Diseases affecting the eye.
The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.
Transmission of gene defects or chromosomal aberrations/abnormalities which are expressed in extreme variation in the structure or function of the eye. These may be evident at birth, but may be manifested later with progression of the disorder.
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.
An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.
Inflammation of the eyelids.
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.
The fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands. This fluid moistens the CONJUNCTIVA and CORNEA.
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).
Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases.
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye or of vision disorders.
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.
Persons with loss of vision such that there is an impact on activities of daily living.
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.
Measurement of light given off by fluorescein in order to assess the integrity of various ocular barriers. The method is used to investigate the blood-aqueous barrier, blood-retinal barrier, aqueous flow measurements, corneal endothelial permeability, and tear flow dynamics.
Method of making images on a sensitized surface by exposure to light or other radiant energy.
Application of tests and examinations to identify visual defects or vision disorders occurring in specific populations, as in school children, the elderly, etc. It is differentiated from VISION TESTS, which are given to evaluate/measure individual visual performance not related to a specific population.
The sebaceous glands situated on the inner surface of the eyelids between the tarsal plates and CONJUNCTIVA.
The mucous membrane that covers the posterior surface of the eyelids and the anterior pericorneal surface of the eyeball.
Vision considered to be inferior to normal vision as represented by accepted standards of acuity, field of vision, or motility. Low vision generally refers to visual disorders that are caused by diseases that cannot be corrected by refraction (e.g., MACULAR DEGENERATION; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, etc.).
Sterile solutions that are intended for instillation into the eye. It does not include solutions for cleaning eyeglasses or CONTACT LENS SOLUTIONS.
Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.
Dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. It may be associated with vitamin A deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely.
Eyelid diseases refer to medical conditions that affect the eyelids, including infections, allergies, tumors, and disorders that affect their function or appearance.
Diseases of the cornea.
Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with XEROSTOMIA and polyarthritis, it is called SJOGREN'S SYNDROME.
A series of tests used to assess various functions of the eyes.
Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.
Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Retinal diseases refer to medical conditions that affect the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, leading to vision loss or blindness.
Colloid or hyaline bodies lying beneath the retinal pigment epithelium. They may occur either secondary to changes in the choroid that affect the pigment epithelium or as an autosomal dominant disorder of the retinal pigment epithelium.
A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)
A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.
Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.
A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.
The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)
Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.
The professional practice of primary eye and vision care that includes the measurement of visual refractive power and the correction of visual defects with lenses or glasses.
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).
The surgical removal of the eyeball leaving the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact.
The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium.
Albinism affecting the eye in which pigment of the hair and skin is normal or only slightly diluted. The classic type is X-linked (Nettleship-Falls), but an autosomal recessive form also exists. Ocular abnormalities may include reduced pigmentation of the iris, nystagmus, photophobia, strabismus, and decreased visual acuity.
Color of the iris.
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.
The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye consisting of five layers: stratified squamous CORNEAL EPITHELIUM; BOWMAN MEMBRANE; CORNEAL STROMA; DESCEMET MEMBRANE; and mesenchymal CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM. It serves as the first refracting medium of the eye. It is structurally continuous with the SCLERA, avascular, receiving its nourishment by permeation through spaces between the lamellae, and is innervated by the ophthalmic division of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE via the ciliary nerves and those of the surrounding conjunctiva which together form plexuses. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Examination of the interior of the eye with an ophthalmoscope.
The removal of a cataractous CRYSTALLINE LENS from the eye.
An objective determination of the refractive state of the eye (NEARSIGHTEDNESS; FARSIGHTEDNESS; ASTIGMATISM). By using a RETINOSCOPE, the amount of correction and the power of lens needed can be determined.
1861-1865 conflict between the Union (Northern states) and the 11 Southern states that seceded and were organized as the Confederate States of America.
Disorder caused by loss of endothelium of the central cornea. It is characterized by hyaline endothelial outgrowths on Descemet's membrane, epithelial blisters, reduced vision, and pain.
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids.
Each of the upper and lower folds of SKIN which cover the EYE when closed.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Centers for storing various parts of the eye for future use.
The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.
Inflammation, often mild, of the conjunctiva caused by a variety of viral agents. Conjunctival involvement may be part of a systemic infection.
The blood vessels which supply and drain the RETINA.
The tear-forming and tear-conducting system which includes the lacrimal glands, eyelid margins, conjunctival sac, and the tear drainage system.
The single layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the RETINA, situated closely to the tips (outer segments) of the RETINAL PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. These epithelial cells are macroglia that perform essential functions for the photoreceptor cells, such as in nutrient transport, phagocytosis of the shed photoreceptor membranes, and ensuring retinal attachment.
Filarial infection of the eyes transmitted from person to person by bites of Onchocerca volvulus-infected black flies. The microfilariae of Onchocerca are thus deposited beneath the skin. They migrate through various tissues including the eye. Those persons infected have impaired vision and up to 20% are blind. The incidence of eye lesions has been reported to be as high as 30% in Central America and parts of Africa.
Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.
1976 accidental release of DIOXINS from a manufacturing facility in Seveso, ITALY following an equipment failure.
The total area or space visible in a person's peripheral vision with the eye looking straightforward.
An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototropic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Plastic surgery performed, usually by excision of skin, for the elimination of wrinkles from the skin.
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).
The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.
Curved rows of HAIR located on the upper edges of the eye sockets.
Oxygenated forms of carotenoids. They are usually derived from alpha and beta carotene.
Inflammation of the cornea.
Stratified squamous epithelium that covers the outer surface of the CORNEA. It is smooth and contains many free nerve endings.
Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.
Tumors or cancer of the EYE.
A genus of parasitic nematodes whose organisms live and breed in skin and subcutaneous tissues. Onchocercal microfilariae may also be found in the urine, blood, or sputum.
A transparent, biconvex structure of the EYE, enclosed in a capsule and situated behind the IRIS and in front of the vitreous humor (VITREOUS BODY). It is slightly overlapped at its margin by the ciliary processes. Adaptation by the CILIARY BODY is crucial for OCULAR ACCOMMODATION.
Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.
A pair of ophthalmic lenses in a frame or mounting which is supported by the nose and ears. The purpose is to aid or improve vision. It does not include goggles or nonprescription sun glasses for which EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICES is available.
A form of herpetic keratitis characterized by the formation of small vesicles which break down and coalesce to form recurring dendritic ulcers, characteristically irregular, linear, branching, and ending in knoblike extremities. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)
Acute or chronic inflammation of the iris and ciliary body characterized by exudates into the anterior chamber, discoloration of the iris, and constricted, sluggish pupil. Symptoms include radiating pain, photophobia, lacrimation, and interference with vision.
Processes and properties of the EYE as a whole or of any of its parts.
Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Light sensory organ in ARTHROPODS consisting of a large number of ommatidia, each functioning as an independent photoreceptor unit.
An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Personal devices for protection of the eyes from impact, flying objects, glare, liquids, or injurious radiation.
The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.
The administration of therapeutic agents drop by drop, as eye drops, ear drops, or nose drops. It is also administered into a body space or cavity through a catheter. It differs from THERAPEUTIC IRRIGATION in that the irrigate is removed within minutes, but the instillate is left in place.
Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.
Relatively bright light, or the dazzling sensation of relatively bright light, which produces unpleasantness or discomfort, or which interferes with optimal VISION, OCULAR. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Lenses designed to be worn on the front surface of the eyeball. (UMDNS, 1999)
Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.
The response of cells in sensing a difference in OSMOTIC PRESSURE between the inside and outside of the cell. This response includes signaling from osmotic sensors to activate transcription factors, which in turn regulate the expression of osmocompensatory genes, all functioning to maintain CELL VOLUME and the water concentration inside the cells.
A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.
A condition of an inequality of refractive power of the two eyes.
A quality-of-life scale developed in the United States in 1972 as a measure of health status or dysfunction generated by a disease. It is a behaviorally based questionnaire for patients and addresses activities such as sleep and rest, mobility, recreation, home management, emotional behavior, social interaction, and the like. It measures the patient's perceived health status and is sensitive enough to detect changes or differences in health status occurring over time or between groups. (From Medical Care, vol.xix, no.8, August 1981, p.787-805)
A bright bluish pink compound that has been used as a dye, biological stain, and diagnostic aid.
Eye proteins are the biological molecules that make up the various structures of the eye and are essential for its proper function.
Surgery performed on the eye or any of its parts.
Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.
A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Optic disk bodies composed primarily of acid mucopolysaccharides that may produce pseudopapilledema (elevation of the optic disk without associated INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION) and visual field deficits. Drusen may also occur in the retina (see RETINAL DRUSEN). (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p355)
Method of measuring and mapping the scope of vision, from central to peripheral of each eye.
A chronic infection of the CONJUNCTIVA and CORNEA caused by CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS.
Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.
Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.
A lipocalin that was orignally characterized from human TEARS. It is expressed primarily in the LACRIMAL GLAND and the VON EBNER GLANDS. Lipocalin 1 may play a role in olfactory transduction by concentrating and delivering odorants to the ODORANT RECEPTORS.
A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
The number of males and females in a given population. The distribution may refer to how many men or women or what proportion of either in the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.
A form of MACULAR DEGENERATION also known as dry macular degeneration marked by occurrence of a well-defined progressive lesion or atrophy in the central part of the RETINA called the MACULA LUTEA. It is distinguishable from WET MACULAR DEGENERATION in that the latter involves neovascular exudates.
A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)
The process in which light signals are transformed by the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS into electrical signals which can then be transmitted to the brain.
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.
Methods and procedures for recording EYE MOVEMENTS.
The positioning and accommodation of eyes that allows the image to be brought into place on the FOVEA CENTRALIS of each eye.
The back two-thirds of the eye that includes the anterior hyaloid membrane and all of the optical structures behind it: the VITREOUS HUMOR; RETINA; CHOROID; and OPTIC NERVE.
Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
A pathological process consisting of the formation of new blood vessels in the CHOROID.
Conjunctival diseases refer to medical conditions that affect the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent membrane that covers the white part of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The white, opaque, fibrous, outer tunic of the eyeball, covering it entirely excepting the segment covered anteriorly by the cornea. It is essentially avascular but contains apertures for vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. It receives the tendons of insertion of the extraocular muscles and at the corneoscleral junction contains the canal of Schlemm. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.
Recording of electric potentials in the retina after stimulation by light.
The distance between the anterior and posterior poles of the eye, measured either by ULTRASONOGRAPHY or by partial coherence interferometry.
The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve.
An alkaloid from SOLANACEAE, especially DATURA and SCOPOLIA. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like ATROPINE, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in URINARY INCONTINENCE, in MOTION SICKNESS, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and that part of the crystalline lens which presents through the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p109)
Photosensitive protein complexes of varied light absorption properties which are expressed in the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are OPSINS conjugated with VITAMIN A-based chromophores. Chromophores capture photons of light, leading to the activation of opsins and a biochemical cascade that ultimately excites the photoreceptor cells.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex.
The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.
Cell surface proteins that bind pituitary THYROTROPIN (also named thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH) and trigger intracellular changes of the target cells. TSH receptors are present in the nervous system and on target cells in the thyroid gland. Autoantibodies to TSH receptors are implicated in thyroid diseases such as GRAVES DISEASE and Hashimoto disease (THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE).
The clear, watery fluid which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It has a refractive index lower than the crystalline lens, which it surrounds, and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea and the crystalline lens. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p319)
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
A glandular epithelial cell or a unicellular gland. Goblet cells secrete MUCUS. They are scattered in the epithelial linings of many organs, especially the SMALL INTESTINE and the RESPIRATORY TRACT.
Infections in the inner or external eye caused by microorganisms belonging to several families of bacteria. Some of the more common genera found are Haemophilus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Chlamydia.
Refraction of LIGHT effected by the media of the EYE.
The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease.
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.
A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the RETINA. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Eye movements that are slow, continuous, and conjugate and occur when a fixed object is moved slowly.
The blending of separate images seen by each eye into one composite image.
Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field.
The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.
Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.
The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.
Persons living in the United States of Mexican (MEXICAN AMERICANS), Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin. The concept does not include Brazilian Americans or Portuguese Americans.
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.
Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide dietary ingredients, and that are intended to be taken by mouth to increase the intake of nutrients. Dietary supplements can include macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; and/or MICRONUTRIENTS, such as VITAMINS; MINERALS; and PHYTOCHEMICALS.
The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Abuja.
Materials used in closing a surgical or traumatic wound. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Images seen by one eye.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).
A numerical system of measuring the rate of BLOOD GLUCOSE generation from a particular food item as compared to a reference item, such as glucose = 100. Foods with higher glycemic index numbers create greater blood sugar swings.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Specialized cells in the invertebrates that detect and transduce light. They are predominantly rhabdomeric with an array of photosensitive microvilli. Illumination depolarizes invertebrate photoreceptors by stimulating Na+ influx across the plasma membrane.
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.
The front third of the eyeball that includes the structures between the front surface of the cornea and the front of the VITREOUS BODY.
Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.
A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.
The type species of SIMPLEXVIRUS causing most forms of non-genital herpes simplex in humans. Primary infection occurs mainly in infants and young children and then the virus becomes latent in the dorsal root ganglion. It then is periodically reactivated throughout life causing mostly benign conditions.
The surgical removal of the inner contents of the eye, leaving the sclera intact. It should be differentiated from ORBIT EVISCERATION which removes the entire contents of the orbit, including eyeball, blood vessels, muscles, fat, nerve supply, and periosteum.
The aperture in the iris through which light passes.
The absence or restriction of the usual external sensory stimuli to which the individual responds.
Removal of the whole or part of the vitreous body in treating endophthalmitis, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies, and some types of glaucoma.
Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.

Failing firefighters: a survey of causes of death and ill-health retirement in serving firefighters in Strathclyde, Scotland from 1985-94. (1/1584)

During the decade beginning 1 January 1985, 887 full-time firefighters, all male, left the service of Strathclyde Fire Brigade (SFB). There were 17 deaths--compared to 64.4 expected in the Scottish male population aged 15-54 years--giving a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of 26, and 488 ill-health retirements (IHR). None of the deaths was attributable to service, the major causes being: myocardial infarction--five, (expected = 17.3; SMR = 29); cancers--three (colon, kidney and lung) (expected = 13.6; SMR = 22); road traffic accidents--two (expected = 4.17; SMR = 48) and suicide--two (expected = 4.9; SMR = 41). Amalgamating the deaths and IHRs showed that the six most common reasons for IHR were musculoskeletal (n = 202, 40%), ocular (n = 61, 12.1%), 'others' (n = 58, 11.5%), injuries (n = 50, 9.9%), heart disease (n = 48, 9.5%) and mental disorders (n = 45, 8.9%). Over 300 IHRs (over 60%) occurred after 20 or more years service. When the IHRs were subdivided into two quinquennia, there were 203 and 302 in each period. Mean length of service during each quinquennium was 19.4 vs. 21.3 years (p = 0.003) and median length was 21 years in both periods; interquartile range was 12-26 years in the first and 17-27 years in the second period (p = 0.002), but when further broken down into diagnostic categories, the differences were not statistically significant, with the exception of means of IHRs attributed to mental disorders (14.5 vs. 19 years, p = 0.03).  (+info)

Dose-loading with hydroxychloroquine improves the rate of response in early, active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind six-week trial with eighteen-week extension. (2/1584)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the usefulness of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) dose-loading to increase the percentage of responders or rate of response in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Two hundred twelve patients with early RA (mean duration 1.5 years) were enrolled in a 24-week trial. Patients were stabilized with 1,000 mg naproxen/day and then began a 6-week, double-blind trial comparing treatment with HCQ at 400 mg/day (n = 71), 800 mg/day (n = 71), and 1,200 mg/day (n = 66), followed by 18 weeks of open-label HCQ treatment at 400 mg/day. RESULTS: All patients had mild, active disease at the time of initiation of HCQ treatment (31-43% rheumatoid factor positive; no previous disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; mean swollen joint count 8.6-10.4). Based on the Paulus criteria, response during the 6-week double-blind portion of the study was 47.97%, 57.7%, and 63.6% in the 400 mg/day, 800 mg/day, and 1,200 mg/day groups, respectively (P = 0.052). Discontinuations for adverse events were dose related (3 in the 400 mg/day group, 5 in the 800 mg/day group, 6 in the 1,200 mg/day group). Most involved the gastrointestinal (GI) system, with the background naproxen treatment possibly contributing. Ocular abnormalities occurred in 17 of 212 patients (8%) but were not dose related. CONCLUSION: Dose-loading with HCQ increased the degree of response at 6 weeks in this group of patients with early, predominantly seronegative RA. Adverse GI events were dose related, while adverse ocular events were not.  (+info)

Histologic analysis of photochemical lesions produced in rhesus retina by short-wave-length light. (3/1584)

The photopathology of retinal lesions produced by extended exposure (1000 sec) to low corneal power levels (62 microW) of blue light (441 nm) was investigated by light microscopy in 20 rhesus eyes over an interval ranging from 1 hr to 90 days after exposure. Results indicate a nonthermal type of photochemical lesion originating in the retinal pigment epithelium and leading to a histological response with hypopigmentation which requires 48 hr to appear. This type of lesion helps to explain solar retinitis and eclipse blindness and has significance for aging and degenerative changes in the retina.  (+info)

Disrupted retinal development in the embryonic belly spot and tail mutant mouse. (4/1584)

The Belly spot and tail (Bst) semidominant mutation, mapped to mouse Chromosome 16, leads to developmental defects of the eye, skeleton, and coat pigmentation. In the eye, the mutant phenotype is characterized by the presence of retinal colobomas, a paucity of retinal ganglion cells, and axon misrouting. The severity of defects in the Bst/+ retina is variable among individuals and is often asymmetric. In order to determine the role of the Bst locus during retinal morphogenesis, we searched for the earliest observable defects in the developing eye. We examined the retinas of Bst/+ and +/+ littermates from embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) through E13.5 and measured retinal size, cell density, cell death, mitotic index, and cell birth index. We have found that development of the Bst/+ retina is notably dilatory by as early as E10.5. The affected retinas are smaller than their wildtype counterparts, and optic fissure fusion is delayed. In the mutant, there is a marked lag in the exit of retinal cells from the mitotic cycle, even though there are no observable differences in the rate of cellular proliferation or cell death between the two groups. We hypothesize that Bst regulates retinal cell differentiation and that variability of structural defects in the mutant, such as those affecting optic fissure fusion, is a reflection of the extent of developmental delay brought about by the Bst mutation.  (+info)

Vitrectomy in 125 eyes with diabetic vitreous haemorrhage. (5/1584)

A total of 125 consecutive eyes, all registered blind with diabetic vitreous haemorrhage, underwent pars plana vitrectomy with the vitrophage. Sixty-six per cent experienced some improvement in their visual acuity; 24 per cent were unchanged and 10 per cent were worse postoperatively. The major surgical complication was controllable haemorrhage (23 per cent). No retinal dialysis occurred. Significant postoperative complications were transient (71 per cent) and persistent (11 per cent) corneal oedema, early (8 per cent) and late (13 per cent) vitreous haemorrhage, transient (30 per cent) and persistent (6 per cent) rise in intraocular pressure, and rubeosis iridis (5 per cent).  (+info)

Perifoveal vascular leakage and macular oedema after intracapsular cataract extraction. (6/1584)

Perifoveal capillary leakage of fluorescein was demonstrated in 60 per cent of 50 eyes when angiography was performed two weeks after cataract extraction. Repeat angiography six weeks postoperatively in 17 eyes demonstrated persistence of already established leakage in 11 of 12 eyes and no new leakage in five eyes previously negative. Cystoid macular oedema with visual acuity of less than 20/40 six weeks postoperatively occurred in five eyes (10 per cent). Eyes of patients with vascular disease and those patients of 60 years or older were found to have altered vascular permeability significantly more frequently. Inflammation was no more severe or prevalent in those patients who demonstrated leakage and no inflammation was clinically apparent in 10 of 11 eyes demonstrating dye leakage six weeks postoperatively. We conclude that the constitutional factors of age and vascular disease are of prime importance in causing altered vascular permeability in the early postoperative period after cataract extraction; factors causing sustained leakage with reduction of visual acuity were not demonstrated.  (+info)

A prospective study of xenon arc photocoagulation for central retinal vein occlusion. (7/1584)

Twenty patients with central retinal vein occlusion were randomly divided into two groups in a prospective study to evaluate the effects of xenon are photocoagulation in central retinal vein occlusion. The patients in one group were treated with 360 degrees scatter xenon photocoagulation and the others received no treatment. The average follow-up was 18 months. There were no cases of rubeosis or neovascular glaucoma in the treated group. Two patients in the untreated group developed rubeosis with subsequent neovascular glaucoma. There was no significant difference in the visual prognosis or in fundus neovascularization between the groups.  (+info)

Comparison of PCR, virus isolation, and indirect fluorescent antibody staining in the detection of naturally occurring feline herpesvirus infections. (8/1584)

Cats with clinical signs suggestive of ocular infection with feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV 1) and cats without such signs were assayed by 3 methods to detect FHV. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), virus isolation, and indirect fluorescent antibody staining techniques for the detection of FHV demonstrated higher sensitivity of PCR in detecting this common infectious agent of cats. Compared with PCR, sensitivity and specificity for virus isolation was 49% and 100%, respectively, and those of indirect immunofluorescence were 29% and 96%, respectively. FHV was detected in 13.7% of client-owned cats with conjunctivitis and in 31% of shelter cats with no ocular signs. The use of FHV PCR as a diagnostic test for FHV-associated disease is limited because of the occurrence of healthy carriers.  (+info)

Eye diseases refer to any medical conditions that affect the eyes, including the structures and tissues that make up the eye, as well as the visual system. These conditions can range from minor irritations and infections to more serious and potentially blinding conditions. Some common examples of eye diseases include: 1. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause vision loss. 2. Glaucoma: A group of eye diseases that can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss. 3. Age-related macular degeneration: A progressive eye disease that affects the central part of the retina and can cause vision loss. 4. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that can damage the blood vessels in the retina and lead to vision loss. 5. Retinitis pigmentosa: A genetic disorder that causes progressive vision loss. 6. Conjunctivitis: An inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin, clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye. 7. Uveitis: An inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, including the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. 8. Corneal dystrophies: A group of inherited conditions that cause abnormal growth of the cornea, the clear front part of the eye. 9. Optic neuritis: An inflammation of the optic nerve that can cause vision loss. 10. Strabismus: A condition in which the eyes do not align properly, which can cause double vision. These are just a few examples of the many eye diseases that can affect people. Early detection and treatment are important for preventing vision loss and preserving sight.

Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a common condition that affects the eyes by causing them to feel dry, itchy, and irritated. It occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears or the tears produced are not of the right quality to lubricate and protect the eyes properly. Dry eye syndrome can be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal changes, certain medications, environmental factors such as air conditioning or wind, and medical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. It can also be a side effect of certain treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Symptoms of dry eye syndrome can include burning, stinging, redness, grittiness, and sensitivity to light. In severe cases, it can lead to vision problems and damage to the cornea. Treatment for dry eye syndrome typically involves using artificial tears or other lubricating eye drops to help keep the eyes moist. In some cases, medications or procedures may be recommended to help increase tear production or improve tear quality. It is important to consult with an eye doctor if you are experiencing symptoms of dry eye syndrome, as they can help diagnose the condition and recommend appropriate treatment.

Hereditary eye diseases are a group of conditions that are caused by genetic mutations and are passed down from parents to their children. These diseases can affect various parts of the eye, including the retina, lens, cornea, and optic nerve, and can cause a range of symptoms, from mild vision problems to complete blindness. Some common examples of hereditary eye diseases include: 1. Retinitis pigmentosa: A group of inherited diseases that cause progressive damage to the retina, leading to vision loss and eventual blindness. 2. Congenital cataracts: A condition in which the lens of the eye becomes cloudy before or shortly after birth. 3. Glaucoma: A group of eye diseases that can cause damage to the optic nerve and lead to vision loss. 4. Macular degeneration: A condition in which the central part of the retina, called the macula, begins to deteriorate, leading to vision loss. 5. Usher syndrome: A group of inherited disorders that affect both hearing and vision. Hereditary eye diseases can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including genetic testing, ophthalmic exams, and imaging studies. Treatment options may include medications, surgery, and other interventions, depending on the specific disease and its severity. Early detection and treatment are important for managing these conditions and preserving vision.

Macular degeneration is a medical condition that affects the macula, which is the central part of the retina in the eye responsible for sharp, central vision. There are two main types of macular degeneration: dry and wet. Dry macular degeneration is the most common form and is characterized by the gradual accumulation of small yellow deposits called drusen in the macula. These deposits can cause the retina to thin and the macula to become damaged, leading to a loss of central vision. Wet macular degeneration is less common but more severe. It occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the retina and leak fluid or blood, causing damage to the macula and leading to a rapid loss of vision. Both forms of macular degeneration can be treated, but the best course of action depends on the severity of the condition and the individual patient's needs. Treatment options may include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery.

Graves Ophthalmopathy, also known as thyroid eye disease, is an autoimmune disorder that affects the muscles and tissues around the eyes. It is a common complication of Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder that causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone. The symptoms of Graves Ophthalmopathy can include inflammation and swelling of the eyelids, double vision, bulging eyes, and in severe cases, vision loss. The condition can also cause dryness, redness, and irritation of the eyes. Graves Ophthalmopathy is typically treated with medications to reduce inflammation and slow the progression of the disease. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct eye problems or improve the appearance of the eyes. It is important for people with Graves Ophthalmopathy to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their symptoms and prevent complications.

Blepharitis is a common eye condition characterized by inflammation of the eyelids. It can affect either one or both eyelids and is often accompanied by symptoms such as redness, itching, burning, and swelling. Blepharitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial or fungal infections, skin conditions such as rosacea, and allergies. Treatment for blepharitis typically involves cleaning the eyelids with warm water and a mild soap, using antibiotic or anti-inflammatory eye drops or ointments, and in some cases, oral antibiotics. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove any blockages or debris from the eyelids.

A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens in the eye that affects vision. The lens is responsible for focusing light onto the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. When the lens becomes cloudy, it can interfere with the ability of light to pass through and be focused properly, leading to vision problems. Cataracts are a common age-related condition, but they can also be caused by injury, disease, or certain medications. Symptoms of cataracts may include blurry vision, difficulty seeing at night, sensitivity to light, double vision, and the appearance of halos around lights. Treatment for cataracts typically involves surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial lens. This procedure, called cataract surgery, is generally safe and effective, and can significantly improve vision in people with cataracts.

Blindness is a medical condition characterized by a severe loss of vision that affects a person's ability to see and navigate their environment. In medical terms, blindness is defined as visual acuity of less than 20/200 in the better eye, even with corrective lenses. This means that a person with blindness cannot see as well as a person with normal vision, and may have difficulty recognizing faces, reading, or performing other tasks that require good vision. Blindness can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic disorders, eye injuries, infections, diseases such as glaucoma or cataracts, and aging. It can also be caused by neurological conditions such as stroke or brain injury, or by certain medications or toxins. Treatment for blindness depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, corrective lenses or surgery may be able to improve vision. In other cases, rehabilitation and assistive technology such as braille, audio books, and guide dogs may be necessary to help individuals with blindness live independently and participate fully in society.

Vision disorders refer to a range of conditions that affect an individual's ability to see clearly or perceive visual information accurately. These disorders can affect any part of the visual system, including the eyes, the optic nerve, the brain, or the visual pathways that connect these structures. Some common vision disorders include: 1. Refractive errors: These are errors in the shape of the eye that cause light to focus incorrectly on the retina, leading to blurred vision. Examples include nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), and astigmatism. 2. Cataracts: A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause。 3. Glaucoma: Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss or blindness. 4. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): AMD is a progressive eye disease that affects the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision. 5. Diabetic retinopathy: This is a complication of diabetes that can cause damage to the blood vessels in the retina, leading to vision loss. 6. Retinitis pigmentosa: This is a genetic disorder that causes progressive damage to the retina, leading to night blindness and eventually vision loss. 7. Amblyopia: Amblyopia, also known as lazy eye, is a condition in which the brain does not properly use one eye, leading to reduced vision in that eye. These are just a few examples of the many vision disorders that can affect individuals. Treatment for these disorders may include corrective lenses, surgery, medication, or other interventions, depending on the specific condition and its severity.

Refractive errors are a group of conditions that affect the way light passes through the eye and reaches the retina. The retina is a light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye that converts light into electrical signals that are sent to the brain for processing. When light does not pass through the eye correctly, it can result in refractive errors. Refractive errors can be classified into three main categories: myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and astigmatism. Myopia occurs when the eye is too long or the cornea is too curved, causing light to focus in front of the retina instead of on it. Hyperopia occurs when the eye is too short or the cornea is too flat, causing light to focus behind the retina instead of on it. Astigmatism occurs when the cornea is irregularly shaped, causing light to focus unevenly on the retina. Refractive errors can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery. The type of correction needed depends on the severity and type of refractive error, as well as the individual's visual needs and lifestyle. Regular eye exams are important for detecting and managing refractive errors to prevent vision loss and maintain good eye health.

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve, which is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain. This damage can lead to gradual vision loss and, in severe cases, blindness. There are several types of glaucoma, including open-angle glaucoma, closed-angle glaucoma, and normal-tension glaucoma. Open-angle glaucoma is the most common type and typically affects both eyes. It occurs when the drainage system in the eye becomes blocked, causing increased pressure inside the eye. Closed-angle glaucoma is less common and occurs when the iris blocks the drainage system, causing a sudden increase in eye pressure. Normal-tension glaucoma occurs when the eye pressure is within the normal range, but the optic nerve is still damaged. Symptoms of glaucoma may include blurred vision, eye pain, redness, and sensitivity to light. However, many people with glaucoma have no symptoms until the disease is advanced. That's why regular eye exams are important for early detection and treatment. Treatment for glaucoma typically involves lowering eye pressure with medication, laser therapy, or surgery. The goal of treatment is to slow or stop the progression of the disease and preserve vision.

Uveitis is an inflammation of the uvea, which is the middle layer of the eye that includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. It can affect one or both eyes and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain medications. Symptoms of uveitis may include redness, pain, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, and floaters. If left untreated, uveitis can lead to serious complications, such as glaucoma, cataracts, and vision loss. Treatment for uveitis typically involves the use of corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory medications, as well as management of any underlying causes of the inflammation.

Eye infections, also known as ocular infections, are infections that affect the structures of the eye, including the eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, iris, and retina. These infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other microorganisms, and can range from mild to severe. Common symptoms of eye infections include redness, itching, burning, discharge from the eye, sensitivity to light, and blurred vision. In some cases, eye infections can cause more serious complications, such as vision loss or even blindness. Treatment for eye infections depends on the type and severity of the infection. In general, treatment may involve the use of antibiotics, antiviral medications, or antifungal medications, as well as measures to relieve symptoms such as eye drops or ointments. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or repair damage to the eye. Prevention of eye infections involves good hygiene practices, such as washing hands regularly and avoiding touching the eyes, as well as practicing safe behaviors such as not sharing towels or makeup with others. It is also important to wear protective eyewear when working with chemicals or other substances that can irritate the eyes.

Eye injuries refer to any damage or trauma that affects the structures of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, optic nerve, and surrounding tissues. These injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including physical trauma, chemical exposure, radiation, or infection. Eye injuries can range from minor to severe and can cause temporary or permanent vision loss, depending on the extent of the damage. Some common types of eye injuries include corneal abrasions, conjunctivitis, chemical burns, foreign body injuries, and retinal detachment. Treatment for eye injuries depends on the severity and type of injury. Minor injuries may be treated with eye drops or ointments, while more severe injuries may require surgery or other medical interventions. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect that you or someone else has suffered an eye injury to prevent further damage and promote the best possible outcome.

Eye abnormalities refer to any deviation from the normal structure or function of the eye. These abnormalities can be present at birth or develop over time due to various factors such as genetics, injury, disease, or aging. Some common examples of eye abnormalities include: 1. Refractive errors: These are errors in the way the eye focuses light, leading to conditions such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism. 2. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause vision loss. 3. Glaucoma: A group of eye diseases that can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss. 4. Retinal disorders: Conditions that affect the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, such as macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy. 5. Eye infections: Infections of the eye, such as conjunctivitis or keratitis, can cause redness, swelling, and vision problems. 6. Eye injuries: Trauma to the eye, such as a blow to the head or a foreign object in the eye, can cause damage to the eye and vision loss. 7. Eye tumors: Benign or malignant tumors in the eye can cause vision problems and other symptoms. Eye abnormalities can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including eye exams, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Treatment options depend on the specific abnormality and may include medications, surgery, or other interventions.

Diabetic Retinopathy is a medical condition that affects the blood vessels in the retina, which is the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. It is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, and it can lead to vision loss if left untreated. Diabetic Retinopathy occurs when high blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels in the retina, causing them to leak or become blocked. This can lead to swelling, bleeding, and the formation of abnormal blood vessels, which can further damage the retina and cause vision loss. There are two main types of diabetic retinopathy: non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy is the more common type and is characterized by damage to the blood vessels in the retina, but without the formation of new blood vessels. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is a more advanced form of the disease, and it is characterized by the growth of new blood vessels in the retina, which can cause bleeding and further vision loss. Diabetic Retinopathy is typically diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which may include dilating the pupils to allow for a better view of the retina. Treatment options for Diabetic Retinopathy may include laser therapy, medication, or surgery, depending on the severity of the condition. Early detection and treatment are crucial for preventing vision loss in people with diabetes.

In the medical field, "vision, low" refers to a visual acuity that is lower than normal. Visual acuity is a measure of how well a person can see at a specific distance, usually 20 feet (6 meters). A person with low vision may have difficulty seeing objects clearly, distinguishing between colors, or recognizing faces. This condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including eye diseases such as cataracts, glaucoma, or age-related macular degeneration, as well as neurological conditions such as stroke or brain injury. Low vision can affect a person's ability to perform daily activities, such as reading, driving, or recognizing faces. Treatment options for low vision may include the use of corrective lenses, magnifying glasses, or other visual aids, as well as occupational therapy and counseling to help individuals adapt to their visual limitations.

Exophthalmos is a medical condition characterized by the protrusion or bulging of one or both eyes forward from the orbit. It is also known as proptosis or exophthalmos bulbi. Exophthalmos can be caused by a variety of factors, including inflammation or swelling of the orbit, tumors or masses in the orbit or surrounding tissues, Graves' disease, thyroid eye disease, or other eye or orbital disorders. In some cases, exophthalmos may be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition, such as a brain tumor or an infection of the orbit. Treatment for exophthalmos depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or other therapies.

Xerophthalmia is a medical condition characterized by dryness and inflammation of the eyes. It is caused by a deficiency of vitamin A, which is essential for maintaining the health of the eyes and other parts of the body. Xerophthalmia can lead to a range of eye problems, including night blindness, corneal ulcers, and even blindness if left untreated. It is most commonly found in children in developing countries where access to vitamin A-rich foods is limited. Treatment for xerophthalmia typically involves vitamin A supplementation and addressing the underlying cause of the deficiency.

Eyelid diseases refer to a wide range of medical conditions that affect the eyelids, including the skin, glands, muscles, and nerves. These conditions can cause discomfort, pain, redness, swelling, tearing, and vision problems. Some common eyelid diseases include: 1. Blepharitis: Inflammation of the eyelids that can cause redness, itching, burning, and crusty discharge. 2. Meibomian gland dysfunction: A condition where the oil glands in the eyelids become clogged, leading to dryness, irritation, and redness. 3. Chalazion: A cyst that forms on the eyelid due to a blocked oil gland. 4. Stye: An infection of the oil gland at the base of the eyelash, causing redness, swelling, and pain. 5. Entropion: A condition where the eyelid turns inward, causing the eyelashes to rub against the cornea and causing irritation and tearing. 6. Ectropion: A condition where the eyelid turns outward, causing dryness, irritation, and tearing. 7. Ptosis: A condition where the eyelid droops, blocking vision. 8. Dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin on the eyelids, causing redness, itching, and dryness. 9. Allergic conjunctivitis: An allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust, or pet dander that causes redness, itching, and tearing. 10. Dry eye syndrome: A condition where the eyes do not produce enough tears, causing dryness, irritation, and redness. Treatment for eyelid diseases depends on the specific condition and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of an eyelid disease to prevent further complications.

Corneal diseases refer to any medical conditions that affect the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped outer layer of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. The cornea plays a crucial role in focusing light onto the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. Corneal diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, injuries, genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and degenerative conditions. Some common examples of corneal diseases include: 1. Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea, which can be caused by infections, injuries, or other factors. 2. Corneal dystrophies: A group of genetic disorders that cause the cornea to thicken or become cloudy. 3. Corneal ulcers: Open sores on the cornea that can be caused by infections, injuries, or other factors. 4. Corneal scars: Scarring of the cornea that can affect vision. 5. Corneal dystrophies: A group of genetic disorders that cause the cornea to thicken or become cloudy. 6. Corneal dystrophies: A group of genetic disorders that cause the cornea to thicken or become cloudy. 7. Corneal dystrophies: A group of genetic disorders that cause the cornea to thicken or become cloudy. 8. Corneal dystrophies: A group of genetic disorders that cause the cornea to thicken or become cloudy. 9. Corneal dystrophies: A group of genetic disorders that cause the cornea to thicken or become cloudy. 10. Corneal dystrophies: A group of genetic disorders that cause the cornea to thicken or become cloudy. Treatment for corneal diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. In some cases, treatment may involve the use of eye drops, ointments, or other medications to manage symptoms or prevent infection. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to restore vision or prevent further damage to the eye.

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, also known as dry eye, is a medical condition that affects the eyes. It is characterized by a lack of sufficient tears to lubricate and protect the surface of the eye, leading to dryness, irritation, and discomfort. The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal changes, certain medications, environmental factors, and underlying medical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. Treatment for keratoconjunctivitis sicca typically involves using artificial tears or other lubricating eye drops to help keep the eyes moist, as well as addressing any underlying causes of the condition. In severe cases, more aggressive treatments such as punctal plugs or surgery may be necessary.

Corneal opacity is a medical condition that refers to a decrease in transparency or clarity of the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. The cornea is responsible for refracting light and allowing it to pass through the eye to the retina, where it is converted into electrical signals that are sent to the brain for interpretation. Corneal opacity can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, infection, inflammation, scarring, and certain diseases such as keratoconus or Fuchs' dystrophy. It can also be a symptom of other eye conditions, such as cataracts or glaucoma. The severity of corneal opacity can vary widely, ranging from mild cloudiness or haze to complete opacity, which can result in vision loss or blindness. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the opacity, and may include medications, surgery, or the use of artificial corneas or other devices to improve vision.

Conjunctivitis, allergic, also known as allergic conjunctivitis, is a type of inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the white part of the eye. It is caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust, pet dander, or certain types of cosmetics or contact lenses. Symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis may include redness, itching, tearing, swelling of the eyelids, and a feeling of grittiness or scratchiness in the eyes. In severe cases, the conjunctiva may become swollen and produce a thick, yellow or green discharge. Allergic conjunctivitis is usually treated with antihistamines, decongestants, or corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and relieve symptoms. In some cases, allergy shots or immunotherapy may be recommended to help the body build up a tolerance to the allergen. It is important to identify and avoid the allergen whenever possible to prevent future episodes of allergic conjunctivitis.

Diplopia is a medical term that refers to double vision, which is the perception of two images of a single object. It is a common symptom that can be caused by a variety of conditions, including eye muscle disorders, brain disorders, and problems with the eyes themselves. Diplopia can affect one eye or both eyes and can be temporary or permanent. It can also be intermittent or constant, and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as headaches, nausea, or difficulty focusing. Treatment for diplopia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or therapy to strengthen the eye muscles.

Hyperopia, also known as farsightedness, is a common vision condition in which an individual is able to see distant objects clearly, but has difficulty focusing on objects that are close to them. This occurs because the eyeball is shorter than normal, or the cornea is too flat, causing light to focus behind the retina instead of on it. As a result, the images appear blurry or indistinct to the person with hyperopia. Hyperopia can be corrected with glasses or contact lenses that have a convex lens, which helps to focus the light onto the retina. In some cases, refractive surgery may also be an option to correct hyperopia.

Retinal diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the retina, which is the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye. The retina is responsible for converting light into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain, where they are interpreted as visual images. Retinal diseases can affect any part of the retina, including the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones), the blood vessels, and the supporting cells. Some common types of retinal diseases include: 1. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A progressive disease that affects the central part of the retina, leading to vision loss. 2. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that can cause damage to the blood vessels in the retina, leading to vision loss. 3. Retinal detachment: A condition in which the retina separates from the underlying tissue, leading to vision loss if left untreated. 4. Retinitis pigmentosa: A group of inherited retinal diseases that cause progressive vision loss due to the death of photoreceptor cells. 5. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause vision loss. Retinal diseases can be treated with a variety of methods, including medication, laser therapy, surgery, and lifestyle changes. Early detection and treatment are crucial for preserving vision in people with retinal diseases.

Retinal drusen are small, yellow or white deposits that can form on the retina, which is the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. They are a common finding in older adults and are often associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision loss in older adults. Retinal drusen are usually asymptomatic and do not cause vision loss on their own, but they can be a sign of early AMD or other eye diseases. In some cases, larger or more numerous drusen may be a risk factor for developing advanced AMD, which can cause significant vision loss.

Keratitis, Herpetic is a medical condition that refers to the infection of the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye, by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). This virus is highly contagious and can cause painful, inflamed, and sometimes scarred corneas, which can lead to vision loss if left untreated. Herpetic keratitis can occur in two forms: acute and recurrent. Acute herpetic keratitis is a sudden onset of symptoms, while recurrent herpetic keratitis is characterized by frequent recurrences of the infection. Symptoms of herpetic keratitis may include redness, pain, sensitivity to light, tearing, and vision changes. Diagnosis is typically made through a physical examination of the eye and may include the use of a microscope to examine the cornea. Treatment for herpetic keratitis typically involves the use of antiviral medications, such as acyclovir, to reduce the severity and duration of the infection. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or repair the cornea. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect you have herpetic keratitis, as prompt treatment can help prevent permanent vision loss.

Fluorescein is a water-soluble yellow-green dye that is commonly used in the medical field for diagnostic purposes. It is often injected into the bloodstream or applied topically to the skin or mucous membranes to visualize blood vessels, detect inflammation, and assess the integrity of the retina in the eye. Fluorescein is absorbed by the blood vessels and emits a bright green fluorescence when exposed to ultraviolet light. This allows healthcare providers to visualize the blood vessels and detect any abnormalities, such as leaks or blockages, that may be present. Fluorescein is also used in ophthalmology to detect and diagnose a variety of eye conditions, including macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal detachment. In these cases, a small amount of fluorescein dye is injected into the bloodstream and allowed to circulate before being absorbed by the retina. The dye then emits a bright green fluorescence, allowing healthcare providers to visualize the retina and detect any abnormalities or damage. Overall, fluorescein is a valuable tool in the medical field for visualizing blood vessels and detecting a variety of conditions and abnormalities.

Eye burns refer to injuries or damage to the eye caused by exposure to a harmful substance or heat. These burns can range from mild to severe and can cause a variety of symptoms, including pain, redness, tearing, sensitivity to light, and vision loss. Eye burns can be caused by a variety of factors, including chemical burns from exposure to acids, bases, or other chemicals, thermal burns from exposure to heat or flames, and radiation burns from exposure to ultraviolet or infrared radiation. Treatment for eye burns depends on the severity of the injury and the specific cause of the burn. In some cases, simple measures such as washing the eye with cool water or applying a cold compress may be sufficient. In more severe cases, medical treatment may be necessary, including the use of prescription medications, surgery, or other interventions. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect that you or someone else has suffered an eye burn.

Lutein is a yellow pigment found in plants, particularly in fruits and vegetables such as spinach, kale, and broccoli. In the medical field, lutein is often studied for its potential health benefits, particularly for eye health. Lutein is a powerful antioxidant that helps protect the eyes from damage caused by blue light and other environmental factors. It is particularly important for people who spend a lot of time looking at screens, such as computer monitors, smartphones, and televisions. Research has shown that lutein may help reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a common eye condition that can lead to vision loss. It may also help reduce the risk of cataracts, a clouding of the eye's lens that can also cause vision loss. In addition to its potential benefits for eye health, lutein may also have other health benefits, such as reducing the risk of certain types of cancer and improving cardiovascular health. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits.

Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is a common vision condition in which a person can see objects that are close to them clearly, but objects that are far away appear blurry. This occurs when the eyeball is too long or the cornea is too curved, causing light to focus in front of the retina instead of on it. As a result, the person sees distant objects as if they are out of focus. Myopia can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery. It is a common condition, affecting an estimated 2.2 billion people worldwide, and can often be managed with proper eye care and regular eye exams. However, if left untreated, myopia can lead to more serious vision problems, such as glaucoma or cataracts.

Strabismus is a medical condition in which the eyes are not aligned properly, causing them to point in different directions. This can result in double vision, difficulty seeing in depth, and other visual problems. Strabismus can be caused by a variety of factors, including muscle weakness or paralysis, nerve damage, or problems with the brain's visual processing centers. Treatment for strabismus may include glasses, patches, eye exercises, or surgery, depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

Eye infections caused by viruses are a common type of ocular disease. These infections can affect the cornea, conjunctiva, eyelids, and other structures of the eye. Symptoms of viral eye infections may include redness, itching, burning, discharge, sensitivity to light, and blurred vision. Some viral eye infections can be mild and resolve on their own, while others can be more severe and require medical treatment. Common viruses that can cause eye infections include herpes simplex virus (HSV), adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Treatment for viral eye infections may include antiviral medications, pain relief, and measures to prevent the spread of the virus to others. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have a viral eye infection, as prompt treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland, a small gland located in the neck that produces hormones that regulate metabolism. In Graves' disease, the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormones, a condition known as hyperthyroidism. The symptoms of Graves' disease can vary widely and may include weight loss, rapid or irregular heartbeat, anxiety, tremors, heat intolerance, sweating, and bulging eyes (Graves' ophthalmopathy). The disease can also cause swelling of the thyroid gland, known as a goiter. Graves' disease is typically treated with medications that help to reduce the production of thyroid hormones, such as methimazole or propylthiouracil. In some cases, surgery or radioactive iodine therapy may be necessary to remove the overactive thyroid gland or destroy the gland's ability to produce hormones.

Albinism, ocular refers to a genetic disorder that affects the production of melanin, a pigment that gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. People with ocular albinism have normal skin and hair color, but their eyes lack pigment, which can cause vision problems. The condition is characterized by reduced pigmentation of the iris, retina, and choroid, which can lead to decreased visual acuity, nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), and photophobia (sensitivity to light). People with ocular albinism may also have strabismus (crossed eyes), a lazy eye, or other eye abnormalities. Ocular albinism is usually inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that a person must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to develop the condition. There are several types of ocular albinism, each caused by a different mutation in a different gene. Treatment for ocular albinism may include corrective lenses, surgery, and vision therapy to improve visual function and reduce the risk of vision loss.

Keratoconjunctivitis is a medical condition that affects the cornea and conjunctiva, which are the clear outer layer of the eye and the thin, moist membrane that covers the white part of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids. Keratoconjunctivitis is characterized by inflammation and irritation of the cornea and conjunctiva, which can cause redness, swelling, itching, discharge, and sensitivity to light. There are several types of keratoconjunctivitis, including viral keratoconjunctivitis, bacterial keratoconjunctivitis, and allergic keratoconjunctivitis. Treatment for keratoconjunctivitis depends on the underlying cause and may include antihistamines, antibiotics, or antiviral medications, as well as eye drops or ointments to relieve symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy is a degenerative disorder of the endothelial cells lining the inner surface of the cornea, which is the clear front part of the eye. The condition is named after the German ophthalmologist who first described it in 1911. The endothelial cells play a critical role in maintaining the shape and clarity of the cornea by regulating the flow of fluid and nutrients into and out of the cornea. In Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy, the endothelial cells become damaged and lose their ability to function properly, leading to swelling and clouding of the cornea. Symptoms of Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy may include blurred vision, sensitivity to light, tearing, and a feeling of grittiness or sand in the eye. The condition typically progresses slowly over time and can eventually lead to vision loss if left untreated. Treatment for Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy may include the use of eye drops to reduce swelling and inflammation, as well as the use of contact lenses or surgery to improve vision. In some cases, a corneal transplant may be necessary to replace the damaged endothelial cells and restore vision.

Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, which is the thin, transparent membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the white part of the eye. It is commonly known as "pink eye" and can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacteria, viruses, allergies, irritants, and certain medications. The symptoms of conjunctivitis can include redness, itching, tearing, sensitivity to light, and discharge from the eyes. The severity and duration of the symptoms can vary depending on the cause of the inflammation. Treatment for conjunctivitis depends on the underlying cause. For bacterial conjunctivitis, antibiotics may be prescribed. For viral conjunctivitis, there is no specific treatment, but the symptoms can be managed with over-the-counter eye drops or ointments. Allergic conjunctivitis can be treated with antihistamines or allergy drops. In some cases, the conjunctivitis may resolve on its own without any treatment. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have conjunctivitis, as it can be contagious and can spread to others, especially if it is caused by a virus.

Conjunctivitis, viral, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the white part of the eye. It is caused by a viral infection, such as the common cold or the flu, and is highly contagious. Symptoms of viral conjunctivitis include redness, itching, tearing, and sensitivity to light. The condition is usually self-limiting and can be treated with over-the-counter eye drops to relieve symptoms. However, it is important to avoid sharing towels, washcloths, or other personal items to prevent the spread of the virus.

Onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, is a parasitic infection caused by the nematode Onchocerca volvulus. The infection is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black flies, which breed in fast-flowing, clear rivers and streams. Ocular onchocerciasis is a form of the disease that affects the eyes. It is caused by the migration of adult worms from the skin to the eyes, where they can damage the retina, optic nerve, and other structures in the eye. Symptoms of ocular onchocerciasis may include vision loss, eye pain, redness, and sensitivity to light. In severe cases, the infection can lead to blindness. Ocular onchocerciasis is a major public health problem in many parts of Africa, Latin America, and Asia. It is preventable and treatable with anti-parasitic drugs, but early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent permanent vision loss.

Chorioretinitis is an inflammation of the choroid and retina, which are two layers of tissue at the back of the eye. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain medications. Symptoms of chorioretinitis may include blurred vision, sensitivity to light, and floaters (spots or specks that appear in the field of vision). Treatment for chorioretinitis depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, laser therapy, or surgery.,chorioretinitis。

Retinitis is a medical condition that refers to inflammation or swelling of the retina, which is the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye. The retina contains photoreceptor cells that convert light into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain, allowing us to see. Retinitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, autoimmune disorders, toxins, and certain medications. It can affect one or both eyes and can cause a range of symptoms, including blurred vision, sensitivity to light, floaters, and vision loss. There are several types of retinitis, including: 1. Herpes simplex retinitis: caused by the herpes simplex virus and can lead to vision loss if left untreated. 2. Toxoplasmosis retinitis: caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii and is more common in people with weakened immune systems. 3. Syphilitic retinitis: caused by the sexually transmitted disease syphilis and can lead to blindness if left untreated. 4. Posterior uveitis: a type of retinitis that affects the back of the eye and can be caused by a variety of factors, including autoimmune disorders, infections, and certain medications. Treatment for retinitis depends on the underlying cause and may include antiviral or antibiotic medications, corticosteroids, or other therapies to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the retina. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged tissue.

Xanthophylls are a group of pigments found in plants, algae, and some bacteria. They are responsible for the yellow, orange, and red colors of many fruits and vegetables, as well as the yellow color of some flowers. In the medical field, xanthophylls are known for their potential health benefits. They are antioxidants, which means they can help protect the body against damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals. Some studies have suggested that xanthophylls may help reduce the risk of certain diseases, including cancer, heart disease, and age-related macular degeneration. Xanthophylls are also used in dietary supplements, often in combination with other antioxidants. However, it is important to note that more research is needed to fully understand the potential health benefits of xanthophylls and to determine the appropriate dosage and safety of these supplements.

Keratitis is a medical condition that refers to inflammation or infection of the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. The cornea plays a crucial role in focusing light onto the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. Keratitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections, exposure to irritants or chemicals, trauma to the eye, and certain autoimmune diseases. Symptoms of keratitis may include redness, pain, sensitivity to light, tearing, blurred vision, and discharge from the eye. If left untreated, keratitis can lead to serious complications, such as corneal ulcers, scarring, and vision loss. Treatment for keratitis depends on the underlying cause and may include the use of antibiotics, antiviral or antifungal medications, eye drops, or in severe cases, surgery. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect you may have keratitis to prevent further damage to your eyes.

Scleritis is a rare but serious inflammatory condition that affects the white part of the eye, known as the sclera. It can cause pain, redness, sensitivity to light, and vision loss if left untreated. Scleritis can be classified into two types: anterior scleritis, which affects the front part of the eye, and posterior scleritis, which affects the back part of the eye. The exact cause of scleritis is not known, but it is thought to be related to an autoimmune response in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues. Treatment for scleritis typically involves the use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive medications to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the eye. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair any damage to the eye.

Eye neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the eye or its surrounding tissues. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and can affect any part of the eye, including the eyelids, conjunctiva, iris, ciliary body, choroid, and retina. Eye neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on their location and size. Some common symptoms include changes in vision, eye pain or discomfort, redness or swelling of the eye, and the appearance of a growth or mass on the eye or eyelid. Diagnosis of eye neoplasms typically involves a comprehensive eye exam, including a visual acuity test, dilated eye exam, and imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment options for eye neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Iritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the iris, the colored part of the eye. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain medications. Symptoms of iritis may include redness, pain, sensitivity to light, and changes in vision. If left untreated, iritis can lead to permanent damage to the eye and vision loss. Treatment typically involves the use of anti-inflammatory medications and may also include the use of corticosteroids.

Keratitis, dendritic is a medical condition that refers to a type of inflammation of the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. The inflammation causes small, branching cracks or "dendrites" to form on the surface of the cornea, which can be painful and can lead to vision problems if left untreated. There are several different causes of keratitis, dendritic, including infections, allergies, and exposure to irritants or chemicals. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the inflammation and using eye drops or ointments to relieve symptoms and promote healing. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect that you may have keratitis, dendritic, as prompt treatment can help prevent complications and improve the chances of a full recovery.

Iridocyclitis is an inflammation of the iris and the surrounding structures of the eye, including the ciliary body and the cyclotilium. It is a type of uveitis, which is an inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye that includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Iridocyclitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain medications. Symptoms of iridocyclitis may include redness, pain, sensitivity to light, tearing, and vision changes. Treatment for iridocyclitis typically involves the use of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, as well as antibiotics if the inflammation is caused by an infection. In some cases, additional treatments such as immunosuppressive drugs or laser therapy may be necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications such as vision loss or scarring of the eye.

Night blindness, also known as nyctalopia, is a medical condition characterized by difficulty seeing in low light conditions or at night. It is caused by a deficiency of the photopigment rhodopsin in the retina, which is responsible for converting light into electrical signals that can be transmitted to the brain for interpretation. There are several types of night blindness, including congenital night blindness, which is present from birth, and acquired night blindness, which can be caused by a variety of factors such as vitamin A deficiency, aging, certain medications, and eye diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa. Night blindness can affect an individual's ability to perform tasks that require good vision in low light conditions, such as driving at night or reading in dim lighting. Treatment options for night blindness depend on the underlying cause and may include vitamin A supplementation, medication, or surgery in some cases.

Pterygium is a growth on the conjunctiva, which is the clear, thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye. It is a non-cancerous growth that typically affects the surface of the eye near the nose. Pterygium is more common in people who spend a lot of time outdoors, especially in sunny or dusty environments. It can cause irritation, redness, and vision problems if it grows large enough to interfere with the eye's ability to focus. Treatment for pterygium may include eye drops, sunglasses, or surgery to remove the growth.

Endophthalmitis is a serious medical condition that occurs when the inner part of the eye, called the vitreous humor, becomes infected or inflamed. This can happen as a result of a bacterial, fungal, or viral infection, or it can be caused by a traumatic injury to the eye. Symptoms of endophthalmitis may include severe eye pain, redness, sensitivity to light, and vision loss. If left untreated, endophthalmitis can lead to permanent vision loss or even blindness. Treatment for endophthalmitis typically involves the use of antibiotics or antifungal medications to fight the infection, as well as surgery to remove any infected or damaged tissue from the eye. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect that you or someone else may have endophthalmitis, as prompt treatment is crucial for preventing permanent damage to the eye.

Zinc oxide is a white, odorless, and insoluble powder that is commonly used in the medical field as a protective and healing agent. It is a naturally occurring mineral that has been used for centuries for its medicinal properties. In the medical field, zinc oxide is used in a variety of applications, including: 1. Skin protection: Zinc oxide is used as a protective layer on the skin to prevent irritation, redness, and other skin conditions. It is commonly used in sunscreens, diaper creams, and other skincare products. 2. Wound healing: Zinc oxide is used to promote wound healing by creating a moist environment that helps to prevent infection and promote the growth of new tissue. 3. Antimicrobial properties: Zinc oxide has antimicrobial properties that make it effective in preventing the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms. 4. Antifungal properties: Zinc oxide has antifungal properties that make it effective in treating fungal infections such as athlete's foot and ringworm. 5. Anti-inflammatory properties: Zinc oxide has anti-inflammatory properties that make it effective in reducing inflammation and swelling. Overall, zinc oxide is a versatile and effective ingredient in the medical field that is used for a variety of applications to promote healing, protect the skin, and prevent infection.

Anisometropia is a condition in which the two eyes have different refractive errors, meaning that the amount of light that is focused on the retina is not the same in both eyes. This can cause blurred vision, headaches, and other symptoms. Anisometropia can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, eye injuries, and certain medical conditions. It is typically diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam and can be treated with corrective lenses or surgery.

Rose Bengal is a water-soluble dye that is used in various medical applications. It is a fluorescent dye that is commonly used in diagnostic tests to detect certain diseases and conditions. One of the most common uses of Rose Bengal is in the diagnosis of jaundice, a condition in which the skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow due to an excess of bilirubin in the blood. Rose Bengal is used in a test called the "bilirubin test," which involves applying a solution containing Rose Bengal to the skin or whites of the eyes. If bilirubin is present, the solution will turn a bright red color. Rose Bengal is also used in the diagnosis of certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer and cervical cancer. It is used in a test called the "Papanicolaou test," or Pap test, which involves scraping cells from the cervix and examining them under a microscope for signs of abnormal cell growth. In addition to its diagnostic uses, Rose Bengal is also used in the treatment of certain medical conditions. For example, it is used in the treatment of certain types of skin conditions, such as psoriasis and eczema, and it is also used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer and cervical cancer. Overall, Rose Bengal is a versatile dye that has a wide range of applications in the medical field.

Eye proteins are proteins that are found in the eye and play important roles in maintaining the structure and function of the eye. These proteins can be found in various parts of the eye, including the cornea, lens, retina, and vitreous humor. Some examples of eye proteins include: 1. Collagen: This is a protein that provides strength and support to the cornea and lens. 2. Alpha-crystallin: This protein is found in the lens and helps to maintain its shape and transparency. 3. Rhodopsin: This protein is found in the retina and is responsible for vision in low light conditions. 4. Vitreous humor proteins: These proteins are found in the vitreous humor, a clear gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina. They help to maintain the shape of the eye and provide support to the retina. Disruptions in the production or function of these proteins can lead to various eye diseases and conditions, such as cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of eye proteins is important for the development of effective treatments for these conditions.

Glaucoma, open-angle, is a type of glaucoma that occurs when the drainage system in the eye becomes blocked or damaged, leading to an increase in pressure within the eye. This increased pressure can damage the optic nerve, which can result in vision loss or blindness if left untreated. In open-angle glaucoma, the drainage system of the eye is not completely blocked, but rather the angle between the iris and the cornea becomes narrower, reducing the amount of fluid that can drain out of the eye. This can cause the pressure within the eye to gradually increase over time, leading to damage to the optic nerve. Open-angle glaucoma is the most common type of glaucoma and is often referred to as "the sneak thief of sight" because it typically progresses slowly and without noticeable symptoms in the early stages. However, if left untreated, it can cause significant vision loss or blindness. Treatment for open-angle glaucoma typically involves medications to lower the pressure within the eye, laser surgery, or surgery to improve the drainage of fluid from the eye.

Amblyopia, also known as lazy eye, is a condition in which one eye fails to develop normal vision while the other eye develops normal vision. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including strabismus (crossed eyes), anisometropia (unequal refractive errors), or a lack of visual input from one eye due to a cataract or other ocular condition. In amblyopia, the brain may not properly integrate the visual information from the affected eye, leading to reduced visual acuity and a decreased ability to see details. Amblyopia can be treated with a combination of glasses or contact lenses, patching the healthy eye, and vision therapy. If left untreated, amblyopia can lead to permanent vision loss in the affected eye.

Optic disk drusen are small, yellowish deposits of calcium and other minerals that can form on the surface of the optic nerve in the eye. They are a common finding in people over the age of 50 and are usually asymptomatic, meaning they do not cause any symptoms or vision problems. However, in some cases, optic disk drusen can be associated with an increased risk of developing glaucoma, a condition that can cause vision loss and blindness if left untreated. Therefore, it is important for people with optic disk drusen to have regular eye exams to monitor their eye health and detect any potential problems early on.

Trachoma is a contagious eye infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It is one of the leading causes of preventable blindness worldwide, particularly in developing countries. The infection affects the eyelids and the inner surface of the eyelids, causing inflammation, scarring, and thickening of the eyelashes. This can lead to the formation of small bumps on the eyelids, known as trachoma follicles, and the development of a condition called trachoma trichiasis, in which the eyelashes turn inward and scratch the cornea, causing pain, redness, and vision loss.,trachoma。

Eye injuries, penetrating refers to damage to the eye caused by a foreign object or substance that has penetrated the outer protective layer of the eye, such as the cornea or sclera. Penetrating eye injuries can be caused by a variety of objects, including sharp objects like glass or metal, as well as blunt objects like or tools. These injuries can cause damage to the internal structures of the eye, including the lens, retina, and optic nerve, which can lead to vision loss or even blindness. Treatment for penetrating eye injuries typically involves removing the foreign object and repairing any damage to the eye's internal structures. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to restore vision.

Toxoplasmosis, ocular refers to an infection of the eyes caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. This infection can occur in people who have never had the infection before, as well as in those who have previously been infected with the parasite. The most common way that people become infected with T. gondii is by ingesting the parasite through contaminated food or water, or by coming into contact with infected cat feces. Once the parasite enters the body, it can travel to the eyes and cause inflammation and damage to the retina, which can lead to vision problems or even blindness. Symptoms of ocular toxoplasmosis may include blurred vision, sensitivity to light, and floaters (spots or specks that appear in the field of vision). In some cases, the infection may be asymptomatic and not cause any noticeable symptoms. Treatment for ocular toxoplasmosis typically involves the use of antiparasitic medications, such as pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, to eliminate the infection and prevent further damage to the eyes. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damage to the retina or to remove scar tissue that has formed as a result of the infection.

Lipocalin 1, also known as clusterin, is a protein that is found in many different tissues in the human body, including the liver, brain, and blood vessels. It is a member of a larger family of proteins called lipocalins, which are characterized by their ability to bind and transport small molecules, such as lipids and hormones. In the medical field, lipocalin 1 is known to play a number of important roles. For example, it has been implicated in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism, the clearance of damaged cells and debris from the body, and the response to injury and inflammation. It has also been studied in the context of a number of different diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Lipocalin 1 is often measured in blood tests as a marker of liver function and as a potential predictor of certain diseases. It is also being studied as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of a variety of conditions.

In the medical field, "Disease Models, Animal" refers to the use of animals to study and understand human diseases. These models are created by introducing a disease or condition into an animal, either naturally or through experimental manipulation, in order to study its progression, symptoms, and potential treatments. Animal models are used in medical research because they allow scientists to study diseases in a controlled environment and to test potential treatments before they are tested in humans. They can also provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of a disease and help to identify new therapeutic targets. There are many different types of animal models used in medical research, including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. Each type of animal has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of model depends on the specific disease being studied and the research question being addressed.

Geographic atrophy (GA) is a type of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a progressive eye disease that affects the central part of the retina called the macula. GA is characterized by the gradual loss of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and the underlying photoreceptor cells in the macula, leading to a loss of central vision. The term "geographic" refers to the characteristic appearance of the affected area on an optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan, which shows a round or oval area of atrophy with a distinct border, resembling a geographic map. The atrophy typically progresses slowly over time, and the affected area may become larger and more irregular. GA is more common in people over the age of 60 and is more prevalent in women than men. While GA does not cause total blindness, it can significantly impact a person's ability to perform daily activities such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces. There is currently no cure for GA, but there are treatments available that may slow its progression and help manage symptoms.

Eye Foreign Bodies refer to any foreign object that enters the eye, causing injury or irritation to the eye's surface or internal structures. These foreign bodies can be anything from small particles of dust or sand to larger objects such as metal shavings, glass fragments, or insect parts. The presence of a foreign body in the eye can cause symptoms such as pain, redness, tearing, sensitivity to light, and vision impairment. If left untreated, a foreign body can cause more serious complications such as infection, corneal ulceration, or damage to the retina. Treatment for eye foreign bodies typically involves removing the object with specialized instruments under local anesthesia. In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent infection. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect you have a foreign body in your eye to prevent further damage.

In the medical field, "orbital diseases" refer to any disorders or conditions that affect the orbit, which is the bony socket that surrounds the eye. The orbit contains the eye, its muscles, and its associated structures, such as the eyelids, tear glands, and blood vessels. Some examples of orbital diseases include: 1. Orbital inflammation: This is an inflammation of the tissues within the orbit, which can cause pain, swelling, and redness around the eye. 2. Orbital tumors: These are abnormal growths of tissue within the orbit, which can be benign or malignant. 3. Orbital fractures: These are breaks or fractures in the bones of the orbit, which can occur as a result of trauma or other causes. 4. Orbital dystrophies: These are genetic disorders that affect the development or function of the eye and its associated structures. 5. Orbital infections: These are infections that affect the tissues within the orbit, which can cause pain, swelling, and redness around the eye. Treatment for orbital diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. It may involve medications, surgery, or other interventions to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a condition in which new blood vessels grow abnormally in the choroid, a layer of tissue in the eye that supplies blood to the retina. CNV can occur as a result of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a common eye disease that affects the central part of the retina, or as a complication of other eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy or uveitis. CNV can cause vision loss and is a leading cause of blindness in people over the age of 50. The new blood vessels that form in the choroid can leak fluid and blood into the retina, causing swelling and damage to the delicate tissue. This can lead to a distortion of vision, including blurry or distorted vision, and in severe cases, complete vision loss. Treatment for CNV depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, laser therapy or photodynamic therapy may be used to destroy the abnormal blood vessels and prevent further damage to the retina. In other cases, medications such as anti-VEGF drugs may be used to reduce the growth of new blood vessels and slow the progression of the disease. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the abnormal blood vessels or repair the damage to the retina.

Conjunctival diseases refer to any medical conditions that affect the conjunctiva, which is the thin, transparent membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the white part of the eye (sclera). The conjunctiva plays an important role in protecting the eye from foreign particles, infections, and other harmful substances. Conjunctival diseases can be broadly classified into two categories: infectious and non-infectious. Infectious conjunctival diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, and can include conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye), keratitis (inflammation of the cornea), and trachoma (an infectious disease that causes blindness). Non-infectious conjunctival diseases, on the other hand, are not caused by microorganisms and can include conditions such as allergic conjunctivitis (caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen or dust), chemical conjunctivitis (caused by exposure to irritants such as chemicals or smoke), and dry eye syndrome (caused by a lack of tears or poor tear quality). Treatment for conjunctival diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, simple measures such as washing the eyes with warm water or using over-the-counter eye drops may be sufficient. In more severe cases, prescription medications or surgery may be necessary. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of conjunctival disease, as prompt treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Thyroid diseases refer to a group of disorders that affect the thyroid gland, a small endocrine gland located in the neck that produces hormones that regulate metabolism. The thyroid gland produces two main hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are essential for regulating the body's metabolism, growth, and development. There are several types of thyroid diseases, including: 1. Hypothyroidism: This is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. Symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, and depression. 2. Hyperthyroidism: This is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, rapid heartbeat, anxiety, and tremors. 3. Thyroid nodules: These are small growths on the thyroid gland that can be benign or malignant. 4. Thyroiditis: This is an inflammation of the thyroid gland that can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and difficulty swallowing. 5. Thyroid cancer: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the thyroid gland. Symptoms of thyroid cancer may include a lump in the neck, difficulty swallowing, and hoarseness. Thyroid diseases can be diagnosed through blood tests, imaging studies, and physical examination. Treatment options for thyroid diseases depend on the specific condition and may include medication, surgery, or radiation therapy.

Scopolamine hydrobromide is a medication that is used to treat motion sickness, nausea, and vomiting. It is a type of anticholinergic medication that works by blocking the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is involved in muscle contraction and the regulation of the digestive system. Scopolamine hydrobromide is available in various forms, including tablets, patches, and injections, and is typically used to treat conditions such as motion sickness, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and morning sickness. It is important to note that scopolamine hydrobromide can cause side effects, such as dry mouth, blurred vision, and dizziness, and should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Receptors, Thyrotropin (TSH receptors) are proteins found on the surface of thyroid cells that bind to and respond to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. TSH receptors play a critical role in regulating thyroid function by controlling the production and release of thyroid hormones, which are essential for regulating metabolism and energy production in the body. Disorders of TSH receptors can lead to a variety of thyroid conditions, including hyperthyroidism (overproduction of thyroid hormones) and hypothyroidism (underproduction of thyroid hormones).

Retinal degeneration is a group of eye diseases that cause damage to the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. The retina contains specialized cells called photoreceptors that convert light into electrical signals that are sent to the brain, where they are interpreted as visual images. When the photoreceptors are damaged or destroyed, the retina loses its ability to detect light, leading to vision loss or blindness. Retinal degeneration can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, aging, exposure to toxins or radiation, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes or hypertension. There are several types of retinal degeneration, including age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt disease, and retinitis pigmentosa, each with its own specific characteristics and progression. Treatment for retinal degeneration depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the disease. In some cases, medications or lifestyle changes may be recommended to slow the progression of the disease. In other cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary to preserve or restore vision.

Disease progression refers to the worsening or progression of a disease over time. It is a natural course of events that occurs in many chronic illnesses, such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. Disease progression can be measured in various ways, such as changes in symptoms, physical examination findings, laboratory test results, or imaging studies. In some cases, disease progression can be slowed or stopped through medical treatment, such as medications, surgery, or radiation therapy. However, in other cases, disease progression may be inevitable, and the focus of treatment may shift from trying to cure the disease to managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Understanding disease progression is important for healthcare providers to develop effective treatment plans and to communicate with patients about their condition and prognosis. It can also help patients and their families make informed decisions about their care and treatment options.

Eye infections caused by bacteria are a common type of eye infection that can affect people of all ages. These infections can cause a range of symptoms, including redness, swelling, itching, discharge, and sensitivity to light. Bacterial eye infections can affect the surface of the eye (conjunctivitis) or the inside of the eye (endophthalmitis). Conjunctivitis is the most common type of bacterial eye infection and can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Endophthalmitis is a more serious infection that can cause vision loss and is typically treated with antibiotics administered directly into the eye. Bacterial eye infections are usually treated with antibiotics, which can be taken orally or applied directly to the eye. In some cases, additional treatment may be necessary to manage symptoms or prevent complications. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have a bacterial eye infection, as prompt treatment can help prevent the infection from spreading and reduce the risk of complications.

Uveitis, anterior refers to inflammation of the anterior part of the eye, specifically the uvea, which includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. This type of uveitis is often associated with autoimmune disorders, infections, or other underlying medical conditions. Symptoms of anterior uveitis may include redness, pain, sensitivity to light, tearing, and vision changes. Treatment typically involves the use of corticosteroids and other medications to reduce inflammation and prevent complications such as cataracts or glaucoma.

Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is a group of inherited eye diseases that cause progressive damage to the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. RP is characterized by the accumulation of pigmented material in the retina, which leads to the death of photoreceptor cells, the specialized cells that detect light and send signals to the brain. As a result, people with RP experience progressive vision loss, typically starting with night blindness and gradually leading to tunnel vision and eventually complete blindness. RP can affect both eyes and is usually diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, although some forms of the disease may not be diagnosed until later in life. There is currently no cure for RP, but treatments such as low-vision aids and gene therapy are being studied as potential treatments.

Sjogren's Syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the exocrine glands, particularly the salivary and lacrimal glands. It is characterized by dryness of the mouth and eyes, as well as other symptoms such as fatigue, joint pain, and dry skin. The exact cause of Sjogren's Syndrome is not known, but it is believed to be triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The condition can range from mild to severe, and treatment typically involves managing symptoms and addressing any complications that arise.

Retinal neovascularization is the growth of new blood vessels in the retina, which is the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. These new blood vessels can develop in response to various conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or age-related macular degeneration. Retinal neovascularization can be a serious condition because it can lead to vision loss or even blindness. The new blood vessels are often weak and fragile, and they can leak blood or fluid into the retina, causing swelling and damage. In some cases, the new blood vessels can also grow into the center of the retina, which can cause further damage and vision loss. Treatment for retinal neovascularization depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, medications or laser therapy may be used to slow the growth of the new blood vessels or to prevent them from leaking. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the damaged tissue or to restore blood flow to the retina.

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues in the body. In a healthy immune system, the body recognizes and attacks foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria, to protect itself. However, in autoimmune diseases, the immune system becomes overactive and begins to attack the body's own cells and tissues. There are over 80 different types of autoimmune diseases, and they can affect various parts of the body, including the joints, skin, muscles, blood vessels, and organs such as the thyroid gland, pancreas, and liver. Some common examples of autoimmune diseases include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease. The exact cause of autoimmune diseases is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment for autoimmune diseases typically involves managing symptoms and reducing inflammation, and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.

Retinal detachment is a medical condition in which the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye, separates from the underlying tissue. This can cause vision loss and, if left untreated, can lead to permanent blindness. Retinal detachment can occur due to a variety of factors, including trauma, eye surgery, or certain medical conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure. Treatment typically involves surgery to repair the detached retina and prevent further damage.

Eye infections caused by fungi are a common type of ocular infection. Fungal eye infections can affect the cornea, conjunctiva, or eyelids. Symptoms of fungal eye infections may include redness, itching, burning, discharge, and sensitivity to light. Treatment for fungal eye infections typically involves the use of antifungal medications, such as topical creams or ointments, or oral medications. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the infected tissue. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have a fungal eye infection, as untreated infections can lead to serious complications, such as vision loss.

Eye infections caused by parasites are a type of ocular disease that can affect the eyes and surrounding structures. These infections are caused by microscopic organisms such as protozoa, helminths, and arthropods that can invade the eye and cause inflammation, irritation, and damage to the eye's tissues. Some common examples of parasitic eye infections include: 1. Trachoma: A bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis that is transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects. 2. Onchocerciasis: A parasitic infection caused by the worm Onchocerca volvulus that is transmitted through the bite of infected blackflies. 3. River blindness: Another name for onchocerciasis, which is also known as African trypanosomiasis. 4. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii that can be transmitted through contact with infected cat feces or contaminated food and water. 5. Chagas disease: A parasitic infection caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi that is transmitted through the bite of infected triatomine bugs. These infections can cause a range of symptoms, including redness, itching, discharge, pain, and vision loss. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics, antiparasitic medications, or other medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the parasite or repair damage to the eye.

Eye pain, also known as ocular pain, is a condition characterized by discomfort or pain in the eye or surrounding area. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including eye injuries, infections, inflammation, allergies, and other medical conditions. Eye pain can range from mild discomfort to severe pain that can affect vision and overall quality of life. It can also be accompanied by other symptoms such as redness, tearing, sensitivity to light, blurry vision, double vision, and headache. In the medical field, eye pain is typically evaluated by an ophthalmologist or optometrist, who will perform a thorough eye examination to determine the cause of the pain. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, eye drops, surgery, or other interventions. It is important to seek medical attention for eye pain as soon as possible to prevent potential complications and ensure proper treatment.

Diseases of the eye and adnexa (H00-H59). [1]. Retrieved 2010-07-28. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and ... International Statistical Classification of Diseases (WHO ICD-10) - Diseases of the eye and adnexa (ICD-10 codes H00-H59) ... the tendency for eyes to become cross-eyed (H50.1, H50.3) Exotropia - the tendency for eyes to look outward H52 Disorders of ... Crossed eye/Wandering eye/Walleye) - the eyes do not point in the same direction (H49.3-4) Ophthalmoparesis - the partial or ...
"Porcine Paramyxovirus Blue Eye Disease", and "La Piedad Michoacán Paramyxovirus Infection". Blue eye disease is a viral disease ... Blue eye disease in swine has only been reported in Mexico. It can affect not only pigs but also dogs, cats, rats, and rabbits ... Blue eye disease typically begins in piglets that are between 2-21 days old; 90 percent of the pigs that become infected with ... Blue eye disease outbreaks can happen throughout the year but are most common during spring and summer months of April to July ...
"Muscle eye brain disease , Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) - an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. ... "Muscle eye brain disease , Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) - an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. ... Muscle-eye-brain (MEB) disease, also known as muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy congenital with brain and eye anomalies A3 ... "Muscle-Eye-Brain Disease". Journal of Clinical Neuromuscular Disease. 11 (3): 124-126. doi:10.1097/CND.0b013e3181c5054d. ISSN ...
Inflammatory eye diseases. Vitreo-retinal and laser surgery. Lens pathology. Eye trauma. Eye burns. Pediatric ophthalmic ... Its mission is the study of eye diseases and injuries, the training of ophthalmologists and the provision of eye care in ... and on 18 January 1965, the Odesa Research Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy. On 10 April 1986, the presidium of the ... On 28 February 2012, the Academy named the institute, The Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy of National ...
The Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group (June 2006). "The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS): Design Implications ... The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) was a clinical trial sponsored by the National Eye Institute that ran from 1992-2001 ... "Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) - Full Text View". clinicaltrials.gov. Omenn, Gilbert S.; et al. (1996). "Effects of a ... Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group (May 5, 2013). "Lutein/Zeaxanthin and Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Age-Related ...
... is rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) that is ... 2021-02-22). "Abnormal Gray Matter Volume and Functional Connectivity in Parkinson's Disease with Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ... "Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in treatment-naïve Parkinson disease patients". Sleep Medicine. 14 (10): 1035-1037. ... "Symptoms of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder are associated with cholinergic denervation in Parkinson disease". ...
An ocular manifestation of a systemic disease is an eye condition that directly or indirectly results from a disease process in ... Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Alcoholism Crohn's disease Liver disease Malnutrition Peptic ulcer disease Pancreatic disease ... Carotid artery disease Arterial spasm (TIA) Diabetes mellitus Collagen diseases Venous occlusive disease Thrombosis Use of ... "Dengue Eye Disease". The BMJ. 2017-07-06. Mehta, Salil; Jiandani, Prakash (September 2007). "Ocular features of hantavirus ...
"Priority eye diseases". Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014. "chromoblastomycosis" at Dorland's ... Contagious disease Fecal-oral transmission Neglected Tropical Disease Research and Development Drugs for Neglected Diseases ... and infectious disease experts over which diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases. Feasey, a researcher in ... malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases." In 2012, ...
Autoimmune diseases, Autoinflammatory syndromes, Eye diseases, Hearing loss, Disturbances of human pigmentation, Rare diseases) ... of 2001 classify the disease as complete (eyes along with both neurological and skin), incomplete (eyes along with either ... The disease is characterised by bilateral diffuse uveitis, with pain, redness and blurring of vision. The eye symptoms may be ... Although sometimes a viral infection, or skin or eye trauma precedes an outbreak, the exact underlying initiator of VKH disease ...
... or thyroid eye disease (TED), is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease. It is a form of idiopathic ... Less commonly, it has been known as Parry disease, Begbie disease, Flajan disease, Flajani-Basedow syndrome, and Marsh disease ... Eye problems may require additional treatments. Graves' disease develops in about 0.5% of males and 3.0% of females. It occurs ... About 25 to 30% of people with the condition develop eye problems. The exact cause of the disease is unclear, but symptoms are ...
ISBN 978-981-15-4261-9. (Eye diseases). ... deforming the eye in a way that the eye-length is extended ... The protrusion is generally black in colour, due to the inner layers of the eye. It occurs due to weakening of outer layer of ... It may be of five types, depending on the location on the eyeball (bulbus oculi). In the anterior segment of the eye, involving ... On the equator of the eye (region circumferencing the largest diameter orthogonal to the visual axis). Its causes are scleritis ...
... represent a group of diseases affecting the central part of the retina of the eye, the ... "Pachychoroid disease". Eye. 33 (1): 14-33. doi:10.1038/s41433-018-0158-4. ISSN 0950-222X. PMC 6328576. PMID 29995841. Warrow, ... The disease mechanisms are not completely understood. All pachychoroid disorders of the macula show choroidal thickening and ... It is assumed that a large part of the population has a thickened choroid without other signs of disease. This includes mainly ...
"WHO , Priority eye diseases". WHO. Retrieved 2020-09-02. Coursey, Terry G; de Paiva, Cintia S (2014-08-04). "Managing Sjögren's ... Diabetic Eye Disease Carraro, Maria Cristina; Rossetti, Luca; Gerli, Gian Carla (October 2001). "Prevalence of retinopathy in ... Eye infection, inflammation, or injury. Sjögren's syndrome, a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that destroys moisture ... Temporary blurred vision may involve dry eyes, eye infections, alcohol poisoning, hypoglycemia, or low blood pressure. Other ...
ISBN 978-0-7020-7711-1. "Priority eye diseases". www.who.int. Archived from the original on March 22, 2006. "Diagnostic ... Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH): ICGA is useful in diagnosing VKH. In VKH, delay in filling of the choriocapillaris along ... Stargardt disease: Numerous hypoflourescent spots are seen in ICGA. Angioid streaks: ICGA can be used for diagnosing angioid ... First intravenous ICGA in human eye was performed by Flower and Hochheimer in 1972. In 1986 Hayashi et al. used infrared- ...
List of eye diseases and disorders List of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations "Definition of RETINOPATHY". www. ... "WHO , Priority eye diseases". www.who.int. Archived from the original on March 22, 2006. Retrieved 2017-03-03. "Diabetic ... It accounts for about 5% of blindness worldwide and is designated a priority eye disease by the World Health Organization. Many ... Both types cause disease by altering the normal blood flow to the retina through different mechanisms. The retina is supplied ...
One early warning sign of Coats' disease is yellow-eye in flash photography. Just as the red-eye effect is caused by a ... due to the unilateral nature of the disease). Often the unaffected eye will compensate for the loss of vision in the other eye ... Coats' disease results in a gradual loss of vision. Blood leaks from the abnormal vessels into the back of the eye, leaving ... Coats' disease itself is painless. Pain may occur if fluid is unable to drain from the eye properly, causing the internal ...
... is visible to the human eye. Affected gills may exhibit crusted, surface-corroding,[citation needed] ... Black gill disease, also known as black spot disease or black death, is a disease affecting various species of marine animals, ... concluding the patterned emergence of black gill disease is linked to large-scale weather events. Black gill disease is ... The disease is characterized by the visibly noticeable black melanated gills, speculated to be caused by a fungus called ...
2017). "Ophthalmology in North America: Early Stories (1491-1801)". Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases. 9: 1-51. doi:10.1177/ ... Many of the Salzburgers died due to complications from infectious diseases during the journey, and once they arrived in Georgia ...
"Eye Diseases and Information". All Animal Eye Services. Archived from the original (website) on August 5, 2009. Retrieved 19 ... Microphthalmia, meaning "small eyes", is a developmental disorder of the eye, believed to be an autosomal recessive genetic ... Additionally, the eyes of the Akita are small, dark, deeply set, and triangular in shape. Akitas have thick double coats, and ... "Diseases in the American Akita" (PDF). Akita Rescue Mid-Atlantic Coast (USA). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-05-26. ...
Eye diseases, Ophthalmology, Syndromes). ... Floppy eyelid syndrome is a disease whose most prominent ...
Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases. 9: 117917211772190. doi:10.1177/1179172117721902. PMC 5533269. PMID 28804247. https://enslaved. ... Church performed cataract surgery, and is also remembered for treating the eye ailments of John Adams. By 1769, he had acquired ...
2017). "Ophthalmology in North America: Early Stories (1491-1801)". Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases. 9: 1-51. doi:10.1177/ ... McKnight was remembered as an oculist, and therefore probably performed eye surgery. McKnight maintained a steady surgical ...
2017). "Ophthalmology in North America: Early Stories (1491-1801)". Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases. 9: 1-51. doi:10.1177/ ... Historian Edwin G. Burrows writes that "by the end of 1776, disease and starvation had killed at least half of those taken on ... The primary cause of death in prison ships was diseases, as opposed to starvation. The British lacked decent and plentiful ... Great Britain's neglect resulted in starvation and disease. Despite the lack of formal executions, neglect achieved the same ...
Leffler CT, Schwartz SG, Le JQ (2017). "American Insight into Strabismus Surgery before 1838". Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases. ... wandering eye), amblyopia (lazy eye) and eye movement disorders may include a variety of vision therapy methods, primarily ... Strabismus is a misalignment of the eyes and may also result in amblyopia (lazy eye) or impairments of binocular vision. ... Scott AB (1994). "Change of eye muscle sarcomeres according to eye position". Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus ...
Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases. 9: 1-51. doi:10.1177/1179172117721902. PMC 5533269. PMID 28804247. Starbuck, David (2006). "The ...
2017). "Ophthalmology in North America: Early Stories (1491-1801)". Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases. 9: 1-51. doi:10.1177/ ... He placed prosthetic eyes and performed cataract surgery. Here he learned the principles of electricity from Ebenezer ...
2017). "Ophthalmology in North America: Early Stories (1491-1801)". Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases. 9: 1179172117721902. doi: ...
De Schweinitz, George Edmund (1902). Diseases of the Eye. Saunders. pp. 309. v t e (All articles with unsourced statements, ... Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018, Medical signs, Eye diseases, All stub articles, Eye stubs). ...
2017). "Ophthalmology in North America: Early Stories (1491-1801)". Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases. 9: 1-51. doi:10.1177/ ... He began studies of yellow fever when the disease broke out in New York in 1795. His work helped discover its epidemiology. As ...
Sihota, Ramanjit; Tandon, Radhika (2011). "Diseases of the Orbit". Parsons' Diseases of the Eye. New Delhi: Elsevier India. p. ... One with the eyes looking up, one with the eyes looking down. These views will show any movement of fragments and helps rule ... Orbital x-ray or orbital radiography is an x-ray of both left and right eye sockets, to include the Frontal Sinuses and ... It is useful for detecting fractures of the surrounding bone arising from injury or disease. It is also commonly used for ...
Learn about diseases of the eye, including symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. ... Some eye problems are minor and go away. Others can cause vision loss. ... Get a Dilated Eye Exam (National Eye Institute) Also in Spanish * Get an Eye Disease Screening at 40 (American Academy of ... Conjunctivitis - an infection also known as pink eye. Your best defense is to have regular checkups, because eye diseases do ...
Common eye disorders that could lead to vision loss ... Common Eye Disorders and Diseases. *Frequently Asked Questions ... or astigmatic in one eye than the other eye, and rarely other eye conditions such as cataract. Unless it is successfully ... The leading causes of blindness and low vision in the United States are primarily age-related eye diseases such as age-related ... Glaucoma is a group of diseases that can damage the eyes optic nerve and result in vision loss and blindness. Glaucoma occurs ...
Endocrinologist Malini Gupta, MD, demonstrates the structural changes of thyroid eye disease in this series of images. ... Thyroid Eye Disease often causes quality-of-life changes for patients. ... Changes in thyroid eye disease can be unilateral or bilateral. Changes in thyroid eye disease are often gradual but can cause ... Thyroid eye disease (TED) has been viewed as a phenomenon seen in Graves disease of the thyroid, but its now recognized as a ...
... is a multifactorial disease of the tears and the ocular surface that results in discomfort, visual disturbance, and tear film ... Dry eye syndrome (DES), also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) or keratitis sicca, ... SS-Associated Dry Eye Disease (Primary or Secondary). SS-associated dry eye disease leads to a chronic inflammatory state, with ... Alternatively, dry eye disease can also be subdivided into disease associated with Sjögren syndrome (SS) and disease not ...
Perspectives in Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Guidelines for Diabetic Eye Disease Control -- Kentucky ... Guidelines for Diabetic Eye Disease Control. POINT OF CONTACT FOR THIS DOCUMENT:. Article. Diabetic eye disease is the leading ... Since detection of proliferative eye disease is subtle, it is best performed by persons specially trained in eye disease. ... Guidelines for Diabetic Eye Disease Control. Eye care for the patient with diabetes requires a partnership between the primary ...
Breedlove B, Bradbury R. A Worms Eye View. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2018;24(8):1602-1603. doi:10.3201/eid2408.ac2408.. ... Hotez PJ, Molyneux DH, Fenwick A, Kumaresan J, Sachs SE, Sachs JD, et al. Control of neglected tropical diseases. N Engl J Med ... which resulted in an eye surgeon extracting a Loa loa worm from Taylors eye. Taylor notes that this event "was the start of ... A Worms Eye View. Volume 24, Number 8-August 2018. Article Views: 1593. Data is collected weekly and does not include ...
... is a vision loss disease that is the primary cause of blindness and vision loss in Americans who are 65 and over. ... Lensshopper ⤏ Eye Disorders ⤏ Macular Degeneration. Eye Diseases Macular Degeneration. What is Macular Degeneration?. Macular ... Ask our Eye Care Pro. Questions and answers Contact Lens Retailers. AC Lens. Discount contact lenses. Best Price Contacts. Lens ... When the drug enters the retinal blood vessels, the doctor shines a laser into the eye, which activates the drug. It then ...
... system that can analyse eye scans taken during a routine visit to an optician or eye clinic and identify patients at a high ... AI can identify heart disease from an eye scan Category. Technology news ... He said: "Cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks, are the leading cause of early death worldwide and the second- ... He said: "The AI system has the potential to identify individuals attending routine eye screening who are at higher future risk ...
Uncontrolled neovascularization lies behind vision-threatening diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), corneal ... excercise may prevent eye diseases New year; new you: A low-cost treatment option for certain eye diseases? Exercise. December ... Healthy eyes. The study is further evidence that our eye health is linked to overall health, says Fraser Horn, O.D., interim ... "Physical activity may be a low-cost, effective and noninvasive treatment option in prevention of a number of eye diseases, ...
... pronounced yoo-vee-eye-tis) seems to have many fewer side effects than existing therapies, leading to improved quality of life ... initiate an immune response in the eye. Further work observed that the T helper cells that attack the eye have large numbers of ... The National Eye Institute (NEI) conducts and supports research that leads to sight-saving treatments and plays a key role in ... Autoimmune diseases are conditions where the bodys immune system attacks parts of the body. Previous laboratory studies at the ...
... is Promoting Awareness and Education on Inflammatory Eye Disease and the Steps That Should Be Taken to Save Sight ... Thyroid Eye Disease- sometimes called Graves ophthalmopathy or Graves Eye Disease, is an autoimmune disease in which the ... Regener-Eyes® is Pledging Support to Prevent Blindness this Holiday Season. *First Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) Awareness Week to ... Prevent Blindness Declares July as Dry Eye Awareness Month to Educate Public on Eye Disease that Affects more than 16 Million ...
Learn about health conditions and medications that can contribute to dry eye. ... Dry eye disease is a common condition that can have many causes. ... What can cause dry eye disease?. Dry eye disease affects a wide ... Dry eye disease (also called dry eye syndrome) is a condition that develops when the eyes do not make enough tears to stay ... Can Stress Make Dry Eye Disease Worse? A look at the ways stress might contribute to dry eyes, and how dry eyes might ...
Archives of Disease in Childhood Apr 2010, 95 (Suppl 1) A25; DOI: 10.1136/adc.2010.186338.54 ... Archives of Disease in Childhood Jan 2018, 103 (1) 68-70; DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-310420 ... Archives of Disease in Childhood Jun 2017, 102 (6) 566-571; DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-311775 ... Archives of Disease in Childhood Mar 2017, 102 (3) 212-215; DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-310548 ...
... July 24, 2023. David Hutton ... This is an excellent opportunity to help patients affected by these hereditary eye diseases, note the researchers Roser ... Certain inherited retinal diseases are characterized by large cystoid macular lesions. August 21st 2023 ... Certain inherited retinal diseases are characterized by large cystoid macular lesions. August 21st 2023 ...
Signs and Treatments For Thyroid Eye Disease. Like any other part of the human body, our eyes can also be affected by ... One such condition is Thyroid Eye Disease (TED). In this article, we tackle the causes, symptoms, and … ... conditions or diseases which may hamper its functions and cause discomfort for us. ...
Dry Eye Disease: a New Era Approaches. With numerous companies investing in research, a revolution in treatment is on the ... announces positive top line data from phase 2 clinical trial of MIM-D3 for dry eye disease. Mimetogen Pharmaceuticals Inc. ... Today, we ophthalmologists recognize dry eye disease (DED) as real pathology that can be accurately diagnosed and effectively ... Research in dry eye: report of the Research Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). Ocul Surf.2007;5(2):179- ...
Download the citation for this article by clicking on one of the following citation managers:. ...
Lazy Eyes and Not So Lazy Eyes: Amblyopia Strabismus and Common Pediatric Eye Conditions. ... Lazy Eyes and Not So Lazy Eyes: Amblyopia Strabismus and Common Pediatric Eye Conditions. ... Bringing Clarity to the Cornea: Dry Eye Disease and Surgeries of the Cornea. 7/31/2021; 89 minutes ... Gerami Seitzman explores dry eye and Dr. Julie Schallhorn looks at surgeries of the cornea. Recorded on 06/02/2021. (#37145) ...
Diabetic Eye Disease, Diabetic Retinopathy, Eye Care, Eye Care Specialists, Norman Cohen, Robert Sucher ... diabetic eye disease, macular degeneration, dry eye, and laser vision correction care. They frequently lecture to the public ... Will diabetic eye disease affect someone you know?. November 23, 2012. Diabetes is being diagnosed in epidemic numbers across ... "Diabetic eye disease can appear as early as a year after the onset of diabetes. All diabetics-type 1 or 2, insulin-dependent or ...
Sick Birds and Bird Diseases. Find out about bird disease and identifying the signs of bird disease ... I believe this may be a house finch infected with eye disease. (Took this picture on my Canon 300mm camera). He is puffy and ... Am concerned about any disease spreading to other birds at my feeder. ... Reporting Possible Case Of House Finch Eye Disease. Female house finch with possible eye disease? ...
Making sure you have a regular eye care professional will ensure your early detection of Keratoconus and other eye conditions. ... Frequent eye rubbing. Getting early treatments can slow the progress of Keratoconus, and they are finding that some treatments ... If you are sure that you have a family history of Keratoconus, getting regular screenings on your eyes can help keep your ... Copyright © 2023 Keratoconus Inserts , Eye Disorder Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Risks All rights reserved. 465 N. Roxbury Dr ...
To propose additional items for established dry eye disease (DED) instruments that cover blepharitis-specific signs and ... Developing and validating a questionnaire to assess the symptoms of blepharitis accompanied by dry eye disease.. May 29, 2023 ... To propose additional items for established dry eye disease (DED) instruments that cover blepharitis-specific signs and ... The question about heavy eyelids might be well suited for recording the symptoms of hyposecretory and hyperevaporative dry eye ...
At Celebration Eye Care, we can diagnose these and more. ... theyll also check for signs of eye disease.. Many eye diseases ... Diabetic Eye Diseases. People with diabetes are at an increased risk of eye diseases. Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular ... Detecting & Diagnosing Eye Diseases. An eye exam is an important part of preventive healthcare. Not only will your optometrist ... Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases generally characterized by damage to the optic nerve, usually by high intraocular pressure ...
New target for diabetic eye disease treatments. New research that has found a potential target for cancer treatments might also ... CENTRE FOR EYE RESEARCH AUSTRALIA. Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital. Peter Howson Wing. Level 7, 32 Gisborne Street. East ... "The work opens up a new potential avenue for therapy of diabetic eye diseases." ... this is the first time its been investigated for an eye disease." ...
Researchers identify the cause of leaking blood vessels in eye diseases. Researchers from SciLifeLab and Uppsala University ... Aging and diabetes can cause leaking blood vessels to grow inside the eyes leading to harmful swelling and gradual loss of ... To find out, the researchers investigated exactly how VEGF can cause blood vessels leakage in mice with diseases that mimics ... in the process that can lead to leaking blood vessels and harmful swelling in the eyes of patients with certain types of eye ...
Eye disease in the tropics : a practical textbook for developing countries / F. C. Rodger. by Rodger, Frederick Carson. ... Immunology of the eye : Workshop III, immunologic aspects of ocular diseases, infection, inflammation, and allergy, proceedings ... Pathobiology of ocular disease : a dynamic approach / edited by Alec Garner, Gordon K. Klintworth. by Garner, Alec , Klintworth ... by Informal Consultation on the Effects of Solar UV Radiation on the Eye (1993: Geneva, Switzerland) , WHO Programme for the ...
Inflammatory Orbital Disease - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical ... The most common etiology of noninfectious inflammatory orbital disease is thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves ... In thyroid eye disease, tendon-sparing enlargement of the inferior rectus and medial rectus muscles is common. ... Surgical decompression for severe thyroid eye disease may be needed. Surgical thyroidectomy may help resolve or prevent ...
Learn about some of the more common eye diseases and what your eye doctor can do to keep your eyes healthy. Read about Glaucoma ...
Ten-year incidence rates of age-related cataract in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS): AREDS report no. 33.. Go back to ... PURPOSE: To investigate the long-term incidence of age-related cataract and cataract surgery in the Age-Related Eye Disease ... Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group ...
UAE doctors help patient with rare eye disease regain vision. In a rare surgery, surgeons from RAK Hospital restored vision in ... gulfnews.com/uae/health/uae-doctors-help-patient-with-rare-eye-disease-regain-vision-1.2270163 ... After experiencing repeated attacks of pain around the eyeball with visual loss alternatively in both eyes, Lala was referred ... is an antibody which makes the eye reistant to antibiotics) that complicated his neuritis, making recovery difficult.. ...
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • Age-related macular degeneration results from damage to the central area of the retina called the macula, which is responsible for reading and driving vision for driving Nearly 20 million Americans age 40 and older are living with some form of AMD, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (mountsinai.org)
  • The leading causes of blindness and low vision in the United States are primarily age-related eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. (cdc.gov)
  • Uncontrolled neovascularization lies behind vision-threatening diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), corneal neovascularization, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity. (aoa.org)
  • FREE Booklets & Information Eye Care Specialists' doctors are dedicated to providing the highest quality cataract, glaucoma, diabetic eye disease, macular degeneration, dry eye, and laser vision correction care. (milwaukeecourieronline.com)
  • Evidence indicates that the magnitude of avoidable blindness caused by communicable diseases like trachoma and onchocerciasis (river blindness) and ophthalmological complications in measles is decreasing, whereas noncommunicable age-related eye conditions (e.g. cataract, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy) are increasing. (who.int)
  • The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of an educational programme on knowledge, beliefs, practices and expectations towards glaucoma and eye care among adolescent patients with glaucoma. (who.int)
  • A purposive sample of 50 patients with glaucoma aged 12-18 years, attending ophthalmology outpatient clinics in Cairo, Egypt, were given an educational programme focusing on information about glaucoma, correcting patients' incorrect beliefs and expectations, and demonstrations and retraining about eye care. (who.int)
  • The programme significantly improved patients' knowledge and beliefs about glaucoma and their practices and expectations concerning eye care. (who.int)
  • Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases and adolescents are estimated to be ma. (who.int)
  • Other common eye disorders include amblyopia and strabismus. (cdc.gov)
  • Eyelid disorders may be associated with facial and orbital abnormalities, specific breeds, and adjunct skin diseases, as well as with many systemic diseases. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Diabetic eye disease is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in the United States in adults 75 years of age. (cdc.gov)
  • About a third of all babies infected in utero with Zika show eye disease such as inflammation of the optic nerve, retinal damage or blindness after birth. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Accounting for an estimated 10-15 percent of blindness in the United States, uveitis is a condition in which tissues in the eye become inflamed. (nih.gov)
  • The National Eye Institute (NEI) conducts and supports research that leads to sight-saving treatments and plays a key role in reducing visual impairment and blindness. (nih.gov)
  • In an effort to educate the public on the various forms of Inflammatory Eye Disease (IED), Prevent Blindness has declared Sept. 27 - Oct. 3, 2021, as the first-ever Inflammatory Eye Disease Awareness Week. (preventblindness.org)
  • As part of this initiative, Prevent Blindness has created a dedicated webpage providing detailed information on IED, downloadable fact sheets in English and Spanish, and resources for eye care. (preventblindness.org)
  • Prevent Blindness will feature a new episode in its Focus on Eye Health Expert Series , with an interview of Dr. Ann-Marie Lobo of the Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Co-Director, Uveitis Service, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. (preventblindness.org)
  • As with most eye diseases and conditions, access to quality eyecare and treatment can help prevent vision loss and even blindness from Inflammatory Eye Disease," said Jeff Todd, president and CEO of Prevent Blindness. (preventblindness.org)
  • This increase means a corresponding surge in complications related to the disease, including sight-robbing "diabetic retinopathy"-now the leading cause of blindness in the U.S. And, if you are black, you have a three times greater risk of losing vision to diabetes than a white person. (milwaukeecourieronline.com)
  • Of the nearly 26 million Americans diagnosed with diabetes, up to 45% have some degree of diabetic retinopathy (damage to the sensitive retina in the back of the eye), which can lead to vision loss and blindness," reports Dr. Norman Cohen, an eye surgeon who has treated thousands of diabetic patients since 1975. (milwaukeecourieronline.com)
  • He adds, "Because African-Americans have a higher incidence of diabetes, they are also at higher risk of blindness from diabetic eye disease. (milwaukeecourieronline.com)
  • Two separate eye diseases may contribute to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness in the United States, according to a new study from New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai. (mountsinai.org)
  • The research, published January 9 in Eye is the first to demonstrate that two different types of deposits in the retina may contribute to early AMD, which can progress to advanced AMD and blindness. (mountsinai.org)
  • The control of river blindness through the Onchocerciasis Control Programme has resulted in halting the transmission of disease-causing parasites in 11 West African countries and the prevention of 600 000 cases of blindness. (who.int)
  • Other symptoms that need quick attention are pain, double vision, fluid coming from the eye, and inflammation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This receptor activates the cell and acts like an alarm bell to recruit other immune cells into the eye, resulting in sight-threatening inflammation. (nih.gov)
  • Different parts of the eye can be affected, depending on the cause of the inflammation. (preventblindness.org)
  • Eye inflammation is common and can happen at any age. (preventblindness.org)
  • The length of time of the eye inflammation and treatment will depend on the type and severity of the underlying disease, disorder or condition. (preventblindness.org)
  • Most cases of eye inflammation can be successfully treated. (preventblindness.org)
  • It also can be associated with inflammation of other parts of the eye and last for a short (acute) or a long (chronic) time. (preventblindness.org)
  • Keratitis - also known as "corneal ulcer", is an inflammation of the cornea - the clear, dome shaped window located at the front of the eye that covers the iris and pupil. (preventblindness.org)
  • Conjunctivitis - or pink eye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear mucous membrane that covers the white part of the eyeball and the inside of the eyelid. (preventblindness.org)
  • Thyroid Eye Disease - sometimes called Graves' ophthalmopathy or Graves' Eye Disease, is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system causes inflammation and swelling and stimulates the production of muscle tissue and fat behind the eye. (preventblindness.org)
  • Alter tear-film homeostasis with altered composition, reduced production, and rapid evaporation, and ocular surface inflammation lead to discomfort and blurred vision in patients with dry eye disease. (standardofcare.com)
  • Tear film hyper osmolarity stimulates ocular surface inflammation and epithelial and goblet cell damage leading to increased tear film instability and hyperosmolality creating a recurrent cycle for dry eye disease. (standardofcare.com)
  • As a result of ocular surface inflammation, dry disease alters neurologic pathways responsible for blink rate, tearing, and corneal sensation which further contribute to the process. (standardofcare.com)
  • Inflammatory orbital disease is a benign space-occupying inflammation involving orbital tissues. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Inflammatory orbital disease, also called orbital pseudotumor, is inflammation that can affect any or all structures within the orbit. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Thyroid eye disease (TED) has been viewed as a phenomenon seen in Graves disease of the thyroid, but it's now recognized as a separate autoimmune disease. (medscape.com)
  • It can be a potentially debilitating autoimmune disease. (medscape.com)
  • Autoimmune diseases are conditions where the body's immune system attacks parts of the body. (nih.gov)
  • The discovery of the central role of these T helper cells carrying large numbers of IL-2 receptors in uveitis and the potential value of daclizumab has also spurred intense research activity in other autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and ulcerative colitis, in which similar immune mechanisms have been implicated. (nih.gov)
  • We are very proud that our contributions have allowed the understanding of autoimmune disease to bloom. (nih.gov)
  • This is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks and damages saliva and tear glands, causing dry mouth and dry eyes. (sharecare.com)
  • Autoimmune lymphocytic hypophysitis in association with autoimmune eye disease and sequential treatment with infliximab and rituximab. (bvsalud.org)
  • Endocrinologist and food artist Malini Gupta, MD, depicts the progression of thyroid eye disease in this series. (medscape.com)
  • In thyroid eye disease, the orbit is infiltrated by B and T cells and CD34+ fibrocytes from the bone marrow. (medscape.com)
  • Changes in thyroid eye disease can be unilateral or bilateral. (medscape.com)
  • Changes in thyroid eye disease are often gradual but can cause extensive quality-of-life changes. (medscape.com)
  • Cite this: Illustrating the Progression of Thyroid Eye Disease - Medscape - Nov 06, 2023. (medscape.com)
  • The overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism) is usually caused by Graves' disease. (preventblindness.org)
  • One such condition is Thyroid Eye Disease (TED). (naturalhealthvillage.com)
  • The most common etiology of noninfectious inflammatory orbital disease is thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves ophthalmopathy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In thyroid eye disease, tendon-sparing enlargement of the inferior rectus and medial rectus muscles is common. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Macular degeneration, often called age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is an eye disorder associated with aging and results in damaging sharp and central vision. (cdc.gov)
  • Macular degeneration or AMD (age-related macular degeneration) is a vision loss disease that is the primary cause of vision loss in Americans who are 65 and over. (lensshopper.com)
  • One of the first signs of dry macular degeneration is when drusen, yellowish deposits from deteriorating tissue, appears on the eye, accompanied with gradual loss of central vision. (lensshopper.com)
  • Your best defense is to have regular checkups , because eye diseases do not always have symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This initial eye examination should include a history of visual symptoms, a measurement of visual acuity and intraocular pressure, and an ophthalmoscopic examination through dilated pupils. (cdc.gov)
  • A look at the health conditions and medications that can contribute to dry eye symptoms. (sharecare.com)
  • Dry eye disease can cause a variety of uncomfortable symptoms, including a stinging or burning sensation, sensitivity to light, redness and irritation, blurred vision, a gritty feeling, and eye pain or discomfort. (sharecare.com)
  • Flares are episodes where dry eye symptoms get noticeably worse. (sharecare.com)
  • There are therapies that can help ease dry eye symptoms and prevent complications. (sharecare.com)
  • In addition to addressing symptoms and easing flares, it is also important that a treatment plan addresses the underlying cause of dry eye disease. (sharecare.com)
  • If you experience dry eye symptoms, talk to a healthcare provider. (sharecare.com)
  • This information can help your healthcare providers identify what is contributing to dry eye symptoms and help you find the most appropriate treatment. (sharecare.com)
  • Aerobic exercise increases tear secretion, and the incorporation of light exercise and diet with low glycemic index foods have an associated improvement in dry eye symptoms. (standardofcare.com)
  • Eye Disorder Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Risks All rights reserved. (keratoconusinserts.com)
  • Developing and validating a questionnaire to assess the symptoms of blepharitis accompanied by dry eye disease. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • In cases of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia or IgG4-related orbital disease, there are typically few symptoms other than proptosis or swelling. (msdmanuals.com)
  • According to the university, DBGen Ocular Genomics, a leading company in the genetic diagnosis of ocular hereditary diseases, has several agreements with pharmaceutical companies and collaborations with institutions and patient associations at national and international level. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • She is a science writer and an internationally recognized lay expert on canine genetics and hereditary diseases. (workingaussiesource.com)
  • We are planning studies in people to find out whether infectious virus persists in the cornea or other compartments of the eye, because that would have implications for corneal transplantation," said Rajendra S. Apte, MD, PhD, the Paul A. Cibis Distinguished Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, and the study's other senior author. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Dr. Gerami Seitzman explores dry eye and Dr. Julie Schallhorn looks at surgeries of the cornea. (uctv.tv)
  • Infection with this worm is called loiasis and is typically diagnosed either by the worm's appearance in the eye or by a history of localized Calabar swellings, named for the coastal Nigerian town where that symptom was initially observed among infected persons. (cdc.gov)
  • Taylor discovered that he had returned from this travels not just with Loa loa but with two additional parasitic diseases, hookworm infection and strongyloidiasis. (cdc.gov)
  • The study, published Sept. 6 in Cell Reports , describes the effect of Zika virus infection in the eyes of mouse fetuses, newborns and adults. (sciencedaily.com)
  • To determine what effect Zika infection has on the eye, the researchers infected adult mice under the skin -- similar to the way humans are infected by mosquitoes -- and found live virus in the eyes seven days later. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Eye infection raises the possibility that people could acquire Zika infection through contact with tears from infected people. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The eye is an immune privileged site, meaning the immune system is less active there, to avoid accidentally damaging sensitive tissues responsible for vision in the process of fighting infection. (sciencedaily.com)
  • It is the most common eye infection in the United States. (preventblindness.org)
  • [ 1 , 2 ] Dry eye disease is a common form of ocular surface disease (OSD) and may overlap with other causes of OSD, such as limbal steam cell insufficiency and ocular graft-versus-host disease. (medscape.com)
  • In an observational study of 50 patients, acupuncture produced a significant improvement in DED symptom scores, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire scores, and Schirmer test scores. (crstoday.com)
  • An estimated 20.5 million (17.2%) Americans aged 40 years and older have cataract in one or both eyes, and 6.1 million (5.1%) have had their lens removed operatively. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients with diabetes mellitus should have their first complete eye examination after 5 years duration of diabetes if they are between 10 and 30 years of age or at the time of diagnosis of diabetes if they are over 30 years of age. (cdc.gov)
  • Her area of expertise is diagnosis and treatment of patients with ocular inflammatory and infectious diseases. (preventblindness.org)
  • Patients with Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic systemic graft versus host disease or at higher risk of moderate to severe dry eye disease. (standardofcare.com)
  • Identifying the molecular mediators that couple physical activity and CNV is an important avenue of research to understand the relationship between this complex modifiable risk factor and retinal disease. (aoa.org)
  • It is significant to note that drugs used as the standard of care (acyclovir and foscarnet) showed no effect, whereas the intravitreal injection of the NanoViricides compound was highly effective in the treatment of viral-induced retinal disease and viral replication, Borniak concludes. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
  • The advanced dry form is also called geographic atrophy (GA) by eye specialists. (mountsinai.org)
  • The new research measured the autofluorescence and evaluated OCT scans in 18 patients (32 eyes) with advanced AMD and geographic atrophy (GA). Because GA can happen in multiple regions of the retina, investigators analyzed 52 GA regions overall. (mountsinai.org)
  • Cataracts, Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA), and Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA), to name the most devastating, occur in most or all of these breeds. (workingaussiesource.com)
  • Of the non-merle related diseases, cataracts and iris coloboma are most common, followed by CEA (Collie Eye Anomaly). (workingaussiesource.com)
  • However, since patients with retinopathy are usually asymptomatic at the most treatable stage of their disease, they may not seek an examination at that time. (cdc.gov)
  • All patients should be informed (a) that sight-threatening eye disease is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and can often be present even with good vision and (b) that early detection and appropriate treatment of diabetic eye disease greatly reduce the risk of visual loss. (cdc.gov)
  • Scientists have developed an artificial intelligence system that can analyse eye scans taken during a routine visit to an optician or eye clinic and identify patients at a high risk of a heart attack. (leeds.ac.uk)
  • The use of deep learning in the analysis of retinal scans could revolutionise the way patients are regularly screened for signs of heart disease. (leeds.ac.uk)
  • The study, in mice, helps explain why some Zika patients develop eye disease including a condition known as uveitis which can lead to permanent vision loss. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A preliminary clinical trial, conducted by researchers at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), found that an investigational treatment for uveitis (pronounced yoo-vee-eye-tis) seems to have many fewer side effects than existing therapies, leading to improved quality of life for patients with this potentially blinding disease. (nih.gov)
  • Patients with dry eye disease present with a sensation of a foreign body in their eye and blurred vision. (standardofcare.com)
  • Many patients have a combination of both types of disease. (standardofcare.com)
  • Patients with metabolic syndrome and sedentary lifestyles have a higher rate of dry eye disease, thought to be due to oxidative stress and sympathetic nervous system dominance. (standardofcare.com)
  • This is an excellent opportunity to help patients affected by these hereditary eye diseases', note the researchers Roser González Duarte and Gemma Marfany, creators of DBGen Ocular Genomics in 2018 and members of the Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics of the Faculty of Biology and the Institute of Biomedicine of the UB (IBUB), and Rebeca Valero, research and innovation director of the spin-off. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • But all of our expertise, lasers and treatments are of no use if patients don't come in for regular eye check-ups," comments Dr. David Scheidt, optometrist and 17-year member of the Wisconsin Diabetes Advisory Group. (milwaukeecourieronline.com)
  • An ophthalmologist who sees patients at all three Eye Care Specialists' locations, Daniel Paskowitz, MD, PhD, adds, "We have seen some amazing results with Avastin, including not only stabilization of vision, but in some cases, improvement in sight. (milwaukeecourieronline.com)
  • However, in a recent previous study, Dr. Smith and a team of Mount Sinai researchers found that patients with SDDs are likely to have heart damage from heart failure and heart attacks, or advanced heart valve disease, or strokes associated with carotid artery disease. (mountsinai.org)
  • Innovative educational programmes about eye diseases are needed to improve patients' knowledge and practices. (who.int)
  • Un échantillon choisi à dessein de 50 patients souffrant de glaucome, âgés de 12 à 18 ans, consultant un centre de soins externes en ophtalmologie au Caire (Égypte) a bénéficié d'un programme éducatif sur cette maladie, visant à corriger leurs idées fausses et leurs attentes, et comportant des démonstrations et des formations de perfectionnement sur les soins oculaires. (who.int)
  • For more information on inflammatory eye disease, please visit https://preventblindness.org/inflammatory-eye-disease . (preventblindness.org)
  • Download the Inflammatory Eye Disease Awareness Week press release. (preventblindness.org)
  • Like any other part of the human body, our eyes can also be affected by conditions or diseases which may hamper its functions and cause discomfort for us. (naturalhealthvillage.com)
  • Seeing a several-centimeters-long worm traversing the conjunctiva of an eye is often the moment when many people realize they are infected with Loa loa , commonly called the African eyeworm, a parasitic nematode that migrates throughout the subcutaneous and connective tissues of infected persons. (cdc.gov)
  • Overview of Neoplasia of the Eye and Associated Structures in Animals The various tissues of the eye and associated structures can be the site of primary or metastatic neoplasms. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • AMD affects the macula, the central part the retina that allows the eye to see fine details. (cdc.gov)
  • Doctors have recognised that changes to the tiny blood vessels in the retina are indicators of broader vascular disease, including problems with the heart. (leeds.ac.uk)
  • It is not yet known whether the virus typically makes that trip by crossing the blood-retina barrier that separates the eye from the bloodstream, traveling along the optic nerve that connects the brain and the eye, or some other route. (sciencedaily.com)
  • We think the SDDs result from deficient blood flow to the eye caused by these vascular diseases. (mountsinai.org)
  • In adults, Zika can cause conjunctivitis -- redness and itchiness of the eyes -- and, in rare cases, uveitis. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Uveitis - can occur in one eye or both eyes and affects the layer of the eye called the uvea. (preventblindness.org)
  • Early detection and aggressive treatment of dry eye disease, or keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), may help prevent corneal ulcers and scarring. (medscape.com)
  • Taylor notes that this event "was the start of new adventures as a medical novelty exhibit" during his week-long stay at the London Hospital for Tropical Diseases for "an intensive bout of treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • new you: A low-cost treatment option for certain eye diseases? (aoa.org)
  • Physical activity may be a low-cost, effective and noninvasive treatment option in prevention of a number of eye diseases, including AMD," the researchers write. (aoa.org)
  • This study will be repeated for verification, but if confirmed in both animals and humans, it could well represent a major breakthrough in the treatment of this highly devastating blinding disease, the company reports. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
  • This may be a healthcare provider that specializes in treating vision problems or diseases that affect the eyes, or it may be a healthcare provider you are already seeing, such as a primary care provider or a specialist overseeing treatment for an existing health condition. (sharecare.com)
  • I have reviewed the research on the use of acupuncture for the treatment of dry eye disease (DED), and my colleagues and I are now studying whether we can validate a protocol that has been described. (crstoday.com)
  • Dry AMD generally affects both eyes. (cdc.gov)
  • Dry eye disease affects a wide variety of people and has many different causes. (sharecare.com)
  • The disease mainly affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, and the eyes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dry eye disease (DED), also known as dry eye syndrome (DES), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), and keratitis sicca, is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface due to a loss of homeostasis of the tear film. (medscape.com)
  • Cite this: Empagliflozin Eyed for Fatty Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetes - Medscape - Mar 22, 2018. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] Abnormalities or deficiencies in any of the 7 ocular surface components may worsen dry eye disease, yet promise opportunities for effective therapeutic intervention. (medscape.com)
  • After the initial eye examination, persons with diabetes mellitus should receive the above ophthalmic examinations annually unless more or less frequent examinations are indicated by the presence or absence of abnormalities. (cdc.gov)
  • Washington, DC, January 30, 2017 (PAHO / WHO) - Although cases of leprosy in the Americas have declined by more than 30 percent in the last decade, cases are still being notified in some countries, highlighting the need to maintain disease control measures to sustain that decline. (bvsalud.org)
  • This requires disease prevalence to be reduced to below specific threshold levels so that transmission levels are sufficiently low for fixed health facilities to treat cases so that specific community outreach programs are not required. (cehjournal.org)
  • The system could also be used to track early signs of heart disease. (leeds.ac.uk)
  • Pupil dilation (enlargement with drops) is necessary to best check the back of the eye for early signs of retinopathy, such as microaneurysms (tiny blister-like outcroppings on retinal blood vessels that can bulge and leak), before noticeable vision loss occurs. (milwaukeecourieronline.com)
  • Categorized into two main groups: aqueous tear deficiency and evaporative dry eye disease. (standardofcare.com)
  • Rational acyclovir therapy in herpetic eye disease. (bmj.com)
  • He said: "The AI system has the potential to identify individuals attending routine eye screening who are at higher future risk of cardiovascular disease, whereby preventative treatments could be started earlier to prevent premature cardiovascular disease. (leeds.ac.uk)
  • Multiple studies show how exercise helps with conditions including, but not limited to, cardiovascular disease, anxiety and depression, IOP and more," he says. (aoa.org)
  • ed. note: C.A.Sharp is the president of the Australian Shepherd Genetics Institute , an organization 'dedicated to the increase and diffusion of knowledge of genetics in the Australian Shepherd, and the inherited diseases from which it sometimes suffers. (workingaussiesource.com)
  • The study, in mice, helps explain why some people with Zika virus develop eye disease, and suggests that contact with infected eyes may play a role in spreading the disease. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Our study suggests that the eye could be a reservoir for Zika virus," said Michael S. Diamond, MD, PhD, the Herbert S. Gasser Professor of Medicine and one of the study's senior authors. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Early evidence suggests exercise could help prevent some eye diseases. (aoa.org)
  • Exercise, a perennial top dog for New Year's resolutions , may have health effects that go well-beyond weight and waistlines as early evidence suggests the eyes, too, could benefit from keeping your resolution. (aoa.org)
  • Noting the $7.5 billion spent on Food and Drug Administration-approved anti-VEGFA drugs between 2013 and 2015, a study published in 2020 suggests a less costly, less invasive option for preventing vision loss in some diseases. (aoa.org)
  • Research suggests that this branch of complementary medicine holds promise for managing some forms of the disease. (crstoday.com)
  • As medical experts continue to debate whether or not "healthy obesity" can even exist, one new study suggests that risk for heart disease. (battlediabetes.com)
  • Evaporative dry disease is more common and develops in the setting of normal lacrimal secretion, and involves excessive evaporation of the tear film, which may be a result of insufficient lipid layer of the tear film. (standardofcare.com)
  • In addition, there are studies that show how exercise can help with oxidative stress, which we know the eyes get a lot of," he says. (aoa.org)
  • It can also cause complications-especially when left untreated-including infections and damage to the surface of the eye. (sharecare.com)
  • Dry eye disease, vision impairment, and other complications have been associated with shingles in and around the eye. (sharecare.com)
  • It is associated with many health complications, including many complications that affect the eyes. (sharecare.com)
  • These two diseases could be diagnosed, studied, and treated separately with appropriate early intervention to prevent vision loss and other complications. (mountsinai.org)
  • For chronic or recurrent disease, biopsy may be used to find evidence of an underlying medical condition. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Living or working in a dry or windy environment, exposure to smoke (including cigarette smoke), allergies, wearing contact lenses, and having had eye surgery can all cause or contribute to dry eye disease. (sharecare.com)
  • It tended toward greater genetic diversity within individual dogs and therefore lessened the likelihood that bad genes for things like eye disease would match up. (workingaussiesource.com)
  • Refractive errors are the most frequent eye problems in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • An enlarged ventricle is linked with an increased risk of heart disease. (leeds.ac.uk)
  • Further research needs to be done in women and disadvantaged groups where neglected heart disease is a serious issue. (mountsinai.org)
  • Since detection of proliferative eye disease is subtle, it is best performed by persons specially trained in eye disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Even if human tears do not turn out to be infectious, the researchers' detection of live virus in the eye and viral RNA in tears still has practical benefits. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Making sure you have a regular eye care professional will ensure your early detection of Keratoconus and other eye conditions. (keratoconusinserts.com)
  • Results of search for 'su:{Eye diseases. (who.int)
  • We have been very pleased with the success of medications that can be painlessly injected directly into the eye to stave off progression of the disease. (milwaukeecourieronline.com)
  • Leprosy is a chronic disease caused by a slow multiplying bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae, which multiplies slowly and has an incubation period of about 5 years. (bvsalud.org)
  • Your eyes depend on many different nutrients to remain healthy. (sharecare.com)
  • Corneal dryness stimulates increased watering of the eye. (medscape.com)
  • Eye care specialist Dr. Daniel Ferguson notes, "It is vital for people with diabetes to understand that significant retinopathy may be present and progressing even if their vision appears to be good. (milwaukeecourieronline.com)
  • For doctors of optometry, this supports so much of what we do as primary care providers where we look at the person as a whole, not just the eyes or conditions," Dr. Horn says. (aoa.org)
  • What Health Conditions Can Cause Dry Eye Disease? (sharecare.com)
  • For diseases in which access to water, and poor sanitation and hygiene (WASH) plays a fundamental role, undertaking efforts to improve these conditions will reduce the risk of resurgence and, ultimately, enhance the sustainability of elimination efforts. (cehjournal.org)
  • The procedures require that gains against disease are sustained in the absence of antibiotic pressure and that evidence that environmental and behavioural conditions for transmission have been addressed. (cehjournal.org)
  • See an eye care professional right away if you have a sudden change in vision, if everything looks dim, or if you see flashes of light. (medlineplus.gov)
  • More than 4.2 million Americans aged 40 years and older are either legally blind* or are with low vision** in the better-seeing eye, excluding those who were categorized as being blind). (cdc.gov)
  • The National Eye Institute states that proper refractive correction could improve vision among 150 million Americans. (cdc.gov)
  • Over time, as less of the macula functions, central vision is gradually lost in the affected eye. (cdc.gov)
  • You should also call your doctor immediately if you notice vision changes in one or both eyes (not associated with fluctuations in blood sugar), numerous floating spots (like spider webs), or a veil over your vision. (milwaukeecourieronline.com)
  • And, because fluctuations in blood sugar levels can temporarily affect vision, it's sometimes hard to know if a serious eye problem is developing. (milwaukeecourieronline.com)
  • If you are sure that you have a family history of Keratoconus, getting regular screenings on your eyes can help keep your current quality of vision. (keratoconusinserts.com)
  • While it typically occurs on the torso, it can also occur in other areas of the body-including the eyes. (sharecare.com)
  • Several randomized controlled trials have shown that acupuncture produces statistically significant improvements in parameters of dry eye disease compared with artificial tears, but the effects are not immediate. (crstoday.com)
  • Artificial tears contain some form of cellulose to lubricate the eye, may contain polyethylene glycol or polyvinyl alcohol to prevent evaporation, and may include a preservative. (standardofcare.com)