help individuals adapt to blindness and lead fulfilling lives.

There are several types of penetrating eye injuries, including:

1. Perforating injuries: These occur when an object punctures the globe of the eye, creating a hole in the retina or the sclera. These injuries can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.
2. Non-perforating injuries: These occur when an object does not penetrate the globe of the eye but still causes damage to the surrounding tissues. These injuries are typically less severe than perforating injuries but can still cause significant vision loss.
3. Hyphemas: These occur when blood collects in the space between the cornea and the iris, often due to a blow to the eye.
4. Retinal detachments: These occur when the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, often due to a traumatic injury.

Symptoms of penetrating eye injuries can include:

* Severe pain in the eye
* Redness and swelling of the affected eye
* Difficulty seeing or blindness
* Floaters or flashes of light
* A feeling of something in the eye

Treatment of penetrating eye injuries depends on the severity of the injury and can include:

1. Immediate medical attention to assess the extent of the injury and provide appropriate treatment.
2. Surgery to repair any damage to the eye, such as removing a foreign object or repairing a retinal detachment.
3. Antibiotics to prevent infection.
4. Pain management with medication.
5. Monitoring for complications, such as glaucoma or cataracts.

Preventive measures for penetrating eye injuries include:

1. Wearing protective eyewear when performing activities that could potentially cause eye injury, such as playing sports or working with power tools.
2. Avoiding touching the eyes or face to prevent the spread of infection.
3. Keeping the environment clean and free of hazards to reduce the risk of injury.
4. Properly storing and disposing of sharp objects to prevent accidents.
5. Seeking medical attention immediately if an eye injury occurs.

It is important to seek immediate medical attention if you experience any symptoms of a penetrating eye injury, as timely treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

The amblyopic eye may have reduced visual sharpness and/or abnormal ocular alignment (strabismus). The other eye is generally normal or has better vision. Amblyopia is often present at birth but may not be noticed until the child is a few years old. It can also result from various conditions, such as strabismus, cataracts, or differences in the refractive error of the two eyes (anisometropic amblyopia).

The most common form of amblyopia is anisometropic amblyopia, which occurs when there is a significant difference in the refractive power between the two eyes. This can cause the brain to favor one eye over the other, leading to reduced vision in the amblyopic eye. Amblyopia can be treated with glasses or contact lenses, patching the better eye to force the weaker eye to work harder, or surgery to correct strabismus or anisometropia.

Early detection and treatment are important to prevent long-term visual impairment. However, amblyopia can sometimes persist even after treatment, and it is a leading cause of monocular vision in adults.

The inner ear, brain, and sensory nerves are all involved in the development of motion sickness. The inner ear contains the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and equilibrium. The brain processes visual, proprioceptive (position and movement), and vestibular information to determine the body's position and movement. When these signals are not in harmony, the brain can become confused and motion sickness can occur.

There are several factors that can contribute to the development of motion sickness, including:

1. Conflicting sensory input: This can occur when the visual, proprioceptive, and vestibular systems provide conflicting information about the body's position and movement. For example, if the body is moving but the eyes do not see any movement, this can confuse the brain and lead to motion sickness.
2. Movement of the body: Motion sickness can occur when the body is in motion, such as on a boat or airplane, or during a car ride. This can be particularly problematic for people who are prone to motion sickness.
3. Reading or looking at screens: Reading or looking at screens can exacerbate motion sickness, as it can provide conflicting visual and vestibular information.
4. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as inner ear problems or migraines, can increase the risk of developing motion sickness.
5. Medications: Some medications, such as antidepressants and antihistamines, can increase the risk of developing motion sickness.

There are several ways to prevent and treat motion sickness, including:

1. Avoiding heavy meals before traveling: Eating a light meal before traveling can help reduce the risk of motion sickness.
2. Choosing a seat with less motion: In vehicles, choosing a seat with less motion can help reduce the risk of motion sickness.
3. Keeping the eyes on the horizon: Looking at the horizon can help reduce the conflict between visual and vestibular information.
4. Taking medication: There are several over-the-counter and prescription medications available to prevent and treat motion sickness, such as dramamine and scopolamine patches.
5. Using wristbands: Sea bands or wristbands that apply pressure to a specific point on the wrist have been shown to be effective in preventing motion sickness.
6. Avoiding alcohol and caffeine: Consuming these substances can exacerbate motion sickness, so it is best to avoid them before and during travel.
7. Staying hydrated: Drinking plenty of water and other fluids can help reduce the symptoms of motion sickness.
8. Getting fresh air: Fresh air can help reduce the symptoms of motion sickness, so it is best to sit near an open window or take breaks outside.

Types of Eye Foreign Bodies:

There are several types of eye foreign bodies, including:

1. Dust and small particles: These are the most common type of eye foreign body and can enter the eye through contact with the environment or by rubbing the eyes.
2. Large objects: These can include splinters, pen tips, or other small objects that become lodged in the eye.
3. Chemical irritants: Chemicals like household cleaners or pesticides can irritate the eyes and cause foreign body sensation.
4. Microorganisms: Bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms can enter the eye and cause inflammation, which can lead to a foreign body sensation.

Symptoms of Eye Foreign Bodies:

The symptoms of an eye foreign body can vary depending on the size and location of the object, but common signs include:

1. Redness and irritation
2. Itching or burning sensation in the eye
3. Discharge or tearing
4. Blurred vision or sensitivity to light
5. Pain or discomfort in the eye

Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Foreign Bodies:

If you suspect that you have an eye foreign body, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional will perform a thorough examination of the eye to locate the foreign body and determine the best course of treatment.

Treatment for eye foreign bodies may include:

1. Flushing the eye with water or saline solution to try to dislodge the object
2. Using antibiotic drops or ointments to prevent infection
3. Removing the object with a special instrument, such as a cotton swab or forceps
4. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the foreign body.

Prevention of Eye Foreign Bodies:

To prevent eye foreign bodies, it is important to take the following precautions:

1. Avoid touching or rubbing your eyes, as this can introduce bacteria and other contaminants into the eye.
2. Keep your hands and face clean, especially after handling chemicals or other potentially harmful substances.
3. Wear protective eyewear, such as goggles or safety glasses, when working with power tools or other equipment that can generate debris.
4. Avoid wearing contact lenses while swimming or in other wet environments.
5. Keep your home and work environment clean and free of clutter to reduce the risk of objects becoming lodged in the eye.

Conclusion:

Eye foreign bodies can cause a range of symptoms, from mild discomfort to serious vision loss. If you suspect that you have an object stuck in your eye, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. With prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment, most eye foreign bodies can be successfully removed and the risk of complications minimized. By taking precautions to prevent eye injuries and seeking immediate medical care if you experience any symptoms, you can help protect your vision and maintain good eye health.

Causes:

1. Refractive errors: Diplopia can be caused by refractive errors such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, or presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).
2. Eye alignment problems: Disorders such as strabismus (crossed eyes) or esotropia (eyes turned inward) can cause diplopia.
3. Cataracts: A cataract can cause diplopia due to the clouding of the lens in one or both eyes.
4. Glaucoma: Diplopia can be a symptom of glaucoma, a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve.
5. Retinal detachment: A retinal detachment can cause diplopia due to the separation of the retina from the underlying tissue.
6. Brain injuries or disorders: Diplopia can be a result of brain injuries or disorders such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, or multiple sclerosis.
7. Medications: Certain medications such as antidepressants, anti-seizure drugs, and chemotherapy drugs can cause diplopia as a side effect.

Diagnosis:

To diagnose diplopia, an eye examination is necessary. The doctor may perform a cover test to determine the type of diplopia and rule out other conditions. Imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI may also be ordered to examine the eye and surrounding tissues.

Treatment:

The treatment of diplopia depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, glasses or contact lenses can correct refractive errors and alleviate symptoms. Surgery may be necessary for eye alignment problems such as strabismus or cataracts. In cases where the condition is caused by a brain disorder or injury, treatment of the underlying condition can resolve diplopia.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for diplopia varies depending on the underlying cause. In some cases, the condition may resolve on its own or with simple correction such as glasses or contact lenses. In other cases, surgery or treatment of an underlying condition may be necessary to resolve diplopia. In rare cases, the condition can lead to complications such as amblyopia (lazy eye) or vision loss if left untreated.

Prevention:

Preventing diplopia is not always possible, but early detection and treatment of underlying conditions can help prevent complications and improve outcomes. Regular eye exams and monitoring of vision can also help detect diplopia early on. In some cases, prism lenses or glasses with a specific prescription may be recommended to alleviate symptoms and prevent progression of the condition.

In conclusion, diplopia is a common condition that can have various causes and underlying mechanisms. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications and improve outcomes. Regular eye exams and monitoring of vision can help detect diplopia early on, and in some cases, simple correction such as glasses or contact lenses may be sufficient to resolve the condition. In other cases, surgery or treatment of an underlying condition may be necessary. With appropriate management, most people with diplopia can achieve good visual acuity and quality of life.

The exact cause of vestibular neuronitis is not known, but it is believed to be due to a viral infection that affects the inner ear. The condition typically develops suddenly and can resolve on its own within a few days or weeks. However, some cases may persist for longer periods of time, and treatment may be necessary to manage the symptoms.

Treatment for vestibular neuronitis usually involves medications that help to reduce dizziness and nausea, such as anticholinergics, antihistamines, and benzodiazepines. In severe cases, physical therapy and balance training may be recommended to help improve balance and reduce the risk of falls.

In conclusion, vestibular neuronitis is an inner ear disorder that can cause vertigo, nausea, and imbalance. While the exact cause is not known, it is believed to be due to a viral infection, and treatment typically involves medication and balance training. The condition may resolve on its own within a few days or weeks, but some cases may persist for longer periods of time and require continued treatment.

The term "schizophrenia" was first used by the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1908 to describe the splitting of mental functions, which he believed was a key feature of the disorder. The word is derived from the Greek words "schizein," meaning "to split," and "phrenos," meaning "mind."

There are several subtypes of schizophrenia, including:

1. Paranoid Schizophrenia: Characterized by delusions of persecution and suspicion, and a tendency to be hostile and defensive.
2. Hallucinatory Schizophrenia: Characterized by hearing voices or seeing things that are not there.
3. Disorganized Schizophrenia: Characterized by disorganized thinking and behavior, and a lack of motivation or interest in activities.
4. Catatonic Schizophrenia: Characterized by immobility, mutism, and other unusual movements or postures.
5. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia: Characterized by a combination of symptoms from the above subtypes.

The exact cause of schizophrenia is still not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. It is important to note that schizophrenia is not caused by poor parenting or a person's upbringing.

There are several risk factors for developing schizophrenia, including:

1. Genetics: A person with a family history of schizophrenia is more likely to develop the disorder.
2. Brain chemistry: Imbalances in neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin have been linked to schizophrenia.
3. Prenatal factors: Factors such as maternal malnutrition or exposure to certain viruses during pregnancy may increase the risk of schizophrenia in offspring.
4. Childhood trauma: Traumatic events during childhood, such as abuse or neglect, have been linked to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia.
5. Substance use: Substance use has been linked to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia, particularly cannabis and other psychotic substances.

There is no cure for schizophrenia, but treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Treatment options include:

1. Medications: Antipsychotic medications are the primary treatment for schizophrenia. They can help reduce positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, and negative symptoms such as a lack of motivation or interest in activities.
2. Therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of talk therapy can help individuals with schizophrenia manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.
3. Social support: Support from family, friends, and support groups can be an important part of the treatment plan for individuals with schizophrenia.
4. Self-care: Engaging in activities that bring pleasure and fulfillment, such as hobbies or exercise, can help individuals with schizophrenia improve their overall well-being.

It is important to note that schizophrenia is a complex condition, and treatment should be tailored to the individual's specific needs and circumstances. With appropriate treatment and support, many people with schizophrenia are able to lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals.

The symptoms of bilateral hearing loss may include difficulty hearing speech, especially in noisy environments, difficulty understanding conversations when there is background noise, listening to loud music or watching television at a low volume, and experiencing ringing or buzzing sounds in the ears (tinnitus).

Bilateral hearing loss can be diagnosed with a thorough medical examination, including a physical examination of the ears, an audiometric test, and imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans.

Treatment options for bilateral hearing loss depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Some possible treatment options include:

Hearing aids: These devices can amplify sounds and improve hearing ability.
Cochlear implants: These are electronic devices that are surgically implanted in the inner ear and can bypass damaged hair cells to directly stimulate the auditory nerve.
Assistive listening devices: These include devices such as FM systems, infrared systems, and alerting devices that can help individuals with hearing loss communicate more effectively.
Speech therapy: This can help improve communication skills and address any difficulties with language development.
Medications: Certain medications may be prescribed to treat underlying conditions that are contributing to the hearing loss, such as infections or excessive earwax.
Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove excessive earwax or to repair any damage to the middle ear bones.

Some common types of eye infections include:

1. Conjunctivitis - a highly contagious infection of the conjunctiva, which is the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids. It can be caused by bacteria or virus and is commonly known as pink eye.
2. Keratitis - an inflammation of the cornea, which is the clear dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. It can be caused by bacteria, virus or fungi.
3. Uveitis - an inflammation of the uvea, which is the layer of tissue between the sclera and retina. It can cause pain, sensitivity to light and blurred vision.
4. Endophthalmitis - a severe infection inside the eye that can cause damage to the lens, retina and other structures. It is usually caused by bacteria or fungi and can be a complication of cataract surgery or other eye procedures.
5. Dacryocystitis - an inflammation of the tear ducts and sac that can cause pain, redness and swelling in the eyelid. It is usually caused by bacteria.

Eye infections can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which may include a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, tonometry and imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment depends on the type of infection and severity of the condition, and may involve antibiotic or antiviral medication, anti-inflammatory medication or surgery. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated eye infections can lead to complications such as vision loss, corneal scarring and even blindness.

Myopia can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Genetics: Myopia can run in families, and people with a family history of myopia are more likely to develop the condition.
2. Near work: Spending too much time doing close-up activities such as reading or using digital devices can increase the risk of developing myopia.
3. Poor posture: Slouching or leaning forward can cause the eye to focus incorrectly, leading to myopia.
4. Nutritional deficiencies: A diet lacking in essential nutrients such as vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids may contribute to the development of myopia.
5. Eye stress: Prolonged eye strain due to excessive near work or other activities can lead to myopia.

Symptoms of myopia include:

1. Difficulty seeing distant objects clearly
2. Headaches or eye strain from trying to focus on distant objects
3. Squinting or rubbing the eyes to try to see distant objects more clearly
4. Difficulty seeing in low light conditions
5. Blurry vision at a distance, with close objects appearing clear.

Myopia can be diagnosed with a comprehensive eye exam, which includes a visual acuity test, refraction test, and retinoscopy. Treatment options for myopia include:

1. Glasses or contact lenses: These corrective lenses refract light properly onto the retina, allowing clear vision of both close and distant objects.
2. Laser eye surgery: Procedures such as LASIK can reshape the cornea to improve its curvature and reduce myopia.
3. Orthokeratology (ORTHO-K): A non-surgical procedure that uses a specialized contact lens to reshape the cornea while you sleep.
4. Myopia control: This involves using certain treatments or techniques to slow down the progression of myopia in children and young adults.
5. Multifocal lenses: These lenses have multiple focal points, allowing for clear vision of both near and distant objects without the need for glasses or contact lenses.

In conclusion, myopia is a common vision condition that can be caused by a variety of factors and symptoms can include difficulty seeing distant objects clearly, headaches, and eye strain. Treatment options include glasses or contact lenses, laser eye surgery, ORTHO-K, myopia control, and multifocal lenses. It is important to consult an eye doctor for a comprehensive evaluation and to determine the best course of treatment for your specific case of myopia.

Vertigo can cause a range of symptoms, including:

* A feeling of spinning or swaying
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Blurred vision
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abnormal eye movements
* Unsteadiness or loss of balance

To diagnose vertigo, a healthcare professional will typically conduct a physical examination and ask questions about the patient's symptoms and medical history. They may also perform tests such as the head impulse test or the electronystagmography (ENG) test to assess the function of the inner ear and balance systems.

Treatment for vertigo depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications such as anticholinergics, antihistamines, or benzodiazepines, as well as vestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT) to help the body adapt to the balance problems. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause of vertigo.

In summary, vertigo is a symptom characterized by a false sense of spinning or movement of the surroundings, and can be caused by various conditions affecting the inner ear, brain, or nervous system. Diagnosis and treatment depend on the underlying cause, but may include medications, VRT, and in some cases, surgery.

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Conjugate eye movements can be in any direction, and can accompany both saccadic eye movements and smooth pursuit eye movements ... eye movement). This is in contrast to vergence eye movement, where binocular gaze is maintained by moving eyes in opposite ... A conjugate eye movement is a movement of both eyes in the same direction to maintain binocular gaze (also referred to as " ... One eye is completely incapable of horizontal movement, while the other eye is capable of horizontal movement only in one ...
... may refer to: Rapid eye movement sleep or REM sleep Saccade, a fast movement of an eye Rapid Eye Movement ( ... album), an album by Riverside Rapid Eye Movement, a progressive rock British band formed in 1980 by Dave Stewart, Pip Pyle, ... This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Rapid eye movement. If an internal link led you here, you may ...
Eye tracking device is a tool created to help measure eye and head movements. The first devices for tracking eye movement took ... doi:10.1016/0042-6989(90)90169-L. Heller D (1988) "On the history of eye movement recording" in Eye movement research: ... Vision and eye movements. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 55-56. Delabarre E.B. (1898) A method of recording eye-movements ... Biological theories of dyslexia Eye movement Eye movement in music reading Gaze-contingency paradigm Reading Fixation (visual) ...
"Do the eyes scan dream images during rapid eye movement sleep? Evidence from the rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder ... Most of the eye movements in "rapid eye movement" sleep are in fact less rapid than those normally exhibited by waking humans. ... These eye movements follow the ponto-geniculo-occipital waves originating in the brain stem. The eye movements themselves may ... Furthermore, eye movements play a role in certain psychotherapies such as Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR ...
Rapid Eye Movement is the final installment of the Reality Dream Trilogy which has thus far included Out of Myself and Second ... Rapid Eye Movement is the third studio album by progressive rock/metal band Riverside. It was released internationally by ...
A 2000 review found that the eye movements did not play a central role, and that the mechanisms of eye movements were ... A 2001 meta-analysis suggested that EMDR with the eye movements was no more efficacious than EMDR without the eye movements ( ... Jeffries, Fiona W.; Davis, Paul (29 October 2012). "What is the Role of Eye Movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and ... Rosen, Gerald M; Mcnally, Richard J; Lilienfeld, Scott O (1999). "Eye Movement Magic: Eye Movement Desensitization and ...
Most research into eye movement in music reading has primarily aimed to compare the eye movement patterns of skilled and ... It is therefore unsurprising that most research into eye movement in music reading has aimed to compare the eye movement ... Saccadic eye movements while reading music. Vision Research, 35, 1447-58 Lang MM (1961) An investigation of eye-movements ... little is known about the underlying patterns of eye movement in music reading. Eye movement in music reading may at first ...
A core aspect in these studies is the division of eye movements into saccades, the rapid movement of the eyes, and fixations, ... the focus of the eyes on a point. There are several factors which influence eye movement in scene viewing, both the task and ... Eye movements can be guided anticipatorily by linguistic input, where if an item in the scene is presented verbally, the ... Eye movement in scene viewing refers to the visual processing of information presented in scenes. This phenomenon has been ...
Manni, Raffaele (May 2005). "Rapid eye movement sleep, non-rapid eye movement sleep, dreams, and hallucinations". Current ... "Dreaming During Non-rapid Eye Movement Sleep in the Absence of Prior Rapid Eye Movement Sleep". Sleep. 27 (8): 1486-1490. doi: ... Stage 2 - no eye movement occurs, and dreaming is very rare. The sleeper is quite easily awakened. EEG recordings tend to show ... Non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), also known as quiescent sleep, is, collectively, sleep stages 1-3, previously known as ...
McKenna D, Peever J (May 2017). "Degeneration of rapid eye movement sleep circuitry underlies rapid eye movement sleep behavior ... Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder or REM behavior disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder in which people act out their ... Rapid eye movement behavior disorder occurs when there is a loss of normal voluntary muscle atonia during REM sleep resulting ... Zhang F, Niu L, Liu X, Liu Y, Li S, Yu H, Le W (April 2020). "Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder and Neurodegenerative ...
... is rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) that is ... Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the loss of normal skeletal muscle atonia ... Kotagal V, Albin RL, Müller ML, Koeppe RA, Chervin RD, Frey KA, Bohnen NI (April 2012). "Symptoms of rapid eye movement sleep ... Plomhause L, Dujardin K, Duhamel A, Delliaux M, Derambure P, Defebvre L, Monaca Charley C (October 2013). "Rapid eye movement ...
... s are a kind of fixational eye movement. They are small, jerk-like, involuntary eye movements, similar to miniature ... Alexander, R. G.; Martinez-Conde, S (2019). "Fixational eye movements". Eye Movement Research. Springer, Cham. pp. 73-115. ... "Miniature Eye Movements Enhance Fine Spatial Detail." Nature,447(7146), 851-854. "Eye flickers key for fine detail". BBC News. ... Movements of the Eyes (Pion, London, 1988). Guerrasio, Lorenzo (2011). Subcortical Control of Visual Fixation. Dissertation, ...
Alexander, R. G.; Martinez-Conde, S (2019). "Fixational eye movements". Eye Movement Research. Springer, Cham. Strategic ... which can be attached by suction to the human eye to study visual perceptions in the absence of eye movements, a laboratory ... by recording the eye movements performed by observers while viewing natural objects and scenes. In his 1965 book ("Eye ... A. L. Yarbus, Eye Movements and Vision. New York: Plenum Press, 1967. (Translated from Russian by Basil Haigh. Original Russian ...
The movements of the eye are controlled by six muscles attached to each eye, and allow the eye to elevate, depress, converge, ... of the eye labeled Another view of the eye and the structures of the eye labeled Anatomy portal Eye colour Eye development Eye ... Alexander, R. G.; Martinez-Conde, S (2019). "Fixational eye movements". Eye Movement Research. Springer, Cham. p. 78. Cahill, H ... reflex is a reflex eye movement that stabilizes images on the retina during head movement by producing an eye movement in the ...
Alexander RG, Martinez-Conde S (2019). "Fixational Eye Movements". In Klein C, Ettinger U (eds.). Eye Movement Research: An ... Under natural viewing conditions, the eyes are always in motion. Small eye movements continually occur even when attempting to ... "Miniature Eye Movements Enhance Fine Spatial Detail." Nature,447(7146), 851-854. "Eye flickers key for fine detail". BBC News. ... or the image can be continually updated on a display to counteract the effects of eye movements. Because no existing method ...
In Mary Lambert and Jeff Carpenter's short animated film Rapid Eye Movements (1977) Poliphilo appears as a disaffected hotshot ... ISBN 1-932857-08-7. "Rapid Eye Movements". IMDb. 27 October 1977. Premiere at the Bregenz Festival (Lake Constance) in 2021. ...
Alexander, R. G.; Martinez-Conde, S (2019). "Fixational eye movements". Eye Movement Research. Springer, Cham, 104-106, doi: ... The speed of perceived motion depends on the frequency of microsaccadic eye movements (Alexander & Martinez-Conde, 2019). ... Fraser, A., Wilcox, K.J. (1979). Perception of illusory movement. Nature, 281, 565-566. Kitaoka. A., Ashida. H. (2003). ...
... when an attempt is made to close the eyes. The upward movement of the eye is present in the majority of the population, and is ... Collewijn, H (July 1985). "Human Eye Movements Associated with Blinks and Prolonged Eyelid Closure". Journal of Neurophysiology ... Riggs, Lorrin (February 1987). "Blink-Related Eye Movements". Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 28: 334-342. ... is a medical sign that allows observers to notice an upward and outward movement of the eye, ...
In R. Groner & P. Fraisse (Eds.), Cognition and eye movements. Amsterdam: North Holland (1982). Levine, Marvin (1971). " ...
... is used to explain the conjugacy of saccadic eye movement in stereoptic animals. The law ... The law also states that apparent monocular eye movements are actually the summation of conjugate version and disjunctive (or ... Yarbus, A. L. (1967). Eye Movements and Vision. New York: Plenum Press. Pickwell LD (September 1972). "Hering's law of equal ... learned aspect of binocularly coordinated eye movements. Helmholtz's arguments were mainly related to Listing's law and can be ...
Aging results in slowed reaction time in an aiming task for both eye and hand movements. Comparisons between young and old ... Warabi T, Noda H, Kato T (June 1986). "Effect of aging on sensorimotor functions of eye and hand movements". Exp. Neurol. 92 (3 ... Aug 1998). "Age-related performance of human subjects on saccadic eye movement tasks". Exp Brain Res. 121 (4): 391-400. doi: ... eyes open vs eyes closed). Sensory receptors can initiate rapid responses to perturbations thanks to short-latency connections ...
This led to an interest in eye movement in animals and later in man. Land's group was mainly concerned with the role of eye ... Eye movements and the control of actions in everyday life. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 25: 296-324 Land M.F. (2006). ... In: Eye movements: a window on mind and brain (eds. RPG van Gompel, M.H. Fischer, W.S. Murray, R.L. Hill) Chapter 4. Oxford: ... B 355: 1147-1150 Land M.F., Mennie N., Rusted J. (1999) The roles of vision and eye movements in the control of activities of ...
Eye movements when viewing advertisements. Frontiers in Psychology, 5. Hervet, G., Guérard, K., Tremblay, S., & Chtourou, M. S ... Lapa, C. (2007). Using eye tracking to understand banner blindness and improve website design. Cho, C. H., & as-, U. O. T. A. A ... Porta, M., Ravarelli, A., & Spaghi, F. (2013). Online newspapers and ad banners: an eye-tracking study on the effects of ... Lee, J., & Ahn, J. H. (2012). Attention to banner ads and their effectiveness: An eye-tracking approach. International Journal ...
Along with Norman H. Mackworth he designed a head-mounted camera to record eye movements. He used this to study eye movements ... "Movements of the eye" (1968). Scientific American 219. (Cover story) Llewellyn-Thomas, Edward. "Fight--or Ultimately Die", ... Llewellyn-Thomas published sixty scientific articles on psychology and eye movement over the course of his life. Active in the ... Here he initiated research into human eye movements. He also explored various aspects of aerospace medicine, psycho- ...
Primarily, experimenters recorded eye movements while participants studied a series of photos. Individuals were then involved ... Acta Psychologica, 122(2), 160-173 Sharot, T., Davidson, M.L., Carson, M.M., Phelps, E.A. (2008). Eye movements predict ... in a recognition task in which their eye movements were recorded for the second time. From the previous tasks, it was ... discovered that eye fixations, maintaining a visual gaze on a single location, were more clustered for remembering rather than ...
... unusual movements of the eyes; weakness (severe). Severe overdose may result in death without intervention. Amobarbital (5- ...
... or the motion of an eye relative to the head. An eye tracker is a device for measuring eye positions and eye movement. Eye ... A camera focuses on one or both eyes and records eye movement as the viewer looks at some kind of stimulus. Most modern eye- ... Contrary to video-based eye-trackers, EOG allows recording of eye movements even with eyes closed, and can thus be used in ... speeds needed to capture fixational eye movements or correctly measure saccade dynamics. Eye movements are typically divided ...
But when the participant makes an eye movement in the same direction as the pattern movement, the velocity of the eye movement ... which momentarily occurs following a rapid eye-movement. A saccade is a fast eye motion, and because it is a motion that is ... Burr, D (2004). "Eye Movements: Keeping Vision Stable". Current Biology. 14 (5): R195-R197. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.02.020. PMID ... The eyes can never be observed in motion, yet an external observer clearly sees the motion of the eyes. The phenomenon is often ...
However, eyes can move independently of attention, and therefore eye movement measures do not completely capture the role of ... eye movement ability, ability of attentional focal movement, and the ability to divide visual attention among multiple objects ... This may be a movement of the head and/or eyes towards the visual stimulus, called a saccade. Through a process called ... Many visual search paradigms have therefore used eye movement as a means to measure the degree of attention given to stimuli. ...
37.1992 years earlier art movement document Taiwan exhibition, painting exhibition "poolside" "Lungching home," painting " ... "Napoli bird's-eye view." 50.1995 year 80 senior beauty Artists exhibited painting "Geneva" painting "freshwater paiyang ... the artist in the eyes of freshwater, painting exhibition "freshwater paiyang Hall." 40.1993 on 1 to 16 May, the 3rd green ...
2005 : Waiting for Movement 2006 : Summer 2011 : Spring 2014 : Lilting 2019: Monsoon "Summer", IMDb Retrieved 19 August 2014. " ... "Lilting" Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Artificial Eye, retrieved 19 August 2014. "London In Berlin (2011 ... and was released on 8 August in the United Kingdom by distributors Artificial Eye. His short film Spring played at both the ...
Dot's slow movement near landfall prolonged its impacts, with the Royal Observatory recording eight hours of gale-force winds ... the typhoon's eye measured 80 km (50 mi) across. Once over land, the storm's winds diminished quickly, and by October 14, the ... aircraft reconnaissance made their first detection of an eye within the tropical cyclone. Dot curved northwest and then west on ...
Peter Kropotkin (1 January 1905). "The Constitutional Movement in Russia". revoltlib.com. The Nineteenth Century. Raymond ... Chekhov evokes a chaise journey across the steppe through the eyes of a young boy sent to live away from home, and his ... Anton Chekhov Through the Eyes of Russian Thinkers: Vasilii Rozanov, Dmitrii Merezhkovskii and Lev Shestov. Anthem Press. p. 26 ...
Lanthony shows how in Schreurs' work this effect may be observed in his paintings of figures with very large dark eyes, as well ... he was caught between the legacy of the Hague School and the rise of the Cobra movement. Artistic styles collided, clashed, and ... Haeften, Chris van (2016), 'Through the Eyes of Jaap Schreurs'. In Guus van den Hout, (ed.) Jaap Schreurs: The Vulnerability of ... Moreover, monocular vision often stimulates a painter to pay extra attention to the eyes of his figures. ...
"With an Eye on the Budget, Young Filmmaker Joins Mayor's Race". Southwest Journal. 2017-01-06. Retrieved 2017-04-02. "Tom Hoch ... urban housing and Occupy movement activist David Rosenfeld Charlie Gers David John Wilson Ian Simpson Troy Benjegerdes Raymond ...
Slowly a movement for religious tolerance developed. Jewish legend describes Jewish dispersion from as early as the Book of ... In the year's following Pompey's departure the Roman administration in Anatolia kept a wary and at times fearful eye on Parthia ... Rome, however, noticed once Mithridates turned his eye west in 108 BC, partitioning Paphlagonia with Nicomedes III of Bithynia ...
By the late 2000s the scene had picked up further with artists such as Barry One, Basement, Mandela Mwanza aka Third Eye, ... Around the same time, Christian rap started to gain popularity and that movement was spearheaded by Manyanda Nyasulu, DJ Kali, ... Some of these artists includes L Planet, Third Eye, Dominant 1, Black Mind, Mahiri, Eminent-1, King's Rifles, Sage Poet, ...
The film's visual beauty is complemented by original music, a duet by a cello and bass guitar, that follows the movements of ... seeing everything that occurs through the eyes of one of the participants in the events. Frames shot on the shore are followed ...
... such as eye and facial movements Capable of at-home training due to smaller, more portable size of sensor and signal generation ...
The early kibbutz movement was libertarian socialist in nature. At that time, many leftist Zionists rejected the idea of ... "every man did that which was right in his own eyes.", because there is nothing more humiliating and degrading for a person than ... The organizer of the Jewish self-defense movement, Joseph Trumpeldor, who later became a hero of the Israeli right, was very ... Gordin had been the inspirer of the pan-Russian anarchist movement and one of the organizers of the Anarchist Federation of ...
Before they died, the elders figured out new techniques to counter the swordplay movements of the five sects and carved them on ... are a couple who are each blind in one eye. They use golden walking sticks as their weapons. You Xun (游迅; Yóu Xùn) is killed by ...
Instead, they were repelled by militants, leaving one member of the Veterans on Patrol with a black eye. Family members of some ... Doucette's claims to be a judge are consistent with legal frauds often practiced by the sovereign citizen movement and other ... Other members of the group were loosely affiliated with non-governmental militias and the sovereign citizen movement. The ... Occupation of Alcatraz Patriot movement Posse Comitatus Sagebrush Rebellion Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 Utah Transfer of Public ...
Among the most unique finds from the Early period is the head of a female figure, of which the eyes, eyebrows and elaborate ... II: Movement, Resources, Interaction. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. ISBN 978-2503575223. Rollinger, Robert (2006). "The Terms " ...
Shortly after, it was announced that Rønning was being eyed to return to direct the sequel. In August 2018, the sixth film was ... with some built atop a hydraulic rig to mimic the movement of seafaring while on land. The camera crew, led by director of ... He is also being eyed to helm a potential sixth Pirates movie. Schaffer, Sandy (August 6, 2018). "Disney Is Still Developing ... Stolz, Greg (March 15, 2015). "Mobile phones with 'eye patches' amid extreme security measures on set of Pirates of the ...
A secondary outflanking movement was made inland, over the higher ground, which was usually coral cliffs covered by kunai grass ... However, this secret transport did not long remain hidden from enemy eyes. With the passage of time they were spotted, and ...
... poet laureate of the Nuyorican movement Miguel Piñero, dramatist best known for the play Short Eyes Noel Quiñones Bimbo Rivas ... The Nuyorican movement is a cultural and intellectual movement involving poets, writers, musicians and artists who are Puerto ... In Visible Movement: Nuyorican Poetry from the Sixties to Slam. Iowa City: U. of Iowa Press, 2014. ISBN 978-1-60938-244-5 ... "Miguel Pinero's 'Short Eyes' Returns". www.out.com. 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2020-07-05. "A poet laureate for all five boroughs: ...
... and before the eyes of the entire army he threw them to the elephants. All were trampled to death beneath the feet of the ... plucked off his limbs in succession by a sudden movement of his trunk." Knox's book depicts exactly this method of execution in ...
The eye emerged into the Windward Passage near Léogâne, although severely weakened. The pressure rose to 987 mbar (29.1 inHg), ... The movement slowed, and the 1966 hurricane summary remarked that "Inez probably became nearly stationary closer to the United ... Over the subsequent few days, the eye moved directly over the Florida Keys from Key Largo to Key West and continued through the ... While near peak intensity, Inez was located about 160 mi (260 km) southwest of San Juan, Puerto Rico, and the eye was tracked ...
He was one of the founders of the REFLEX movement in 1948 and in 1949 he was also one of the founders of the COBRA movement, ... like landscapes seen from a bird's eye view, exotic birds and stylised forms. His work is in the collection of the Centre ...
The workers were forced to wake up at six every morning and worked under the watchful eyes of their Thai national employers who ... the world to the global phenomenon of human trafficking and modern-day slavery and would begin the anti-trafficking movement in ...
During the 1990s and currently, the term mixed methods research has become more popular for this research movement in the ... For Peirce, research is conducted and interpreted from the eye of the beholder, as a practical approach to investigating social ... Perestroika Movement (political science) Post-autistic economics Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software Creswell ...
At this point, Turner adopted an active role in the revolutionary movement. He directed the crowd and announced that "only an ... His book Barbarous Mexico helped discredit Mexican President Porfirio Díaz's regime in the eyes of the American public. Turner ... The interview with the Mexican anarcho-syndicalists caused a movement among American radicals to free the prisoners in Los ... From 1908 to 1911, the Turners were involved in Mexico's revolutionary movement, and Barbarous Mexico, criticizing the ...
... eye-REE-nee, and not in the contemporary form /ˈaɪriːn/ EYE-reen. David Garrick's acceptance of Irene for production prompted ... With the absence of rhyme and of the movement goes the absence of wit. And without the wit he is without the Johnsonian weight ...
The next day the cyclone developed an eye as it turned west-southwestward. On December 26, the cyclone made landfall on near ... International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (December 28, 2000). "Sri Lanka: Cyclone Preliminary Appeal No. 36/00". ...
Unlike conventional forms of phototherapy, which require eye protection, the baby does not need to have eye protection when ... As bilirubin levels return to normal and phototherapy is no longer needed, the frequency of bowel movements and the color of ... is common in newborn babies and presents itself as yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes (sclera). Jaundice ... and excreted in the bowel movements. When a baby has jaundice or hyperbilirubinemia, this can indicate that the baby's body is ...
In April 1999, the fears of the media and violence-watch groups were legitimated in their eyes as investigations into the lives ... This category contains games characterized by lack of the death of characters, lack of sudden noise or movement, and often lack ... Secular non-violent video game designers have emerged from the serious games movement and include such anti-violence titles as ...
The sonnet is one of several in which the poet's heart is infatuated despite what his eyes can see. In Sonnet 141, Shakespeare ... the rightward movement of the third ictus (resulting in a four-position figure, × × / /, sometimes referred to as a minor ionic ...
Along with Mamadou Tandja, the President of the National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD-Nassara), and André ... According to Assoumane, Mainassara's decision was "aimed at pulling wool over the international community's eyes" and intended ...
Aleiss, Angela (May 26, 1996). "Native Son: After a Career as Hollywood's Noble Indian Hero, Iron Eyes Cody is Found to Have an ... The assumption of Indigenous identity, through the growth of the so-called "Eastern Métis" movement, is clearly, at least in ... Though not a 'pretendian' to the degree of Iron Eyes Cody, the Sicilian American impostor of 'Keep America Beautiful' fame, or ... Waldman, Amy (January 5, 1999). "Iron Eyes Cody, 94, an Actor And Tearful Anti-Littering Icon". The New York Times. Archived ...
Re: Rapid eye movement exercises Alexs. Posted by linkadge on December 27, 2003, at 19:48:52 ... In reply to Re: Rapid eye movement exercises, posted by Alexs on December 27, 2003, at 18:14:49 ... Re: Rapid eye movement exercises linkadge 12/25/03. *Re: Rapid eye movement exercises ian24 sfmom 12/26/03 ... Re: Rapid eye movement exercises CraigD 12/27/03. *Re: Rapid eye movement exercises Alexs linkadge 12/27/03 ...
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... where the eyes point in different directions, and nystagmus, which causes rapid eye movements. ... Learn about eye movement disorders, such as strabismus, ... Finding an Eye Doctor (National Eye Institute) * National Eye ... Nystagmus - fast, uncontrollable movements of the eyes, sometimes called "dancing eyes". Some eye movement disorders are ... Anatomy of the Eye (American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus) * How the Eyes Work (National Eye ...
This study examined the eye movements of 24 children and adolescents as they read sentences containing temporary syntactic ... Eye Movements. 3.1.1. Ambiguous Noun Phrase. First pass reading times showed a significant main effect of verb type , ; , , in ... which are when a backwards eye movement (i.e., a right-to-left eye movement in English) is made from the current interest area ... Eye movements were recorded with an SR research Eyelink 1000 eye tracker sampling at 1000 Hz. Viewing was binocular, but only ...
Click on product link to view a detailed description of course and purchasing details ...
Every since I can remember I have had a quick eye movement from side to side and even rolling my eyes. My dad has always rolled ... his eyes and my moms eyes go back and forth. Wouldnt you know I do both. Students are constantly telling me to quit moving my ... "The involuntary eye movements of nystagmus are caused by abnormal function in the areas of the brain that control eye movements ... Depending on the cause, these movements may be in both eyes or in just one eye. The term "dancing eyes" has been used in ...
As humans are highly visual animals, these differences should be reflected in the pattern of eye movements they make when ... Our findings have important implications for both past and future eye movement research while confirming the significant role ...
Join JFKUs EMDR: Theory & Techniques of Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing - Part I course! ... Workshop - Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing - EMDR. *EMDR: Theory & Techniques of Eye Movement Desensitization & ... Workshop in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing - EMDR. EMDR: Theory & Techniques of Eye Movement Desensitization & ... Recommended Text: Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing: Basic Principles; Protocols & Procedures by Francine Shapiro ...
Im on monsterguts.coms list to be notified when their two-axis skull eyes kit becomes available (sounds like theyre trying ... video eyes). Its really neat, but I suspect the C++ programming skills required to assume control of the eye movements are ... Seeking X-Y Servo-Controlled Eye Movement. 938 Views 6 Replies 4 Participants Last post by professor_key, Jul 12, 2021. ... It comes with code already installed that moves the eyes in random directions. If you want to write code for the movements you ...
Find couples counselors in your area specializing in Eye Movement Desensitization And Reprocessing Therapy ... Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy - Relationship & Couples Counseling Results - Texas, United States. ...
Applying eye-movement tracking for the study of map perception and map design. / Brodersen, L.; Andersen, H.H.K.; Weber, Steen ... Applying eye-movement tracking for the study of map perception and map design. Copenhagen : National Survey and Cadastre, 2002 ... Brodersen L, Andersen HHK, Weber S. Applying eye-movement tracking for the study of map perception and map design. Copenhagen: ... Brodersen, L, Andersen, HHK & Weber, S 2002, Applying eye-movement tracking for the study of map perception and map design. ...
To be able to use Rabbit Eye Movement Shop in full range, we recommend activating Javascript in your browser. ...
Sentence context modulates the neighborhood frequency effect in Chinese reading: evidence from eye movements. Journal of ... Sentence context modulates the neighborhood frequency effect in Chinese reading: evidence from eye movements. ... In the current study, we conducted two eye-tracking reading experiments to explore whether sentence context can influence ... Chinese reading; context effect; eye-tracking; neighborhood frequency effect; word recognition. Group:. Faculty of Science & ...
N2 - Eye-tracking is a valuable tool for usability research. Studies into the effect of age on eye-movement behavior tend to ... AB - Eye-tracking is a valuable tool for usability research. Studies into the effect of age on eye-movement behavior tend to ... Eye-tracking is a valuable tool for usability research. Studies into the effect of age on eye-movement behavior tend to ... abstract = "Eye-tracking is a valuable tool for usability research. Studies into the effect of age on eye-movement behavior ...
Perhaps the most important movements of the eyes are those that cause the eyes to ... Fixation Movements of the Eyes. Perhaps the most important movements of the eyes are those that cause the eyes to "fix" on a ... Saccadic Movements During Reading. During theprocess of reading, a person usually makes several sac-cadic movements of the eyes ... Perhaps the most important movements of the eyes are those that cause the eyes to "fix" on a discrete portion of the field of ...
Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan,5290002 Israel ...
"The eye is restless and eye movements occur constantly, even when observers try to avoid them. Our study shows that this ... "This attenuation in eye movements can be used as an estimate for whether and when the occurrence of regular events was indeed ... The researchers found that those without a diagnosis of ADHD tended to have different patterns of eye movements compared with ... The findings indicate that careful analysis of eye movements may offer an objective measure to complement other tools used for ...
I like that eye movements appear mundane, common, and perhaps even uninteresting. They fly under most peoples wow-o-cool-o- ... Despite this unpretentious appearance, eye movements are incredibly interesting and also of the utmost importance to our social ... Whenever I teach eye movements, I am reminded of how exciting they are. ... Unilateral eye movement. Virtually all eye movements are conjugate, meaning that the eyes both move and that they move in the ...
Gestures and Eye Movements Will Control Cars. 60-Second Tech - By Larry Greenemeier01:19 ...
Posts about me too movement written by Tess Meyer ... About From Brown Eyes. Hi, welcome to From Brown Eyes! Im Tess ... Tag: me too movement. Me, too…?. On October 18, 2017. October 20, 2017. By Tess MeyerIn Searching For Happiness1 Comment ... In 2015 I opened my eyes to the realization that I was living my life in a state of habit and I needed to shake things up. It ... Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Tess Meyer and From Brown Eyes with appropriate ...
An eye-tracking computerized system was used to track eye movements during scene visualization. Results showed that judgment ... COVRE, Priscila; MACEDO, Elizeu Coutinho de; CAPOVILLA, Fernando César and SCHWARTZMAN, José Salomão. Eye movements and scan ... The purpose of this paper is to identify the strategies used on mental rotation tasks by analyzing ocular movements. The ...
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a form of therapy that helps individuals heal from trauma or other ...
... movement is unclear. Here, we propose that entorhinal grid-like codes make an essential contribution to socio-spatial ... Control analyses: no effects of eye movements on grid-like codes. To account for the potential impact of eye movements on grid- ... To avoid potential artifacts from other eye movements, and since eye movements typically occur every 200-300 ms85, only events ... and we calculated the percentage of eye movements that were located within the AOI boundaries. The majority of eye movements ...
... including causing problems with eye movements. Learn why brain injuries can impact eye movements, and how a neuro-optometrist ... Difficulty With Eye Movements Following A Brain Injury. Difficulty With Eye Movements Following A Brain Injury. Eye function ... involuntary eye movements (up or down, side to side, or circular motions). These eye movements may be constant or occur solely ... How Can a Brain Injury Impact Eye Movements? Many visual functionalities share pathways throughout the brain. Different eye ...
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)Mindful Path Counselling2023-02-09T12:14:32-05:00 Main Components. EMDR is ... Individuals who perform these eye movements may experience a reduction in the vividness and impact of their memories over time ... a structured mental health modality involving eye movement while focusing on traumatic memories, often referred to as bilateral ... Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). ...
Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Infarction, Eye Movements, Humans, Memory Disorders, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Perceptual ...
HomeCounselling for You Choose Therapy Cognitive Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) ... Disclosing EMDR - Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy. A structured therapy that encourages a patient to ... During this phase, the client focuses on the memory, while engaging in eye movements or other BLS. Then the client reports ... Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy was initially developed in 1987 for the treatment of posttraumatic ...
... sleep behavior disorder is a sleep disorder that involves abnormal behavior during the sleep phase with rapid eye movement (REM ... "A single-question screen for rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a multicenter validation study". Movement disorders : ... Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder (more specifically a parasomnia) that involves abnormal ... Nov 2007). "Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder". Ann Pharmacother. 41 (11): 1833-41. doi:10.1345/aph.1H587. PMID ...
  • The saccades occur so rapidly that nomore than 10 per cent of the total time is spent in moving the eyes, with 90 per cent of the time being allocated to the fixation sites. (brainkart.com)
  • Also, the brain sup-presses the visual image during saccades, so that the person is not conscious of the movements from point to point. (brainkart.com)
  • In this case, the visual scene is not moving past the eyes, but the eyes are trained to move by means of several succes-sive saccades across the visual scene to extract the important information. (brainkart.com)
  • Emerging evidence shows that small involuntary eye movements (saccades and microsaccades) are a promising new tool for shedding light on the hidden workings of mental processes like attention and anticipation, cognitive processes that are often impaired in individuals with ADHD. (newsfolo.com)
  • The website says "Nystagmus refers to rapid involuntary movements of the eyes that may be from side to side (horizontal nystagmus), up and down (vertical nystagmus) or rotary. (latitudes.org)
  • The involuntary eye movements of nystagmus are caused by abnormal function in the areas of the brain that control eye movements. (latitudes.org)
  • To summarize, posterior "involuntary" occipital cor-tical eye fields automatically "lock" the eyes on a given spot of the visual field and thereby prevent movement of the image across the retinas. (brainkart.com)
  • The eyes normally have three types of continuous but almost imperceptible movements: (1) a continuoustremor at a rate of 30 to 80 cycles per second causedby successive contractions of the motor units in the ocular muscles, (2) a slow drift of the eyeballs in one direction or another, and (3) sudden flicking move-ments that are controlled by the involuntary fixationmechanism. (brainkart.com)
  • Dystonia is a disorder characterized by involuntary sustained muscle contractions resulting in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. (medscape.com)
  • The researchers found that those without a diagnosis of ADHD tended to have different patterns of eye movements compared with individuals who had an ADHD diagnosis. (newsfolo.com)
  • This study aimed to investigate eye movement patterns of adults normal readers, while reading texts with two different degrees of difficulty, and with three distinct texts everyday situations, textbooks and newspapers. (bvsalud.org)
  • The objective of present study was to analyze eye movements patterns during reading words in Brazilian Portuguese. (bvsalud.org)
  • Rabbit Eye Movement, established in 2005, is a homage to all those who are active in the urban sphere. (rabbiteyemovement.shop)
  • There is no cure for some kinds of eye movement disorders, such as most kinds of nystagmus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The term "dancing eyes" has been used in regional dialect to describe nystagmus. (latitudes.org)
  • My dad has always rolled his eyes and my moms eyes go back and forth. (latitudes.org)
  • When a spot of light has become fixed on the foveal region of the retina, the tremulous movements cause the spot to move back and forth at a rapid rate across the cones, and the drifting movements cause the spot to drift slowly across the cones. (brainkart.com)
  • Some forms of stimulating the brain bilaterally include eye tracking of hand movements, tapping knees, using a light bar to move eyes back and forth, listening to sounds alternately with each ear or holding a buzzer in each hand. (drsonjabenson.com)
  • The EPRTH™ is a natural method, using, from other means, eyes movements therapy , following a strict and unique process linked to this very method. (eprth.com)
  • In this paper, however, across three different tasks based on computer and internet use (free-viewing, visual search, and browser interaction), we show that among older adults (n=18, age range: 70-93) computer experience appears to be a highly important factor in eye-movement behavior. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • Eye movements during the words reading were recorded from 13 students from Education for Young and for Adults (EYA) (people project with the mean age of 48,33 years, with 7 females, 7 of grade level 3 and 6 of grade level 4. (bvsalud.org)
  • EMDR, or Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing, was created by a psychologist named Francine Shapiro in the 1980s. (drsonjabenson.com)
  • The voluntary fixation movements are controlled by a cortical field located bilaterally in the premotor cor-tical regions of the frontal lobes, as shown in Figure 51-8. (brainkart.com)
  • When this fixation area is destroyed bilaterally in an animal, the animal has difficulty keeping its eyes directed toward a given fixation point or may become totally unable to do so. (brainkart.com)
  • However, a diffuse white pallor is noted on the retina in the right eye. (medscape.com)
  • During each full sleep cycle (usually 7-8 hours), people experience two types of sleep: REM (rapid eye movement) and NREM (non rapid eye movement). (cdc.gov)
  • The eye is restless and eye movements occur constantly, even when observers try to avoid them. (newsfolo.com)
  • These movements, exemplified by tracking a bird as it flies across the sky with eyes only (i.e. while keeping the head steady) are supposed to only occur when a target is followed. (thebrainissocool.com)
  • It comes with code already installed that moves the eyes in random directions. (halloweenforum.com)
  • Each time the spot drifts as far as the edge of the fovea, a sudden reflex reaction occurs, producing a flicking movement that moves the spot away from this edge back toward the center of the fovea.Thus, an automatic response moves the image back toward the central point of vision. (brainkart.com)
  • This means that the left eye moves rightward and the right eye moves leftward, converging at a spot in the center. (thebrainissocool.com)
  • Eye-tracking is a valuable tool for usability research. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • Our study shows that this continuous stream of eye movements is temporarily paused before an anticipated visual event," said senior author on the study Shlomit Yuval-Greenberg, Assistant Professor at Tel Aviv University in Israel. (newsfolo.com)
  • This highlights the essentially conjugate nature of all eye movements except horizontal ones. (thebrainissocool.com)
  • Students are constantly telling me to quit moving my eyes. (latitudes.org)
  • The findings indicate that careful analysis of eye movements may offer an objective measure to complement other tools used for diagnosis and assessing treatment efficacy. (newsfolo.com)
  • This results in "crossed eyes" or "walleye. (medlineplus.gov)
  • As more evidence that maybe (just maybe, tongue in cheek) unilateral eye movements are not the most natural of abilities, doing these eye movements results in a headache. (thebrainissocool.com)
  • It was used the equipament for eyes movements register TOBII ® Results showed that intelligence score range from normal to low. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study examined the eye movements of 24 children and adolescents as they read sentences containing temporary syntactic ambiguities. (hindawi.com)
  • Brodersen, L, Andersen, HHK & Weber, S 2002, Applying eye-movement tracking for the study of map perception and map design . (dtu.dk)
  • In the current study, we conducted two eye-tracking reading experiments to explore whether sentence context can influence neighbor effects in word recognition during Chinese reading. (bournemouth.ac.uk)
  • A technique that measures tiny movements of the eyes may help scientists better understand and perhaps eventually improve assessment of ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), says a study. (newsfolo.com)
  • The new study published in the journal Psychological Science suggests that carefully tracking eye movements offers a new method for empirically monitoring temporal expectation in people with ADHD. (newsfolo.com)
  • This is a condition that creates the internal part of the brain to perceive head movements as exterior stimulations. (grupocpd.com)
  • Under a magnification of 2917X, this scanning electron microscopic (SEM) image depicted a view of the exterior surface of a Western honeybee's, Apis mellifera , compound eye. (cdc.gov)
  • Fixation movements are controlled by two neuronal mechanisms. (brainkart.com)
  • Bilateral dysfunction or destruction of these areas makes it difficult or almost impossible for a person to "unlock" the eyes from one point of fixation and move them to another point. (brainkart.com)
  • Conversely, the fixation mechanism that causes the eyes to "lock" on the object of attention once it is found is controlled by secondary visual areas in theoccipital cortex, located mainly anterior to the primaryvisual cortex. (brainkart.com)
  • To unlock this visual fixation, voluntary signals must be transmitted from cortical "voluntary" eye fields located in the frontal cortices. (brainkart.com)
  • Saccadic Movement of the Eyes-A Mechanism of Successive Fixation Points. (brainkart.com)
  • Twenty-four participants read texts aloud while monocular eye movements were recorded and answered questions related to text comprehension . (bvsalud.org)
  • When you look at an object, you're using several muscles to move both eyes to focus on it. (medlineplus.gov)
  • I also just purchased this kit on Etsy which gets you 2 eyes that move right/left and up/down AND has eyelids. (halloweenforum.com)
  • Virtually all eye movements are conjugate, meaning that the eyes both move and that they move in the same direction. (thebrainissocool.com)
  • It is worth mentioning that I know at least two other people who can make one eye move while the other remains adducted. (thebrainissocool.com)
  • It is usually neces-sary to blink the eyes or put a hand over the eyes for a short time, which then allows the eyes to be moved. (brainkart.com)
  • There is so much more to eye movements than may at first meet our gaze. (thebrainissocool.com)
  • My interpretation is that after normal vergence (adducting both eyes), a gaze shift to the side (let's say left) is initiated. (thebrainissocool.com)
  • Now from a leftward gaze position, a vergence movement will result in the unilateral adduction of the left eye - because the right eye is already in the correct position for vergence. (thebrainissocool.com)
  • The long-term goal is to create a strong interdisciplinary research community linking these fields together and to establish the workshop as the premier forum for research on automatic annotation of gaze videos and use of eye tracking in natural environment studies. (eyemovementresearch.com)
  • Several researchers will present their works on solutions for the (semi-) automatic annotation of gaze videos and on eye movement studies in natural environments as a trailblazer for gaze analysis in natural environments, mobile eye-based interaction and eye-based context-awareness. (eyemovementresearch.com)
  • Visual acuity tests are 20/20 in the left eye and only the perception of hand motion and light in the right eye. (medscape.com)
  • This collection of information about eye movement research depends heavily on your input! (eyemovementresearch.com)
  • In 2015 I opened my eyes to the realization that I was living my life in a state of habit and I needed to shake things up. (frombrowneyes.com)
  • It's really neat, but I suspect the C++ programming skills required to assume control of the eye movements are well above mine. (halloweenforum.com)
  • A Picotalk will control 2 or 3 movements with LED support. (halloweenforum.com)
  • It is noteworthy that achieving such a degree of unilateral eye control took a great deal of dedicated practice on Leslie's part. (thebrainissocool.com)
  • Sentence context modulates the neighborhood frequency effect in Chinese reading: evidence from eye movements. (bournemouth.ac.uk)
  • Saccadic Movements During Reading. (brainkart.com)
  • During theprocess of reading, a person usually makes several sac-cadic movements of the eyes for each line. (brainkart.com)
  • Your medical professional might advise that you put on a vestibular support tool, prevent abrupt movements, or change your workout regimens. (grupocpd.com)
  • Well to change from vergence to looking left, the only movement needed is left eye abduction. (thebrainissocool.com)
  • So off goes the left eye. (thebrainissocool.com)
  • No papilledema, retinal nicking, cotton-wool spots, or other abnormalities are detected in the left eye. (medscape.com)
  • When a visual scene is moving contin-ually before the eyes, such as when a person is riding in a car, the eyes fix on one highlight after another in the visual field, jumping from one to the next at a rate of two to three jumps per second. (brainkart.com)
  • The bilateral anatomical placement of the insect's eyes provides it with a very wide range of visual sensitivity. (cdc.gov)
  • The prop I'm making uses a Panasonic Grid-EYE thermopile IR sensor array device in conjunction with an Arduino to cause the prop's eye's to track people walking by. (halloweenforum.com)
  • I'd like to be justly able to take credit for this idea, but after I started working on the project I soon found two other people who've already done this using Adafruit's video eye products. (halloweenforum.com)
  • He and his colleagues studied eye contact between dogs and people. (thebrainissocool.com)
  • Due to what is referred to as the flicker effect, the compound eye is made very sensitive to movement, with each of the ommatidia turning on and off, as objects pass across its field of view. (cdc.gov)
  • 10 ] investigated children's processing of plausible and implausible sentences using eye tracking. (hindawi.com)
  • We argue that as a consequence of the experimental environment used in modern eye-tracking studies, characteristics such as familiarity and experience with computers should be taken into account before conclusions are drawn about the raw effects of age. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • Do you want to analyse mobile eye tracking data? (eyemovementresearch.com)
  • We are providing a forum for researchers from human-computer interaction, context-aware computing, robotics, computer vision and image processing, psychology, sport science, eye tracking and industry to discuss techniques and applications that go beyond classical eye tracking and stationary eye-based interaction. (eyemovementresearch.com)
  • An eye-tracking computerized system was used to track eye movements during scene visualization. (bvsalud.org)
  • We found that individuals with ADHD tended to not attenuate their eye movements before a predictable event, which suggests that they were not able to predict the event and/or to act upon predictions," Yuval-Greenberg explained. (newsfolo.com)
  • Also, this is the only type of strange movement I have ever had. (latitudes.org)
  • But no one can intentionally make any other type of unilateral eye movement. (thebrainissocool.com)
  • At another time, I will share a video of a student who appears to be able to make voluntary smooth pursuit movements. (thebrainissocool.com)
  • It was during this time that I created From Brown Eyes. (frombrowneyes.com)
  • The exception is vergence , a movement that we make when we want to fixate on a near object. (thebrainissocool.com)
  • Every since I can remember I have had a quick eye movement from side to side and even rolling my eyes. (latitudes.org)
  • But, the side to side quick movements? (latitudes.org)
  • Strabismus - a disorder in which the two eyes don't line up in the same direction. (medlineplus.gov)