Color
Eye
Color Perception
Cape Verde
Forensic Genetics
Color Vision
Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1
Melanosis
Color Vision Defects
Sunburn
Tilapia
Dominance-Subordination
Drosophila melanogaster
Interferon Regulatory Factors
Phenotype
Eye Injuries
Membrane Transport Proteins
Monophenol Monooxygenase
Antiporters
Crosses, Genetic
Dry Eye Syndromes
Suppression, Genetic
Drosophila
Molecular analysis of mutants obtained by treatment with alkylating agents in a quadruplicated white-ivory strain of Drosophila melanogaster. (1/279)
The use of a white-ivory (wi) strain of Drosophila melanogaster carrying four copies of this allele, (wi)4, has proved to be useful in detecting somatic mutation in genotoxicity testing. Nevertheless, until now very little information exists about the nature of the genetic effects detected in such a strain. This work presents molecular data on the changes that have taken place in different germinal mutants obtained after treatment with alkylating agents. Three different phenotypes were obtained: wild-type red eyes, dark red eyes and eyes lighter than (wi)4. Our results show that, in at least one of the four copies of the allele, the wild-type red eye phenotypes are due to a precise excision of the 2.96 kb duplicated region characteristic of the wi allele. These data agree with previous results obtained in a strain carrying only a single copy of the wi allele. The dark red eye mutants analysed seemed to be generated as a cluster and all proved to be caused by deletions at the 3'-end of the duplicated wi region in two of the copies of the (wi)4 genome. Finally, the light eye mutants (obtained at high frequencies) failed to show alterations at the molecular level, although we cannot discard the possibility that they might have originated by the loss of some of the wi copies of the (wi)4 strain. (+info)Mobilization of two retroelements, ZAM and Idefix, in a novel unstable line of Drosophila melanogaster. (2/279)
We describe a novel transposition system in a line of Drosophila melanogaster called RevI in which two retroelements are mobilized. These elements are the retroelement ZAM, recently described in the literature, and a novel element designated Idefix. Like ZAM, Idefix displays the structural features of a vertebrate retrovirus. Its three open reading frames encode predicted products resembling the products of the gag, pol, and env genes of retroviruses. In situ hybridization and Southern analyses performed on the RevI genome revealed the presence of some 20 copies of ZAM and Idefix, whereas ZAM is absent and Idefix is present in only four copies on the chromosomal arms of the original parental line. From RevI, a series of mutations affecting eye coloration has been recovered. The genetic and molecular analyses of these mutations have shown that most of them affected the white locus through three rounds of mutational events. The first mutational event was previously shown to be caused by a ZAM insertion 3 kb upstream of the transcription start site of white. It confers a red-brick phenotype to the orange eye coloration of the parental line. The second event results from the insertion of an Idefix copy 1.7 kb upstream of the transcription start site of the white gene, which modifies the red-brick phenotype to orange. This second mutational event was recovered as a recurrent specific mutation in 11 independent individuals. The third event results from an additional Idefix located 1.7 kb upstream of white that is responsible for the full reversion of the orange phenotype to red-brick. The fact that such mutations due to recurrent appearances of both ZAM and Idefix at the white locus result in such a variety of phenotypes brings to light a new molecular system in which the interference of mobile elements with the correct expression of the host gene can be tested. (+info)Pairing-dependent mislocalization of a Drosophila brown gene reporter to a heterochromatic environment. (3/279)
We describe the precise positioning of a reporter gene within heterochromatin where it may be silenced. A transposition of the 59E-60A region into pericentric heterochromatin ensnares distal 59E-60A via somatic pairing. The frequency with which a brown (bw) reporter gene in 59E is silenced is influenced by chromosomal configurations. Silencing occurs only when the bw+ reporter is unpaired due to heterozygosity with a deficiency, where the frequency of bw+ reporter expression is correlated with the extent of bw gene and flanking sequence present. Surprisingly, the frequency of pairing between the transposition in heterochromatin and distal 59E observed cytologically is indistinguishable from the frequency of pairing of homologous chromosomes at 59E in wild-type larval brains, regardless of configuration. Therefore, bringing a susceptible reporter gene into close proximity with heterochromatin does not necessarily affect its expression, but local pairing changes resulting from altered chromosomal configurations can lead to silencing. We also find that an ensnared distal copy of bw that is interrupted by a heterochromatic insertion enhances silencing. This demonstrates that bw can be simultaneously acted upon by pericentric and distal blocks of heterochromatin. (+info)A role for the deep orange and carnation eye color genes in lysosomal delivery in Drosophila. (4/279)
Deep orange and carnation are two of the classic eye color genes in Drosophila. Here, we demonstrate that Deep orange is part of a protein complex that localizes to endosomal compartments. A second component of this complex is Carnation, a homolog of Sec1p-like regulators of membrane fusion. Because complete loss of deep orange function is lethal, the role of this complex in intracellular trafficking was analyzed in deep orange mutant clones. Retinal cells devoid of deep orange function completely lacked pigmentation and exhibited exaggerated multivesicular structures. Furthermore, a defect in endocytic trafficking was visualized in developing photoreceptor cells. These results provide direct evidence that eye color mutations of the granule group also disrupt vesicular trafficking to lysosomes. (+info)Melanocortin-1 receptor polymorphisms and risk of melanoma: is the association explained solely by pigmentation phenotype? (5/279)
Risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) is increased in sun-exposed whites, particularly those with a pale complexion. This study was designed to investigate the relationship of the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) genotype to CMM risk, controlled for pigmentation phenotype. We report the occurrence of five common MC1R variants in an Australian population-based sample of 460 individuals with familial and sporadic CMM and 399 control individuals-and their relationship to such other risk factors as skin, hair, and eye color; freckling; and nevus count. There was a strong relationship between MC1R variants and hair color and skin type. Moreover, MC1R variants were found in 72% of the individuals with CMM, whereas only 56% of the control individuals carried at least one variant (P<.001), a finding independent of strength of family history of melanoma. Three active alleles (Arg151Cys, Arg160Trp, and Asp294His), previously associated with red hair, doubled CMM risk for each additional allele carried (odds ratio 2.0; 95% confidence interval 1. 6-2.6). No such independent association could be demonstrated with the Val60Leu and Asp84Glu variants. Among pale-skinned individuals alone, this association between CMM and MC1R variants was absent, but it persisted among those reporting a medium or olive/dark complexion. We conclude that the effect that MC1R variant alleles have on CMM is partly mediated via determination of pigmentation phenotype and that these alleles may also negate the protection normally afforded by darker skin coloring in some members of this white population. (+info)Genetic linkage groups in the Japanese brown frog (Rana japonica). (6/279)
To elucidate the genetic linkage groups of the Japanese brown frog (Rana japonica) and compare them with those of other amphibians, we analyzed the inheritance of alleles at 15 enzyme and blood protein loci and one pigment locus (Blk) in 3,298 offspring derived from 37 crosses using 28 males heterozygous at these loci. Of 63 pairs of loci tested for linkage, 55 pairs showed independent assortment in all crosses examined. In another six pairs, that is, between FUM/ME-1, alpha-GDH/MDH-2, MDH-1/ME-1, MDH-2/ME-2, MDH-2/PEP-C, and ME-2/PEP-C, all the offspring analyzed were parental, and none were recombinant. In the other two pairs, that is, between GPI/PEP-D and AAT-1/Blk, most of the offspring were parental, and some were recombinants with recombination rates ranging from 4.8% to 8.0%. Thus the following four linkage groups comprising 11 loci were established in R. japonica. The first group included the loci for alpha-GDH, MDH-2, ME-2, and PEP-C; the second group included the loci for MDH-1, ME-1, and FUM; the third group included the loci for GPI and PEP-D; and the fourth group included the loci for AAT-1 and Blk. No linkage between the other five loci--ADA, MPI, PEP-A, PGM, and Alb--was observed in the present study. (+info)Mosaic: a position-effect variegation eye-color mutant in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. (7/279)
The Mosaic (Mos) mutation, isolated in the F1 of 60Co-irradiated mosquitoes, confers variegated eye color to third and fourth instar larvae, pupae, and adults of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Mos is recessive in wild pink eye (p+) individuals, but is dominant and confers areas of wild-type pigment in mutant pink eye backgrounds. Mos is located 14.4 cM from pink eye on the X chromosome and is associated with a duplication of division 2B euchromatin that has been inserted into division 6 heterochromatin. Various combinations of Mos, pink eye alleles, and the autosomal mutation red eye were produced. In all cases, the darker pigmented regions of the eye in Mos individuals show the phenotypic interactions expected if the phenotype of those regions is due to expression of a p+ allele. Expression of Mos is suppressed by rearing larvae at 32 degrees C relative to 22 degrees C. All of these characteristics are consistent with Mos being a duplicated wild copy of the pink eye gene undergoing position-effect variegation. (+info)Patterns of tumor initiation in choroidal melanoma. (8/279)
This study attempts to document the occurrence of tumors with respect to clock hour location and distance from the macula and to evaluate tumor location in relation to retinal topography and light dose distribution on the retinal sphere. Analysis of patterns of tumor initiation may provide new evidence to clarify the controversy regarding the possible light-related etiology of choroidal melanoma. Incident cases of choroidal and ciliary body melanoma in Massachusetts residents diagnosed between 1984 and 1993 were the basis for analysis. Conventional fundus drawings and photos were used to assess the initiation site of each tumor. The initiation site was defined as the intersect between the largest tumor diameter and the largest perpendicular diameter of the tumor. Initiation sites were recorded using spherical coordinates. The retinal sphere was divided into 61 mutually exclusive sectors defined according to clock hour and anteroposterior distance from the macula. Rates of initiation were computed for each sector, overall, and according to gender and other clinical factors. Results were similar in left and right eyes; therefore, these were combined in analysis. Tumor initiation had a predilection for the macula (P < 0.0001). Overall, no significant clock hour preference was observed (P = 0.63). However, the parafoveal zone showed a strong circular trend (P < 0.01), with highest rates occurring in the temporal region, and the lowest rates occurring in the nasal region. Rates of occurrence in six progressively more anterior concentric zones (designated as the foveal, parafoveal, posterior, peripheral, anterior, and ciliary body zones) were 21.4, 14.2, 12.1, 8.9, 4.5, and 4.3 counts per spherical unit per 1000 eyes, respectively. Concentric zone location did not vary by gender (P = 0.93) or laterality (P = 0.78). However, posterior location was associated with light iris color (P = 0.01). Tumor diameters were largest in the peripheral region of the fundus and smallest in the macular and ciliary body zone (P < 0.001). Clock hour location was not influenced by gender (P = 0.74), laterality (P = 0.53), iris color (P = 0.84), or tumor diameter (P = 0.73). Results suggest that tumor initiation is not uniformly distributed, with rates of occurrence concentrated in the macular area and decreasing monotonically with distance from the macula to the ciliary body. This pattern is consistent with the retinal topography and correlates positively with the dose distribution of solar light on the retinal sphere. (+info)In the medical field, the term "color" is used to describe the appearance of various bodily fluids, tissues, and organs. For example, the color of blood can be used to indicate whether it is oxygenated or deoxygenated, and the color of urine can be used to detect the presence of certain medical conditions. In addition, the term "color" can also be used to describe the appearance of medical instruments and equipment, such as the color of a stethoscope or a blood pressure cuff. Overall, the use of color in the medical field is an important tool for healthcare professionals to diagnose and treat medical conditions.
Color perception refers to the ability of the human eye to perceive and distinguish different colors. It is a complex process that involves the detection of light by specialized cells in the retina, the transmission of this information to the brain, and the interpretation of this information by the brain. In the medical field, color perception is an important aspect of visual function and is often assessed as part of a comprehensive eye exam. Abnormalities in color perception can be a sign of various eye conditions, such as color blindness, cataracts, or macular degeneration. In some cases, color perception can also be affected by neurological disorders or brain injuries. In addition to its diagnostic value, color perception is also important in various medical applications, such as in the development of diagnostic imaging techniques, the design of medical devices and equipment, and the interpretation of medical images.
I'm sorry, but I'm not aware of any medical term or concept related to "Cape Verde." It is possible that you may be referring to a specific medical condition or treatment related to Cape Verde, but without more context or information, I am unable to provide a definition. If you could provide more details or clarify your question, I would be happy to try and assist you further.
Color vision refers to the ability of the human eye to perceive and distinguish different colors. It is a complex process that involves the detection of light by specialized cells in the retina, the transmission of this information to the brain, and the interpretation of this information by the brain. In the medical field, color vision is an important aspect of visual function that is often tested as part of a comprehensive eye exam. There are several tests that can be used to assess color vision, including the Ishihara test, the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test, and the Lanthony Desaturated Test. Abnormalities in color vision can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic disorders, eye diseases such as macular degeneration or cataracts, exposure to certain toxins or medications, and head injuries. Color vision deficiencies can affect an individual's ability to perform certain tasks, such as driving, operating machinery, or identifying colors in clothing or materials.
Color perception tests are a type of diagnostic tool used in the medical field to evaluate an individual's ability to perceive and distinguish colors. These tests are typically used to diagnose conditions that affect color vision, such as color blindness or other disorders of the visual system. There are several different types of color perception tests, including: 1. Ishihara Color Test: This is a widely used test that uses a series of plates with dots of different colors arranged in a specific pattern. The individual is asked to identify the number that is hidden within the pattern. 2. Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test: This test involves identifying the name of a color that falls within a specific range of hues. The individual is presented with a series of chips that are arranged in a specific order, and they must identify the color that falls within the range. 3. Lanthony Desaturated Test: This test is used to evaluate the ability to distinguish between different shades of color. The individual is presented with a series of chips that are arranged in a specific order, and they must identify the chip that is different from the others. Color perception tests are typically performed by an ophthalmologist or optometrist, and the results can help to diagnose and treat conditions that affect color vision.
The receptor, melanocortin, type 1 (MC1R) is a protein that is expressed on the surface of cells in various tissues throughout the body. It is a member of the melanocortin receptor family, which includes other receptors such as the melanocortin receptor 2 (MC2R) and the melanocortin receptor 3 (MC3R). MC1R plays a role in regulating the production of melanin, a pigment that gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. It is activated by the hormone melanocortin, which is produced by the pituitary gland. Activation of MC1R can lead to an increase in the production of melanin, which can help protect the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In addition to its role in regulating melanin production, MC1R has also been implicated in a number of other physiological processes, including appetite regulation, energy metabolism, and the regulation of body weight. It has also been linked to certain medical conditions, such as red hair coloration and skin cancer. Overall, the MC1R receptor is an important regulator of various physiological processes and is the target of ongoing research in the medical field.
Melanosis is a medical term used to describe an increase in the amount of melanin, the pigment that gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. It can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, mucous membranes, and internal organs. In the skin, melanosis can manifest as hyperpigmentation, which is an uneven distribution of melanin that results in dark patches or patches of discoloration. Melanosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including exposure to the sun, hormonal changes, certain medications, and genetic factors. Melanosis can also occur in the mucous membranes, such as the mouth and throat, where it is known as oral melanosis. This condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and certain medications. In the internal organs, melanosis can occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where it is known as gastrointestinal melanosis. This condition is usually associated with the presence of melanoma, a type of cancer that begins in the melanocytes, the cells that produce melanin. Overall, melanosis is a benign condition that does not typically cause any symptoms or health problems. However, in some cases, it may be a sign of an underlying medical condition, such as melanoma, and should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.
Color vision defects, also known as color blindness, are conditions in which an individual has difficulty distinguishing between certain colors or perceiving colors in a different way than others. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, eye diseases, exposure to certain chemicals or toxins, and head injuries. There are several different types of color vision defects, including red-green color blindness, blue-yellow color blindness, and total color blindness. Red-green color blindness is the most common type, and it affects the ability to distinguish between red and green colors. Blue-yellow color blindness affects the ability to distinguish between blue and yellow colors, while total color blindness, also known as achromatopsia, affects the ability to see any colors at all. Color vision defects can have a significant impact on an individual's daily life, as they can make it difficult to perform certain tasks, such as driving, reading, or identifying certain types of materials. In some cases, color vision defects may also be a sign of an underlying medical condition, such as a retinal disease or a neurological disorder, and it is important for individuals with color vision defects to see an eye doctor for a proper diagnosis and treatment.
Sunburn is a type of skin damage that occurs when the skin is exposed to excessive amounts of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or other sources. It is a common condition that affects people of all ages and skin types, and can range from mild to severe. The symptoms of sunburn include redness, swelling, pain, and sometimes blistering of the affected skin. Sunburn can also cause fever, headache, and fatigue. In severe cases, sunburn can lead to dehydration, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. Sunburn is caused by damage to the skin's cells, specifically the keratinocytes, which are the cells that produce the skin's pigment. When the skin is exposed to UV radiation, the keratinocytes produce an inflammatory response, which leads to the redness, swelling, and pain associated with sunburn. Prevention of sunburn is the best way to avoid its harmful effects. This can be achieved by using sunscreen with a high SPF, wearing protective clothing, seeking shade, and avoiding peak sun hours. If sunburn does occur, it is important to cool the affected skin, use moisturizers, and avoid further sun exposure until the skin has healed. In severe cases, medical treatment may be necessary.
Eye diseases refer to any medical conditions that affect the eyes, including the structures and tissues that make up the eye, as well as the visual system. These conditions can range from minor irritations and infections to more serious and potentially blinding conditions. Some common examples of eye diseases include: 1. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause vision loss. 2. Glaucoma: A group of eye diseases that can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss. 3. Age-related macular degeneration: A progressive eye disease that affects the central part of the retina and can cause vision loss. 4. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that can damage the blood vessels in the retina and lead to vision loss. 5. Retinitis pigmentosa: A genetic disorder that causes progressive vision loss. 6. Conjunctivitis: An inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin, clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye. 7. Uveitis: An inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, including the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. 8. Corneal dystrophies: A group of inherited conditions that cause abnormal growth of the cornea, the clear front part of the eye. 9. Optic neuritis: An inflammation of the optic nerve that can cause vision loss. 10. Strabismus: A condition in which the eyes do not align properly, which can cause double vision. These are just a few examples of the many eye diseases that can affect people. Early detection and treatment are important for preventing vision loss and preserving sight.
Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRFs) are a family of transcription factors that play a critical role in the regulation of interferon (IFN) signaling pathways. IFNs are a group of signaling molecules that are produced and released by cells in response to viral infections, bacterial infections, and other types of cellular stress. IRFs are activated by IFNs and other signaling molecules, and they regulate the expression of genes that are involved in the antiviral response, immune cell activation, and inflammation. There are nine known IRFs in humans, and they are classified into two subfamilies: type I IFN-stimulated IRFs (ISIRFs) and type III IFN-stimulated IRFs (ISIRFs). ISIRFs include IRF1, IRF2, IRF3, IRF5, IRF7, and IRF9, while ISIRFs include IRF6, IRF8, and IRF10. Each IRF has a unique function and is activated by different signaling pathways. IRFs play a critical role in the regulation of the immune response to viral infections. They activate the expression of genes that are involved in the production of IFNs, which in turn activate immune cells and stimulate the production of antiviral proteins. IRFs also regulate the expression of genes that are involved in the activation of immune cells, such as natural killer cells and T cells. In addition to their role in the immune response, IRFs have also been implicated in the regulation of other biological processes, such as cell growth and differentiation, and the development of certain types of cancer.
Eye injuries refer to any damage or trauma that affects the structures of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, optic nerve, and surrounding tissues. These injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including physical trauma, chemical exposure, radiation, or infection. Eye injuries can range from minor to severe and can cause temporary or permanent vision loss, depending on the extent of the damage. Some common types of eye injuries include corneal abrasions, conjunctivitis, chemical burns, foreign body injuries, and retinal detachment. Treatment for eye injuries depends on the severity and type of injury. Minor injuries may be treated with eye drops or ointments, while more severe injuries may require surgery or other medical interventions. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect that you or someone else has suffered an eye injury to prevent further damage and promote the best possible outcome.
Membrane transport proteins are proteins that span the cell membrane and facilitate the movement of molecules across the membrane. These proteins play a crucial role in maintaining the proper balance of ions and molecules inside and outside of cells, and are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including nutrient uptake, waste removal, and signal transduction. There are several types of membrane transport proteins, including channels, carriers, and pumps. Channels are pore-forming proteins that allow specific ions or molecules to pass through the membrane down their concentration gradient. Carriers are proteins that bind to specific molecules and change shape to transport them across the membrane against their concentration gradient. Pumps are proteins that use energy to actively transport molecules across the membrane against their concentration gradient. Membrane transport proteins are essential for the proper functioning of cells and are involved in many diseases, including cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and certain types of cancer. Understanding the structure and function of these proteins is important for developing new treatments for these diseases.
Monophenol monooxygenase (MMO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of monophenols to o-diphenols. It is involved in the biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, lignans, and alkaloids, in plants and microorganisms. MMO is also found in some bacteria and fungi, where it plays a role in the degradation of aromatic compounds. In the medical field, MMO has been studied for its potential use in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders.
In the medical field, antiporters are a type of membrane protein that facilitate the exchange of ions or molecules across a cell membrane. Unlike transporters, which move molecules or ions down a concentration gradient, antiporters move molecules or ions against a concentration gradient, meaning they require energy to function. Antiporters typically function by coupling the movement of one molecule or ion across the membrane with the movement of another molecule or ion in the opposite direction. This process is known as symport or antiport, depending on whether the two molecules or ions move in the same or opposite direction. Antiporters play important roles in many physiological processes, including the regulation of ion concentrations in cells, the transport of nutrients and waste products across cell membranes, and the maintenance of pH balance in cells and tissues. They are also involved in a number of diseases, including neurological disorders, metabolic disorders, and certain types of cancer.
In the medical field, "Crosses, Genetic" refers to the process of crossing two different organisms or strains of organisms to produce offspring with a combination of genetic traits from both parents. This process is commonly used in genetics research to study inheritance patterns and to create new strains of organisms with desired traits. In humans, genetic crosses can be used to study the inheritance of genetic diseases and to develop new treatments or cures. For example, researchers may cross two strains of mice that differ in their susceptibility to a particular disease in order to study the genetic factors that contribute to the disease. Genetic crosses can also be used in agriculture to create new crop varieties with desirable traits, such as resistance to pests or improved yield. In this context, the offspring produced by the cross are often selectively bred to further refine the desired traits.
Skin neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop on the skin. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Skin neoplasms can occur anywhere on the body and can vary in size, shape, and color. Some common types of skin neoplasms include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and keratosis. These growths can be treated with a variety of methods, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. It is important to have any unusual skin growths evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the best course of treatment.
Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a common condition that affects the eyes by causing them to feel dry, itchy, and irritated. It occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears or the tears produced are not of the right quality to lubricate and protect the eyes properly. Dry eye syndrome can be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal changes, certain medications, environmental factors such as air conditioning or wind, and medical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. It can also be a side effect of certain treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Symptoms of dry eye syndrome can include burning, stinging, redness, grittiness, and sensitivity to light. In severe cases, it can lead to vision problems and damage to the cornea. Treatment for dry eye syndrome typically involves using artificial tears or other lubricating eye drops to help keep the eyes moist. In some cases, medications or procedures may be recommended to help increase tear production or improve tear quality. It is important to consult with an eye doctor if you are experiencing symptoms of dry eye syndrome, as they can help diagnose the condition and recommend appropriate treatment.
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are a class of proteins that play a crucial role in regulating the activity of small GTPases, a family of proteins that are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell signaling, cytoskeletal dynamics, and vesicle trafficking. GEFs function by catalyzing the exchange of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) for guanosine triphosphate (GTP) on the small GTPase, thereby activating the protein. This activation allows the small GTPase to bind to and regulate downstream effector proteins, which in turn can initiate a variety of cellular responses. In the medical field, GEFs are of particular interest because many of the small GTPases that they regulate are involved in diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. For example, mutations in GEFs that activate certain small GTPases have been linked to the development of certain types of cancer, while defects in other GEFs can lead to abnormal cell signaling and contribute to the progression of these diseases. As such, GEFs are being actively studied as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of a variety of diseases.
Eye color
Olive-colored white-eye
Color of Her Eyes
Hudson-Stahli line
Acquired characteristic
Brown
Digital fashion
Cookie Cutter (album)
Joel Stubbs
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Asian koel
Oil droplet
My Child
Sverdlovsk blue-gray mottle-headed pigeon
My Devil in Your Eyes
Anime
Hyalinobatrachium valerioi
Rhinella lindae
Othram
Chivalry & Sorcery
Jamie Bamber
Gertrude Crotty Davenport
American Bobtail
Bee and PuppyCat
Human variability
Super Sonico
Greek Shepherd
Dicromantispa sayi
Nosco Plastics
Cinereous tinamou
Victor Han
Punnett square
Drosophila melanogaster
Eye color - Wikipedia
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Cat Eye Color - PoC - our relationship with cats and other animals
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Eye-popping results from color change 3D-printing filament - free blog post
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Wholesale Children Led Reading Lights 390ml 3 Colors Adjustable Eye Protection Wireless Charging Desk Lamp Rechargeable From...
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TeachersParadise - Creativity Street® Wiggle Eyes Sticker Roll, Multi-Color, 0.5', 1000 Pieces - CK-34031
eye chart - Printables for Kids - free word search puzzles, coloring pages, and other activities
Re: Eye color change (Iodine Supplementation Support by VWT Team) 4/1/2008 1145722
Lighter-colored eyes2
- This is an example of structural color, which depends on the lighting conditions, especially for lighter-colored eyes. (wikipedia.org)
- At least one polymorphism in this area of the HERC2 gene has been shown to reduce the expression of OCA2 and decrease P protein production, leading to less melanin in the iris and lighter-colored eyes. (medlineplus.gov)
Irises3
- All kittens are born with blue eyes, and melanin granules gradually accumulate into their irises, changing the colour over time. (mymodernmet.com)
- Affected individuals tend to have very light-colored irises, fair skin, and white or light-colored hair. (medlineplus.gov)
- In addition to the motions possible in the earlier model of Epi, the irises of the eyes can change color and the pupils can dilate and contract. (lu.se)
Heterochromia5
- Changes (lightening or darkening) of eye color during early childhood, puberty, pregnancy, and sometimes after serious trauma (like heterochromia) suggest that eyes sometimes change color under certain circumstances, due to chemical reactions or hormonal changes within the body. (wikipedia.org)
- Another condition called heterochromia is characterized by different-colored eyes in the same individual. (medlineplus.gov)
- Heterochromia can be caused by genetic changes or by a problem during eye development, or it can be acquired as a result of a disease or injury to the eye. (medlineplus.gov)
- Odd-eye color is called complete heterochromia. (pictures-of-cats.org)
- A rarer form is sectoral heterochromia when each eye has two colors: blue (or no color) and orange or yellow. (pictures-of-cats.org)
Inheritance of eye color2
- The genetics and inheritance of eye color in humans is complicated. (wikipedia.org)
- The inheritance of eye color is more complex than originally suspected because multiple genes are involved. (medlineplus.gov)
Genes associated with eye color2
- however, the main two genes associated with eye color variation are OCA2 and HERC2, and both are localized in Chromosome 15. (wikipedia.org)
- Most of the genes associated with eye color are involved in the production, transport, or storage of a pigment called melanin. (medlineplus.gov)
Melanin8
- As the child develops, melanocytes (cells found within the iris of human eyes, as well as skin and hair follicles) slowly begin to produce melanin. (wikipedia.org)
- Both conditions affect an animal's ability to produce melanin, a skin pigment that gives animals' skin, hair and eyes their color, which is present in some amount in most animals. (livescience.com)
- Albinism is a genetic condition that prevents melanin production in every cell in an animal, resulting in a total loss of color. (livescience.com)
- Eye colour is determined by the amount of melanin in an animal's genetic makeup. (mymodernmet.com)
- Eye color is directly related to the amount of melanin in the front layers of the iris. (medlineplus.gov)
- People with brown eyes have a large amount of melanin in the iris, while people with blue eyes have much less of this pigment. (medlineplus.gov)
- Less P protein means that less melanin is present in the iris, leading to blue eyes instead of brown in people with a polymorphism in this gene. (medlineplus.gov)
- Melanin is brown, yet it imparts a blue, green, or brown color to the eye. (medscape.com)
Baby's eyes1
- What color are your baby's eyes at 5(ish) months? (babycenter.com)
Iris9
- Eye color is a polygenic phenotypic trait determined by two factors: the pigmentation of the eye's iris and the frequency-dependence of the scattering of light by the turbid medium in the stroma of the iris. (wikipedia.org)
- Studies on Caucasian twins, both fraternal and identical, have shown that eye color over time can be subject to change, and major demelanization of the iris may also be genetically determined. (wikipedia.org)
- A person's eye color results from pigmentation of a structure called the iris, which surrounds the small black hole in the center of the eye (the pupil) and helps control how much light can enter the eye. (medlineplus.gov)
- The color of the iris ranges on a continuum from very light blue to dark brown. (medlineplus.gov)
- Ocular albinism is characterized by severely reduced pigmentation of the iris, which causes very light-colored eyes and significant problems with vision. (medlineplus.gov)
- Blue eyes are caused by "forms of albinism" 3 that results in lack of pigmentation in the iris of the eye and coat. (pictures-of-cats.org)
- The iris is the part of the eye that we see that produces the colour of the eye. (pictures-of-cats.org)
- As mentioned, cat eye color is formed in the smooth muscle cells of the iris. (pictures-of-cats.org)
- The iris creates the pupil, the aperture in the center of the eye that lets the light in to the retina in a controlled manner.It is the amount and intensity of pigmentation that is in the front and rear of the iris that determines cat eye color. (pictures-of-cats.org)
Pigment3
- Because melanocyte cells continually produce pigment, in theory eye color can be changed. (wikipedia.org)
- Leucism affects individual pigment-producing cells, so it can cause either total or partial color loss or change. (livescience.com)
- The color depends on the source of the pigment and the depth of the pigment from which the color is derived. (medscape.com)
Greenish2
- Allow for faded eye color and greenish cast to amber eyes in cats over 18 months of age (TICA breed standard verbatim extracts). (pictures-of-cats.org)
- the urine may turn a dark red, brown or greenish color. (cdc.gov)
Shade3
- If applying with Cream Color Brush, dip brush in cream eye color and apply shade using short, sweeping brush strokes. (marykay.com)
- Starting from left to right, each shade easily takes you from inner to outer corner of your eyes, for a seamless eye look every time! (ulta.com)
- There are 17 color families, divided into Cool and Warm so you can always find the perfect shade for your skin tone, and 6 highly-shimmering wet/dry Special Effects shades add dazzle to any look. (threecustom.com)
Creamy3
- This soft, creamy, long-wearing formula glides on easily, lasts for 10 hours and can be applied in multiple layers to deliver more noticeable color while retaining a lightweight feel. (marykay.com)
- That's all it takes to add creamy, gorgeous color to your eyes. (marykay.com)
- 24-Hour Waterproof Eyeliner: Use the creamy eye pencil to precisely line your eyes or smudge them during the first 30 seconds of application for a more smokey look. (ulta.com)
SLC24A41
- Other genes implicated in eye color variation are SLC24A4 and TYR. (wikipedia.org)
Pigmentation2
- Another condition called oculocutaneous albinism affects the pigmentation of the skin and hair in addition to the eyes. (medlineplus.gov)
- When pigmentation develops the eye takes on a color. (pictures-of-cats.org)
Jaundice3
- But there's also a more distinctive symptom of hepatitis called "jaundice," which is when your skin and the whites of your eyes take on a yellowish color. (cdc.gov)
- Jaundice is a yellow color of the skin and the whites of the eyes that's caused by the buildup of bilirubin in the blood. (msdmanuals.com)
- Jaundice in Adults Jaundice is a yellow color to your skin and the whites of your eyes. (msdmanuals.com)
Unusually2
- In most major animal groups, there have been documented instances of individuals with white or unusually light coloring in species that are not typically white. (livescience.com)
- A cat's eyes are unusually large. (pictures-of-cats.org)
Hazel eyes2
- The appearance of blue, green, and hazel eyes results from the Tyndall scattering of light in the stroma, a phenomenon similar to Rayleigh scattering which accounts for the blue sky. (wikipedia.org)
- DH has hazel eyes and I have brown eyes. (babycenter.com)
Species1
- The brightly colored eyes of many bird species result from the presence of other pigments, such as pteridines, purines, and carotenoids. (wikipedia.org)
Eyeliner1
- An innovative high shine, long wear formula that can be worn wet or dry as an eye shadow or eyeliner. (bluemercury.com)
Genetics2
- The genetics of eye color are so complex that almost any parent-child combination of eye colors can occur. (wikipedia.org)
- Is eye color determined by genetics? (medlineplus.gov)
Newborn babies1
- Most newborn babies who have European ancestry have light-colored eyes. (wikipedia.org)
Shades3
- Eyeshadow Palette: Use shades from left to right & apply from inner to outer corners of the eyes. (ulta.com)
- The naming of shades of color is the marriage of language with a somewhat historically continuous, unbroken associative logic, often steeped in culture and distilled as symbol. (3quarksdaily.com)
- Apparently green eyes or eyes with shades of green have become common in random bred cats (moggies). (pictures-of-cats.org)
Makeup1
- Mary Kay ® Cream Eye Color gives you the ultimate in makeup options as it helps lids look and feel fabulous! (marykay.com)
HERC24
- Some of the eye-color genes include OCA2 and HERC2. (wikipedia.org)
- A specific mutation within the HERC2 gene, a gene that regulates OCA2 expression, is partly responsible for blue eyes. (wikipedia.org)
- The effects of these genes likely combine with those of OCA2 and HERC2 to produce a continuum of eye colors in different people. (medlineplus.gov)
- A single SNP in an evolutionary conserved region within intron 86 of the HERC2 gene determines human blue-brown eye color. (medlineplus.gov)
Skin8
- Different SNPs within OCA2 are strongly associated with blue and green eyes as well as variations in freckling, mole counts, hair and skin tone. (wikipedia.org)
- Clinically tested for skin irritancy and allergy, suitable for sensitive skin and eyes. (marykay.com)
- Some of these genes are also involved in skin and hair coloring. (medlineplus.gov)
- The skin may become yellow or bronze in color, the eyes red or green. (cdc.gov)
- Some oral and topical medicines, such as antibiotics, birth control pills, and benzoyl peroxide products, as well as some cosmetics, may increase skin and eye sensitivity to UV in all skin types. (cdc.gov)
- Morrison's last novel adopts the author's quintessential themes of beauty, American blackness versus whiteness, slavery and the ghosts of communal and individual traumas, inholding the lasting injury of rejection for having a skin color which is too dark, hair that is too kinky. (lu.se)
- A lot of bilirubin in the blood causes the skin and the white parts of the eye to turn yellow. (msdmanuals.com)
- Doctors look at your baby's skin and eyes for a yellow color. (msdmanuals.com)
Copper1
- There is a wide range of eye colours from copper at one end of the spectrum to blue at the other. (pictures-of-cats.org)
Colour3
- In fact the only eye colour that is naturally linked to coat colour is blue. (pictures-of-cats.org)
- Eye colour in cats in more apparent than it is for humans because their eyes are larger in relation to their heads. (pictures-of-cats.org)
- Kittens are often born with blue eyes which change colour when they become adults. (pictures-of-cats.org)
Gene4
- However, OCA2 gene polymorphism, close to proximal 5' regulatory region, explains most human eye-color variation. (wikipedia.org)
- Through the analysis of ancient DNA, a 2020 study published in Experimental Dermatology suggested that the common gene for blue eye color likely originated in the Near East and arrived in Europe around 42,000 years ago, after the exodus out of Africa. (wikipedia.org)
- The gene OCA2 (OMIM: 203200), when in a variant form, causes the pink eye color and hypopigmentation common in human albinism. (wikipedia.org)
- Researchers used to think that eye color was determined by a single gene and followed a simple inheritance pattern in which brown eyes were dominant to blue eyes. (medlineplus.gov)
Brush3
- You can even apply it with the Mary Kay ® Cream Color Brush for more precise application. (marykay.com)
- Apply cream eye color with fingertips or the Cream Color Brush to bare lid. (marykay.com)
- Apply with fingertips or shadow or liner brush to create a wash of color or a more dense, smoky look. (bluemercury.com)
Multiple genes1
- Eye color is an inherited trait determined by multiple genes. (wikipedia.org)
Light7
- She was born with that steel grey color and they have gotten very bright blue, with a really light blue ring around her pupil. (babycenter.com)
- I'm sure they'll stay light, because my Lo's Eyes are exactly like ODS when he was this young. (babycenter.com)
- DS eyes are mostly green with a light brown ring around his pupil. (babycenter.com)
- Writers throughout history have attempted to make accurate descriptions of the play of color and light in different gems. (3quarksdaily.com)
- The gradation and intensity of color, shine, and the flickering of light is closely studied by poets not only for the senses they stimulate but the spectrum of emotion and the metaphoric imagination they generate. (3quarksdaily.com)
- It controls the amount of light that the eye lets in. (pictures-of-cats.org)
- Light shooting and different displays may cause the color of the item in the picture a little different from the real thing. (chinavasion.com)
Variations3
- Humans and other animals have many phenotypic variations in eye color. (wikipedia.org)
- Eye color is determined by variations in a person's genes. (medlineplus.gov)
- While a child's eye color can often be predicted by the eye colors of his or her parents and other relatives, genetic variations sometimes produce unexpected results. (medlineplus.gov)
Colorful1
- And I do understand his choice because color plays a key role in Indian life - we have colorful religious festivals or celebrations, we have colorful costumes, colorfully decorated and painted walls of houses - even colorful rangolis [colorful patterns] at the doorways of houses. (michiganradio.org)
Blue eyes5
- Blue eyes with a brown spot, green eyes, and gray eyes are caused by an entirely different part of the genome. (wikipedia.org)
- Under this model, it was believed that parents who both had blue eyes could not have a child with brown eyes. (medlineplus.gov)
- Although it is uncommon, parents with blue eyes can have children with brown eyes. (medlineplus.gov)
- We know that Siamese cats have blue eyes. (pictures-of-cats.org)
- A rare cat that is not white and which has blue eyes is the Ojos Azules. (pictures-of-cats.org)
Albinism1
- There are two main conditions that cause non-white animals to be born white or another unusual color: albinism and leucism. (livescience.com)
White2
- In the early 1970s, when many professional photographers were shooting in black and white, Raghubir Singh pioneered the use of color film to capture scenes from his homeland India. (michiganradio.org)
- Singh opted to use color for his photography at the time when black and white photography was very popular and more respected. (michiganradio.org)
Sheen1
- Infused with a silk tree extract, the luxurious texture creates a lasting metallic sheen that lends a youthful appearance to the eye area. (bluemercury.com)
Throat1
- Arsine is a colorless, flammable gas that does not burn the eyes, nose, or throat. (cdc.gov)
Change color1
- When do babies' eyes change color? (babycenter.com)
Time1
- Most of the time eye color is categorized as blue, green/hazel, or brown. (medlineplus.gov)
Seek1
- Instruct patients to seek evaluation immediately if the eye becomes red or if their vision changes. (medscape.com)
Cream1
- Just swirl Mary Kay ® Cream Eye Color on your fingertip and glide it on for a smooth wash of color that lasts all day. (marykay.com)
Green eyes1
- An example of linkage might be silver tabby cats that are often required to have green eyes 3 . (pictures-of-cats.org)
Dark3
- I have dark brown and DH has the same color baby girl currently has. (babycenter.com)
- Our son who is almost 4 was also born with that dark steel grey color but turned the color he has now (which is dark brown like mine) when he was about 2 months old. (babycenter.com)
- Me and DH have dark brown eyes. (babycenter.com)
Suitable1
- So only color photography would be suitable for recording Indian life. (michiganradio.org)
Page2
- Space Alien with Many Eyes Printable Coloring Page, free to download and print. (freeprintablecoloringpages.net)
- If you don't see a coloring page or category that you want, please take a moment to let us know what you are looking for. (freeprintablecoloringpages.net)
Exposure1
- UV exposure increases the risk of potentially blinding eye diseases, if eye protection is not used. (cdc.gov)
Pink1
- Meet Persona's Color Theory Eye Kit Pink, designed to uncomplicate the way you wear pink toned eyeshadows. (ulta.com)
Condition1
- The fundamental condition of India, however, is the cycle of rebirth, in which color is not just an essential element but also a deep inner source. (michiganradio.org)
Pages1
- These coloring pages are easy to download, customize, and print. (freeprintablecoloringpages.net)
Presentation1
- Her presentation, "Leading the Eye through Composition and Color," will explore the principles of composition in art and design, useful for artists of all mediums, be it photography or painting. (pagosasun.com)
Free1
- And there was a big perk: free access to color film. (michiganradio.org)
Texture1
- The powder is coated with oil to maximize the benefits of the beautiful color ensuring vibrancy and smooth texture! (annasui.com)
Shadow3
- Can be used alone or as a primer under Mary Kay Chromafusion ® Eye Shadow. (marykay.com)
- Or wear it under Mary Kay Chromafusion ™ Eye Shadow as a primer. (marykay.com)
- It is the luxurious blue of Cleopatra's eye shadow and the gold-specked legend of Badakhshan known to Marco Polo and Alexander the Great, sojourners of the Silk Road. (3quarksdaily.com)
Vision2
- The mother and vision specialist says her motivation for helping her community grew as she watched the underserved children and their families struggle to get quality eye care, increasing the disparities between those who performed well at tasks and those who didn't. (newpittsburghcourier.com)
- There is a camera in each eye to make stereo vision possible. (lu.se)
Features1
- The Toolshed Coloring Book features over 1,400 illustrations based on Lee John Phillips' "Shed Project", where he documents item-by-item the contents of his late grandfather's shed. (handeyesupply.com)
Fair2
- If it has lines and/or colors, it's fair game. (linesandcolors.com)
- In contrast, cutaneous lesions are linked directly to fair-skinned and blue-eyed persons with a history of blistering sunburns, and the incidence has increased dramatically (approximately 4-6% per year) over the same period. (medscape.com)
Brown eyes1
- My boyfriend and I both have brown eyes. (babycenter.com)
Cart1
- Successfully Added Children Led Reading Lights 390ml 3 Colors Adjustable Eye Protection Wireless Charging Desk Lamp Rechargeable to your Shopping Cart. (chinavasion.com)
